;;When placed in an alternating environment, materials exhibiting this phenomenon lose energy according to Steinmetz's law.  Two important parameters characterizing materials that display this behavior are the coercivity and the remanence.  Bloch showed that the exchange energy associated with this phenomenon results in walls of finite thickness between Weiss domains.  Its response lags behind a cycling applied field, a phenomenon known as hysteresis.  FTP, name this property that is exhibited below the Curie point by cobalt, nickel, iron, and many permanent magnets.;;ferromagnetism
;;He tells of a girl who refuses to marry her teacher after he seduces her in "The Answer Is No."  He wrote a work in which Adham's son Qadri murders his brother Humam, as well as a related work featuring the Jesus-stand-in Rifaa and the Muhammed-like Qassem, who are found in a volume that ends with Gebalawi's death, Children of the Alley.  A work about the family that includes Yasin as well as the patriarch's second wife Amina ends with the death of the merchant Ahmad and the joining of the Muslim Brotherhood by one of his grandchildren.  FTP, name this author of the novels Palace Walk, Palace of Desire, and Sugar Street, which comprise the Cairo Trilogy.;;(Naguib) Mahfouz
;;One of his works discusses The Fox Wars and "Effects of the trading posts" in The Character and Influence of Indian Trade in Wisconsin. He stated "each age writes the history of the past anew with reference to the conditions uppermost in its own time" which helped shape the so-called "New History." His The United States: 1830-1850 was published posthumously, and late in life he advocated a move towards regionalism and away from individualism and believed that we would continue our spirit in the pursuit of science. FTP name this author who wrote "The Significance of History" and proposed that the USA's character derived from moving west in his Frontier thesis.;;(Frederick) (Jackson) Turner
;;In 2006 this country's entire Ministry of Finance staff was fired and a Truth and Reconciliation committee was formed to investigate previous human rights abuses. Adolphus Dolo, who was a former rebel commander, has a job in the legislature here. In 2005 Nigerian president Olusegun Obasanjo refused to force this nation's former leader out to face war trials.  This nation's economy improved when the UN security council lifted a ban on diamonds from here, and in 1999 the president of this country fired 13 cabinet members because they failed to attend a Church service. Led during a civil war by Charles Taylor, FTP, name this African nation headed by Ellen Johnson-Sirleaf.;;Liberia
;;One of his heroines is the wife of the soldier in the Gibraltar campaign, William Booth, who is lusted after by Robert James, while he revised of his plays, Tom Thumb, to become The Tragedy of Tragedies. One of his works is about the robber who helps his friend Count La Ruse out of jail and who marries Laetitia Snap without knowing that she often hid her lovers in the closet. That work, Johnathan Wild the Great, is not as well known as this man's work featuring Parson Adams and Lady Booby, which was follow up to Shamela. His most famous character is the enemy of Master Blifil, and is raised by Squire Allworthy.  FTP, name this author of Joseph Andrews and Tom Jones.;;(Henry) Fielding
;;This man's first wife shares her name with a daughter of Erechtheus who was the mother of Achaeus and Ion.  His father was a son of Capys who traveled with Antenor on a failed mission to ransom Hesione.  This man rescues Achaemenides while leading a band that includes Palinurus and the faithful Achates.  He defeats king Mezentius after allying with king Evander, and he avenges the death of Evander's son Pallas by killing a prince of the Rutuli.  After losing his first wife, Creusa, he marries the daughter of Amata and Latinus, Lavinia.  FTP, name this son of Anchises whose adventures following the Trojan War were recounted in a namesake epic poem written by Virgil.;;Aeneas
;;One participant in this war signed the Treaty of Altranstadt after getting annihilated at Fraustadt.  Another participant in this war left via the Treaty of Travendal, only to return nine years later and force Magnus Stenbock to surrender at Toenning.  One of the major commanders of this war was shot at the battle of Frederiksten, nine years after being defeated by the Russians under Menshikov at Poltava.  Also featuring the battle of Narva and ended by the Treaty of Nystad, FTP, name this war which saw Saxony, Denmark, Norway and Russia gang up on Charles XII and Sweden, which ended Sweden's time as a major power and gave Peter the Great Russian access to the Baltic.;;Second|Great Northern War
;;Nerves and blood vessels enter and exit these structures through the apical foramen, and they are anchored by an avascular layer of cementum.  They are innervated by the alveolar nerves, and deciduous ones are a good source of stem cells.  Their centers are filled with a soft tissue, pulp, which is covered by a harder tissue known as dentin.  Calculus appears on their outer surface when mineral salts are deposited on already-attached plaque.  FTP, name these anatomical structures important in mastication, types of which include incisors, canines, and molars.;;teeth
;;He painted a monastery with a tree on the right side in his circular painting The Charterhouse. He painted a girl in a white dress next to her brother in orange shorts and a black hat in Heneage Lloyd and His Sister, and a less characteristic portrait is that of John Kirby, who is in front of a dark brown background.  He shows a man leaning with a long rifle and his wife sitting on a bench in a blue dress next to a plowed field in Robert Andrews and His Wife Frances, though he is better known for a depiction of a young Jonathan Buttall. FTP, name this English portraitist, a rival of Joshua Reynolds who painted The Blue Boy.;;(Thomas) Gainsborough
;;He analyzed Joseph Conrad and the fiction of Autobiography in an early work, and his conversations with Daniel Barenboim were published in Parallels and Paradoxes. He attempted to counter negative Western media coverage of his birthplace in Blaming the Victims, while his most notable work is a rigorous analysis of individual texts based on Gramsci and Foucault about the political consequences of intellectual work, and he famously argued that Jane Austen endorsed imperialism by creating a character in Mansfield Park who owns a sugar plantation. FTP, name this author of Culture and Imperialism and Orientalism, a Palestinian intellectual who died in 2003.;;(Edward) (William) Said
;;The Manas flows into it, and Pandu and Neamati are cities on its banks. Its tributary the Dihang flows from Tibet into it, and Sadiyah is a city where this river turns. It flows through Assam before entering another country after Dhubri. It overlaps with the tropic of Cancer near Tejgaon. It originates north of the Himalayas and flows East until it turns south to enter India. It ultimately meets with the Padma and another river to form a massive delta on the Indian Ocean. FTP, name this river that combines with the Ganges after flowing through Bangladesh, with a name meaning the son of a creator god.;;Brahmaputra (river)
;;The neural variety of it involves finding correspondences between the physiological states of the nervous system and the structures of intentionality. Bracketing of physical existence and examination of experience are two aspects of the "pure" form. Maurice Merleau-Ponty extended this concept to a study of the relationship between it and perception, and three books on Ideas Pertaining to the pure form of this were written by its arguable founder, Edmund Husserl. FTP, name this branch of philosophy which is applied to the mind in the title of G.W.F. Hegel's most famous work?.;;Phenomenology
;;While governor, this man vetoed a bill to fix the maximum amount of alcohol content in beer at 2.75 percent.  As president, he vetoed the Soldiers Bonus Act and refused to let the government buy surplus crops by twice vetoing the McNary-Haugen bill. His cabinet included Secretary of the Treasury Andrew Mellon, and he replaced Secretary of State Charles Evans Hughes with Frank Kellogg. He served as the Mayor of Northampton before gaining national attention by stating "There is no right to strike against the public safety by anybody, anywhere, any time" after he called the state guard to end a Boston police strike. FTP, name this successor of Warren G. Harding.;;(Calvin) Coolidge
;;If there exists a number n greater than one such that for every element x in this construct, x to the n equals x, then it is a Jacobson one.  If every element in it is idempotent for multiplication, it is a boolean one. The Wedderburn-Artin theorem specifies when this construct is both artinian and lacking nonzero proper ideals; in that case it is called simple.  FTP, name this algebraic structure with two compositions, multiplication and the abelian group addition, which is also not a field.;;ring
;;In one of his novels, Maurice Levasseur joins the army to escape financial problems before France loses the battle of Sedan. That novel, The Downfall, is more characteristic than his work set in Les Nouvelles Halles, Savage Paris. One of his works involves a woman who catches the interest of the banker Steiner as well as Count Muffat, while in another work, the central character marries Coupeau and becomes owner of a laundry business. In addition to that novel about Gervaise, he wrote a novel about Etienne Lanier, during a strike in the mining town Montsou.  FTP, name this author of books about the Rougon-Macquart family, including Nana, L'Assomoir, and Germinal.;;(Emile) Zola
;;His projected works included one about prince Manfred and Fatima, the titular Saracen, as well as Jesus von Nazareth.  Gerald Abraham published a supposedly "reconstructed" version of this man's mythical "Starnberg" quartet. He wrote a "Centennial March" in honor of the anniversary of the American declaration of  Independence, as well as the Kaisermasrch after the Franco-Prussian war.  He composed the Siegfried Idyll as a wedding present to his wife, and four of his operas include the dwarf Alberich and the Valkyrie Brunhilde. FTP, name this composer whose operas Gotterdammerung, The Valkyries, and Siegfried are part of his Ring of the Nibelungs.;;(Richard) Wagner
;;This country's city of San Miguel de Tucuman was once a dominant trading center, and in 1820 this country was home to the League of the Free Peoples led by Jose Gervasio Artigas, who was in exile from his native Uruguay. Juan Facundo Quiroga led a civil war against early president Bernardino Rivadavia, and Juan Manuel de Rosas dominated this country in a confederation. Eduardo Leonardi overthrew another leader, who was supported by Descamisados or "Shirtless Ones", and his wife died after running for vice president. FTP, name this country, where you can find gauchos on the pampas, and which was home to Juan Peron and his wife Evita.;;Argentina
;;This technique can be used to measure distances using observations of an associated through space dipole-dipole interaction known as the Overhauser effect.  The coupling constant associated with this technique is related to the torsion angle by Karplus's equation.  Some samples observed using this technique show induced ring currents that produce observable shielding.  Measurements involve calibration using a reference compound such as TMS and determination of the chemical shift.  FTP, name this technique involving transitions between spin states of nuclei in an applied field.;;nuclear magnetic resonance (spectroscopy)
;;He exposed a railway fraud in the essay Railway Morals and Railway Policy, and he argued that consciousness has gone through successive stages in a textbook that shares its name with a William James work, Principles of Psychology.  That work, another work in which he argued that society is like an organism, his Principles of Sociology, and other Principles of works like ones on Ethics and Biology were collected in a set of ten books published as The Synthetic Philosophy.  He applied his Lamarckian ideas to Social Statics. FTP, name this coiner of the phrase "survival of the fittest" who applied Darwin's ideas to societal development.;;(Herbert) Spencer
;;He disingenuously claimed to never have read The Ring and the Book after his work about trying to find the cause of a woman's death, The Domesday Book, was criticized for having a similar plot. He wrote a biography calling Walt Whitman the American Goethe, and his Lincoln, the Man shows an anti-Lincoln bias. In his most famous work, a lawyer who owns the dog Nig drives his wife Mrs. Painter away because he is an alcoholic. That work ends with a description of a woman who inspired the love that ended the US civil war, Anne Rutledge, while it begins with "The Hill" describing a town cemetery.  FTP, name this poet of the epitaph collection The Spoon River Anthology.;;(Edgar) (Lee) Masters
;;The Jocic reaction produces these compounds from trichloromethylcarbinols.  The Schmidt reaction produces primary amines from these compounds and hydrogen azide, and the Jones Reaction makes them from primary alcohols.  The Fischer esterification creates esters from alcohols and these compounds in acidic solution, and their namesake functional group forms the C terminal end of proteins.  For 10 points, identify these compounds which have a -COOH functional group.;;carboxylic acids
;;In June 2008, her father claimed that her substance abuse had given her the beginning stages of emphysema.  She was a regular attendee at her husband's assault trial, but her father-in-law urged a boycott of her music, fearing that her success was fueling her and her husband's drug addictions.  Elements of her personal style, including her beehive hairdo, have been co-opted by designer Karl Lagerfeld, but her music has been a success with both of her albums, Frank and Back to Black going multi-platinum.  For 10 points, name this English singer appropriately noted for singles including "Rehab".;;(Amy) Winehouse
;;Bernardo Bellincioni suggested that the title figure of one of his paintings "seemed to listen and not to speak", and the reverse of another of his portraits contains a juniper sprig and a motto translated as "Beauty is Virtue".  In addition to Cecilia Gallerani, the titular Lady with an Ermine, and Ginevra de' Benci, he depicted an emaciated figure holding a rock in his outstretched hand in a portrait of St. Jerome.  A series of drawings involving a cat being cuddled lend credence to the existence of his Madonna with a Cat; he also painted the Benois Madonna in addition to his most famous Madonna, the Virgin of the Rocks.  For 10 points, name this Italian who drew a Vitruvian Man and painted La Gioconda.;;(Leonardo) Da Vinci
;;G.K. Chesterton contrasted two types of this concept as "people dancing the minuet on a very polished floor" versus "people dancing the Charleston on a sheet of ice".  One of the most important early works on this subject is the Tractatus Coislinianus, and Bonamy Dobree divided this concept into "critical", "free", and "great".  This concept only "flourishes" "where women are on the road to an equal footing with men" according to an Essay on [this] by George Meredith.  Divided into high and low, the former including satire and the latter including farce and slapstick, FTP, name this genre of drama in which things generally end happier than in tragedy.;;comedy
;;This god was believed to influence the destiny of the artisans in the Deir-el-Medina district of the city he is most associated with.  The similarity of this god's name to a Semitic root meaning "to open" indicates he may have once been a fertility god. As Ta-Tenen, this god "gave birth to the gods".  He also exists as the primeval waters, Nun, and he is often associated with Sokar and Osiris.  For 10 points, identify this chief god of Memphis.;;Ptah
;;This  battle started with the winning side firing a barrage of arrows into the shielded losing side's front, with not that much effect. A barrage by the winning side on foot weakened the losing side's wall enough where the winners were easily able to lob arrows over the their wall and defeat the British. The beachhead of this battle was near the cities of Senlac and Pevensy, which required a long march for the British from their victory several weeks earlier against a strong Norwegian Viking force.  For 10 points, name this battle, which saw the death of Harold Godwinson, allowed the Normans to take England from the Saxons, and established William the Conqueror as King of England.;;(Battle) (of) Hastings
;;One of this author's works describes the bawdy adventures of a servant named Amy and her "fortunate mistress," known variously as Mademoiselle de Beleau and the Countess de Wintelsheim.  He defended William III in his poem "The True-Born Englishman," and wrote in one of his novels of a woman who unwittingly marries her half-brother in Virginia.  In another of his novels, the title character is frightened by the sight of a single footprint in the sand after being shipwrecked.  FTP, name this man who wrote about a woman who repents in Newgate Prison in Moll Flanders, and a man who defeats cannibals and rescues Friday in Robinson Crusoe.;;(Daniel) Defoe
;;Noam Chomsky wrote that this man's "astonishing claims are far from justified" in an influential 1959 review of this man's book attempting to explain human language, and he adapted Sidney Pressey's revolving-drum device for use in mathematics education.  In addition to Verbal Behavior and Technology in Teaching, he created a fictional utopia based on behaviorist principles and his daughter with Yvonne Blue was the first baby to live in his patented aircrib.  For 10 points, name this author of Walden Two, a behaviorist who studied shaping and other operant conditioning strategies in his eponymous box.;;(Burrhus) (Frederick) Skinner
;;Lesser known musicians to play with this man include Ben Selvin and Isham Jones. He got his start at age 16 with the Ben Pollack orchestra before being able to profit off the Fletcher Henderson songbook. This man claimed that he hated Louis Armstrong because he was willing to do vaudeville shows. Guitarist Charlie Christian and vibraphonist Lionel Hampton started their careers with this man, who led the first integrated concert at Carnegie Hall. His classical training is showcased in his arpeggio-laced solo on "Sing, Sing, Sing". FTP, name this bandleader whose nicknames include "King of Swing" and "Patriarch of the Clarinet".;;(Benny) Goodman
