;;Those trying to escape the influence of this group are known as the "night commuters," for their need to walk several miles to secure camps before sleeping in order to avoid abduction. Some of this group's initial recruits were veterans of Alice Lakwena's Holy Spirit Movement, while others seek greater power for the Acholi ethnic group of former president Tito Okello. Frequently supported by Sudan, and led by Joseph Kony, this group opposes current president Yoweri Museveni and seeks to establish a new government based on the Ten Commandments. For 10 points, name this group which operates bases in eastern DR Congo and northern Uganda and is accused of a series of war crimes stemming from its twenty-year insurrection.;;Lord's Resistance Army|LRA
;;The creation of this ballet so inspired the Paris Opera that rehearsals on La Jolie Fille de Gand were stopped so that it could be immediately performed. It was inspired by a reading of Heinrich Heine's De l'Allemagne and by one librettist's infatuation with Carlotta Grisi, who starred in its first performance. In this ballet, Berthe fears the spirits led by Queen Myrta, who force men to dance to death during the hours between midnight and dawn, and indeed, the exposure of one character's disguise by the jealous gamekeeper Hilarion leads Berthe's daughter to join those Wilis. A prince engaged to Bathilde disguises himself as Loys but is revealed as Albrecht, causing the death of the title peasant girl, in this ballet, which Marius Petipa revised after the original libretto by the Marquis de Saint-Georges and Theophile Gautier. For 10 points, identify this ballet with music by Adolphe Adam.;;Giselle
;;One character in this play tells of a dream in which he had killed hundreds of children while presiding over a ritual sacrifice. Another of its characters remembers working in an electronics store and only communicates through advertising jingles at its beginning. That character recalls his father Frank tearing up an image of the crucifixion, and under the influence of a placebo truth pill he recalls encountering his father at a pornographic film he attends with Jill Mason. While under hypnosis, a main character in this play remembers his childhood encounter with a rider on a beach and the time he bowed to Nugget. In this play, the seventeen year old Alan Strang reveals to the psychiatrist Martin Dysart his belief in the title god and his justification for blinding six horses. For 10 points, name this play by Peter Shaffer.;;Equus
;;This book's sixth chapter warns that "your body is the temple of the Holy Ghost" and that "ye are not your own." The first chapter of this book dismisses Jews who "require a sign" and Greeks who "seek after wisdom" and identifies its co-author as "Sosthenes our brother." This book's eleventh chapter is the basis for the oft-ignored rule that women must cover their heads while praying or proselytizing. Its passage "O death, where is thy sting? O grave, where is thy victory?" is often read at Easter, as this book contains the fullest enunciation of the doctrine of the "Resurrection of the Dead." This book declares that "when I became a man, I put away childish things" before noting that "we see through a glass, darkly." The thirteenth chapter of this book also ends a digression on the nature of love by stating that there is "faith, hope and love. But the greatest of these is love." For 10 points, name this Pauline epistle addressed to a Greek city.;;First Corinthians
;;The paramagnetic variant of this effect can be seen in BSCCO if it is under a weak magnetic field. In addition to the Wohlleben effect, this effect was first described in a set of equations relating the time derivative of the current to electric field and the curl of the current to magnetic field.  Applying Ampere's law to those equations yields another equation which relates the Laplacian of the magnetic field to the magnetic field multiplied by the reciprocal of a characteristic length, lambda.  In addition to being described by the London equations, this effect makes materials have a magnetic susceptibility of negative 1, making them perfectly diamagnetic. It can be observed by a magnet floating above a superconductor. For 10 points, name this effect where a superconductor expels all external magnetic fields.;;Meissner(-)Oschenfeld (effect)
;;This city is home to the Delavan Hotel, where Katrina Taylor is injured in a fire after falling in love with the Irish reporter Edward Daugherty in a work which opens by discussing the "Love Nest" murder-suicide of 1808. A history of this city is subtitled an "Improbable City of Political Wizards, Fearless Ethnics, Spectacular Aristocrats, Splendid Nobodies, and Underrated Scoundrels." One resident of this city is haunted by an incident in which he accidentally dropped and killed his son Gerald, and that character's son bowls a 299 at the beginning of one novel. Novels set in this city depict the deep influence of Patsy McCall's political machine and lawyer Marcus Gorman being drawn into the circle of the gangster Jack Diamond. Those novels portray members of the Phelan family and include Legs and Ironweed. For 10 points, name this New York setting of a William Kennedy cycle.;;Albany(,) (New) (York)
;;Via the Treaty of Perpetual Peace, this ruler's daughter became James IV's wife. He signed the favorable Magnus Intercursus, though later he forced Philip I of Castile to sign Malus Intercursus to this ruler's benefit. Like his predecessor, this husband of the eldest daughter of Elizabeth Woodville was bought off for 50,000 crown per year in the Treaty of Etaples. This man signed the Treaty of Medina Del Campo to marry his sons, but failed to complete many of the terms in that agreement. This paternal grandson of Catherine of Valois won at Stoke Field against the pretender Lambert Simnel, and later he defeated Perkin Warbeck. Creating the Star Chamber, this man's daughter-in-laws included Catherine of Aragon. For 10 points, name this victor at Bosworth Field and founder of the Tudor dynasty.;;Henry VII
;;One of these organisms was used in a study that looked at the transport of pathogens, indicator bacteria, and other particles from top-soil to the supply of drinking water. Seymour Benzer used various strains of one of these organisms to develop his "r-two system," and another type of them was the first organism to have its entire nucleotide sequence determined.  Both phosphorus-32 and sulfur-35 were used to label different parts of these organisms in a 1952 experiment that confirmed DNA as the genetic material, conducted by Hershey and Chase.  The T4 type of these organisms can be used as a biosorbent coupled with a bioluminescent ATP assay to detect and approximate the amount of E. coli. The most common type is the lambda, which reproduces via lysogeny. For 10 points, name these intracellular parasites which can reproduce via the lytic cycle, thus bursting their host bacteria.;;bacteriophages
;;In this work, Socrates notes that a ruler whose policies have immediate benefit but harm future generations is no better than a charioteer who only succeeds at his first race. Socrates earlier escapes charges that practicing philosophy is disgraceful for adults by claiming he shares the three necessary qualities of knowledge, good-will, and outspokenness with his accuser Callicles. The characters in this work agree that doing wrong and escaping punishment is the worst offense and that tyrants actually have little power because they do what they must. Socrates spends much of this debate arguing with the student Polus, and argues against living with unrestrained desires by using the metaphor of the leaky jar. Socrates also tells of a myth in which Zeus orders that souls be judged without their clothes, and labels its title character's profession as mere flattery. For 10 points, name this Plato work titled after a Sophist.;;Gorgias
;;One invasion of this country was prompted by the Papal Bull Laudabiliter, which established Papal supremacy over this area, and was proclaimed by Pope Adrian IV. This country saw the Desmond Rebellion supported by Papal troops. By the 1400s, only the area of this country called the Pale was in foreign control. Although not related to the War of the Grand Alliance, this country was also the location of the Battle of Kinsale in the Nine Year's War, whose aftermath saw the Flight of the Earls from here. The Viking Ragnall invaded this country, creating some of its earliest cities. During the Wars of the Three Kingdoms, Oliver Cromwell sacked its town of Wexford. The Glorious Revolution ended in this country with the Battle of the Boyne. For 10 points, name this home to the cities Limerick and Dublin.;;Ireland (accept) ire
;;The Jerabek antipode lies on this entity, as does the Kiepert antipode; both of the aforementioned antipodes also lend names to centers of namesake rectangular hyperbolae which also pass through special parts of this figure. The conical version of this entity deals with the midpoints and intersection points of the diagonals of a complete quadrangle. In a quadrilateral, these entities form a set named after Johnson. The trilinear coordinates for a characteristic of this entity are given as a triple ratio of the cosine of the pairwise differences of the angles. Feuerbach's Theorem states that this entity is tangent to four other similar figures, with three of those being excircles. The center of this figure is the midpoint of the orthocenter and the circumcenter of a triangle. For ten points, name this entity which passes through the midpoints of the segments formed by the orthocenter and the vertices, the feet of the altitudes and the midpoints of the sides, a famous circle in geometry.;;nine(-)point circle
;;In one story told by these people, a man tricks a ghost into carrying him before selling him as a goat. In one creation legend of these people, a woman uses five colored stones to repair the sky after defeating a flood monster and creating people from clay. A god of these people drinks an entire river but still dies of thirst during a race with the sun. One of their holidays celebrates the story of an old man's organizational ideas defeating a terrifying monster. One hero of these people ended a period of terrible heat on earth by shooting nine of the ten suns. One creator diety of these people is depicted as a hairy monster who breaks an egg and pushes apart the heavens and earth. For 10 points, name this mythology which includes the creator Pangu and in which the Three Immortals serve over the Jade Emperor.;;Chinese (mythology)
;;This composer used a pun on the word "celebration" to title his piece composed for a millennial in honor of Saints Cyril and Methodius, his Slavimo Slavno Slaveni! He composed the introduction and planned out a work that borrowed the "March of the Puritans" theme from Bellini's I puritani and collaborated with him, Chopin, Czerny, and others. In addition to the Hexameron, he set a Ferdinand Freiligrath poem to the third and most famous of his Liebestraum. His works for two pianos include his Concerto pathetique. He invented a genre which sought to separate concert overtures into a standalone form, examples of which include Prometheus, Orpheus, and Les preludes. This composer of a Piano Sonata in B minor also labeled his Bagatelle without tonality as his fourth Mephisto Waltz. For 10 points, name this composer who used the folk tunes of his homeland to write his nineteen Hungarian Rhapsodies.;;(Franz) Liszt
;;In one novel, this character's subordinate Pico Duarte employs Amabelle Desir, who spends her whole life searching for her lover Sebastien Onius. In another novel, this man lusts after Jackie and orders the arrest and torture of her father Abelard Cabral. In a poem, his mother dies while baking skull shaped cookies and he owns an Australian parrot which is "imitating spring." This antagonist of The Farming of Bones is referred to as "The Failed Cattle Thief," Darkseid, and Sauron by Yunior, the narrator of another novel in which he appears. The Julia Alvarez novel In the Time of the Butterflies describes this figure's murder of the Mirabal sisters, and his legacy is a focus of The Brief Wondrous Life of Oscar Wao. This man's assassination is portrayed in detail in a novel about Urania Cabral by Mario Vargas Llosa. For 10 points, name this subject of The Feast of the Goat and Rita Dove's poem "Parsley," a Dominican dictator.;;(Rafael) (Leonidas) Trujillo
;;The Wild Azalea trail is the longest trail in this state, which unusually only has direct jurisdiction over 3 miles of offshore continental shelf instead of the 9 miles of other states. Its extreme northwest contains part of the oil-producing Caddo Lake as well as the town of Plain Dealing. Several unusually high, grassy hills in the south of this state, including Jefferson, Cote Blanche, and Avery Island, are formed by salt domes and this state also shares half of Sabine Pass with its western neighbor. Other major lakes in this state include Salvador, Calcaseu, and Maurepas while this state also contains the remnants of the Chandaleur Islands and the mouth of the Atchafalaya River. For 10 points, identify this state which includes university cities like Monroe and Lafayette, as well as a city on Lake Ponchitrain.;;Louisiana
;;One section of this work includes an anecdote about a general whose recreational jeep ride is interrupted by a military policeman until he dons his hat. This work also includes an extract from William Sansom's novel A Contest of Ladies about a man named Preedy who goes to the beach and reads a Spanish translation of Homer. This work envisions a "basic social coin" with awe on one side and shame on the other in discussing "mystification." This work divides "secrets" into classes like "inside," "strategic," and "dark," and it labels groups of collaborators with inside knowledge as "teams." This work's first chapter discusses the importance of using "idealization" in shaping the "front," and it distinguishes between the rigid "front stage" and the looser "back stage." For 10 points, name this work, which uses an extended theater analogy to present a dramaturgical approach to human action, written by Erving Goffman.;;(The) Presentation of Self in Everyday Life
;;This artist depicted three sisters playing cards in his painting Hearts are Trump, while another of his paintings depicts his grandson holding a bowl and looking up at the title objects. In addition to Bubbles, he also created illustrations for Christopher Smart's The Parables of Our Lord and for several novels by Anthony Trollope. This creator of The Order of Release also painted a double rainbow and a woman with an accordion in one work, while another of his paintings sees four girls collecting the title objects in a basket; those works are The Blind Girl and Autumn Leaves. This painter is most famous for a controversial depiction of stigmata on a young boy in a carpenter's shop and for his portrayal of the actress Elizabeth Siddal as a drowned character from Hamlet. For 10 points, name this member of the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood who painted Christ in the House of His Parents and Ophelia.;;(John) (Everett) Millais
;;This author included an adaptation of Aesop's fable about the country mouse and the city mouse in one of his satires. One of his most common subjects was life on his "Sabine farm," which was awarded to him through his friendship to Maecenas. In a poem that opens by describing the melting of snow, he wrote that "we are but dust and shadow," although he ended an earlier work by commenting that through his writing he had made a monument more lasting than bronze. In a work sometimes called "The Epistle to the Pisones," he coined the term "In medias res." In a work addressed to Lollius he wrote that brave men lived before Agamemnon, and another of his poems proclaims "Dulce et decorum est pro patria mori." For 10 points, name this Roman author of Ars Poetica and three books of odes.;;Horace|(Quintus) Horatius (Flaccus)
;;One analogue of this equation can be derived by adding a term for surface tension to the additivity rule for bulk phases and then differentiating. When applied to a solution, this equation yields a relationship between the natural logarithms of the activities of the solvent and solute. The general form of this equation sets the central sum over all components of a system equal to negative differential temperature times entropy plus differential pressure times volume. For systems of constant temperature and pressure, it relates changes in chemical potential with changes in composition. For 10 points, name this doubly-eponymous equation which is used to derive one of its namesake's phase rule.;;Gibbs(-)Duhem (Equation)
;;One leader of this tribe was nicknamed "Red Sleeves" and was defeated by James Carleton's California Column at a namesake pass during the Civil War. Under Stripped Arrows, a group of this tribe's Jicarilla branch defeated John Davidson at the Battle of Cieneguilla, the first battle in a war sparked by the Bascom Affair. Over a hundred members of the Pinal and Aravaipa branches of this tribe were massacred in cold blood in the Camp Grant Massacre. Although he had defeated this tribe's leader Cochise in 1872, George Crook was accused of being too lenient and replaced by Nelson Miles to subdue a new rebellion of their Chiricahua branch in 1886. That uprising ended when Miles exiled Geronimo to Fort Pickens, Florida. For 10 points, name this Western Native American tribe.;;Apache
;;Vasari tells of how Ottaviano de' Medici commissioned this artist to make a forgery of a Raphael picture of Pope Leo to send to the Duke of Mantua. One of the many works he signed with interlacing X's is a version of the Sacrifice of Isaac he painted for Francis I. He had a lifelong relationship with the Chiostro dello Scalzo, painting for it a series of gray monochrome frescoes depicting the life of St. John the Baptist. In his most famous painting, the Latin inscription of a hymn to Our Lady of the Assumption can be read on a hexagonal pedestal below the first three letters of each of his names. On the left of that work, he painted a gray-clad St. Francis holding a cross and on the right St. John wears a bright red robe and holds a book open. The central figure of that work also holds a book as her legs are grabbed by putti. For 10 points, name this "faultless" Renaissance painter of Madonna of the Harpies.;;(Andrea) (del) Sarto
;;One of this author's works contains a story within a story about, "The Kidney-Shaped Stone that Moves Every Day." This author of "The Year of Spaghetti" described an illustrator whose clothes-obsessed wife dies in "Tony Takitani," which appears in Blind Willow, Sleeping Woman. He wrote about a missed connection between separated childhood sweethearts in "On Seeing the 100% Perfect Girl One Beautiful April Morning." Another work sees a newly married couple experience intense hunger pangs in the middle of the night, leading them to hold up a McDonald's. In addition to "The Second Bakery Attack" and "UFO in Kushiro," he wrote about the title character's defeat of Worm and prevention of an earthquake in "Super-Frog Saves Tokyo," which appears in after the quake. For 10 points, identify this author of the collection The Elephant Vanishes and The Windup Bird Chronicle.;;(Haruki) Murakami
;;Agenesis of this structure during fetal development leads to eversion of the cingulate gyrus and the formation of Probst bundles. It contains both heterotopic and homotopic connections, and diffusion tensor imaging has been used to identify regions including the rostrum, genu, and splenium. This structure is not found in either marsupials or monotremes; in humans it is important for bimanual motor coordination. Gazzaniga and Sperry studied the effects of damage to it, which it can lead to disconnection syndrome or alien hand syndrome. The condition caused by completely severing the axons in this structure is called "split brain," and it is bisected as a last resort to treat patients with severe multifocal epilepsy. For 10 points, identify this structure, the brain's largest white matter tract, which connects the left and right cerebral hemispheres.;;corpus callosum
;;This work ends at a nudist beach where the lovers Jan and Edwidge share their interpretations of the story of Daphnis and Chloe. One recurring character in this novel has sex with Hugo in an effort to retrieve some notebooks and ends up on an island where she drowns trying to escape from some abusive children. In two autobiographical sections from this work, the author remembers discussing Beethoven's sonata's with his father and writing a horrible horoscope for a newspaper editor. A discussion of Ionesco's The Rhinoceros is included in the first of the two stories titled "The Angels" in this book, and it also includes two stories titled "Lost Letters." Most of the seven stories in this novel are concerned with the lives of characters like Tamina, Madame Raphael, and Mirek in Soviet occupied Prague. For 10 points, name this novel by Milan Kundera.;;(The) Book of Laughter and Forgetting|Kniha smichu a zapomneni
;;This man was the dedicatee and first conductor of Tchaikovsky's symphonic poem "Fatum." The second movement of his second symphony is played close to the fast tempo of the first movement and begins with a snare drum roll, and that symphony was supposedly completed in just weeks. After Gavriil Lomakin resigned as the director of the Free School of Music, this man, the inspiration behind the school's existence, took his place. This man also composed a piece which describes an evil princess who lures travellers to a castle on the river Terek before killing them and throwing them in the river, his tone poem Tamara. For 10 points, name this composer most famous for a work based on three themes from the Caucasus, an extremely difficult "Oriental Fantasy" called Islamey and the leader of the Mighty Handful.;;(Mily) Balakirev
;;The adoption of this person's metaphysics by Alexander Bogdanov led Vladimir Lenin to write a chapter in Materialism and Empirico-Criticism accusing this philosopher and Richard Avenarius of being solipsists. His anti-atomism was rooted in a skepticism about unobservable entities, while his general philosophy of science proposed that theories develop from a human drive toward economy. The strict empiricism exhibited in his history of physics, The Science of Mechanics, was extended to giving sense-perception the sole role in driving science in his The Analysis of Sensations. His empiricist approach influenced the formation of the Vienna Circle, which was formally known as this man's "society." For 10 points, name this philosopher, who also worked as a psychologist, explaining an optical illusion known as his "bands," and a physicist, doing work on the speed of sound that included defining his "number.".;;(Ernst) Mach
;;This artist used a green background for his painting Crab on its Back. He painted a pale man in white crouching next to a green table with a pitcher on it in another work. This artist of The Drinkers painted a blazing sun in the upper right of a painting in which a group of blue clad laborers work a field next to a river. He painted a small fire to the right of a blue clad old man who sits in a wooden chair clutching his head in his hands. This artist of The Red Vinyard and At Eternity's Gate painted a residence he shared with Paul Gauguin in The Yellow House. Series painted by this man include one of wheat fields and one of the Roulin family, and he painted a room dominated by a billiards table while living in Arles. For 10 points, name this post-Impressionist painter of The Night Cafe who painted the village of San Remy under a swirling sky in Starry Night.;;(Vincent) van Gogh
;;In one work by this man, Fritz wins a great victory by shooting 300,000 wine bottles out of cannons and getting the enemy drunk after the title character sings the "Sabre Song" and promotes him to general. He used the Lysistrata as the basis for The Happiest Girl in the World. In his aria "J'ai des yeux," a magician declares his love for Olympia after watching the inventor Spalanzani wind her up in "The Doll Song." In another of his works, the Brazillian millionaire Pompa di Matadores and the Swedish noble the Baron de Gondremarck experience the frenetic nightlife of the title city. Saint-Saens borrowed the part of the tortoise in Carnival of the Animals from the "Galop" written by this composer of La Vie Parisienne, who included a "Barcarolle" in an opera which adapts the story "The Sandman." For 10 points, name this composer of The Tales of Hoffman and Orpheus in the Underworld.;;(Jacques) Offenbach
;;One of this author's plays concerns the war between Ostnia and Westland, fictional countries that served as settings for two of his earlier works. In one of those plays, Alan Norman visits Paradise Park and the Ninevah Hotel after being chosen by lottery to search for the missing heir Sir Francis Crewe. He also wrote of Mr. A and Mrs. A who listen to the radio and comment on the death of the adventurer Michael Ransom. The title character of a novel written by this man is blackmailed by his assistant Schmidt and reveals to the narrator William Bradshaw that he is a spy for the French. A collection by this author includes the landlady Fraulein Schroeder and the decadent dancer Sally Bowles, whose story inspired the film Cabaret. For 10 points, name this author whose Mr. Norris Changes Trains is often included in The Berlin Stories, and who collaborated with his partner W.H. Auden on The Dog Beneath the Skin and The Ascent of F6.;;(Christopher) Isherwood (accept) (Wystan) (Hugh) Auden (until) (novel)
;;This city was the site of a feud between Dunash ben Labrat and Menahem ben Sharuk, who compiled the first dictionary of Hebrew and Aramaic and pioneered work on Hebrew grammar. One resident of this city carried out the Khazar Correspondence with Joseph ben Aaron, and that man was the minister Hasdai Ibn Shaprut who controlled much of its day to day business in the 10th century. This city's synagogue became a rabies hospital and contains a statue of Maimonides, who was born here. Because it was originally constructed as the Visigothic Church of St. Steven, its Aljama Mosque mosque faces south instead of towards Mecca. That mosque is known simply as the Mezquita and was begun by Abd ar-Rahman I, who founded the Umayyad branch that ruled this city until it dissolved and was sacked by Almoravids. For 10 points, name this Andalusian city.;;Cordoba
;;In one work, this man showed the divergence of the asymptotic series of log z! [z factorial] proposed by James Stirling and Abraham de Moivre, the latter of which may have tutored him. Although he used the pseudonym John Noon to publish his non-mathematical Divine Benevolence, he is more famous for a work that was published after his death thanks to the efforts of his friend Richard Price. In 1736, he published an attack on George Berkeley's The Analyst entitled An Introduction to the Doctrine of Fluxions. George Boole criticized his Essay Towards Solving a Problem in the Doctrine of Chances, which introduced his best known concept and laid the groundwork for his namesake probability. For 10 points, name this British mathematician whose namesake theorem states that the probability of event A given event B is equal to the probability of B given A times the probability of B divided by the probability of A.;;(Thomas) Bayes
