;;Along with Cordell Hull, this man names a treaty relieving his country from U.S. control of customs. This man caused international outcry when he had the writer Jesus Galindez assassinated in New York City. This man also tried to assassinate Venezualan President Betancourt and had earlier welcomed Jews from Germany. However, this man was not so friendly to other groups, as demonstrated in an invasion where his soldiers determined people's nationalities by asking them to say the name of a certain herb, called the (*) Parsley Massacre. That happened during the reign of the Haitian Papa Doc. Ruling with a strong personality cult, for ten points, name this dictator who renamed the city of Santo Domingo after himself, and who ruled the Dominican Republic.;;(Rafael) Trujillo
;;A history by Mitchell Pacelle details Hideki Yokoi's obsession with buying this building, including his betrayal by his daughter and the legal battle between Leona Helmsley and Donald Trump over it. This building is unusual because all four of its facades are visible from the street. It was designed by Shreve, Lamb and Harmon, who originally intended its (*) spire to serve as a mooring mast for airships. In 1945, a B-25 crashed into this building on a foggy day. With the backing of Al Smith, it surpassed 40 Wall Street and the Chrysler Building in an intense race for the title of world's tallest building, a record it would hold for over thirty years. For 10 points, name this Art-Deco New York City landmark.;;Empire State (Building)
;;The narrator of this poem knows, as "the darkness drops again," that a long wait was "vexed to nightmare by a rocking cradle." One figure in this poem "is moving its slow thighs" and is surrounded by "the wind shadows of the indignant desert birds." The second stanza of this poem describes "a gaze blank and pitiless as the sun" and the disrupting of "twenty centuries of stony sleep" of a "vast image out of (*) Spiritus Mundi." After "the blood-dimmed tide is loosed," the narrator describes how "the best lack all conviction/and the worst are full of passionate intensity." For 10 points, identify this poem that describes "mere anarchy" being "loosed upon the world," a "rough beast" "slouch[ing] towards Bethlehem to be born" and a "turning and turning in the widening gyre," a poem by Yeats.;;(The) Second Coming
;;In one story about this man, he returns the young Basilios to his parents after he had been kidnapped by Arab pirates and turned into a cupbearer for the emperor. Many depictions of this figure include a tub containing three boys, a reference to a popular story in which he dreams that an innkeeper had killed those boys and intercedes with God to bring them back to life. This saint is often seen with three golden balls, an allusion to the story in which he appears three nights in a row to give a poor man (*) dowries so that his daughters could marry. That story about this Bishop of Myra and patron saint of sailors and children led to a tradition involving gifts and chimneys. For 10 points, name this Catholic saint.;;(Saint) Nicholas
;;Combined with Cauchy's equation, this equation implies material dispersion. For calcium carbonate, the o-ray follows this equation, but the e-ray does not. While birefringence can result in violation of this law, by setting the time derivative of path length to zero, (*) Fermat's principle of least time can be used to derive this equation. It can be used to calculate the angle where, instead of passing through, light is reflected off the boundary of the two mediums.  Light entering at that critical angle undergoes total internal reflection. For 10 points, name this equation that states that the ratio of the sines of the angles of incidence is proportional to the reciprocal ratio of the indices of refraction.;;Snell's (law)
;;In one scene, the protagonist of this novel takes off his clothes and screams at a passing car, and in another he brutally kills a sheep after the prostitute Bobbie Allen refuses to have sex with him. Percy Grimm chases the protagonist on a bicycle before shooting him five times, and that protagonist kills his adopted father Mr. McEachern by bashing him with a chair. In one subplot, the mill worker Byron Bunch falls in love with the pregnant teenage runaway (*) Lena Grove. The protagonist of this novel is killed in the house of the ostracized minister Gail Hightower after he is revealed to be the son of Millie and the grandson of Mr. Hines after a long manhunt finally results in his arrest for the killing of his lover Joanna Burden. For 10 points, name this William Faulkner novel about the biracial Joe Christmas.;;Light in August
;;He was nearly assassinated by the Unite Radicale member, Maxime Brunerie, highlighting his unpopularity after he won against Jean-Marie Le Pen. One of this man's early Prime Ministers was Alain Juppe, who became wildly unpopular after reducing the budget, leading to a general strike in Juppe's first year. This man cohabited with Lionel Jospin, and his decision not to give his vote to the incumbent Valery Giscard d'Estaing led to the ascension of Francois Mitterrand, his (*) predecessor. This first modern Mayor of Paris formed the Union for a Popular Movement in 2002 and argued against the Invasion of Iraq. For 10 points, name this French President, the predecessor of Nicholas Sarkozy.;;(Jacques) Chirac
;;One region within these structures contains modified smooth muscle cells called mesangial cells and octopus-like epithelial cells with many extensions, known as podocytes. Mammals and birds possess a deeply extending type of these structures which are surrounded by long capillaries called the vasa recta. A- and B-type natriuretic peptides act on a tightly packed region of cells within these structures, the (*) macula densa. Extra aquaporins are inserted into the distal portion of these structures in response to vasopressin, increasing their resorption of water. Renin is secreted by their juxtaglomerular apparatus. For 10 points, identify these structures comprised of subunits including the proximal and distal tubules, the glomerulus, and Bowman's capsule, the smallest functional unit of the kidney.;;nephrons
;;The fifth section of this work argues that while the universe is perpetual, God inhabits an eternity outside of time and possesses the entirety of endless life at a single instant. That concept of eternity is crucial to this work's solution to the problem of God's foreknowledge and man's free will. The author of this work holds his wife Rusticiana and father in law Symmachus as paragons of virtue, and this work opens with an imagined dialogue with the "Muses of Poetry." This work is composed of five books, the third of which discusses a construct that brings "the(*) top to the bottom and the bottom to the top." This work popularized the trope of the "wheel of fortune" and was written while its author was imprisoned by Theodoric. For 10 points, name this dialogue between Lady Philosophy and Boethius.;;(The) Consolation of Philosophy|Consolatio Philosophiae
;;The Lamian War was a precursor to a later series of wars fought by this group. One member of this group won at the Battle of Gaza, but that member later lost the Battle of Salamis in Cyprus. Another member of this group unsuccessfully besieged Rhodes, driving the subsequent construction of the Statue there.   Attempts by that man and his father to unify this group failed after the Babylonian War and the following Battle of (*) Ipsus. A member of this group in the east gave up his easternmost territories in exchange for 500 war elephants from Chandragupta Maurya. Lysimachus originally controlled Thrace while Antipater and his son Cassander controlled Macedon. For 10 points, name this group whose members include Antigonus, Seleucus, and Ptolemy, the generals of Alexander the Great.;;Diadochi
;;It was originally used to describe a wave function in momentum space for a wave with definite momentum. The integral from -1 to 1 of this function of 1 over x is zero. An infinite series of evenly spaced ones is called a (*) comb, and the Fourier transform of that construct is another comb. The convolution of a function with this one simply yields the original function.  It was first rigorously defined mathematically by Laurent Schwartz. The integral of a function "f" multiplied by this function centered at point "a" is "f of a", and it is the derivative of a step function named after Heaviside. For 10 points, name this "improper" function with zero width, infinite height, and area one, often used to describe a sharp impulse.;;(Dirac) Delta (function)
;;While disguised as Melas, this deity was struck on the thigh and wounded by Teuthis. She gave Asclepius the blood from both the left and right sides of Medusa. She avenged the underpaid Nicandra by causing Alcinoe tofall in love with another man. The birth of Erichthonius occurred after Hephaestus's failed attempt at raping her. In her youth, she built a (*) wooden statue after accidentally killing a friend. She defeated Poseidon in one contest when his salty fountain couldn't measure up to her olive trees. She is often referred to as "gray-eyed" by Homer, who describes her disguising herself as Mentor and aiding Odysseus. Her mother Metis was swallowed by Zeus, causing her to emerge fully grown from his head. For 10 points, name this Greek goddess of wisdom.;;Athena
;;He adopted lyrics written by Sir Walter Scott, William Smyth, and Robert Burns for his series of Twenty-Five Scottish Songs. This composer inserted the tune "For He's a Jolly Good Fellow" in the first movement of a commemoration of the Battle of Vitoria, a piece known as Wellington's Victory or his "Battle Symphony." His piano rondo usually called "The Rage Over the Lost Penny" was completed by (*) Anton Diabelli, a composer whose waltz supplied the theme for a set of 33 variations by this man. The most difficult of his piano pieces may be his Hammerklavier Sonata, and he published a series of bagatelles including Fur Elise. For 10 points, name this composer of the Choral, Pastoral and Eroica symphonies.;;(Ludwig) (van) Beethoven
;;One character in this novel changes his name from Sylvester Roberts to Uhuru Simba before being accused of the Granny Ripper Murders. Another character in this work has his Club Hot Wax raided by the police.  In this novel, one man closes down a brothel after its women adopt the names of his twelve wives. The even numbered chapters of this novel are composed of the dreams of its protagonist, which describe the rise of (*) Mahound in Jahilia. The odd numbered chapters of this novel focus on the goat-like Saladin Chamcha and Gibreel Farishta, who miraculously survive an airplane explosion over the English Channel. For 10 points, name this novel named for some legendary passages from the Koran which caused Ayatollah Khomeini to issue a fatwa on its author, Salman Rushdie.;;Satanic Verses
;;This river's headwaters are located on Delgado Chalbaud mountain, and it receives its first significant tributary, the Ugueto River, before passing over the Guaharibos Rapids. After receiving such additional tributaries as the Atabapo and Ventuari Rivers, it widens to almost 5000 feet, though it is not navigable near the rapids at Maipures. The Guri and Macagua dams, found on its tributary the (*) Caroni River, provide power to the region encompassing Ciudad Bolivar and Ciudad Guayana, which are located near its banks. Its delta is found in the Gulf of Paria, while it is connected via the Casiquiare Canal to the Rio Negro, which eventually flows into the Amazon. Flowing through the Llanos, its drainage basin encompasses parts of Colombia and most of Venezuela. For 10 points, name this South American river.;;Orinoco (River)
;;While serving as a lecturer at the University of Missouri, this man wrote about how the human instinct towards hard work was being wasted, in The Instinct of Workmanship and the State of the Industrial Arts. One of his works posits that a certain autocratic state during World War I had a temporary technological advantage over democracies, while another work is subtitled "A Memorandum on the Conduct of Universities by Business Men." In addition to "Imperial Germany and the Industrial Revolution" and The (*) Higher Learning in America, he also wrote about the titular group of intellectuals assuming management positions in The Engineers and the Price System. This author of The Theory of Business Enterprise made use of the term "pecuniary emulation" in his most famous work, which also introduced a term that describes why some individuals spend money just to display their wealth. "Conspicuous consumption" was coined by, for 10 points, what sociologist, the author of The Theory of the Leisure Class?.;;(Thorstein) (Bunde) Veblen
;;A red truck approaching two oncoming cars appears in this artist's Death on the Ridge Road. Another of his paintings depicts the town where he founded an art colony with Edward Rowan, while another depicts a man in red holding his hand out towards a young George Washington, who is holding an axe. In addition to Stone City and Parson (*) Weem's Fable, this artist also painted a lone horse and its rider in front of a church with a tall steeple in The Midnight Ride of Paul Revere. He also depicted Emanuel Leutze's Washington Crossing the Delaware behind three old women in his satirical Daughters of Revolution. Dr. Byron McKeeby and the artist's sister Nan are the subjects of his most famous painting, which is set in front of a white farm house. For 10 points, name this American Regionalist artist, best known for his iconic painting American Gothic.;;(Grant) Wood
;;In one story by this author, Princess Amasidia is sentenced to death for shouting the name of her exiled lover after Mambres learns he is trapped in the body of the title animal. In another of his works, Giroflee becomes a carpenter after falling in love with Paquette and moving to the title character's farm. This author of "The White Bull" wrote a story about a friend of Cador who cuckolds the Babylonian king Moabdar when he falls in love with (*) Astarte. Another of this author's protagonist befriends the Manichee Martin and the Anabaptist Jacques, who drowns during the Lisbon earthquake. The protagonist of that work is kicked out of Baron Thunder-Ten-Tronckh's castle because of his love for Cunegonde. For 10 points, name this French author of Zadig who included the optimistic Pangloss in Candide.;;Voltaire|(Francois(-)Marie) Arouet
;;This substance binds to synaptotagmin to stimulate the SNARE-mediated fusion of synaptic vesicles to the cell membrane.  Along with heat, bacterial cells are treated with its chloride to make them competent, allowing the uptake of free plasmids.  In the slow mechanism for blocking polyspermy of sea urchins, the fusion of the first sperm triggers an increase in cytoplasmic concentrations of this (*) ion that allows the vitelline layer to block subsequent sperm.  It causes a conformational change in troponin C after this ion is released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum, opening up binding sites on myosin. For 10 points, name this ion important in muscle contraction which, which along with phosphate ions, forms hydroxyapatite, the primary mineral in bone.;;calcium (ions)|Ca2+|Ca++
;;This state's use of the Pupil Placement Act eventually gave way to a "freedom of choice" system, which was found unconstitutional in the 1968 Green v. New Kent decision. Edward R. Murrow's "The Lost Class of '59" discussed one school closing in this state, and its Prince Edward County schools remained closed for five years as part of this state's anti-integration policy of Massive Resistance. One governor of this state gives an alternate name for the Bradley effect, as he became the country's (*) first African-American governor by a slim margin despite polling well. This state's anti-integration efforts were led by its senator Harry F. Byrd, and its Racial Integrity Act of 1924 was struck down by the 1967 Loving decision. For 10 points, name this state which also housed the capitol of the Confederacy.;;Virginia
;;One figure in this painting holds a black pole with a hook bearing a key that has an s-shaped blade. On the right side of this painting, a nude woman holding a jug and a candle balances a die on her head and a large knife emerges from between two human ears. On the left side of this painting, a (*) three-headed amphibian climbs ashore to the right of a smaller animal with a white speckled shell. A pink-robed God holds the wrist of Eve as he presents her to Adam on that same panel, while the central panel depicts arrays of oversized fruit and hybrid animals being utilized by masses of nude humans. For 10 points, name this triptych portraying the sexually overactive title locale painted by Hieronymus Bosch.;;(The) Garden of Earthly Delights
;;The lighter bands of its atmosphere have faster winds and are colored by ammonia ice, while the darker bands in this planet's atmosphere correspond to descending air. While exploring Pluto and its moons, the New Horizons spacecraft received a gravity assist from this planet. Other than containing the aforementioned (*) zones and belts, this planet contains an anticyclonic storm that is twenty two degrees south of its equator, the Great Red Spot. Containing Io, Europa, Ganymede, and Callisto, the four Gaililean moons, for 10 points, name this fifth planet from the sun, the largest in our solar system.;;Jupiter
;;This structure's Muller cells provide support functions including controlling potassium ion concentration within its inner plexiform layer. It contains M cells and P cells, which project to magnocellular and parvocellular sections of the lateral geniculate nucleus. In nocturnal animals, the tapetum lucidum lies immediately behind this structure, on the choroid. Interneurons within this structure include horizontal and amacrine cells, and (*) Tay-Sachs is often diagnosed by the presence of a cherry-red spot in a certain region of it. Its bipolar cells receive inputs from cells that hyperpolarize in response to light. This structure's region of highest sensory acuity is the fovea, which is surrounded by the macula. For 10 points, identify this inner layer of the eye, which contains rods and cones.;;retina
;;One character in this novel is unable to take down a poster of Snoopy sitting at his typewriter. In one scene from this novel, a professor jogging down Chestnut Lane is haunted by the sounds of phones until he is led to his tied up student Marjorie. In another episode, Alex Zinnober learns that his best friend Valerian carries an order for his execution. This novel's chapter titles tell a story about a man who "leaning from the steep slope" "looks down in the gathering shadow," and its characters include the shadowy translator (*) Ermes Marana and the overly analytical Lotaria. This novel ends with the protagonist lying in bed with Ludmilla after being thwarted in his attempt to read ten different novels. For 10 points, name this novel centering on "you, reader" by Italo Calvino.;;If on a Winter's Night a Traveler|Se una notte d'inverno un viaggiatore
;;This man never used instruments while composing, preferring to play music out in his head with what he called his "brain-band." He first came to the public eye after Harry Coleman helped publicize his piece "The Gladiator." He wrote a comic opera in which the Marquis de Lavarre plans to marry the title character and leave her a widow as he is condemned to fight the Spanish army alone. This composer of Desiree wrote a piece intended to be played during the (*) Transit of Venus. This composer wrote about the Spanish viceroy Don Enrico Medigua disguising himself as the title rebel in El Capitan, and titled pieces after the Washington Post and the Liberty Bell. For 10 points, name this composer of Stars and Stripes Forever, who is nicknamed The March King.;;(John) (Philip) Sousa
;;One section of this work offers such equally reasonable negative explanations as the absence of a beginning to time and the lack of an absolute condition for all things as "antinomies" to discredit the fields of rational psychology, rational cosmology, and natural theology. This work argues that the existence of things in space is a necessary condition for inner experience in a section added to its second edition, "The Refutation of Idealism." This work is divided into a long section on the "Transcendental Doctrine of Method" and a shorter one on the "Transcendental Doctrine of Elements." Its arguments were clarified in the (*) Prolegomena to Any Future Metaphysics, and it argues that like mathematics and physics, metaphysics needs to limit itself to matters that are both a priori and synthetic. For 10 points, name this most important work of Immanuel Kant.;;Critique of Pure Reason
;;This artist depicted two fat women playing blackjack in Rose and Amelia, while a tree is placed between two lovers in his painting Eye in Eye. A small baby appears in the corner of one of his depictions of a naked woman with a halo, while another of his paintings sees a naked girl cast an eerie shadow while sitting on a bed. Among this artist's self portraits are one "during the Spanish flu," one "between clock and bed," and another "with a burning (*) cigarette." In addition to Madonna and Puberty, he also painted a woman with red hair who appears to be either kissing or biting a man's neck in his Vampire. His painting Anxiety, which is part of this artist's series The Frieze of Life, has the same setting of his most famous painting, in which two dark figures and a man grasping his face stand on a bridge. For 10 points, name this Norwegian Expressionist painter of The Scream.;;(Edvard) Munch
;;On an atomic scale, this property may be explained by either of two models in which it is mediated by phonons: the dislocation model, and one proposed by Tomlinson. It may be measured by an atomic force microscope or a tribometer. Darcy and Weisbach name a factor for determining it for fluid flow through a pipe, and this type of force is completely dominant at extremely low Reynolds numbers. According to (*) Amonton's laws, this force is independent of the apparent area of contact between two objects. It is responsible for damping oscillations, and in free fall, when this force balances an object's weight, that object falls at its terminal velocity. For 10 points, identify this non-conservative force which acts opposite to the direction of an object's motion, with a coefficient symbolized by "mu.".;;friction
;;This country gained the Protectorate of Wituland in the Heligoland-Zanzibar Treaty. A perceived treaty violation by king Ovonramwen and the cessation of palm oil trading led forces from this country to destroy the Kingdom of Benin. One of its colonies was depicted on the Zuniga Map and is the subject of a theory known as the "Lumbee Connection." This country's colony at Surat was founded after it won the battle of Swally, but was only profitable until this country acquired (*) Bombay as part of Catherine of Braganza's dowry. This country administered its colonies of Malacca, Penang, and Labuan under the Straights Settlement, which also encompassed Singapore. For 10 points, name this country which won Gibraltar from Spain at Utrecht and established colonies at Roanoke and Jamestown.;;England|United Kingdom(;)|(Great) Britain
;;The antagonist of this novel kills himself and burns a church down in an effort to destroy evidence of his illegitimate birth. Professor Pesca's revelation that that antagonist's crony had betrayed a secret society in Italy helps one character wring a confession from Count Fosco. The hero of this novel gets a position at Limmeridge House tutoring the nieces of Frederick Fairlie. While that protagonist is on an archeological dig in Central America, (*) Marian Halcombe unravels the plot of the insidious Sir Percival Glyde, who hopes to steal Laura's fortune by substituting her for the title character. That title character is Anne Catherick, who wanders around London after escaping from an asylum. For 10 points, name this novel about a mysterious female by Wilkie Collins.;;(The) Woman in White
;;Practitioners of this faith have funerals and other public functions in large public amphitheaters called mawqaf. Some members of this sect make an annual pilgrimage to the tomb where Jethro, the father of Moses, is believed to lie. Most practitioners of this faith are known as the juhhal, or uninitiated, and only a select few become uqqal, and get full access to its teachings and rituals. This sect's holiest writings are a series of five letters known as the "Epistles of Wisdom." It was founded by (*) Hamzah ibn Ali, who disappeared after declaring that God's representation on earth was the sixth Fatamid Caliph al-Hakim, who also disappeared. Members of this branch of Isma?ilism can deny their religion in a rite called taqiyah. For 10 points, name this secretive Middle Eastern religion.;;Druze
;;Pisano periods are concerned with repetitions in these entities, while the Gellin-Cesaro identity relates five members of this set. The divisibility of entities in this set by a prime p are related to the Legendre symbol of p over 5. According to Zeckendorf's Theorem, every positive integer can be written as a sum of one or more distinct terms in this set. Yuri Matiyasevich used these entities to show that Hilbert's Tenth Problem was unsolvable, and its generating function can be the reciprocal of (*) 1 minus x minus x-squared. Explicit formulas for the members of this series include Binet's Formula, while the number of ways to tile a 2 by n board with 1 by 2 dominoes helps explain its most famous characteristic. For 10 points, name these entities which satisfy the recurrence F sub n equals F sub n-1+F sub n-2, in which the ratio of consecutive terms is equal to the golden ratio and begins 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8.;;Fibonacci (numbers)|(sequence)
;;This nation's main mountain range, the Serra da Estrela, contains its highest point, which is often known simply as the "Tower," and it is also the source of the Mondego River, the longest exclusively in this country's territory, which flows past its cities of Coimbra and Figueira da Foz. The Arco da Vila can be found in its city of Faro, which is the capital of its southern region, known as the (*) Algarve. The sculpture She Changes, consisting of a gigantic net, is located in its second most populous city, which lies on the Douro River.  Its capital contains sections like Baixa and Alfama, which notably survived an earthquake that struck here in 1755. Bisected by the Tagus River is, for 10 points, what country on the Iberian Peninsula, home to Porto and Lisbon?.;;Portugal
;;This author reconsidered classic works of ethnography from a postmodernist standpoint in Works and Lives: The Anthropologist as Author. He described a syncretic village religion, the orthodox practices of Muslim merchants, and the Hinduism of government officials in The Religion of Java, while one of his essays is subtitled (*) "Religious Development in Morocco and Indonesia." In addition to "Islam Observed," this anthropologist argued against provincialism in the lecture "Anti-Anti-Relativism," and also described "webs of significance in which individuals are caught." For 10 points, identify this anthropologist who coined the term "thick description," which he employed in an essay from Interpretation of Cultures, entitled "Deep Play: Notes on the Balinese Cockfight.".;;(Clifford) Geertz
;;The title character of this novel claims that a mother is "one who screams when you suffer" while being operated on by a man whose third eye bores into his soul. That character gets banned from the Men's Club for 99 years and one day, after emptying a spittoon on a laughing man. He is seduced under the pretense of a discussion of feminism by a neglected wife after being transferred by Tarp and Wrestum. Near the end of this novel, several passersby address the title character as (*) "Rinehart," a contrast to when he assaulted a tall, blond man for insulting him. Early in this novel, the title character goes to the Golden Day with Mr. Norton after partaking in a "Battle Royal" to earn the right to speak. After becoming the enemy of Dr. Bledsoe and a Caribbean man who chucks a spear at him, the title character strings 1369 light bulbs in a basement to steal electricity from a power company. For 10 points, identify this novel about a black man nobody makes an effort to recognize, written by Ralph Ellison.;;Invisible Man
;;This man expressed his wonder at how people do not value what he believes to be the most precious commodity of all, time, in an essay that asked "Why do we complain of nature?" before extolling the vices of many of his contemporaries. He also wrote works addressed to Marcia, a woman who had lost her son, and to his mother Helviam Metrem explaining his exile to Corsica. This author of "On the Shortness of Life" and several (*) Consolations also wrote a play in which the title character, after being killed by Clotho, makes a case for his own deification, though he is eventually refused and escorted to the underworld. This author of The Pumpkinification of Claudius committed suicide following the Pisonian Conspiracy though he had earlier served as a tutor for the emperor Nero. For 10 points, name this noted Roman stoic philosopher.;;(Lucius) (Annaeus) Seneca (accept) Seneca (the) (Younger)