;;He's not Salinger, but he reminisces about an eccentric Swiss governess in "Mademoiselle O", one of his Nine Stories, and he later added a story concluding with two telephone calls asking for "Charlie" as well as three other stories for his namesake "Dozen".  He left The Original of Laura unfinished at his death, so barring the resolution of a legal dispute Look at the Harlequins! may be his last novel.  His title characters include Timofey Pavlovich, a professor at Waindell College, and a nymphet that entrances Humbert Humbert.  For 10 points, identify this lepidopterist who authored Pnin and Lolita.;;(Vladimir) Nabokov
;;Lunar laser-ranging observations limit the strength of the Nordtvedt effect, which would violate the strong form of this statement.  Its strong form does not hold in Brans-Dicke theory, and its weak form is joined by local position invariance and local Lorentz invariance in the version named for the man who popularized it.  It was tested by the torsion balance experiments of Eotvos and the Pound-Rebka measurement of gravitational redshift, a phenomenon predicted by this statement.  A thought experiment of a free-falling elevator was used by Einstein to illustrate, FTP, this axiom of general relativity whose weak form states that inertial and gravitational mass are the same.;;equivalence (principle)
;;This man had a notable series of debates with John Stokes.  Jean de Charlier de Gerson brought the attention of Konrad von Vechta to several parts of this man's treatise De sex erroribus, and the synod of Bohmisch-Brod was called to deal with issues this man raised.  Indirectly affected by fallout over the Council of Pisa, this man attacked the idea of raising funds for a crusade against Ladislaus of Naples by selling indulgences.  Excommunicated in 1411 due to his Wycliffite preachings, he was condemned at the Council of Constance and burned at the stake.  For 10 points, name this Czech theologian whose followers were part of a namesake series of wars in the early 1400s.;;(Jan)|(John) Hus
;;The most populous area of this nation is called the middle land which contains much more temperate weather conditions where most of the farming and grazing occurs.   Lesser known rivers in this country are the Inn, Aire, and Ticino. The tallest point contained within this country is the Dufourspitze of the Monte Rosa. The Lauterbrunnen Valley in this country contains 72 glaciers, and also contains the Jungfrau Munch Eiger group of peaks.  Large lesser than known lakes in this country include Lake Neuchatel, and Lake Constance.  For 10 points, name this country, which most of the major rivers of Europe run through, has Lake Geneva, and has a namesake alps named for it.;;Switzerland
;;This play begins with a cobbler and a carpenter being interrogated by Flavius and Marullus.  The title character's murderer tells him he feels repentant for having killed him, but the only thing the ghost tells him is that he knows what he must do on the battlefield. As this murderer waits on the battlefield with his counselor, he falls on his own sword, and the stoic killers lets his manipulative counselor and lets the rest of his rebels be crushed by the revenging horde. For ten points, name this play about Brutus, Cassius, and a king who likes to say "et tu, brute?", a work by William Shakespeare.;;Julius Caesar
;;NASA's Sea-WIFS [sea-whiffs] sensor is specifically designed to measure the concentration of it in the ocean.  Its absorption in the visible red region and reflectance in the near-infrared region of the electromagnetic spectrum allows for remotely sensed proxy measures such as NDVI and EVI.  Its a form is its most common, while other varieties include the b, c1, c2, and d.  Fischer, Woodward, and Fleming made major discoveries of its different forms, while a deficiency of it can be caused by unsuitable soil pH, which reduces nitrogen and magnesium availability.  For 10 points, name this polyphyrin compound coordinated with magnesium, which converts sunlight into chemical energy in green plants.;;Chlorophyll
;;This man got into the army despite his poor eyesight by allegedly memorizing the eyechart before he took the test, and he once lost an election for county judge due to influence of the KKK.  Among the acts passed over his veto were one that provided for the use of concentration camps "for emergency reasons" and another that he claimed "would deprive workers of vital protection"; those were the McCarran Act and the Taft-Hartley Act. The Chicago Tribune erroneously claimed that he had been defeated by Thomas Dewey. FTP, name this president from Missouri, who among other things ordered the atomic bombs dropped on Japan, and started the Korean War.;;(Harry) (S) Truman
;;One character from this work claims that anyone capable of uttering a "new word" is committing a transgression against ancient laws, and posits a "man of the future" who will lead a "New Jerusalem."  Another character is living off the wealth of his dead wife Marfa Petrovna.  The main character is protected by Pulcheria Alexandrovna, and meets a drunken man at a bar whose funeral he later pays for.  Attracted to that drunkard Marmeladov's daughter Sonya, the protagonist tries to outwit Porfiry Petrovich, but he can't hide his killing of Alyona Ivanovna.  For 10 points, name this novel about the murder of an old pawnbroker by Raskolnikov, by Fyodor Dostoevsky.;;Crime and punishment
;;Among the drugs used to treat this disease are the anti-bacterial TOBI and VX-770, currently in FDA Phase 2 testing.  People with this disease also often suffer from "Clubbing", and the ductus deferens fails to develop in affected males.  It is typically caused by a loss of a phenylalanine in its namesake transmembrane conductance regulator protein, leading to increased sodium absorption.  This disease is linked with a gene on chromosome 7.  Pilocarpine is applied to the skin in the sweat-chloride test for this disease.  For 10 points, name this disease characterized by an abnormal buildup of mucus in the lungs.;;cystic fibrosis|CF
;;Early on in his career, this man devised a plan to march peasants to free Frederick William IV. He joined the von Gerlach brothers and began publishing conservative views through their newspaper. Rudolph von Delbruck, a minister appointed by him later, resigned when he shifted his policies, as did the minister of worship Falk. However, his lasting impact in domestic policy was through the enactment of Kulturkampf, where he banned Jesuits from the nation. The Franco-Prussian war was triggered by the edited version of Ems telegram, for 10 points, generated by what first chancellor of unified Germany?.;;(Otto) (von) Bismarck
;;Because Jupiter's gravity pulled its orbit off course, it was not nearly as strong during 1899. Its first known sighting occurred in 585, though heavy study into it was not initiated until it happened most famously on November 1833, where Native Americans know it as "the night the stars fell." Heinrich Olbers erroneously predicted a return every 33 years, though it happens every year. Coincidentally, 33 years later, a sixth-magnitude comet was seen near the Big Dipper named Tempel-Tuttle, whose orbit usually seemed to precede this event. For 10 points, what is this meteor shower that occurs every mid-November, which appears to be emitted from a zodiac constellation?.;;Leonids
;;This man followed up "Some Ordinalist-Utilitarian Notes on Rawls' Theory of Justice" with a work examining "Nozick's Entitlement Theory of Justice", and he reviewed Sen's Poverty and Famine in a work examining "Why People Go Hungry".  He worked with Hurwicz on local stability of competitive equilibria.  With Pratt, he lends his name to a measure of risk aversion, but he may be best known for work published in Social Choice and Individual Values.   For 10 points, name this economist who showed that no voting mechanism can take into account individual preferences among three or more choices in his Impossibility Theorem.;;(Kenneth) (Joseph) Arrow
;;He tells the title "lovely old man" that "the faggots...point you out" in his "Ode to Walt Whitman".  The subject of another of his poems occurs at "exactly five in the afternoon", and he tells the title character,  "Go, Ignacio, feel not the hot bellowing/Sleep, fly, rest: even the sea dies". A play by this author featuring characters like the Moon and the Mother describes the death of two lovers over a bride at the titular event. In addition to "Lament for the Death of a Bullfighter" and Blood Wedding, he wrote about Adele committing suicide after her mother threatens Pepe. For 10 points, name this Spanish author of Gypsy ballads and The House of Bernarda Alba.;;(Federico) Garcia Lorca
;;At one point in this work, the protagonist asks his friend to lower down her fervor about religion. At a fundraiser/party organized by that friend, Joanne, the protagonist's assistant Bonnie is told to grab a martini for Joanne. Even though the protagonist is mired in a cocaine scandal being investigated by Rudy Giuliani, he manages to fly to Pakistan and talk to President Zia about an urgent crisis regarding the Soviet-Afghan war. For 10 points, name this 2007 film where Tom Hanks plays the titular congressman from Texas, which depicts the CIA's covert war to help the Mujahedeen against the Russians.;;Charlie Wilson's war
;;Receiving his BA from John Carroll University and JD from Cleveland State, he was a staffer for both Daniel Patrick Moynihan and Mario Cuomo, after which he joined the institution with which he is most associated with in 1984.  Husband of fellow journalist Maureen Orth, his best known book discussed his working class background and family in Buffalo, New York.  However, he was best known for his political journalism and punditry, exemplified by his use of a small whiteboard to declare Florida's importance during election night 2000.  For 10 points, name this former head of NBC's Washington Bureau and host of Meet the Press who died suddenly in June 2008.;;(Timothy) (Jon) (Tim) Russert
;;In a debate with Antoine Arnauld, he was accused of fatalism and determinism for suggesting that everything that would happen to Alexander the Great followed from the latter's essence.  Louis Couturat later suggested that this man believed every truth to be analytic. One of this man's works was the subject of John Dewey's first philosophical work, a critical response to the empiricism of John Locke entitled New Essays on the Human Understanding. For 10 points, name this seventeenth-century German philosopher and mathematician, who talked about monads and was satirized by Voltaire as Dr. Pangloss in Candide.;;(Gottfried) (Wilhelm) (von) Leibniz
;;For crystalline solids with less than cubic symmetry, this quantity is not uniform in all directions and must be replaced with a tensor with more than one independent variable for proper description. Technically a thermodynamic quantity, in gases it is the product of pressure and adiabatic index and in fluids, density and this quantity determine the speed of sound. Unlike the shear type, this quantity describes the material's response to uniform compression, so its inverse is compressibility. For 10 points, name this elastic modulus, defined as the pressure necessary to produce a given relative decrease in volume, which is notably not Young's.;;bulk modulus (only) (need) (bulk) (after) (modulus) (given)
;;In one of his works, a fanatic assassin decides to take revenge for a genocide in her Spanish village by hatching a plot to murder the leaders of France, England and America. An industrial tycoon's family is mired in squabbles after his death on account of his will in this author's Scarletti Inheritence. David Spaulding, a military intelligence officer, travels to Argentina to stop the titular event between Allies and Axis commanders in his The Rhinemann exchange. In one of his most famous works, a man working for the clandestine agency Treadstone wakes up with an amnesia in France. That man is part of, for 10 points, what popular American author's trilogy about Jason Bourne?.;;(Robert) Ludlum
;;A man named "Three Fingered Jack" murdered one of its designers, Thomas Cowie, while Alexander Todd and Benjamin Duell were also involved in its creation.  Its unveiling was preceded by a speech by William Ide.  Damaso Rodriguez was beaten to death by a group claiming this as its symbol, and it consisted of a badly-painted star near the mouth of an animal that "looked more like a pig" than the animal it was designed to represent.  For 10 points, name this piece of fabric that leads its name to an 1846 insurrection in California and short-lived California Republic.;;Bear Flag
;;In one painting with this subtitle, Charles Angrand depicts two sailboats on a certain river "at Courbevoie".  Three fish appear in the foreground of a Monet painting depicting "Springtime" here, and two people cross a bridge of this name in a Van Gogh painting.  However, the most famous depiction of this locale contains a reclining man in a red, sleeveless shirt smoking a pipe, a standing woman in black and violet holding an umbrella, a dog and monkey play-fighting, and some fuzzy trees, all of which are composed of dots of paint.  For 10 points, what island in the Seine provided the setting for a Sunday Afternoon painted by Georges Seurat?.;;(La) Grande Jatte
;;The La Perouse Strait separates this island from its northern neighbor. Cities on this island include Date, Mombetsu, and Muroran. The Ishikari River runs its course through Asahikawa and is considered the third longest river in its country. It is connected to the other islands in its country by the Seikan Tunnel underneath the Tsuguru Strait.   Iturup, Sikotan, and Kunasir Island will become part of its prefecture, if a peace treaty transfers these islands from Russia. The island's largest city of Sapporo was the host city for the 1972Winter Olympics. This is, for 10 points, what island, the northernmost of Japan?.;;Hokkaido
;;Chiral alcohols can be synthesized by performing Fleming-Tamao oxidation on a hydrosylilated version of these molecules.  Grubbs' Catalyst catalyzes the Cross Metathesis, which joins two of these molecules.  They can be used instead of alkyl halides in Friedel-Crafts.  Both the Julia Reaction and the Schlosser Modification of the Wittig Reaction produce only the E isomer of these molecules, which are the products of both E1 and E2 reactions.  For 10 points, name these aliphatic organic compounds that contain at least one carbon-carbon double bond.;;alkenes|olefins
;;In one episode in this work, a cake and some chips are prepared by one character, who also pretends to be able to make a "Ormitha Macarounada."  During a foray into the bathroom, one character complains about the time it takes for a toilet tank to get filled up.  A picture of "The First Eleven" cricket players is discussed by a character who expresses a desire to watch the Birmingham team in action.  The twelve matches are supposed to be for "lighting the kettle," but Ben receives a message through a speaking tube ordering the killing of Gus.  For 10 points, name this play about two hitmen trying to fulfill orders delivered by the titular device, by Harold Pinter.;;(The) Dumb Waiter
;;One rebellion in this modern-day country was crushed at the battle of Waterberg and the survivors driven into the desert by Lothar van Trotha, while a rebellion by another tribe sprang up only two months after that Herero rebellion and was ended with the signing of the Protection Contracts.  Bounty killings were a staple of the later counter-insurgency unit Koevoet, which killed approximately 25 PLAN members for every death of their own.  PLAN was the military wing of the Sam Nujoma-led rebel group SWAPO, which sought independence from South Africa.  For 10 points, name this country formerly known as German South-West Africa, with capital Windhoek.;;Namibia
;;Walborn et. al demonstrated in a 2002 paper that this phenomenon appears independent of when the observer detects it, and Popescu and Rohrlich wrote about the "Joy" of this phenomenon. Another scientist who described it as "spooky" introduced hidden variables to account for it, although Bell's theorem proves that hidden variables cannot adequately explain it. It leads to the Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen Paradox because it violates locality, allowing for information to travel faster than the speed of light. This idea is behind qubits, the basic unit of information in quantum computers. For 10 points, what phenomenon describes multiple particles which share linked quantum states?.;;(quantum) entanglement
;;In one battle in this conflict, the duke of Somerset stationed himself at Linnels bridge, only to be captured after being pushed into Devil's water. In addition to the putting down of a revolt by the marquess of Montagu at the battle of Hexham, this conflict saw a battle in thick fog in which the earl of Oxford's troops cut down a man attempting to reach his horse during the scuffle.  Humphrey Stafford died soon after the first battle, after which Warwick entered London to crown Edward IV.  The "king maker" is killed at Barnet, while Margaret of Anjou is finally captured following Tewkesbury.  Begun following St. Albans, FTP name this series of wars fought between the houses of Lancaster and York.;;(Wars) (of) (the) Roses
;;In this story, the music of the orchestra sounds like the echo of steps, except when the ebony clock strikes and everyone becomes silent. The characters take hue from the rooms they visit - and they are referred to as "dreams." Each of the seven rooms in the estate are assigned a different color, but the guests do not approach the seventh because of its ominous combination of hues. Near the climax, a figure which "out-Heroded Herod" and resembled a stiffened corpse enters. With spots of blood all over his face, that character symbolizes the titular pestilence. Prince Prospero and all his guests die in, FTP what Edgar Allan Poe short story?.;;(The) Masque of the Red Death
;;Proteins involved in their regulation may include CIRCE and CAP, which binds to cAMP under conditions of low glucose.  One of these is involved in the regulation of the porin OmpG, while IS1 and IS5 are insertion elements which cause activation of another of them.  The most widely accepted model of their function, developed after studying one coding for beta-galactoside, is named after Jacob and Monod.  For 10 points, name this group of related genes, including an operator and promoter, which is transcribed together in prokaryotes, the most famous of which is the lac one.;;operon
;;This man discusses "the worth and the worthlessness of history," in "On the Use and Abuse of History for Life", one of the works collected in Untimely Meditations; its other essays include "David Strauss" and "Schopenhauer as Educator". An unpublished essay by this man rejects the idea of universal concepts in "On Truth and Lies in a Nonmoral Sense". He accused Euripides of destroying the balance between the Apollonian and the Dionysian and causing the decline of the Greek theater in The Birth of Tragedy. For 10 points, what man who in The Gay Science coined the phrase "God is dead" reused that concept in the magnum opus Thus Spoke Zarathustra?.;;(Friedrich) (Wilhelm) Nietzsche