;;Late in this ruler's career, he was targeted by a failed plot led by Kaulza de Arraiga as well as an uprising that formed in Obidos and was led by Vitor Alves and Vasco Lourenco, the Movimento dos Capitaes. One event during his tenure was the assassination of Amilar Cabral, the leader of the PAIGC, and the subsequent granting of independence to Guinea-Bissau. He dealt with the increasing power of president Americo Tomas, and, though he legalized opposition parties, he was unable to enact any real liberalizing reforms. His eventual successor, Antonio de Spinola, whom had earlier been dispatched to Angola, came to power after a relatively bloodless coup on April 25th, 1974; that event was known as the Carnation Revolution. For 10 points, name this last rule of Portugal's Estado Novo, the successor of Antonio Salazar.;;(Marcelo) Caetano
;;One exhibit on this island contains Warhol's versions of The Brooch, Madonna, and The Scream, and is located in the The Louisiana Museum of Modern Art. Another attraction in this location is a palace designed by J. C. Krieger, which was seldom used for a time after Juliane Marie's death, but is now often home to its country's royal family. This island is located to the west of Mns, which is home to a group of large white cliffs. One of the world's largest suspension bridges connects it to the island of Funen by a bridge across the Great Belt, and it is connected to Skane and nearby Malmo through a route passing through Amager, the Oresund Bridge. To its north lies the Kattegat, and to its east lie the Koge and Fakse Bays, both part of the Baltic Sea. For 10 points, name this Danish island which contains the majority of Denmark's capital, Copenhagen.;;Zealand
;;One thinker with this surname inspired Geoffrey Leech by listing "Don't Impose," "Give Options," and "Make your receiver feel good" as three maxims of politeness in the book The Logic of Politeness. That thinker with this surname also examined political correctness in The Language War and identified ten features of women's language in her pioneering Language and Woman's Place. Another thinker with this surname collaborated with Rafael Nunez on a book which claims that human beings have an innate conception of quantity and use the title field in analogical ways. That author's collaboration with Mark Johnson examines phrases like "time is money" to argue that figures of speech are tied into the way we understand language. For 10 points, name the surname that the linguist Robin shares with her ex-husband George, the author of Where Mathematics Comes From and Metaphors We Live By.;;Lakoff
;;In this poem's final stanza, the narrator claims "we descend upon you and all things" and addresses them as "you dumb, beautiful ministers! you novices!" This poem's briefest section concludes "Whatever it is, it avails not- distance avails not, and place avails not" after asking "What is the count of the scores or hundreds of years between us?" One version of this poem was titled "Sun-Down Poem," and its narrator opens five consecutive lines with the phrase "just as you" in comparing himself to the "Crowds of men and women attired in the usual costumes." The narrator is "face to face" with the "clouds of the west" and the "sun there half an hour high," and opens this twelve stanza poem with the exclamation "Flood-tide below me!" For 10 points, name this Walt Whitman poem whose narrator sees the "shipping of Manhattan north and west, and the heights of Brooklyn to the south and east.".;;Crossing Brooklyn Ferry
;;This politician was attacked for calling the Indian Dadabhai Naoroji "black" and insinuating he couldn't lead. He passed the Naval Defense act, ending the Dark Ages of the Victorian navy and leading to the Two-Power standard. He sent peaceful overtures toward Bismarck and Germany, but resigned following Disraeli's adoption of Liberal reform ideals in the 1867 Reform Act. During this Prime Minister's tenure, the French Major Marchand was stopped by British boats by the winner at Omdurman. In addition to Kitchner starting the Fashoda Crisis, this man's tenure saw a Siege at Ladysmith followed by the Treaty of Vereeniging in the Boer War. He rejoined Disraeli and was Foreign Secretary under him at the Congress of Berlin. For 10 points, name this Conservative Prime Minister who was succeeded by his nephew Arthur Balfour, the First British Prime Minister of the 20th century.;;(Lord) Salisbury (accept) (Lord) Robert (Arthur) (Talbot) Gascoyne(-)Cecil(;) (accept) 3rd Marquess of Salisbury(;) (accept) Viscount Cranborne
;;One poem in this collection ends with a cry to "you who are silent!" and is addressed to a creature who buzzes "in my soul, drunk with honey." Its final poem accuses "You swallowed everything" and uses shipwreck imagery in discussing "the spell that blazed like a lighthouse" and the "turbulent drunkenness of love." It contains "The White Bee," and the most popular English translation of it was completed by W.S. Merwin. Another of its poems posits the sentence "The night is starry and the stars are blue and shiver in the distance" as an example of "the saddest lines." This collection contains poems that celebrate being "Drunk with Pines" and the "Vastness of Pines," as well as the poem "Tonight I Can Write." Its first poem notes "you look like a world, lying in surrender" after addressing the "white hills, white thighs" of the title "Body of a Woman." For 10 points, name this collection of twenty-one poems by Pablo Neruda.;;Twenty Love Poems and a Song of Despair|Veinte poemas de amor y una cancion desesperada
;;Attempts to do this occurred as early as 1907's case about a perjuring banker, Twinning v. New Jersey, which addressed the same issue of a state prosecutor commenting on a defendant's failure to testify as another close defeat for this cause, 1947's Adamson v. California. In Adamson, the Court relied upon Cardozo's opinion on when to do this action, formulated in a case about double jeopardy arising out of Connecticut in 1937, which failed to prevent the execution of Frank Palko. Near v. Minnesota for freedom of the press, Gitlow v. New York for freedom of speech, and Mapp v. Ohio for the exclusionary rule all performed this action, which was done for the Second Amendment in 2010's McDonald v. Chicago. For 10 points, identify this process of the Supreme Court declaring that portions of the Bill of Rights apply to state governments.;;incorporation
;;This god turned the intrusive Agraulos to stone for easier access to her sister Herse, and he laid a trap so he could catch and rape the swift Cretan princess Apemosyne. He's not Poseidon, but this deity turned Battos to stone and Hierax into a hawk for tattling on two of his exploits. In one story, this deity wins back the sinews of Zeus from Typhon, and he kills the giant Hippolytos with a golden sword. This god is robbed by Arabs in one of Aesop's fables. He was honored by namesake rectangular sculptures topped with his head and usually placed at crossings and boundaries. This god's most sacred ground was the place of his birth, Mt. Kyllene, and along with Zeus he rewarded Philemon and Bauchis for their hospitality. As a child, this god crafted the first lyre after stealing Apollo's cattle. For 10 points, name this owner of the caduceus and some winged sandals, the Greek messenger god.;;Hermes
;;One variant of this process used for volatile compounds involves spraying a solution into a chamber counter to the flow of a gas. It is not chromatography, but a process which uses an intermediate adsorption stage is known as its thin layer version. Common graphs seen in their design include triangular phase diagrams, shaped either with a 90 degree angle between the axes or as an equilateral triangle. When determining the number of stages needed in this process a key step is the construction of a "delta point," and one of the exit streams is called the raffinate. When carried out in a lab, this process generally involves repeated shaking and venting of the glass container. For 10 points, name this process in which an immiscible solvent is added to a system in order to separate one component from another based on solubility.;;extraction
;;One ballet by this composer is noted for a pizzicato during its third act, which is set in a temple of Diana and features that goddess repealing a decree that forbade two lovers from being together, much to the chagrin of Orion, who lusted after the same woman that had earlier wounded Aminta with an arrow. In another ballet, based on the stories of ETA Hoffman, Franz dumps his beloved Swanhilde because of his infatuation with a full-size doll. In addition to Sylvia and Coppelia, he is known for an opera based on a Pierre Loli novel in which Gerald, a member of the British army, is wounded by Nilakantha after she reveals his identity by singing the Bell Song. Nilakantha is mother of the woman he loves; that woman had earlier sung the Flower Duet with her maid, Mallika. For 10 points, name this composer of Lakme.;;(Leo) Delibes
;;This poem proclaims "All dreams are vexing" after saying that they are "our dependent heirs  and not / The oncoming fantasies of better birth." The four daughters of the main character are compared to "blithe instruments / Of differing struts" and "mirrors blue / That should be silver" in its sixth and final section, "And Daughters with Curls," which begins by describing a "Portentous emanation." The question "What can all this matter since / The relation comes, benignly, to its end?" appears before its final, one line stanza, "So may the relation of each man be clipped." It tells of a voyage from Bordeaux to the Yucatan to Carolina undertaken by Crisipin.  For 10 points, name the last poem written for the collection Harmonium by Wallace Stevens.;;(The) Comedian as the Letter C
;;One section of this work examines how those in ancient times shaped their lives to aesthetically match certain goals and norms, terming this the "arts of existence." This work labels the methods that a state uses to measure and control its population in the modern age as "bio-power." Only the first three of its planned six volumes were published, the second and third being studies of ancient Greek and Roman life respectively. Its first volume is an introduction which examines the way the Catholic ritual of confession was implemented in order to unbalance a power relationship by creating endless dialogue about the title subject. This work fervently attacks the "repressive hypothesis," arguing in its volumes The Care of the Self, The Use of Pleasure and The Will to Knowledge that "regime of power-knowledge-pleasure" has remained in constant discourse for the last several centuries. For 10 points, name this work of Michel Foucault.;;(The) History of Sexuality|Histoire de la sexualite
;;This author describes a process by which "a mind manages to impregnate another mind" in a poem that states "no debauchery compares with thinking." Another poem mentions "dogs with their tails unclipped" and "the hell of chaos" in a long list of things the speaker prefers. More poems by this author of "On the Question of Pornography" and "Possibilities" note that "after every war/someone has to clean up" and that "one Hiroshige Utagawa" stopped time and stymied a "strange planet and strange people on it." This poet described "the youth that builds Nowa Huta" and "Lenin" in her inaugural collection That's Why We Are Alive, and also authored "People on the Bridge," Salt and Calling Out to Yeti. For 10 points, identify this existential and ironic Polish poet who won the Nobel in 1996.;;(Wislawa) Szymborska
;;This artist's last painting depicts several watermelons, one of which is inscribed with the artist's date and place of death and the painting's title. In addition to Long Live Life, this artist reflected on the main events of her life, including her move to New York City, by depicting several objects in a bathtub in What the Water Gave Me. This painter of My Dress Hangs There also depicted the title animal with a human face in one work, while another of her paintings depicts a woman who is pierced by several nails and who has her spine replaced with the title object. Those self-portraits, The Little Deer and The Broken Column, are not as famous as her other self-portraits, such as a depiction of two versions of herself connected by a blood vein, and her self-portraits "with cropped hair" and "with monkeys." For 10 points, name this unibrowed-Mexican artist, the wife of Diego Rivera.;;(Magdalena) (Carmen) (Frida) Kahlo (Calderon)
;;One of this party's candidates for Boston mayor commissioned the writing of the song "Charlie on the MTA" and was fined ten dollars for his only apparent campaign activity, which was driving around Boston in a van blasting the song from a loudspeaker. A national candidate for this party ran shortly after ending her forty-year tenure as editor of the California Eagle and was the first black woman nominated for a national elected office, Charlotta Bass. Perhaps the greatest electoral successes of a party by this name came earlier, in California, where Hiram Johnson was elected governor and then Senator on its banner. A Presidential nominee of this party wrote Where I Was Wrong to refute his earlier pro-Soviet stance and served as editor of The New Republic, while another had risen to prominence on the "Wisconsin idea." For 10 points, name this party which, in various incarnations, nominated Henry Wallace, Robert LaFollette, and Teddy Roosevelt in his "Bull Moose" period.;;Progressive (Party)
;;The narrator of this novel notes that his mother was willing to use up the house's fuse wire to make Advent wreaths. One character is taught how to bet on races by Wardley-Fish after spending time with Reverend Stratton. Another character grows tired of living on a farm with her parents, plays cards with her adviser Mr. d'Abbs, and is barred access to a business she owns by her male employees, who prefer to deal with Reverend Hassett. It is revealed that Miriam Chadwick, the true great-grandmother of the narrator, marries the ill first title character after he is led astray to Boat Harbour, preventing him from fulfilling a wager made with the other title character aboard a ship to transport a glass church to Bellingen in New South Wales. For 10 points, name this Booker-winning novel by Peter Carey.;;Oscar and Lucinda
;;This composer's song "The Caterpillar" uses lyrics from his patron Francis Money-Coutts. He included such movements as "On the Beach" and "Rumors of the Cove" in one of his suites, while another of his works was inspired by the plains around an ancient castle. In addition to Travel Memories and La Vega, he also failed to complete his piece "Mosaics" before he died due to complications with Bright's Disease. The swinging sensation in his "Sous de Palmes" is meant to coincide with a Gypsy dance, while another of this composer's pieces is meant to depict the busy port at Cadiz. Joaquim Malats's interpretation of this composer's piece Triana greatly influenced the third book of his best known work, whose opening piece includes elements of northern jotas and is entitled Evocacion. That work also includes a piece inspired by the festivities of Corpus Christi in Seville. For 10 points, name this Spanish composer of the piano suite Iberia.;;(Issac) Albeniz
;;The demoness Surpanakha had her nose and ears cut off as punishment for attacking this figure. This woman raised the twins Lava and Kusha alone after gossip among the citizens of Ayodhya drove her husband to cast her out. That husband won the right to marry her after he was the only man to successfully lift Shiva's bow. This princess of Mithila was the adopted daughter of Janaka, who found her in a furrow while plowing a field. She entered a burning pyre to prove her purity, after she voluntarily accompanied her husband and Lakshmana in a fourteen year exile. She once asked her husband to catch a golden deer which turned out to be Maricha in disguise. Subsequently, Hanuman jumped across the ocean to find her, and a bridge to Lanka was built to rescue, for 10 points, which figure kidnapped by Ravana, the wife of Rama.;;Sita
;;Tumors originating from one type of these cells are identified by perivascular rosettes, and HIV-1's Tat protein can increase expression of the JC virus genome in these cells. One subtype is marked by enlarged processes and eosinophilic cytoplasm. Members of another subtype of these cells are functionally influenced by a namesake fibrillary acidic protein, and are called gemistocytes. Other groups include those which secrete a thick protein-rich fluid, known as ependymal cells. Some of these cells direct the migration of neurons, while others tightly regulate which compounds diffuse into the brain from blood vessels. One type synthesizes growth factors following Wallerian degeneration and wraps its cell membrane multiple times around portions of adjacent cells, forming a myelin sheath. Including astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and Schwann cells, for 10 points, are which components of neural tissue that support and nourish neurons?.;;neuroglia (accept) neuroglial cells
;;This nation saw a massacre at the Hornet Bank, and, during the Burrangong Affair, saw the ethnic Lambing Flat Riots. One rebellion in this nation featured a meeting at Bakery Hill and led to the creation of a namesake flag designed by Henry Ross that consisted of a gold cross upon a blue background; a battle during that uprising saw the forces of J.W. Thomas defeat the efforts of Peter Lalor. In another rebellion in this nation, George Johnston and John Macarthur forced a territorial governor to leave aboard the Porpoise, and they maintained control until the arrival of Lachlan Macquarie. Upon obtaining status as a confederation in 1901, its first prime minister, Edmund Barton, issued an immigration restriction act aimed mainly at stopping the influx of people from China. For 10 points, name this site of the Eureka Stockade and the Rum Rebellion.;;Australia
;;The footnotes to this essay convey the author's disappointment that a question by "the wise and acute" Count von Windischgratz was never answered. It notes that with regards to conquered enemies, the chief difference between European and American savages was that the latter dined on them. Less "outdated" views presented in this essay included the distinction between a "form of sovereignty" and "form of government," which together comprise civitas and which are further developed in the two supplements and two appendices to this work. Modern debate on this work conjectures whether or not its author intended to discuss universal male suffrage as a means to its end. Containing six preliminary and three definitive articles on the title subject, this essay subtitled "A Philosophical Sketch" discusses "world citizenship" of members of "republican states" giving rise to hospitality, and thus the title concept. For 10 points, identify this work which sparked democratic peace theory, written by Immanuel Kant.;;Perpetual Peace(:) (A) (Philosophical) (Sketch)|Zum ewigen Frieden(:) (Ein) (philosophischer) (Entwurf)
;;TNF-alpha may contribute to the cerebral type of this disease as a result of up-regulation of ICAM-1. Deficiency of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase increases resistance to this disease, as do certain thalassemias. It causes the membranes of certain cells to become porous seconds before making them burst. Humans who are Duffy blood group negative are protected from one agent causing this disease that lacks redundancy in invasion pathways, P. vivax. Affected cells become deformed easily, leading to an outward diffusion of potassium that makes those cells less hospitable for P. falciparum in humans who are heterozygous for hemoglobin S. That heterozygosity, which also allows the spleen to preferentially destroy infected red blood cells, is sickle cell anemia. For 10 points, name this disease commonly treated with quinine which is caused by Plasmodium and transmitted by the Anopheles mosquito.;;malaria
;;The first ruler of this dynasty instituted a urine tax on public toilets, and weathered a conspiracy against him by Epirius Marcellus and Aulus Caecina, but that conspiracy is now considered propaganda. The rulers of this dynasty made the facade of the Senate obsolete while sponsoring Rabirius the historians Pliny the Elder and Josephus. They also undertook the conquest of Britian under Agricola, but more famously restored the Temple to Jupiter on Capitoline Hill. They also built a Temple to commemorate the second ruler's sack of Jerusalem, and built the Coliseum. The final ruler of this dynasty failed to conquer Dacia while the first ruler was victorious during the Year of the Four Emperors. For 10 points, name this dynasty consisting of Titus, Domitian, and its founder Vespasian.;;Flavian (dynasty)
;;This novel ends with its heroine crying and the narrator worrying of her tears that "these were not the last she was destined to shed." That character is interviewed by the young journalist Matthias Pardon and is courted by Henry Burrage. In the climactic scene of this novel, its protagonist decides against giving a much anticipated speech at the Music Hall. The hardworking Dr. Prance is contrasted with the heroine's father, the mesmerist quack Dr. Selah Tarrant. That heroine is immediately accepted into this novel's central social circle after delivering an enthralling address at a gathering hosted by the septuagenarian Mrs. Birdseye. In this novel, Verena Tarrant is groomed by Olive Chancellor to be a spokesperson for the feminist movement, but runs away with the lawyer Basil Ransom. For 10 points, name this Henry James novel named for the residents of a New England city.;;(The) Bostonians
;;This phenomenon can be treated as a matter field, which leads to the Isaacson tensor. Inspirals can form from this phenomenon and binary stars show this strongly. One failed attempt to detect this phenomenon was the Weber bar, which was a solid bar of metal, though that has been improved into the MiniGRAIL. It has been indirectly detected in the decreasing orbital period of the Hulse-Taylor binary pulsar. One experiment uses 3 satellites to create an equilateral triangle with sides of 5 million kilometers long. In addition to LISA, another attempt features an interferometer arm of 3,002 kilometers in the LIGO experiment. For 10 points, name this phenomenon that is energy released from objects with mass.;;gravity (waves) (accept) gravitational (waves)
;;One part of this work argues that although wisdom could not have been created before heaven and earth according to time, it is possible that it did precede them in dignity. That same section extends Augustine's argument of simultaneous creation to include the Angels and time itself. Another part of this work says that woman was created from man's rib to show how they were meant to exist side by side, and neither as the inferior of the other, while also saying that woman's soul is separate of that from man despite the method of her creation. It opens by saying that all books written about the testaments are mostly about signs. Divided into a series of "distinctions" and organized furthermore into four books, it was used as the primary theological text throughout much of the later middle ages and inspired a number of commentaries. For 10 points, name this work of Peter Lombard.;;(Four) (Books) (of) Sentences
;;This poet labeled "hours, days, months" as "the rags of time" in a poem which addressed its subject as a "busy old fool" in asking why "through windows, and through curtains, call on us?" This poet argued that "half-acre tombs" are no better than "a well-wrought urn" for the greatest ashes in a poem which begins "For God's sake hold your tongue, and let me love." This poet quoted the opening line of Marlow's "Passionate Shepherd to his Love," but promises "new pleasures" of "golden sands, and crystal brooks, with silken lines, and silver hooks." This poet of "The Sun Rising" and "Canonization" wrote that "I have done a braver thing than all the worthies did" in "The Undertaking." He claimed "no man is an island" in one of the Meditations in his Devotions Upon Emergent Occasions, and used a compass metaphor in "A Valediction Forbidding Mourning." For 10 points, name this metaphysical poet of "The Bait" who admonished "Death, be not proud" in one of his Holy Sonnets.;;(John) Donne
;;The final productions of this opera were left to the Belgian critic Francois-Joseph Fetis, who changed its title and the libretto by Eugene Scribe. Act two is set in a prison and sees a man attempt to stab a sleeping character, who is later captured after a shipwreck and sings an aria proclaiming the beauty of an exotic land. That character is spared from death when a marriage is confirmed by Nelusko, who had earlier told some sailors about a giant sea monster named Adamastor. This opera contains the aria "O paradise" and features such women as Inez, who sails off an island with the main character. The title woman Selika is a queen who kills herself by inhaling the poisonous fragrances of a manchineel tree in the final act. For 10 points, name this last opera by Giacomo Meyerbeer which details the fictional adventures of its main character, the explorer Vasco de Gama.;;L'Africaine|(The) African Woman|(The) African Maid
;;George Stronach and George Halkett satirized this man's greatest achievement in the "Red Book." His followers were promised an end to forced ship-towing and floggings for unpaid taxes, and helped him annihilate the army of William Hicks. His movement benefitted from weakness caused by the immediately previous revolt of Urabi Pasha and was based out of a hermitage on Aba island. He named his followers the "helpers" or "ansar" and attempted to set up his government with four immediate deputies known as "caliphs," though the leader of the Sanusiyah refused to participate. After he conquered al-Ubbayyid and Bara, his success prompted Garnet Wolseley to try to relieve his British opponents, but Wolseley arrived too late to prevent this man's successful conclusion of a 320-day siege. Thus, his army was able to establish a capital at Omdurman after its January 1885 victory, which killed Chinese Gordon and captured Khartoum. For 10 points, name this mystic who created a brief pan-Islamic state across much of northeastern Africa, and took his name from the prophesied messianic figure of Islam.;;(the) Mahdi|(Muhammad) Ahmad Ibn As(-)sayyid (?abd) (Allah)
;;He borrowed a heavily syncopated section of one of his stage works for his "Ragtime for Eleven Instruments." One of those instruments was the cimbalom, which he became fascinated with and used for his ballet Les Noces. He and George Balanchine were commissioned by the Ringling Brothers to compose a piece "For a Young Elephant" titled the Circus Polka. He composed a piece dubbed Fireworks as a wedding president for Rimsky-Korsakov's daughter, and he wrote a ballet in which Furbo pretends to resurrect the title Commedia dell'arte character. The title character of another of his ballet's has a namesake dissonant chord and is imprisoned by the Charlatan and stabbed by the Moor. Another of his ballets includes the "infernal dance" and sees Prince Ivan is helped by the title creature. For 10 points, name this Russian composer of the Petrushka and The Firebird.;;(Igor) (Fyodorovich) Stravinsky