;;One story by this author ends with " 'Can you believe it Ariadne?' said Theseus. 'The Minotaur scarcely defended itself.'  " In addition to "The House of Asterion," he wrote about objects ranging from an astrolabe in Persia to a twenty-centavo coin which owners could never stop thinking about in "The Zahir," and also wrote about a book with an infinite number of pages. A more famous story describes a (*) point from which a viewer can see the entirety of the universe, but he is most famous for one in which Captain Madden cuts short a discussion of how an unfinished novel and labyrinth were the same thing. For 10 points, name this creator of Yu Tsun and author of "The Book of Sand," "The Aleph," and "The Garden of Forking Paths," the Argentinian author of Ficciones.;;(Jorge) (Luis) Borges
;;One political novel which greatly influenced this election involved the Jewish Baron Rothe sending Rogasner to the U.S. to bribe Congressmen. One party in this election was split between the "broad-gauge" and "narrow-gauge" platforms and nominated Joshua Levering. Another convention in this year was inflamed over a resolution condemning the sitting President's intervention in the Pullman strike, the so-called "anarchy plank." The winner of this election ran the (*) "front porch campaign" under the influence of shady coal magnate Mark Hanna, defeating a man who proclaimed "we shall fight them to the uttermost, having behind us the producing masses of the nation and the world." For 10 points, identify this Presidential election which first sent William McKinley to the White House and saw the defeat of Populist-Democrat co-nominee and cross of gold opponent William Jennings Bryan.;;(U(.)S(.)) (Presidential) (election) (of) 1896
;;One way to find this value is by calculating it through the Kapustinskii equation. Another method  includes using a constant that determines the electrostatic energy of a compound, called the Madelung constant.  It increases with the separation of charge between ions, and decreases as ionic radius increases. Most often, it is calculated by analyzing the reaction between a (*) metal and a non-metal by comparing the enthalpy of formation of the compound  to the energy required to make those elements into the gas phase, known as the Born-Haber cycle. Often symbolized U, for 10 points, is which measure of the strength of the bonds in an ionic solid.;;lattice energy
;;This man is the son of Haran, and he became the progenitor of two great tribes after fathering Moab and Ammon. After their flocks become too large to cohabitate, this man's uncle gives him the choice of which land to take. He shelters two angels in his house, even offering his two virgin daughters to the angry mob which has gathered outside. Those daughters make him extremely (*) drunk and seduce him in a cave without his knowledge on two consecutive nights. After God fails to find ten righteous men in his city, this man barely escapes the fire and brimstone destruction of Sodom and Gomorrah, while his wife ignores God's instructions to not look backward and is turned into salt. For 10 points, name this nephew of Abraham.;;Lot
;;Classes of these objects include ones that have strong metal hydride bands and sometimes water bands, called the L class, and ones that contain methane and water, called the T class. To distinguish these objects from other similarly sized objects, scientists check for a certain element's spectral line in the (*) lithium test. Gliese 299B was the first of these objects to be discovered. Sometimes referred to as the missing link between large planets like Jupiter and red dwarfs, for 10 points, name these stellar objects that do not have enough mass to begin hydrogen fusion, often referred to as "failed stars.".;;brown dwarf
;;This disorder would fall on the opposite end of a spectrum from autism in a recent model proposed by Simon Baron Cohen, and Harry Stack Sullivan wrote a text titled this as Human Process. Newer treatments for this condition, like clozapine, target serotonin receptors, and are replacing older drugs like haloperidol, which often lead to (*) tardive dyskinesia. This disorder was first termed "dementia praecox" by Emil Kraeplin, and received its current name from Eugen Bleuler. The severity of a patient's symptoms may be determined on the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale; those symptoms include waxy flexibility, flattened affect, and grandiosity. It is commonly attributed to low levels of dopamine. For 10 points, identify this psychological disorder classed into subtypes like catatonic and paranoid.;;schizophrenia
;;One kingdom in the southern portion of this modern day nation had a capital at Indrapura and was ruled by King Indravarman II. Later, that kingdom's capital moved to Vijaya. In addition to the Champa kingdom, a kingdom in the northern portion of this nation fought off the Mongols at the Hong River. The unification of this nation came with the Tay Son brothers who defeated the northern Trinhs, and again with the rise of Emperor Gia Long. Earlier, this nation gained freedom from Chinese domination with the battle of (*) Bach Dang River. This nation fought off the Yongle Emperor under Le Loi and the Han dynasty under the Trung Sisters. For 10 points, name this nation reunified again after the capture of Saigon with capital at Hanoi.;;(Socialist) (Republic) (of) Vietnam|(Cong) (hoa) (xa) (hoi) (chu) (nghia) Viet Nam
;;An open book between two candles can be seen in this scene's depiction by Peter Paul Rubens, while another version of it depicts the chest and arms of naked man as an apparition over the central event. Nikolai Ge's version is unusual for depicting the central figure on a bed, while another notable depiction of it is a 16th century woodcut featuring a circular window, a man resting his head on his arms, and an empty plate on the floor. In addition to those paintings by Salvador Dali and Albrecht Durer, Andrea del Castagno's version depicts all the figures (*) except one sitting on a long bench at a white linen table. A diagonal orientation and an abundance of angels flowing out of a lamp characterizes Tintoretto's version, while the most famous depiction of it has the Sforza coat of arms above it and is located on a wall in the Santa Maria della Grazie. For 10 points, name this Biblical scene which depicts the last meal of Christ.;;(The) Last Supper
;;Deficiency of this compound decreases cerebral glucose utilization, causing damage to the diencephalon which may lead to memory impairments in Wernicke encephalopathy. Levels of this compound in the body directly affect the activity of transketolase in red blood cells. In the Krebs cycle, a cofactor containing this compound is necessary for the formation of succinyl CoA by (*) alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase. That cofactor, also found in pyruvate dehydrogenase, is its namesake pyrophosphate. Heavy consumption of betel nuts and tea, along with low dietary intake of this compound, can lead to a disorder with a wet form featuring tachycardia, edema, and congestive heart failure, and a dry form characterized by peripheral neuropathy. For 10 points, the deficiency of which nutrient most commonly leads to beriberi?.;;thiamine|(vitamin) B1
;;He dispatched several warships to Morocco after the bandit Raisuli kidnapped the Greek-American Ion Perdicaris. This politician railed against the "doctrine of ignoble ease" in a speech titled "The Strenuous Life." As president, his foreign policy initiatives included sending out the Great White Fleet and dispatching naval forces to support an independence movement against Colombia. He signed the (*) Elkins and Hepburn Acts, which enforced the limitation of large companies as an aspect of his Square Deal. This man became the only third party candidate to place second in a presidential election when he ran on the Bull Moose ticket in 1912. For 10 points, name this American president who fought with the Rough Riders during the Spanish American War and who popularized the phrase "Speak softly and carry a big stick.".;;Theodore Roosevelt
;;This man has a daughter named Random Frequent Flyer. He is called a "complete kneebiter" by Wowbagger the Infinitely Prolonged, and the Bird People of Brontitall live in the ear of a giant statue of this man. While living on Lamuella, he holds the title of "Official Sandwich Maker" for his village. He once attempted to teach cavemen how to play Scrabble, and later taught a girl named (*) Fenchurch to fly. This man is shot in a club owned by Stavro Mueller, and his brain is coveted by characters named Benjy and Frankie. Soon after we first meet this character, his home is destroyed by Mr. L. Prosser. For 10 points, name this character perpetually in search of a cup of tea, who "never could get the hang of Thursdays," the protagonist of the Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy.;;Arthur Dent (accept) (either)
;;The speaker acknowledges that he has "detested" this figure "long enough" in Ezra Pound's "A Pact." This man is the subject of a sonnet included in Ruben Dario's Azul..., and he "stands at center court while the Indian boys run from basket to basket" and "does not care if he touches the ball" in a Sherman Alexie poem entitled (*)"Defending" this man. Pablo Neruda wrote "you taught me / to be an American, / you raised / my eyes / to books" in an ode to him; Frederico Garcia Lorca also wrote an ode to this "lovely old man" with a "beard full of butterflies." One author wrote a "Love Poem on a Theme by" this man, and later asked him "which way does your beard point tonight?" For 10 points, identify this figure seen "poking among the meats" and "eyeing the grocery boys" in Allen Ginsberg's "A Supermarket in California.".;;(Walt) Whitman
;;A series of six of these for left hand include a Bouree and Gigue and were written by Saint-Saens. The positions of stars on a map were used to determine the notes in in another piece of this type, written for a percussionist using a piano. In addition to "[those ones] Boreales" by Cage, a series of especially difficult ones includes a Paysage, Feux Follets, and Wilde Jagd before concluding with a Chasse-Naige. Perhaps more famous is a series which includes one written for the right hand to play (*) only black keys and one written in reaction to Russia's capture of Warsaw during the November Uprising, the Revolutionary. For 10 points, name this type of composition often used for practice on a skill, examples of which include the Transcendental ones by Liszt and a series by Chopin.;;etudes
;;When curves with this quantity held constant are plotted for a van der Waals fluid, curves with this quantity below its critical value contain both a local maximum and minimum, related to a vapor-liquid transition. The excess Gibbs energy is divided by this variable when it is related to the natural log of the activity coefficient. This variable is found in the denominator of the compressibility factor, which forms one side of the virial equation of state. The rate of (*) heat transfer is proportional to the gradient in this quantity according to Fourier's Law. For 10 points, name this variable whose increase exponentially raises the reaction rate as shown by the Arrhenius equation and which is related to pressure and volume by the ideal gas law.;;temperature
;;This man encouraged collective farms to expel their useless members while serving as Party Chief in Ukraine. This man was mentored by Lazar Kaganovich, who with this man supervised construction of the Moscow Metro, and led to this man becoming Party Leader for Moscow. Later, Kaganovich along with Malenkov and Molotov opposed this man as part of the Anti-Party group. More famously, this man debated in a kitchen with (*) Richard Nixon and demanded a peace treaty between the Germanies, but failed in that endeavor, leading to the construction of the Berlin Wall. This man is best known for dealing with Kennedy in the Cuban Missile Crisis and for being succeeded by Brezhnev. For 10 points, name this man who in the "Secret Speech" condemned his predecessor Stalin.;;(Nikita) (Sergeyevich) Khrushchev
;;This philosopher divides people into groups based on how well they resist emotional counter-pressures which dissuade them from what they recognize as ethically proper action, and he equates evil with deliberate refusal to recognize the value of such ethics. In another work, this philosopher suggests that an entity's substance is the subject from which it is predicated, and this philosopher claims that happiness arises not from virtue alone but from virtuous activity. This philosopher, who was succeeded by (*) Theophrastus, advocated the arrangement of arguments using deductive logic and the syllogism. For 10 points, name this Greek philosopher who wrote Physics, the Nicomachean Ethics, and the Organon.;;Aristotle
;;One class in this phylum expels their sticky cuvierian tubules through evisceration to confuse predators. Many classes in this phylum have a calcerous duct called a stone canal, which extends from an external porous calcareous plate which takes in water from outside the body. That plate is called the madreporite, which is where sea water enters the (*) water vascular system of this phylum. An important feature of this phylum is its many small tubular projections that allow locomotion and feeding, called tube feet. This phylum begins as a bilaterally symmetric, free-swimming larva, and differs from other triptoblastic animals by undergoing metamorphosis and becoming radial symmetric. Behind Chordata, this phylum is the largest group of deteurostomes, and contains the classes Asteroidea and Holothuroidea. For 10 points, name this phylum, which contains animals such as sea cucumbers and sea stars, and whose name is Greek for "spiny skin".;;Echinodermata
;;This polity was founded by the illegitimate Ramiro after the death of his father, Sancho the Great. One ruler of this polity conquered the Balearic Islands and accepted French suzerainty in the Treaty of Corbeil. In addition to James I, his son and successor Peter the Great fought against Pope Martin IV as part of the War of the Sicilian Vespers in a namesake crusade. More famously, this polity was ruled by a person who became heir to Andreas Paleologos, defeated Juana la Beltraneja, and forced (*) Muslim subjects to convert to Christianity. One of that ruler's daughters married Philip the Handsome while another married Henry VIII. For 10 points, name this polity ruled by Ferdinand II.;;(Crown) (of) Aragon
;;One character in this story might have discovered "a subtle chemistry that transmuted asses' milk to lime and phosphorus." Two foreign characters in this story are reminded of Greenwich and sing songs about the Arethusa to the title character, who is presented with wild honeysuckles and azaleas, "trifles" whose "beauty and significance" are recognized by his adopted family for the first time. Another character's loneliness is recognized only by (*) Sandy Tipton, the godfather of the title figure. This story opens with a description of gamblers who paid no heed to the gunfight between French Pete and Kanaka Joe and ends as a deluge threatens the life of the title character, held tightly by the dying Kentuck. This story is about the progeny of the title town's only female resident, Cherokee Sal. For 10 points, identify this story by Bret Harte.;;(The) Luck of Roaring Camp
;;One application of this equation is used in speedometers of planes, called pitot-static [pih-toh] tubes. One law that can be derived from this equation states that the velocity is equal to the square root of twice the product of gravity and height, called Torricelli's law. It can be used to derive why the pressure drops in a constricted section of a pipe, called the (*) Venturi effect. This equation and Newton's laws of motion can be used to explain aerodynamic forces like lift on an airplane. A consequence of this equation is that when the velocity of a liquid is faster, the pressure is lower. For 10 points, name this equation named for a Dutch-Swiss mathematician.;;Bernoulli's (principle)|(equation)|(law)
;;In Islamic tradition, this figure is said to have misplaced a fish while on a journey to find Khidr. In another tradition, he trapped five kings in a cave before destroying their armies and impaling them. In the book named for him, Achan is discovered to have stolen loot through a casting of lots. Despite being the only ones of twelve spies to give good reports, he and Caleb were nearly stoned. Spies he sent were aided by the prostitute (*) Rahab. He succeeded in asking God to stop the sun and the moon to defeat an alliance of Amorites. The waters of the Jordan River parted for this man, who ordered his soldiers to march around the city of Jericho seven times blowing on trumpets. For 10 points, name this successor of Moses whose namesake book is the first after the Torah.;;Joshua
;;This character responds by saying "Non, je ne partirai pas," or "No, I will not go," after he is told to leave in Act III, while in Act I he engages with the orphan Micaela in the duet "Parle-moi de ma mere," or "Tell me about my mother." After spending a month in prison for letting a prisoner escape, he arrives at Lillas Pastia's tavern, where his superior Zuniga (*) is captured and where he is persuaded to join the smugglers Le Dancaire and Le Remendado; this is also where he sings the aria "La fleur que tu m'avais jetee," or "The flower that you threw at me," which declares his love for a woman that sings the line "Love is a rebellious bird." This character is almost killed when he engages in a fight with the bullfighter Escamillio and in the final act, he stabs his love, a cigarette factory worker who had earlier sung the famous Habanera. For 10 points, name this opera character, a soldier who falls in love with the titular gypsy in Georges Bizet's Carmen.;;Don Jose
;;One character in this novel pisses off an innkeeper by trying to consume all his food and wine after barricading himself in a cellar with Grimaud, whom he had earlier taught hand signals. One character in this novel is haunted by an event in his past in which he discovered his wife was a common criminal and tried to hang her. The protagonist of this work is served by Planchet, who helps him recover a (*) diamond brooch that the Queen had given to the Duke of Buckingham. The protagonist of this novel inadvertently schedules three duels for the same day while chasing his nemesis the "Man from Meung," who turns out to be the Comte de Rochefort, an ally of Milady de Winter and Richelieu. For 10 points, name this novel in which d'Artagnan joins a group with Athos, Porthos, and Aramis.;;(The) Three Musketeers|(Les) Trois Mousquetaires
;;The title character of one opera by this man sings the aria "Be good to her, be kind" on the wedding day of Salvatore and Carmela. In another of his arias, a magician sings the aria "How did I do it?" while making a group of people waiting in line for visas think they are at a ball. One of his operas concerns the atheist Michele and his sister Annina, who displays the stigmata and hears voices. One character in another of his opera's is caught stealing by a page after singing the aria "All that (*) gold!" This composer of The Consul and The Saint of Bleecker Street wrote the libretto for Samuel Barber's Vanessa and had King Kaspar sing "This is my box" in his most famous opera. For 10 points, name this Italian who wrote about a crippled boy witnessing the nativity in Amahl and the Night Visitors.;;(Gian) (Carlo) Menotti
;;The narrator of this novel lends his apartment to a poet named Sherman Krebbs, who kills the narrator's cat. The narrator earlier had a conversation with a prostitute named Sandra and talked about the meaning of research with Asa Breed in Illium, New York. Another scene in this novel sees (*) Newt Honikker travel to a Carribean island for the wedding of his brother Frank, whose father helped develop the atomic bomb. Other features of this novel include the words "wampeter" and "karass," which are part of a religion whose members touch the soles of their feet together for spiritual pleasure. The dictator Papa Monzano, and later many other inhabitants of the island of San Lorenzo, commit suicide near the novel's end by using a substance that turns water into a solid. The material ice-nine and the religion of Bokononism play a central role in, for 10 points, what novel by Kurt Vonnegut?.;;Cat's Cradle
;;He wrote that even "the longest peace in China will end in strife" in a poem that notes that the "sun and moon get crossed, but they never touch." He wrote a sonnet about great waves that "thought of doing something to the shore that water never did to land before." This poet of "On Looking Up by Chance at the Constellations" and "Once by the Pacific" wrote about a "a singer everyone has heard" that asks "in all but words," (*) "what to make of a diminished thing." He claimed that "you'd think the inner dome of heaven had fallen" after an ice storm in a poem which ends "one could do worse than be a swinger of birches." For 10 points, name this American poet of "The Ovenbird" who commented on the maxim "Good fences make good neighbors" in "The Mending Wall.".;;(Robert) Frost
;;Overconsumption of this nutrient has been linked to long-term decreases in bone density and increased intracranial pressure. All forms of this nutrient contain an identical structural motif, a beta-ionone attached to an isoprenoid chain. This nutrient has a carboxylic acid metabolite that maintains (*) skin integrity and acts to transcribe certain genes. This nutrient's most famous function, however, is mediated by another form, which binds to opsin and isomerizes upon stimulation by light. For ten points, name this essential fat-soluble nutrient, plentiful in both the liver and carrots, whose deficiency causes night blindness.;;(Vitamin) A
;;This man introduced a bill attempting to use the extra proceeds from the Second Bank of the United States to construct a national highway, which was vetoed by Madison and called the Bonus Bill. He created the Bureau of Indian affairs without congressional approval as Secretary of War during the Era of Good Feelings. His wife Floride provoked the (*) Petticoat affair by ostracizing Peggy Eaton. This man was elected vice-president in 1824 despite attacking the Corrupt Bargain, and he would be elected vice-president again four years later as part of Andrew Jackson's ticket. He opposed the Tariff of Abominations by writing the South Carolina Exposition and Protest, which positioned him as a leading advocate of nullification. For 10 points, name this influential South Carolina politician.;;(John) (Caldwell) Calhoun
;;One collection by this thinker includes an essay that calculates the percent of the population which would choose socialism to be around six percent. This thinker concluded that there was no backward causation in his explanation of Newcob's Problem. His final book claims that reality is caused by the titular Invariances even under various changes in conditions, while his other works include The (*) Nature of Rationality and The Examined Life. This author of Socratic Puzzles is best known for a book that defends the entitlement theory with regards to distributive justice and argues for a minimal amount of government. That work was written in response to John Rawls' A Theory of Justice. For 10 points, name this author of Anarchy, State, and Utopia.;;(Robert) Nozick
;;This artist painted a woman in blue and white striped stockings whose dress slips off her left shoulder as she dozes off on a red chair in his Sleeping Girl with a Cat. He painted a young girl wearing a flowery hat and standing next to her mother in front of a metal rail in On the Terrace. A man gazes through binoculars in his La Loge, and he painted two young sisters in elaborate lace dresses in a work often called (*) Pink and Blue. He painted hundreds of people dancing and eating under the acacia trees and lights of a Parisian locale in one work. The action of another of his paintings occurs under a red canopy, where Gustave Caillebotte and other notaries eat along the Seine. For 10 points, name this French impressionist of Le moulin de la Galette and The Luncheon of the Boating Party.;;(Pierre(-)Auguste) Renoir
;;One character in this novel has a dream in which a watercolor falls off the wall of his mother's house. Its protagonist learns of a man named Commissar Gintz who had been shot after climbing atop a water tank, a crime he later suspects was committed by Pamphil. In this novel's epilogue, Misha Gordon entrusts the protagonist's daughter Tanya to his half-brother Yevgraf. One character in this novel shoots (*) Komarovsky in the arm at a Christmas party, not realizing that Komarovsky had driven the title character's father to jump off a train. Another of its characters is married to Pasha Antipov, who is nicknamed "shooter" for his success against the White Army. For 10 points, name this novel which depicts the love between Lara and Yuri during the Russian Civil War, a work of Boris Pasternak.;;Dr(.) Zhivago
;;This composer used a novel by Charles-Victor Prevost as the basis for his opera in which Arturo falls in love with the disguised-queen Alaide, while another of his operas sees Gualtiero survive a shipwreck on Sicily and find his lost love Imogene. In addition to The Stranger, he also incorporated the rivaling Guelphs and Ghibellines into his reworking of Romeo and Juliet entitled The Capulets and the Montagues. Known as the "Swan of Catania", this composer of The (*) Pirate also created operas in which the Royalist Arturo becomes a criminal and Amina almost walks off a mill's bridge after she falls into a trance of somnambulism. This proponent of "bel canto" opera is best known for an opera in which the Roman proconsul Pollione dies in a funeral pyre with the titular Druid priestess. The Puritans and The Sleepwalker are operas by, for 10 points, what Italian composer of Norma?.;;(Vincenzo) Bellini
;;This dynasty won the Battle of Baekgang, but was earlier stymied by Yeon Gaesomun. Near the end of this dynasty, Huang Chao formed the Qi dynasty, while earlier during this dynasty, Luoyang was the capital of the Yan dynasty. Its Emperor Xianzong attempted to regain power from the jiedushior regional military governors. It allied with the Silla to end Korea's Three Kingdom's Period. It was followed by the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms, and came to power shortly after the (*) Northern and Southern Dynasties. Emperor Xuanzong, like all of its other rulers, was a member of the Li family, and he loved Consort Yang Guifei, which led to the disastrous An Shi Rebellion. It succeeded the Sui Dynasty and was notably interrupted by China's only female ruler. For 10 points, name this dynasty that saw the peak of Chinese power and lasted from 618 to 907.;;Tang (dynasty)|Tang (Chao)|(Da) Tang (Guo)|(Da) Tang (Diguo)
;;One poem by this man mourns that "The rank is but the guinea's stamp" and is sometimes named for its first line "Is there for honest poverty." The narrator of one poem by this man hopes his lover receives "peace, enjoyment, love, and pleasure" and notes that "nothing could resist my Nancy" after asking for a kiss before they "sever." One character created by this man ignores the advice of his wife Kate and nicknames the witch (*) Nannie "Cutty-sark" after wandering home from a pub. The narrator of another of his poems promises "And I will come again my love, Tho' it were ten thousand mile" after declaring "my love is like a red, red rose." For 10 points, name this author of "A Fond Kiss" and "Tam o' Shanter," a Scottish poet known for his use of dialect.;;(Robert) Burns
;;This man allegedly cut an entire horse in half with the sword Zulfiqar, which he used to fight at the Battle of Khaybar. As a leader, this man moved his capital to Kufa, and he was on the verge of destroying one of his enemies after the battle of Siffin when that enemy held up scriptures on the points of spears, forcing him to negotiate a peace treaty. That truce caused the (*) Kharijites to turn against him at the Battle of Nahrawn. His son Hussein lost to Yazid I at the Battle of Karbala, and this man was succeeded by Muawiyah after the first Fitna. He was passed over for the Caliphate in favor of Abu-Bakhr, Umar, and Uthman, sparking the Shia-Sunni split. For 10 points, name this cousin of Muhammad.;;Ali (ibn) (Abi) (?alib)
;;Both the reverse-delete algorithm and its inverse, Kruskal's algorithm, can be used to find one of these objects with the cut property, whose edges have a minimum total weight. These structures are undirected graphs which are also connected and acyclic. One of these structures invented by Adelson-Velskii and Landis is self-balancing, and is closely related to another type defined by alternating nodes of two (*) namesake colors, red and black. Heaps are considered a specialized binary type of this object, and internal connection points within them are known as forks. For 10 points, identify this type of data structure in which each node has one or fewer parents but many children, which may be rooted or planted.;;trees (accept) (minimum) spanning tree (until) Adelson
;;One of this brand's commercials features Bruce Campbell playing "Hungry Like the Wolf" on the piano, and another ends with Neil Patrick Harris jamming a stethoscope into a patient's face. Another spokesman from this brand catches a cake while walking on water and jumps into a motorcycle inside a hot tub in one commercial. In another of their commercials, Isaiah Mustafa finds "two tickets to that thing you love" in an oyster before abruptly declaring (*) "I'm on a horse." That spokesman also declared his love for Alyssa Milano and replied to almost 200 tweets and celebrities while wearing a towel in a series of YouTube videos recorded in a bathroom over two days. For 10 points, name this hygiene brand represented by a logo of a white boat on a red background.;;Old Spice