;;This author described a character floating like a great lily in the long black river in the poem "Ophelia," and he calls Christ "the eternal thief of vigour, nailed to the earth in shame and mental horror" in "First Communions." In the beginning of a more famous work, the narrator sits Beauty on his lap but finds her bitter and curses her. That "Pagan Book" includes such sections as "The Foolish Virgin - The Infernal Bridegroom" and "Alchemy of the World."  He claimed that one must be absolutely modern" in a work containing "Delirium I" and "Delirium II," and assigned colors to his "Sonnet of the Vowels."  FTP name this poet of "The Drunken Boat" and "A Season in Hell," a lover of Paul Verlaine.;;(Arthur) Rimbaud
;;The butterfly diagram is a graphic representation of Sporer's law, which governs the relationship of the frequency of these entities to their location. Individual ones are recorded by the Zurich number, also named for its formulator Rudolf Wolf. Their activity declined during the Maunder Minimum, which coincided with the Little Ice Age. George Ellery Hale noted the strength of the magnetic field of them, although its 11-year cycle was noted much earlier. Consisting of an umbra and the gray penumbra surrounding it, for 10 points, is what entity of around 4500 K, relatively colder than its surrounding regions, a dark region on the Sun's surface?.;;sunspots
;;One of this man's works includes a chapter called the "Story of Shipwreck," which discusses the importance of canoes. His autobiography is A Diary in the Strict Sense of the Term, and he attacked the Oedipus complex in Sex and Repression in Savage Society. He conducted field study in the Mailu Island and the Oaxaca Valley of Mexico, and noted that all organized religions "must have a dogmatic system backed by mythology" in Magic, Science, and Religion. For 10 points, name this founder of functionalism who wrote about the Trobriand Islanders in Argonauts of the Western Pacific.;;(Bronislaw) Malinowski
;;It sought to remove "an unceasing danger, and a permanent cause of anxiety and alarm" while dissolving a "forced and unnatural connection" between two nations. Composed at the order of Secretary of State William Marcy, it came after Polk's 100 million dollar offer was rejected. Although Young Americans supported it, Free-Soilers opposed it, fearing further expansion of slavery. Written by ministers to France, Spain, and Britain, namely John Mason, Pierre Soule, and James Buchanan, for 10 points, name this document named after a Belgian city, which proposed to purchase from Spain, and if necessary take by force, Cuba.;;Ostend Manifesto
;;A notable 2008 world record ballooning attempt occurred here near the town of North Battleford.  Currently lead by center-right premier Brad Wall, a major issue here is the privatization of crown corporations.  Its cities are a bastion for the New Democratic Party that was founded by a noted former socialist premier, Tommy Douglas, who began his nation's Medicare system here.  A major source for uranium and potash, one can see Prince Albert National Park and the CFL's Roughriders here.  For 10 points, name this rectangular-shaped prairie province in Canada whose most populous city is Saskatoon.;;Saskatchewan
;;He is described as "shaking like a leaf" with "darts of malice, rage, triumph, wit, and terror" in Virginia Woolf's Orlando, whose titular character takes him home with her even though he is poor.  He writes that he'd rather live "unheard, unknown," and "thus unlamented" in the poem "Solitude: An Ode," and recalls that "nature and nature's laws lay hid in night" before the coming of Isaac Newton in a poem "intended" for him.  In addition to writing Elegy to the Memory of an Unfortunate Lady and Eloisa to Abelard, he attacked Joseph Addison and asks "who breaks a butterfly upon a wheel?" in the "Epistle to Doctor Arbuthnot."  He also declared "the proper study of mankind is man" and "a little learning is a dangerous thing."  FTP name this author of Essay on Man and Essay on Criticism who satirized the theft of Arabella Fermor's hair in The Rape of the Lock.;;(Alexander) Pope
;;An early opera by this composer was based on a libretto originally written for Andre Campra and includes the arias "Non ho colpa" and the title character's "Vedrommi intorno".  Another work originally began and ended with a march and included multiple minuets when it was first performed, though he later cut the marches and pared it down to one minuet.  His librettist Emanuel Schikaneder also played Papageno in a work more famous for the "Der Holle Rache" aria by the Queen of the Night. For 10 points, name this composer of the aforementioned Idomeneo, Haffner Symphony, and Magic Flute.;;(Wolfgang) (Amadeus) Mozart
;;Its presence would increase the probability of a hyperchromic shift and decrease the melting temperature. Its namesake N-glycosylase always recognizes it as a mistake to be replaced via excision repair. The product of deamination from cytosine, which causes the disappearance of G-C base pairs from DNA, this pyrimidine is abundant even if folic acid is deficient. Isolated from herring sperm, FTP name this nucleotide base that pairs with adenine, but only in RNA.;;uracil
;;I.J. Kapstein postulated that this work was inspired by its author's visits to the Cascine, and its subject was to awaken the "blue Mediterranean" "from his summer dreams."  The speaker notes that "the sea-blooms and the oozy woods which wear the sapless foliage of the ocean" "suddenly grow gray with fear" after hearing the subject's voice, and notes that he, like the subject, is "tameless, and swift, and proud."  Asking "if winter comes, can spring be far behind?," FTP name this poem in which the speaker wishes to have his "dead thoughts" driven "over the universe, like wither'd leaves," by Percy Bysshe Shelley.;;Ode to the West Wind
;;Members of this group included the fourth governor of California and one mayor of San Francisco who lasted eight months.  In addition to John Neely Johnson and Stephen Webb, they held their only convention in Philadelphia, a city with a mayor from this group, Robert Conrad.  A lack of a stance on the issue of slavery and a presidential candidate carrying only Maryland led to its disintegration, while Horace Greeley coined its nickname, in reference to the Order of the Star Spangled Banner.  For ten points, name this political party that nominated Milliard Fillmore, famous for its opposition to Catholics and immigrants.;;American (Party)|Know Nothing (Party)|Know Nothings
;;His "Ray Gun Theatre" artwork was inspired by his meeting with Allan Kaprow in New York City in 1956 where he learned of "happenings", or performative pieces of art.  Other works of his include the Crusoe Umbrella in Iowa and Typewriter Eraser at the National Gallery of Art, created after his marriage to Dutch pop artist Coosje van Bruggen, but he is more famous for erecting a sculpture of lipstick resting on a black tank-like base at Yale.  FTP, name this Swedish pop sculptor of Lipstick (Ascending) on Caterpillar Tracks and Clothespin, noted for giant sculptures of food and classifying his sculptures as "hard" and "soft".;;(Claes) (Thure) Oldenburg
;;Niceratus and the Paianian Charmantides are two individuals who remain silent throughout this work.  One of its sections states that the goal of a story is to remove the fear of Hades from the youth. In another section, Glaucon notes that if one possessed the Ring of Gyges, thus rendering oneself invisible, one would act completely immorally. Cephalus states that to follow legal obligations and live a life of integrity is the true definition of a concept criticized by Thrasymachus as only beneficial to the powerful. Famously containing an "Allegory of the Cave" in its Book VII, FTP name this Platonic dialogue in which Socrates attempts to create the ideal titular construct.;;(The) Republic|Politeia
;;The Alder-Wainwright transition occurs where this changes sign, and Lieb and Yngvason treated it as a monotonic, additive, extensive function.  Stirling's formula is often used in deriving its value for a monoatomic ideal gas; that value is given by the Sakur-Tetrode equation. For a microscopic system, it is calculated by multiplying Boltzmann's constant by the natural log of possible microstates, and multiplying the change in this by temperature and adding the change in enthalpy yields the free energy of a system. For 10 points, what is this thermodynamic quantity which represents the amount of disorder in a system and is symbolized S?.;;Entropy
;;This company, headquartered on Madison Avenue, was recognized in 2007 by Fortune Magazine as the "Most Admired" securities firm. In July 2007, it disclosed that its two subprime hedge funds had lost most of its value. The next month, co-president Warren Spector resigned over trades that had resulted in the collapse of the funds. Standard and Poor's downgraded its credit rating from AA to A, as its stock fell from a high of $150 to below $10 before its takeover in early 2008.  For 10 points, name this company that JP Morgan Chase recently bought out, and had required a Federal Reserve emergency loan to stay solvent.;;(The) Bear Stearns (Companies(,)) (Inc(.))
;;One character of this work quotes Baudelaire in mocking his father, prompting that father to call Dante Gabriel Rosetti a "dope fiend."  One character notes that despite eating less, she is gaining weight, and calls her son "my Frankenstein."  Another character tells a comic anecdote concerning the tenant Shaughnessy, while his mom chews out her husband for hiring Doc Hardy to take care of a consumptive son.  The servant Cathleen takes care of Jamie, an alcoholic whom the protagonist calls a "waste."  Confessing that she dreamed of being a nun, Mary tries to fight off a morphine addiction.  FTP name this Eugene O'Neill play about a dysfunctional family led by James Tyrone.;;Long Day's Journey into Night
;;The Sood Effect combines this and the Seebeck Effect, and one practical application is the rheolytic thrombectomy catheter.  Longuet-Higgins derived a set of integral relations shown to be equivalent to this equation for gravity waves.  It can be derived by integrating the Euler equations, or the Navier-Stokes equations ignoring friction.  Adding an extra term of internal energy per unit mass extends this principle to compressible fluids, and it neglects the viscous terms found in the Hagen-Poisueille equation.  FTP, what is this principle in fluid dynamics which states that as pressure changes, velocity changes inversely, named after a Swiss mathematician.;;Bernoulli's (Principle)
;;His brother Eric was an offensive tackle in the NFC before transferring to the Scottish Claymores of NFL Europe in 1999. This alum of DuPont High School recently announced the formation of a NASCAR team that will compete in the Craftsman Truck Series, and he serves on the board of Inta Juice, where he helped open its first franchises in Louisiana and West Virginia.  After a series of incidents including bumping a meter maid and pretending to moon the Green Bay crowd, he was traded for Oakland linebacker Napoleon Harris in 2005.  For 10 points, name this Patriots wide receiver who in 2008 broke Jerry Rice's record for most TD receptions in a season.;;(Randall) (Randy) (Gene) Moss
;;Francis Maitland has claimed that a treatise written by Richard, grand-nephew of Roger the Poor, was "one of the most wonderful things" of this man's reign.  In addition to the Dialogus de Scaccario, other economic developments of his reign include the development of the possessory writ and the practice of scutage, in which men could pay their way out of military service.  This man also attempted to reassert the supremacy of the state over the church in the Constitutions of Clarendon. FTP, name this Plantagenet king of England, famous for his clashes with Archbishop Thomas Beckett, and his marriage to Eleanor of Aquitaine.;;Henry II (of) (England)
;;One of his works contains a story in which Eugene Dawn stabs his own son after enduring psychological warfare in Vietnam.  Another of his works features Mrs. Curren, whose maid's son was murdered by the police.  Yet another work centers on Magda, the daughter of a sheep farmer who clings to his concubine for security.  In addition to Dusklands, Age of Iron, and In the Heart of the Country, he fictionalized his life in Boyhood and Youth.  His most famous novel involves the protagonist's travels from Prince Albert to Cape Town to return his mother's ashes to her home.  FTP name this South African author of Waiting for the Barbarians and Life and Times of Michael K.;;(John) (Maxwell) Coetzee
;;This man attempted to complete a trilogy of oratorios but never finished The Last Judgment.  He consulted with W. H. Reed on the solo part of a work employing several "Windflower" themes, his only violin concerto.  Only the last players in each string section repeat the "processional" motto in his first symphony, which was originally intended to be dedicated to Chinese Gordon.  Another of his works contains a dissonant chord marked "fffz-p" and was based on a poem by Cardinal Newman.  His best known work contains such movements as "Dorabella" and "E.D.U.".  FTP, identify this English composer of The Dream of Gerontius and the Enigma Variations.;;(Edward) Elgar
;;Its lowest point is the confluence of the Runde River and the Sabi River in the city of Mahenya.  Its city of Kwekwe is home to the National Mining Museum, while its western region contains Hwange National Park,.  Khami Ruins National Monument, which was made a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1986, is located in its southwest near the city of Bulawayo  The Limpopo River separates it from South Africa to the south, while the Zambezi River forms its boundary with Zambia to its northwest.  For 10 points, name this African country led by Robert Mugabe with capital Harare.;;(Republic) (of) Zimbabwe
;;The most useful algorithm for computing it is named after Odlyzko and Schonhage, and is far more computationally efficient than the algorithm named partly after Siegel.  Beukers' integral is used to approximate one value of it; that value was proven to be irrational and is known as Apery's constant.  Trivial zeroes exist at every even negative integer, while if its nontrivial zeroes have real part equal to one half, and thus lie on the critical line, its namesake hypothesis is satisfied.  FTP, name this function from number theory, linked to the prime number theorem, named after a German mathematician who was also the namesake of a method of summation in calculus.;;Riemann (Zeta) (Function)
;;Under the guise of Vegtam, Odin consulted with the dead prophetess Vala about this other god's fate.  This god's son lives in the hall Glitnir.  The insolent dwarf Littur was kicked onto this man's ship, Ringhorn, during a ceremony that also saw Odin give this god the ring Draupnir and whisper unknown words into his ear.  Hermod's attempts to plead for his return were foiled by the giantess Thokk, who refused to cry over his death.  For 10 points, name this husband of Nanna, the Norse god of joy and beauty, felled by a sprig of mistletoe thrown by his brother Hodur under Loki's treacherous aim.;;Balder
;;Under the Greenwood-Hercowitz-Huffman model, this is heavily dependent upon the Frisch labor supply elasticity.  Ben Stein once claimed that it was supported by "no substantial backup of data at all that [he was] aware of", and Martin Gardner satirized its supposed simplicity by creating a "neo" version of this with multiple local maxima.  It posits that a 100% tax rate would not garner the government any revenue because individuals would have no incentive to work if all their income was taken.  For 10 points, name this illustration that maximum revenue occurs at a tax percentage between 0 and 100% that became a tenet of Ronald Reagan's supply-side economics.;;Laffer curve
;;This character writes books in which a girl detective is "supposed to be an orphan, but her old man keeps showing up."  She is almost given a record on which a black female, Estelle Fletcher, sings about a little girl whose two front teeth were broken.  Besides writing about Hazle Weatherfield, almost getting to listen to "Little Shirley Beans," and watching Robert Bunat's The 39 Steps, she tells her brother that "Daddy's going to kill you" after he got expelled from Pencey Prep, and almost runs away with her brother at the end of the novel she appears in.  FTP, who is this younger sister of Holden Caulfield created by J. D. Salinger in Catcher in the Rye?.;;Phoebe (Caulfield)
;;At the bottom left of this painting, a dog is looking at a naked blond baby, who is in turn examining a crawling turtle.  At the bottom right are two lunchboxes, one of which is open with a water canteen poking through.  Above the aforementioned baby is an x-ray image of a skull, which is in turn beneath a huge marble statue with a wooden crucifix necklace and its hands removed.  Four wing-like projections extend from the central figure, each depicting stars, the solar system, and cellular organelles.  Initially painted for the Rockefeller Center but later destroyed due to controversy, for ten points, name this mural with an infamous depiction of Lenin, by Diego Rivera.;;Man at the Crossroads (Looking) (with) (Hope) (and) (High) (Vision) (to) (the) (Choosing) (of) (a) (New) (and) (Better) (Future)|Man(,) Controller of the Universe
;;One character in this novel purposefully damages a piece of marble so she can meet an intriguing stonemason, and that character later marries a man while sailing on his yacht named the "I Do." The millionaire Hopton Stoddard is coerced into filing a lawsuit after he is offended by sculptor Steven Mallory's nude statue of the human spirit, while Gail Wynand owns the newspaper "The Banner," which employs the vindictive critic Ellsworth Toohey. The main character dynamites a housing project at the end of this novel because Peter Keating had not remained faithful to his design. FTP, name this novel about the architect Howard Roark, written by Ayn Rand.;;(The) Fountainhead
;;He extended Rousseau's idea that a child ought to have tutors, believing that a child's parents and teachers should be trained to allow her to make independent decisions but buffered from real harm.  He explained pathological fantasies of grandeur in men as "masculine protest;" and Hans Vaihinger's The Philosophy of "As If" influenced his coining of the term"fictional finalism."  He argued that the primary form of his most famous concept manifests itself in children who feel dependent, while the secondary form affects adults who can't achieve security, in his work The Neurotic Character. FTP, name this founder of individual psychology, who developed the inferiority complex.;;(Alfred) Adler