;;One character in this play won a "Diana Trophy" for her archery prowess during college. Another character recounts how an impoverished woman sent her child to sexually proposition him during a trip to Morocco. Twice in this play, tense scenes are interrupted by children waving sparklers. One character walks with crutches having broken his ankle jumping hurdles before the action of the play. That character explains that his drinking stems from his "disgust" and "mendacity" since the death of his friend Skipper. One character in this play is told that test results from the Ochsner Clinic reveal he has a "spastic colon" instead of cancer, and that character dislikes his son Gooper and daughter-in-law Mae. In this play, Maggie confronts Brick's lack of interest in her amidst squabbling over the estate of Big Daddy Pollitt. For 10 points, name this play by Tennessee Williams.;;Cat on a Hot Tin Roof
;;After imploring "both sides" to heed Isaiah and "undo the heavy burdens ... and to let the oppressed go free," this speech concedes that 100 days, 1000 days, and even our lifetime on the planet might not be enough time to achieve that. The speaker of this address warned "Let us never negotiate out of fear. But let us never fear to negotiate." It expresses confidence that the glow from our energy, faith, and devotion can truly light the world. This speech was at least partially written by Ted Sorensen, and it promises to "let every other power know that this Hemisphere intends to remain the master of its own house" after offering "our sister republics south of our border" a new alliance for progress. After the conclusion of this speech, an attempt to read the poem "Dedication" was thwarted by glare, leading Robert Frost to recite "The Gift Outright" from memory. The speaker advises "ask not what your country can do for you - ask what you can do for your country." For 10 points, name this January 1961 speech.;;(John) (Fitzgerald) Kennedy's Inaugural
;;The unfinished sequel to this novel consists of the three-act play Reformation and opens with a story titled "The Old Old Man." Basedow's or Graves's disease results in the ruination of the beauty of one character, who moves to Argentina after the suicide of a man who ingests a curable poison, but is not attended to by a doctor quickly enough. Carla eventually ends up with her singing master and not the title character, who ends up with the sister of Anna and Alberta Malfenti. The protagonist of this novel describes his attempts to quit smoking in its opening chapter, which then transitions to the tragedy of the death of his father. The business partner Guido Speier is the brother-in-law of the title character, who presents this novel as an autobiography to the ineffectual psychoanalyst Dr. S. For 10 points, identify this novel promoted in Europe by James Joyce, the masterwork of Italo Svevo.;;(The) Confessions of Zeno
;;This work's second section, titled "Personal Freedom and Others," quotes Descartes in saying that man's unhappiness is due to his first having been a child. It goes on to say that children live in a serious world without being serious themselves, and that some people, such as slaves who are never conscious of their own slavery, live their entire lives in this infantile mindset. Its third section argues that the title aesthetic attitude is a means of withdrawal from contemporary history and that true freedom must be found within oneself. It opens by quoting Montaigne that "The continuous work of our life is to build death." Written in response to Being and Nothingness, it posits six character types based on their levels of freedom. For 10 points, name this 1945 essay that followed its author's "Pyrrhus and Cineas," a work of Simone de Beauvoir.;;(The) Ethics of Ambiguity
;;One depiction of this scene includes a man with a pointy hat on the right and was the largest engraving by the first master printmaker, the so called "Master of the Playing Cards." Hans Memling placed this scene on the left in his crucifixion triptych and painted the central character's gilded red cloak at his feet in another depiction. Guido Reni painted a series of seven versions of this scene, and some paintings of this scene also include the characters Castulus and Irene of Rome. One artist painted a version of this scene in which the shape of a rider can be seen in a cloud, and another version includes a castle on a cliff in the upper right and the broken sculpture of a foot in the lower left. In one of the three paintings Andrea Mantegna did of this scene, the central character has his arms and legs tied to a column. For 10 points, name this scene in which the saint of athletes and soldiers is pierced with arrows.;;(The) (Martyrdom) (of) (St(.)) Sebastian
;;This quantity is constant in the body frame of an object, but has a time dependence in the space frame given by the position times this quantity in the body frame times the inverse of the position. For a random object, finding this quantity involves taking the integral of an outer product. Half of the time derivative of this quantity is equal to the scalar virial. This quantity provides the coefficients of the axes in Poinsot's ellipsoid. Euler's equations has this quantity in a dot product with the time derivative of angular velocity. The products of this 2nd order symmetric tensor form the non-diagonal term in the tensor matrix while the principal ones of this tensor form the diagonal in the tensor matrix. Given this quantity for one axis, one can find it for another axis with the Parallel Axis theorem. For 10 points, name this quantity that for a hoop is one-half times mass times the radius of gyration.;;moment of inertia (accept) mass moment of inertia(;) (accept) angular mass(;) (accept) rotational inertia
;;One of this man's operas sees Malina explore a mountain cavern and discover that the title object is not treasure, but a secret passageway to Roza's house. Another of his operas sees Karolina flirt with the young Ladislav in order to rekindle the love in her sister's heart. In addition to The Secret and The Two Widows, he composed an opera about Milada's attemt to save the title knight in Dalibor and one about Lord Vok's destruction of the title damn in The Devil's Wall. The captain Tausendmark and the serf Jira are the main characters of his The Brandenburgers of Bohemia, but he is better known for an opera in which Kecal is tricked, Vaek dresses up in a bear costume before Jenik and Marenka get married. For 10 points, name this Czech composer of The Bartered Bride who also composed the tone poem cycle Ma vlast.;;(Bedrich) Smetana
;;During a low point in these two countries' diplomatic relations, one of them removed stelae surrounding a tortoise sculpture and covered the tortoise with cement to obscure the former presence of a writing system from the other one in its present-day territory. The same tensions between these two countries led one of them to build the "underground city" in its capital in expectation of a nuclear war. One of them had publicly denounced the other's leadership for comprising the "revisionist traitor group" and re-opened an old dispute over ownership of Damanskii Island in the Ussuri River, shortly after being alarmed by the Secret Speech. The other put forth the "peaceful coexistence" doctrine which led to these countries forming factions that included leaders such as Ethiopia's Mengistu Mariam on one side. For 10 points, identify these two countries which fell out in the late 1950s over the leadership of world Communism.;;USSR|Soviet Union(;)|Soyuz Sovetskikh Sotsialisticheskikh Respublik(;)|Sovetsky Soyuz(;)|SSSR(;) or CCCP (and) (People's) (Republic) (of) China|Zhonghua (Renmin) (Gongheguo) (either) (order) (acceptable)
;;One character in this novel decides to make a sacrifice out of a doll after jumping off of a couch and smashing it. That character undergoes a rough interview in which he misinterprets the French word "doigts" before landing a job under Mr. Pappleworth at Jordan's surgical appliances factory. The protagonist of this novel has an older brother named William who falls in love with a shallow girl from London before succumbing to illness. After his deadbeat coal-miner father Walter gets injured at work, the protagonist of this novel visits the Leivers's farm, where he begins his lifelong relationship with Miriam. That protagonist finds moderate commercial success with his landscape painting after beginning his affair with Clara Dawes, but he is sent into a deep depression after giving his mother an overdose of morphine to end her pain. For 10 points, name this D.H. Lawrence novel about Paul Morel.;;Sons and Lovers
;;According to one story, the goat or antelope headed deity Harinaigameshin descended from heaven to remove the embryo of this figure from Devananda. According to another story, he was given his name after an angelic figure turned into a monster while he was riding on its back. This figure's experiences with snakes include being tested by Sangama in the form of one and allowing the poisonous cobra Chandakaushik to bite him. His mother Queen Trishala had a series of fourteen exotic dreams before his birth. This figure was given the title Jina, or Conqueror, after creating the fifth and final of the five vows. His life is discussed in depth in the Kalpasutra, and his teachings include the twelve angas, which are found in his Agamas. This man's marriage to Princess Yasoda is disputed by the Digambaras, and he invented ahimsa. For 10 points, name this twenty fourth and final Tirthankar of Jainism.;;Mahavira|Vardhamana
;;In mathematics, a function named for this letter was proven by G.N. Watson to be divisible by six hundred ninety-one for almost all integers, and Derrick Lehmer theorized that this function was not equal to zero for all integers. This function was used in defining a Dirichlet L-Series by its creator and has a generating function defined by an infinite sum of its product with x to the n. In addition to that function created by Ramanujan, in physics, a particle named for this letter had its mass correctly predicted by Koide's formula. In addition to naming that third generation lepton, this letter symbolizes a quantity defined as the cross product of displacement and force. For 10 points, name this Greek letter which represents torque.;;tau
;;This man renamed Arras Franchise to promote the wool industry, but failed, though he had earlier succeeded in starting the Lyons silk industry. Ruling from the Loire valley, especially Tours, he was once held captive at Peronne by his worst enemy and forced to repent for supposedly sponsoring an insurrection at Liege. This man signed the Treaty of Conflans to end the Siege of Paris. This man lost at the Battle of Montlhery despite his enemy routing because Charles, Count of Maine was a coward. This great friend of Francisco Sforza and the Chronicler Philip Commynes and enemy of Francis II of Brittany destroyed the feudal aristocracy. He preferred peace over war as seen by the Treaty of Picquiney, paying off the English under Edward IV. He fought against the League of the Public Weal, and had earlier fled to Philip the Good's court from his father Charles VII. But Philip's son, who died at Nancy, proved to be his most persistent foe. For 10 points, name this enemy of Charles the Bold, a French king known for his plotting.;;Louis XI (accept) Louis XI(,) (the) (Universal) (Spider(;)) (accept) Spider King(;) (accept) Universal Spider
;;Recent aspirants to this post in the 2007 elections include former military ruler Muhammadu Buhari and former Vice-President Atiku Abubakar. A previous holder of this office failed in his attempt to change the constitution for a 3rd term in office and is accused of mishandling $2.2 billion in energy contracts while in office but is now the UN envoy to the DRC. The current holder of this office often sports a black felt hat and sparked controversy for banning the soccer team from international play for a poor World Cup performance and is a member of the Ijaw ethnic group. Another previous holder of this office unusually declared all of his assets and liabilities upon coming into office but was forced to fly to Saudi Arabia for pericarditis treatment, leaving his country unsure of his condition for months until he died in May 2010. For 10 points, identify this office whose recent inhabitants have included Olusegun Obasanjo, the recently deceased Umaru Yar'Adua, and the current holder, Goodluck Johnathan.;;President (of) (the) (Federal) (Republic) (of) Nigeria
;;This protein may be evolutionarily conserved due to its ability to oxidize bioactive nitric oxide to nitrate. Malignant hyperthermia and McArdle's disease cause it to be present in urine. The majority of this protein, which is composed of a single, 153-residue polypeptide, consists of eight distinct right-handed alpha-helices with a central hydrophobic cleft. It has a Hill coefficient of 1, indicating non-cooperative binding of its major substrate, and displays a hyperbolic dissociation curve with that substrate. Knockout mice deficient in this appear non-different from wild-types, as they compensate by developing increased capillarity, while it is present in especially high levels for diving mammals. Its pigments create the red color of meat, and this protein releases bound oxygen at a lower partial pressure than its tetrameric counterpart. For 10 points, name this monomeric protein which increases the solubility of oxygen within muscle tissue.;;myoglobin
;;In one short story, this author wrote about an eight year old who accuses his bully Odd Henderson of theft at a party. He wrote about the widow Mrs. H. T. Miller who lives alone until encountering and being tormented by the title girl at a movie theatre in another story. In a story by this author, Buddy and his elderly relative Sook make fruitcakes and mail them all around the country and exchange their customary gift of kites. This author of "The Thanksgiving Visitor" and "Miriam" meant to include the chapter "Unspoiled Monsters" in his lifelong Proustian project titled Answered Prayers. In a novel, he wrote about the thirteen year old Joel Harrison Knox moving to Scully's landing and meeting his quadriplegic father and the tomboy Idabel, a character based on Harper Lee. Another of his novels follows the experiences in New York City of Holly Golightly's. For 10 points, name this author of Other Voices, Other Rooms and Breakfast at Tiffany's .;;(Truman) Capote
;;One 18th century virtuoso of this instrument was Friedrich Pischelberger, for whom Mozart wrote his Per questa bella mano. The "Romance" section of Prokofiev's Lieutenant Kije Suite sees it play the main melody, and in 1874 Franz Simandl published his New Method of this instrument. Giovanni Bottesini is often called the "Paganini of" this instrument, which is either played with a "French" or "German" hand position, the latter of which was popularized by the 19th century virtuoso Domenico Dragonetti. The subject of several concertos by conductor and player Sergei Koussevitzky, it is the only instrument in its orchestral family tuned in fourths rather than fifths. It also unusually appears as the fifth instrument in Schubert's Trout Quintet and it accompanies the piano in The Carnival of the Animal's fifth movement, "The Elephant." Usually played sitting on a stool or standing up, this is, for 10 points, what largest and lowest-pitched string instrument?.;;(double) bass|(upright) bass|contrabass|(string) bass|bass (violin)
;;According to one legend, this figure's mother had a dream in which he was able to help put out a fire after a strange old man in a cap gave him an iron rod. In another myth, this figure is so modest that he tries and fails to speak three times after being afforded a great honor. In a story of his childhood, he rides a massive bucking colt until it dies of a burst blood vessel. In another story, this figure's father plants cabbages in the shape of his name. One legend tells of how a man named Isaac excitedly runs home to tell his wife Sarah that he saw this figure praying alone on the ground. Constantino Brumidi painted a fresco of this figure's apotheosis, and many of the stories associated with this man were originated by Parson Weems. In many myths, he displays his strength by throwing things, such as a rock over the Natural Bridge or a silver dollar over the Potomac River. For 10 points, name this wooden toothed figure who cuts down his father's cherry tree in his most famous legend.;;(George) Washington
;;In this pathway, dihydroxyacetone phosphate undergoes an aldol condensation with glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate. The second step of this pathway is carried out by an enzyme requiring both magnesium and manganese ions, which first decarboxylates then phosphorylates oxaloacetate. The enzyme carrying out its rate-limiting step is activated by citrate and inhibited by high levels of cyclic AMP. The first molecule to enter this pathway may be created from the catabolism of amino acids, or from lactate after it undergoes the first half of the Cori cycle. This process occurs to a limited extent in the kidneys, although the majority happens within the liver. Its unique enzymes include fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase, pyruvate carboxylase, and PEP carboxykinase. For 10 points, identify this pathway consisting mainly of a reversal of glycolysis, which synthesizes glucose from non-carbohydrate sources.;;gluconeogenesis
;;One of this thinker's works examines the progression of God from a clan deity to an unknowable supreme being and is subtitled "A Radical Interpretation of the Old Testament and Its Traditions." Another of his works laid the groundwork for his theory of five personalities, or "orientations," and discussed man's "assimilation" with society. This author of You Shall Be as Gods and Man for Himself also wrote about his joining the Socialist party and his opposition to McCarthyism in his May Man Prevail?. He cited conformity, destructiveness, and authoritarianism as the three ways of doing the titular action of one of his best known works, while he described his experiences with Marxist Humanism in the autobiographical Beyond the Chains of Illusion. For 10 points, name this German-born psychologist who wrote such books as The Art of Loving, The Sane Society, and Escape from Freedom.;;(Erich) Fromm
;;This poem prescribes, for the "mortals that delve in this trade-ridden planet," a figure who will satisfy your "Egyptian devotion to ices." One character likes to "rattle away till he's as old as Methusaleh/At the head of a march to the last new Jerusalem." Its final stanza discusses the repetition of "beyond and above" and ends describing shepherds tracing "the last spurning print of a sky-cleaving god." This poem discusses the "Spirit of Ancient Poetry," and contains the simile of "gold nails in temples to hang trophies on." Characters described in this poem include one who has "the fun of Dick Steele" and another who, much like "Barnaby Rudge" is three-fifths genius and two-fifths fudge. Using wordplay to discuss "Whinier," "Bryant," "Poe," and "Cooper," for 10 points, name this satirical work by James Russell Lowell.;;(A) Fable for (the) Critics
;;A house designed by Francesc Berenguer can be found at the entrance of this location, which also contains four sun mosaics on a ceiling supported by 86 Doric columns. Other features of it are a large cross atop the Closed Chapel at its highest point and walkways residing between twisting stone columns. Two mechanical gazelles once adorned its entrance, directly in front of which lie two massive staircases leading to the plaza Sala Hipostila and a multicolored dragon statue. The architect's friend Josep Maria Jujol implemented imprints of buttocks in his design of the bench that surrounds this complex, which was originally intended to be a living community containing 60 houses. Although its architect was also commissioned by its namesake for a church and a mansion, this complex more closely resembles its architect's later projects such as the Casa Mila. For 10 points, name this park in Barcelona designed by Antoni Gaudi.;;(Parc) Guell
;;This man's work with nitrogen-filled incandescent light bulbs led to coiling the filaments to slow blackening, and he gives his name to the small boundary layer around the filament in which conductive dominates convective heat transfer. This man co-names a model for the rate of reaction on a catalyst in which all reactants adsorb onto surface sites before reacting, and he sometimes partially names a mechanism in which one molecule reacts while still in the gas phase. A related equation he derived can be used in situations where the Freundlich one does not apply, his namesake adsorption isotherm. For 10 points, name this scientist who also co-discovered rapid oscillations of electrons in plasmas, his namesake "waves.".;;(Irving) Langmuir
;;This novel's protagonist describes traveling between the countless islands in "the Greek archipelago" before catching himself being too lyrical. One character punches that narrator in the side of the head after refusing to move his stalled motorcycle off-road at a stoplight. The yells of a suicidal woman in black do not faze the narrator, who obtains an object exchanged for a bottle of jenever. That owner of a panel from The Just Judges meets Du Guesclin in a concentration camp he was put in after being captured in North Africa, where he is reminded of a lingering laughter he was haunted by while contemplating the similarity of Hell to the concentric circles of Amsterdam. Set in the bar Mexico City, where an unnamed listener converses with Clamence, for 10 points, identify this novel by Albert Camus.;;(The) Fall|(La) Chute
;;This artist depicted dismounted soldiers carrying a wounded comrade on a stretcher in front of a cathedral in a companion piece to a painting in which a finely armored cavalry company is greeted as it leaves a town. This painter who contrasted his The Return with The Departure painted his artist's kit under an unopened parasol in his most famous painting. He painted a boat whose figurehead holds an hourglass in a series of paintings in which an angel accompanies the boat out of a cave and through some rapids. This painter of Childhood and Old Age depicted some teepees on the right of his The Savage State and a ruined pillar in Desolation, which was painted after works showing the "Consumation" and "Destruction" of the title polity. His most famous painting shows the view from Mt. Holyoke as a thunderstorm forms over a feature of the Connecticut River. For 10 points, name this artist of The Voyage of Life, The Course of Empire and The Oxbow, a leader of the Hudson River School.;;(Thomas) Cole
;;In one major gaff, this politician contrasted his wife holding a koala in California to his own holding of "samples from a toxic-waste dump" in New Jersey. This man pioneered the strategy of focusing on the Iowa Caucus as the campaign manager for the George McGovern campaign. In his first campaign for his party's nomination, his opponent quoted a Wendy's commercial in asking him "Where's the beef?" In a later campaign, this politician challenged reporters to "Follow me around" after rumors of an extra-marital affair, which were confirmed when the Miami Herald published a photograph of him wearing a Monkey Business t-shirt and holding the model Donna Rice in his lap. Those gaffs contributed to his primary losses to Walter Mondale and Michael Dukakis respectively. For 10 points, name this Colorado politician and Democratic loser of the 1984 and 1988 primaries.;;(Gary) Hart
;;This river rises on the Two Oceans Plateau and receives the Pacific Branch of Two Oceans Creek near Moran Junction. Much of this river's course is located on an arid but fertile plain containing many basalt flows as well as the sinks of the Lost River and was also the route of the catastrophic draining of Lake Bonneville. This river's tributaries include the Palouse and Henrys Fork and the Shoshone Falls is located on this river which passes next to Fort Hall and the Craters of the Moon National Monument. Its largest tributary is the Salmon, which it meets near the Seven Devils Mountains in Hells Canyon Gorge, before it forms part of the Oregon-Idaho border. For 10 points, identify this river that flows through Grand Teton National Park and is the largest tributary of the Columbia River.;;Snake (River)
;;This character is briefly courted by a gigolo known as The Prince, and she is helped by her friend Norma whose hypochondriac husband owns a shoe store. This character is hectored by her domineering mother Rozilda, and the novel in which she appears ends with an invocation to the god Oxossi to banish an apparition. One of this character's love interests plays for the Amateur Orchestra of the Sons of Orpheus, composes her a lullaby on the bassoon, and only sleeps with her on Wednesdays and Saturdays. This character worries that the prostitute Dionisia was impregnated by her husband, and she runs the famous Cooking School of Savor and Art. This character goes on to marry the restrained pharmacist Teodoro Madureira after her rambunctious husband Vadinho dies while dancing the samba. For 10 points, name this woman who has two husbands in a Jorge Amado novel.;;(Dona) Floripedes (dos) (Guimaraes)
;;This city was the destination of the first ship ever built, and one of that ship's passengers, Hypermnestra, founded a line of its kings with her husband Lynceus. Hypermnestra's sisters who also lived in this city were condemned to fill jugs with holes in them in the underworld. Those sisters were the fifty Danaides, who had been ordered to kill the sons of Aegyptus on their wedding night after fleeing to this city. This city's mythical founder Phoroneus is sometimes considered the discoverer of fire and the first man. A king of this city during the Trojan war managed to wound Aphrodite and Ares on the same day, and its earlier king Adrastus teamed up with men like Tydeus in an effort to place Polynices on the throne of Thebes. For 10 points, name this city central to the Seven Against Thebes which was led by Diomedes in the Trojan War.;;Argos
;;An innovative scene in the film of this name is a backward tracking shot which passes through four rooms as it portrays the conversations of various people at a ball. Actors for the film were rocked up and down on planks on the studio roof to realistically dub dialogue for a sleigh ride in a horseless carriage. In the novel of this name, one character sees a psychic after he and Lucy both have visions of Isabel, and Fanny disastrously stakes all her money in a headlight investment. In the film, Wilbur Minafer marries Isabel, whose death causes a tragic speech by the "Major" which was intended to dissolve to the image of two gravestones in a scene cut by RKO. In the novel, the inventor Eugene Morgan's success with automobiles contrasts with the declining fortunes of the title family in a town based on Indianapolis. For 10 points, name this novel by Booth Tarkington which was adapted by Orson Welles.;;(The) Magnificent Ambersons