;;This thinker postulated the genetic, the intellectual, and the subconscious as "The Three Sources of Human Values" in a lecture that argued that subconscious sources are neither rational nor intuitive but lead to success within the communities that practice them, thus explaining their prevalence in modern society. He expanded that lecture in his final book that attacked the notion that individuals can create whatever society they wish; that text, heavily edited by William Bartley after his death, is The Fatal Conceit. He distinguished between societies he termed "cosmos" and "taxis" in (*) Law, Legislation, and Liberty, while in his earlier text The Constitution of Liberty he included his essay "Why I am not a Conservative." For 10 points, name this economist who described the path societies take to communism and fascism in The Road to Serfdom.;;(Friedrich) (von) Hayek
;;The genes coding for these molecules are purposefully mutated in a process called somatic hypermutation, and they sometimes undergo isotype switching. In a process discovered by Susumu Tonegawa, they are assembled by random selection of variable region, diversity, and joining segments, called V(D)J recombination. Both the nonspecific and specific type of these molecules are used in (*) ELISA. They enhance phagocytosis in a process called opsonization, and activate the binding of proteins C1 through C9 in the complement cascade. They fall into five major classes: G, A, M, D, and E. For 10 points, identify these bivalent Y-shaped proteins consisting of two light and two heavy chains, which recognize the epitopes of specific pathogens.;;antibodies|immunoglobulins
;;This leader sponsored a trip by Gilberto Freyre that led to the publication of Adventures and Routine. This man ordered the construction of Cristo Rei, and he served alongside Presidents Antonio Carmona and Americo Thomaz. His secret police force was named the (*) PIDE, and he fought against Nehru in Operation Vijay for control of Goa. This man also fought wars in Angola and Mozambique, and his unpopular foreign policies would lead to his successor, Marcelo Caetano, being overthrown in the Carnation Revolution. For 10 points, name this Prime Minister from 1932 to 1968 who presided over the Estado Novo in Portugal.;;(Antonio) (de) (Oliveira) Salazar
;;The title event of one of this man's poems happens as "Teeny was about to cough" and "Ralph the Lion was engaged in biting the neck of Madame Sossman." In another work, this poet wrote about the "always coming on / the always rising of the night." He wrote of the "nothing, nothing, nothing - nothing at all" occurring in a sonnet which opens "Quite unexpectedly" and is titled "The End of the World." This poet used the image of (*) "An empty doorway and a maple leaf" in one of his poems, and the narrator of another sits "face down beneath the sun" and reflects on Ecbatan, Baghdad, and Palmyra. This author of "You, Andrew Marvell" wrote that "a poem should be palpable and mute as a globed fruit" in his "Ars Poetica." For 10 points, name this author of the verse drama J.B.;;(Archibald) MacLeish
;;Debussy wrote a sonata for flute, viola, and this instrument, and the violas are divided into two sections during the second movement of Mozart's concerto for this flute and this instrument. One notably challenging part for this instrument is found in Symphonie Fantastique, and the second movement of that piece contains crescendoing measures of rising triplets played on this instrument near the beginning. At the start of (*) Saint-Saens' Danse Macabre, it is strummed 12 times to symbolize a clock tolling midnight. This instrument is closely related to a zither, which has strings across the soundbox rather than attached to it at an angle, and by definition this instrument has either two or three sides. For 10 points, name this instrument which often has 47 strings.;;harp
;;According to one story, this figure is disguised as a girl and raised by Athamas of Orchomenus, who kills his own son Learchus when struck with madness by Hera. That tale also describes how a pomegranate tree springs up from his blood when he is torn apart and boiled by Titans. In another story, this deity takes refuge with Thetis and sets a drought on the land of the Edones before making king Lycurgus slice up his own son thinking he is cutting ivy. His mother dies when Zeus is unable to break a pledge to show himself in his full splendor, but he is (*) transplanted into his father's thigh. This son of Zeus and Semele has a group of followers responsible for killing and tearing apart Orpheus, the maenads. For 10 points, name this Greek god of wine and revelry.;;Dionysus|Bacchus
;;The quantum version of this quantity is equal to electron charge squared times the density of states at the Fermi energy and is used to describe two dimensional electron gases. For a concentric sphere with opposing charges on the spheres, this quantity is derived by first using Gauss's law to find the Electric Field between the spheres. Eventually, that method gives a value of 4 pi times the product of the two radii divided by the difference of those two radii for the concentric sphere. In (*) series, it is calculated as the harmonic sum of the individual values of this quantity, while in parallel, this quantity is additive. It is often calculated by dividing charge by voltage. For 10 points, name this quantity measured in farads, defined as the ability to store electrical charge.;;capacitance
;;In one play by this author, carts drawn by two street sweepers remind readers of the inevitability of death. In another play, one character gives money to the Union of Merchant Seamen. Another play opens as the drug-addled Princess Kosmonopolis wakes up in the town of St. Cloud and makes love to the gigolo Chance Wayne. This author wrote plays about Kilman's arrival in a Central American town and about Dr. Cukrowicz's lobotomy on a mother whose homosexual son is cannibalized by a crowd of boys. Another play features the artist (*) Hannah Jelkes and tour guide Larry Shannon, who stay at a hotel owned by Maxine Faulk. Best known for a play where the horn of a unicorn is broken by Jim O'Connor, for 10 points, identify this dramatist of Camino Real, Sweet Bird of Youth, Suddenly Last Summer, The Night of the Iguana, and a play about Laura Wingfield, The Glass Menagerie.;;(Thomas) (Lanier) (Tennessee) Williams
;;After studying sculpture in Vienna under Fritz Wotruba, this artist moved to Paris where he closed down the Rue Visconti in order to display his work Iron Curtain. An associate of the photographer Wolgang Volz, he is also known for such works as the multi-colored The Wall and the sausage-shaped Air Package. Worker Masaaki Nakamura was (*) electrocuted while trying to remove one of the 3,000 blue or yellow title objects comprising one of this artist's works, while another of his works was over 24 miles in length and was contained within two California counties. Pink polypropylene surrounded eleven islands in Florida's Biscayne Bay in a 1983 project, while in 1995 he applied his technique of "empaquetage" to the Reichstag in Berlin. This creator of Umbrellas and Running Fence requested that no flowers be sent after the death of his wife Jean-Claude, whose last completed project was a series of orange structures in Central Park. For 10 points, name this Bulgarian-born artist best known for wrapping various objects and designing The Gates project.;;Christo Javacheff (accept) (either)
;;Tests for this compound and its salts include Nessler's solution and burning sulfur sticks. This chemical was first used to solvate electrons of alkali metals, producing brightly colored solutions.  When Tollens' reagent is prepared for laboratory use, a solution containing this chemical is used to dissolve a precipitate of silver-1 oxide. It is combined with (*) oxygen to produce nitric acid in the Ostwald process, and in humans, this chemical is converted into urea for excretion. One method of producing this chemical uses methane to synthesize hydrogen gas which is then reacted with nitrogen over an iron catalyst, and is called the Haber-Bosch process. For 10 points, name this chemical with formula NH3.;;ammonia
;;The title character of one of this author's poems is forsaken to die alone because "However far his voice he sends, / Naught living to his cry attends," while he wrote about a "bond of truth that ne'er decays" in a poem that claims that, though bees and worms may be proficient in their crafts, "man, alone hast art." This author of "The Cranes of Ibycus" and "The Artists" wrote that "Joy be she this city bringing, / Peace be the first chime she's ringing" in his poem "The (*) Song of the Bell." He is better known for a poem that importunes the "courageous millions" to "Suffer for a better world" because the title concept will smile on the searcher of "truth's own fiery mirror" and will coax "Flowers from the buds." Also the writer of plays such as The Bride of Messina and The Robbers, for 10 points, name this German poet of "Ode to Joy.".;;(Friedrich) Schiller
;;Jan Gossart's depiction of this scene features a castle in the left background and an irregularly shaped central object, which can also be seen in a painting by Rosso Fiorentino. An Arabic man in pink seems to hover above the ground under the central object in the Limbourg brothers' depiction of it, while Jacopo Pontormo's Mannerist version features two young women holding a man with red hair. A woman in a dark blue dress lies on the ground while Nicodemus and (*) Joseph of Arimathea hold a man's body in a painting by Roger van der Weyden. Common elements of this scene include a large white cloth and ladders, which people use to reach and secure the central figure, who is usually covered in blood. Peter Paul Rubens created several versions of, for 10 points, what common scene which depicts a certain religious figure being taken down shortly after his death by crucifixion?.;;(The) Descent from the Cross|(The) Deposition (of) (Christ)
;;This document claims that history proves mankind is "more disposed to suffer than to right [itself] by abolishing the forms to which [it is] accustomed." After quoting Blackstone that "man shall pursue his own true and substantial happiness," this document goes on to list twelve points, among which are that "the equality of (*) human rights results necessarily from the fact of the identity of the race in capabilities and responsibilities" and that a "perverted application of the Scriptures" has caused a certain group of people to be confined to "corrupt customs." Its ninth point dealt with the issue of voting, and its one hundred signers included Frederick Douglass and Elizabeth Cady Stanton. For 10 points, name this 1848 document, the product of the Seneca Falls Convention.;;Declaration of Sentiments (and) (Resolutions)
;;One major geological feature in this state is the Dripping Springs Escarpment, which forms the boundary of the Pennyroyal Plateau along with Muldraugh Hill. This state also contains a notable region of "knobs" formed by the Big Clifty Sandstone.  The defining feature of its most famous region arises from the unique soil of the Eden Shale Hills. The Sheltowee Trace passes through its Red River gorge while the Jackson Purchase area of its East includes a cross-river exclave. This state contains two geologically distinct coal basins. Also containing (*) Daniel Boone National Forest is, for 10 points, which state containing the cities of Louisville and Lexington, a state known for its bluegrass?.;;Kentucky
;;In one work by this author, a disgruntled priest posts a sign claiming that a dragon will emerge from a lake on the 3rd of March, drawing a large crowd of people who think they witness that event. The narrator of an autobiographical story by this man has an aversion to the color yellow, constantly encounters raincoats, and reads a section from The Brothers Karamazov in his copy of Crime and Punishment. That story concerns an author who hallucinates about (*) gears. In another of his stories, a recently fired servant steals clothes from an old woman after watching her gather hairs from a corpse under the title gate. This author of "The Dragon" and "Cogwheels" wrote of seven witnesses giving varying accounts of a murder of a samurai. For 10 points, name this Japanese author of "In a Grove" and "Rashomon.".;;(Ryunosuke) Akutagawa
;;This composer was discouraged by Eduard Hanslick's review of his violin concerto, a piece whose premiere was performed by an orchestra playing from poorly copied sheet music that was filled with mistakes. Another work by this composer for violin and orchestra premiered by Adolph Brodsky is his single-movement Serenade Melancolique. His first symphony includes a movement called "Land of Desolation, Land of Mists" and is named "Winter Daydreams," and he wrote a (*) Manfred Symphony in addition to his six numbered ones. His stage works include one with both a "Grandfather's Dance" and "Dance of the Mirlitons," two movements about a Christmas tree, and a "Dance of the Sugar-Plum Fairy." For 10 points, name this composer who wrote The Nutcracker and incorporated cannons into his 1812 Overture.;;(Pyotr) (Ilyich) Tchaikovsky
;;Athena reassured this figure by sending her a vision of her sister Iphthime in a dream. She tells a stranger that dreams can come through a horn gate or an ivory gate after asking him to interpret her dream in which an eagle attacks twenty geese. Her bed was built around a giant olive tree, and her husband married her after giving her uncle (*) Tyndareus the idea of extracting an oath from the suitors of Helen or winning her in a footrace held by Icarius. Every night, she unravels a shroud that she weaves for her father-in-law Laertes. She withstood the advances of Eurymachus, Antinous, and a host of other pillaging suitors with the help of her son Telemachus. For 10 points, name this wife of Odysseus.;;Penelope
;;One theorem named after this man states that an infinite series which converges only because it contains both positive and negative numbers can have its terms rearranged so that it sums to any given value. Another theorem named after this man concerns the placement of areas in the complex plane onto unit disks, and is known as his mapping theorem. He gave a famous lecture on geometry in order to earn a position in which he introduced his namesake (*) manifold. More famously, he studied a function which is the infinite sum of n to the negative s, where s can be any complex value, and hypothesized that the nontrivial zeros of that function all have real part one half. For 10 points, name this mathematician who gives his name to a method to approximating an integral using a sum of rectangles and a zeta function.;;(Bernhard) Riemann
;;One commander at this battle said that all his battalions charged at least four times during the battle. The prelude to this battle consisted of crafty maneuvering down the Rhine by the British, away from the Dutch and toward the forces of Marshal Tallard and the Elector of Bavaria. The major mistake of the losing side was the excessive requisitioning of troops into the namesake city. (*) Eugene of Savoy commanded one wing of the Allies and John Churchill commanded the wing. For ten points, name this battle, that saved Vienna from being taken by the Franco-Bavarian army, the turning point of the War of Spanish Succession.;;(Battle) (of) Blenheim
;;The original cover art of this text displayed ten small images of military weaponry and prowess.  They accompanied the main picture of a giant man wearing a crown and holding a sword and a torch, looking over a village from the hills that would otherwise have been in the background.  That original cover for this work was created by Abraham Bosse. This work's third section expresses the sentiment that no one's word can be taken as divine, though it notably says that sentiment is not true in the case of the scriptures. Its fourth section, "The Kingdom of (*) Darkness," discusses various types of ignorance, while it postulates aristocracy, monarchy, and democracy in its second section, "Of Common-wealth." Arguing for the absolute power of rulers and proclaiming that life is "nasty, brutish, and short," for 10 points, name this work of Thomas Hobbes.;;Leviathan
;;These structures resolve a problem first recognized by Alexei Olovnikov, although they are not necessary in most bacteriophages and bacteria. Their namesake enzyme was first discovered in Tetrahymena. That enzyme is a ribonucleoprotein which carries out reverse transcription to add several repeats of a six-nucleotide sequence, (*) TTAGGG. Hydrogen bonding between those guanine residues creates a hairpin structure, which enables the rest of the lagging strand to be filled in. Although they are extremely stable in most tumor cells, these structures gradually shorten as a normal somatic cell ages. For 10 points, name these segments of DNA which protect the ends of linear chromosomes from decay.;;telomeres
;;This politician said that the Soviets "put guns before butter, while we put just about everything before guns" in the "Britain Awake" speech, which was given after rising to power during the Winter of Discontent. The term "dries" refers to supporters of the economic policies of this leader, who fell after attempting to institute a "Community Charge" tax to fund local government. The IRA attempted to assassinate this prime minister in the Brighton hotel bombings. During this PM's term, (*) Augusto Pinochet's early radar warnings helped British forces defeat General Galtieri's invasion of an island group near Tierra del Fuego. For 10 points, name this Prime Minister who fought the Falklands War and was nicknamed the "Iron Lady.".;;(Baroness) (Margaret) (Hilda) Thatcher
;;At the end of the novel he appears in, this character remembers that he had met his wife in Chicago, a fact he had previously forgotten. He receives a device known as "the green bullet," which allows his friend to secretly talk to him, and due to an injured leg, he is almost run over by a car driven by children, whom this character suspects of killing his neighbor. Among his coworkers are the quiet Black and Stoneman, while other characters he encounters include his wife's friends (*) Mrs. Phelps and Mrs. Bowles, to whom he reads "Dover Beach." In the chapter "Burning Bright," he is told that he represents the "back-up copy" of the Book of Ecclesiastes by Granger.  Earlier, he kills his boss, Captain Beatty, prompting the Mechanical Hound to hunt him down. For 10 points, name this literary character, a fireman who burns books in Ray Bradbury's Fahrenheit 451.;;Guy Montag (accept) (either)
;;Its namesake edge is formed in gamma ray spectroscopy when a gamma ray scatters off the detector because of this effect. The Klein-Nishima formula gives the generalized formula for both this and the Thomson effect for all frequencies. The inverse of this effect can be observed when photons in the cosmic microwave background interact with hot gas near a galaxy group, known as the (*) Sunyaev-Zeldovich effect. The change in wavelength from this effect is equal to Planck's constant divided by the mass of an electron and the speed of light multiplied by one minus the cosine of the scattering angle. For 10 points, name this effect in which a high frequency photon loses energy when it interacts with matter, and inelastic effect named for an American scientist.;;Compton (scattering)|(effect)
;;One of this author's novellas centers on a girl who is shocked by Miss Stanley's uneducated nature while she is living under the care of her aunt Mrs. Percival; that protagonist misses her sisters, who are sent to India and Scotland. Another novella by this author contains an amusing scene in which the Lord St. Clair gives out four fifty pound notes to a succession of strangers who he serendipitously believes to be his grandchildren; in that work, Augustus, the husband of Sophia, is sent to debtor's prison, as is related by the narrator, Laura. In addition to Catherine, or, the Bower, and (*) Love and Friendship, she wrote a novel whose title character is attracted to Frank Churchill but ends up marrying Mr. Knightley. For 10 points, name this author of Emma and Pride and Prejudice.;;(Jane) Austen
;;Yale's M. Keith Hall claimed the Monty Hall Effect nullified the results of an experiment in which these animals were given various colored M&M's to prove they suffer from cognitive dissonance. In a thought experiment, these animals are conditioned to attack the more ambitious members of their group with blasts of cold water. Joseph Brady shocked an "Executive" one every time it failed to press a lever, until it died of stress induced ulcers. One experiment on these animals was described in (*) "The Nature of Love" and involved constructing one from wire and another from terrycloth. In another experiment, they were placed in a chamber nicknamed the "pit of despair." For 10 points, Harry Harlow experimented on the Rhesus variety of what primate?.;;monkeys
;;According to Gardner Cowles, this man's wife attempted to seduce Wendell Willkie and rule a world empire with him. This man used The Green Gang for financial support and as paramilitaries during the White Terror, and he launched the New Life Movement after consolidating his rule during the Central Plains war. Earlier, this man's Northern Expedition had toppled the Beiyang government, though his later pledge to establish a second (*) United Front was made under duress while being held by Marshal Zhang Xueliang [Zhang sh-ue liang] during the Xi'an incident. His final major military action was the defense of Chengdu, whereupon he fled to take up a position as the leader of the Kuomingtang on Formosa in 1949. For 10 points, identify this Nationalist leader who China, eventually overthrown by Mao Zedong.;;Chiang(-)Kai Shek|Jiang Jieshi|Jiang Zhongzheng|Jiang Zhiqing|Jiang Ruiyuan|Jiang Zhoutai
;;One deity in this mythological system is sometimes depicted as a dancing skeleton smoking a cigarette. That god, Cizin is also known for wearing a collar with nerves and eyes hanging from it. According to this mythology, a set of four brothers known as the Bacab hold up the sky from each of the four cardinal positions. A prominent place in this belief system is guarded by (*) three rivers of blood, pus, and scorpions, and those who enter it are often tricked into sitting on a hot surface to entertain the rulers One Death and Seven Death along with their companions. The story of that underworld, Xibalaba, is chronicled in the Popol Vuh. For 10 points, name this Mesoamerican mythology which features a pair of Hero Twins.;;Mayans
;;Some aminoglycoside antibiotics, such as kanamycin, inhibit the activity of these structures. The binding of certain molecules to their A-sites is facilitated by elongation factors; those molecules are later shifted to the E-site for removal. In bacteria, they recognize and bind to purine-only segments upstream of f-met called (*) Shine-Dalgarno sequences. The prokaryotic versions of these structures are composed of two subunits, 30S and 50S. They may be free-floating in the cytosol or membrane-bound within the endoplasmic reticulum, and they name the type of RNA most abundant in the cell. For 10 points, identify these tiny structures synthesized in the nucleolus, which produce polypeptide chains in translation.;;ribosomes
;;The main character of this novel is only allowed to take one photograph left for him by his mother and is forced to return the rest to Miss Watkins. While studying art in Paris, this novel's protagonist meets Clutton, who is critical of his works as well as those of Fanny Price, who falls in love with the protagonist only to commit suicide after he spurns her. Fed up with the mediocrity of his painting skills, he returns to London to study (*) medicine, where he becomes captivated with a cafe waitress whom he initially derides as unattractive. After she dumps him, he moves in with a motherly writer of penny fiction named Norah Nesbitt, though he later returns to bail out Mildred Rogers when he realizes she has turned to prostitution. Centered on the club-footed Philip Carey is, for 10 points, what novel by Somerset Maugham?.;;Of Human Bondage
;;He's not Karl Popper, but this philosopher wrote about "closed" and "open" societies and their associated religious preferences in one work, while another of his works uses the language disorder aphasia to show that the two title concepts are independent of each other. His collection The Creative Mind contains an essay which discusses the discovery process of "intuition"; that work is entitled "An Introduction to Metaphysics." In addition to The Two Sources of Morality and Religion and Matter (*) and Memory, this philosopher also analyzed the role of the comic in society in his essay "Laughter" and distinguished "clock time" from "duration" in Time and Free Will. He is most famous for positing that a certain concept was not mechanistic as Darwin had proposed, but rather it was fueled by an impulse he dubbed "elan vital." For 10 points, name this French philosopher, the author of Creative Evolution.;;(Henri(-)Louis) Bergson
;;The shehecheyanu prayer is said after eating fruit dipped in honey after this observance. This holiday begins of the ten days of awe, and it is the only Jewish holiday celebrated over multiple days. Celebration of this holiday sometime includes the practice of tashlikh, or throwing food into running water, and it is ten days before (*) Yom Kippur. After each group of three prayers on this holiday, the shofar is blown as an indication of the spiritual awakening Moses received on Sinai. This holiday is sometimes known as the Day of Remembrance because practitioners are instructed to remember the creation. It is also called the Day of Judgment and occurs on the first day of Tishri, the first month of the Jewish calendar. For 10 points, name this Jewish New Year holiday.;;Rosh Hashanah
;;A four-measure movement in this piece consists entirely of whole notes in parts other than the solo soprano, who sings a long series of descending triplets and rising eighth notes while singing "Dulcissime, totam tibi subdo me!" The final movement is in 3/2 time but contains a rest-quarter-quarter-quarter rhythm repeated for the entirety of its middle section. Another movement includes a song sung by a (*) swan while it roasts on a spit, part of a section set "In the Tavern." Other movements include "Veni, veni, venias" and "In truitina," both set "In the court of love." It is most famous for a movement which compares the titular substance is ever waxing and waning like the moon. For 10 points, name this cantata whose most famous for its opening and closing "O Fortuna" movements, based on songs found in Benediktbeuern and composed by Carl Orff.;;Carmina Burana
;;This ruler allowed the Muscovy company to trade in Archangel and commissioned Saint Basil's Cathedral in Moscow to celebrate his destruction of the Kazan Khanate. This ruler was close to his deaf and mute brother Iuri and his grandmother was Sophia Paleologue. The unruly Shuisky brothers dominated the early part of this son of Vasily III's reign. After creating the streltsy, he made a state within a state that was operated by (*) oprichiniks, as well as setting up the zemsky sobor. He caused a miscarriage in his favorite son's wife and then managed to accidently kill his son. For ten points, name this ruler of Russia that was succeeded by Boris Gudonov.;;Ivan IV|Ivan the Terrible|Ivan Groznyi
;;One of these creatures ate raw meat while dining with Heracles in a cave after the completion of Heracles's fourth labor and later caused the enmity of his companions by opening a jar of wine; he was killed when he dropped an arrow on his foot during the ensuing fight. Another one of these creatures was the offspring of Cronos and Philyra and he gave up his immortality since he could not heal himself. A third one of these creatures tried to rape (*) Deianeira as he helped her across a river and later sent her a poisoned cloak in anger. Generally speaking, they were the offspring of Ixion and a cloud, and they disrupted the wedding of Pirithous as part of their feud with the Lapiths. Phocis, Nessus, and Chiron were all, for 10 points, which type of creature that was part horse and part man?.;;centaurs
;;This man received a namesake tribute of 37,000 pounds after he was charged of having a connection with the killings of Lord Henry Cavendish and Thomas Henry Burke. He was the target of a forgery campaign by Richard Pigott, even though he was mostly acquitted in the House of Commons after a trial. As the leader of a Land League, he was thrown into the Kilmainham Jail for opposing a Coercion Act. His demise came after the Nonconformist movement of his political party, after seeing a letter written to John Rowley, voted him out of a position of leadership after he was married to (*) Kitty O'Shea. A co-founder of the Irish Nationalist League, he is remembered for working with Gladstone to execute home rule for Ireland. For 10 points, name this late-19th Century politician.;;(Charles) (Stewart) Parnell