;;This artist showed a figure in golden armor flying on a hippogriff stabbing a dragon while the titular maiden is chained to a rock in the sea in his painting Roger Freeing Angelica, while a line of alabaster soldiers made from clouds appear above a figure in a red cape sleeping on his harp in his The Dream of Ossian.  In one work Shakespeare, Dante, and Racine surround the title character, who has the personification of the Iliad sitting below him, while another work features a reclining nude that is holding a turquoise curtain on the right and possesses an extra vertebra. FTP, name this artist, who painted The Apotheosis of Homer and Grand Odalisque.;;(Jean(-)Auguste(-)Dominique) Ingres
;;The creation of this region may have been first advocated by a forester named Robert Marshall, and Jonathan Solomon recently received the Goldman Prize for his work with this region.  Both victims of and benefactors from Section 1002 of a certain bill, the legislation which gave it its modern name, many indigenous peoples in this region have diets heavily dependent on caribou populations, whose calving grounds may soon be threatened, a high cost for only a 0.5% improvement in prices.  President Bush has recently made statements reinforcing his intent to drill in, FTP, what region of Alaska east of Prudhoe Bay?.;;(the) Arctic National Wildlife Refuge
;;The body of the losing commander in this battle was accidentally crushed in the ramparts of the bridge over the River Soar during a victory parade, and the pressure of Viscount Lovell's fleet forced one commander to land his army at Milford Haven. The early death of John Howard, Duke of Norfolk was a blow to the eventual loser who had the superior position on Ambion Hill. The Earl of Northumberland and Lord Stanley deserted at the end of this battle, which made William Stanley's charge devastating to the vulnerable Yorkist forces. FTP, name this 1485 battle in which Richard III was defeated by Henry VII, the conclusive battle of the War of the Roses.;;(Battle) (of) Bosworth Field
;;The narrator of one of his poems is inspired by finding the "lonely tree against the Western eye" to return to the "great town's harsh, heart-wearying roar" and that poem begins with the assertion, "How changed is here each spot man makes his or fills!," while another poem centers on a shepherd, who reads a book of Joseph Glanvill. In addition to "Thyrsis" and "The Scholar-Gypsy" his most famous poem uses the image of the "naked shingles of the world" and talks about "the eternal note of sadness" that "Sophocles [heard] long ago."  FTP, name this poet, who discussed a location where "ignorant armies clashed by night" in "Dover Beach.".;;(Matthew) Arnold
;;He fathered the god of fishermen without incident, but his wife died while giving birth to the god of fire.  In a story mirroring the Orpheus myth, he goes down to the underworld to retrieve his wife, but when he looks back at his wife, she is already rotting and maggot-ridden, and he is disgusted by the sight.  Afterwards, he cleanses himself, creating the sun from his left eye and the moon from his right.  He had created the world, along with his companion, by plunging a jewel-studded spear into the ocean, a drop from which formed the first island of Japan.  FTP, name this Shinto god of the primordial sky, the husband and brother of Izanami.;;Izanagi
;;Dovstam added frequency dependent complex terms to this statement to account for material damping.  Cauchy generalized this statement to an arbitrary body and constructed two six-dimensional vectors related either by the compliance matrix or its inverse, the stiffness matrix.  This law approximates the relationship between stress and strain, and the point at which this law fails to hold approximates the Elastic Limit.  FTP, name this relationship usually formulated for the force applied to, and resultant deformation of, massless springs, mathematically given as F equals negative k x.;;Hooke's (law)
;;A misplaced pin in this opera leads one character to malign women in the aria, "Aprite un po quegli occhi," while another character expresses his love for Barbarina in the aria, "Voi che sapete." A contract is dissolved when it is revealed that Marcellina is the mother of her betrothed and she decides to marry Bartolo instead, and the page Cherubino is dressed in women's clothes in a scheme to trick Rosina's husband. FTP Count Almaviva realizes the woman he was trying to seduce is not Susanna but his wife at the end of this Mozart opera about the wedding of a barber of Seville.;;(The) Marriage of Figaro (Le) Nozze di Figaro
;;This author wrote about a screenwriter who imagines a mental hospital where everyone wears laughing masks in "The Man who Did Not Smile," and in another work he portrayed an aging businessman who worries about his son's infidelities after his daughter-in-law gets an abortion. In addition to Palm-of-the-Hand Stories and The Sound of the Mountain, the protagonist of another novel is an expert on Western ballet, and that man, Shimamura, has an affair with the geisha Komako in a resort town. FTP, name this author of Snow Country who also wrote about the Japanese tea ceremony in Thousand Cranes.;;(Yasunari) Kawabata
;;This man fathered the winner of a footrace at the Nemean Games, Melanippus, with Perigune, who had just witnessed this man kill her father.  He slew all fifty Pallantids as well as Pallas himself to secure his position as heir to his father's throne, and he defeated Creon to allow Adrastus to bury the fallen Argives after the Seven Against Thebes had been turned back.  This man lifted a gigantic rock to reveal his father's sword and sandals.  Two other sons of this man, Acamas and Demophon, were conceived with a wife who hanged himself after his son by another woman rejected her advances.  FTP, name this Athenian hero best known for killing the Minotaur.;;Theseus
;;George Bigelow praised its instigator at an honorary dinner organized by John A. Andrew to celebrate this event. It was precipitated by George Trenholm's agreement to pay $10,000 to rent the Theodora, and James Moir refused D. M. Fairfax's request for a full search. The HMS Rinaldo transported its central participants to St. Thomas after Lord Lyons received an official apology from William Seward, and it was instigated when Charles Wilkes had the USS San Jacinto fire on the eponymous vessel. FTP, name this 1861 incident in which Confederate officials James Mason and John Slidell were forcibly removed from the namesake British mail ship.;;Trent (Affair)
;;This composer described Basilio's attempt to save Quiteria from a forced wedding in his opera The Marriage of Camancho. "Die flamme reinight sich vom rauch" is a last section of his cantata depicting a pagan druid sacrifice, The First Walpurgis Night, and he commemorated the four hundredth anniversary of printing in his second symphony. One of his symphonies incorporates a saltarello in the fourth movement, and his third symphony was created after the same trip that inspired the Hebrides Overture. FTP, name this composer of the Italian and Scottish Symphonies, who also wrote the "Wedding March" in his incidental music to A Midsummer Night's Dream.;;(Felix) Mendelssohn
;;One character in this novel is so depressed that she attempts to commit suicide by swallowing an entire bottle of analgesics, but she accidentally swallows laxatives instead, while another character destroys all the china and furniture in his house when his son goes to a motorcycle race. While getting shaved, the protagonist doesn't recognize Lucie, whom he had attempted to rape while at the Ostrava, and he seduces Helena to get revenge against her husband Pavel Zemanek, who had earlier reported the protagonist's letter which said, "Optimism is the opium of the people!" FTP, name this novel about Ludvik Jahn in Communist Czechoslovakia, written by Milan Kundera.;;(The) Joke
;;There are two known planets that orbit this kind of object, but a third is suspected to explain why the one is extremely hot, likely due to a recent collision.  Over long periods of time, their atmospheres can accumulate methane, but like more massive objects, their atmosphere is fully convective.  They fall into "L" and "T" spectral classes.  A sure test for these is the presence of lithium, since stars begin to fuse lithium when they are at most one hundred million years old.  A subclass of planetars, along with interstellar stars, FTP, identify these almost-stars too small to sustain hydrogen fusion.;;brown dwarfs
;;In one of this author's novels Old Lantry is forced to move to the "Big Scrub, so he can hide after killing a federal agent, and the second half of that novel centers on the moonshine operation of Lantry's grandson Lant Jacklin. In addition to South Moon Under, this author was sued by Zelma Carson, who claimed she was the basis for a cruel spinster in Cross Creek. The plot of this writer's most famous work is set into motion when Penny is bitten by a rattlesnake during a hunt for the bear Slewfoot, and is forced to shoot a doe. FTP, name this author, who wrote about Jody Baxter's attachment to his pet fawn in The Yearling.;;(Marjorie) (Kinnan) Rawlings
;;The name sounds the same.  The last name of the man who writes of encounters with Generals Chennault and Montgomery as well as with Chiang Kai-Shek and Stalin in One World, it is the first name of the creator of Walter Hartright and author of Armadale and No Name. This name was paired with McNary on a ticket that won eighty-two electoral votes.  A man with this first name wrote about Anne Catherick in The Woman in White, while the man with this last name lost the 1940 presidential election.  FTP, identify this name shared by politician Wendell and author of The Moonstone, Collins.;;Willkie
;;In 1958 March and Simon formulated this law "of Planning".  A 1986 article by Rolnick and Weber gave empirical evidence that seemed to contradict this law.  Akerlof's The Market for Lemons gives an incomplete analogy of this law to the market for automobiles.   H.D. Macleod suggested that this law be named for a man who had noted the adverse effect of the "Great Debasements". This law has its effect when two or more types of currency are in circulation in the same area and the value of one fluctuates, leading to hoarding of the stable currency. FTP name this economic law which, in simplest terms, states that bad money drives out the good.;;Gresham's (Law)
;;This work begins with a conceit comparing its subject to an artificial human being, and notes that only science can offer reliable knowledge of the future since the future is "but a fiction of the mind".  A Latin version of this work includes commentary on the story of Cain and Abel.  Expanding on arguments introduced in De Cive, it lays out nineteen laws of nature, the first of which claims that "Every man ought to endeavor peaceand when he cannot obtain ituse all helps and advantages of war".  It further claims that freedom "depends on the silence of the laws".  Saying that life is "solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short", for 10 points, name this major work of Thomas Hobbes.;;Leviathan(,) (or(,)) (the) (Matter(,)) (Forme(,)) (and) (Power) (of) (a) (Common(-)wealth) (Ecclesiasticall) (and) (Civill)
;;One character in this work talks to the milk shop matron before observing the protagonist at the dock, and another character, named Victoria, claims that a woman begging for milk had talked about the same thing.  One character writes letters to her beloved for 17 years before he returns, and Pablo marries Prudencia Cotes after getting out of jail.  After leaving Flora Miguel's house, the protagonist is finally warned by Clothilde Armenta, but by that time, the Vicario brothers were on him.  FTP name this novel in which Angela Vicario's loss of virginity is avenged with the killing of Santiago Nasar, a work by Gabriel Garcia Marquez about a predictable murder.;;Cronica de una muerte anunciada|Chronicle of a Death Foretold
;;This man's government notably arrested a New York Times reporter for the dubious crime of "committing journalism" and harassed former U.S. ambassador Christopher Hill.  An Australian diplomat called his attendance at an FAO summit, "obscene", while the German government pressured Giesecke & Devrient to stop supplying this man's central banker, Gideon Gono, with the ability to print money.  Hallmarks of his 21st century tenure include instituting a failed land redistribution scheme that has decimated his country and printing enough money to create an inflation rate of over 1 million percent annually.  For 10 points, name this leader since independence, dubiously re-elected in 2008 as president of Zimbabwe.;;(Robert) (Gabriel) Mugabe
;;The protagonist of this work forms his philosophy by listening to the organist Pistorius.  He later influences the suicidal Knauer and learns to drink alcohol from Alfons Beck at boarding school.  Despite the protagonist's gratitude for the ridding of Franz Kromer, he and his friend never discuss him.  As he searches to learn more about the strange images appearing in his dreams and his paintings as well as the god Abraxas, he stumbles upon the title character and discovers his love for that man's mother, Frau Eva. FTP name this Hermann Hesse bildungsroman subtitled "The Story of Emil Sinclair's Youth.".;;Demian
;;One of his characters tells her sister that "life is made up of pieces that don't fit" after the author of Jerome and Julien goes away, in a film about the sculptress Ann Brown. Alphonse tells the audience that the next film should be called A Lovely Mess in his homage to Orson Welles. In addition to the aforementioned Two English Girls and Day for Night, he directed a film about a love triangle based on a Henri-Pierre Roche novel and a film about a boy's discovery of his mother's infidelity. Those two films star Jeanne Moreau and Jean-Pierre Leaud, the latter playing a kid who steals a typewriter and gets sent to reform school. FTP name this creator of Antoine Doinel who directed Jules et Jim and The 400 Blows.;;(Francois) Truffaut
;;His voice may be heard as one of the title characters in Gremlins, and his face may be seen as Dr Wayne Fiscus on TV's St Elsewhere.  A standup bit recently spawned the Kabillion show Bobby's World.  He is kidnapped during a botched Indian Casino robbery on an episode of My Name is Earl, and after blowing up a surgical glove with his nose, he falls down and dies in a marriage counselor's office on an episode of Family Guy.  Although he had hair in the Family Guy scene, he now sports a shaved head, but he often still requires surgical gloves thanks to his severe germophobia.  FTP, name this prop comedian, whose career now centers on the NBC game show Deal or No Deal.;;(Howie) Mandel
;;This man asks the title "Old Scholar of Spheres" to "Lend thine ear/To a young Delian oath" in "Lines on Seeing a Lock of Milton's Hair".  The title of one of this man's poems appears as an "ancient ditty", and another poem concludes "though the sedge is withered from the lake/and no birds sing." The influence of Greek myth can be seen in his poem aout the mortal lover of Selene, as well as his Ode to Psyche and Hyperion. He may be best known for a poem that ends "that is all ye need to know on earth, and all ye need to know." FTP name this author of La Belle Dame Sans Merci, Endymion, and Ode on a Grecian Urn.;;(John) Keats
;;Upon his graduation from a conservatory, he received no degree in music composition due to failure to complete assignments.  Vladimir Horowitz is responsible for the popularity of this man's Tenth Piano sonata, and a special chord featured in symphonies such as Prometheus: Poem of Fire and Poem of Ecstasy was to have been heavily utilized in a work completed by Alexander Nemtin, his unfinished Mysterium.  His 24 preludes show him to be an early pioneer of modern dissonance and rhythm.  For 10 points, name this Russian composer best known for the White Mass and Black Mass Sonatas.;;(Alexander) Scriabin
;;Old growth vegetation on this island is confined mainly to the Cockpit Country, a rugged karst region in the west of the island.  The northern coast is very rugged while the majority of the population lives on its southern coastal plain. The rivers of this island include the Great and the Minho as well as the Black, which flows through the south.  Also in the west of this island is Negril Point, while at its southern end is Portland Point, which lies between Long Bay and Old Harbour Bay. At the eastern end of this island are Sir John's Peak and Blue Mountain Peak, its highest point. Montego Bay in the north and Port Royal in the south are, FTP, on what Caribbean island with the capital at Kingston.;;Jamaica
;;A probability distribution named after this man and sometimes Lorentz is shaped similarly to the normal distribution, except its tails decline much less rapidly.  The idea that if f of z is analytic on a simply connected region, then the line integral along a closed curve in that region equals zero, is known as his theorem. Equating the partial derivatives of the real and complex parts of a function yields equations named for Riemann and him.  FTP, name this French mathematician who lends his name to an inequality stating that the dot product of two vectors is less than or equal to the product of their norms with Hermann Schwarz.;;(Augustin(-)Louis) Cauchy
;;Three years earlier, deputy governor Roger Ludlow received gifts and formed a treaty with the eponymous group after the death of John Stone, but the treaty was not ratified.  A year before this event, Jonathan Brewster's announcement of information from Uncas led to a conference at Fort Saybrook.  The complete destruction of the namesake tribe's village of Mystic led to victory for the colonists, led by John Mason, who had allied with Uncas' Mohegans as well as Miantomono's Narragansetts, and this war was ended by the Treaty of Hartford.  FTP, name this early British-American colonial war in 1637 Connecticut.;;Pequot (War)
;;This painting sharply contrasts with a similarly named work by Thomas de Keyzer.  While this painting depicts an actual event dated to January 16 of the year in which it was painted, most of the figures are believed to have been added later. The title figure is explaining the surprisingly accurate interior of the arm of Aris Kindt, who had been strangled for armed robbery. A man leaning to see casts a shadow on the dead man's face, and a large, open textbook can be seen in the lower right corner, possibly that of Vesalius. FTP name this 1632 painting by Rembrandt depicting a public dissection.;;(The) Anatomy Lesson (of) (Dr(.)) (Nicolaes) Tulp