;;Johann I, the Prince of Lichtenstein and Ignac Gyulai signed this treaty for the losing side. The year before this treaty was signed, the successor of the Cisalpine Republic became the Kingdom of Italy led by the Viceroy Eugene. In this treaty, the Kingdom of Italy gained Istria, Dalmatia, and Venetia. One side gave up all claims to Baden and Bavaria, and this treaty was followed up by the creation of a state led by the Prince Primate Karl Theodor von Dalberg. This treaty was signed after a victory which saw Marshal Soult storm up Pratzen Heights to split the enemy into two after the enemy tried to attack the weakened French left. Leading to the creation of the Confederation of the Rhine, for 10 points, name this 1806 treaty signed in the aftermath of the Battle of Austerlitz that ended the Holy Roman Empire.;;(Peace) (of) Pressburg (accept) (Treaty) (of) Pressburg(;) (accept) Bratislava (in) (place) (of) (Pressburg)
;;This man explained what pluralism was in his lecture "The Pursuit of the Ideal;" he had earlier tackled that subject in "Some Procrustations" and "Democracy, Communism, and the Individual." He argued that determinism arose from the psychological need to create an alibi rather than by any semblance of factual evidence in his essay "Historical Inevitability." He believed that romanticism was part of a movement he dubbed the "Counter-Enlightenment," and it was Giambattista Vico, Johann Herder, and Johann Hamann who titled his collection Three Critics of the Enlightenment. In a better known essay, he contended that Leo Tolstoy straddled the line between thinkers who focus on a single idea and those who draw from a wider variety of sources. For 10 points, name this author of "The Hedgehog and the Fox" and "Two Concepts of Liberty.".;;(Isaiah) Berlin
;;Drugs blocking the synthesis of this neurotransmitter include allylglycine and thiosemicarbazide, while tiagabine selectively inhibits its Type 1 transporters. The striatum's medium spiny neurons, basket and stellate cells, and many other cortical interneurons primarily release this neurotransmitter. Its major agonist, produced from mushrooms of the genus Amanita, is muscimol, while its antagonists include picrotoxin and bicuculline, both of which can induce seizures. This compound is synthesized in a single step by glutamic acid decarboxylase, from glutamate. The effects of this neurotransmitter are potentiated by drugs with anticonvulsant and anxiolytic effects like barbiturates, benzodiazepines, and alcohol. Glycine has similar effects to this molecule, and stimulation of this neurotransmitter's type A receptors opens chloride ion channels, which hyperpolarize the neuron. For 10 points, identify this primary inhibitory neurotransmitter.;;GABA (also) (accept) gamma(-)aminobutyric acid
;;This kingdom was formed from the union of Deira and Bernicia. One king of this kingdom invited St. Aidan to proslytize, but he died at the Battle of Maserfield fighting the king of his pagan southern neighbor. After the rule of Oswald, King Aethelstan united this kingdom with England in 927. King Oswald's brother, however, avenged his death at the Battle of Winwaed and become Bretwalda. Its King Oswiu convened the Synod of Whitby to decide between the Roman and Ionian forms of Christianity. Wulfhere ended this kingdom's three year long control over the northern section of its southern neighbor, which began when Oswiu killed Penda of Mercia. The historian Bede was from, for 10 points, this kingdom centered at York, the northernmost of the English Heptarchy.;;Northumbria (accept) Noranhymbra(;) (accept) Norhymbre
;;This character recalls growing up on Napoleon Street after remembering loaning his friend Nachman money to live in Paris. He consoles Lucas Asphalter after mouth-to-mouth resuscitation cannot prevent the death of his monkey Rocco. He attacks what he calls "potato love," and while looking for his lawyer Simkin he witnesses the trial of a mother accused of murdering her child, which reminds him of his daughter June. June is with this character when he is detained by the police when he gets in a car accident and is found with his father's unlicensed gun. He is the author of a book called Romanticism and Christianity, and he starts a relationship with Ramona after his wife Madelaine leaves him for his friend Valentine Gersbach. For 10 points, name this novel in which a professor writes unsent letters to friends, family, and celebrities, a work of Saul Bellow.;;Herzog
;;The first step of this process can occur via electron capture and creates discrete spectral lines of neutrinos at 1.44MeV as compared to the usual spectral lines of 0.42MeV for this process. Part of the solution to the neutrino problem comes from the fact that this process can generate neutrinos with 14.06MeV. This process may create beryllium, which then becomes lithium via electron capture. The first step of this process usually takes 109 years as the Coulomb potential is difficult to overcome via tunneling and the weak force. The second step of this process sees the formation of helium-3 from deuterium, which is made from the first step. For 10 points, name this process that creates helium-4 from four hydrogen atoms and that generates most of the energy in the Sun.;;proton(-)proton chain (accept) proton(-)proton cycle(;) (accept) pp chain(;) (accept) pp cycle
;;In a supplement to this work, its author cited the influence of Beveridge's Private Thoughts and The Force of Truth by Thomas Scott, "who made a deeper impression" on his mind than any other. The author compares his life to that of the protagonist of his novel Loss and Gain, who also searches in vain for a via media, or middle way. Though the author recants the "hard things" he has said against Rome, he does not fail to acknowledge that Monophysitism had made him question Anglicanism, asking whether or not Roman Interpretation could be applied to the Thirty-Nine Articles. Describing the events of 1830 and its author's boyhood days at Oriel College, this autobiography was a response to criticism levied by Charles Kingsley. For 10 points, identify this spiritual autobiography written by the author of "The Dream of Gerontius," Cardinal Newman.;;Apologia Pro Vita Sua|History of My Religious Opinions
;;This thinker opened one paper with the premise that people should be allowed to have pink walls and sleep on their bellies regardless of the feelings of society. His most recent book length work argues that institutions can have varying degrees of justice, instead of either reaching or failing to reach the platonic ideal of justice proposed in Rawles' A Theory of Justice. He used the example of two people reading Lady Chatterly's Lover in a paper which argues for "The Impossibility of a Paretian Liberal" and contains the first formulation of the Liberal Paradox. He argued for levels of personal liberty as a more accurate marker than GNP in his book Development as a Freedom, and targeted gender inequality as the reason "More Than 100 Million Women Are Missing." For 10 points, name this Indian welfare economist who argued that distributional rather than supply problems caused starvation in his Poverty and Famines.;;(Amartya) Sen
;;One side in this conflict launched a series of human wave attacks with Operation Before the Dawn, and it was precipitated by a breakdown of the Algiers Accord. A rogue pilot from one side bombed the American ship the USS Stark, and American involvement in this war also included clandestine surveillance in Operation Eager Glacier and the USS Vincennes shooting down a civilian airliner. One side in this war launched Operation Undeniable Victory to reclaim land lost when it was invaded following the botched assassination of Tariq Aziz. One theater of this conflict was called the Tanker War and a prolonged period of urban fighting during the "War of the Cities" was punctuated by chemical attacks like the Halabja attack. For 10 points, name this 1980-1988 war fought between countries led by Ayatollah Khomeini and Saddam Hussein.;;Iran(-)Iraq (War)
;;In a letter to this painting's dedicatees, its artist proclaimed that he had "bestowed more trouble" on this work "than on any other painting." A bearded man who looks sideways at the viewer holds a walking stick in his right hand, while the man standing next to him holds a scroll. Bible verses that can be seen on the bottom of this painting were written by calligrapher Johann Neudorfer, who stated that the figures in this painting represent Galen's four temperaments. Finished three years after its artist had written the first part of his Four Books on Human Proportions, it also shows a man holding a golden key and a man with curly hair looking down at an open book on this work's left panel. Dedicated to the town council of Nuremburg and painted by the creator of Melancholia I, this is, for 10 points, what last great painting by Albrecht Durer, which depicts Saints John, Peter, Mark, and Paul?.;;(The) Four Apostles|(The) Four Holy Men|(Die) (Vier) (Heiligen) (Manner)
;;This scholar coined the term "Davos Men" to refer to participants in the World Economic Forum in his book Who are We? : The Challenges to America's National Identity, and claimed that transnational businessmen, together with "deconstructionist" intellectuals and immigrants from non-Protestant countries were threatening America's national identity. He described the Confucian-Islamic military connection and the "fault lines" between the title entities in a lecture delivered as a response to Fukuyama's The End of History and the Last Man. He warned of the destabilizing impact of rapid social change in the third world and sought to explain the near simultaneous appearance or revival of democracy in Latin America, East Asia, and parts of Europe in The Third Wave. For 10 points, identify this late Harvard political science professor who predicted that cultural conflicts were replacing ideological ones in his most famous book The Clash of Civilizations.;;(Samuel) Huntington
;;The future wife of this character witnesses the killing of a robber who delivers spoils to Corceca and Abessa. The children of one of his enemies drink their mother's blood and explode after this hero frees himself from that mother's tail's vicegrip and strangles her. This character tears a branch off a tree, causing it to bleed and reveal that it is actually Fradubio, having been changed into that form by an ugly woman. This character is served by a loyal dwarf who warns him to steer clear of Error's Cave and relates to this character's love that his likeness was assumed by Archimago. In his final appearance, this character exposes the lies of a messenger who claims that he had pledged to marry Duessa, and thus could not marry Una. For 10 points, identify this personification of St. George who sports a certain emblazonment on his armor and is the protagonist of the first book of Spenser's The Faerie Queene.;;(the) Redcrosse (Knight)
;;The bacteria responsible for this disease produces a factor called YopJ which interferes with the phosphorylation of MAPK kinases, and its YopO protein induces apoptosis in human macrophages, allowing it to resist phagocytosis. Other virulence factors produced in this disease include fibrinolytic enzymes, coagulase, and a respiratory inhibiting murine exotoxin. In Xenopsylla cheopis, this disease leads to the formation of biofilms, blocking off the gut. This causes the vector to bite additional hosts out of hunger, and to regurgitate the contents of its gut at sites where the insect bites. Its primary pneumonic form has nearly a 100% mortality rate. This disease spreads to humans when its sylvatic form causes a mass die-off of rats, and its best known form is characterized by necrosis and gangrene at the extremities. For 10 points, name this disease caused by Yersinia pestis, most notably characterized by the formation of lymph node buboes.;;(bubonic) plague
;;This work argues that, since "that which man excludes from heaven he excludes from his true nature" and "in heaven there is no marriage," celibacy is inherent to the nature of faith. The same section in which that argument appears, "Celibacy and Monachism," also discusses how "The idea of man as a species, and with it the significance of the life of the species, of humanity as a whole, vanished." Its second chapter, which discusses "God as a Being of the Understanding," proclaims that "Religion is the disuniting of man from himself" and elaborates on how man and God are opposites. Its second section contains chapters on contradictions in the existence, revelation, and nature of God. Forming the basis for many of Karl Marx's views on religion, for 10 points, name this work of Ludwig Feuerbach that outlined his opinion of a certain faith founded by Jesus.;;(The) Essence of Christianity
;;A song sung at the beginning of this observance refers to it as a queen or bride and is called the Lekhah Dodi. Common meals eaten on this day include a stew called Cholent which is often eaten as the Seudah Shlishit or "third meal." It ends with a breaking ceremony called Havdalah which occurs after three stars are visible in the night sky. The scriptural justification for this observance comes from Exodus 20:11 and Deuteronomy 5:15, which provide its two commandments of Zakhor and Shamor, or "to remember" and "to observe." Rabbinical debate over the meaning of Melachah primarily applies to this day, as it suggests avoiding the thirty-nine melakhot, which include writing two or more letters, tearing for the purpose of sewing, and igniting a fire. This observance begins on Fridays at sundown and concludes at sundown on Saturdays. For 10 points, name this Jewish day of rest.;;Shabbat|Sabbath
;;This composer's sixth symphony has one section that features only winds and percussion and opens with a bell followed by a melody in the strings in G major. His third symphony is his only symphony to use vocals and has wordless solos for baritone and soprano in the second movement. His second symphony, supposedly inspired by a painting he saw at a pub, has movements in B minor, G major, E flat minor, and D major, invoking images of different types of people. This composer of symphonies labeled Semplice and Espansiva is best known for a symphony that has four continuous movements and calls for two timpanis, which counter each other in a sort of musical joust. For 10 points, name this composer of The Four Temperaments and Inextinguishable symphonies who hails from Denmark.;;(Carl) Neilsen
;;The founder of this house made it so that for every ten men, one man had to serve in the military to create a standing army, which was later expanded into an allotment system. That founder's forces won at the Battle of Buchow and signed the Treaty of Stettin to end the Northern Seven Year's War, but later went insane. Another ruler from this house defeated his usurping uncle at the Battle of Stegeborg, but refrained from destroying the army in mercy. One member of this line fought his cousin at Klushino to promote his own candidate for the Russian throne. One was a Polish King who supported his son Wladyslaw IV, while a more famous member signed the Treaty of Stolbovo with Michael Romanov. That more famous member of this house went on to fight Count Tilly at the Battle of the Rain and Breitenfield before dying at Lutzen. For 10 points, name this house including Sigismund III and Gustavus Adolphus.;;(House) (of) Vasa (accept) Waza(;) (accept) Vasaatten
;;One revolt in this region began in 1640 with Pau Claris signing the Covenant Ceret and saw early success at the Battle of Monjuic. Another revolt in this region was the result of the remences combined with the Biga and saw foreign intervention from Rene the Good of Anjou and Louis XI. That one targeted John II. The 1640 attempt at establishing a republic here ended in 1659 with the Peace of Pyrenees. That one saw the loss of the Rousillon and Cerdagne, which were northern portions of this region. In addition to being the location of the Reaper's war, Francesc Macia began another attempt to start a republic here in 1931. That attempt settled for partial autonomy for this county, which it still maintains along with Gallicia and Basque. For 10 points, name this county centered at Barcelona.;;Catalonia (accept) Cataluna(;) (accept) Catalunya(;) (accept) Catalonha
;;This cause led to Westerville, Ohio becoming a postal mecca after one of its leading journals established a printing plant there. Pledges to support its cause were signed by children to join the Lincoln-Lee Legion. Other advocates for this cause used the slogans "Prevention is better than cure," "John Barleycorn must die," and "For God and home and native land;" the latter was put forth by an organization led by Frances Willard and named for Christian women. When this cause achieved its goals, "blind pigs" arose, and men such as Eliot Ness attempted to enforce laws against "speakeasies." For 10 points, identify this cause which was enacted by the Volstead Act and the Eighteenth Amendment and kept America dry from 1918 to 1933.;;Prohibition|temperance
;;This architect used cornices, escutcheons, and window architraves made of copper to add a facade to the Sibour-designed Investment Building in Washington D.C. He used a bright orange deformed triangular arc as the lobby for the thin metal-skinned NTT Shinjuku Head Office Building in Tokyo, which was inspired by his breakout project, the Herring Hall at Rice University. Both buildings show his desire to evolve beyond load-bearing walls to maintain a sense of enclosure, a point he made in his book "Observations for Young Architects." That book also discusses many of his early works such as one nicknamed "The Blue Whale," the Pacific Design Center. Other buildings designed by him include and the similar-looking Bank of America and Wells Fargo Centers in Charlotte and Minneapolis, respectively. Another of his buildings is located above the KLCC Park, possesses a complex series of lifts, and was built with the help of Djay Cerico. For 10 points, identify this architect who incorporated a skybridge between his Kuala Lumpur-located Petronas Towers.;;(Cesar) Pelli
;;Numerous minuature house-graves with windows are a feature of the Prazeres Cemetery in this city, located near the Estrela Basilica. Just north of this city lies a natural defensive region later fortified into the Lines of Torres Verdas. The unfinished neoclassical Ajuda Palace and the Jerominos Monastary are examples of Manuelite Architecture in this city, whose Pombaline Baixa was notably resistant. The ornate Belem Tower sits close to the Monument to the Discoveries in this city, which is located downstream from the Golden-Gate-inspired 25th of April Bridge. For 10 points, identify this city where the Tagus River is crossed by the Vasco da Gama bridge.;;Lisbon|Lisboa
;;This person is first encountered while sitting on an "electric blue foamleather car-sofa" because a "little man with the tickets" can't resist singing along to "an Elvis Pelvis nun" in The Sound of Music. He threatens to "file a written complaint" against another character for interrupting his "Resting Time" and "singing English songs," shortly before making a joke about a "sleeping partner" at Paradise Pickles. His actions at the Abhilash Talkies are blocked out by listing all the produce offered by a grandmother, and turn sinister after he states "now if you'll kindly hold this for me." Later, Rahel suggests that Ammu marry this figure, who had invited Estha behind his counter and given him two free bottles. For 10 points, identify this beverage vendor from The God of Small Things who molests Estha.;;(the) Orangedrink Lemondrink Man
;;Sylvester's Inertia Law claims that specific types of these objects do not change in quantity under a congruence transformation. Lanczos Algorithm is useful for computing these entities, which are capable of being bounded by Gresgorin discs. Lyapunov's Second Theorem states that a linear state space model dx over dt is equal to the state matrix times the state vector and is asymptotically stable if all real parts of these entities of the state matrix are negative. The Cayley-Hamilton Theorem deals with the fact that a minimal polynomial must divide an entity associated with these numbers. That entity can be found by setting the determinant of A-X times the identity, in which case the solutions X of that characteristic equation are these numbers. With a sum equal to the trace of the matrix and symbolized by lambda, these are, for 10 points, what scalars which, when multiplied by a matrix, are equal to that matrix times the corresponding eigenvector?.;;eigenvalues
;;This thinker linked the economic decline of the mid 1970s to the lack of "transnational regulatory order" over large corporations in his book The Eco-Spasm Report. The implications Desert Storm had on future warfare were discussed in another work by this man, whose most recent book stresses the importance of "third jobs," which are the unpaid work that benefits large corporations. In addition to War and Anti-War and Revolutionary Wealth, he also coined the term "prosumer" while discussing the title stage of society, which followed an agricultural and an industrial age. That work, The Third Wave, was preceded by a work that described the rapid changing of society and described the title condition as "too much change in too short a period of time." For 10 points, name this American sociologist, a futurologist best known for his 1970 book Future Shock.;;(Alvin) Toffler
;;In this painting, a pregnant woman dressed in blue holds two paintbrushes in her left hand, while her right hand holds the hand of the woman standing behind her. Commissioned shortly after its artist was asked to paint The Martyrdom of St. Symphorian, it also depicts a man in black looking outward at the viewer and pointing towards the work's central figure. A sword wrapped in a red ribbon and a triangular oar lie near two women dressed in orange and green. A man on this work's left holding a scroll is identified as Sophocles, and other famous individuals depicted in it include Gluck and Moliere. A mask, a gavel, and a lyre are all offered to this painting's central figure, who holds a staff and sits next to a floating Nike. A Greek poet being crowned is the subject of, for 10 points, what 1827 painting by Jean Auguste Dominique Ingres?.;;(The) Apotheosis of Homer
;;Colonel Drury Lowe's leather belt saved him from an enemy bullet during this battle, in which he led a charge of the 17th Lancers. It began after Colonel Buller's scouts saw a group of goat herders, after which Buller correctly predicted that a contingent of enemy troops were concealed nearby. Knowing that Garnet Wolseley was approaching to take charge of his command, Lord Chelmsford hastened his advance and ignored enemy offers for a cease-fire. This battle lasted for only thirty minutes and saw Chelmsford deploy a large, hollow square formation in an effort to avoid a repeat of the Battle of Isandlwana. Leading to the capture of Cetshwayo, for 10 points, name this final battle of the Zulu War named after that tribe's capital.;;(Battle) (of) Ulundi
;;One reaction that produces a functional group of this type involves a concerted reaction among an isocyanide, an aldehyde, and a carboxylic acid. Another reaction that produces this type of compound involves a ketone which undergoes an addition with an azide to form an azidohydrin intermediate. In addition to the aforementioned Passerini and Schimdt reactions, another reaction that results in this type of compound involves the acid catalyzed rearrangement of an oxime, named the Beckmann rearrangement. If sodium hydroxide and a halogen are added to a compound with this functional group, it undergoes decarboxylation in a process known as the Hoffman rearrangement. For 10 points, name this functional group which can be formed from the reaction of an amine and a carboxylic acid.;;amide
;;In one play by this author, a character wins 25,000 dollars by entering a store-bought cake into a competition under the name Uncle Henry. In that play, a grandmother reveals that the central couple had adopted a child from Mrs. Barker's agency and mutilated it to death when it misbehaved. The Young Man appears halfway through that one act play by this author, which is set in Mommy and Daddy's living room. In another of his plays, a character repeatedly protests that he works in biology instead of math and watches a tense moment broken by an umbrella fired from a faux shotgun. This author of The American Dream created a character who recites part of the Dies Irae and claims his invented son died in a car accident. That character appears in his play which includes the sections "Fun and Games" and "The Exorcism" and sees Nick and Honey visit George and Martha. For 10 points, name this author of Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf.;;(Edward) Albee
;;Because the ground state energy of these systems is the minimum allowed by the uncertainty principle, atoms in a solid lattice cannot have zero energy even at absolute zero. Those atoms are treated as 3D ones of these in the Einstein model. The energy eigenvalues of these systems can be obtained with Dirac's "ladder operator" method. These systems can also be used to model diatomic molecules, and RLC circuits are one of these. The Q factor describes how omega naught compares to gamma in these systems, which can be critically damped. For 10 points, name these systems that experience a restoring force when displaced from equilibrium, also known as Hooke's Law, examples of which include springs and pendulums.;;Harmonic Oscillator|Quantum Harmonic Oscillator|Simple Harmonic Oscillator
;;One poem in this collection describes the "train-bands and mates" of the world, who consist of Wit, Conversation, Glory, Money, and Beauty. Another poem mentions "clothes taken from a chest of sweets" that quickly consign infants to their deaths. This collection contains "A Quip," "Mortification" and poems describing a "glass of blessing standing by," as mankind is endowed with virtue and "decaying more and more/till he became/most poor." The speaker exhorts "with thee/o let me rise/as larks harmoniously" in that poem, which contains two pairs of stanzas that contract toward the middle, imitating the shape of the title objects. "The Pulley" is found in, for 10 points, what collection that contains "Easter Wings," written by George Herbert?.;;(The) Temple
;;This deity's two daughters were the snow nymph Chione and Phineas's wife Cleopatra. According to Homer, he fathered twelve colts after falling in love with the mares of Erikthonius. In one of Aesop's fables, this god loses a contest with Helius or Phoebus to see which of them can strip a man of his clothes. The Delphic Oracle referred to this god as the son-in-law of Athens and advised praying to him to ensure the destruction of Persian ships. His namesake sons were individually known as Zetes and Calais and were winged beings that joined the Argonauts and chased the harpies away from Phineas's table. This god abducted a daughter of Erectheus as she played in the river Ilissos and brought her to the Sarpedonian rock. This husband of Orithyia was the brother of Notus and Eurus, but this member of the Anemoi is most often associated with his brother Zephyr. For 10 points, name this Greek god of the north wind.;;Boreas