;;The majority opinion in this case notes that California's continual invocation of worthless remedies is "buttressed by the experience of other States." The dissent alludes to "untoward practical ramifications" that would be had regarding the in forma pauperis cases that relied on the legal procedure invalidated by this case. The dissent also mentions that an inability to recognize the weight carried by stare decisis made it seem like the Court "reached out" to overturn (*) Wolf v. Colorado. This case saw Justice Clark note that "Nothing can destroy a government more quickly than its failure to observe its own laws." The Boyd and Weeks decisions provided precedents for this case, which exemplified the "fruit of the poisonous tree" doctrine with regards to a trunk of pornographic materials. For 10 points, identify this case which ruled that the exclusionary rule made evidence taken by the Cleveland police inadmissible in court.;;Mapp (v(.)) (Ohio)
;;This city is the proposed location of Rem Koolhas's death star shaped convention center, a feature of his master plan for a Waterfront City here. Its Jumeira Beach is the location of the Hydropolis Underwater Hotel, and the glossy sheen of its 21st Century Tower is often blanketed with a giant advertisement. This city contains the world's tallest hotel in the Rose Tower, and one of its towers was built to resemble a (*) dhow's sail and has a heli-pad which hosted a tennis match between Andre Agassi and Roger Federer. This city is also home to artificial lagoons called The Palm Islands and the World Islands, and its mainland attractions include the Burj al-Arab and the Burj Khalifa, the tallest building in the world. For 10 points, name this largest of the United Arab Emirates.;;Dubai
;;The Tassili-N-Ajjer is a long northwest-trending ridge located just west of the Haggar Mountains while the El Djouf is border on the east by the Tagant Plateau, which holds several gueltas that harbor resident crocodile populations. The Tanezrouft Basin in is located in this area Bualus Period names the earliest known rock art in this region, such as that at Gilf Kebir which contains the "Cave of the Swimmers," and this region is theorized to have acted as a period "Pump" during the Neolithic Subpluvial. A major scheme to pump water from the Sirt and Kufra basins in this area is actively underway and a major music festival in this region is held at (*) Essouk. The first French nuclear tests took place in this area which includes the Grand Ergs as well as the Great Sand Sea. For 10 points, identify this desert north of the Sahel.;;Sahara (Desert)
;;The protagonist of one of this man's novels gets into several bus collisions and encounters The Great Counterconspiracy, a movement headed by Dr. Fine to assassinate readers of the title book. His latest novel is about a shop girl imagined as a caged bird and a butterfly by a wealthy businessman. Another novel includes the mysterious (*) Z Demirkol, who reveals the identity of two lovers of the revolutionary Blue to the protagonist, whose assassin steals 19 poems. This author of The New Life and The Museum of Tolerance described the suicides of girls in the remote town of Kars, investigated by a man who is loved by Necip and who loves pek. For 10 points, identify this novelist who wrote about Ka in Snow, a Nobel-winning Turk.;;(Ferit) (Orhan) Pamuk
;;Types of these events are differentiated by determining whether their spectra exhibit the Balmer series. Some of these events are candidates for the r-process, which creates heavy elements. Another type of this event is initiated when a white dwarf accretes enough matter to undergo carbon-carbon fusion, yet another occurs when a nickel-iron core starts building up and exceeds the Chandreshekar limit, which leads to core collapse until it is stopped by (*) electron degeneracy pressure. The energy then rebounds, creating this event. These events are differentiated into the Type I and Type II varieties, respectively. For 10 points, name this giant stellar explosion.;;supernova
;;An account of this thinker's later life was given in Beatrice Potter's My Apprenticeship, while he himself encouraged writers to break away from conventional prose in "Philosophy of Style." One of his essays argues that governments' actions should be limited to upholding and protecting natural rights, while another of his works posits that the "multiplication of effects" follows from the "law of persistence force." In addition to The Proper Sphere of Government and First Principles, he also wrote about "New Toryism" and the limiting of powers of both Parliament and the monarchy in (*) Man Versus the State. Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr. referenced one of this man's works in his dissenting opinion in Lochner v. New York, and this author of System of Synthetic Philosophy is also known for his Lamarckian view of evolution. For 10 points, name this British thinker, the author of Social Statics and the coiner of the phrase "survival of the fittest.".;;(Herbert) Spencer
;;He painted a woman in a white cap who holds an animal munching on an acorn in his Portrait of a Lady with a Squirrel and a Starling. Many of this artist's early works were commissioned by Jakob Meyer, who is seen with his family in The Darmstadt Madonna. Dostoyevsky was obsessed with this man's realistically grotesque The Body of the Dead Christ in the Tomb. He painted the Greek for "the Labors of Hercules on a red book held by (*) Erasmus, on whose recommendation he was commissioned to paint Thomas More. In a lost work, he painted a king holding a glove in one hand and a dagger in the other. He included a wildly skewed skull in his portrait of Jean de Dinteville and Georges de Selve. For 10 points, name this court painter to Henry VIII who painted The Ambassadors.;;(Hans) Holbein (the) (Younger)
;;Five years before this conflict, Aniceto Vergara Albano signed a treaty allowing the other side to collect all the tax revenue between the 23rd and 24th parallels at a rate fixed for 25 years. This conflict began with the Battle of Topater and at the appropriately named Battle of the Halt of the Alliance. Prior to the beginning of this war, Antofagasta had already been occupied. However, this war was decided in (*) naval battles such as Punta Greusa, which saw the loss of the Independencia, and the Battle of Iquique, which was the first of many raids from Miguel Grau. Grau's fortune ended at the Battle of Angamos, where his ship, the Huascar, was captured. Ended via the Treaty of Ancon, this war was fought over nitrite resources in the Atacama Desert and saw Bolivia allied with Peru. For 10 points, name this war where Chile emerged victorious, named after a body of water.;;(War) (of) (the) Pacific|Saltpeter (War)
;;This author's publication Protocols contained his essays "Gag's anatomy" and "Notification," his play Feast in the Garden, and some of his poems, known as anticodes, which use the form of the printed words on the page to great effect; examples of his anticodes include "Forward" and "Life." He wrote a play about a paranoid philosopher who is obsessed with looking through his peephole named Leopold Vettles, while another of his plays sees a man who is dictating a paper on the elusiveness of happiness torn between his wife, his mistress, and his secretary; that man is Dr. (*) Huml. In addition to Largo Desolato and The Increased Difficulty of Concentration, he wrote a play in which Hugo Pludek goes to the Liquidation Office. For 10 points, name this author of The Garden Party, a noted Czech leader.;;(Vaclav) Havel
;;One method to measure this property uses spring plates which are vibrated at uniform amplitude and frequency. The energy input is then measured. The classical method to measure this quantity uses a capillary tube, and is named after (*) Stokes. This quantity is almost independent of pressure and density in gases, but increases with temperature; in liquids, however, it decreases as temperature increases. This quantity can be calculated using Newton's equation describing fluid motion, and its kinematic version is equal to the dynamic version divided by the density. It is given by the ratio of shear stress to the velocity gradient.  For 10 points, name this property of a fluid measured in units of poise, the resistance of a fluid to flow.;;viscosity
;;The narrator of this poem wonders if it "would have been worth it" after "the novels, after the teacups, after the skirts that trail along the floor," before exclaiming "It is impossible to say just what I mean!" The narrator claims he has seen the "moment of my greatness flicker" and "the eternal Footman hold my coat, and snicker." The narrator claims that he has "heard the (*) mermaids singing, each to each" after accepting that he is "an attendant lord" and "not Prince Hamlet." The narrator of this poem has "measured out my life with coffee spoons" and asks "do I dare disturb the universe?" This poem opens with the evening "spread out against the sky like a patient etherized upon a table" and it features women who "come and go talking of Michelangelo." For 10 points, name this poem by T.S. Eliot.;;(The) Love Song of J(.) Alfred Prufrock
;;One of this man's poems is in the form of a letter signed "Sincerely G.I. Joe" and notes "You can't say I wasn't with you in each battle, As a soldier, and a friend" before asking "Will V-Day Be Me-Day Too?" He wrote that "We, the people, must redeem the land, the mines, the plants, the rivers" in a poem which notes "America never was America to me." He wrote "I could've died for love- but for livin' I was born" in "Life is Fine." This writer riffed on the title of a Whitman poem in a work which claims "They send me to eat in the kitchen when company comes." This poet of (*) "I, Too, Sing America" wrote about a man who "made that poor piano moan with melody" on Lennox Avenue in "The Weary Blues." For 10 points, name this American poet who asked "What happens to a dream deferred?" in his poem "Harlem.".;;(Langston) Hughes
;;The protagonist of one novel by this author is put off by the proclivity of Russians to share food with their worm-ridden dogs and moves to the residence of an Indian man he labels "Mr. Nonentity." In another novel, the protagonist breaks a leaf off a cabbage to find another universe after the stars assuage his anger and prevent him from destroying Earth. In that novel, the protagonist has a relationship with the Dark Lady and his black colleague Valeska, focuses on his dead wife Hymie's diseased (*) ovaries, and works for the Cosmodemonic Telegraph Company. Another novel features Van Norden and Carl, the friends of a narrator who sings to Tania and promises "a kick in the pants of God." For 10 points, identify this lover of Anais Nin, who drew on his expatriate experiences to write the obscene Tropic of Cancer.;;(Henry) (Valentine) Miller
;;Krishna once convinced Nanda to call off a puja meant for this god, and had to protect the inhabitants of Vrindavana from this god's wrath by holding up Govardhan Hill. This god once hid in the stalk of a lotus plant, emerging to save his wife Sachi from the usurper Nahusa, and he disrupted the penances of Vishvamitra by sending an Apsara to distract the sage. His servants are the Maruts, and he was the second god invoked by Kunti, leading to the birth of (*) Arjuna. He tricked Ahalya into sleeping with him, but was caught by her husband, Gautama Maharishi, whose curse caused vaginas to cover this god's body. This god's weapon is Vajra, which he used to slay the dragon Vritra. He rides Airavata, a white elephant, and carries a thunderbolt. For 10 points, identify this king of the Vedic demigods, the Hindu god of war, storms, and rain.;;Indra
;;This opera quotes a theme from Tristan and Isolde over one's character's announcement of his unwillingness to play the role of King Mark. Its second act largely takes place between a watchman's announcement of 10 and 11 o'clock, and features a hammer and the song "Jerum! Jerum!" being used to drown out the antagonist's serenade. This opera's first act includes Pogner's Address and its subplots include the (*) apprentice David's affections for Magdalane. One of the central characters in this opera sings about the chaotic nature of the world in the aria "Wahn! Wahn! Uberall Wahn," before helping another character transcribe his dream into the "Prize Song." The cobbler Hans Sachs helps Walther win the love of Eva in, for 10 points, which Richard Wagner opera about a singing contest.;;(The) Mastersingers of Nuremberg|(Die) Meistersinger von Nurnberg
;;This poet wrote that "The thundering cannon now begins the fight, / And though it be noon creates a night" in his poem "Blake's Victory," while he wrote about a person who "with her Eyes my Heart does bind" and whose "Voice might captivate my Mind" in "The Fair Singer." He wrote that "After two sittings, now our Lady State / To end her picture does the third time wait" in a poem satirizing an Anglo-Dutch War, "Last Instructions to a Painter," and he claimed that "Society is all but rude, / To this delicious Solitude" in his poem "The (*) Garden." A man, who is "superfluously spread, / Demands more room alive than dead" in his poem "Upon Appleton House," while he is best known for describing the "Iron gates of Life" and "Times winged Chariot" in a carpe diem poem that begins "Had we but World enough, and Time." For 10 points, name this author of "To His Coy Mistress.".;;(Andrew) Marvell
;;In one story, this figure tells a young man to fill one jar with stones and another with butter and to smash them over a river. In another story, he tells the bandit Angulimal to cut off the branch of a tree and put it back again. In another instance, he tells a farmer that all humans have eighty-three problems but that he can only help with the eighty-fourth. He was conceived when his mother Queen (*) Maha Maya dreamed about a six tusked white elephant, and the monk Asita predicted he would be a great king or a religious leader. He married Yasodhara before escaping his father's palace and seeing a diseased man, a corpse, and a monk. He gave the Fire Sermon and preached the four noble truths. For 10 points, name this founder of an eastern religion.;;(Siddhartha) Gautama|(Gautama) Buddha
;;This particle results from the gauge symmetry of the complex numbers. In Doppler cooling, this particle is shot from two directions at atoms. The Stark-Einstein law states that one molecule reacts with exactly one of these. In the Mossbauer effect, these bosons cause no recoil in solids. This spinless particle is the force carrier for the (*) electromagnetic force and the annihilation of an electron and positron results in two of these. This massless particle has momentum equal to h-bar times the wave vector and can generate current when they hit certain metals in an effect first found by Hertz. For 10 points, name this particle representing quanta of light.;;photons
;;While reading The Baseball Guide, one of this author's narrators finds newspaper clippings about a man whose godfather was arrested for sodomy. Another of his novels ends as Maude Riordan marries Riley Henderson, a loner who joins the tree-dwelling Dolly Talbo and Collin Fenwick. One of his characters tells Sid Arbuck that he should have parted with more than twenty cents in the powder-room and resembles a sculpture that an African refuses to sell to I. Y. Yunioshi. Cousin Randolph antagonizes Joel (*) Knox in one of his novels, and Jose Yberra-Jaegar impregnates the protagonist of another, who desires a lesbian roommate and defends her shady employer Sally Tomato. This author of The Grass Harp and Other Voices, Other Rooms opens another novel with bar-owner Joe Bell remembering the Texan upstart Holly Golightly. For 10 points, name this American author who wrote Breakfast at Tiffany's.;;(Truman) Capote|(Truman) (Streckfus) Persons
;;The hormone motilin initiates migrating myoelectric complexes within this organ. Its features include the crypts of Lieberkuhn and goblet cells, which secrete enteropeptidase and lubricating mucus respectively. Membrane proteins in this organ's cells include sodium-glucose cotransporters that allow an increase in each cell's osmolarity. Cholera toxin stimulates continuous secretion of electrolytes into the (*) lumen of this organ, drawing out mass amounts of water and causing severe diarrhea. Its epithelial cells have a brush border, and along with circular mucosal folds, those microvilli greatly increase the surface area available for absorption of water and nutrients. For 10 points, identify this part of the digestive tract, split into the ileum, jejunum, and duodenum.;;small intestine
;;This thinker used the analogy of removing the rotten apples from a basket of good ones to advocate removing all preconceived notions and only adopting the good ones. He added his theory of innate ideas and doctrines regarding clearness and distinctness to his reformulation of St. Anselm's ontological argument, the first major one since Aquinas's critiques. He advocated a method of eliminating each belief he did not believe absolutely to arrive at fundamental truths, a technique known as his (*) "method of doubt." This thinker authored a thought experiment about a deceiving daemon which is the source of all sense-data. He greatly popularized the belief that mental phenomena are not physical, and that form of mind-body dualism is often named for him. For 10 points, name this French philosopher of Discourse on the Method who claimed "I think, therefore I am.".;;(Rene) Descartes
;;One early leader of this polity failed in his attempt to modernize the hi-tech industry via the Economic System of Socialism while also failing with the New Economic System. That leader's rule also saw the creation of Intershops and the Karl-Marx Alley. Its penultimate leader created vertically integrated production systems called combines along with heavily sponsoring sports to boost prestige. Bertolt Brecht spent his final years in this polity and Egon (*) Krenz was its last leader. Its end came via Die Wende or The Change. The secret police in this country were the Stasi and its leaders have included Eric Honecker and Walter Ulbricht. For 10 points, name this polity centered at Berlin, unlike its counterpart centered at Bonn.;;East Germany|German Democratic Republic|Deutsche Demokratische Republik
;;The void type of this in C can be used to store any data type. In linked lists, it is used to connect to the next element and a null type of this is used at the end of the linked list. It is used to(*) dynamically allocate memory and if the memory is not deallocated, a memory leak will occur. Wild and dangling ones can lead to segmentation faults.  In C and C++, arrays can be dereferenced using this construct rather than using brackets. In the C and C++ programming languages, it is defined using an asterisk. For 10 points, name this construct in computer science that refers to an address of another value.;;pointers
;;This polity and Uruguay won the Battle of Caseros in the Platine War. Ernesto Geisel was a later ruler of this polity, which had a Constitution enacted in 1934. One ruler was known as the "father of the poor" for his labor legislation, while the death of Prince Imperial Afonso weakened the desire of another ruler to rule. (*) Getuilo Vargas was a later ruler of this country, which  later saw the Positivists gain power after Isabel proclaimed the unpopular abolition of slavery in the Golden Law. This polity gained independence following Napoleon's invasion of Portugal, and its royal house was of the House of Braganza. For 10 points, name this polity once ruled by Pedro II with cities like Sao Paulo.;;Brazil|Brasil
;;He used the poems of Karel Jaromir Erben as the basis of his first four tone poems, including one where an evil stepmother and her daughter are eaten by wolves after their true identities are revealed by a titular Golden Spinning Wheel. He published a collection called "Nature, Life, and Love" which included his Carnival Overture, and his earliest surviving work for orchestra commemorates the two years he spent studying under Joseph Toman and Antonin Liehmann in the town of Zlonice. His best known piano work is in G Flat major and is the seventh of his (*) 8 Humoresques, and his best known string quartet is his 12th, the American. For 10 points, name this composer of the Slavonic Dances whose time in the Americas inspired his ninth symphony, "From the New World.".;;(Antonin) Dvorak
;;She wrote of a bride who begs "O Love, love, hold me fast" in a dialogue with a Ghost and a Bridegroom called "The Hour and the Ghost." One of her characters "watched for a waxing shoot" after planting a "kernel-stone" by "the wall that faced the south." She appended an epigraph from Dante and Petrarch to each of the sonnets that make up her fourteen part "sonnet of sonnets" called Monna Innominata. She asked "Who has seen the wind?" in one of the nursery rhymes collected in (*) Sing-Song. A central character of another of her poems gives up a lock of her golden hair after hearing cries of "Come buy, come buy." For 10 points, name this poet who wrote of Lizzie and Laura's encounter with lecherous fruit merchants in Goblin Market, the sister of Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood member Dante.;;Christina Rossetti
;;One act signed by this president was named after a man who was tortured and murdered in Wyoming and another after a man who was decapitated in Texas and provided fifteen million dollars to local authorities over a three year time span to fight a certain type of criminal offense. Another act signed by this president amended the Civil Rights Act of 1964 to alter the definition of a 180 day time-stamp that had caused a woman suing (*) Goodyear company to have her case struck down in the Supreme Court. The Matthew Shepard and James Byrd Jr. Hate Crimes Prevention Act and the Lily Ledbetter Fair Pay Act were both passed under the tenure of this president, who reversed his predecessor's policy of cutting funding to foreign organizations that allowed abortion. For 10 points, name this person who was succeeded as a Senator by Roland Burris.;;(Barack) Obama
;;During the Civil War, this state provided the Union with its Henry and Winchester rifles and Colt pistols, as well as Secretary of the Navy Gideon Welles. David Wooster died here during the Revolutionary War battle of Ridgefield, which occurred before a landing here known as Tryon's raid. Eli Whitney laid the groundwork for the industrial dominance of this state, which experienced unusual stability during the revolution because of the steady leadership of (*) Jonathan Trumbull. Its "western reserve" is now part of Ohio, and it was settled during colonial times by Thomas Hooker, who helped draft its "Fundamental Orders." During the War of 1812, this state was home to a meeting chaired by Harrison Otis which led to the demise of the Federalist Party. For 10 points, name this site of the Hartford Convention.;;Connecticut
;;One painting by this artist depicts two men grasping onto a red garment which a man on horseback cuts with his sword, while another of his works depicts a baby looking up at her father Franz Synder, a contemporary of this artist. In addition to St. Martin Dividing His Cloak and Family Portrait, he also created several pictures of St. Rosalia and the portrait George Gage, Looking at a Statuette while staying in Genoa. Other works by him include the incomplete tapestry Procession of the Knights of the Garter for the Whitehall Banqueting Hall, self-portraits "with a broken column"(*) and "with a sunflower," and the etching-collection Iconography, which may have been produced in his native Antwerp. This artist is also known for his 35 portraits of Queen Henrietta Maria, the wife of a man he famously depicted "on horseback" and "in a hunting dress." For 10 points, name this 17th century Flemish artist most famous for his many portraits of the Stuart King Charles I.;;(Sir) (Anthony) van Dyck
;;This work briefly switches from iambic meter for a ditty sung by berry pickers called "The Song of the Girls." Walter Arndt's betrayal of exact meaning in translating this work was attacked by one author, whose subsequent translation caused his feud with Edmund Wilson and was published with the essay Notes on Prosody. One character befriends the housekeeper Anisia, who allows her to visit the title character's study and read his books. This work ends with one character marrying a distinguished fat general. At a (*) name day celebration, the title character dances with Olga, the fiance of his best friend Vladimir Lensky, antagonizing him into a duel. For 10 points, name this verse-novel in which the title character falls in love with Tatyana, the masterpiece of Alexander Pushkin.;;Eugene Onegin|Evgeny Onegin
;;Fluoroacetate is a potent toxin because one of its metabolites blocks an important enzyme in this pathway. One of its intermediates is a precursor for both aminolevulinate and eventually porphyrins. The molecules consumed in this pathway are replenished by anaplerotic reactions. This process results in the reduction of one molecule of ubiquinone via an (*) FADH2 intermediary, and its only membrane-bound step is the conversion of succinate to fumarate. This process occurs within the mitochondrial matrix, and is followed by oxidative phosphorylation. For 10 points, name this pathway which contributes to the electron transport chain, an aerobic process central to cellular respiration.;;Krebs (cycle)|tricarboxylic acid (cycle)|citric acid (cycle)
;;This thinker used the last name Oswald to publish a series of articles which earned him a place in The Free, a group within the Young Hegelians, whom he later criticized along with Bruno Bauer in another work. The partner in romances with the sisters Elizabeth and Mary Burns, he was largely influenced by Moses Hess and argued that the titular concepts are not "natural" institutions and are obstacles to human progress in The Origin of the Family, (*) Private Property, and the State. This thinker also criticized the philosophy of another German in Anti-During, part of which was separately published as Socialism: Utopian and Scientific. Death rates before and after the introduction of mills were discussed in his The Condition of the Working Class in England. For 10 points, name this German thinker, the collaborator of Karl Marx.;;(Friedrich) Engels
;;One cartoon by Thomas Nast shows this figure as a Jackdaw with borrowed plumes, while in another depiction by Nast both he and Thomas Platt are depicted as having lost their heads. He was also depicted as a goat running home from Washington after he resigned his senate seat, and, though he attempted to run for the seat he himself had just vacated, he was defeated in the ensuing election. He had resigned over the appointment of William Robertson as Collector of the Port of (*) New York by James Garfield, which was presumably a violation of the Treaty of Fifth Avenue that the faction he led agreed to with the Half-Breeds. A mentor to Chester A. Arthur, he declined an appointment to the Supreme Court in 1882 after being confirmed by the Senate. For 10 points, name this leader of the Stalwarts.;;(Roscoe) Conkling
;;One character in this novel is known as the Vigilante because of his way of acting and will presumably lose weight after he is let out of prison. Another character, Rube, is killed by the protagonist in prison after landing them and their group of friends in jail. One scene describes a college lecture in which a professor intersperses information about the sexual behaviors of primates with the poem "The Rime of the Ancient Mariner." Two groups in this novel who are at odds are the (*) Mugwumps and the Reptiles. The main character agrees to work for Islam Incorporated, a strange society where arbitrary punishments are handed out. That place is ruled by Dr. Benway. Another strange place in this novel is loosely associated with Tangiers and is called the Interzone. For 10 points, name this novel about William Lee by William Burroughs.;;(The) Naked Lunch
;;This architect listed among his favorite designs a 720 foot by 720 foot exposition hall that would have held 50,000 thousand people. This designer of the unrealized Chicago Convention Hall had a lengthy collaboration with the interior decorator Lilly Reich. He placed a glass facade around the rectangular frame of a building he taught in, IIT's Crown Hall. The brightness of Alexander Calder's Flamingo contrasts with the dark glass he used for the (*) Chicago Federal Center, and other Chicago structures designed by this architect include the Lakeshore Drive apartments and the stilted Farnsworth House. He collaborated with Phillip Johnson on International Style Seagram Building in New York. For 10 points, name this German architect who adopted the motto "less is more.".;;(Ludwig) Mies (van) (der) (Rohe)
;;This poem's line "Ring out, wild bells, to the wild sky" is followed by eight stanzas of invocations to bells to "ring out" or "ring in." This poem quotes its earlier assertion that nature is "so careful of the type" but "so careless of the single life" before marveling that man "trusted God was love indeed" even though "Nature, red in tooth and claw" has "shriek'd against his creed." Its preface invokes "Strong Son of God, immortal Love," and this poem's (*) one hundred and thirty one sections are composed of ABBA quatrains sometimes known as its namesake stanza. The narrator of this poem holds that "Tis better to have loved and lost than never to have loved at all." For 10 points, name this Tennyson poem written over seventeen years after the death of Arthur Henry Hallam.;;In Memoriam (A(.)H(.)H(.))