;;One character in this work brought home a battery she did not know how to use after a trip to a doctor at the expense of her husband.  The protagonist is at first jealous of Denis Eady, and later asks Andrew Hale for a loan, and begins to shave more regularly.  The main characters are contrasted with Ruth Varnum and Ned Hale, while the hired hand Jotham Powell refuses get involved with the tensions involving a sickly wife and her Connecticut relative.  Betraying his wife Zenobia, the protagonist runs a sled towards an elm tree, but stops short of killing himself and Mattie Silver.  FTP name this novel about a Starkfield man who falls in love with his wife's cousin, by Edith Wharton.;;Ethan Frome
;;Robert Macdonald was one of 18 injured in this incident, but later died of his wounds on shore, raising the total casualties to 4. The ship he was on managed to fire only a single gun in response to enemy fire, and quickly surrendered. Opposing commander Salisbury Pryce Humphreys refused the surrender and instead boarded and searched the American ship. Though many called for war in response, the ill-fated Embargo Act of 1807 was passed instead.  For 10 points, identify this affair in which a British warship attacked and boarded an American frigate in search of Royal Navy deserters, which takes its name from a large Mid-Atlantic bay.;;Chesapeake(-)Leopard (affair)
;;He writes that "the hovering notes caress the night" and "redeem the deafness of the world" in his poem "In the Small Hours."  An employee of the Bugarran state bank puts his head in the toilet in his work about Kamini hosting some eminent figures like Kosco and Gunema, and he coined the term "Neo-Tarzanism" in Art, Dialogue & Outrage.  He described the sacrifice of Eman to Ogun in one work, and Simon Pilking's prevention of Elesin's suicide in another.  This author of the aforementioned A Play of Giants collected prison notes in The Man Died and also wrote Death and the King's Horseman.  FTP name this Nigerian playwright of The Lion and the Jewel.;;(Akinwande) (Oluwole) (Wole) Soyinka
;;Richard Korf developed the IDA* [I-D-A-Star] algorithm to solve this problem, and Herbert Kociemba improved upon Thistlethwaite's algorithm for solving it.  Tomas Rokicki proved that it could be solved in a maximum of twenty-five iterations, improving on the work of Kunkle and Cooperman, while the minimum number of iterations needed can be as high as eighteen.  The existence of a "God's Algorithm" for this problem has not been conclusively proven.  For 10 points, what is this problem, which involves several iterations of face-turns in an attempt to get each of six faces to display the same color?.;;(solving) (the) Rubik's Cube (for) (any) (random) (position)
;;The Dominican bachata may derive from this genre.   Songwriters in the duple meter Latin American version of this genre include Rafael Hernandez, Pedro Flores, and Jose Pepe Sanchez, whose "Tristezas" is sometimes considered the first song in this genre.  Works in the triple meter European version include Chopin's Opus 19 in C Major and a piece in which the snare drum plays the exact same thing for fifteen minutes.  For 10 points, identify this genre of music and dance which lends its name to a terribly repetitive work by Maurice Ravel.;;Bolero
;;Glen Whyte applied framing effects and risk seeking in the domain of losses to analysis of this concept.  The term was coined in 1952 by American sociologist William H. Whyte writing in Fortune.  Clark McCauley posed three conditions under which it occurs.  Self-censorship, illusions of invulnerability, and unquestioned beliefs are among the eight symptoms of it devised by Irving Janis, and it has been applied to such situations as the Challenger Explosion. FTP give this term that describes a kind of thinking in which maintaining agreement overrides careful consideration of the facts.;;Groupthink
;;Taking control of the PPP from Begun Nusrat, this leader came from a political dynasty that was continued when a son was named party leader.  This person became party leader in 1984, five years after Zulfikar Ali was executed by a military regime.  A proponent of separate institutions for women, this person's two governments were marked by allegations of rampant corruption, especially by Asif Ali Zardari.  Her 2007 return to her native country was marked by two bombings that killed over 100 people.  FTP, name this former Prime Minister of Pakistan and vocal critic of Pervez Musharaff who was assassinated in December 2007.;;(Benazir) Bhutto
;;His relationship with Englishman Bob Astles provided some of the inspiration for a novel by Giles Foden.  Despite originally being a supporter of Israel, he later condoned a hijacking of an Air France jet by Palestinian militants which resulted in an Israeli military rescue operation.  Seizing power after a 1971 military coup, he asserted his caretaker status following the presidency of Milton Obote.  For 10 points, name this president and dictator who, in 1979, was overthrown by a Tanzanian military invasion following 8 years of rule marked by massive human rights abuses in his native Uganda.;;Idi Amin (Dada)
;;The Tommotian, Atdabanian, and Toyonian are several of its faunal stages described in the Russian-Kazahkian classification scheme.  The Paibian is the only ICS-named age during this period, while the Orsten Fauna existed during its Furongian Epoch.  The Chengjiang and Sirius Passet Fauna existed during an early epoch while soft tissued organisms were well preserved in the Burgess Shale of a middle epoch.  Followed by the Ordovician, it is noted for its "explosion" of life, including the appearance of Echinoderms, Arthropods, and Trilobites.  For 10 points, name this period from ~540 to 490 million years ago whose name comes from discoveries made in Wales.;;Cambrian (period)
;;This book describes Israel as a "heifer" but notes that "Yahweh will now graze them as a lamb in the pasture", while another part briefly tells of a band of murdering priests near Shechem.  Authorship of this book is usually credited to the father of Jezreel, Lo-ruhamah, and Lo-ammi, whose symbolic names were to signify the imminent fall of the ruling dynasty and the severed covenant between God and Israel. This book also recounts the destruction of Samaria and references the wars that led to the Assyrian capture of the Northern Kingdom of Israel.  For 10 points, name this first book in the Book of the Twelve or its author, the minor prophet of the eighth century BC who took the prostitute Gomer for a wife.;;Hosea|Osee
;;When painting Washington Crossing the Delaware, Emmanuel Leutze modeled the Delaware River after this river, which was effectively made an international waterway by the 1831 Mannheim Convention.  With a length of about 800 miles, it passes through numerous countries, and one national capital.  This river's bridge at Arnhem was the site of the failed Operation Market Garden of World War II, which occurred downstream of cities such as Basel, Worms, Speyer, and Rotterdam.  For 10 points, name this major river of Western Europe that starts in the Alps and ends in three distributaries in the Netherlands.;;(The) Rhine
;;One of this man's most vocal opponents was Ryan DeGraffenried.  Some of his more ambitious projects included the Death Trap Elimination Program and a failed attempt to raise property and income taxes for stable education revenues in his state.  He won Democratic presidential primaries in Michigan, North Carolina, and Tennessee despite having earlier bowed out of the race after being shot by Arthur Bremer.  However, he may be best known for standing in a schoolhouse door in an attempt to prevent Vivian Malone and James Hood from registering at the University of Alabama.  For 10 points, name this former segregationist and four-term governor of Alabama.;;(George) (Corley) Wallace
;;This opera begins with a Passo a Sei, part of a marriage celebration between two unnamed shepherds.  In the aria "Asile Hereditaire", one character laments the death of his father Melcthal, that character had earlier sung the aria "Pour notre amour" upon bidding farewell to his beloved, Mathilde.  More famous may be the cello solo and flute and English horn duet in its overture, or the aria "Sois Immobile", in which the title character instructs his son Jemmy to stay still before piercing the apple atop his head.  For 10 points, what is this last opera by Gioachino Rossini, perhaps best remembered for the "Gallop" section of its overture featured in The Lone Ranger?.;;William Tell|Guillaume Tell
;;In one of this man's poems, the title character worships her beauty at her "secret shrine" but lives "forgotten, and love forlorn" after her lover deserts her.  Another work takes the form of a chain story begun by Walter Vivian, which includes some "weird seizures" as well as characters like Cyril, Florian, and Gama.  In addition to "Mariana of the South" and The Princess, this man wrote about a "puppet to a father's threat" who married another man despite his childhood love for her in "Locksley Hall".  For 10 points, name this British poet of "The Lotus-Eaters" and "The Lady of Shallott" who also retold the story of King Arthur in Idylls of the King.;;(Alfred(,)) (Lord) Tennyson
;;Isidore of Beja noted that the losing side at this battle retreated while leaving their camp exactly as it had been set up, initially confusing the victors.  The site of one prelude to this battle was known as the "Plateau of the Martyrs" by the losing side, while a more immediate prelude occurred at the Garonne River, where Eudes of Aquitaine got his butt kicked by Abdul Rahman Al Ghafiqi. Taking place in a high wooded plain near the joining of the rivers Clain and Vienne, this battle pitted Abdul Rahman against Frankish forces under Charles Martel. FTP name this October 10, 732 battle, a decisive Frankish victory that helped lay the foundations of the Carolingian Empire.;;(The) (Battle) (of) Tours|(The) (Battle) (of) Poitiers|(The) (Battle) (of) (the) Court of Martyrs
;;It projects to two areas of the thalamus called the oral PL and area X.  Its so-called spino section goes to the interposed nuclei, and its vestibulo region feeds the fastigial nucleus.  On its way to the thalamus, axons from this organ's dentate area decussate in the superior peduncle.  Its molecular layer consists of stellate and basket cells that inhibit GABAergic input to the deep nuclei, which also receive excitatory connections from pontine-derived mossy fibers and error-correcting climbing fibers.  Granule cell axons in its cortex are parallel fibers that excite its primary output, the Purkinje cells.  FTP name this back part of the brain involved in motor control, often described as "little brain.".;;cerebellum
;;A work of his features a protagonist that is tired of acting in a play, and tells some monks that he "believes in soup."  Before writing the play Hunger and Thirst, he produced a work about a dramatist's dilemma involving a corpse next door that is overgrowing, a play subtitled "How to Get Rid of It."  In addition to Amedee, he also wrote about a professor who kills a pupil out of frustrated domination, and more famously, a work in which the Fire Chief tells a story to the Smiths and the Martins while they repeat nonsense poems.  FTP name this dramatist of The Lesson and The Bald Soprano who described how Berenger and those around him turn into Rhinoceros.;;(Eugene) Ionesco
;;Two members of this group, William Hushka and Eric Carlson, were killed in a confrontation with the 12th Infantry and 3rd Calvary, while its second action the following year was more peaceful.  Organized in support of the Putnam Bill, this group was led by Walter W. Waters, while retired general Smedley Butler was its most prominent supporter.  Following the Senate's rejection of the Putnam Bill, Douglas MacArthur led a military campaign to clear this group from its campground in the Anacostia Flats.  For 10 points, name this group of World War I veterans who marched on Washington in 1932 to demand early payment of after service compensation.;;Bonus Army|Bonus Expeditionary Force
;;The title character is compared to a "suit with no man in it" and sings with the "color of damp violets" in his poem "Nothing but Death".  He places a curse on "those who with an ax and serpent/came to [his motherland's] earthly arena" in a poem that appears in his collection Spain in Our Hearts.  Better known for writing a series of odes to everyday objects such as wine, a large tuna in the market, and his socks, he cries "It is the hour of departure, oh deserted one!" in a poem paired with Twenty Love Poems.  For 10 points, name this Chilean author of the poem "Heights of Machu Picchu" and the Canto General.;;(Pablo) Neruda|(Ricardo) (Eliecer) (Neftali) (Reyes) Basoalto
;;The Golden Bough notes that "at Braunrode, in the Harz Mountains", these creatures were customarily burned in the Easter bonfire.  In the Kalevala, a white one born of a virgin is charged with retrieving beer-making items from the "woods of watchful Tapio".  In India, the stripes on their backs are considered to be the mark of Rama's fingers.  Another of these creatures carries insults between Vedrfolnir and Nidhogg while running up and down Yggdrasil.  For 10 points, identify this rodent whose most mythologically well-known member may be Ratatosk.;;squirrels
;;COPII vesicles form when Sec12 attaches this molecule to Sar1.  Initiation factors eIF2 and eIF5 are inactive while this molecule is bound to it, while it spontaneously binds to the active form of Ras, which slowly hydrolyzes this molecule to return to an inactive form.  In the Krebs Cycle, one molecule of it results from the hydrolysis of succinyl CoA.  For 10 points, name this molecule that consists of three phosphate groups and a purine nucleoside that is not adenosine, often hydrolyzed by the alpha domain of G proteins.;;GTP|guanosine triphosphate
;;This politician resigned from the Lok Sabha following the "Office of Profit" controversy, but was re-elected from the constituency of Rae Bareilly, while this leader's son represents the nearby constituency of Amethi.  In 2004, her alliance defeated the BJP-led alliance, which led to questions whether her foreign-born status would disqualify her from Prime Minister; she resolved those questions by nominating Manhoman Singh as PM.  For 10 points, name this former wife of Rajiv and daughter-in-law of Indira who is the current leader of the Indian National Congress.;;Sonia Gandhi
;;Beginning in the Bayan Har Mountains, in 1960, its first dam, Sanmenxia, was constructed.  Siltation caused by this river's flow through the Loess ["Less"] Plateau reduced the dam's effectiveness.  Ending in the Bohai Sea, the lower course of this river has nearly dried out due to increasing water demand.  The flat topography and dense population on its lower course has caused devastating and deadly floods, earning the nickname "the Sorrow"; however, it has also aided the development of cities such as Jinan and Wuhai.  For 10 points, name this major river of North China with a colorful name.;;Yellow (River)|Huang He
;;Events preceding its establishment included a coup led by the "December Boys", a group of six officers led by Johnson Aguiyi-Ironsi.  Six months later, a pogrom against a major ethnic group began in the north resulting in a major exodus to the Southeast of its predecessor country and a declaration of independence.  During its existence, it was recognized by few countries, but Portugal and Israel contributed economic and military aid.  Enugu and Owerri were two capitals in this country led by President Ojukwu.  For 10 points, name this short-lived secessionist state in Nigeria, whose creation resulted in a bloody civil war from 1967-1970.;;(Republic) (of) Biafra
;;Richard Lindzen first described the Quasi-Billenial Oscillation here.  Dobson units are used to measure the concentration of a key compound in this layer whose lower boundary is marked by a temperature inversion from a lower level.  Aerosols in this layer of the Earth's atmosphere can cool climate due to their long atmospheric lifetime here.  Exchange with its lower neighbor occurs through Rossby wave propagation in polar regions, but this region lacks the high energy particles found in higher regions.  For 10 points, name this layer of the atmosphere between 100 and 10 millibars of pressure which can be found directly above the troposphere and which contains the ozone layer.;;stratosphere
;;One character created by this author notes that he has "refused twelve women, nine have refused [him]", and he hasn't been in love in five years.  Another character, born Sarah Abramson, dies of tuberculosis, but her husband is accused of murdering her anyway.  In addition to the title character of The Bear and the wife of the titular Ivanov, this author also created the army officers Tuzenbakh and Vershinin in a play about Olga, Masha, and Irina.  For 10 points, name this author of Three Sisters who also created Boris Trigorin and Konstantin Treplyov in The Seagull.;;(Anton) (Pavlovich) Chekhov
;;One man with this last name argued that criminals commit crimes because they are badly educated in Prisons and Prison Discipline, and his Essay on Government was famously attacked by T.B. Macauley.  His son argued that only with proper names is meaning carried by the denotation and developed the deductive-nomological model of explanation in his System of Logic.  As a Member of Parliament that man introduced a failed amendment for women's suffrage, not surprising for the author of On the Subjection of Women.  For 10 points, give the last name of the Scottish philosopher James and his more famous son, the author of Utilitarianism and On Liberty.;;Mill (James)|(John) (Stuart(,)) (as) (you) (will)
;;In a role as this man's daughter, Keira Knightly is followed by a man named Froderick and disguises herself as a man named Wilfred.  In the Myth-Adventures of Aahz and Skeeve, this man owns a sporting goods store; in another comedic appearance, his associates include a blind man named Blinkin.  Disney represents him as a fox, and he bizarrely assumes a French accent during a song-and-dance that immediately precedes him getting his butt kicked by Princess Fiona during a purported rescue attempt.  For 10 points, name this "Prince of Thieves", a mythical archer who includes Will Scarlet and Friar Tuck in his band of Merry Men.;;Robin Hood|Robin (of) Locksley
;;Maurice Merleau-Ponty wrote an essay about this man's "doubt". This man's portraits include one of Hortense Fiquet in a Striped Skirt, while landscapes like Turning Road at Montgerault can be classified as proto-Cubism. While working with Pissarro, he briefly flirted with the techniques of the impressionists, but eventually turned away from their limited color palette and adopted the darker color-scheme evident in works like Three Bathers. More associated with still lifes with fruit, this is, for 10 points, what French post-impressionist, who painted over sixty views of Mont Saint-Victoire?.;;Paul Cezanne