;;One aria from this opera inspired the similarly melancholy "Reste au foyer, petit grillon" in a Massenet opera on the same subject. Six characters sing the comic "Questo un nodo avvilupato" in this opera's second act, in which delight is expressed in "Siete voi" after a scene harkening back to the first act, in which the title character sings of a lonely king and picks up the shredded pieces of a census list. In "Nacqui all'affanno," the title character proclaims that her days of sitting by the fire are over as she embraces Tisbe and Clorinda. As this opera opens, the valet Dandini has switched places with Prince Ramiro. In it, the philosophy tutor Alidoro assembles a carriage for the poor maid Angelina. For 10 points, identify this dramma giocoso by Giaochino Rossini, an adaptation of a popular fairy tale.;;(La) Cenerentola(,) (ossia) (La) (bonta) () (in) (trionfo)|Cinderella(,)|(Goodness) (Triumphant)
;;The protagonist of this novel is aided by his assistant Dominguez, and it ends as he finally secures a divorce from his wife Helen. One of its characters adopts the theory of a "third force" from the books by York Harding. The title character of this work saves the protagonist's life when they are both trapped in a sentry tower, and is revealed to have provided the plastic explosives used in a bombing campaign that kills dozens of civilians. The protagonist of this novel is called into questioning by the police chief Vigot, who suspects a love triangle with Phuong may have provided motive for the death of the title character. That title character is revealed to be an United States secret agent and is named Alden Pyle. For 10 points, name this novel centering on the British journalist Thomas Fowler's time in Vietnam, a work of Graham Greene.;;(The) Quiet American
;;According to the hadith that proscribes stoning adulterers in Islam, the original page of the Qur'an containing that punishment was eaten by one of these animals. Eleven curtains made from these animals were used in constructing the tabernacle. The angel Gabriel helps Daniel interpret a dream in which a ram of two horns is smashed by a rough one of these with one horn, usually thought to represent Alexander the Great. Jacob wears a hairy cloak in order to feed Isaac some stew made from two of these animals. Joseph's coat was dipped in the blood of one of these animals to trick Jacob. According to a parable found in Matthew, sheep go to heaven and these animals go to hell. Exodus proscribes that Aaron will draw lots to sacrifice one of these to god and drive one out into the wilderness for Azazel. For 10 points, name these animals whose "scape" varieties carry away the sins of others.;;goats
;;The elliptical cavity problem along with other similar cavity problems are important in the study of this effect and in two-dimensions, the Lekhnitskii and Stroh formalism can both be used to describe it. In the linear approximation of this effect, there are 18 independent namesake constants to solve for. That approximation couples the equation setting the electric displacement field equal to the permittivity of free space times the electric field plus polarization with Hooke's law. Although not pyroelectricity, ferroelectric materials exhibit this effect. This effect's converse is electrostriction and it only occurs in materials without a center of symmetry. Used in cigarette lighters and sonar, for 10 points, name this effect is found in materials like quartz that causes an electric field or potential to be generated in response to mechanical strain.;;piezoelectricity (accept) piezoelectric (effect)
;;One poem by this author describes a collie supervising as "a lone traveller gives kisses and embraces to seven relatives" and ends with a description of "an acrid smell of gasoline." That poem spends six stanzas discussing the conversation of "grandparents' voices" during a "bus journey west." Another work by this poet discusses objects which "steer between the kite sticks of the Southern Cross," stating "it's hard to tell them from the stars." That poem describes "illegal fire balloons" which burn an "ancient owls' nest" and prompt "a weak mailed fist clenched ignorant against the sky!" Another of her poems states that "everything was rainbow, rainbow, rainbow" and describes victory filling up the little rented boat after the "tremendous" title character is caught. For 10 points, name this American poet of "The Moose," "The Armadillo," and "The Fish.".;;(Elizabeth) Bishop
;;The second version of this polity lost at Caphyae because they sent their thureos wielding troops to follow an enemy up a mountainside. The first version of this polity was dissolved by Antigonus II Gonatus. This polity had unpaid magistrates, who were elected by a general assembly. Ptolemy III Euergetes stopped sending aid to the second version of this polity after the citizens of Megalopolis pressured it to ask Antiochus III Doson for help. That decision by Aratus of Sicyon led to the fall of the reformed Sparta under Cleomenes III. This polity was neutral as the Romans conquered Macedonia, but later, 1,000 members from this polity were forced to be hostages to Rome, including Polybius. Although not just one city, the final end of this polity came at the hands of Lucius Mummius who sacked Corinth. For 10 points, name this polity centered in the northern Peloponnesian and rival of the Aetolian League.;;Achaean (League)
;;The cause of this disorder may be assessed through blood samples from the petrosal sinuses or a CRH stimulation test, and it is commonly diagnosed by a low-dose dexamethasone suppression test. The ectopic form of this disease may be caused by excess hormone secretion from small cell lung cancer. Iatrogenic causes include excess administration of drugs like medroxyprogesterone and methyl-prednisolone. Symptoms of this disease include acanthosis, or darkening of the skin, around the neck; stretch marks across the abdomen and thighs; and hirsutism. Also common are its characteristic "moon face" and the presence of a fat pad on the upper back, called a buffalo hump, resulting from the redistribution of body fat. It is most commonly caused by pituitary adenomas which secrete extra ACTH, leading to overstimulation of the adrenal glands. For 10 points, identify this disease characterized by excess production of the stress hormone, cortisol.;;Cushing's (syndrome) (accept) Cushing's (disease)
;;One section of this work argues that there is no difference between killing a calf in private and killing a calf in public to demonstrate the universality of laws arising from the author's conception of the "commonwealth". This work's conclusion differentiates between the respective doctrinal and practical natures of heresy and schism, and the author's recurring argument that the care of souls and salvation cannot belong to a civil magistrate gives rise to the title concept, which excludes those the author determines are not bound by social promises, such as atheists. For 10 points, name this work addressed to an "Honored Sir" discussing the role of government in religion and written by John Locke.;;(A) Letter Concerning Toleration
;;The main naval engagement in this conflict was fought near the island of Russaro and saw one side nearly lose a cruiser due to coastal bombardment; the other side deployed its ships in harbor as an anti-aircraft measure. One battle in this war saw one side lose many members of its engineering corps after unsuccessfully attempting to build a pontoon bridge over a namesake river, while another site of intense fighting saw one side utilize the Munasuo Swamp to break through before encircling their opponents by gaining control of Lahde. Those clashes at Taipale and Summa are not as well known as the Battle of Raate Road, where one side used a decisive ambush; that was part of the larger Battle of Suomussalmi. It ended with the Moscow Peace Treaty and saw combat along the Mannerheim Line. For 10 points, name this conflict fought during a namesake season between Finland and the U.S.S.R.;;Winter War
;;This man developed a version of quantum mechanics based on separable Hilbert spaces, found a proof showing that matrix and wave mechanics are equivalent without the use of delta functions, and published a book entitled Mathematical Foundations of Quantum Mechanics. With Neddermeyer and Teller, he was a key designer of the implosion technique used in the first atomic bombs. This man found a simple method, using pairs of coin flips with different results, to generate randomness using a biased coin. He invented a sorting algorithm which splits a list into two halves, sorts each half, and merges the two sublists back together. For 10 points, name this mathematician and computer scientist who invented the merge sort and whose design of allocating the same memory to instructions and data is known as his namesake computer architecture.;;(John) Von Neumann
;;While not Nova Scotia, one ruler from this nation founded Louisbourg and introduced a Latin script. In addition to Maurice Benyovszky, another ruler from this nation re-legalized slave trade and with the help of the shipwrecked Jean Laborde established the ability to self-sufficiently make gunpowder weapons. That ruler's successor signed away commercial rights to Joseph-Francois Lambert and ended trade with the British. More famously, that ruler of this nation instigated a mass persecution of Christians to let tribal religions survive that still prevail today in coastal cities like Toamasina. In addition to Queen Ranavalona I, later rulers allowed the British to trade again, sparking the Franco-Hova wars. Later, this nation was ruled by the Free French after Operation Ironclad, but earlier Hitler proposed this nation as a place to send all European Jews. For 10 points, name this island off the coast of Africa.;;(Republic) (of) Madagascar (accept) Malagasy Republic
;;One piece in this collection has the phrase "sopr'il Soggetto Reale", or "above the real subject," included in its title and is notable for its difficult orchestration for the flute. In addition to that trio sonata, this collection also contains a piece for six voices that was later orchestrated by Anton Webern and a piece in which the second instrument plays the theme backwards, known as a "crab" canon. Inscriptions above some of the pieces allude to "increasing fortunes" and "ascending glory" in unison with the music, and two of the pieces do not contain time signatures, leaving them ambiguous as to how they should be performed. During a trip to Potsdam in 1747, its composer was challenged by this collection's dedicatee to create two fugues on a "royal theme"; those fugues became the two ricercars that open this collection, which also includes ten "riddle" or "puzzle" canons. For 10 points, name this collection of music dedicated to Frederick the Great, a work by J.S. Bach.;;(The) Musical Offering|(Das) Musikalische Opfer
;;The narrator of this novel is the granddaughter of her town's leading manufacturer of buttons and is raised by the housekeeper Rennie. One part of this work tells of a refined woman's liaisons with a political prisoner, who is based on Alex Thomas, a communist the narrator had helped hide in her attic. That political prisoner tells stories of a world in which Sakiel-Norn is burned to the ground by the Lizard Men of Xenor and in which children are forced to craft intricate rugs. The narrator of this novel is bossed around by Winifred after she enters a loveless marriage with Richard Griffen. This novel shares its name with the one published by the protagonist's sister Laura, whose fiery death in a car accident opens this novel. For 10 points, name this novel about Iris Chase Griffen, a work of Margaret Atwood.;;(The) Blind Assassin
;;In response to an economic downturn, he signed a bill that disallowed purchasing federal land on credit but decreased the price of that land to a dollar twenty five an acre. After the ambush of a trapping expedition, he sent Henry Leavenworth to suppress the Arikara tribe. This man's term saw the negotiation of a treaty sometimes named for the year of its signing or called the London Convention which corrected the Mitchell Map and set the Canadian border at the 49th parallel. Other treaties signed during his term include one which demilitarized the Great Lakes and another that set borders along the Arkansas and Red Rivers and acquired Florida from Spain. Although he presided over the Rush-Bagot and Adams-Onis treaties, his most famous contribution to foreign policy states that European interference in the Western hemisphere would not be tolerated. For 10 points, name this president during the Era of Good Feelings who had a namesake doctrine.;;(James) Monroe
;;Duccio's version of this scene takes place where a white archway meets a red one. The one by Giotto occurs just on each side just below the culmination of the Chancel Arch in the Arena Chapel, which was built on the site of an annual reenactment of this scene. The Leonardo version of this scene includes a marble table in the middle and the Botticelli one is nicknamed "Cestello." Many versions of this scene contains a vase of white lilies and a common trope is to separate it into two parts by a door or an arch. This scene is on the left of the second view of the Isenheim altarpiece and a version with a hanging brass pot is in the center of the Merode altarpiece. The winged figure in this scene is often depicted kneeling and the woman he speaks to is often interrupted while reading. For 10 points, name this scene in which the angel Gabriel tells the Virgin Mary she will bear Jesus.;;Annunciation
;;One character in this novel is described as having "outlived herself." One section consists only of the words "Nothing. Existed." and another simply states "I must not be afraid." The narrator dreams of animals made of slices of toast in a world full of ants and centipedes, and soon after dreams of a soldier with a hole in his face who does not know where to put a bouquet of violets. The narrator of this novel receives a letter from his former lover asking him to visit her when she takes a trip to Paris. The narrator is researching the Marquis de Rollebon, and one character is attempting to read all of the books in the library in alphabetical order and is known as the Self-Taught Man. For 10 points, name this novel set in Bouville and written as the diary of Antoine Roquentin, written by Jean-Paul Sartre.;;Nausea
;;One section of this work concludes that the possibility of verification is enough to assume commonly accepted principles and supports this by positing that if a ten million dollar prize were offered for the discovery of a wolf on the Island of Wight, and after 100 years the prize went unclaimed, one could safely accept that the island had no wolves. Later parts of this book consider why it is that criminal law is always less exact than civil law; its author discusses the sentimentality inherent in judgment and relates this to the pseudo-sciences of ethics and theology. Its first book, "Non-Logical Conduct," begins by addressing the scientific approach of Descartes and goes on to use weather-magic to illustrate how non-logical conduct is derived from variability. It is best known for splitting the elite class into conservative lions and radical foxes. For 10 points, name this work of Vilfredo Pareto.;;(The) Mind and Society
;;One character in this novel has a dream in which he refuses an offer to live his life over again while on a runaway train. That character is nearly killed after a prostitute he encounters in a tent tries to steal his wallet. Another of its characters sends the desperate telegram "CANNOT GET BACK" after she bribes the three other wives of the Bedouin Belqassim into helping her escape from him. One character in this work has his passport stolen by Eric Lyle and his travel writing mother. Despite the aid of Captain Broussard, the protagonist dies of typhus after his wife is seduced by the shallow Tunner. This work concerns the North African travels of Kit Moresby and her husband Port. For 10 points, name this novel by Paul Bowles.;;(The) Sheltering Sky
;;The forces of one side in this conflict were for a time led by warships under the command of Geoffrey Hornby, much to the chagrin of that nation's pacific admiral Robert Baynes. The forces of their opponents initially consisted of a small squadron under the command of George Pickett, though he was later reinforced and replaced by Silas Casey. After Winfield Scott negotiated with James Douglas, a standoff was reached that lasted some 12 years until arbitrage conducted by Kaiser Wilhelm I led to a boundary through the Haro Strait. Leading to the creation of American and British camps on San Juan Island, it began after a farmer named Lyman Cutler shot a stray animal belonging to Charles Griffin. For 10 points, name this quasi-conflict of the 1850s.;;Pig War
;;One phase of this conflict saw an assault on Puerto Plata that led to the sinking of the Sandwich and the destruction of Spanish guns in the coastal fortress. One side's only loss in combat came with the surrender of William Bainbridge's ship, the Retaliation, though Benjamin Hiller lost the Pickering and her crew in a storm. Triumphs for that nation included the capture of the ships L'Insurgente and La Vengeance by Thomas Truxtun. That side sent William Murray, William Davie, and Oliver Ellsworth to negotiate the treaty that ended this conflict; that treaty guaranteed French fishing rights off the east coast of Canada, took steps to prevent privateers, and was alternately known as the Treaty of Mortefontaine or the Convention of 1800. For 10 points, name this unofficial war fought between the U.S. and France.;;Quasi(-)War
;;One character in this film praises Mallarme's homage to the blank page and Rimbaud's decision to quit writing poetry in urging its central character to aid in sweeping away the thousands of miscarriages that come to light every day. The protagonist of this film is forced to wear a dunce cap and kneel on gravel after confessing to paying Saraghina to dance on the beach. This film was originally titled "The Beautiful Confusion," and it opens with a scene of asphyxiation in a traffic jam and a scene in which its protagonist is yanked back to earth after floating into the sky. The protagonist of this movie rules over all of the women in his life in a harem scene and is constantly hectored by his writers, producers, and actors while working on an epic sci-fi movie. For 10 points, name this film about the director Guido which has a title referencing the number of movies its director Federico Fellini had made.;;8|Otto e mezzo
;;Salisbury and Wimbush studied the prediction of these events, using the Hilbert-Huang transform to determine whether the seasonal fluctuations in air pressure difference between Tahiti and Darwin were sufficiently noise free to do so. Like global warming, this event leads to an increase in vertical wind shear, which can prevent hurricanes from forming. The most intense of these events marked the start of mass coral bleaching worldwide, and it is caused by the slowing of the Walker Circulation. That same event temporarily warmed air temperatures by 1.5 degrees Celsius, approximately six times the normal increase, and this event reduces the upwelling of cold, nutrient-rich water off the coast of Peru. For 10 points, name this warming of the surface water in the East Pacific, often associated with increased hurricane strength.;;El Nino|Southern Oscillation|El Nino/La Nina(-)Southern Oscillation
;;One character in this play asks "for what's a play without a woman in it" after assuring others that Nero wasn't above acting. A subplot in this play concerns the conniving Viluppo, who is executed after lying about Alexandro's actions on the battlefield. This play ends with one character predicting the afterlife experience of each of its characters. In a play within this play, the Turk Solimon and the knight Erasto fight over Perseda, until both are killed by the Bashaw. The frame narrative of this play consists of the Spirit of Tragedy and the Ghost of Don Andrea, who watch as noble Horatio is murdered by Lorenzo so he can force his sister to marry the Portuguese prince Balthazar. That action drives Hieronimo mad and prompts him to kill the brother of Bel-Imperia and his cronies. For 10 points, name this first major Revenge play which was written by Thomas Kyd and set in Iberia.;;(The) Spanish Tragedy(,)|(Hieronimo) (is) (Mad) (Again)
;;A supercritical fluid of this molecule has been studied for use as a homogeneous solvent, and one method to increase solubility of compounds in that solution is to introduce perfluoroalkyl groups. It reacts favorably with serpentine minerals, and the slow rate of that reaction can be increased greatly through the use of a microwave furnace. It can be reacted with hydrogen to form water in the Bosch reaction, which can be used to create graphite samples for carbon dating, and it can be used to produce a carboxyllic acid when reacted with a magnesium halide. When dissolved in blood, it increases the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen, a result known as the Bohr effect, and it is temporarily added to pyruvate to form oxaloacetate at the start of gluconeogenesis by a biotin-containing enzyme. For 10 points, name this molecule which is added to ribulose bisphosphate in the Calvin cycle in a reaction catalyzed by RuBisCO.;;CO2|carbon dioxide
;;One work by this artist was for a series of paintings in the Casa Buonarotti and depicts a heavenly Michelangelo, while another painting by this artist depicts a woman in a yellow dress holds a sharp object next to the head of a sleeping man. This painter's later years in London were spent working on the ceiling of The Great Hall in the Queen's House in Greenwich and creating a self-portrait depicting while wearing green and holding a brush. This creator of Allegory of Inclination and Jael and Sistera also depicted a seated king in green looking a fainted woman in Esther before Ahasuerus. Raped at the age of seventeen by Agostino Tassi, she is best known for her first work Susanna and the Elders and a painting depicting a woman in red holding a man down while a woman in blue does the title action. For 10 points, name this 17th century Italian painter of Judith Beheading Holofernes.;;(Artemisia) Gentileschi
;;One member of this group was the mother of Sparta-founder Lacedaemon and was turned into a deer by Artemis in an unsuccessful attempt to keep her from getting raped by Zeus. Another member of this group was the mother of Dardanus and was sometimes known as the "lost" one. They lent their name to the group of sacred women who served at the Oracle at Dodona. In addition to Taygete and Electra, this group included a figure who raised Callisto's son Arcas and hid in the cave of Cyllene to give birth to Apollo. The oldest one was Maia, and as a group they were the daughters of the nymph Pleione and Atlas. They were first transformed into doves by Zeus and finally into stars in order to escape from the hunter Orion. For 10 points, name this group known as the "seven sisters.".;;(the) Pleiades
;;In the aftermath of this event, a hysterical speech by Lord Montague led to open expressions of anti-Semitism from Tories and was only salvaged when the War Secretary gave a speech stating that "Frightfulness is not a remedy known to the British pharmacopeia." This event was investigated by the Hunter Commission, which found that one of its causes was legislation which would make permanent a temporary law that would allow some political suspects to be tried without juries or held without trials. One participant stated that vehicles were only excluded due to the narrowness of an entrance, and Lieutenant Governor Michael O'Dwyer was assassinated in reaction to this incident 21 years later. The passage of the Rowlatt Acts caused a demonstration at a public garden, at which Reginald E.H. Dyer opened fire on peaceful protesters, killing almost 400 and sparking Gandhi's non-cooperation movement in the 1920s. For 10 points, name this 1919 massacre in Punjab.;;Amritsar (Massacre)|Jallianwala Bagh (massacre)
;;In one story by this author, Goerge's sister Sophie starts giving him a dollar a week and Mr. Cattanzara and the rest of the neighborhood start giving him respect when he claims he is reading one hundred books during the summer. In another of his stories, the sculptor Rubin puts on a failed exhibition of his driftwood art and gets angry when the critic Arkin says he looks like a Rembrandt self-portrait because of his hat. This author of "Summer's Reading" wrote a story in which the student Leo falls in love with Stella after seeing her photograph, although she turns out to be the wayward daughter of the matchmaker Salzman. The title character of one of his novels is accused of ritually murdering a Christian boy and is named Yakov Bok. For 10 points, name this author of the collection The Magic Barrel and the novel The Fixer who wrote about ballplayer Roy Hobbes in The Natural.;;(Bernard) Malamud
;;The leader of this religion is chosen by a vote narrowing the field to three candidates, whose names are written on paper and picked randomly by a child. Its calendar is divided into three seasons, including sowing and harvest seasons, and thirteen months, the holiest of which is Kiahk. Devout adherents of this religion partake in an astounding 210 days of fasting per year. One important ritual in this religion involves anointing infants with the Oil of Myron and having the sign of the cross made thirty six times over them. The current leader of this faith is Shenouda III, who maintains a form of the miaphytism that led to the formation of this religion in 451 after the Council of Chalcedon. Many of this faith's churches contain iconostasis, most of which depict its earliest founder St. Mark the Evangelist. For 10 points, name this Orthodox Church based in Egypt.;;Coptic (Orthodox) (Church)
;;This character visits the voodoo woman Madame Gautier after having recurring dreams predicting the death of her husband. She spends three years living with the fisherman Felton after that husband is dragged to death by a horse. She tells Albert Cluveau that a Chariot of Hell will come for him after he shoots her schoolteacher brother. This character's abortive exodus to Ohio with her brother Ned is recounted in the volume "The War Years," which joins "Reconstruction," "The Plantation," and "The Quarters" to make up the novel she appears in. She changes her name from Ticey at the suggestion of the Union soldier Corporal Brown. She tells her story to a collector of oral histories, ending with her leading a Civil Rights march on Bayonne Louisiana and beginning with the Emancipation Proclamation. For 10 points, name this character whose "autobiography" is related in a novel by Ernest Gaines.;;(Miss) Jane Pittman (accept) (either)