;;A red and white object can be seen through an opening on the right side of this painting, which also depicts a green door behind a brown curtain. Four lamps, one of which does not appear to be as bright as the others, hang from the ceiling, which may have been painted green due to its artist's wishes to "express the terrible passions of humanity." A clock reading 12:15 hangs above a table holding a vase of flowers and several bottles. Although a chatting couple can be seen in the corner (*) of the room, many of the seated figures in this painting are solemn-looking and have their heads resting on tables. In a letter to his brother Theo, its artist described the title location as a "devil's furnace," which is evident by the red walls depicted in it. Completed around the same time as its artist's The Yellow House, this painting also depicts the owner of the title location Joseph Ginoux, who appears a man dressed in white standing next to a pool table in the center of the room. For 10 points, name this painting of a business in Arles, France by Vincent Van Gogh.;;(The) Night Cafe|(Le) Cafe de nuit
;;This god once helped out Hera after she promised him one of the Graces, Pasithia, as his wife, and he shares with his brother the symbol of an inverted torch. One of his sons is also known by the name Icelus, and in book sixteen of the Iliad he carries the body of Sarpedon back to Lycia with his brother, whose Roman equivalent is Mors. He lives either on the island of Lemnos (*) or in a cave through which the river Lethe flows, and this deity is the son of Erebus and Nyx, both of whom are associated with darkness. Often depicted with wings attached to his head, this god is also the brother of Thanatos and the father of the Oneiroi, a group of beings which include Phobetor, Phantasos, and Morpheus; that group brings him the dreams of mortals. For 10 points, name this Greek god of sleep.;;Hypnos
;;This man organized a branch of the Vatan organization during en exile in Syria. His military exploits included marching his troops through the lines of Charles Harrington with his arms reversed. He used to heights of Chunuk Bair to win one battle, in which he prevailed despite the surprise landing at Suvla Bay. His forces are sometimes blamed for the Great Fire of Smyrna started after he fought off troops sent by Eleftherios Venizelos. He eventually grew frustrated with the "Union and Progress Party," writing the Amasya Circular which called for the Sivas Congress. He mandated the use of (*) surnames, abolished the position of Caliph, and banned the fez as part of modernizations enacted after the fall of Mehmed VI. For 10 points, name this father of modern Turkey.;;(Mustafa) Kemal (Ataturk)
;;The protagonist of this novel is deeply affected by his memory of watching a dung beetle while lying wounded during the Korean War. In its epilogue, the protagonist sells his duck club land to Mr. Sartalamaccia and visits Lonnie just before his death. That protagonist makes an investment in American Motors and has affairs with a series of secretaries, culminating with (*) Sharon Kincaid. Other characters in this novel include Walter Wade whose fiance attempts suicide with whiskey and sodium pentobarbital. The climax of this novel is a long moralizing lecture delivered by the protagonist's great-aunt Emily after he takes Kate Cutrer with him on a business trip before the Mardi Gras parade. For 10 points, name this novel about cinema aficionado "Binx" Bolling's search for meaning, a work of Walker Percy.;;(The) Moviegoer
;;When the organism Elysia pusilla feeds on Halimeda, it can actually incorporate these organelles into their bodies. Atrazine resistance can be introduced with a single base change to 110000 to 160000 base pair genome of this organelle. Electron microscopy of this organelle reveals alternating dark and light bands, which point to a sub-structure that itself contains antenna complexes. A study of heterokonts seems to indicate that these organelles resulted from multiple endosymbiosis of (*) cyanobacteria. One substance produced by this organelle is beta-cryptoxanthin, which can be converted to retinal much like a class of four compounds produced here called the carotenoids. This organelle contains an aqueous fluid known as stroma, along with grana stacks of thylakoid membranes. For 10 points, identify these plastids primarily found in photosynthetic organisms, which produce chlorophyll.;;chloroplasts
;;This man gave a series of sermons at the Oetenbach convent which were published in the volume he Clarity and Certainty of the Word of God. His closest allies were his friend Leo Jud and eventual successor Heinrich Bullinger, who joined him in serving sausage during Lent in clear defiance of the church. He published the Sixty Seven Articles, which included his firm insistence that the act of the Eucharist is clearly symbolic, a view which would clash with (*) Luther's doctrine of the real presence at the Marburg Colloquy. He was opposed by Johann Eck, who organized the cantons of Uri, Schwyz, and Zug against him during the Kappel Wars. For 10 points, name this religious leader from Zurich and reformer of Switzerland.;;(Huldrych) Zwingli
;;Trout and Rankine performed a version of this experiment using a Wheatstone bridge to measure changes in resistance in a rotated circuit. This experiment was also modified by Kennedy and Thorndike, to test the length contraction hypothesis proposed by Lorentz and Fitzgerald. The original experimenters used a sodium lamp to produce a continuous beam of monochromatic light which was shot at a (*) beam splitter consisting of a half-silvered mirror. The entire apparatus of this experiment was able to be rotated relative to a hypothetical stationary reference medium, as it was constructed on a stone slab floating atop a pool of mercury. For 10 points, name this 1887 experiment with a null result which used an interferometer to disprove the concept of a luminiferous ether.;;Michelson(-)Morley (experiment)
;;This poet recalled using a "Bobolink for a Chorister" and "an Orchard for a Dome" in a poem about keeping the Sabbath by staying at home. The narrator of another of this poet's works claims that "every time I speak for Him / The Mountains straight reply." One of her poems claims she suffers from "a tighter breathing" and "zero at the bone" whenever she encounters a snake. Another of her poems includes a pause "before a house that seemed a swelling of the ground," and "the school, where children strove at recess in the ring." This author of (*) "A Narrow Fellow in the Grass" wrote about a carriage that holds "immortality." For 10 points, name this American author of "Because I Could Not Stop for Death," a reclusive poet known as the "Belle of Amherst.".;;(Emily) Dickinson
;;Three of Mendelssohn's six examples of this form were published together in his Opus 44, and his sixth was written soon after the death of his sister Fanny. Smetana's first includes sections about his youth, his wife, and finally the ringing in his ears signalling his eventual deafness, and is called (*) "From My Life." Beethoven's included ones named Serioso and Harp, and a piece originally meant to be the final movement of his 13th was published separately as his Grosse Fuge. Franz Schubert wrote 15 numbered ones, including his 13th, Rosamunde, and 14th, Death and the Maiden. Samuel Barber adapted the second movement of his 11th into the Adagio for Strings. For 10 points, name this common musical form, most often written for two violins, a viola, and a cello.;;string quartet
;;Throughout the 1990s, this company was the target of lawsuits over the firing of Jean Frydman, a Jewish board member, in order to comply with Arab League boycott rules. At the time, its American operations were led by Jacques Correze, who was a former Nazi collaborator alongside this company's founder, Eugene Schueller. Ironically, Scheuller's granddaughter and heir to the largest stake in this company married a Jewish man and converted to Judaism, shortly before suing a photographer who received billions of dollars in gifts, including Picasso and Matisse originals, from another shareholder in this company. That largest shareholder in this company was accused of providing a series of unmarked (*) envelopes to figures such as Eric Woerth, whose role as employment minister is in jeopardy due to that scandal after this company's largest shareholder, Liliane Bettencourt, was implicated in illegal financing of UMP campaigns. For 10 points, identify this corporation, which is at the center of a scandal involving Nicholas Sarkozy's government and is a French cosmetics giant.;;L'Oreal
;;This battle saw cavalry capture High Wood in the Battle of Bazentin Ridge. This battle began with the detonation of a 40,000 pound mine under the Hawthorn Ridge Redoubt in the Battle of the Albert. Although not Tannenberg, on August 29th, the Germans put Hindenburg and Ludendorff in charge, leading to the Hindenburg Line. While artillery bombardment was not very effective against German bunkers, barbed wire was easily destroyed by the newly deployed Mark I. The allies were commanded by Ferdinand Foch and Douglas (*) Haig, and this battle also saw the first deployment of the tank. With the loss of over 350,000 British troops, for 10 points, name this costly 1916 World War I battle.;;(Battle) (of) (the) Somme|Somme (Offensive)
;;This thinker wrote that "knowledge of how to combine is the mother of all other forms of knowledge" in a chapter about the uses of "public associations in civil life." His friend and longtime companion Gustave de Beaumont published his Recollections, which concerns his role as a member of the Chamber of Deputies during the Revolution of 1848. He developed his theory that the French people had been drawn to strong leadership throughout history in his book about (*) The Old Regime and the Revolution. He wrote a two volume work which criticizes the disproportionate power of the legislative branch, but finds the title country as proof that equality is a feasible political system. For 10 points, name this French author of Democracy in America.;;(Alexis) (de) Tocqueville
;;Polarization density is equal to this multiplied by vacuum permittivity and electric susceptibility. The Debye length is the distance that mobile charge carriers can shield from these. The index of refraction can change due to one of these in the Kerr effect. In Faraday's law of induction, the curl of this vector is taken, while in Gauss's law the divergence of this is equal to (*) charge density divided by vacuum permittivity. This has a value of 0 outside of a capacitor and is defined as equal to the force that a test charge would feel at a given location in space. This is equal to k times charge divided by distance squared in Coulomb's law. For 10 points, name this vector that has units of newtons per coulomb.;;electric field
;;The narrator of one work with this title describes being moved by the singing of his aunt Suzanne and giving up his apprenticeship with the engraver Abel Ducommun after missing a curfew. That work also describes its narrator's invention of a musical notation system, his affair with a woman he calls "Maman," and a lifelong affair with Therese Levasseur that results in five illegitimate children. The narrator of another work with this title hears a child chanting "Tolle, lege" before randomly opening the Bible to Romans 13:13 in his (*) garden. That work has thirteen books, the last two of which interpret the opening verses of Genesis and the first of which contrasts its author's debauchery and worldliness with the devoutness of his mother Monica. For 10 points, name this title of memoirs by Rousseau and Augustine.;;(The) Confessions
;;This character longed for a honeymoon in Switzerland, and she throws her dried up bridal bouquet into a fire in a fit of rage. A man professes to be in love with her during an agricultural fair in which a prize is awarded to a woman who has lived on the same farm for fifty-four years. She uses the pretext of piano lessons to secretly see another man, though their affair turns stale when she demands increasingly extravagant activities. Her finances are proved to be in ruin when (*) Monsieur Lheureux demands payment on the loans he has given her, and when she cannot pay he threatens to confiscate her and her husband's property. Because of this, she convinces Justin, the assistant of the pharmacist Homais, to give her a fatal dose of arsenic. For 10 points, name this wife of a doctor named Charles, the title character of a Gustave Flaubert novel.;;Emma Bovary (accept) (either(;))|(Madame) Bovary
;;Aristotle approximated the time period of one ruler of this polity through evidence found on the Olympic Discus. One ruler of this polity gave Cleombrotus power in an effort to pass reforms that would redistribute land to the perioikoi. Another of its reformers introduced a council of twenty eight men over sixty years of age called the (*) Gerousia and introduced the agoge program. Its general Pausanias led the Greek coalition forces at Plataea and was part of its Agiad family, which along with the Eurypontids provided its two kings. This city's forces were crushed by Thebans at the Battle of Leuctre. Its government included five ephors and its economy rested on the labor of helots. For 10 points, name this warlike Greek city state, the major rival of Athens.;;Sparta
;;One character created by this author takes down a bus driver's number and reports him for giving transfers to passengers out of order. Dr. Wright attempts to distinguish Bess, Beth, Betsy, and Elizabeth in this author's story of a museum employee with multiple personalities, The Bird's Nest. The narrator of one story by this author observes a "swaggering character" wearing his first pair of blue jeans, who relates the misdeeds of the fictional (*) "Charles." In addition to writing a story about the Johnsons, who alternate being good and evil, in "One Ordinary Day With Peanuts," this author wrote about Eleanor Vance's suicide in The Haunting of Hill House and about Mr. Summers bringing out a black box in a story that includes Tess Hutchinson selecting a piece of paper with a black spot. For 10 points, name this author who described a New England town stoning a random resident to death annually in "The Lottery.".;;(Shirley) Jackson
;;The political aspects of this war were covered in depth by David Halberstam in The Coldest Winter. A journalist for one side sparked controversy by spitting on a soldier in the Major Henderson Incident which occurred after its conclusion. Battles in the early stage of this war include one over Hill 282 and another over "the Notch." A battle at Pork Chop Hill was one of many fought over the "Iron Triangle" in this war. One side in this conflict promoted (*) Matthew Ridgway take over command, while another side's forces were commanded by Peng Dehuai. Two opponents clashed in the Pueblo Incident fifteen years after this war ended at Panmunjeom. For 10 points, name this war which saw General McArthur launch an invasion at Inchon and ended with the creation of a demilitarized zone.;;Korean (War)
;;One poem by this author describes a wall inscribed with the phrase "PARAS THIRTEEN, BOGSIDE NIL" and is an elegy for a man who "drank like a fish" before he was "blown to bits." He included the image of a "four foot box, a foot for every year" in a poem narrated by a student who "sat all morning in the college sick bay counting bells knelling classes to a close." This author of "Casualty" wrote of a student of Miss Walls who collects "jampotfulls" of (*) "frogspawn" in another poem. He wrote that "my squat pen rests" "between my finger and my thumb" in a poem that compares his profession to his father's labor in the bogs. For 10 points, name this poet who included "Mid-Term Break" and "Digging" in his collection The Death of a Naturalist, an Irish Nobel winner who translated Beowulf.;;(Seamus) Heaney
;;One model organism of this type produces four forms of rhodopsin, including one used to create a proton gradient for ATP synthesis. Another organism of this type uses 2-oxoacid ferredoxin oxidoreductase in place of its missing alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase gene, allowing it to carry out aerobic reactions. That species is Aeropyrum pernix. One group of these organisms uses either acetate or hydrogen as a source of energy, producing a major source of marsh gas as output. Their cell membranes often contain (*) ether-linked lipids and their cell walls lack peptidoglycan. For 10 points, name this domain of organisms which includes methanogens and many extremophiles, which are more closely related to eukaryotes than bacteria.;;Archaea
;;In one story, this figure was conceived when his mother saw a baby wrapped in the sun, moon, and clouds. When he was born, three suns rose and nine dragons gave him magic water to drink. Born with the name Li Erh, he learned to swallow the rays of the sun. He washes the ears of his donkey after receiving a political message. Near the end of his life, this man was said to have climbed Mount Kun Lun. He was told to write (*) five thousand characters after Yinxi stopped him at the Hangu pass. From those characters, he produced a work that includes the directive "He who knows does not speak" among its eighty-one chapters, popularizing the concept of wu-wei. For 10 points, name this mythical author of the Tao Te Ching.;;Lao Tzu|Laozi
;;A technique known as ricochet is required for several of these pieces, many of which call for the extensive use of a drone note. Dedicated "to the artists," some were transcribed by Robert Schumann, who wrote accompaniments to all of them. They are not Beethoven's piano sonatas, but one is often called "The Hunt" (*) and imitates the flute on the high notes on horns on the low notes. A "detache" playing style is implemented on the thirteenth of these pieces, another of which sees double-stopped sixths followed by a series of up-bow staccatos. The nickname "The Devil's Chuckle," which adorns the thirteenth one, refers to that piece's rapid trills and its composer's apocryphal relationship with Satan. Recorded by the likes of Jascha Heifetz and Itzhak Perlman, this collection's most famous piece is its last, the subject of variations by Brahms and Rachmaninoff. For 10 points, name this group of solo violin works published by Niccolo Paganini.;;24 Caprices (for) (Solo) (Violin)|Paganini's Caprices
;;Among this deity's servants are the attendant Fulla, the guard Syn, who watches over the doors of her water-filled palace Fensalir, and the messenger Gna, who once delivered one of her apples to King Rerir. One of the two beings allowed to sit on the throne Hlidskialf, she once stole the gold from another god's statue and slept with a dwarf (*) in order to conceal the secret, prompting her husband to go into exile, during which time she may have had affairs with her brothers-in-law Vili and Ve. This fertility goddess often used a spinning wheel to create clouds. As a seer of all destinies, she was able to extract promises from all living things, except mistletoe, to not harm her son Balder. For 10 points, name this Norse goddess, the wife of Odin.;;Frigga
;;Many of this policy's goals were drawn from the research of Seebohm Rowntree, who isn't Henry George, but published a study named Progress and Poverty. The economist Arthur Seldon argued heavily against this policy, whose name was coined by William Temple. Asa Briggs outlined three of its main goals in a 1967 article, and Richard Titmuss wrote a series of essays about it. Gunnar Myrdal analyzed "Economic planning and its international implications" in a book titled for going beyond this policy. It was outlined in a paper that delineated five (*) "great evils" in society, which were squalor, ignorance, want, idleness, and disease. Including the Butler Act and the formation of the National Health Service, it arose during the tenure of Prime Minister Clement Attlee. For 10 points, give the term for these socialist policies implemented in the wake of the Beveridge Report.;;welfare state (of) (Great) (Britain)
;;This man's namesake rule allows candidates to simultaneously run for the senate and the vice presidency. He won a Senate seat election with the help of a rented helicopter nicknamed the "City Windmill." He quoted the lyrics to "America the Beautiful" in his "Let Us Continue" speech. His use of the so-called "Treatment" to strong arm dissident party members was discussed in the biography (*) Master of the Senate by Robert Caro. As president, he worked with the 89th congress to pass the Freedom of Information and Higher Education Acts, and gave the "We Shall Overcome" speech in response to the violence in Selma. This president signed the Voting Rights Act and the Social Security Act as part of his Great Society. For 10 points, name this successor to John F. Kennedy.;;(Lyndon) (Baines) Johnson|LBJ
;;In one scene from this film, a student continually spills ink on his notebook and tears the pages out until he runs out. In another scene, that character pulls his black turtleneck up to his eyes. That protagonist attends a puppet show version of Little Red Riding Hood, during which the camera focuses on the faces of dozens of little children. The central character of this film visits a carnival and rides a spinning machine called the Rotor. After joining his friend Rene in (*) stealing a typewriter from his father, the protagonist of this film is sent to a detention camp by the sea. Its conclusion depicts its protagonist escaping from a soccer game and running into the surf. For 10 points, name this film about the juvenile delinquent Antoine Doinel, directed by Francois Truffaut.;;(The) 400 Blows|Les Quatre Cents Coups
;;The Tsaratanana Massif in the north and the Ivakoany Massif is the south form most of this island's central highlands. A "spiny thicket" ecoregion is found it its extreme south, where four unusual "chevron" features are found on its beaches. The Tsimiroro heavy oil fields are located in its West near the Avenue of the Baobabs. The Canal des Pangalanes is a long waterway on its Eastern Coast near the Maosola Peninsula. Unique karst topography can be found in the limestone at the Tsingy reserve on this island, whose highest point is at (*) Maromokotro. Its capital is often paired with the name "Queen's Hill." Consisting of a formal crustal remnant of Godwana that broke off from India 60 million years ago, for 10 points, identify this island located across the Mozambique Channel from Mozambique.;;Madagascar
;;Scientists can use weak gravitational lensing to find out the statistical distribution of this material. It can be separated into two classes: baryonic and nonbaryonic; the latter of is further subdivided into (*) warm, hot, and cold divisions. Candidates for material include Massive Compact Halo Objects and Weakly Interacting Mass Particles, or MACHOs and WIMPs respectively. It constitutes almost a quarter of the total mass-energy of the universe. Thought to be the answer to Zwicky's missing mass problem, for 10 points, name this class of substances that does not emit radiation, rendering them invisible in the galaxy.;;dark matter
;;One novel by this author describes Fushia's illegal rubber business and the policeman Lituma, whose wife Bonifacia becomes a prostitute after his arrest. Another work by this author describes Ambrosio Pardo and Santiago Zavalita, who choose to attend a school for the lower class rather than the elite. He wrote about Cava, who breaks a window while stealing a chemistry exam key for The Circle at the Leoncio Prado Military Academy in one novel. Another novel by this author of The (*) Green House and Conversation in the Cathedral contains stories about a rodent exterminator and a soccer referee, which are told on every second chapter, alternating with the semi-autobiographical tale of a young man who fall in love with a much older relative. For 10 points, name this author of The Time of the Hero who created Mario and Pedro Camancho in Aunt Julia and the Scriptwriter.;;(Mario) Vargas Llosa
;;The sum of the squares of the reciprocals of this function evaluated at the nonnegative integers is equal to the modified Bessel function of the first kind at x=2. The Leviathan Number is found by evaluating this function at 10 to the 666th power. The rising type can be represented with the Pochhammer Symbol. Wilson's Theorem states that this function of any prime minus 1 is also congruent to -1 modulo that prime. Legendre's theorem provides a corollary to determine the number of (*) trailing zeroes of this function evaluated at nonnegative integers. When this function is evaluated at large numbers, Stirling's approximation is used. The gamma function extends this function to all complex numbers other than negative integers. For 10 points, name this function that, for positive integers n, is the product from 1 to n, and which is represented by an exclamation point.;;factorial
;;This tongue has direct and the oblique cases, and, unlike its related languages, maintains a long o/short u distinction. The future tense in this language is invoked by compounding the verb meaning "to wish," "a vrea." This language's verb for "to preserve," "a pastra," is the source of its sole loanword into English, "pastrami." Its endangered dialects include the Megleno- and Istro- versions. The most popular regional varieties of this language are the Aro- and Daco- forms. It is identical to a language known for nationalist reasons as (*) "Moldovan" and, due to its geographic distribution, exhibits a high degree of borrowed vocabulary from Slavic tongues. For 10 points, identify this easternmost Romance language, spoken by such figures as Ion Antonescu and Constantin Brancusi.;;Romanian (language)|Romana
;;One of this man's last paintings was a portrait of Cupid removing Venus's clothing. He painted John the Baptist as a child dramatically raising his hand, along with a portrait of the Infant Hercules Strangling Serpents. He included a number of dogs in large paintings, such as that of the Marlborough family, and portrayed a stately blue-clad tragedy losing a contest with a mischievous looking comedy over Shakespearean actor David (*) Garrick. He painted portraits of Diana Sackville and his possible mistress, the courtesan Kitty Fisher, in addition to a rather effeminate looking Banastre Tarleton. One of his best-known paintings shows Colonel Acland and Lord Sydney hunting with bows, and another contains figures of pity and terror in the background as well as the artist' signature on the hem of the main subject's dress. For 10 points, identify this artist of The Archers as well as Sarah Siddons as the Tragic Muse, a pre-eminent 18th century British portraitist.;;(Joshua) Reynolds
;;A leader of the fief of Kii who led the country during this period introduced sweet potato and sugarcane cultivation and began the compilation of the Kansei law code. Scholarly endeavors in this era were divided into the schools of Ancient Learning, National Learning, and Dutch Learning. This era included the artistic flourishing of the "original happiness period." Another ruler's attempt to stamp out Christianity during this era led to the (*) Shimabara Rebellion. During the disintegration of its namesake government, this period saw the establishment of the Ezo Republic and the Boshin War. Ended by the proclamation of the Charter Oath and rallying behind Emperor Meiji, for 10 points, identify this final Japanese shogunate which lasted from 1600 to 1858.;;Tokugawa (shogunate)|Edo (period)
;;One character in this play complains about the "marsh vapors" in his room and leaves a large puddle while trying to extinguish a fire. Another room in this play is filled with pictures of exotic lands procured by its former tenant, an old sea captain nicknamed "The Flying Dutchman." A dinner part in its first act sparks the recurring theme of thirteen men at the table. Molvik is convinced that he is possessed by demons by (*) Dr. Relling, a man whose doctrine of illusion clashes with Greger's insistence on truth. The photographer Hialmar constantly seeks a great invention in this play in an effort to provide for the ailing daughter he suspects may have been fathered by Hakon Werle. For 10 points, name this Henrik Ibsen play which ends with Hedvig Ekdal shooting herself instead of the title bird.;;(The) Wild Duck|Vildanden
;;A study of the planet HD209548b involved the use of this equation to model the planet's clouds. The model predicted by this equation changes slightly between particles having an attractive Yukawa potential. This equation can model the equilibrium between (*) water vapor and a hydrated compound. It is derived from a similarly named equation that relates pressure to temperature, volume, and latent heat. In essence, solving this equation will yield the coexistence curve for two states of a substance. Its simplest form states that delta P over delta T equals L over T delta V. For 10 points, name this doubly eponymous equation, which demonstrates a nonlinear relationship between the temperature and vapor pressure of a system.;;Clausius(-)Clapeyron (equation)
;;This poet recounts how he "oft spent / Narrow nightwatch nigh the ship's head / While she tossed close to the cliffs" in a poem that concludes by proclaiming that "their buried bodies / Be an unlikely treasure hoard." He called genius a "deathless adornment" in a poem whose speaker walks in the "Shades of Callimachus." This author of "The Seafarer" and "Homage to Sextus Propertius" described a figure whose "true Penelope was Flaubert" and who was "Bent resolutely on wringing lilies from the acorn" in his attempt to "resuscitate the dead art / Of poetry." In addition to (*) "Hugh Selwyn Mauberley," he described "The apparition of these faces in the crowd" in his poem "In a Station of the Metro." For 10 points, name this poet who included Adams and Pisan sections in his long collection, The Cantos.;;(Ezra) Pound
;;One of this artist's portraits shows Margaret Kemble Gage seated and wearing a pink dress with a black and gold belt. He depicted a literary character holding his shield and facing away from the viewer while faith, clad in a white gown, holds a chalice in which sits a serpent. In another painting, he depicted many red robed members of the House of Lords. This artist of The Red Cross Knight and The Death of the Earl of Chatham painted his brother seated, wearing a colorful pink collar while the title (*) animal sits on the table on which his arm is resting in Boy With a Squirrel. He painted a figure holding a silver teapot in his portrait of Paul Revere. For 10 points, name this artist who depicted a marine rescue in Havana Harbor in Watson and the Shark.;;(John) (Singleton) Copley
;;One section of this work describes the creation of a string of 100 "rosary beads," including spheres, cubes, and a heart at special locations, which the author used to help remember stories. One section of this work describes the "Technical Department," which made a hot air balloon out of cigarette paper and flew kites in an effort to distribute leaflets during the Kengir Uprising. Common charges described in this work, such as (*) "Discrediting the Leader" or "Sympathy for Trotsky," would lead to arrest and "perpetual motion" in the "prison industry." For 10 points, name this account of the experiences of zeks in the Soviet prison system, written by Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn.;;(The) Gulag Archipelago|Arkhipelag GULAG