;;Chapters such as "The Doll in the Drawer" and "'I Want to Divorce You'" appear in the posthumously published memoirs of this man's first wife, the former Alexandra Voronine.  On November 22, 1929 he was made an honorary Commander of the British Empire.  In 1940 this proponent of Universism had that title stripped from him, and Joseph Terboven overthrew this man's five-day-old coup.  Along with Albert Hagelin and Ragnar Skancke, this head of the Nasjonal Samling party was executed for treason in 1945.  For 10 points, name this Norwegian Nazi sympathizer whose name is now synonymous with traitor.;;(Vidkun) (Abraham) (Lauritz) (Jonsson) Quisling
;;He responded to symposium papers by Bartlett and Smith, Thommson, Pear, and Robinson with the paper, "Is thinking merely the action of language mechanisms?"  He used the hypothetical example of a "neurasthenic dog" in a paper that took Adolf Meyer's theory of mental illness to an extreme.  However, he may be best known for an experiment that used blocks as a control and made a kid cry upon being forced to touch a Santa Claus mask.  For 10 points, identify this psychologist, who in that experiment conditioned fear of a white rat in Little Albert.;;(John) (Broadus) Watson
;;This event prompted the resignation of Reverend John Campbell as Pastor of the Second Presbyterian Church.  One of the people at the center of this event was later named governor of the Florida Territory, while another saw his nomination for Ambassador to Great Britain rejected.  Emily Donelson was removed as White House hostess due to it, and only William Berry remained in the Cabinet at the conclusion of this event.  It was set in motion when John Timberlake committed suicide.  For 10 points, name this problem of the Jackson presidency in which the wives of the other Cabinet officials, led by Floride Calhoun, refused to have anything to do with the Secretary of War's wife.;;Petticoat Affair|(Peggy) Eaton Affair|Eaton Malaria
;;An alternate story of his birth claims that he was the son of Zeus, disguised as a snake, and Persephone.  Among his epithets were Omadios, the "eater of raw flesh", and in thanks for the good treatment of Silenus, this god granted a king's request to have anything he touched turn to gold.  When Pentheus refused to worship this god, he was torn to pieces by a group of this god's followers known as maenads.  Hestia gave up her seat on Olympus to this son of Semele, the only son of a mortal to occupy such a seat.  For 10 points, name this Greek god of wine.;;Dionysus
;;Realism and Imagination in Ethics and Good and Evil: An Absolute Conception were among the works inspired by this man's namesake school of realism.  He claims "Rules of life are dressed up in pictures" in Culture and Value, and in one work this man used the Beetle-in-a-box thought experiment to show that private things become public once expressed.  Saul Kripke wrote about [This Man] on Rules and Private Language, and he responded to G.E. Moore's attack on skepticism with On Certainty.  Author of the Philosophical Investigations, FTP, identify this Austrian philosopher who also wrote some Blue and Brown Books and the Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus.;;(Ludwig) Wittgenstein
;;The cover of this work shows a picture of Katy Johnson with her face covered and replaced with a message directed at the reader. It included the never-before-seen sections, "Everyone has 'that' friend," "Floss," and "Quite the Vacation," in addition to more famous episodes such as "The Absinthe Donut Story" and "The UT Weekend Story." This book also includes an appendix that lists various stages of drunkenness culminating in its author's namesake at which point he may hook up with the dreaded "fat girls." An important entry in the "fratire" genre, FTP, identify this compilation of stories about Duke Law School graduate Tucker Max.;;I Hope They Serve Beer in Hell
;;One of his works begins with Alceste defending him against Cupid, and contains a soliloquy to daisies.  He may have coined the term "milky way" while describing being guided through a glass hall filled with notables in one work, and in another, gives Nature the voice to delay the formel's decision for a year, and ends with a rondel that speaks of driving "away the long nights black."  The Legend of Good Women and Book of the Duchess were written for his patron's wife Blanche of Lancaster, while The House of Fame and Parliament of Fowls moved from octosyllabic meter to rhyme royal.  FTP, name this author of Troilus and Cresidae and some Canterbury Tales.;;(Geoffrey) Chaucer
;;Giant eyeball-like objects and scenes of torture abound in this artist's depiction of a gigantic female figure striding through a hellish environment. In addition to Dulle Grit, he painted a scene of a small cross and a crowd of dancers next to a gallows in The Magpie on the Gallows. Another of his paintings shows several breaking wheels being used as skeletons indiscriminately kill, The Triumph of Death. Another one of his paintings shows two men carrying several dishes amid a scene of merriment, The Peasant Wedding. FTP, identify this 17th century Flemish painter famous for scenes such as Hunters in the Snow and Landscape With the Fall of Icarus.;;(Pieter) Bruegel (the) Elder
;;Sunny Jim Sherman was the running mate for one man and Eugene Chafin made his final run with the Prohibition Party during this election. One candidate had outlined his agenda in a speech two years earlier at Osawatomie, Kansas. William Randolf Hearst supported the candidacy of Clark Champ from Missouri in one primary but the defection of William Jennings Bryan's support led to the choice of a candidate who had earlier served as governor of New Jersey. Pitting the doctrines of New Freedom against New Nationalism, FTP, name this presidential election in which Republican William Howard Taft and Bull Moose Theodore Roosevelt lost to Democrat Woodrow Wilson.;;(U(.)S(.)) (Presidential) (Election) of 1912
;;Franz Boas used the example of the Kwakiutl to argue that this man's theory of matrilineal to patrilineal movement was flawed.  In a work that included the sections "Growth of Intelligence" and "Growth of Idea and Government," he added four more levels to an idea of Montesquieu's, and he also wrote The American Beaver and His Works.  His joint work with Ely S. Parker among the Tonawanda Seneca led to The League of the Iroquois, and in his most famous work, he posited savagery, barbarism, and civilization as three stages of societal evolution.  FTP, name this anthropologist and author of Systems of Consanguinity and Affinity and Ancient Society.;;(Lewis) (Henry) Morgan
;;When one character is asked why he is so happy with himself in this work, he responds by listing all his positive attributes, which include his "particularly fine teeth".  Another character compares his relationship with the title character to the two brothers in The School for Husbands, and the protagonist judges a sonnet and advises its author to stop writing at Celimene's house.  Comic relief is provided by the inarticulate Du Bois, while Philinte and Eliante provide the only successful romance in this play, although their efforts to keep the title character from storming off alone at the end are left unresolved.  FTP, name this play about the people-hating Alceste, by Moliere.;;(Le) misanthrope|(The) Misanthrope|l'atrabilaire amoureu
;;The Corbino effect is a variant of this effect in a circular geometry.  This effect can be measured along with the resistivity and mobility using the van der Pauw technique.  When the collision frequency is much lower than the Larmor or cyclotron frequency, its namesake coefficient is one over the charge density.  The current definition of the ohm is based on a variant of this effect discovered by Klaus von Klitzing known as its integer quantum version.  The sign of the charge carriers in a current can be determined using, FTP, this effect in which a transverse voltage develops across a current-carrying conductor placed in a crossed magnetic field.;;Hall (effect)
;;He used Persian myth as the basis for his oratorio Paradise and the Peri and wrote of the love triangle between Siegfried, Golo, and the title woman in his only opera.  Two sections of another worked are marked hastig and einfach und zart, those are the middle sections of his ironically titled Humoreske.  The sequence "A-E flat - C- B" represents the "Asch" motif in his Carnaval, which also includes sections denoted "Florestan" and "Eusebius". He dedicated Kreisleriana to Chopin, and later works include the five-movement Rhenish Symphony. FTP, identify this husband of Clara Wieck whose first symphony is also known as "Spring".;;(Robert) Schumann
;;He writes that "to love is to battle, if two kiss the world changes" in a poem that exclaims "I travel your length like a river, I travel your body like a forest."  Author of The Pears of the Elm and Conunctions and Disjunctions, he rewrote Hawthorne's "Rappaccini's Daughter" and a biography of Juana Inez de la Cruz, The Traps of Faith.  He is better known for analyzing la Malinche and the Pachucos in a work that claims natives wear masks imposed by colonial powers.  He incorporated the Aztec calendar into his aforementioned poem Sun Stone, and also wrote The Bow and the Lyre and Luna silvestre.  FTP name this Mexican diplomat, and author of The Labyrinth of Solitude.;;(Octavio) Paz
;;Members of the Acholi tribe have suffered the most at its hands and Gulu and Kitgum districts have borne the brunt of most of this group's activities, though it is currently thought to be based out of Garamba national park. A recent peace agreement involving this group at Juba failed to materialize, causing Yoweri Museveni to plan on launching a final offensive.  Supposedly based on the Ten Commandments, its activities have forced thousands of "invisible children" to walk to safe camps each night to sleep.  FTP, name this armed group led by Joseph Kony, which continues to terrorize eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo, northern Uganda, and southern Sudan.;;Lord's Resistance Army|LRA
;;A huge wetland known as Azraq used to exist in the central-eastern portion of this nation but it was overtapped for water and is now mostly dry. Nearby, a number of frescoes depicting hunting scenes and bawdy women may be seen in the UNESCO Heritage Site of Qasr Amra, a desert palace for Ummayad Rulers. One of its most popular tourist destinations is Wadi Rum where much of Lawrence of Arabia was filmed but this nation may be best known for a site that harbors the remnants of the Nabatean civilization.  FTP, identify this Hashemite Kingdom where, via the Siq, one may visit the Monastary and the Treasury at Petra located south of the capital, Amman.;;(The) (Hashemite) (Kingdom) (of) Jordan
;;These structures can be destabilized using katanin or stathmin, and undergo a phenomenon known as dynamic instability in which they oscillate between growing and shrinking phases apparently at random.  Each of these structures originates from a namesake "organizing center", and MAP Kinase phosphorylates a group of proteins responsible for assembling and stabilizing these structures.  Both kinesin and dynein transport molecules along these structures, which appear in a 9+2 arrangement in flagella and cilia.  FTP, identify this smallest part of the cytoskeleton, made up of tubulin.;;microtubules
;;According to legend, he measured his casualties by ordering his soldiers crossing the Santas pass to leave a stone there and pick it up when they returned back over Tian Shan.  He besieged Balkh in an effort against his brother-in-law Amir Husayn, and overcame the knights of Rhodes to take Smyrna.  Shah Rukh was the only one of his sons to keep this ruler's dynasty alive in Transoxiana, but his patronage of the arts survived, including a Qu'ran inscribed on a signet ring. He defeated Toktamish of the Golden Horde seven years before capturing Bayezid I at Ankara. Famous for brutally sacking Baghdad and Dehli, FTP name this ruler of Samarkand known for his limp.;;Tamerlane|Timur (the) (Lame)
;;One character in this work quotes from Heine's "Death and His Brother Sleep," while another character discusses why he believes the n-word is a vicious insult.  It ends with a rendition of the French Revolutionary anthem "Carmagnole" as one character repeats the refrain "the days grow hot in Babylon," and Larry reflects on his "conversion" to death.  Pearl and Margie are employed by Rocky, and the protagonist makes a grand entrance before quickly falling asleep while mumbling about "real peace."  Climaxing with the arrest of a character for shooting his wife Evelyn, FTP name this play about Hickey Hickman's dispelling of everyone's pipe dreams, by Eugene O'Neil.;;(The) Iceman Cometh
;;His first commission in America eventually became the Cranbrook Academy of Art and was influenced by the Schusts in the art of furniture. As part of his work for Knoll furniture he produced the fiber-on-metal "Womb Chair" and he also designed a plastic "Tulip" chair.  One of his most famous designs was designed to convey his client's demand of "the essence of flight" and another used "mobile lounges" in lieu of standard terminal gates. He may be best known however for a structure that involves a catenary curve. The son of the lesser-known Eliel, FTP, identify this Finnish designer of Dulles International, the TWA terminal at JFK, and the Gateway Arch.;;Eero Saarinen  (need) (both) (names)
;;One of this president's Supreme Court appointees wrote a majority opinion striking down a Georgia city's ordinance requiring groups to apply for a permit to solicit members in Staub v. City of Baxley.  Another of his appointees was the grandson and namesake of the "Great Dissenter", while a third claimed to know obscenity when he saw it.  He claimed the appointment of the majority opinion writer in N.Y. Times v. Sullivan was a mistake, but his choice of Chief Justice was the "biggest damn-fool mistake" he ever made.  For 10 points, name this president whose Supreme Court appointees included Charles Whittaker, Potter Stewart, William J. Brennan and Earl Warren.;;(Dwight) (David)|(David) (Dwight) Eisenhower
;;This man's wooden crucifix depicted "the body of a peasant, not the body of Jesus Christ" according to one contemporary, and this man agreed after witnessing the perfection of that contemporary's crucifix for Santa Maria Novella.  His technique of schiacciato can be seen in such works as The Ascension, with Christ Giving the Keys to Peter and The Feast of Herod, while he may be better known for a bronze sculpture of a contrapposto figure holding a sword as well as a sculpture of Eramso da Narmi astride a horse.  For 10 points, identify this Florentine sculptor of a bronze David as well as Gattamelata.;;Donatello
;;Frank Ramsey outlined his "subjective" theory of probability in response to this man's "logical-relationist" theory of probability introduced in A Treatise on Probability.  This onetime director of the British Eugenics Society introduced the "normal backwardation" theory of speculation.  He debated with Ohlin and Rueff over the German reparations problem, a problem he had earlier identified in On the Economic Consequences of the Peace.  His last major work argued that full employment and economic recovery can be induced by government public spending.  For 10 points, name this British economist who wrote The General Theory of Employment, Interest, and Money.;;(John) (Maynard) Keynes
;;Ilkovic solved a partial differential equation involving derivatives of this quantity for a semi-infinite space.  Another PDE involving this quantity was transposed to Lagrangian coordinates by Taylor and Aris and says that the time derivative of this quantity is proportional to its second spatial derivative.  The molar flux is equal in magnitude to the molecular diffusivity times the gradient of this according to Fick's Law, and it can be measured in normality, molality, or percent by volume or weight.  For 10 points, name this measure of how much of a given substance exists within a given volume, most often measured in molarity, or moles per liter.;;concentration
;;One character in this novel claims that marriage is like dancing: "men have the advantage of choice, women only the power of refusal."  Another character has been seeing a poor soldier named Thomas, contrary to the general's wishes, even though her father is burdened by gambling debts.  Mrs. Allen constantly talks about how she can afford nice gowns during an invitation of the protagonist to Bath.  Isabella is abandoned by Captain Frederick after breaking off an engagement to James, while James's sister loses sleep upon reading Ann Radcliffe's Mysteries of Udolpho.  FTP name this novel about the reconciliation of Henry Tilney to Catherine Morland, a spoof of the Gothic novel by Jane Austen.;;Northanger Abbey
;;He notes that "God does not give heed to the ambitiousness of our prayers" in a commentary on the Sermon on the Mount.  In his most famous theological work, he attempts to adapt the methods of Ciceronian rhetoric to the purposes of defenders of the church. That work, De Doctrina Christiana, also introduces a discourse on the nature of interpretation. His focus on hermeneutics laid the foundation for a re-examination of the fall of the Roman Empire in terms of a long-standing conflict between the titular entity and the city of man. For 10 points, name this Bishop of Hippo, author of City of God and the Confessions.;;(Saint) Augustine (of) (Hippo)
;;He cuts back and forth between the husband and the assailants more and more quickly as a rescue takes place in his early work The Lonely Villa. A fake pistol is revealed to be a wrench held by the titular character in his The Lonedale Operator. Before his adaptation of Tosca was rejected, he was a hop picker who sold books in Kentucky, and wrote the play The Fool and the Girl. Contrasting between the rich and the poor in A Corner in Wheat, his Pippa Passes was the first film to be reviewed by the New York Times, and he also filmed an icy rescue in Way Down East, starring Lillian Gish. For 10 points, name this director of Intolerance who chronicled the rise of the KKK in The Birth of A Nation.;;(David) (Wark) Griffith
;;One of the props in this play is a gun that shoots a parasol, though only the man pulling the trigger knows this and everyone else on stage thinks the gun is real.  During a scuffle another character shouts "Violence! Violence!"; that character is later found to have been tearing the label off a bottle of alcohol while in the bathroom.  Among the drunken revelations in this play is that one if not both of the New Carthage professors present at the party are impotent.  For 10 points, name this play in which Nick and Honey are witness to the dysfunctional couple George and Martha, written by Edward Albee.;;Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf?