;;Mario Borghezio, a member of this body, is attempting to make it investigate claims of UFOs while this body more recently passed a ban on the sale of meat from cloned animals and regulated banker pay in all of its 27 members. The current president of this body, Jerzy Buzek, succeeded Hans-Gert Pottering in 2009 and this body is distinct from a similarly named Council by being directly elected in each constituent member as well as its focus on domestic matters. The People's Party and the Socialists & Democrats are the two largest political groups in this body, where a Februrary 2010 speech by a member of the Freedom and Democracy party claimed that Herman Van Rompuy "had the charisma of a damp rag" and "a loathing for the very concept of the existence of nation states." That speech was given by Nigel Farage, who is also a member of the UK Independence Party, which opposes the actions of this body. Founded by the Treaty of Lisbon and meeting in both Strasbourg, France and Brussels, Belgium, for 10 points identify this elected body, the legislative lower house of the European Union.;;(The) European Parliament|EuroParl(;)|EP
;;This man called the three worlds theory counterrevolutionary and chauvinist in a 1978 book that claimed that China was attempting to become a superpower through an essentially capitalist strategy, Imperialism and the Revolution, while he attacked the democratic strategy of the Carrillo revisionists in the speech Eurocommunism is Anti-Communism. He presided over his country's 1976 constitution that outlawed borrowing and promoted self-reliance; earlier, after executing Koci Xoxe, he had overseen a massive increase in literacy and the implementation of state-sponsored atheism. After breaking with Nikita Khrushchev, he led his country into increasing isolation until his final ally, China, cut him off in 1978. Succeeded by Ramiz Alia, for 10 points, name this leader of the PLA, a communist dictator of Albania.;;(Enver) Hoxha
;;The author of this book contrasts Hamilcar making Hannibal swear to crush the Romans with an event in which his father did nothing after a Christian knocked his hat off his head. One character in this work unsuccessfully asks three women in a kitchen for pudding before befriending a stranger over a Turkish coat. In another part, its author recalls singing an aria from The Marriage of Figaro after Count Thun brushes past him on a train station. Its author recalls looking through some plant specimens affixed to cultured plates after writing a botanical monograph. This work discusses how displacement can shift emotional significance to unimportant details and how condensation can cause each object to have a multitude of meanings. It opens by discussing a woman who had taken ill after being given an injection of propyl and who at first refuses to open her mouth. For 10 points, name this work which opens with an analysis of "Irma's Injection" and was written by Sigmund Freud.;;(The) Interpretation of Dreams|(Die) Traumdeutung
;;This substance can be produced in a so-called "cloverleaf trap". Introducing a revolving magnetic field to this substance can generate phenomena called vortices. Fischer and Schutzhold created a model of cosmic inflation using this substance. Grimm and Jin produced this substance using molecules of lithium. A one-dimensional variant of it is named for Tonks and Girardeau. Examples of materials able to produce this substance, whose state is governed by the Gross-Pitaevskii equation, include magnons, helium-4, and other particles with integer spin. For 10 points, identify this substance first synthesized in rubidium-87, an exotic state of matter named for a German and an Indian guy.;;Bose Einstein Condensate
;;Heinrich Meier published a "hidden dialogue" between this man and Carl Schmitt, whose theories he deemed inadequate in the essay "Notes on Carl Schmitt's "Concept of the Political." This philosopher argued that governments are based on necessary myths and lies in his The City and Man. He argued that much of ancient and medieval philosophical work has an esoteric message that is concealed by an exoteric one in order to avoid challenging religious dogma and provoking persecution by hostile authorities in his Persecution and the Art of Writing. He included "A" and "B" reading lists after each chapter of his History of Political Philosophy, and his prominent students include Allan Bloom and Paul Wolfowitz. For 10 points, name this Jewish German-American philosopher whose writings are a founding influence on modern conservatism.;;(Leo) Strauss
;;One character in this novel repeatedly reads Otto Weininger's opus Sex and Character which argues that women have no souls. Another of its characters is raised by the gypsy Bidandengero and is overweight until being encased in a snowman by a bully causes her to become a graceful ballerina. That character, Jenny, is adopted by the teacher Dr. Brunies who is sent to a concentration camp after eating "Cebion" tablets intended for his students. This novel's second section is narrated by Harry Liebenau, who in a series of love letters to his cousin Tulla Pokriefke recounts how Eddi Amsel constructs several mechanical scarecrows for one of Jenny's ballets. This novel also recounts how Walter Matern returns to post-war Germany to punish Nazis despite having served in the SS himself and having given Prinz to Hitler as a pet. For 10 points, name this sequel to Cat and Mouse and the The Tin Drum, the final book in the Danzig Trilogy by Gunter Grass.;;Dog Years|Hundejahre
;;This ruler convinced his subjects to pay a Common Penny tax in exchange for the creation of a council of 20 Princes governing financial and foreign policy. His daughter was returned to him via the Treaty of Senlis after she was rejected in favor of Anne of Brittany. He believed in marrying to expand his territory, exemplified by his statement of Tu felix Austria nube, or "you, happy Austria marry." At the First Congress of Vienna he agreed to marry his granddaughter Mary to Louis II of Hungary. This father of Margaret of Austria had his forces destroyed at Hard, Calven, and finally Dornach, leading to the Treaty of Basel. His eldest son married a woman who once was controlled by a regency under Archbishop Cisneros. His eldest grandson forced his rival Francis I to sign the Treaty of Madrid along with sacking Rome. For 10 points, name this father of Philip the Handsome and grandfather of his successor, the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V.;;Maximilian
;;One character in this novel tells of how his grandfather Descheeny married a Mexican girl found tied to a tree in the desert. Its protagonist is traumatized when a flood carries away his wounded friend Rocky while they are fighting the Japanese in the Philippines. This novel both begins and ends with the word "sunrise" and is interspersed with poems telling the story of Hummingbird and Fly's journey to get tobacco for Buzzard so that he will end a draught. This novel ends at a uranium mine where its protagonist hides from Emo, who murders Harley and Leroy in its final chapter. Much of this novel takes place in the town of Gallup, where the protagonist begins his search for his Uncle Josiah's cattle. That quest is prescribed by the medicine man Betonie after Tayo's scars from fighting in World War II cannot be healed by western doctors. For 10 points, name this novel by Leslie Marmon Silko.;;Ceremony
;;This author urges readers to "put away all Flunkyism, Baseness, and Unveracity from us," referring to the "faithful, discerning souls." One of his characters comes to the realization that "I was like no other" and sneers at the "paltry little Dog-cage of an Earth" and the "Cause-and-Effect Philosopher," a theme that this author explored in a work opening with discussions about Muhammad's spreading of Islam by the sword and the "genuine song" that is The Divine Comedy. This author discusses "The Modern Worker" alongside "The Ancient Monk" in Past and Present and wrote a book about heroes and hero-worship. The magnum opus of this author describes a character who experiences the "Center of Indifference" as well as the "Everlasting Yea" and "Everlasting No." For 10 points, identify this author who wrote about an philosopher of clothes, Diogenes Teufelsdrockh, in Sartor Resartus.;;(Thomas) Carlyle
;;This poet asked "what would they say should their Catullus walk that way?" in a poem about "respectable bald heads" who "Edit and annotate the lines" that young men "rhymed out in love's despair." The narrator of another poem by this author claims "I, being poor, have only my dreams" and warns "Tread softly because you tread on my dreams." Another of his narrators is a fairy who tells a "human child" to come "to the waters and the wild" because "the world's more full of weeping than you can understand." This author of "The Scholars" and "The Stolen Child" included an image of "The broken wall, the burning roof and tower / and Agamemnon dead" in his poem about "the great wings beating still above the staggering girl." This poet wrote of a man who is driven by "A lonely impulse of delight" and knows that he shall meet his fate "somewhere among the clouds above." For 10 points, name this author of "Leda and the Swan" and "An Irish Airman Foresees His Death" who wrote that "things fall apart" in "The Second Coming.".;;(William) (Butler) Yeats
;;A 1992 paper by Dantzer and Kelley reported sickness-related behavior in mice that had these chemicals administered directly to the brain. The transforming growth factor beta superfamily belongs to the group of cysteine-knot variety of these chemicals. Their receptors are linked to JAK kinases, which activate STAT transcription factors. The drug TGN1412 caused a fatal positive feedback loop involving them; an earlier instance of the same killed many in the 1918 flu pandemic. Two classes of these molecules that can produce a namesake "storm" are secreted by leukocytes and virally infected cells and are termed interleukins and interferons, respectively. They are associated with clonal selection and activation of lymphocytes. For 10 points, name this diverse class of signaling molecules used by immune cells.;;cytokines
;;This book contrasts the radiating, hovering, Jesus with the suffering disciples below in Raphael's Transfiguration as an example of "transforming an illusion into an illusion." It tells the story of King Midas, who chased a satyr for many years only to be greeted by derision after asking it the meaning of life. This work defines the "naive artist" as one who is interested only in the beauty of a work. Fourteen years after its publication, the author of this work prefaced its twenty five chapters with "An Attempt at Self-Criticism." This work also contains a "Preface to Richard Wagner," as it holds that the emerging German art is the last bastion of true culture. It holds that the elimination of music was one of the many crimes committed by Euripides, whose intellectualism disturbed the balance between the Apollonian and Dionysian. For 10 points, name this first work of Friedrich Nietzsche.;;(The) Birth of Tragedy (out) (of) (the) (Spirit) (of) (Music)|(Die) Geburt der Tragodie (aus) (dem) (Geiste) (der) (Musi)
;;One piece of this name was accompanied by Der geigende Eremit, Im Spiel der Wellen, and Bacchanal in a set of four tone poems by Max Reger. Another piece of this name which was transcribed for organ by Louis Robilliard opens with alternating E's and A's in the strings which quickly give way to an undulating motif played by muted cellos and harp in 5/8 time. In that piece, a tremolo dies irae motif is then gradually developed against that earlier "rowing" motif. Based on a painting by Arnold Bocklin, for 10 points, name this symphonic poem by Sergei Rachmaninov which may musically depict Charon crossing the river Styx towards the title location.;;(The) Isle of the Dead
;;One phase of this war was a revolt by a group sometimes called "Cadets of the Cross" against the policy of Dragonnade, and was sparked by the assassination of Francois Langlade before being quenched with the Pacification of the Camisards. Following this conflict, the Dutch were given the right to build a line of fortresses in the Barrier Treaties. The most successful naval commander in this war was George Rooke, who tried to raid a treasure fleet at Vigo Bay. The British won the right to supply 4800 slaves yearly to Spanish colonies and Rooke later won a strategic victory at Velez-Malaga before capturing Gibraltar from Philip V of Spain. One side was commanded by generals like Duc de Villars, who lost the battles of Bouchain and Malpaquet to the Duke of Marlborough and Eugene of Savoy. This war was sparked when Louis XIV's grandson was named heir to Charles II. For 10 points, name this war ended by the Treaty of Utrecht fought over control of an Iberian throne.;;(War) (of) Spanish Succession
;;In a story from Irish myth, Midir transforms himself and Etain into one of these animals after hustling Eochaid at a game of fidchell. In another Irish legend, Aoife transforms the Children of Lir into these animals, a state they are trapped in for nine hundred years. According to most Greek sources, either doves or these animals draw the chariot of Aphrodite. In Hinduism, one of these animals has the ability to separate the milk from a mixture of milk and water. That example of this animal is the mount of a goddess of music who is the consort to Brahma and is named Saraswati. After killing the Elk of Hiisi, Lemminkainen is killed by the herdsman Markahattu while trying to shoot one of these animals with his crossbow. One deity in the form of this animal fathered Helen and Castor and Pollux. For 10 points, name this animal which inhabits Tuonella in the Kalevala and which Zeus transforms into to seduce Leda in Greek myth.;;swans
;;This author meta-references the title subject as "crusted with blood and barbaric omens" in a poem comparing Hitler's speech in Danzig to the wailing of an infant.  Another of his poems begins by noting that "iron rusts, and bronze has its green sickness," and details the events following Barney McKaye's discovery of the title implement. Another of his poems ends as an entity became "quite unsheathed from reality," and the speaker of that poem notes that "except the penalties," he would sooner kill a man than the title animal. This author commemorated his wife in "For Una" and authored "The Stone Axe" and "Hurt Hawks." He wrote a long poem about a Carmel coast fire that leaves Martial and Fera to live in Cawdor's farm, and one about an incestuous suitor of Lee Andrews and sister of Lee Cauldwell. For 10 points, identify this advocate of "inhumanism," the environmentalist poet of Tamar.;;(John) (Robinson) Jeffers
;;He created two scenes in which the angel of death stops a sculptor from completing a bas-relief in the Milmore Memorial. Many of his designs were carved by the Piccirilli Brothers, and he sculpted a deaf girl signing the letter "a" in his depiction of Alice Cogswell outside of Gallaudet University. He collaborated with Edward Clark Potter on a golden quadriga at the entrance of the Minnesota state capital called The Progress of the State. He included a hidden owl in the folds of the robe of his seated Minerva, which is outside of Low Library on the Columbia Campus and called Alma Mater. This man's golden "Statue of the Republic" overlooked the Chicago World's Fair and he designed the medals for the Pulitzer Prize. The rugged subject of another of his sculptures holds a plow in his left hand and a rifle in his right. For 10 points, name this American sculptor of The Minute Man who designed the massive seated statue that dominates the Lincoln Memorial.;;(Daniel) (Chester) French
;;One of this country's landmarks, a compound of enormous thatched-roof tombs at Kasubi, was recently burned down in a mysterious fire. A series of volcanoes are located in its far southeast at Mgahinga National park and it also contains an "impenetrable forest" at Bwindi, which is located in the foothills of the Rwenzori mountains, while the western slopes of Mt. Elgon make up much of its border around Mbale. Murchison Falls national park is known for its wildlife while excellent whitewater rafting is available at Jinja. This country's recent oil discoveries in Lake Albert have caused tension with the neighboring Democratic Republic of the Congo. For 10 points, identify this country whose main airport is located 40 kilometers south of its capital at Kampala.;;(Republic) (of) Uganda|(Jamhuri) (ya) Uganda
;;In one novel set in this country, the violence employed by the bandit Fiero Vasquez and the legal recourse taken by Correa Zavala cannot help the mayor Rosendo Maquis save his town of Rumi from the corrupt Don Amenabar. This setting of Ciro Alegria's novel Broad and Alien is the World was home to a poet whose socialism and collections The Black Heralds and Trilce have often led him to be paired with Neruda. One author from this country recently published a reworking of Madame Bovary titled The Bad Girl. In a novel set in this country, the Marquesa de Montemayor resolves to change her ways after reading Pepita's letter, and Brother Juniper is burned for writing about the title event. This setting of The Bridge of San Luis Rey is also where Pedro Camacho writes scripts for radio soaps. For 10 points, name this home of Cesar Vilejo and Mario Vargas Llosa.;;Peru
;;A propeller designed around this shape rotates around the vertical axis and provides extremely fast changes in thrust direction. That propeller is named after Voith and Schneider. Its catacaustic divides it in two, and it is equal to its evolute. Depending on how one is created, it can be curtate or prolate. When a pendulum is forced to follow a path of this shape, it will reach the lowest point of its swing in the same amount of time no matter where it is initially placed, and it is the path a bead on a wire would take to fall from one point to another at the fastest speed. For 10 points name this curve which solves the tautochrone and brachistochrone problems and is the shape a point on the edge of a rolling circle traces out.;;Cycloid
;;This work notes that people are being willfully controlled by large social structures and worries they will become "cheerful robots." An appendix published with this book includes excerpts of its author's detailed notes on Gaetano Mosca as an example for students and is titled "On Intellectual Craftsmanship." This work attacks the relentless pursuit of data on minutiae exemplified by Paul Lazarsfield's work, which its author compares to market research and terms "abstracted empiricism." The first attack in this work is against the elaborate ungrounded systems propounded especially by Talcott Parsons which are deemed "Grand Theory." Instead, beginning in its opening chapter "The Promise," this work advocates a problem oriented approach which focuses on connecting the travails of individual people to greater social movements. For 10 points, name this work by C. Wright Mills.;;(The) Sociological Imagination
;;One of this artist's earlier works features several yellow vertical bars and a magenta horizontal bar, which was later shaded black, then back to magenta over the course of thirty years. That work, Little Spanish Prison, was created during a trip to Mexico, which also resulted in the appropriately-titled Mexican Sketchbook. His collage Surprise and Inspiration was at the center of his first one-man exhibition, and in 1991 he died in Provincetown, Massachusetts, where he had flung paint on canvases to create many of his Beside the Sea paintings. His work with color-field theory led to his Open series, but this artist is better remembered for his painting At Five in the Afternoon, which is reminiscent of another series comprised of paintings of black circles between black vertical bars on a white canvas. Once the husband of Helen Frankenthaler, this is, for 10 points, what American Abstract Expressionist best known for his series Elegy for the Spanish Republic?.;;(Robert) Motherwell
;;This dynasty won at the Battle of Ningyuan with Yuan Chonghuan commanding 10,000 troops against a force of over 60,000. This dynasty heavily relied on silver imports, but still forbade much naval trade with haijin because Wokou harassed the coastline. Although the first emperor of this dynasty, who was a former peasant, banned eunuchs from public participation, by the time of the Wanli emperor, eunuchs regained prominence. One emperor of this dynasty came to power twice, once as Zhengtong and again as Tianshun because he was captured by the Mongols. Although originally based in Nanjing, this dynasty's tombs are located near Beijing, the capital of this dynasty. Suffering the Tumu Crisis and ruled by the Zhu family, this dynasty's first emperor came to power as a leader of the Red Turban Rebellion to defeat the previous Yuan dynasty. For 10 points, name this last native Chinese dynasty.;;Ming (dynasty) (accept) Ming (Chao(;)) (accept) (Da) Ming (Guo(;)) (accept) (Da) Ming (Diguo)
;;The narrator of one of this author's novels worries about which portion of the daily turnip soup he will receive and finds a doctor to treat his infected knee. Another of his narrators loves Thomas Mann, watches Die Walkure, and spots a jeep bearing the Union Jack. In another novel, Sarah and Judit are contacted by Kingbitter, who attempts to recreate the life of B, a writer who bore that letter as a tattoo on his thigh. Another of his characters constantly says "no" to his wife's attempts to raise a family, resulting in the Kaddish for a Child not Born. This author of Liquidation created Bandi Citrom, whose interaction with George in a concentration camp makes the latter realize that the Holocaust was the logical outcome of the Nazi regime. For 10 points, identify this author of Fatelessness, a Hungarian Nobel Laureate.;;(Imre) Kertesz
;;An aluminum alkoxide coordinates with one of two equivalents of aldehydes to produce this functional group in one reaction. Potassium carbonate work-up of the product of a reaction of gaseous hydrochloric acid in alcohol and anhydrous chloride with a nitrile yields an imino- analogue of them. Another usage of a Lewis acid catalyst involves the phenyl version of this functional group producing a hydroxyl aryl ketone. The tert-butyl variety of this functional group that is produced in the Tischenko and Pinner reactions is attached to amino acids as a protecting group. The cyclic version of this functional group can be produced when a peroxy acid like mCPBA reacts with a cyclic ketone in the Baeyer Villager reaction. Deprotonation of the alpha hydrogens in a beta-keto- one occurs in the Claisen condensation. This functional group breaks up into two components in saponification. Formed when a carboxylic acid reacts with an alcohol in the Fischer synthesis, for 10 points, name this functional group in which a carbonyl carbon is connected to another oxygen.;;ester (accept) iminoester|Pinner (reaction) (in) (the) (first) (sentence)
;;This election played a key role in the switch to a secret ballot, after Indiana's Republican Party openly paid voters to cast pre-printed votes in the "blocks of five" scandal. Other major issues in this election included the admission of the Dakota Territory as one or more states, which Democrats in Congress were blocking due to an expected Republican stronghold there. One candidate in this election was formerly the Nashville commissioner of the Freedmen's Bureau who was inspired by his Civil War experiences to found a black college; that was Prohibition candidate Clinton Fisk. Irish-American votes in this election were swayed after California Congressman George Osgoodby forged a missive to Ambassador Lionel Sackville-West, pretending to be from a British-born American citizen named Charles Murchison. Also the second election in which the Equal Rights Party nominated Belva Lockwood, this contest ended with the winner of the popular vote in second place electorally. For 10 points, identify this election, in which Grover Cleveland was defeated in his first attempt at a second term, and Benjamin Harrison became President.;;(United) (States) (Presidential) (election) (of) 1888
;;The protagonist of one play by this author receives a letter from Seth Gale saying that they can't move out west together because of the illness of his son Jimmy. That play also includes the merchant Joshua Speed and the protagonist's drunken business partner Berry who brings their general store to ruin. In another play by this author, the Chisolm family and their chauffeur Joseph get stranded with Jason Maple and Boze Hertzlinger by the killer Duke Mantee, who kills Alan Squire at the Black Mesa Bar-B-Q. The protagonist of one play by this man is convinced to run for public office by Ninian Edwards and Judge Bowling Green after falling in love with Anne Rutledge. For 10 points, name this American playwright of Abe Lincoln in Illinois and The Petrified Forest.;;(Robert) Sherwood
;;Evidence suggests that one organism in this phylum introduced the parasite Haplosporidium nelsoni to the Chesapeake Bay. That organism is Crassostrea gigas. The laterofrontal cirri of the ctenidia in this phylum filter and retain particles. Some organisms in this phylum use byssal threads to attach themselves to a substrate. Filter feeders in this phylum excrete pseudofeces and notably lack a toothed chitinous ribbon. Important features of this phylum include an extension of the body wall which is often responsible for secreting a calcium carbonate shell, the mantle, as well as the radula. For 10 points, name this phylum containing the classes Gastropoda and Bivalvia, examples of which are snails and mussels.;;Mollusca|Mollusks
;;One of this author's poems describes a woman whose four teeth are expelled with only two coughs. Another describes a too-hot cheese tart that nobody could touch at a dinner party. He describes a grand-standing man who pawns his ring for four crowns in his poem "On a Pretender," and he noted that "Rufus, you prefer to carve up your cook than your rabbit" in a poem decrying the cruelty shown to slaves. Another of his speakers moans that Symmachus's visit worsened his cold. He described himself as a "father of three children" in a poem begging Domitian to give him a special position. He addressed Juvenal in the eighth poem of the first book of his major work, which also contained many lewd paeans about Roman youth. For 10 points, identify this poet from Latin Hispania, the creator of the Epigrams.;;(Marcus) (Valerius) Martialis
;;During one of its composer's trips to England, seven new arrangements of these pieces were played to Prince Albert and Queen Victoria, to whom its composer dedicated his third symphony. Only one of them is in C minor, while the most commonly used key is A major. Titles for them suggested by the composer's cousin Marc-Andre Souchay were not kept, but such names as "Kinderstuck" and "Bee's Wedding" are still used today. Original Melodies for the Pianoforte was the original title for the first volume of these pieces, the first of which was written in 1828 and was intended as birthday present for the composer's sister Fanny. Collected in eight volumes of six pieces, they include a funeral march, a hunting song, and three Venetian boat songs. For 10 points, name this collection of 48 lyric-less pieces by Felix Mendelssohn.;;Songs Without Words|Lieder ohne Worte