;;The nif regulon codes for enzymes central to this process, which may be inhibited by a shortage of alpha-ketoglutarate or excess glutamate. In some cyanobacteria, it is carried out in specialized thick-walled cells called heterocysts. Vanadium is sometimes used in an alternative co-factor to this process, but is not as common as FeMo-co, which contains homocitrate, an Fe7-S8 cube, and a (*) molybdenum center. The reductase involved in this process is irreversibly inactivated by oxygen, leading to conformational protection in free living aerobes like Azotobactor. This process is also carried out by bacteria including Rhizobium that grow in the root nodules of legumes. For 10 points, name this process which allows organisms to make use of a certain atmospheric gas by converting it to ammonia.;;nitrogen fixation (accept) (word) (forms) (of) (fixation)
;;In one of this author's plays, Chantal leaves Roger to join a group of revolutionaries before being assassinated by The Bishop. He wrote about his own religious dedication to crime in his autobiography The Thief's Journal. In another semi-autobiographical work by this man, the pimp Darling Daintyfoot and the boy Alberto die during the trial and execution of a convicted murderer. In another play, Claire drinks a cup of poisoned tea prepared by Solange and intended for their employer, a woman known as Madame. This author of (*) Our Lady of the Flowers wrote about the Chief Justice and the General being forced to resume their roles to restore order outside of Irma's upscale brothel. For 10 points, name this degenerate French playwright of The Maids and The Balcony.;;(Jean) Genet
;;"The Unforeseen" and "The Victory" Symphonies are by this composer, who represented his country at the Week of Modern Art with his Characteristic African Dances. He composed his Harmonica Concerto for John Sebastian Jr. and wrote a tone poem about the sounds and legends of a native bird. He created a solo soprano work from his score to the film Green Mansions, and this composer of Uirapuru was inspired by the music of street-musicians to write a collection of fourteen pieces. That work, Choros, is similar to his most famous composition of nine suites, the first and fifth of which call for eight solo cellos. All of those suites also have two (*) titles, one of which is written in Portuguese. For 10 points, name this South American composer of the Bachianas Brasileiras.;;(Heitor) Villa(-)Lobos
;;This man warned readers to avoid "persecution mania" and the Byronic form of the title concept in the section "The Causes of Unhappiness." He attacked the equivocation inherent in the term "knowledge" and suggested a division based on level of direct familiarity into "knowledge by description" and "knowledge by acquaintance." Richard Dawkins popularized this thinker's analogy of an invisible teapot revolving around the sun. This philosopher advanced his distinction between definite and indefinite descriptions in his essay (*) "On Denoting." He used a parable about a barber to explain a namesake paradox, which considers the set of all sets that are not members of themselves. For 10 points, name this British philosopher who collaborated with Alfred North Whitehead on Principia Mathematica.;;(Bertrand) (Arthur) (William) Russell
;;In the right edge of this painting, a figure's eye bulges as he appears to be dragged down by his genitals. A disembodied orange head poking out from the thigh of a figure holding a gold key is possibly the artist's self-portrait. A group of figures holds a large Doric column in the air in the upper right of this painting. One figure in the lower center holds open a white book just to the right of two men dangling on a tether of rope. A fiery creature crouches under a green rock arch besides people who are changing into skeletons. Another creature is about to whack a group of people on a boat with an oar while directing them towards the figure of snake-covered (*) Minos. Just below the central figure is St. Lawrence holding a gridiron, and to the right St. Bartholomew holds a knife in his right hand and his own flayed skin in his left. The title action of this painting involves a bent-elbowed figured with a yellow background behind him who bears the marks of the stigmata. For 10 points, identify this Michelangelo painting on the wall of the Sistine Chapel, depicting the end of the world.;;(The) Last Judgment
;;This opera's third act opens with a shepherd boy singing "Io de' sospiri." One character in this opera retorts with the aria "Mi dicon venal" when asked what his price is. Another character in this opera sings about how brightly the stars used to shine after he trades his ring to his captor for the chance to write his lover one last letter. That character is killed by a (*) firing squad that he thinks will be shooting blanks after withstanding a session in a torture chamber and refusing to give up the political prisoner Cesare Angelotti. The title character of this opera sings about her good deeds and her dedication to her art in the aria "Vissi d'arte," before she kills the police chief Scarpia and jumps to her death after the execution of the painter Mario Cavardossi. For 10 points, name this Puccini opera about a singer.;;Tosca
;;This country witnessed 1958's Operation Blue Bat, which led to a diplomatic visit by Robert Murphy. The collapse of the Intra Bank plunged this country into a financial depression. Georges Catroux announced the independence of this nation after the defeat of Henri Dentz . The Amal Movement operated in this country during a conflict in which the Kataeb Party committed a number of atrocities. The Taif Agreement led to the election of Rene (*) Mouawad as Prime Minister of this country, but he was assassinated after 17 days in office and was never recognized by his rival government led by General Michel Aoud, who would later flee to the French embassy and surrender without telling his soldiers. UN Security Council Resolution 425 certified the withdrawal of one neighbor from this nation, but that nation re-entered this country during a 2006 war. For 10 points, identify this country in which Rafik Hariri was assassinated in 2005 and whose southern portion is controlled by Hezbollah.;;Lebanon
;;Each of this book's sections begins with the question "What's it going to be then, eh?" Its protagonist is given shelter by the owner of a cottage labeled "HOME" two years after tearing up that man's manuscript, which titles this novel. The protagonist's father Pee works at a dye works and his mother Em works for a foodmarket called Statemart. The protagonist of this novel spends most of his time at the (*) Korova Milkbar with Dim, Pete and Georgie until he is sent to prison, where he meets the chaplain "Charlie" and the probation officer P.R. Deltoid. The antagonists of this work include the Minister of the Interior, who selects the protagonist to undergo the Ludovico Technique. For 10 points, name this novel about the Nadsat-speaking Alex, written by Anthony Burgess.;;(A) Clockwork Orange
;;These objects were the first found to have gaps in their ultraviolet spectrum due to the existence of neutral hydrogen in the intergalactic medium,  providing evidence for the reionization of hydrogen around z = 6. Gravitational lensing was first confirmed by a twin of these. These objects can have redshifts greater than 5.8, which is where the (*) Gunn-Peterson trough is observed. Their variability suggests they are compact, of a size on the order of light-weeks or months, and these objects are powered by accretion disks around supermassive black holes. For 10 points, name these remnants of the early universe which emit as much energy as some galaxies, are the most luminous objects in the universe, and are composed mostly of "radio quiet" types.;;quasi(-)stellar radio sources|Quasi(-)Stellar Objects(;)|quasars
;;Trebula Suffenas and Trebula Mutusca were two cities mentioned by Pliny as belonging to these peoples. Eretum was one of their major cities, where they suffered defeats in 503 and 458 BCE. Volesus of Cures was probably one of these peoples, who were defeated by Tullus Hostillus at Silva Malitiosa. The creation of the Neputunius festival led to a surprise attack by these peoples, during which Mettius Curtius discovered a swamp. Quirinus was originally a god of these peoples. During an invasion by them led by Titus Tatius, the treason of (*) Tarpeia took place. According to Livy, the intervention of Jove turned the tide of a battle eventually stopped by female members of this group. For 10 points, identify this neighboring tribe of Rome, whose female members "intervened" after their abduction, or "rape.".;;Sabines
;;Several members of this state's powerful Railroad Commission have already announced for the 2012 Senate election. The current governor of this state announced that he supports House Concurrent Resolution 50. One governing body in this state, led by dentist Don McLeroy, passed language to change references to the United States government to a "constitutional republic," rather than "democratic," and "imperialism" to "expansionism." Debra Medina was a Tea Party candidate in this state's 2010 Republican gubernatorial primary, which saw a rare clash between a sitting (*) governor and sitting US Senator. Current Democratic gubernatorial candidate Bill White was formerly mayor of this state's largest city, which is currently led by Annise Parker, its first openly gay mayor. Politicians intervened to help keep the Big 12 together in, for 10 points, what US State where Senator Kay Bailey Hutchison is retiring and Governor Rick Perry has spoken fondly of secession?.;;Texas
;;This man argued that organized labor and the federal government could replace free market competition as the primary check on corporate power and that the titular concept was a "self-generating force" in one work. In another work, he argued that large companies undermine supply and demand via advertising and vertical integration and that shareholders were losing control of their companies to a (*) technostructure of managers. This author of American Capitalism: The Concept of Countervailing Power wrote that though the private sector grew rich, the social and public infrastructure remained stagnant, allowing income disparities to remain. For 10 points, identify this economist who wrote the The New Industrial State and The Affluent Society.;;(John) (Kenneth) Galbraith
;;One character in this novel is a mystical shepherd whose search for "The Answer" is sparked by the death of his lover Angele. This work describes an event in which the community gathers to force a massive herd of rabbits into a pen. Its first chapter ends with the violent death of a flock of sheep. One character in this novel is a poet and cyclist who intends to compose a vast epic of the west but ends up writing the popular protest poem "The Toilers." The antagonist (*) S. Behrman dies after falling into a ship's hold at the end of this novel, which includes a bloody and climactic battle between Annixter, Harran Derrick, Hooven, Osterman and the poet Presley against the corrupt Pacific Southwestern Railroad. For 10 points, name this first novel of Frank Norris's Epic of Wheat trilogy.;;(The) Octopus
;;This man fought off the Raid on Drvar after an plan called Operation Knight's Leap to capture him was abandoned by Otto Skorzeny. Fitzroy MacLean's Eastern Approaches describes a treaty this man signed on the island of Vis, in which King Peter II recognized him and his "Partisans" over his rival Chetniks. He was the General Secretary of the short lived Republic of Uzice and teamed with world leaders like (*) Nasser and Nehru as a founding member of the non-aligned movement. This leader's views on workers' self-management and decentralization led to his 1948 split with Stalin. The system he endorsed in the Constitution of 1974 was unable to prevent the formation of Croatia, Slovenia, and Serbia and Montenegro. For 10 points, name this longtime leader of Yugoslavia.;;(Josip) (Broz) Tito
;;Two characters in this novel create the Pyramid Club, an organization so exclusive that only they are part of it. One character has his car wrecked after he refuses to pay a toll enacted by some Emerald Isle firemen; his fiancee Sarah's attempt to rectify the situation results in her death at the hands of the vice president's guards. The immigrant Tateh changes his name to Baron Ashkenazy and becomes a movie tycoon in this novel, which also profiles Father's trip to the North Pole and (*) Mother's Younger Brother's revolutionary acts. The third family depicted in this novel includes the grief stricken militant Coalhouse Walker. Those families are connected by interactions with J.P. Morgan, Emma Goldman, and Harry Houdini. For 10 points, name this novel by E.L. Doctorow.;;Ragtime
;;The author of this document mentions Socrates' belief that "creative analysis" could be brought by creating "a tension of the mind." The author mentions a plan for an operation to take place during the Easter season, the second-biggest shopping season of the year. It alludes to Martin Buber by stating that relegation of "persons to the status of things" is the effect of a substitution of an "I-it" relationship for an "I-thou." After discussing the removal and reinstatement of signs on stores, the author uses the example of Nazis and Hungarian freedom fighters to cloud the notion of an action's legality. This (*) missive expresses the disillusionment of not being supported by white clergymen, including the eight ones to whom this letter is addressed. Containing the screed "injustice anywhere is a threat to justice everywhere," for 10 points, identify this letter written by Martin Luther King Jr. while incarcerated.;;Letter from (a) Birmingham Jail
;;In one story, Cadmus slays one of these animals sacred to Ares and is subsequently turned into one. In another story, Hera turns Tiresias into a woman after he sees two of these animals mating and kills one of them. Typhon's wife Echidna is usually described as half-nymph and half one of these animals that kill Eurydice. One type of these animals is an enemy of (*) Apollo and is killed by him at the site of the Delphic Oracle. The Ouroboros consists of one of them biting its own tail, and two of them can be found on the Caduceus. Hera sends two of these animals in an attempt to kill a young Heracles. These animals made up the hair of the Gorgon sister Medusa. For 10 points, name these reptiles.;;snakes|serpents(;)|dragons
;;Especially good solvents for this procedure include carbon disulfide and carbon tetrachloride, though both are highly toxic. For testing coatings and powders, this technique can be used with attenuated total reflectance. Liquids are placed between two salt plates as preparation for this technique, while solid compounds are ground in combination with (*) potassium bromide and pressed into a thin disc. This technique relies on stimulating the vibrational modes of molecules. The output from this technique is a plot of transmittance versus wavenumber in inverse centimeters and includes a "fingerprint" for each molecule. For 10 points, name this common lab technique for identifying functional groups in molecules using radiation wavelengths just longer than visible light.;;IR Spectroscopy
;;The titular animals of one of this author's poems "sat of a fence rail, / Thinking of effect and cause, / Of weeds and flowers, / And nature's laws." The title creature of another of his poems "lived in a box" and "swam in a puddle" and, though "he caught the flea," "he didn't catch me." In addition to "Two Old Crows" and "The Little Turtle," he wrote about a figure whose heart is broken because "kings must murder still." This author of (*) "Abraham Lincoln Walks at Midnight" also wrote a poem about a geographical feature that is "creeping through the black" and "Cutting through the forest with a golden track." His best known poem is about a figure whose "Eyes still dazzled by the ways of God;" that poem repeatedly asks "Are you washed in the blood of the lamb?" For 10 points, name this author of "The Congo" and "General William Booth Enters Into Heaven.".;;(Vachel) Lindsay
;;In one story from this collection, Sasha Borovoi claims that there was "no use at all" for the dead title character after his futile visit to Vladislav Simen, a Cheka officer. Another centers on the decline of an institution founded by a merchant named Kofman that originally had made money by renting a coffin for use in funerals. In addition to "Froim Grach" and "The End of the Almshouse," one story from this collection tells of the robbery of Tartakovsky and how the chief perpetrator paid for the burial of a clerk who was shot during the crime. It is perhaps best known for a story in which a police station is set ablaze so the cops cannot disturb the marriage of the sister of "The King," the (*) gangster Benya Krik. For 10 points, name this short story collection by Isaac Babel set in the Moldavanka of the titular Ukrainian port.;;(The) Odessa Tales
;;The orchestrator of this operation claimed Fort Worth Star-Telegram editor Amon Carter originated the idea for it in his memoirs I Could Never Be So Lucky Again. This action sparked the Zhejiang-Jiangxi Campaign after one side's survivors were helped by John Birch and others. One craft that took part in this event was "The Ruptured Duck," which was piloted by Ted Lawson, whose book about it inspired a (*) Spencer Tracy movie. The planes involved in this operation were stripped down and given double the fuel capacity, allowing them to take off from the USS Hornet and return to China. For 10 points, name this US propaganda victory in which the Air Force bombed the Japanese Home Islands in 1942.;;Doolittle (Raid)
;;This artist gave his doctor a roundel in which a haloed Mary leans into a railing while holding an infant Christ. He sculpted putti blowing horns and celebrating around a severed head in the bas relief of the pedestal of his sculpture Judith and Holofernes. This artist of the "Chellini Madonna" has another of his sculptures housed inside a niche made by Perfetto di Giovanni and Albizzo di Pietro; that sculpture of (*) St. Mark was initially rejected by a linen guild and rests outside the Orsanmichele. He brought back the genre of life-size equestrians with his depiction of Erasmo of Narni titled Gattamelata, and he sculpted another man holding a sword and standing on Goliath's head. For 10 points, name this Italian Renaissance sculptor known for his bronze effeminate David.;;Donatello
;;After one character in this play's first act says "succulent," the other replies "you shouldn't say that word to a married woman." One character is calmed by another blowing into his mouth, though that same character agitates him by calling him "Simey" and keeps tearing newspapers into five equal strips. One character believes another character to be asleep, though he was taken away to see (*) "Monty" for "special treatment." That character beats a drum around a room before removing his glasses and being backed up against the wall during a game of blindman's bluff, during which he attempts to rape a woman. The other woman proclaims herself to be the "belle of the ball," an event during which Petey is absent and which was thrown together by Goldberg and McCann. For 10 points, identify this play about the boarder Stanley, who ages one year in a violent and absurd spectacle, the first-full length play by Harold Pinter.;;(The) Birthday Party
;;Practitioners of this religion believe that the only two unforgivable sins are murder and blasphemy. They also believe in the existence of the Telestial, Terrestrial, and Celestial Kingdoms, three levels of heavens where all except the "sons of perdition" go after death. All boys who practice this religion enter the Aaronic priesthood at the age of twelve by becoming deacons, and the other branch of its priesthood has ranks called elder, seventy, and high priest and is termed the "Melchizedek" order. One holy book of this religion was written in (*) "reformed Egyptian" and was affirmed by the Testimonies of the Three Witnesses and the Eight Witnesses, who confirmed that the angel Moroni had revealed the location of golden plates to Joseph Smith. For 10 points, name this religion of Brigham Young.;;Mormonism|(the) (Church) (of) (Jesus) (Christ) (of) Latter Day Saints
;;The DC Josephson effect occurs because of this effect. This effect is used in STMs, which are a type of microscopes. Calculating the probability of this happening for a Heaviside step function requires using the boundary conditions that the wavefunction and its derivative have to be continuous everywhere. The probability of this happening has a hyperbolic sine squared in its denominator and this was used to explain (*) alpha decay as protons would need a large amount of energy to leave the nucleus. This effect happens when a potential barrier is greater than the energy of a moving particle and the particle moves through the barrier. For 10 points, name this quantum mechanical effect.;;quantum tunneling
;;This author described "mildew of summer and the deepening snow" in a poem ending "one might in turn become less diffident." He wrote of "her desire for June and evening, tipped/by the consummation of the swallow's wings" in one poem, and described green, yellow, and blue rings on purple, green, and yellow nightgowns in another. This author described "Coffee and oranges in a sunny chair" as the (*) "complacencies of the peignoir," and wrote of "icicles fill[ing] the long window/with barbaric glass" and "let be be finale of seem." In those two poems, he mentioned the "golden birds" not imagined by the "thin men of Haddam," and the "concupiscent curds" whipped by "the roller of big cigars." For 10 points, identify this American poet of "Sunday Morning," "Thirteen Ways of Looking at a Blackbird," and "The Emperor of Ice-Cream.".;;(Wallace) Stevens
;;One ruler of this name wrote the epic poem Kingis Quair, while a later ruler of this name had a large artillery superiority in shooting down Branxton Hill. Another man with this name maintained his position as the leader of the Royal Navy despite his failure to defend against the Raid of the Medway. One monarch of this name died at Flodden Field, and another ended the (*) Monmouth Rebellion. The penultimate ruler of this name married Anne of Denmark, while the last ruler of this name fell after the Glorious Revolution. The penultimate ruler of this name had his men remove explosives placed under Parliament before it was too late. For 10 points, name this common name whose most famous member was the first monarch to unify England and Scotland, was the target of the Gunpowder Plot, and created a namesake Bible.;;(King) James (of) (Scotland)
;;Related organisms to this division possess non-photosynthetic leaves containing a characteristic vascular trace. Some species in this division benefit from an umbrella-like covering provided by a thin film of tissue called the indusium. Their gametophyte stage is called a prothallus, and as of 2006, this group includes the plants known as horsetails. Their namesake "great radiation" occurred in the Cretaceous, though they first appeared in the fossil record around the Carboniferous period. They are more complex than the (*) lycophytes because they possess true leaves, known as fronds. For 10 points, name this division of seedless vascular plants, also called Pteridophyta.;;ferns (accept) pteridophytes (prior) (to) (mention)
;;One of this thinker's works is divided into four sections critiquing the "Pro-Naturalistic Doctrines" and "Anti-Naturalistic Doctrines" of the title approach and attacks a tendency to confuse "trends" with "laws." He put forth a model of understanding involving the interactions between Worlds 1, 2, and 3. He proposed a theory of in which tentative guesses and their negations increase collective knowledge in his collection Conjectures and Refutations, and worried about academia's accepting attitude towards the more nefarious aspects of (*) Plato's political philosophy in the first volume of another work. For 10 points, name this major proponent of falsifiability, a historian of science who authored The Logic of Scientific Discovery and The Open Society and its Enemies.;;(Karl) Popper
;;He authored a report about the relations between Britain and her dominions that proved instrumental in the phasing out of the governors-general and the implementation of High Commissioners. After the failure of the Gallipoli Campaign, he replaced Winston Churchill as First Lord of the Admiralty, and served out the rest of the war as Foreign Secretary under Lloyd George. He was nicknamed "Bloody" for his suppression of Irish dissent and during his term as PM, he entered into the Entente Cordiale with France. He served as PM from (*) 1902 to 1905, and his most remembered accomplishment was actually authored by Alfred Milner. That document was addressed to Lord Rothschild and promised assistance in establishing a Jewish homeland. For 10 points, name this British politician.;;(Arthur) Balfour
;;One strategy in implementing this is using a number with a small Hamming weight, such as 3 or 17, in order to optimize the amount of modular multiplications; that number is usually denoted e. It also makes use of the Extended Euclidean Algorithm to find a number denoted d, which is congruent to e raised to the negative first power modulus phi, where phi denotes the (*) totient function of the distinct integers p and q. The greatest common divisor of e and phi is 1, meaning that those two numbers are coprime, and phi ends up being equal to (p-1)(q-1) [p minus 1 times q minus 1] since both p and q are prime numbers. Based heavily on Fermat's Little Theorem, this system often makes use of a signature system and uses e and d in its public and private keys, respectively. Relying on the fact that large integers are difficult to factor, this is, for 10 points, what popular cryptography algorithm which is named after its three developers?.;;Rivest Shamir Adleman (cryptography)|(algorithm)|(cryptosystem)
;;This figure was told by the Delphic oracle that a bladder could be submerged, but it would not drown. He survived an attempted poisoning when his father recognized his sword, after that father of this man had married Medea and sent him to kill the Marathonian Bull. He was made to sit on the Chair of Oblivion during an attempt to abduct (*) Persephone, which was undertaken after his successful abduction of a young Helen with his Lapith friend Pirithous. He refused to wash Sciron's feet, instead feeding him to a giant turtle, and raped Perigune after killing her tree-bending father Sinis. His father Augeus died when he forgot to replace black sails with white ones after Ariadne helped him kill the Minotaur. For 10 points, name this king of Athens and Greek hero.;;Theseus
;;This composer added nine bars as a coda to the third version of his piece "Au bord d'une source." The first edition of that work joined "La Valee d'Obermann" and "Chapelle de Guillaume Tell" in three books of twelve travel-related pieces. After another composer dedicated his "Fantasia in C" to him, this composer reciprocated by writing a work with five motifs and an incorporation of four movements seamlessly into one. Thematically similar to that Piano Sonata in B minor is a symphony he wrote with an A flat major second movement containing a clarinet-violin dialogue representing a game of "he loves me, he loves me not," followed by a nigh-atonal movement in which the "Spirit of Negation" is driven away by (*) Gretchen's innocence. One collection of his works includes "The Dance in the Village Inn" and sometimes the Bagatelle sans tonalite, and another ends with "Chase-Naige" and includes "Mazeppa" and "Feux Follets." For 10 points, identify this composer of the Faust Symphony, Mephisto Waltzes, and Transcendental Etudes.;;(Franz) (Ritter) (von) Liszt|(Ferencz) Liszt
;;One character in this novel possesses a collection of pornographic torture scenes and gets deported from France. Two characters living on opposite sides of a street build a bridge of boards to connect their apartment windows, though one of them builds traps with water basins and yarn to warn himself of the other's approach. Gekrepten is left behind by three friends who work at an asylum in this book, in which a car accident hospitalizes the widely-read author Morelli. Suspicions that Rocomadour's mother is involved with (*) Osip Gregorovious lead a Serpent's Club member to abandon La Maga in this work, which contains "expendable chapters" as well as a Table of Instructions at its opening. For 10 points, identify this novel which can be read by jumping through its chapters in a specified order, the magnum opus of Julio Cortazar.;;Hopscotch|Rayuela
;;The village of Portobello merged with this city in 1896 and a dog in this city allegedly stayed at his owner's grave for 14 years, which earned him a large statue and the sorbequiet Greyfriars Bobby after the church where the cemetary was located. The Braid hills are in this city's southeast while the Pentland Hills are located to the North and the underground catacombs are known as this city's "vaults." The Princes Street Gardens stretch through the middle of this city across "The Mound," which holds this city's National Gallery, and Samson's Ribs are an unusual formation in the Salisburg Crags area of (*) Holyrood Park, which also contains Arthur's Seat. The Water of Leith is the main river in this city which drains to the River Forth and the Firth of Forth. For 10 points, identify this city whose main castle is located at the end of the Royal Mile next to the remnants of Loch Nor, the second largest city and capital of Scotland.;;(Edinborough)|Edinburgh
;;One phase in this series of battles saw William Mahone lead a group of forces through a ravine, surprising the corps under the command of Francis Barlow and John Gibbon. The initial battle of this campaign saw Benjamin Butler attempt to breach the Dimmock Line while troops under August Kautz engaged in an encircling maneuver. The turning point of this campaign came after the Battle of Fort Stedman, after which one side's loss at Five Forks paved the way for the conquest of (*) Richmond. Its best known phase saw a futile assault by troops under Edward Ferrero and James Ledlie after the successful plan of Henry Pleasants to detonate a series of charges beneath the Confederate lines; that was the Battle of the Crater. For 10 points, name this 1864-65 Civil War battle named after the Virginia city that was besieged during that time.;;(Siege) (of) Petersburg|Richmond(-)Petersburg (Campaign)