;;Its quality is measured in MOS ["moss'].  One device that creates it is called GLOVE and uses thirty-seven control parameters; another device to create it is named after Klatt and uses only nineteen.  One algorithm for producing it is known by the acronym PSOLA in which the OLA stands for "overlap and add".  Delta modulation, a variant on differential PCM, can be used to digitally code it, but more prevalent is the use of a codebook in CELP ["selp"], which is the primary strategy used in cellular phone processors.  For 10 points, all of these strategies deal with the synthesis or analysis of what human capability produce meaningful vocal utterances?.;;speech
;;One of its sections describes the novel as a perversion of sensibility, and begins with a discussion of Rameau's Nephew in contrast to Descartes' method of doubt. Another section sees unemployment as a sin, and morality as a treatment imposed by the economy of 18th century Europe. Before "The Great Fear" and "The Great Confinement," this work discusses the use of the ship of fools in dealing with leprosy in the section "Stultifera Navis." Also including chapters on "The New Division" and "Passion and Delirium," FTP name this work subtitled "a history of insanity in the age of reason," the most famous early work by Michel Foucault.;;Folie et deraison(;)|Madness and Civilization
;;The first Dutch person to hold this position was a 34-year-old housewife who was scared of cockroaches, while the first Italian one was a television host named Marco Predolin.   The first one ever was the Belgian Magda Ral.  The first American one was stymied by two men gossiping on the phone instead of trying to find Anderson Cooper in the Three Rooms Challenge; that was lawyer Kathryn Price.  The most recent American one suffered from altitude sickness after completing the Midas Rush mission; $420,000 was awarded for correctly identifying San Diego native Craig Slike.  For 10 points, name this titular saboteur of an internationally-licensed reality TV show.;;(The) Mole
;;One of his characters leaves her husband Andre Chazal to win support for her cause, though this life of Flora Tristan is parallel to that of her grandson Paul Gauguin.  Another of his characters, Don Anselmo, builds a brothel that houses the young Bonificia.  In addition to the aforementioned The Way to Paradise and The Green House, he chronicled a conflict between the Brazilian Army and a group of militant settlers in The War at the End of the World and intimated on his military training in The Time of the Hero.  FTP name this Chilean novelist who described a friendship with radio producer Pedro Camancho and a relationship with Uncle Urquidi's wife in Aunt Julia and the Scriptwriter.;;(Mario) Vargas Llosa
;;One of this composer's title characters sings the aria "Quand le destin au milieu" to convince the Countess of Berkenfield not to force her to marry the Duke of Crackenthorp.  In another of his operas, Dr. Malatesta sings "Bella siccome un angelo" when describing a fictional sister to the title bachelor, while the self-proclaimed genius Dr. Dulcamara sells the title object of another opera to Nemorino to allow him to woo Adina.  Another of his operas contains the sextet "Chi mi frena?", after which Edgardo curses the entire Lammermoor family.  For 10 points, name this Italian composer of Daughter of the Regiment, Don Pasquale, L'Elisir d'Amore, and Lucia di Lammermoor.;;(Gaetano) Donizetti
;;This seat of Douglas County was founded at the site of the Lone Tree Ferry.  Ranked by Kiplinger's as one of the 10 best U.S. cities, Offut Air Force Base is located 20 miles south of its center. Attractions in this city, served by Eppley Airfield, include a namesake Community Playhouse and the Henry Doorly Zoo. The Qwest Center here hosts the annual meeting of Berkshire Hathaway, and is home to Creighton's men's basketball team.  Baseball fans know this city because it hosts the Collegiate World Series.  Located near the junction of the Platte and Missouri Rivers, this is, for 10 points, what largest city in Nebraska?.;;Omaha
;;Labuda et al. attributed the prevalence of rickets among Quebecois to this effect.  Wallace et al. found that it could be found among Amerindian populations by examining the mitochondrial DNA.  Prevalence of fumarase deficiency in Fundamentalist Latter-Day Saint populations is one clear modern example of it among human populations as are numerous examples among various Pacific islands.  First described by Ernst Mayr in 1952, it can result in increased genetic drift.  For 10 points, name this effect that can follow a bottleneck event, in which a population arises from a limited number of original members.;;founder effect
;;This man lived in exile in New Orleans for a year and a half before returning as minister of justice and public instruction under Juan Alvarez.  He barely survived a coup by Felix Zuloaga after Guillermo Prieto convinced the firing squad not to assassinate him.   He threw John Pickett in jail after Pickett attempted to create a Confederate alliance with this man's country, though he may be best known for leading the guerrilla resistance to Emperor Maximilian. For 10 points identify this great Mexican reformer and its first president of indigenous descent.;;(Benito) Juarez
;;At the instigation of Jeh, the "accursed whore", he poisoned Gayomart.  His reign is not forever but nine thousand years, a punishment handed down by his father after he ripped open his womb to emerge before his twin brother.  Among his creations are Mitokht, Akoman, the Pairika Knathati, and 99,999 diseases.  He was once defeated by the recitation of the Ahunwar, and he will be finally defeated by a Saoshyant, a savior of virgin birth of the lineage of Zarathustra.  For 10 points, name this god of evil in dualistic Zoroastrian tradition, who is always at odds with Ahura Mazda.;;Ahriman|Angra Mainyu
;;This man wrote over 150 compositions featuring the baryton, and his Mourning Symphony in E minor was played at his funeral.  He transposed his Piano Trio in F sharp minor for the theme to the second movement of his Symphony No. 102 in B flat major, a performance of which gave the nickname to Symphony No. 96, his "Miracle" Symphony.   The 2/4 andante second movement of another symphony begins with a tranquil melody in C major, but on beat 2 of measure 16 the phrase ends with a loud G major chord, and the final movement of another sees the musicians leave one by one. For 10 points, name this Austrian composer of the Surprise Symphony and Farewell Symphony.;;(Franz) (Joseph) Haydn
;;W.H. Auden's The Sea and the Mirror was a "Commentary on" this work, and Ernest Renan wrote a sequel to this work that he called "an idealist's fancy sketch".  Act IV of this play is interrupted by a dance of Nymphs and Reapers, and in Act II one character is tormented by a drunk singing about a woman named Kate.  Characters that are mentioned but do not appear include Claribel, who is married to the King of Tunis, and the witch Sycorax.  Believing his son Ferdinand to be dead, Alonso instead discovers him playing chess with Miranda, the daughter of the magician Prospero, in, for 10 points, which Shakespeare play about the aftermath of a storm?.;;(The) Tempest
;;Important advancements in this technique include the use of the reflectron to improve resolution in the MALDI version, which uses an ultraviolet laser with wavelength between 330 and 360 nm.  Another version of this technique begins with the formation a Taylor Cone and won John Fenn a Nobel Prize in Chemistry; that version is known as Electrospray Ionization.  Once the sample is ionized, the next step is usually either gas or liquid chromatography, and the final readout contains the base peak and molecular ion peak.  For 10 points, name this technique of organic chemistry that breaks a compound into smaller ions and measures their mass-to-charge ratio.;;mass spectrometry
;;Outlaws Belle Starr and Bill Doolin both died in this present-day state, and Bass Reeves was the longest-serving lawman in the territory that would later become this state.  That territory was dissolved by the Curtis Act, and a March 16, 1896 majority opinion by John Marshall Harlan appended Greer County to this state.  The westernmost part of this state was added by the Organic Act and was known as No Man's Land.  This state was the site of a massive April 22, 1889 Land Rush, which rules were violated by so-called "Sooners".  For 10 points, name this state which on November 16, 1907 became the 46th state, growing mostly out of the former Indian Territory.;;Oklahoma
;;In one of his works, Alois Straubleder leads the police back to his house where the fugitive Ludwig Goetten is hiding.  He worked for a statistics bureau while working on his first novel, and another of his novels reveals that Leni Pfeiffer was in love with a Russian POW.  A member of the "rubble literature" school, he wrote The Safety Net and A Soldier's Legacy in addition to the aforementioned media satire about a woman arrested by police for sleeping with a bank robber, The Lost Honor of Katharina Blum.  Author of The Train Was on Time and Group Portrait with Lady, for 10 points name this novelist who wrote of the Fahmel family's rebuilding of an abbey in Billiards at Half-Past Nine.;;(Heinrich) Boll
;;Tributaries of this river include the Big and Little Nehama, the Niobrara, the White, and Vermillion.  A current environmental issue centers on maintaining its summer flow for a dwindling amount of river barge traffic, which is made possible by operations at the Fort Randall, Gavins Point, Big Bend, Garrison, Oahe [oo-AH-hee], and Fort Peck Dams.  Beginning at the confluence of the Gallatin, Jefferson, and Madison Rivers, more notable tributaries include the Yellowstone, Big Sioux, and Platte.  For 10 points, name this long tributary that begins in Montana and enters the Mississippi just north of St. Louis in its namesake state.;;Missouri (River)
;;Malanowski and Wood explored "Burnout and This" in Ohio public school teachers, while McLeod looked at the relationship between this and boredom proneness.  Leonard Geller wrote a 1982 article about its "failure", and E. L. Shostrom's Personal Orientation Inventory was designed to measure this.  The term was first coined by Kurt Goldstein after his studies of injured war veterans, and achievement of this is the goal of client-centered therapy.  However, it may be best known as a B need, as opposed to D needs like safety and esteem.  For 10 points, name this highest need in Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs.;;self(-)actualization
;;He has won one La Liga Championship, but this phase of his career was marked by turmoil, including a falling out with manager Fabio Capello.  2008 highlights for him include gaining a notable cap in friendly against France and scoring a 70 yard goal in a professional league match.  He won most of his championships with the Premier League team he began his career with.  The first player signed under the "Designated Player Rule" in MLS, he has helped his new team fill the Home Depot Center.  For 10 points, name this noted England national, former Manchester United and Real Madrid and current LA Galaxy soccer star.;;(David) (Robert) (Joseph) Beckham
;;The Rego-Rourke and Rubenstein-Thompson algorithms attempted to disprove it, and John Stallings once wrote a paper on "How Not to Solve" this problem.  The method eventually used to solve it was introduced by Richard Hamilton in 1982, but it was not until a series of papers written in 2002 and 2003 applied Ricci Flow with "surgery" that it was considered provable to say that the namesake relationship existed between a simply close connected 3-manifold and the three-sphere. For 10 points, name this Millenium Problem, a conjecture named for a French mathematician, whose solution led to the declining of the 2006 Fields Medal by Grigory Perelman.;;(The) Poincare (Conjecture)
;;Kusku attempted to resurrect this god's son by submerging him in a lake, while another death-related myth claims that in his haste to see his dead wife he opened a box containing dead souls before he had reached the land of the living.  Another myth attributes the creation of the horse to him, and he defeated the testicle-eating Moon and created a new man from Moon's blood in one creation myth.  Sometimes depicted as an old man who passes on knowledge of the sacred rites, he stole fire from the Fire Beings and allegedly spied on Badger and other animals while impersonating the moon.  For 10 points, name this trickster deity of the American Southwest.;;Coyote
;;He used a figure in Antonio Pollaiuolo's The Rape of Deianira as the model for Hercules in his Hercules and the Birds of Stymphalis.  "The Drummer and Piper" and "Job and His Wife" are the two side panels of this man's Altar of the Three Kings, and portraits by this man include those of Oswolt Krel and the Tucher family.  He may be best known for a work that includes an hour glass, an empty balance scale, a polyhedron with a skull on it, and a magic square which gives the date of the work, 1514, in the middle two cells.  Also known for woodcuts like his Apocalypse series, for 10 points, name this German engraver of Melancholia I.;;(Albrecht) Durer (the) (Younger)
;;The narrator of this work and his girlfriend invent the term "discovering archetypes" as a euphemism for having sex and refer to their child as "The Thing".  Another character, the co-founder of the School of Comparative Irrelevance, creates as an alter ego an amalgam of Conrad characters called Seven Seas Jim, and claims that you can differentiate lunatics from cretins, fools, and morons "by the fact that sooner or later [they] bring up the Templars".  The Plan is set in motion by Colonel Ardenti, who shows a supposed Templar manuscript to Diotallevi, Belbo, and Casaubon.  For 10 points, name this Umberto Eco novel which begins near the titular scientific device.;;Foucault's Pendulum
;;This man struck an alliance with Humabon, who drew him into a battle where he was outnumbered almost 30 to 1.  During that battle, both of his legs were chopped off, then he was beheaded with a kampilan, or so says his diarist, Antonio Pigafetta.  Thus this dude learned the hard way not to mess with Lapu Lapu, the Rajah of Mactan Island.  Before his death, he survived two separate attempted mutinies by Juan de Cartegena, and the San Antonio headed back to Spain while going through his namesake strait.  After his death the Victoria, under the command of del Cano, made it back to Spain, so for 10 points, this explorer gets credit for the first global circumnavigation.;;(Ferdinand) Magellan
;;He is the first namesake of a phenomenon whose onset is classically associated with a Richardson number of less than one-fourth.  He derived a namesake set of equations relating the Seebeck and Peltier coefficients.  He is first namesake of a process in which a star heats and radiates due to gravitational contraction, a mechanism that led him to claim the Sun was less than a billion years old.  He is also first namesake of the axiom that there cannot be a perfect heat engine.  For 10 points, name this man who names a shearing fluid instability and a contraction with Helmholtz, a statement of the second law of thermodynamics with Planck, and an absolute temperature scale by himself.;;(1st) (Baron) Kelvin|(William) Thomson
;;This work tells of some "queer lyric-dramatic episodes" in a "world in which one has to live and also can live comfortably", and argues that because "it is not as if God could be inferred from anything," reason cannot get one close to God.  Franz Rozenzweig called one of the concepts introduced in this work a "cripple", while translator Walter Kauffman called it a "Manichean insult", and that "primary word" "can never be spoken with the whole being", unlike the title concept.  For 10 points, name this work in which the "I-It" relationship is contrasted with the title relationship, the best known work of Martin Buber.;;Ich und du|I and Thou
;;Its top is set by the first golden spike, placed in a cliff at Klonk in the Czech Republic.  Its late stages saw the Lau event and the closing of the Iapetus Ocean, which produced the Caledonian Orogeny.  Its divisions are primarily marked by the appearance of graptolite species, and the first coral reefs, freshwater fish and jawed fish appeared during it.  A feud over strata classification between Adam Sedgwick and its discoverer, Roderick Murchison, led to insertion of a new period between this one and Sedgwick's Cambrian system.  For 10 points, name this third period of the Paleozoic, which precedes the Devonian and succeeds the Ordovician.;;Silurian (period)
;;His long-time collaboration with drummer Dannie Richmond yielded such politically-charged pieces as "Oh Lord Don't Let Them Drop That Atomic Bomb On Me," and one dedicated to an "All-American heel" from Arkansas which appeared on the same album as his tribute to recently-deceased Lester Young.  He teamed up with Max Roach and Duke Ellington to record Money Jungle, and led his own bands in recording such albums as The Black Saint and the Sinner Lady and Pithecanthropus Erectus.  For 10 points, name this man whose songs "Fables of Faubus" and "Goodbye, Pork Pie Hat" featured his virtuosic double bass playing.;;(Charles) Mingus
;;A nonfiction work by this author describes "a portrait of a moment, no more, in the life of [a] beautiful, volcanic country".  Another work by this author claims that "Realism can break a writer's heart", and in a discussion of a riot he notes, "Humiliate people long enough and a wildness bursts out of them".  He published an essay-length pamphlet on The Wizard of Oz in addition to the aforementioned The Jaguar Smile and Shame, but may be better known for a work about the "Shah of Blah", Haroun and the Sea of Stories, and a work that begins with Saladin Chamcha and Gibreel Farishta falling out of an airplane.  For 10 points, name this author of The Satanic Verses.;;(Ahmed) (Salman) Rushdie
;;Following its passage, numerous human rights organizations filed a lawsuit, Amnesty et al. v. McConnell, arguing it violates the First and Fourth Amendments and causes harm by hindering their contact with clients.  It increased the government's permitted time for a certain activity from 2 to 7 days, however, most controversy centered on Title II, which resulted in an unsuccessful amendment by Chris Dodd to strip it from the final bill.  For 10 points, name this 2008 act which modified a 1978 act governing a secret court, which gave U.S. telecoms retroactive immunity for actions taken at the behest of the U.S. government.;;Foreign Intelligence Surveillence Act (of) (1978) Amendments (Act) (of) (2008)
;;One of these compounds forms an intermediate in the McMurry Reaction.  A cyclic iodonium ion is the first intermediate in both the Woodward and Prevost Reactions, which yield the syn and anti versions of these compounds, respectively.  These compounds form ketones in the Pinacol Rearrangement, and osmium-based catalysts are used both the Upjohn and Sharpless Dihydroxylations that make these compounds.  For 10 points, identify this class of molecules characterized by the presence of two -OH groups.;;diols|dialcohols|glycols
;;This city's most affluent neighborhood is Oyster Bay, which is located near Ali Hassan Mwinyi Road.  German administration established major transportation links, including the Bagamoyo and Morogoro Roads  to other regions in its country.  Losing its official status in 1996 to an inland city, most of its nation's government offices and foreign embassies are still located in its downtown core, but the U.S. embassy has been relocated to the suburban Msasani district following an 1998 event.  For 10 points, name this city, whose name translates as "Abode of Peace", the most populous city in Tanzania.;;Dar Es Salaam
;;This king was given the title manglavites while serving in the Varangian Guard of Michael IV, and on his way back to his home country he married Elizabeth, the daughter of Yaroslav the Wise of Kiev. His self-imposed exile was brought on by his loss at the battle of Stiklestad, which saw the death of his half-brother St. Olaf.  Upon his return, he shared the throne for two years with his nephew Magnus the Good.  Having failed to wrest Denmark from Svein Estridsen, he turned his attention to England, where he earned the fealty of Tostig, alongside whom he would soon die.  For 10 points, name this Norwegian king killed by the army of Harold Godwinson at Stamford Bridge.;;Harald III (Sigurdsson)|Harald Hardraade|Harold the Ruthless
;;One character in this play notes that she "never travel[s] without [her] diary" because "one should always have something sensational to read in the train".  Another character notes that only vegetarians go without their dinner while fighting over some muffins, and attempts to explain the rules of "Bunburying" before telling his Aunt Augusta that he "killed Bunbury this afternoon".  Confusion reigns when Cecily Cardew and Gwendolen Fairfax believe themselves to be engaged to the same man, who doesn't actually exist. Jack Worthing, left as a baby in a handbag at Victoria Station, is discovered to have the first name Gwendolen desires in a husband, for 10 points, in what Oscar Wilde play?.;;(The) Importance of Being Earnest
;;Charlie Secrist's last-second desperation shot prevented this man's Artesian Springs from winning back-to-back state championships.  This man once rejected an invitation to play in an NAIA national tournament because African-Americans were not allowed to play in it; the following year, Clarence Walker broke that tournament's color barrier playing for this man.  A snowstorm prevented this man from taking a head coaching job at Minnesota; he instead moved to a Pac-8 school and won his first national championship over Duke sixteen years later.  For 10 points, name this developer of the "Pyramid of Success", who won ten national championships in men's basketball at UCLA.;;(John) (Robert) Wooden
;;His former students founded theroot.com. After completing a doctorate at Cambridge, he published the seminal Signifying Monkey, which established his mix of new literary theory and contemporary folklore as a means of understanding literature, while a professor at Yale.  A 2006 PBS miniseries hosted by him discussed his ancestors, including an Irish King and the Yoruba people.  Unlike Anthony Appiah and Cornel West, he stayed at his current institution following a departmental dispute with Lawrence Summers. For 10 points, name this current Fletcher University Professor at Harvard University, one of the best known scholars in African-American studies.;;(Henry) (Louis) Gates(,) (Jr(.))