;;This work claims that the state of pure natural relation can be found in the reciprocity between a pre-natal baby and its mother's womb. Late, sleepless nights are cited by its author as an example of a "weak moment" in which man's helplessness manifests. Its author draws a distinction between the truly pious and the theomaniacs, who simply cultivate their personal relationship with God through episodes termed "revelations." This work posits two modes, the first of which is the mode of experience, termed the "I-it." Inspired by its author's study of Hasidic philosophy and brief subscription to Zionism, for 10 points, identify this existentialist text by Martin Buber.;;I and Thou|Ich und Du
;;He depicted a basket of fruit level with a small raised chest and an urn in a painting that portrays a hunched writing man next to Mary and Jesus. He painted an amphora resting atop a column in the background of a scene in which an angel hustles the holy family down a road. This artist of The Holy Family on the Steps and a Flight into Egypt painted two men holding a massive bunch of grapes in a series which also includes depictions of the Flood and Ruth and Boaz. This artist of The Four Seasons painted two men carrying the body of the title Athenian statesman in one painting, and in another depicted an angel in a chariot holding a hoop above four women dancing with their backs turned to each other. He painted two versions of a work in which four shepherds inspect a stone tomb. For 10 points, name this foremost French classicist who painted Dance to the Music of Time and Et In Arcadia Ego.;;(Nicolas) Poussin
;;The works School of the Slip and Cyclops are part of this artist's "herms" series, which mostly consists of works made of driftwood. Eight yellow circles on a red background characterize his painting The Calumet, which represents the bond between Native American tribes. Other works by him include the sculpture 1-0, located in the lobby of Taipei 101, and the Ahava sculpture in Jerusalem. 2003 saw him place several brightly-colored sculptures of numbers along New York's Park Avenue for a work called One Through Zero. The star of Andy Warhol's film Eat, this artist raised over one million dollars in 2008 for Barack Obama with his "HOPE" series, which is a variant on a collection of works that features a diagonally-oriented letter "O." For 10 points, name this American artist best known for his paintings and red sculptures of the word "LOVE.".;;(Robert) Indiana|(Robert) Clark
;;One precursor to this period saw the establishment of a Daoist state in Hanzhong by Zhang Daoling. One state during this period saw the government sponsor all farmland in order to feed the military, while a plan to end this period featured a two-pronged attack from the Yizhou and Jingzhou provinces. In addition to the tuntian system and Longzhong plan, another precursor to this was the Battle of Guandu, which saw the defeat of Yuan Shao. One leader during this period launched a series of failed Northern Expeditions from his mountainous base. The Qinling Mountains and the Yangtze River formed the defensive line after the failure of invaders in the Battle of Chibi or Red Cliffs. That battle saw Sun Quan form an alliance against Cao Cao with Liu Bei. Often seeing alliances against the state of Wei by the states of Wu and Shu, for 10 points, name this period of Chinese history following the Han dynasty.;;Three Kingdoms (accept) Sanguo
;;One character in this novel is told to "stop the slavish devotion" and to "get a girl, get a guy, but get a life" before being kissed by Maxine. That character gets her hair straightened to look attractive to a would-be assassin who shows up at the unveiling of FutureMouse after having joined an organization whose acronym is KEVIN. This novel also includes the "Chalfenism" practiced by a namesake third-generation family of German and Polish Jews as well as flashbacks to the "Buggered Battalion," where one soldier remembers his Sepoy ancestor Mangal Pandey. Magid and Millat are the children of Alsana and Samad Iqbal in this novel, which opens as "a bloke in the joke" attempts suicide in a car after recalling how he met his future wife Clara Bowden. Chronicling the life of Bangladeshi and Jamaican immigrants in London, for 10 points, identify this debut novel of Zadie Smith.;;White Teeth
;;This figure tells one of his relations "if thou wilt take the left hand, then I will go to the right; or if thou depart to the right hand, then I will go to the left." After the Battle of the Vale of Siddim, he chases down and defeats the forces of four kings with just 318 men, causing Melchizedek to gift him with bread and wine. He is given a thousand pieces of silver and referred to as a "covering of the eyes" by Abimelech of Gerar, and has a similar encounter with the Pharaoh after telling his wife to pretend to be his sister. After talking God down from fifty, he fails to find ten good men in Sodom and Gomorrah, leading the wife of his nephew Lot to be turned into a pillar of salt. With Hagar he is the father of Ishmael and with his wife Sarah he is the father of Isaac, whom he nearly sacrifices. For 10 points, name this Old Testament patriarch.;;Abraham
;;This man wrongly calculated the number of protons in the universe, and with Dirac he found the coincidence that many ratios of related quantities give unitless numbers on the order of 10 to the 40th power. In more legitimate work, his discovery that stars move in two different "drifts" was important in studying the proper motion of stars and in finding an explanation to the pulsing of Cepheid Variables. He discovered the relationship between mass and luminosity in stars and used a total eclipse to verify that light is bent by gravity as predicted by relativity. He attempted to prove that the fine structure constant is equal to 1/136, later changing the proof to accommodate the closer 1/137. For 10 points, name this scientist who gives his name to the point where a star would break up due to radiation pressure exceeding gravitational attraction, his namesake limit.;;(Arthur) Eddington
;;Two knights returning from Lithuanian crusades, Gaston Phebus and Captal de Buchand, inflicted a decisive defeat on this movement by relieving the siege of Meaux where a number of notable ladies were hiding. Amiens and Rouen were two sites that received speedy royal pardons after it concluded, thanks in part to their loyalty to the Navarre family. A one-sided battle at Mello crushed its organized military wing after its main leader, Guillame Cale, was murdered at a parlay with Charles the Bad and the Mayor of Paris, Etienne Marcel, was killed for lending tacit support to it. This uprising was prompted by higher taxes levied on the lower estates to help pay for the ransom of John the Good. For 10 points, identify this 1358 peasant rebellion in France termed after a generic name given to French peasants.;;Jacquerie
;;Adrian Monk once compared this activity to Dante's Seventh Circle of Hell when he had to engage in it to talk to Jenna Ryan, an aspiring actress. In an episode of Psych, Shawn and Gus participated in it when it appeared to be connected to a series of alien abductions. Miranda from Sex and the City pretended to be a stewardess during it after she realized that telling people her true occupation was not such a good idea. Hitch proclaims that "This is exactly why falling in love is so goddamn hard!" while gesturing towards this activity. In The 40 Year Old Virgin, after Jay's girlfriend Jill finds a piece of evidence that he had engaged in this activity, Andy is forced to cover for him; earlier, during it, Andy had seen one woman whose breast hung out from her shirt. For 10 points, name this activity in which a lot of guys and girls meet each other.;;Speed Dating
;;In one work, this thinker advocated a view of ideas as tools for apprehending reality and lacking in any self-arising value. That work was organized in terms of observations he called "probes" from which lines of thought could be drawn. He also wrote a work which uses King Lear as a lone example of three-dimensional perspective and the process of "denudation" between separate worlds of "roles" and "jobs". That work also analyzes Finnegan's Wake as a history of human writing and speech and theorizes that geographical culture imbalances will disappear with the formation of a "global village". For 10 points, name this social theorist who wrote The Mechanical Bride and The Gutenberg Galaxy and stated that "the medium is the message".;;(Herbert) (Marshall) McLuhan
;;After hearing his friend say "I think life on earth is hell," this character replies "I hope you have a nice summer." This character learns about John F. Kennedy's affair with Marilyn Monroe from Mitzy, whose son Larry Lish reveals to the police that this character had made fake IDs for his fellow students. This character is given an erection by Barb Wiggin just before appearing in the central role of the 1953 Christmas Pageant, and learns of the circumstances of his death after seeing Scrooge's gravestone. This character, whom Randy White expels from Gravesend Academy, dies in Phoenix saving a pack of Vietnamese orphans from a grenade thrown by Dick Jarvits. This lover of Hester the Molester kills Tabitha during a Little League game and gives his cards to his friend, who used to throw him around as a kid. This otherworldly-voiced perpetual dwarf is the reason that John Wheelwright is a Christian. For 10 points, identify this title character of a novel by John Irving.;;Owen Meany (accept) (either) (name)
;;This man's foster son Alain was the fourth head of the European Patent Office. He defeated the interim leader Alain Poher to obtain the presidency of his nation after his predecessor's wife had been implicated in the Markovic Affair. In that role, he dealt with the New Society program of his Prime Minister Jacques Chaban-Delmas, while a later prime minister, Pierre Messmer, promulgated his friendly foreign policy towards Palestine. In a different position, he oversaw the resolution of a miner's strike as well as that of an event that begun with student unrest at the University of Nanterre and spread into a revolt encompassing ten million workers. Earlier, he had worked with Charles de Gaulle in drafting the constitution of the Fifth Republic and, as prime minister, he dealt with the general strike of 1968. For 10 points, name this prime minister of France from 1962 to 1968.;;(Georges) Pompidou
;;One chapter of this novel is dedicated to "illustrating the tractive power of basil," which a wealthy woman buys from an apothecary before a figure proclaims that "the British flag will be floating over this town within ninety days!" One character in this book is Raoul Innerarity, who is asked about the identity of a character who is eventually wounded at a shop and then carried upstairs to die. One character in this novel suffers a lung hemorrhage because of his inability to profess his love for the mother of Clotilde, who eventually marries the liberal American Joseph Frowenfeld. The characters Dr. Keene and Palymre appear in this novel; the latter is the widow of the slave Bras Coupe, while the former treats the wounds of the stabbed Agricola Fusilier. For 10 points, identify this novel about Honore and his darker quadroon brother, a novel by George Cable.;;(The) Grandissimes(:) (A) (Story) (of) (Creole) (Life)
;;One of these is central to the decarboxylation of beta-keto acids by acetoacetate decarboxylase, as its formation allows the decarboxylation to proceed without a charged intermediate. Another instance of this group is central to the mechanism of aldolase in glycolysis. One of these forms the linkage between 11-cis-retinal and opsin to form rhodopsin, and breaks when light isomerizes that molecule. Pyridoxal-5-phosphate, a derivative of vitamin B6, forms one of these structures in aspartate aminotransferase when its aldehyde group binds to a lysine residue. For 10 points, name this common functional group in biochemistry which contains a nitrogen single bonded to one carbon and double bonded to another, which can accept a proton.;;Schiff (Base)|imine
;;One creature from the mythology of these people is said to strangle people who sleep close to the ground; accordingly, they always slept on elevated beds. One character from their myths is a chameleon that changes from green to brown to mourn for a sloth. That chameleon had tried to bring immortality to mankind, but was too slow to complete its task. Their mythology also includes a dwarf with only half a body known as a Tikoloshe. Among their deities are one who presides over rain, agriculture, rainbows, and beer, as well as a goddess of rivers who is said to have murdered numerous people during times of flooding. Those figures, Mbaba Mwana Waresa and Mamlambo, join Unkulunkulu in their pantheon, which was created in a giant swamp known as Uthlanga. For 10 points, name this African mythology which Nandi may have told as bedtime stories to her son Shaka.;;Zulus (Mythology)
;;For five years in the 1870s, this man was employed by the future losing Vice-Presidential candidate of Benjamin Harrison, Whitelaw Reid, as an editorial writer for the New York Tribune. Hurt feelings from one of this man's subsequent endeavors were mended eighteen years later by the Thomson-Urrutia treaty, and another of his achievements included the important phrase "on terms of entire equality." Based on his time as private secretary to the President during the Civil War, he published the first standard volume of the works of Abraham Lincoln as well as a biography of that man. Shortly thereafter, he praised the conflict with Spain as a "splendid little war" and issued a note to Italy, France, Germany, the UK, Italy, Japan, and Russia regarding access to trade in China. For 10 points, name this architect of the Open Door Policy and American control of the Panama Canal, both achieved during his tenure as Secretary of State to Theodore Roosevelt.;;(John) (Milton) Hay
;;A photographer of Armenian descent from this country took the iconic picture of a scowling Churchill for Life magazine which would become one of the most reproduced photographs of all time. This country's greatest 19th century artist painted several versions of a scene in which a horse and sled speed past a toll. One painter from this country used his trademark style of covering the canvas in a vermillion undercoat to produce The West Wind and The Jack Pine. This home of Cornelius Krieghoff was dominated by "The Group of Seven" at the beginning of the 20th century. An architect from this country resigned his commission to build Jerusalem's Museum of Tolerance in March and built the "Dancing House" in Prague. That architect from this country has also constructed the Experience Music Project and the Guggenheim in Bilbao. For 10 points, name this home of Frank Gehry.;;Canada
;;One character in this cycle is sabotaged by a stink-bomb thrown by two twins, after which he joins the commune of Scorpio Murtlock. That character is recognized as the DAAG at the Divisional HQ by the protagonist, who transfers away from Rowland Gwatkin's command. Two friends die in Yugoslavia and Singapore in the "war trilogy" subsection of this cycle, which opens as the protagonist watches snow fall on a coal brazier and remembers when he first met Stringham and Templer. One character is cuckolded by X. Trapnel, spies for a Communist country, and dies in Hearing Secret Harmonies. Kenneth Widmerpool and Nick Jenkins are introduced in A Question of Upbringing, the first section of, for 10 points, what twelve-volume cycle named for a Poussin painting, the masterwork of Anthony Powell?.;;(A) Dance to the Music of Time
;;This country's independence movement was led by a man who enacted the Liberal Revolution and issued the "Plan for the Fatherland," Justo Rufino Barrios. A group of "October Revolutionaries" in this country overthrew the dictator Jorge Ubico and sparked the "Ten Years of Spring" by stepping aside and opening an election in which the former professor Jose Arevalo was elected. The Nobel Peace Prize winner Rigoberta Menchu wrote an account of a civil war in this country, which included the burning of the Spanish embassy and was the longest civil war in Latin American history, running from 1960 to 1996. Manuel Estrada attempted to start a Cult of Minerva in this country, and one of its leaders was overthrown in the US backed Operation PBSUCCESS. That coup overthrew Jacobo Arbenz and was lobbied for by the United Fruit Company. For 10 points, name this Latin-American country.;;Guatemala
;;One of this man's buildings is connected by "the Node" to an Exhibition Wing added in 1999 by Kisho Kurokawa. Because of the long black board that makes up both its support and its back, this architect's Berlin Chair is often called the "plank chair," and both that chair and his Steltman Chair are asymmetrical and produced with right and left hand versions. This architect of Amsterdam's Van Gogh Museum connected four boards to form his "Zig-Zag" chair. His namesake joint consists of three battens overlapping in three directions, and he used this construction in his "Red and Blue Chair." One of this man's buildings includes several partitions which can be open or closed to customize the living experience. That house is located in Utrecht and has been called "a cardboard Mondrian," as it exemplifies De Stijl architecture. For 10 points, name this designer of the Schroder House.;;(Gerrit) Rietveld
;;At the end of this play, the title character resides "in a vault up to the knees in water" according to his guards, Matrevis and Gurney. Earlier, the wife of the title character is called a "French strumpet," despite her not cheating on him with Mortimer until later in the play. After a letter that could either say to kill the protagonist or not to kill him due to the placement of the comma is sent, Lightborn kills the title character, who is the brother of the Earl of Kent. The title character proclaims that before the Earl of Cornwell will part from him "this isle shall fleet upon the ocean." However, after Cornwell dies, the title character bestows his favor upon Spencer. The intrigues of Queen Isabella with Mortimer lead to the fall of Spencer and the death of the title character by a hot poker, but she is herself defeated by her son. Featuring Piers Gaveston, for 10 points, name this play by Christopher Marlowe.;;Edward II
;;With Richard Feynman, this man helped popularize and discover the VA theory of weak interactions. With Nishijima, this man names a formula relating electric charge to isospin plus hypercharge and they also proposed hadrons as a class of particles. Along with Yuval Ne'eman, this man predicted the existence of the omega minus particle with his Baryon decuplet and Eightfold Way. In studying kaons, he proposed the strangeness quantum number. This man's namesake matrices are representations of the SU(3) group and are used in QCD, while he also created the color quantum number. Independently of George Zweig, this man posited the existence of quarks. For 10 points, name this winner of the 1969 Nobel Prize in Physics.;;(Murray) Gell(-)Mann
;;The title character of this novel is often called a "wayfarer" and lives in the residences of 13th Street and 1314 Lorrie Street in different cities. One character grows obese and plays roulette late in life after losing it all in a real estate deal prompted by his brother's maneuvering of a carriage corporation. To absolve Sebastian of any punishment for stealing coal, his sister agrees to sleep with Senator Brander. The protagonist dons the name Mrs. Stover and adopts two orphans after losing her daughter Vesta to typhoid fever. On his deathbed, the primary male character explains that he should never have left the title character for Letty Pace. The German Lutheran parents of the title character correctly suspect that her relationship with Lester Kane is illicit. For 10 points, identify this novel by Theodore Dreiser.;;Jennie Gerhardt
;;This leader established a military power base in Cheshire under Sir Thomas Molineux de Cuerdale to counteract his rivals, and he may have had homosexual relations with the man he made Duke of Ireland, Robert de Vere. This husband of Anne of Bohemia had rivals who convened the Wonderful Parliament and the Merciless Parliament, which killed or exiled important supporters of this man. His fall came after he killed Thomas of Woodstock, the Duke of Gloucester. He advocated peace with France, leading to the marriage to Isabella of Valois, the daughter of Charles VI. That policy had earlier led to the formation of the Lords Appellant. After the death of his uncle John of Gaunt, this man prevented his cousin Henry of Bolingbroke from inheriting John's lands, leading to an invasion. For 10 points, name this unfortunate king, the son of Edward the Black Prince who was succeeded by Henry IV.;;Richard II (accept) Richard of Bordeaux
;;Mutations of this protein include a TCD version that resisted gene silencing and a redox variant that contains reversible disulfide cross-links. A 2010 study introduced azatryptophan into this molecule to study effects of protein folding. Alba was the name of a controversial rabbit that was supposedly infused with this protein. It has a beta-barrel shape, in the middle of which is a serine-tyrosine-glycine sequence that gives this protein its function. It has been extracted from the sea pansy, as well as from Aequorea victoria, a jellyfish. Roger Tsien created San Diego beach landscapes using, for 10 points, what protein that won its discoverers the 2008 Nobel Prize in Chemistry, which fluoresces at 509 nanometers?.;;Green Fluorescent Protein
;;One section of this text examines the use of an "index word" to convey various scenarios, such as "collid[ing] with the police car," "warming myself before the fire," and "ca[tching] myself beginning to dream." That section equates introspection with retrospection, describes "higher-order actions" criticizing "lower-action" ones, and concludes that "No metaphysical Iron Curtain exists compelling us to be forever absolute strangers to one another." In line with that thought, its author earlier discusses "disposition" and "occurrence" words and later dismisses imagination as simply playing in a theater box. It opens with the claim that to confuse the discourse of bodies and the discourse of the title entities is to imagine the title entity as a "ghost in the machine." For 10 points, identify this work of metaphysical philosophy by Gilbert Ryle.;;(The) Concept of Mind
;;This monarch attempted to abolish a Barrier Treaty that restricted the shipping privileges of his Flemish subjects. Using the alias of Count Falkenstein, he visited Marie Antoinette, where he predicted the situation in France to be tumultuous. He provoked the formation of the Furstenbund when he attempted to gain control of Bavaria, while his clerical reforms invoked the wrath of Pius VI. Because of his unsuccessful marriages to Isabella of Parma and Maria Josepha of Bavaria, he was succeeded by his brother Leopold II after his death. During his last year, sickness caused much of his power to be in the hands of Kaunitz. His alliance with Russia against the Ottomans culminated in a humiliating retreat at the Battle of Karansebes. For 10 points, name this man known for his abolition of serfdom, an enlightened ruler and son of Maria Theresa.;;Joseph II
;;This function provides the theoretical justification of "zeration" and it also demonstrates the existence of an infinite series of hyperoperations through its recurrence relation. Any sequence of m union-find operations on a set of size n takes m times alpha of n time, where alpha is the inverse of this function. This function is the diagonalization of the Grzegorczyk (zuh-gor-cich) hierarchy and is the most famous function that cannot be implemented using only do loops. Its most well known form was developed by Rozsa Peter and Raphael Robinson and is known as the two-variable version. For 10 points, name this simplest example of a well-defined total function that is Turing computable but not primitive recursive, often shown as A of m comma n.;;Ackermann (function)
;;After this figure died, his body was taken to a gigantic mill around whose axis the universe revolved. Among his children are an unnamed couple born from his armpits and a six-headed son born from this figure's legs. His son Thrudgelmir would later father Bergelmir, who used a hollowed-out tree to escape the deluge of blood that flowed from this figure after he was killed by the sons of Borr. Four dwarves that represent the cardinal directions hold up this figure's skull, and before his death he fed on four rivers of milk from the cow Audumla, who lived with him in the void Ginnungagap. Later, his bones became mountains and his body was used to create Midgard. For 10 points, name this primordial being who founded the race of giants and whose body was used by Villi, Ve, and Odin to create the Norse universe.;;Ymir
;;This composer wrote an overture for a piece in which the main character watches a performance of Faust, del Campo's The Creole Faust, and he adapted his second string quartet into a concerto for orchestra premiered by the Philadelphia Orchestra. This man's guitar sonata includes snapping the strings against the fingerboard and strumming very close to the tuning pegs. His Opus 2 is a collection of dances for piano including ones "of the Old Herdsman" and "of the Intrepid Cowboy." He wrote three Pampeanas of which only the third is for a full orchestra, but he is better known for a suite which includes a movement based on criollo song and concludes with the Danza Final: Malambo. For 10 points, name this composer whose Estancia was inspired by the ranches of his homeland, Argentina.;;(Alberto) Ginastera
;;One character mentioned in this novel was killed by a poisoned rosary, while another celebrated his own funeral every day of his reign. Another character refused to be touched by anyone other than her husband, which led to losing all of her limbs from lying outside after her husband died. Numerous characters appear in unusual circumstances with six toes on each foot and a red cross on their backs, including one baptized Iohannes Agrippa by Pollo on the instructions of a letter from Ludovico and Celestina. The first section of this novel describes El Senor's construction of a tomb for his ancestors and eventually himself, the last of his line. In the middle section, a young man goes on a voyage to the west with Pedro and is recognized as a god returning from his exile across the ocean by a people analogous to the Aztecs. For 10 points, name this novel which describes a parallel to the world's history, centered on Spain and Mexico and written by Carlos Fuentes.;;Terra Nostra
;;One island located in this body of water contains a number of rare bird breeding sites atop the Plateau des Tourbieres where Mont de la Dives is the highest point. The Kerguelen-Heard oceanic plateau lies underneath this body of water while another island in this body of water contains the Piton des Neiges. Another country located in this body of water has the lowest "high point" in the world on Villingili island. An island in this body of water contains the Haghier Mountains as well as several species of "dragon blood" trees, and another contains Mawson Peak, the highest mountain controlled by Australia, which also owns the immigration flashpoint of Christmas Island in this body of water. For 10 points, identify this body of water, home to the Cocos Islands, Socotra, Reunion, and the Maldives.;;Indian Ocean