;;One character in this play tells the fable of "The Snake and the Fox" in response to another character's stories about the calf that swallowed ground glass and the cock that wanted to play a dog. This play was inspired by the startling truisms its author discovered while trying to learn English. Two characters in this work kiss after realizing that they live in the same house, sleep in the same bed, and both have a (*) two year old daughter named Alice with one red and one left eye, although the maid Mary informs them that these are different daughters after all. The central couple of this play has a conversation about a family composed entirely of Bobby Watsons before entertaining the Martins and the Fire Chief. For 10 points, name this absurdist play about the Smiths by Eugene Ionesco.;;(The) Bald Soprano|La Cantatrice chauve
;;The Flory-Huggins parameter can be used to find this property for non-ideal polymers, and it can be estimated for non-polar materials by the Hildebrand parameter. On binary phase diagrams, the limit of this property for solids is demarcated by a line called the solvus. Silicon dioxide displays the retrograde type of it in water. Differences in it between two materials can be used to (*) separate them in liquid-liquid extractions.It decreases with the addition of certain species as described by the common ion effect, and this property for a gas in liquid is directly proportional to its partial pressure according to Henry's law. For 10 points, identify this property with a product constant symbolized K sub sp, which is usually determined by the concentration of a substance in a saturated solution.;;solubility
;;One inhabitant of this location is Lo-Tsen, a Chinese woman who was to be married to an Eastern prince whom she had never met; an accomplished musician, most of the men who live here once fell in love with her. Among its luxuries are a bathtub made in Ohio, and it lies in the shadow of Karakal, a mountain whose name translates as "Blue Moon." It was founded by a man named Perrault, whom the main character of the novel in which it appears figures out is still its leader some (*) 300 years later. Among the people who become trapped here are an American fugitive named Barnard and the Christian Miss Brinklow, while Mallinson encourages Hugh Conway to escape from it after they are brought here in a hijacked airplane. For 10 points, name this location central to James Hilton's Lost Horizon, a Tibetan paradise.;;Shangri(-)La
;;Helium-3 and Boron-10 are sometimes used to detect this particle. Bothe and Becker's experimentation with beryllium thought that these particles were at first gamma rays. Discovered by James Chadwick, it was later found to be composed of two down quarks and one up quark. When these particles are not bound, they undergo beta decay, emitting a(*) proton, an electron, and an antineutrino, with a mean lifetime of around fifteen minutes. Uranium 235 undergoes fission when one of these particles strikes it, which produces three more of these particles. While carbon 12 has only six of them, carbon 14 has 8 of them. For 10 points, name this subatomic particle that has around the same mass as a proton but has no charge.;;neutron
;;Several of this thinker's works analyze what he dubs "the symbol sphere." In one book, he compares that construct to the "status sphere," which is itself similar to a prior writer's idea of "stratification." He put forth the idea that "role" connects the individual personality to the "orders" of society in that book, which he co-wrote with Hans Gerth. This author of (*) Character and Social Structure claimed that the "military metaphysic" and a "permanent war economy" were characteristics of the title group of another book. He blamed bureaucracy for stripping decision-making power from the middle classes. He also wrote pro-Communist works such as The Causes of World War Three and Listen, Yankee. For 10 points, name this author of The Sociological Imagination, White Collar, and The Power Elite, a 1950s American sociologist.;;(Charles) (Wright) Mills
;;HMG-CoA reductase is the rate-limiting enzyme in the synthesis of this compound. Steps in its formation include the production of mevalonate, which is converted to activated isoprenes. Those isoprenes are condensed into squalene, which is then cyclized to form this compound. Mineralocorticoid hormones like aldosterone are synthesized from this compound. Its concentration in the bloodstream is lowered by (*) statins. This molecule maintains the fluidity of the plasma membrane at low temperatures. High concentrations of this compound in bile lead to gall stones. When this molecule is deposited in blood vessels, the resulting narrowing and hardening of their walls is called atherosclerosis. For 10 points, name this lipid often classified as either HDL or LDL, its "good" and "bad" varieties.;;cholesterol
;;This poet thanked the title deity for filling the farmer's cottage with crops and asked her to preserve the descendents of Romulus in his "Hymn to Diana." He discussed silent sepulchers in an elegy written on the death of Quintilia, one of a few addressed to his friend Calvus. This poet wrote much of his work in hendecasyllabic verse, a meter he adopted for a poem written upon the death of his (*) mistress's sparrow. One of his works asks for a thousand kisses, then a hundred, then another thousand after stating "let us live and love." This author was known for the crassness of his invectives and coined the term "ave atque vale" or "hail and farewell" in a poem written on the death of his brother. For 10 points, name this Roman poet famed for his love poems to Lesbia.;;Catullus
;;This artist painted himself holding a cello in an early self-portrait and depicted himself behind bars in Self-Portrait at St. Pelagie, based on a real sentence he incurred for being the President of the Arts Commission for the Paris Commune. He painted a golden hair comb at the feet of two embracing women in The Sleepers. After three of his paintings were rejected from the 1855 Universal Exhibition, this artist held his own private pavilion, in which he displayed a painting that includes (*) Proudhon and Baudelaire and is divided in half by a giant canvas and a nude model. He drew both praise and condemnation for his painting of an ordinary provincial funeral. For 10 points, name this foremost member of the French realists who painted The Artist's Studio and The Burial at Ornans.;;(Gustave) Courbet
;;This man wrote that "sunlight is said to be the best of disinfectants" in a book which publicized the findings of the Pujo committee. He exposed the ways bankers used borrowed money to further their own interests. This author of Other People's Money fought against the merger of the New Haven and Boston and Maine railroads. With Samuel Warren, he wrote the influential article "The Right to Privacy," a theme he would press in arguing for (*) "the right to be left alone" in an opinion for a case that ruled wiretapping unconstitutional. Before opposing the Olmstead case, he wrote a document which used sociological and medical data to argue in favor of work limits in Muller v. Oregon. For 10 points, name this Jewish Supreme Court Justice who authored a namesake "brief.".;;(Louis) Brandeis
;;One character in Vasilij Aksenov's novel The Burn creates a gigantic statue of one of these animals titled "Humility." In a Margaret Atwood novel, Nate's lover Lesje is obsessed with them. In a story sometimes considered the shortest published, Augusto Monterroso wrote about one of these animals that awoke and was still there. In Cosmicomics, Qfwfq fights with Zahn and falls for Fern-flower when the New Ones don't realize he is one of these animals. Robert Lowell's "For the Union Dead" describes the yellow (*) steam shovels that "gouge their underworld garage" as these. The reporter Edward Malone joins Lord John Roxton and Professor Challenger to journey to a plateau inhabited by these animals in an Arthur Conan Doyle novel. For 10 points, name these extinct residents of The Lost World.;;dinosaurs
;;One version of this deity was usually depicted as a child holding his finger to his mouth. Another version of this god was depicted as a sphinx and as a companion to Khepri. A third had the epithet "the two horizons" and wasn't Amun, but was syncretized with Ra. He had four sons named Imsety, Duamutef, Hapi, and Qebehsenuef. This god came to great prominence when the rulers of his cult center of (*) Nekhem united the kingdom and made it the capital of the empire. His most popular symbol was the wedjat, which represents the eye that was wounded in a fight and healed by Thoth. This god's eyes were the son and the moon, and in some stories he killed Seth to avenge his father Osiris. For 10 points, name this falcon god of ancient Egypt.;;Horus
;;This man lost power after attempting to annex the region of Kagera, but escaped death with the help of Libya's Muammar al-Gaddafi. He gained power by executing a coup while his predecessor was in a Singapore meeting of the Commonwealth of Nations. This man expelled all the Asians in the country he ruled, crippling the economy. He both succeeded and was basically succeeded by (*) Milton Obote. He lost power after invading Tanzania led by Julius Nyerere. Along with saying that Hitler was "right to burn six million Jews," this man allowed a Palestinian liberation group to hijack an Air France airplane. Israel responded with Operation Thunderbolt, which saw most hostages return safely from Entebbe Airport. For 10 points, name this dictator of Uganda who may have been a cannibal.;;(Idi) Amin
;;This work's second section ends with a list of ten measures that will be applicable in most countries, including free education in public schools and the abolition of inheritance rights. It holds that each man must eventually face "his real conditions of life, and his relations with his kind" because "all that is solid melts into air." Its final section briefly discusses the Social Democrats in France and the Radical party in Switzerland. This work describes hidden interests "lurking" behind law, morality and religion and advocates an association in which (*) "free development of each is the condition for the free development of all." Its first section notes that "The history of all hitherto existing society is the history of class struggles" and it begins with the phrase "A spectre is haunting Europe." For 10 points, name this work of Friedrich Engels and Karl Marx.;;(The) Communist Manifesto|Manifest der Kommunistischen Partei|Manifesto of the Communist Party
;;In one action, this man won a battle to prevent his opponent from taking Pskov. According to the Livonian Rhymed Chronicle, this man had a 60 to one advantage in men in that battle. This man served as an intermediary between the various Russian rulers and the Mongols under Sartaq Khan of the Golden Horde, whose support made it possible for this man to become Grand Prince of Vladimir. However, this leader of the Republic of (*) Novgorod gained his epithet after defeating the Swedes at the Battle of the Neva River in 1240 and for his defeat of the Knights of the Teutonic Order at the Battle of Lake Peipus or the Battle of the Ice two years later. For 10 points, identify this Russian ruler who is the subject and namesake of a famous 1938 Sergei Eisenstein film.;;(Alexander) Nevsky
;;One character in this play promises that she will show a program signed by Mrs. Wagner to a Chicago businessman present in the first act. This play, which opens with one servant conveying praise to another for the quality of her frozen fruit cream, features one character's nostalgia for her long-lost estate Lionett. Another character refuses to fetch a second bottle of medicine upstairs for a man who had earlier noted that the people of the mountains would work in the water power industry for cheap. That character had to be fetched from a Baltimore hospital by Alexandra, who recovers (*) seventy thousand dollars to finish investing in a cotton mill. That project requires the aid of Horace and was headed by Benjamin and Oscar, the siblings of the cruel Regina Giddens. The sequel to Another Part of the Forest, for 10 points, identify this play set in the South and written by Lillian Hellman.;;(The) Little Foxes
;;One enzyme that catalyzes this reaction is used to assimilate polymeric substrates in microorganisms that possess a cell wall. Robert Taft determined the polar substituent constants of his namesake equation by using this reaction with methyl esters. The end product of the phosphomonoester type of this reaction, inorganic phosphorus, represses alkaline phosphatase synthesis. Alkaline phosphatase (*) also performs this reaction when it dephosphorylates organic compounds. Glycosidases split polysaccharides into monosaccharides by cleaving glycosidic bonds with this chemical reaction. Once a protein is marked for degradation, the enzyme protease executes this reaction. Starch granules can have this reaction performed on them by alpha-amylase. For 10 points, name this chemical reaction which breaks up molecules by the addition of water.;;hydrolysis
;;One poem by this author describes "wandering between two worlds, one dead/the other powerless to be born" during a trip to the "Carthusians' world-famed home." This author of "Stanzas from the Grand Chartreuse" wrote "while the tree lived, he in these fields lived on" about a subject "who, tired of knocking at preferment's door," gave up his friends. One of his poems opens with "How changed is here each spot man makes or fills," and the narrator of another opens (*) Glanvill's book to learn about the title intellectual. This author described "Sophocles long ago/hear[ing] it on the gean" as well as the "melancholy, long, withdrawing roar" of the "sea of Faith." That poem by this author of "Thyrsis" and "The Scholar-Gipsy" opens "the sea is calm tonight" and closes on a "darkling plain... where ignorant armies clash by night." For 10 points, identify this poet who wrote "Dover Beach.".;;(Matthew) Arnold
;;One character in this opera is reminded of his happy childhood in Provence in the aria "Di Provenza il Mar." The use of modern costuming and the overweight soprano Fanny Salvini-Donatelli in the title role led to popular derision of its premier. That title character expresses her attachment to empty pleasures and unworthiness of love in the duet "Un di, felice, eterea." Several characters dressed as matadors sing about bullfighting in its third act. The party at the beginning of this opera includes the famous drinking song (*) "Libiamo ne'lieti calici." The title character of this opera is treated by Dr. Grenvil and convinced by her lover's father to break off her affair for the sake of his daughter. For 10 points, name this Giuseppe Verdi opera in which Alfredo Germont loves the title "fallen woman" Violetta.;;(La) Traviata
;;Jaroslav Dabrowski led this polity's military. It established a one hundred percent inheritance tax and a ban on prostitution and night work in bakeries. One incident during this polity saw General Lecomte attempt to commandeer some artillery pieces, only for his soldiers to disobey and for the Mayor of Montmarte to be powerless to stop Generals Thomas and Lecomte's deaths. The flag of Vietnam was inspired by this polity's monochrome red banner. Marshal MacMahon helped to end it. Much of its territory was set on fire during the (*) "Bloody Week." Although Louis Auguste Blanqi was elected its leader, Adolphe Thiers captured him, making Blanqui unable to lead it. For 10 points, identify this body that controlled the French capital in the aftermath of the Franco-Prussian War.;;Paris Commune|La Commune de Paris
;;One of this author's novellas features a jester called The Liar and an Egyptian ruler named Great House. Another of his novels focuses on the priestess Arieka, who becomes the Oracle at Delphi; that work was left unfinished at his death. In addition to The Scorpion God and The Double Tongue, he also wrote about Matty, a survivor of the London bombings, and the dean Jocelin, who attempts to build the titular structure on a cathedral. This author of Darkness Visible (*) and The Spire included themes of survival and the search for order in many of his works, such as The Inheritors and a novel in which Jack steals Piggy's glasses and Ralph take care of the conch shell. For 10 points, name this British author who wrote Lord of the Flies.;;(William) Golding
;;He painted a classical clown wearing white sitting under some Chinese lanterns in a cafe in his Soir Bleu. This man's architectural paintings include a depiction of The Mansard Roof and The Lighthouse at Two Lights. Most of his works are owned by the Whitney Museum. He painted a Victorian mansion against a stark backdrop in House by the Railroad and painted a deserted storefront behind a barbershop poll and a fire hydrant in another painting. This artist painted a series of overhead lights trailing into the distance behind a coffee drinking woman in (*) Automat. He painted two women sitting in front of a large sign advertising the title food in Chop Suey. For 10 points, name this artist whose depiction of three customers at a diner is titled Nighthawks.;;(Edward) Hopper
;;One character in this novel learns of the imprisonment of the clerk Mr. Owen when a mysterious figure approaches him in church and arranges a meeting on a bridge. The protagonist of this novel is forced to defend himself at Squire Inglewood's court when he is accused by Morris, whom he had met at the Black Bear Inn. After he is arrested with the gardener Andrew Fairservice, the protagonist is rescued by Helen, the wife of the title character. This novel ends with its protagonist inheriting (*) Sir Hildebrand's estate and dueling with Rashleigh, who had earlier betrayed the 1715 Jacobite uprising. The Catholic Diana Vernon marries the Presbyterian protagonist Frank Osbaldistone in, for 10 points, what novel titled after a Scottish outlaw by Sir Walter Scott.;;Rob Roy
;;Species like Loligo gahi, Munida gregaria and Thysanopsetta naresi are some of the principal food for the Gentoo variety of these animals, a species that are characterized by the white patches above each eye.  The African variety of these animals primarily occupy the Benguela Current and are sometimes called Jackasses for their distinctive braying.  A yellow crest is one of the distinguishing marks of the most populous species of these animals, while a type of these animals sometimes called Fairies tend to only have one mate and are commonly named "Little Blue".  Also coming in (*) Macaroni form, one type of these animals constantly rotate members in the middle of a huddle to the outside of the group to maintain warmth while nursing eggs during winter.  For 10 points, name these birds, which include the Emperor variety.;;penguins
;;In its first section, the author asks, "Is not the Stoic a part of nature?" and declares philosophy "always creates the world in its own image".  Its fourth section asserts that "our strongest impulse" is the "tyrant in us" and that "there are no moral phenomena at all, but only a moral interpretation of phenomena".  Besides those epigrams and aphorisms, the author declares that the French and Greeks are feminine races in a section of this work that also predicts democracy will soon cause the mixing of all of Europe's races,(*) "Peoples and Fatherlands".  It concludes with the narrator performing of a wedding of dark and light with "the guest of guests" in the aftersong, "From High Mountains".  Expanding on the ideas the author laid out in Thus Spoke Zarathustra, for 10 points, name this Nietzsche work that strives to move past good and bad.;;Beyond Good and Evil(:) (Prelude) (to) (a) (Philosophy) (of) (the) (Future)|Jenseits von Gut und Bose(:) (Vorspiel) (einer) (Philosophie) (der) (Zukunft)
;;One of these reminds readers of the fate of the "Owners of the Elephant." Another of these tells of two angels who visit Babylon but warn the people there not to repeat their magic acts. That one also contains a passage about a throne extending over heaven and earth and a story in which a murder victim is brought back to life by the body of a yellow (*) cow. All but one of these is preceded by the basmalah and they are often divided into thirty juz for easy study. The first of these is called "the Opening" and the second and longest contains the "Throne ayah" and is called "the Cow." For 10 points, name these passages which were divided into Meccan and Medinan classifications after being revealed to Muhammad, the chapters of the Koran.;;surahs
;;His first great success was his reconstruction and completion of Weber's comic opera The Three Pintos. He adapted the story of a minstrel fashioning a flute from the bone of a murdered boy for his cantata Song of Lamentation. His third symphony includes a setting of Nietzsche's "Midnight Song" and is the longest in the standard repertory. The love letters he wrote during his disastrous affair with (*) Johanna Richter inspired his cycle Songs of a Wayfarer. Throughout much of his life he wrote songs based on the folk poems in "The Youth's Magic Horn," and he set works of Li Po and included Chinese motifs in his "The Song of the Earth." For 10 points, name this Austrian composer of "Resurrection" and "Titan" symphonies.;;(Gustav) Mahler
;;This man built an alliance with fellow countryman Daniele Mann at the Congress of Paris. Before getting banished from the court, he spent his early years as the page of Charles Albert, and his first name derives from his godfather, the husband of Pauline Bonaparte.  This man negotiated a deal reached at Plombieres where his country gave up Nice in exchange for French military support. His political alliance with (*) Urbano Ratazzi allowed him to oust rival Massimo D'Azeglio from power. Responsible for persuading the Piedmontese parliament to proclaim that Victor Emanuel II was King of Italy, he had earlier founded the newspaper, Il Risogimento. For 10 points, name this active figure in Italian unification.;;(Camillo) Benso(,) (Count) (of) Cavour|(Camillo) Benso(,) (Conte) (di) Cavour(;) (accept) (any) (underlined) (answer)
;;This man ignores the warnings of an old woman by a grave in killing the Giant of St. Michael's Mount. He defeats the forces of eleven rebels when the tents in their camp simultaneously collapse. He defeats the governor Frollo in single combat and has a dream about a dragon fighting a bear during his war against Lucius Tiberius. This man is defeated three times by Pellinore and is only saved when he has a spell cast on him. He is conceived after his father tricks (*) Gorlois into letting him sleep with Lady Igraine, and he is raised by Sir Ector. He dies at the battle of Camlann after his illegitimate son Mordred usurps his kingdom while he is besieging the castle of Lancelot. For 10 points, name this son of Uther Pendragon who is advised by the wizard Merlin and heads the Knights of the Round Table.;;(King) Arthur
;;While abroad, this man described the terrible state of Neapolitan prisons in two published letters to Lord Aberdeen. He successfully switched seats on the strength of his "Bulgarian Horrors and the Question of the East" pamphlet against the Turks, and early in his career, he authored the Railway Act while serving as the Vice President of the Board of Trade under Robert Peel.  He ran the Midlothian Campaign, and Anne Isba wrote a 2006 biography of this man titled for him "and Women", which addressed his hobby of rescuing fallen women.  His (*) chief rival was the author of Vivian Grey, and that rival passed the Second Reform Act.  Failing in his partnership with Charles Stewart Parnell to attain Irish Home Rule, for 10 points, name this four-time British Prime Minister, a rival of Benjamin Disraeli.;;(William) (Ewart) Gladstone
;;Kenny Clark was given the nickname "Klook-mop" because of his innovative way of playing this instrument. The track "Some Hip [this instrument] Shit" opens the album "Ultimate," which was compiled by Jack DeJohnette to display Tony Williams's skill at it. One player of this instrument contributed the solo that ends Clifford Brown's "Cherokee" and faced off with another great in the album (*) Rich versus Roach. Roy Haynes who was known for his work with Thelonious Monk and Elvin Jones who worked with Coltrane both played this instrument. Another of its masters was the leader of the Jazz Messengers, Art Blakey, who was known for his use of the hi-hat on every second and fourth measure. For 10 points, name this instrument whose players incorporate cymbals and snares.;;drums
;;The song "Where We Belong" was composed in the style of this album for a "Return" to it released by Billy Sherwood in 2006.  One song on this album describes how you're, "Kicking around on a piece of ground in your home town / Waiting for someone or something to show you the way", while another notes, "All that is gone / All that's to come / And everything under the sun is in tune".  Besides (*) "Time" and "Eclipse", the best-charting single on this album contains the lyric, "I'm all right Jack, keep your hands off of my stack" and notably features cash register sound effects; that song is titled "Money".  Supposedly in sync with The Wizard of Oz, for 10 points, name this seminal Pink Floyd album, released a few years before The Wall.;;(The) Dark Side of the Moon
;;A military defeat for this country inspired a play also based on the Oedipus myth, You Killed the Monster; that same author from this country also wrote the short story collections City of Love and Ashes and The Cheapest Nights and Other Stories.  One novel set in this country sees the protagonist cheat on his wife Kamelia with the dancer Warda and the singer Margarete.  Besides The Beggar, a work sometimes considered this country's first novel sees the title peasant girl die of TB after her lover is conscripted; that novel is titled Zaynab.  A Nobel laureate from this country described a man who had children with names like Jesus, Moses and Muhammad in (*) Children of Gebelawi.  That same author from this country was a co-patriot of Yusuf Idris and penned works like Sugar Street and Palace Walk.  For 10 points, name this home to Naguib Mahfouz, author of the Cairo Trilogy.;;Egypt
;;This author noted that deafness was worse than blindness in a social world in a work on disabilities titled The Fundamental Problems of Defectology.  This man addressed the "Gentle Breath" of Ivan Bunin and adopted Tolstoy's approach to dealing with the enigma of Hamlet without the weight of commentary in sections from his Psychology of Art.  He asserted that (*) learning depended on someone with greater knowledge in a subject than the person being taught in his concept of the More Knowledgeable Other.  He begins one of his best known works with an examination of the theories of Piaget and Stern before building to "the Development of Scientific Concepts in Childhood".  He also formulated the concept of the Zone of Proximal Development.  For 10 points, name this author of Thought and Language, a Soviet psychologist.;;(Lev) (Semyonovich) Vygotsky
;;The Two Parrots, the King, and His Son was one of the etchings this man produced for The Fables of La Fontaine, commissioned by art dealer Ambroise Vollard.  Late in his life, Andre Malraux commissioned him to paint a ceiling divided by different colored spokes for the Paris Opera House.  In one self-portrait, he can be seen working on a picture of a goat while the Eiffel Tower is visible through the window; that painting shows him (*) with Seven Fingers.  Also known for his work in stained glass, in one of his best known works, a green-faced man stares at a white goat while a woman stands upside down below his native town of Vitebsk.  For 10 points, name this Russian painter of I and the Village.;;(Marc) Chagall
;;This group often held councils around a sacred stew pot, and its members held kitchen-themed titles like the First Maker of Soup.  This group rejected the creation of the "New Order" which would have reformed them.  One revolt by this group was partially due to their feeling that the Chief Black Eunuch was trying to replace them, as well as a gripe that they hadn't been properly paid for their actions in Khotyn in 1621.  After new recruits joined this group, a tail was added to their white felt cap.  In a coronation ceremony for a monarch sometimes called "The Sot" or "The Drunkard", this group refused to march to the (*) Topkapi Palace until bribed, and they originally served as a bodyguard for Orkhan.  This group was dissolved and replaced with a more modernized corps. during the Auspicious Incident orchestrated by Mahmud II.  For 10 points, name this group of Ottoman soldiers originally made up of captured Christian youths.;;Janissaries|Janizary|Yeniceri|Jeni Ceri|Yeni Cheri|New Troops
;;It's not salicylic acid, but the turnover rate of this compound can be measured using Trinder's Reagent. It is hydrogenated in part of the Reichstein process, which eventually produces Vitamin C. The quantity of this compound present in hemoglobin is measured via the A1C test. One pathway involved in synthesizing this molecule relies on (*) PEPCK and pyruvate carboxylase, while in a different pathway it is produced from two molecules of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate exiting the Calvin Cycle. The amount of of this molecule present in the bloodstream is increased by a hormone produced in the alpha cells of the islets of Langerhans, and is decreased by insulin. For 10 points, name this monomeric sugar which in the beginning of cellular respiration is cleaved into two molecules of pyruvate.;;glucose
;;Minor characters in this work include Marlon Bain, who suffers from OCD, and a teen who threatens to kill himself if he ever loses an athletic contest, Eric Clipperton.  A different character in this work killed himself by putting his head in a microwave oven.  Corporate sponsorship has resulted in years having names like Year of the Trial Size Dove Bar in this novel, and one character in this work used to be a burglar who now lives in the Ennet House.  The film which gives this novel its title takes its name from a comparison (*) Hamlet makes to Horatio, and its author has also written the novel The Broom of the System and the short story collection Brief Interviews with Hideous Men.  Some of the action in this novel takes place at the Enfield Tennis Academy, including many scenes with Hal Incandenza.  For 10 points, name this magnum opus of David Foster Wallace.;;Infinite Jest
;;He stated that "I ridicule in you nothing at all" in one of his works written for Marcus Tullius Cicero, while the line, "Mere elegance of language can produce at best but an empty renown" is the last he wrote for his "Letter to Posterity".  He declared that only God and oneself "and his private thoughts" are the only ways to find repose in his essay, De Vita Solitaria, while he left incomplete an epic poem telling the story of (*) Scipio Africanus titled Africa. "I go thinking, and so strong a pity" and "You who hear the sound, in scattered rhymes" are the first lines of poems in his most famous collection.  One of his works formed the basis for parts of Book I of Chaucer's Troilus and Criseyde; that collection of poems was titled Il Canzoniere.  For 10 points, name this Italian poet of numerous poems dedicated to Laura, who also names a type of sonnet.;;Petrarch|(Francesco) Petrarca