;;Its code of conduct forbids the sexual molestation of women and notes that "women should also avoid sexually molesting men"; despite this, in 1991 it began a campaign to assassinate popular female leaders in its home country.  Women make up eight of the nineteen spots on its Central Committee, including the Number 2.  The 1992 capture of founder Abimael Guzman, known as "Comrade Gonzalo", ended a decade-long guerrilla war marked by human rights abuses by both this group and the Garcia and Fujimori governments.  For 10 points, identify this Peruvian terrorist organization, a Communist group also at war with fellow guerrilla group Tupac Amaru.;;Shining Path|Sendero Luminoso
;;In Tongan myth, a man of this status was named Sisimattailaa and drowned when his wife convinced him to open a forbidden package.  In the Mahabharata, a man of this filial status was proclaimed King of Anga by his friend Duryodhana after surpassing Arjuna as the greatest warrior; he had been abandoned as a baby by his mother Kunti and was named Karna.  In Greek Mythology, a man of this status was born to Clymene, and was struck down by a thunderbolt after such feats as scorching Libya.  For 10 points, name this status held by Phaeton, who parlayed that status into driving his father's chariot, the quality of having as a father a certain kind of deity.;;son (of) (a) sun god
;;The Ohnesorge number divides the viscosity by the square root of the product of length, density, and this quantity; the Weber number is proportional to one over it.  The Lippman-Young equation states that the change in contact angle of a drop on a substrate is also proportional to one over this quantity.  Dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine and sodium dodecyl sulfate both reduce this quantity, which is a result of cohesive forces among molecules of liquid.  Often denoted with a lowercase gamma and expressed in newtons per meter, for 10 points, name this property of liquids which can be reduced by surfactants and allows small insects to walk on water.;;surface tension
;;One of this man's poems notes that "Twenty men crossing a bridge/into a village/are twenty men crossing twenty bridges/into twenty villages", and another claims that the "mules that angels ride come slowing down/the blazing passes, from beyond the sun".  In addition to "Metaphors of a Magnifico" and "Le Monocle de Mon Oncle", he admonishes the thin men of Haddam for not seeing as the title animal "walks around the feet of the women around [them]" and tells the reader to "Call the roller of big cigars" because "the only emperor" is the title character.  For 10 points, name this insurance salesman and American poet of "Thirteen Ways of Looking at a Blackbird" and "The Emperor of Ice Cream".;;(Wallace) Stevens
;;He redesigned the church building at St. Luke's Episcopal Church for his friend and biographer Louis Noble, and at his death he left uncompleted a series of paintings titled "The Cross in the World".  A mirage-like castle appears in the sky as an angel watches a boy push off in a boat in Youth, the second of four paintings in this man's "Voyage of Life" series.  Also known for such works as Expulsion from the Garden of Eden, this man taught Frederic Church and was memorialized in an Asher Durand painting which sees him talking with William Cullen Bryant.  For 10 points, name this painter of the "Course of Empire" series, the founder of the Hudson River School.;;(Thomas) Cole
;;In one of his last battles, this man failed to relieve the Duke of Berwick's siege of Philipsburg.  Although he never married, he may have fathered two children with the Countess Eleanor Batthiany.  He hired von Hildebrandt to build his palace at Schlosshof, though his summer residence at Belvedere may be better known.  After taking Carmagnola from the French during the War of the Grand Alliance, he continued to humiliate the French, teaming up with Marlborough at Lille, Oudenaarde, and Malplaquet during the War of the Spanish Succession.  For 10 points, name this victor over the Turks at Belgrade and Zenta, an Austrian military leader and Prince of a certain European region.;;(Prince) Eugene (of) Savoy
;;He works as a research assistant for the millionaire Robey, who is writing a book on the history of happiness. Clem Tambow claims that he wants to be king, but he just wants to settle down with mom and Georgie. He meets Mintouchian the divorce lawyer through Stella Chesney, with whom he feels much more comfortable making love. His support of Mimi Villars's abortion ends his suit for Lucy, and causes his brother Simon to become angry, since he's trying to pursue the rich Charlotte Magnus. He goes to Mexico to train an eagle, and affirms he's an American. For 10 points, name this titular Jewish hero whose adventures are described in a Saul Bellow novel.;;(The) (Adventures) (of) Augie March
;;Diisopropyl phosphofluoridate binds to the enzyme that breaks down this molecule by forming a covalent bond between the phosphorus and the hydroxyl oxygen of the serine residue of the active site, barring this molecule's entry. Its receptor has a 43K cytoplasmic protein and 5 subunits of 4 transmembrane segments, each with claw-like extracellular amino termini. The vasoline gap voltage clamp showed that it gates channels permeable to cesium, sodium, and less so to calcium. Antagonized by alpha-bungarotoxin, it is bound to nicotinic and muscarinic receptors.  FTP name this neurotransmitter of the neuromuscular junction synthesized from acetyl co-A.;;acetylcholine
;;His father torched Apollo's temple at Delphi after Apollo seduced his sister Coronis, leading to the birth of the great healer Asclepius.  According to the Iliad, his wife Dia was seduced by Zeus, a union that created Pirithous, although this man is more often considered Pirithous' father.  He was the first to shed kindred blood when he killed his father-in-law with burning coals, but when Zeus purified him and invited him to Olympus, this man proved he was not quite as skilled at seduction.  In an attempt to seduce Hera, he ended up impregnating a cloud to become the ancestor of the Centaurs.  For 10 points, name this man who, in punishment, remains bound to a fiery wheel in Tartarus.;;Ixion
;;During this nicknamed period, Herbert Warner's testimony led to a six-month prison sentence for Joseph Yenowsky, and Samuel Hagerman received an ovation from an assembled crowd after shooting George Goddard three times.  A bomb plot uncovered after a shipyard strike in Seattle and the declaration of martial law in Gary, Indiana fueled the paranoia, and it led to the founding of the American Legion.  It culminated in the deportation of 249 persons, including Alexander Berkman and Emma Goldman.  For 10 points, identify this period lasting from approximately 1917 to 1921, which saw mass irrational panic regarding the infiltration of Communism into American life.;;(First) Red Scare
;;One character created by this man used to own a hair-dressing parlor and barbecue stand, fights with a telephone operator over a long distance call from Roscoe, and berates a census taker for insisting that the "K" in "Alberta K. Johnson" must stand for something.  Another of his characters tries to divorce Isabel and marry Joyce, and among his comments from Paddy's Bar is that his "mama should have named [him] Job instead of Jesse B. Semple".  Also known for such poems as "I, Too, Sing America" and "Theme for English B", for 10 points, name this Harlem Renaissance figure who asks "What happens to a dream deferred?" and also wrote "The Weary Blues" and "The Negro Speaks of Rivers".;;(James) (Langston) Hughes
;;This process can produce a Talbot carpet with reconstructions at fractional multiples of the Talbot length.  This process produces the same results for conjugate arrangements, as stated by Babinet's principle.  In some situations the effects of this process can be approximated using a sum of Fresnel zones.  Structures formed by this process include the Arago or Poisson spot and the Airy disk.  The wave nature of electrons and light was established by observing this phenomenon in the Davisson-Germer and Young double-slit experiments, respectively.  For 10 points, name this bending of wavefronts as they pass near an obstacle.;;diffraction
;;A 1998 accord named after its capital will allow its legislature to call a referendum on independence after 2014 which is unlikely as long as the Future Together party remains in the majority.  The plurarity of its population is Kanak, while other groups predominate on the outlying Loyalty Islands.  Its major island, La Grande Terre, is home to most of its population as well as 1/4 of the world's nickel reserves.  For 10 points, name this Melanesian territory, which is a part of France but not an overseas department, with capital at Noumea.;;New Caledonia
;;In one episode in this novel, a bird's wing is suggested as an organ of propulsion and not of manipulation, and the hoarding of milk and apples is suggested as a duty on the part of the brainworkers. Muriel the goat can read and Moses the raven tells stories of Sugarcandy Mountain, getting a daily beer ration. Although Frederick of Pinchfield destroyed the windmill, Clover and Boxer decide to work harder to rebuild it, while the pigs extract eggs from the hens to pay for their liquor. FTP name this novel about Snowball and Napoleon, a metaphor for Stalinist Russia, by George Orwell.;;Animal Farm
;;This artist depicted the title figure under a tree and raking leaves in his Old Man in Warnemunde, one of several paintings of people in that city that also included Children in the Street and Three Girls at the Beach.  A man wearing a bow tie is the only figure in his Self Portrait with a Burning Cigarette, and a Madonna by this artist depicts a nude woman from the torso up, whose arms slowly blend into the background.  Better known may be his depiction of a redheaded female Vampyr, or his recollection of his sister Sophie's death in Death in the Sickroom.  For 10 points, name this Norwegian artist who depicted a distorted face on a bridge in The Scream.;;(Edvard) Munch
;;"Do not be carried away by all kinds of strange teaching" and "Obey your leaders and defer to them" are among the instructions given at the end of this work.  In this book, the author lacks the "time to tell of Gideon, Barak, Samson, JephthahDavid and Samuel", other than that they "did not receive what had been promised".  This book omits the customary introduction of the other epistles by its author, and claims that Jesus is a new priest "according to the order of Melchizedek", which is interpreted as an order replacing that of the Levites.  For 10 points, name this Pauline epistle to some generic Jews.;;(Letter)|(Epistle) (to) (the) Hebrews
;;This technique is used to show the inconsistency of lambda calculus by the Kleene-Rosser paradox. When it involves more than one function, the mutual variety of this process is utilized, as found in Prolog code. Efficiency considerations lead to the use of a stack-friendly variety of this technique known as the "tail" type of this process. Consisting of a base case, a division of the problem into smaller subsets to which the function applies, and a combining of the solutions to each individual part, it is utilized in functional languages like LISP. FTP name this programming technique that involves a function calling itself with a subset of the problem.;;recursion
;;This term denotes a Brazilian artistic movement whose greatest literary achievement may be the "Cannibal Manifesto" of Oswald de Andrade.  The destruction of a more famous movement of this name may have begun with a poem telling the reader to "Wring the necks of the deceitful swans"; that movement included the authors of such poetry collections as Fiat Lux and The Twilights of the Garden.  In addition to Jose Santos Chacono and Leopoldo Lugones, this movement was also associated with the author of Azul.  For 10 points, name this Latin American literary movement founded by Ruben Dario, which gave birth to later movements like ultraismo.;;modernismo
;;He first rose to international prominence in 2002 when he was appointed to the first of two stints as Minister of the Interior where he called for public financing of Muslim institutions to encourage integration.  In 2005, his statements about rioters in a suburb of the national capital were widely panned.  Economic and fiscal policies of his include reducing maximum tax rates, downsizing the national bureaucracy through attrition, and scrapping the 35 hour workweek.  For 10 points, name this member of the UMP, former finance minister, and former mayor and councillor of Neuilly-sur-Seine, who, in 2007, defeated Segolene Royal to become current President of France.;;(Nicholas) Sarkozy
;;He notes that the title theory cannot fully "explain distribution without the theory of prices" in "On the Concept of Social Value", and he had expounded on that work's definition of "methodological individualism" in the earlier Nature and Essence of Theoretical Economics.  He thought Leon Walras to be the greatest economist ever, and another work of his begins with a critique of Marx before predicting the downfall of the first title concept at the hands of intellectuals in Capitalism, Socialism, and Democracy.  For 10 points, name this Harvard economist, a nominal member of the Austrian school, probably best known for his studies of business cycles.;;(Joseph) (Alois) Schumpeter
;;Two equations giving the temperature dependence of this quantity in terms of three constants are the Kirchhoff relation and the Antoine equation.  Small values of this quantity can be measured by the Knudsen method of molecular effusion.  Another equation relates its logarithmic temperature dependence to the associated latent heat, and by definition its total value is equal to the sum of its values for pure components times the mole fraction of each component in an ideal solution, according to Raoult's law.  The Clausius-Clapeyron equation gives the temperature dependence of, FTP, this quantity which equals one atmosphere at the normal boiling point of a liquid.;;vapor pressure
;;One writer from this country wrote of a man who fears "Master Eric" and insists on hanging a bailiff even after he finds out that said bailiff has seven living children.  Another writer from this country told "An Immortal Story" and wrote of an old French chef's attempt to prepare the titular meal in "Babette's Feast".  The medieval history of this country was written by Saxo Grammaticus.  The best-known author from this country told of a character that tries to win a prince's love so as to gain an immortal soul, because otherwise after three hundred years she would turn into sea foam.  For 10 points, name this home country of Ludvig Holberg, Isak Dinesen, and Hans Christian Andersen.;;Denmark
;;Ephraim Bowen's account of this event refers to the non-existent Thomas Lindsey and Benjamin Dunn.  Aaron Briggs testified that he had been forced into taking part in this event, and John Mawney refused the offer of a gold belt buckle after saving William Dudingston's life.  Dudingston had been shot in a skirmish by either Joseph Bucklin or John Brown, this event's alleged mastermind.  It was a reaction to the seizure of the Fortune and the attempted capture of the Hannah.  While chasing the Hannah, the namesake ship ran aground at Namquid Point, near Providence.  For 10 points, name this 1772 "affair" in which a group of Rhode Islanders burned a British ship.;;Gaspee (Incident)|(Affair)
;;The secular and statistical varieties of this quantity can be obtained from the upsilon and tau components of proper motion relative to the local standard of rest.  An application of the mass-luminosity relationship to observations of visual binaries yields the dynamical version of this quantity.  While trying to measure this quantity for Eltana, James Bradley discovered the aberration of starlight.  It precedes main-sequence fitting and standard candles on the cosmic distance ladder, giving accurate results out to a few hundred light years.  A maximum baseline of 2 AU limits the trigonometric version of, FTP, this method for measuring astronomical distances using apparent shifts in position.;;parallax