;;A group of islands in this sea are known by the collective name of the Brijuni Islands, while Zrce Beach is a popular spot on another island in this sea, Pag.  Both the Krka and Cetina rivers drain into this body of water.  The town of Stari Grad can be found on the largest island in this sea; that island is named Hvar.  One river that empties into this sea receives waters from the Scrivia and (*) Trebbia rivers and is named the Po River.  The Paklinksi Islands in this sea are owned by Croatia, while Albania's Strait of Otranto connects it with the Ionian Sea.  For 10 points, name this sea between Greece and Italy.;;Adriatic (Sea)|(Mare) Adriatico
;;One of these proteins stimulates the development of membrane ruffles in fibroblasts, and their activity is blocked by arrestins. The conformational change occuring when rhodopsin is struck by a photon activates one protein of this type, known as transducin. Formation of the second messengers diacylglycerol and inositol triphosphate from PIP2 is catalyzed by (*) phospholipase C, an enzyme activated by the a-q subunit of these proteins. They may be classified as either heterotrimeric or small, like those in the Ras superfamily. These proteins are coupled to serpentine receptors, which have seven transmembrane domains and often activate adenylate cyclase, stimulating production of cyclic AMP. For 10 points, identify this class of protein highly involved in signal transduction, named for its binding of guanine-containing compounds.;;G (proteins)
;;This novel's frame narrative consists of a friend of the narrator asking for a government position on his behalf. The protagonist of this work is told of the provincial Heurtevent family by Alcide, a boy he catches poaching on his Norman estate called La Moriniere, which is run by the caretaker Bocage. In this novel, the narrator's wife has a miscarriage while he is away talking with the nonconformist (*) Menalque. The protagonist of this novel catches Moktir stealing scissors from him before quietly watching his wife die of tuberculosis at its conclusion. After marrying Marceline to appease his dying father, the narrator Michel exacerbates her condition by travelling all over Europe and North-Africa in search of young boys. For 10 points, name this novel by Andre Gide.;;(The) Immoralist|L'Immoraliste
;;One work by this man is often paired with Shostakovich's Cello Concerto No. 1 as both are considered among the most difficult cello pieces and dedicated to Rostropovich. This composer of an orchestral Sinfonia Concertante based his fourth symphony on the music from his ballet The Prodigal Son. He set out to imitate Joseph Haydn in his first symphony, terming it the "Classical." He included a (*) "troika" movement in a film score for a film about the invented Lieutenant Kije. Another of his compositions accompanies a spoken narrative with a flute representing a bird and an oboe representing a duck. For 10 points, name this Russian composer of Peter and the Wolf.;;(Sergei) (Sergeyevich) Prokofiev
;;A woman with her back to the viewer looks out at a ship's mast in this artist's depiction of his wife Caroline Bommer, Woman at a Window. A redshirted man wearing white pants holds a hiking stick and leans back against a rocky outcropping in his Mountain Landscape with a Rainbow. This artist painted a well-dressed man on hands and knees peering over the Chalk Cliffs on Rugen, and some children hold a Swedish flag in his harbor view (*) The Stages of Life. His Tetschener Altar contains one of his many depictions of a cross in the mountains, and in this painter's most iconic image, a black clad man with a walking stick stands on a crag looking out over the mist. For 10 points, name this German Romantic painter of The Wanderer Above the Sea of Fog.;;(Caspar) (David) Friedrich
;;For the Poynting vector, this quantity gives the electromagnetic power. Given by the double integral of a density vector field dotted to a normal vector of a surface, the divergence theorem has this equal to a volume integral while Stoke's theorem equates it with a line integral. For a closed surface, the total amount of one form of this equal to zero and the negative time change in that form of this quantity is equal to the emf. The (*) magnetic and electric forms of this quantity are essential in Faraday's law and both Gauss' laws. For 10 points, name this quantity, which in electromagnetism is thought of as the total number of field lines that pass through a given region.;;flux
;;In a photograph taken by Oscar Graubner, this artist can be seen perched atop the sixty-one story gargoyle of the Chrysler Building. One work by this artist depicts a happy family in a car on a billboard with the text "World's Highest Standard of Living" and "There's No Way Like the American Way," which it contrasts with a bread line below. She depicted the suicide of Leipzig mayor Dr. Lisso and his family and the Buchenwald concentration camp in a series begun before the end of World War II. With her husband (*) Erskine Caldwell, she photographed the American south for the collection "You Have Seen Their Faces." For 10 points, name this American photographer and war correspondent who was commissioned by Life Magazine to take a picture of Gandhi at his spinning wheel shortly before his death.;;(Margaret) Bourke(-)White
;;An early advocate for this country's autonomy was the Sufi poet Magtymguly Pyragy, through it was subsumed into the Russian empire after a twenty-three day siege at the fortress of Geok Tepe. The Russians called this country the Transcapian Province and were opposed at an unsuccessful 1916 revolt in Tejen. As a republic, this country's first president spent over six billion dollars on the massive manmade "Golden Age Lake." That president also made his autobiographical epic called the Rukhnama required reading. One leader of this country (*) renamed all the days of the week for family members and built the Neutrality Arch, which is topped with a giant rotating gold statue of himself. For 10 points, name this central Asian nation formerly led by Saparmurat Niyazov, who dubbed himself Turkmenbashi.;;(Republic) (of) Turkmenistan
;;The opening stage directions for this play describe "an alarm clock lying on its face" and "a crimson bowl in which a floating votive light is burning." The passage of one hour is signified by the momentary lowering of a curtain in this play's third act, during which one character takes a suit from a chair belonging to the protagonist, who loses a gramophone when Mrs. Madigan comes to collect three pounds. One character's brother is shot in the hip for fighting against the (*) Free State. This play includes a refrain of "a principle's a principle," spoken by a character who is impregnated by Charlie Bentham and pursued by Jerry Devine. One title character of this play complains that when her husband hangs out with Joxer, he "struts around" like the title animal. For 10 points, identify this play about the Boyle family, set in Ireland in the 1920s, and written by Sean O'Casey.;;Juno and the Paycock
;;This man, along with Burmann, names a formula that gives a Taylor expansion of an inverse function of an analytic function. This man's identity allows one to prove the Cauchy-Schwarz Inequality via the squares of real numbers being positive. He also names a theorem stating that every positive integer can be written as a sum of at most four squares. Another theorem named for him states that the order of a subgroup must divide the order of a group. With Euler, he names a differential equation fundamental to the (*) calculus of variations, and his name is given to the remainder term in a Taylor Expansion. He further lends his name to quantities useful in finding extrema of multivariate functions under certain constraints; those quantities are denoted by lambda. For ten points, name this French polymath known for his multipliers.;;(Joseph(-)Louis) Lagrange
;;When this man's throne was taken from him, he and his brother fled to Burgundy under the protection of his brother-in-law Charles the Bold, causing a war with France. He first gained the throne by winning the bloody Battle of Towton at the age of 19. This victor at Barnet had a secret marriage to Elizabeth Woodville that soured his relationship with the Duke of (*)Warwick. His brother, Richard of Gloucester was one of his best generals, and his daughter Elizabeth of York was eventually married to Henry VII. For 10 points, name this Yorkist opponent of Henry VI in the Wars of the Roses who fathered Edward V and was the brother of Richard III.;;Edward IV|Edward(,) 4th Duke of York(;) (ogle(,)) (but) (accept(,)) Edward of March
;;In one essay, this thinker conflated the "City of a Hundred Hills" with a mythological figure in warning his readers not to give up their ultimate goal in exchange for the "Golden Apples of Hippomenes." This author of "Of the Wings of Atalanta" postulated the existence of a metaphorical "veil" which causes certain people to have a "second sight," a concept explicated in his book Darkwater. Another of his books mourns the "sense of always looking at one's self through the eyes of others," a concept he labeled (*) "double consciousness." He wrote that "the problem of the Twentieth Century is the problem of color line" in a work which discussed his idea of "the Talented Tenth" and commented on his feud with Booker T. Washington. For 10 points, name this author of The Souls of Black Folk.;;(William) (Edward) (Burghardt) Du Bois
;;This novel describes the "telephone strategy" of one character, who spits on the floor after her mother makes her influence Senator Case. That character teaches English to Dominican refugees in Miami, where the protagonist's brother Jerry is a surgeon. This novel ends as the wife of Bill Orcutt stabs one character's face with a fork and leaves unanswered the fate of a character who at the age of eleven passionately kissed her father and later converted to Jainism. The first part of this novel ends with Dr. (*) Fred Conlon's death in a post-office explosion orchestrated by the counterculture terrorist Merry, the daughter of the protagonist, who is wed to Dawn and was given his nickname for his athletic skill and blonde hair. For 10 points, name this novel about Seymour "Swede" Levov, a Zuckerman novel by Philip Roth.;;American Pastoral
;;An account of the truce struck after this battle was published by Madame Fournaise, who owned the "Weaver's Cottage" that housed the negotiations. Following this battle, Leon Gambetta escaped from a siege in a hot air balloon, and its result caused Louis Trochu to establish the Government of National Defense. At this battle, Ducrot likened his strategic position to being in a chamber pot and had his retreat command overridden by Wimpffen after the wounding of General (*) MacMahon. It was MacMahon's indecisiveness which allowed the French forces to be trapped by von Moltke's Army of the Meuse at this battle, which followed French losses at Gravelotte and Metz. For 10 points, name this battle which included the unexpected capture of Napoleon III, the decisive battle in the Franco-Prussian War.;;(Battle) (of) Sedan
;;One person approached this task only after drafting a monograph on Boolean logic and publishing a sarcastic attack on Paul Valery in the Journal for the Suppression of Reality. The issue of how many people have performed this action is addressed in the essay "A Parable," while the sources that inspire this action are discussed in a work about the "partial (*) magic" of this action's product. One person prepared to do this action by forgetting 316 years of world history, and another returned to doing this after an unauthorized instance of this action by the so-called "Alonso Fernandez de Avellaneda." The first person to do this attributed it to the fictitious "Cide Hamete Benengeli" and thereby created such figures as the Knight of the White Moon. For 10 points, identify this action performed by Pierre Menard and Miguel de Cervantes.;;writing Don Quixote
;;In an expedition preceding the one lead by this man, the Moorish slave Black Stephen or Estevanico struck out alone ahead of the party and was allegedly killed because of his demands for women. That party was led by Fray Marcos de Niza, who stopped short when he heard of the fate of Stephen but submitted a glowing report to Viceroy Antonio de Mendoza. This man personally strangled his guide "El Turco" after his search for the city of Quivira led him only to boring tribes in (*) Kansas. After defeating some Zuni soldiers but discovering there was no treasure at Cibola, he abandoned his quest for the Seven Cities of Gold and ended up discovering the Grand Canyon and exploring the Colorado River. For 10 points, name this "last conquistador" who explored the American West.;;(Francisco) (Vasquez) (de) Coronado
;;This figure's father, whose name means "unlucky traveler," was powerful enough to move massive stones.  This figure inherited that trait, allowing him to form the u-shaped canyon Asbyrgi after falling from the sky. This father of the brothers Falka and Grani proved to be faster than Gullfaxi when he reached the gates of Asgard before the giant (*) Hrungnir. He also crossed the river Gjoll during his trip to Hel with the Aesir Hermod. Said to have runes carved in his teeth, he was conceived when the gods tried to get out of their deal of paying the moon, the sun, and Freya to the Hrimthurs for building the wall around Asgard.  That conception occured when the Hrimthurs' workmate Svadilfari was distracted by Loki disguised as a mare. For 10 points, name this mythological creature, the eight-legged horse owned by Odin.;;Sleipnir
;;Two atoms of this element are key to the function of an enzyme which converts mercuric ions to mercury using NADPH, mercuric reductase. Four iron atoms and four of this element form a cluster central to the mechanism of aconitase, and a lab demonstration in which a boat floats on a clear, dense gas often uses this element's hexafluoride. The radioactive form of this element was used to label the capsid of viruses in the(*) Hershey-Chase experiment. This element is the central atom of a common polar aprotic solvent, and it is used to crosslink rubber in vulcanization. The most common allotrope of this element consists of an 8-membered ring with no side chains. For 10 points, name this element whose diprotic acid is formed in the contact process.;;sulfur
;;This man expressed his wonder at how people do not value what he believes to be the most precious commodity of all, time, in an essay that asked "Why do we complain of nature?" before extolling the vices of many of his contemporaries. He also wrote works addressed to Marcia, a woman who had lost her son, and to his mother Helviam Metrem explaining his exile to Corsica. This author of "On the Shortness of Life" and several (*) Consolations also wrote a play in which the title character, after being killed Clotho, makes a case for his own deification, though he is eventually refused and escorted to the underworld. This author of The Pumpkinification of Claudius committed suicide following the Pisonian Conspiracy though he had earlier acted as a tutor for the emperor Nero. For 10 points, name this noted Roman stoic philosopher.;;(Lucius) (Annaeus) Seneca|Seneca (the) (Younger)
;;This composer wrote an oratorio for the girls of the Pieta, celebrating the recapture of Corfu, titled Juditha trumphans. One of his operas was to celebrate the marriage of the governor of Mantua, called Tito Manlio. This composer was admired by the Emperor Charles (*) VI, who was given his La Cetra. His most famous work contains instructions like "the barking dog" and "languor caused by the heat" and has four accompanying sonnets. That work would become the first sections of his opus 8, The Contest Between Harmony and Invention . For 10 points, name this "Red Priest" who composed The Four Seasons .;;(Antonio) Vivaldi
;;One character in this work sings the drinking song "Trinke, Liebchen, trinke schnell," and another sings a traditional song called a "czardas" while pretending to be a Hungarian countess. In an aria sometimes referred to as his "song," one character in this opera advises his guests to indulge their fancies or "Chacun a son gout." When confronted by her husband in the guise of a judge, the lead soprano produces a repeater (*) stop-watch as evidence of his flirtations. That character is surprised to find Alfred serving his jail sentence after running into his wife Rosalinde and her maid Adele at a farcical ball orchestrated by Falke. For 10 points, name this work in which Eisenstein attends Prince Orlofsky's ball, an operetta titled by Johann Strauss after a flying mammal.;;(Die) Fledermaus|(The) Bat
;;Billy Collins's reference to the "sidewalks of life" in "On Turning Ten" is a parody of this poem. This poem addresses a figure who sees "old palaces and towers quivering within the wave's intenser day" after comparing the central subject to the hair of "some fierce Maenad." The narrator of this work concludes its first stanza by addressing its subject as (*) "Destroyer and Preserver," and ends each of its first three stanzas by exhorting "O hear!" The fourth stanza of this poem concludes by calling its subject "tameless, and swift, and proud" after the narrator's dramatic statement "I fall upon the thorns of life! I bleed!" After addressing its subject as "the trumpet of prophecy," this poem concludes by asking "If Winter comes, can Spring be far behind?" For 10 points, name this Percy Shelley poem.;;Ode to the West Wind
;;The prediction about events happening in "time, times and half a time" in this book's eighth chapter is one of the cornerstones of the 1260-day Biblical prophecy. The Prayer of Azaria is usually excluded from this book, which always includes one character's vision of a war between the king of the north and the king of the south. Two old men are put to death after lecherously watching (*) Susana bathe in her garden in a story included in the Catholic version of this book. Some characters in this book are perfectly healthy after eating only vegetables, and those characters are thrown into a furnace after refusing to bow to a golden statue. The title character of this book interprets a dream about a giant idol made of four metals and reads the handwriting on the wall at Belshazzar's Feast. For 10 points, name this book about a prophet thrown into a lion's den.;;(Book) (of) Daniel
;;Feynman used path integrals to map a quantum system onto "polymers" to create a model of these entities. One article studied the transition of one of these into a substance that does not conduct electricity despite classical predictions, called a Mott insulator. When rotating around a point, it can only move in whole number multiples of a minimum velocity, a property known as quantized vortices. All atoms of a material in this phase occupy the (*) same quantum state, and materials of this type can flow over the walls of a beaker without an external start to their motion. For 10 points, name this state in which a substance loses all viscosity, notably reached by helium near 2 Kelvin.;;superfluid
;;This character is temporarily adopted by Anna Coblin, whose brother is a real estate magnate named Five Properties. He considers throwing Basteshaw overboard after that character reveals his obsession with going to the Canary Islands and uncovering the secrets to life. He and Jimmy Klein work as Santa's helpers at a department store before going to Mexico with Thea to train the cantankerous bald eagle Caligula in the catching of (*) iguanas. While in Mexico, he almost accepts a job pretending to be the nephew of Leon Trotsky, and his other career choices include joining the navy, becoming a union organizer, and working for the Chicago paraplegic William Einhorn. For 10 points, name this hero of a Saul Bellow picaresque novel titled after his "adventures.".;;Augie March (accept) (either)
;;Six chapels were torched by mobs in London's West End during the reign of this monarch, who had attended the trial of the impeached clergyman Dr. Henry Sacheverell. Noted Scriblerus Club member Robert Harley was co-Secretary of State with Lord Sunderland under a man Sacheverell sneeringly dubbed "Volpone." In addition to Sidney Godolphin being the head of this monarch's first ministry, this ruler was widely laughed at for being fat and dull, and died from a stroke after enduring thirteen (*) miscarriages out of eighteen pregnancies. Presiding over the inaugural feud between the Tories and Whigs, this ruler's generals include the Duke of Marlborough, John Churchill, the victor at Blenheim. For 10 points, identify this daughter of James II who ruled as the last Stuart monarch, the sister of Mary II.;;(Queen) Anne (of) (Great) (Britain)
;;In the laboratory, morpholinos may be used to block translation or modify this process. EJC proteins are deposited about 20 nucleotides upstream of the site where it occurs, allowing errors in this process to be corrected via nonsense-mediated decay. In group I, guanosine acts as a cofactor for the first of two transesterification reactions, while in another version of this process, an adenine residue at the (*) branch point links to the 5-prime end of a cut mRNA segment, forming a characteristic loop called a lariat. This is facilitated by the action of several short uridine-rich compounds called snRNPs ("snurps"). It is self-catalyzed by ribozymes, and protein isoforms arise due to its alternative type. For 10 points, identify this process in which an mRNA transcript is modified by the removal of introns.;;(RNA) splicing
;;In one work, this philosopher argues that Kant's categorical imperative arises from the lack of synchronization between public and individual needs, proceeding to utilize one of the title concepts to stress the correspondence between irrationality and human suffering. Another work by this philosopher opens by contrasting objective reason with instrumental reason, which is discussed as a study of the means toward an end and not the end itself. The author of Materialism and Morality and (*) Eclipse of Reason, for 10 points, name this philosopher who collaborated with Theodor Adorno on The Dialectic of Enlightenment, the leader of the Frankfurt School.;;(Max) Horkheimer
;;One revolt in this city was caused by the working class Cabochiens. Abbo Cernuus provides the only account of the siege of this city in 885, which saw the appearance of Rollo, who later became Robert I of Normandy, command the besieging forces. This Western European city contains a building built to house the Crown of Thorns bought from the Byzantines. In addition to La Sainte-Chapelle, this city saw the Day of the Barricades, forcing Henry III out of this (*) Catholic city. It was extensively renovated under Baron Haussmann. and besieged during the Franco-Prussian War. For 10 points, name this city, the home of the Louvre and capital of France.;;Paris
;;Thersander ruled this city after the Battle of Glisas was won by the Epigoni. The area of this city was first settled by the Ectenes and their ruler Ogygus. Another king of this city was named Labdacus, and. like his predecessor. was killed by the Maenads after outlawing the Bacchanals. A king of Phocis named Pelagon gave the founder of this city a (*) cow which he followed to its location, and that founder defeated the spartoi who sprung up when he planted dragons' teeth. One ruler of this city decrees that Polynices and the other Argives could not be buried after a war, and one man saves this city by answering the Sphinx's riddle. That king is the father of Antigone and sleeps with his mother Jocasta. For 10 points, name this city of Creon and Oedipus.;;Thebes
;;This composer's discovery of a box of musical compositions he'd written in his youth spawned The Wand of Youth and Nursery Suites. Anthony Payne completed his unfinished third symphony, despite this composer's dying wish that no one "tinker" with it. His first symphony is the most commonly performed one, in A-flat major, and this composer intended his Introduction and Allegro as a pure display of virtuosity. He used musical (*) cryptograms in a piece dedicated to "my friends pictured within." The first march of another of his works provides the music for the song "Land of Hope and Glory." For 10 points, name this English composer of The Enigma Variations and The Pomp and Circumstance Marches.;;(Sir) (Edward) (William) Elgar
;;The protagonist of one work by this author plays games like cow-poker and looking for electrical towers while traveling to Ocean City during Independence Day with his secret crush Magda. That story about Ambrose Mensch is the title work of a collection which opens by instructing readers to construct a Mobius strip saying "Once upon a time there was a story that began." The protagonist of another work by this author exchanges identities with his valet Bertrand Burton and is tutored by the shipwreck survivor and descendant of John Smith named (*) Henry Burlingame. The protagonist of that novel falls in love with the prostitute Joan Toast and writes the title satire after giving up on his epic about colonial Maryland. For 10 points, name this author of Lost in the Funhouse who wrote about Ebenezer Cooke in The Sot-Weed Factor.;;(John) Barth
;;A group investigating this incident included the former First Minister of Northern Ireland, David Trimble, and Canadian military judge Ken Watkin. Questions arising from this incident that the aforementioned Turkel Commission explored include why Tal Russo was the most senior army official on duty at the time and whether the deputy prime minister, acting as head of government during the prime minister's trip to Canada, was updated in real time about this event's progression. It began to go wrong when soldiers threw flash grenades onto the (*) Mavi Marmara to begin Operation Sea Breeze, due to faulty intelligence that predicted only nonviolent resistance on the Turkish-flagged vessel. For 10 points, identify this May 2010 incident involving an attempt to enforce trade restrictions on Gaza against a group of seaborne protestors.;;(May) (2010) (Israeli) (confrontation) (with) (the) Freedom Flotilla|(2010) Israeli (Defense) (Forces) (clash) (with) anti(-)Gaza blockade activists|(such(;)) (accept) (anything) (indicating) (correct) (knowledge) (that) (involves) (Israel(,)) (a) (physical) (confrontation(,)) (and) (either) (a) (boat)|(an) (activist) (of) (some) (kind)
;;This city's mayor Freeland Kendrick appointed Smedley Butler Director of Public Safety to combat its lawlessness during Prohibition. Rumors about its police beating a pregnant black woman to death sparked its 1964 race riots. The Act of Consolidation was passed in this city in 1854, ten years after rumors of Catholics removing bibles from schools led to its Nativist Riots. Under Mayor Wilson Goode, this city's government killed eleven people by dropping a bomb from a helicopter on John Africa's (*) MOVE organization. This city suffered a major Yellow Fever epidemic in 1793, and it was occupied by William Howe during the Revolution. The Paxton Boys marched on this city, which was the second capital of the United States. For 10 points, name this site of the Continental Congresses and the Liberty Bell.;;Philadelphia
;;A very fat man falls asleep on top of another man in the background of this painting, which joins its artist's Worship of Venus in a cycle of paintings for the camerino of Alfonso d'Este. A woman playing a tambourine stands behind two men, one of whom holds a calf leg while the other struggles to free himself from the grasp of several snakes. The artist's signature can be found on an urn on its left side; that urn sits next to a brown dog barking at a small (*) satyr. First collected alongside Bellini's Feast of the Gods, this painting also depicts one of the title figures, a woman dressed in blue, standing to the left of two cheetahs while a deity holding a pink sash leaps out of his chariot to protect her. Set on the island of Naxos, this is, for 10 points, what painting by Titian depicting a god of wine, his harem, and the lover of Theseus?.;;Bacchus and Ariadne
;;One character in this novel describes a confused stampede out of the Municipal Opera House during a performance of Gluck's Orpheus and Eurydice. Another character in this novel derives great joy from giving cats shredded paper to play with and spitting on them. In one scene, the fugitive (*) Cottard is saved from hanging himself by a timid clerk who continually revises the first and only sentence of his novel. Garcia, Raoul, and Gonzalez conspire to help the journalist Raymond escape, and the death of Othon's son causes the Jesuit Father Paneloux to mollify his fire-and-brimstone views. This novel opens as the doctor Bernard Rieux begins to notice rats piling up in the Algerian town of Oran. For 10 points, name this novel by Albert Camus.;;(The) Plague|(La) Peste
;;This author discussed the "selection of bonds to be formed" and those to be neglected in the teaching of math in his work The Psychology of Arithmetic. While devising the Alpha and Beta tests for US Armed Forces to take, he postulated that age thirty-five marked the point where ability to learn diminished. This psychologist created three sets of word books with twenty to thirty thousand words each. He provided the first empirical research for an effect in which perception of one trait influences perceptions of other traits; he also attributed exercise and recency as contributing to the optimization of learning, through studies he conducted with (*) cats and puzzle boxes. For 10 points, identify this formulator of the "halo effect" and the Law of Effect, a psychologist who wrote Animal Intelligence.;;(Edward) (Lee) Thorndike
;;This author wrote the short poem "You fit into me / like a hook into an eye / a fish hook / an open eye." In one of her novels, Moira removes a metal lever from a toilet and passes it off as a knife in order to steal Aunt Elizabeth's clothes. In another novel, the newly engaged Marian finds herself completely unable to eat until she bakes a woman-shaped cake for her fiance. This author of The (*) Edible Woman described a novel written by Iris Chase, but initially attributed to her sister Laura, who committed suicide after World War II. This author also wrote about Snowman, who recalls the genetic engineering of a docile race of humans by one of the title characters. For 10 points, identify this author of The Blind Assassin, Oryx and Crake, and The Handmaid's Tale.;;(Margaret) Atwood
;;One of these figures gave the simple water carrier Chajju Ram deep theological knowledge by simply looking at him before dying of a smallpox epidemic at the age of eight. One of them had his feet clasped by a disciple thousands of miles away and was disturbed by the suffering of a flower that his robe had struck. The ritual for appointing these involved five copper coins and a coconut and was performed on a (*) book by the tenth of these. Only flowers were found where the body of the first one lay, and the final one established the Khalsa. The fifth one, Arjan Dev, compiled the Adi Granth. For 10 points, name this title held by Gobind Sing and Nanak Dev, the spiritual leaders of Sikhism.;;(Sikh) gurus