;;This treaty's fifth article created a Disputed Territory Fund and mandated one side to make payments of three hundred thousand dollars to two of its subdivisions to accept the territorial agreements that it stipulated. Its eighth article, which was stipulated to last for five years, dealt with the suppression of the slave trade through the stationing of ships on the coast of Africa. One border dispute that it resolved involved the construction of the appropriately named Fort Blunder inside foreign territory. It also outlined a border through Minnesota and the Great Lakes, cementing the Northwest Angle. Closer to the theatre of combat, it made the St. John River freely navigable and established that waterway as the border between Maine and New Brunswick. Named after a secretary of state and a privy councilor, for 10 points, name this treaty that ended the Aristook War.;;Webster(-)Ashburton (Treaty)
;;This painting shows Baburen's The Procuress hanging in the right background, which differentiates it from a similar work that depicts a mirror above a young woman's head. A cittern lays on top of several oriental rugs on a table on the left, while its right side shows a woman in a blue dress holding a piece of paper and singing. On March 18, 1990, two men dressed as Boston Police officers entered the Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum and stole this painting estimated to be worth over 200 million dollars, making it the most valuable painting currently stolen. Set inside a room with a black and white-tiled floor, it also depicts a man sitting in a chair while a young girl facing the right plays the clavecin. Showing several similarities to its creator's The Music Lesson, this is, for 10 points, what painting by Johannes Vermeer?.;;(The) Concert|(Het) concert
;;The first time that one protagonist of this novel addresses the other as "priceless," he replies to an accusation of ill conduct by the latter and sends a short message, as he must head to the office. That character earlier complains that certain walls are "so greasy that your hand sticks when you lean on them" and presents another character with the terrible writings of a public relations officer. Another character drops a trail of books in the mud, which lead to the cemetery where the son of the elder Pokrovski lay. After the central male character is brought home by the police for getting drunk, he is invited to live with Theodor and the central female, who plans to marry Bwikov and sends the protagonist on many petty errands. This epistolary novel is about a poor government clerk's love for the daughter of the steward of the Prince of Tula. For 10 points, identify this novel about Makar, Barbara, and their destitute friends, a work by Dostoevsky.;;Poor Folk|Bednye lyudi
;;This compound can be used in rocket propellants, and corrosion of metal by it can be inhibited by phosphorous pentafluoride or a small amount of hydrogen fluoride. Another early process to produce this compound involved blowing air through an arc furnace at temperatures greater than 3000 C, cooling the products, and bringing them into contact with water, and was developed by Birkeland and Eyde. It is commonly added to solutions to remove unwanted ions which react with silver nitrate in a test for halide ions. It has two "fuming" forms; it appears white when highly concentrated, and red when an additional precursor is added to the solution. For 10 points, name this strong acid which is formed in the Ostwald Process and can be used with sulfuric acid to add an NO2 group to an aromatic ring.;;nitric acid
;;This psychologist argued that practicing circumcision arose due to an envy of female puberty rites in his book Symbolic Wounds; that book is based on his experiences as director of the University of Chicago's Orthogenic School, where he established the use of milieu therapy. He described a boy who believed he was a robot in the article "Joey: A 'Mechanical Boy'," while such books as The Empty Fortress discuss his belief in the "refrigerator mother" theory of autism. The eleven months he was imprisoned in Buchenwald and Dachau served as an inspiration to his first major piece of writing, which rivals in popularity a book that analyzed the effect "Little Red Riding Hood" and other fairy tales had on child development. For 10 points, name this Austrian-American psychologist, the author of "Individual and Mass Behavior in Extreme Situations" and The Uses of Enchantment.;;(Bruno) Bettelheim
;;The protagonist of this novel decides not to break up with her lover after learning he was only gambling to help some friends avoid bankruptcy. At his death, the father of the protagonist instructs her to burns some letters, but she keeps a miniature portrait that turns out to depict Lady Laurentini. One character in this work discovers she has an aunt named Madame Cheron and is relentlessly pursued by Count Morano. After surviving a shipwreck with her servants Annette and Ludovico, the protagonist of this novel is housed by the Villefort family at Chateau-le-Blanc, which appears to be haunted because the bandits who live there are trying to scare people away. Eventually the protagonist marries Valancourt after being imprisoned in the title castle by Signor Montoni. For 10 points, name this novel about Emily St. Aubert by Anne Radcliffe.;;(The) Mysteries of Udolpho
;;Echoing Spencer's First Principles, this thinker posited that the "arbitrary choice of the Creator" was the rationale for the initial distribution of atoms in the first world. He introduced the "logical alphabet" and was criticized by Robertson and Boole for that work, The Principles of Science. He responded to "sentimental writers" who charged economics with being a "dismal science" by using iron in an illustration of the division of labor. This economist analyzed fluctuations of agricultural output caused by the title phenomena in "Commercial Crises and Sunspots," though he achieved more infamy for assuming that Irish workers would be too inebriated to work. He analyzed the relationship between demand and marginal utility in his magnum opus, Theory of Political Economy. For 10 points, identify this contemporary of Leon Walras and central figure in the marginalist revolution in economic thought.;;(William) (Stanley) Jevons
;;A key step in the synthesis of this molecule forms a lumazine derivative with a sugar side chain. That synthesis begins with GTP and ribulose-5-phosphate. This molecule is a reactant in the step producing tigloyl Co-A in isoleucine degradation and is used in the first step of proline degradation. This molecule is also used in the step after thiolysis and before hydration in the cycle of beta oxidation of fatty acids. It makes up part of dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase, the third enzyme in the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex, and is also necessary for the production of fumarate in the TCA cycle. For 10 points, name this cofactor which transfers electrons directly to Complex II, bypassing the first proton pump in the electron transport chain, and which is derived from vitamin B2.;;FAD|FADH2(;) (accept) (vitamin) B2|riboflavin (until) (tigloyl)
;;The protagonist of this novel befriends a highwayman who becomes addicted to reading, and is captured because he is engrossed in Jonathan Wild. That protagonist adopts a dog named Ottimo Massimo and encounters a community of Spaniards who are able to live at Olivabassa because of a loophole in a treaty. There, the protagonist has a brief fling with Ursula before beginning a lifelong romance with a forbidden daughter of the Ondariva family named Viola. This novel is narrated by Biaggio, who describes the aid his brother gives to the secret beekeeper and smuggler Cavalier Carrega in his effort to set up an irrigation system. The protagonist wars with a gang of fruit thieves after fleeing from a disgusting snail soup concocted by his sister Battista and never returning to land. For 10 points, name this novel in which Cosimo Piovasco renounces his family estate and lives in the forest canopy, a fable by Italo Calvino.;;(The) Baron in the Trees|(The) Baron of the Trees(;)|(Il) barone rampante
;;One sculptor from this city designed the tomb of Ilaria del Carretto in Lucca before returning to design this city's Fountain of Gaia. That fountain designed by Jacopo della Quercia lies near the Mangia Tower in its shell-shaped public square, the Piazza del Campo. This city is divided into seventeen "contrade" each of which is represented in its famous horse race called the "Palio." After his Pisa pulpit proved popular, Pisano was commissioned to design the pulpit for this city's cathedral. The "Room of the Nine" in its Palazzo Pubblico contains Ambrogio Lorenzetti's "Allegory of Good Government." Its cathedral contains the Chigi Chapel and the Piccolomini Library and had stained glass windows based on a design by the teacher of Simone Martini named Duccio. For 10 points, name this Tuscan city.;;Siena
;;One of this man's appointees, university president James Monroe Smith, was imprisoned for gambling away half a million dollars in grant money during a wave of scandals that culminated in the resignation of Richard Leche and the elevation of this man's brother to the governorship. He split with John Parker over the issue of taxing Standard Oil, a decade before founding the Progress as a mouthpiece for his policies. This figure allied with the preacher Gerald Smith to promote an idea which he explained in a speech about God's invitation to a feast and explained that idea further in his posthumously published autobiography, My First Days in the White House. His starting of a rumor that Judge Benjamin Pavy's daughter had "coffee blood" so enraged Pavy's son-in-law that this man was assassinated by that relative, doctor Carl Weiss, before he could implement his "Share the Wealth" plan. For 10 points, identify this Depression-era governor of Louisiana, known as "kingfish.".;;(Huey) (Pierce) Long
;;One native of this place meets the Oogs after using a device invented by Professor Thimk to leave this location; that title character was dubbed "merry." In another series, beings from this location employed a cyborg assassin named Skar, bred human infants as food, and were opposed by Killraven. In the current storyline in the Secret Avengers comic, a mining expedition to this location uncovers the Serpent Crown. A different continuity reveals that this place was devastated by a "mental plague" perpetrated by Ma'alefa'ak, whose brother later became the Bronze Wraith and developed a dependence on "chocos." In another series, a character travels around this body using a clockwork crystal ship and explains his feelings of disconnect from humanity after transporting Silk Spectre here. For 10 points, identify this home world of a fire-fearing, green-skinned "Manhunter" named J'onn J'onzz, and place of exile for Dr. Manhattan, which, in comic books that end with the Earth exploding, becomes the third planet from the sun.;;Mars
;;In this poem, a child who comes to pick buttercups runs back home after a rider wielding a sword asks her where the town is. The speaker of this poem says that of "Black-robed priests" and "lovers in your buckskin youth," that "All these you are, and each is partly you, And none is false, and none is wholly true." This poem ends as a cart ascends a hill, driven by a woman impregnated by the protagonist during a stay at a farm. The hotel employee Sophy is promised fine perfumes by a spy whose boots contain incriminating documents. Skippy, Luke, and Melora are characters in this poem, which contains a prelude titled "The Slaver." This poem focuses on scenes of Connecticut soldier Jack Ellyat on the battlefield, and its first book describes the raid on Harper's Ferry. For 10 points, name this epic poem by Stephen Vincent Benet.;;John Brown's Body
;;A variant of this type of composition was paired with a Concertino for Violin and Orchestra in Vissarion Shebalin's Opus 14. Another composition of this type in B-flat major is Reinhold Gliere's Opus 91 and was written for Valery Polekh. Both Franz Joseph Haydn and Leopold Mozart wrote one of these in E-flat major featuring two of the solo instruments. The most famous compositions of this type contain the composer's derogatory jokes directed at their soloist, Joseph Leutgeb. That set of four works, the first in D major and the other three in E-flat major, were written by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart. For 10 points, name this type of composition written for orchestra and a curvy brass instrument.;;(French) Horn Concerto
;;The graceful death of this man's illegitimate son Cebriones sparked Patroclus to joke about oyster diving and his daughter Laodice was married to Telephus before being swallowed by the earth. In one story, this figure was saved when his sister offered Heracles a golden veil. He was originally known as Podarces and was put on the throne by Heracles after his father refused to pay Apollo and Dionysus for their work on the city walls. This brother of Hesione and son of Laomedon used twelve robes, twelve cloaks, twelve sheets, twelve mantles, and twelve tunics to ransom the corpse of one of his sons. This man was dragged out of the temple of Zeus and killed by Neoptolemus after the death of his sons Deiphobus and Helenus and the abduction of his daughter Cassandra. For 10 points, name this husband of Hecuba and father of Paris and Hector, the king of Troy during the Trojan War.;;Priam
;;One formula used to compute these involves integrating a complex integral; that formula is also known as Sommerfeld's Formula. Bourget's hypothesis states that no two members of this class have non-trivial common roots. The Rayleigh function is a summation that uses the zeros of these objects. They form an orthogonal set of solutions to the differential equations of the same name. The Jacobi-Anger Expansion is used to represent plane waves by expanding these using trigonometric exponentials. The Hankel functions are complex linear combinations of two types of these functions, one type being the Neumann function. These entities are named for the mathematician that first calculated a star's parallax. For ten points, name these functions that may be of the second or first kind, which are useful in cylindrical harmonics and are denoted J sub nu of x.;;Bessel (functions)
;;One phase of this conflict saw a force of 3,500 men under the command of Hans Mueller of Bulgenbach agree to a treaty at Eratingen that called for the investigation of happenings at Stockach, which was followed by a campaign of retribution led by Georg Truchsess of Waldburg. Truchsess, after slaughtering a force of 8,000 through encirclement at Krautheim, then fought against Florian Geyer and Gregor von Burg-Bernsheim, and after dispatching them defeated another formidable force through the treachery of Walter Bach. Compared to the revolutions of 1848 in a book by Friedrich Engels, it began with the issuance of a document written by Hans Berlin and was first promulgated on Judica Sunday.  That document was the Twelve Articles, and Goetz von Berlichingen and Thomas Muntzer were important figures in this conflict. For 10 points, name this 1524-25 series of revolts in Germany.;;Peasants' War
;;This philosopher characterized learning as an "invitation to disentangle oneself...from the urgencies of the here and now" in a lecture delivered at Colorado College, and his major writings were collected posthumously in The Voice of Liberal Learning. This philosopher realized the power of the adverb when he postulated that killing was not as evil as killing "murderously." He described philosophy as being sub specie aeternitatis in his first work, Experience and its Modes. He examined "Character of a Modern European State" in a collection in which he proposed the dichotomy of "societas" and "universitas." A critic of utopian schemes such as Skinner's Walden Two, for 10 points, identify this author of On Human Conduct and "On Being Conservative," a British philosopher.;;(Michael) (Joseph) Oakeshott
;;This man passed the Constitutional Act to split Quebec into Lower and Upper Canada. After he was appointed by the King, this man suffered a defeat in a motion of no confidence because of a coalition formed after the death of the Marquis of Rockingham, but he refused to resign and won the following election handily. He united Ireland with Britain via the Act of Union and forced Spain to give up claims to the Pacific Northwest in the Nootka Crisis. This man delayed the first attempt at the passage of the Regency Bill in order to thwart his rival Charles James Fox. However, this man, who gained power after the failed North-Fox coalition, later joined the opposition with Fox against Henry Addington. His final ministry was followed by the Ministry of All the Talents, which formed after his death shortly after the Battle of Austerlitz. For 10 points, name this Tory Prime Minister who served under George III.;;(William) Pitt the Younger
;;This writer claimed "To exact resemblance the exact resemblance as exact as a resemblance" in "If I Told Him." That poem was written in response to a portrait of her, of which Picasso claimed "Everybody says that she does not look like it but that does not make any difference, she will." She wrote of the multiracial woman Melanctha Herbert and her death of tuberculosis and of the servant Anna Federner working herself to death out of a desire to help people in a series of novellas set in Bridgepoint. She divided a poetry collection into the sections "Objects," "Food," and "Room," and included the phrase "Pigeons on the grass alas" for the libretto of an opera written by Virgil Thomson. This author of Three Lives described the origins of the phrase "a rose is a rose is a rose is a rose" and the writing of her partner's famous cookbook in another work. For 10 points, name this author of Tender Buttons and The Autobiography of Alice B. Toklas.;;(Gertrude) Stein
;;A chaotic version of this process implies that bubble or pocket universes can be created anywhere, even at locations with non-peak energy levels. One early problem with this process' original formulation was that it implied bubble nucleation due to quantum tunneling, but that problem was solved by considering this process as a scalar field going down a potential. In addition to the "slow-roll" modification, this process was first posited to solve the question of why magnetic monopoles can't be found, as well as why the universe obeys the cosmological principle and why the universe is flat. While Linde modified it, it is also the most commonly accepted solution of the horizon and flatness problems. It states that the universe's anisotropies are caused by quantum fluctuations early in the universe's life, evidence of that can be found in the cosmic microwave background. For 10 points, name this process proposed by Alan Guth, which states that the universe expanded rapidly after the Big Bang.;;(cosmic) inflation
;;One part of this work argues that although wisdom could not have been created before heaven and earth according to time, it is possible that it did precede them in dignity. That same section extends Augustine's argument of simultaneous creation to include the Angels and time itself. Another part of this work says that woman was created from man's rib to show how they were meant to exist side by side, and neither as the inferior of the other, while also saying that the woman's soul is separate of that from man's despite the method of her creation. It opens by saying that all books written about the testaments are mostly about signs. Divided into a series of "distinctions" and organized furthermore into four books, it was used as the primary theological text throughout much of the later middle ages and inspired a number of commentaries. For 10 points, name this work of Peter Lombard.;;(Four) (Books) (of) Sentences
;;At a lunch at Palmer House in this novel, this man meets a wealthy benefactor of the town of Marvin and his son, a businessman who loses everything in a stock market crash. One character in this novel dies regretting that a princess did not invite him to a ball. Another character places a bottle of liqueur in a conspicuous location, which another character drinks to death before washing up on a Toulon beach. Although one character in this novel marries Gray Maturin, she does not stop loving a character that spends five years studying and meditating in India. Ultimately, that protagonist gives up his ambition for the simple life, the complete opposite of the snobbish Elliot Templeton, who befriends him and his fiancee Isabella Bradley. For 10 points, identify this novel about former aviator Larry Darrell, written by Somerset Maugham.;;(The) Razor's Edge
;;A woman cleaning the top of a staircase can be seen on the left side of this work, which also depicts either a slice of pie or cake near its center. It was largely influenced by the research of Magda Cordell and its artist's wife Terry O'Riley, although in 2006 its conception was thought to be the work of John McHale. This work's left side also features the Warners' Theater and Irwin Koszewski, better known by his nickname "Zabo." The cover of a Young Romance comic book hangs on the back wall in this work, which also contains an advertisement for The Jazz Singer. Tomorrow's Man and Ladies Home Journal are two of the many magazines that were used to create this work, whose most prominent figures are a woman wearing a lampshade and a body builder holding a Tootsie Pop. For 10 points, name this collage by English Pop-Artist Richard Hamilton.;;Just what is it that makes today's homes so different(,) so appealing?
;;This man earned the nickname "Colonel Trunk" after he had to be smuggled to the Brazilian embassy during a failed coup attempt. His supporters, known as the "Barefoot Ones," were known for their brutality, and, combined with the actions of his minister Edgar Ynsfran, led to his unpopularity by 1959. He responded by pledging to reform his nation's 1940 Constitution and ushered in a democratic "spring" movement, which was short lived due to rioting over bus fare increases and the reinstatement of the "state of siege" decree that he had promulgated upon first coming to power. He was deposed by Andres Rodriguez after a visit by Pope John Paul II incited Catholic unrest, ending his 44 year rule over the Colorado Party that had begun when he overthrew Federico Chavez. Known for constructing the Itaipu Dam, for 10 points, name this dictator of Paraguay.;;(Alfredo) Stroessner
;;One character in this series becomes a morphine addict years after sodomizing a child, who relinquishes his identity by "getting inside" Sir John Tresize. That novel includes Roland Ingestree and Jurgen Lind, producers of a film about Robert Houdin, starring a character who takes on the apprentice and lover Liesl Naegeli. One central character in this series arranges the only sexual encounter had by a criminal lawyer who sees a psychotherapist in Zurich; that character utters the persistent question: "Who killed [his father]?" The concluding part of this series is about Magnus Eisengrim, who is the son of Mary Dempster, who went into premature labor after being hit by a rock-filled snowball that Duncan Ramsay dodged. Featuring Boy Staunton, for 10 points, identify this trilogy consisting of World of Wonders, The Manticore, and Fifth Business, a work of Robertson Davies.;;Deptford Trilogy
;;A locomotive behind a brick wall can be seen through the leftmost arch in this artist's The Anxious Journey. He produced a series of lithographs for his friend's book Calligrammes, while his work on the set for Jean Cocteau's Mythologie resulted in a series of prints depicting cabins on stilts and men wading through pools. In addition to Mysterious Bathers, he also stayed in a military hospital with his countryman Carlo Carra, who was directly influenced by this artist's paintings of mannequins such as The Seer and Disquieting Muses. The scenery of Turin is thought to have influenced this artist's characteristic paintings of arcades such as Enigma of the Hour, The Song of Love, and a painting in which an empty trailer sits in the shadows while a girl rolls a hoop. For 10 points, name this Italian Metaphysical artist of Mystery and Melancholy of the Street.;;(Giorgio) (de) Chirico
;;The encirclement strategy of the winning side in this battle was supported by the efforts of Colonels Nichols and Herrick as well as the tactic of disguising themselves as the enemy's supporters by attaching pieces of paper to their hats. The losing side's commander had halted his advance at the Walloomsac River after realizing that he was outnumbered; once he realized his imminent defeat, he led a futile sabre charge during which he was slain. That man, Friedrich Baum, was not in time to receive reinforcements led by Heinrich von Breymann, who might have been able to turn the tide had it not been for the timely arrival of Seth Warner and his Vermont militia. Those militia were also known as the Green Mountain Boys, and Molly Stark would have slept a widow if her husband John had not won this American victory in eastern New York. For 10 points, name this battle from the Revolutionary War.;;(Battle) (of) Bennington
;;The suburbs of this city were home to Eugene Freyssinet's massive shell-shaped aircraft hangars, and other no longer extant buildings in this city include Contamin and Dutert's massive steel "Machine Hall" designed for its 1889 world's fair. This city is home to Corbusier's "Weekend House," and its 1937 exposition prompted the construction of its "Museum of Man" and Alvar Aalto's legendary Finnish Pavilion. This city still enforces its "alignement" law which restricts building height based on road width. One building in this city includes a "grand foyer" lined with symmetrical golden chandeliers which lead to the Grand Staircase. In addition to that building designed by Charles Garnier, this city is home to a museum whose curved, glass paneled ceiling remains from its time as a railway station, as well as a museum to which I M Pei added glass pyramids. For 10 points, name this city that is home to the Musee d'Orsay and the Louvre.;;Paris(,) (France)
;;After reading continuously for three hours, this character asks her attendant to "Fold down the leaf where I have left" and to wake her up at four. As she is introduced, she cries "Dissembling courtesy! How fine this tyrant / Can tickle where she wounds!" A jealous man dresses up as her lover and has his head cut off on the way to Milford Haven, where her true love tried to lure her after hearing a description of a mole on her left breast as proof that Iachimo had his way with her. Pisanio gives a drug to induce sleep in this woman, who plays dead in the guise of a boy, and she is reunited with the man who took her diamond ring as part of an oath.  That man was her soldier-lover, Posthumus Leonatus, and she is set up with Cloten by her father, the King of Britain. For 10 points, name this Shakespearean character, the daughter of Cymbeline.;;Imogen
;;These structures can be formed from block copolymers made of styrene and ethylene oxide. At temperatures around 60 to 70 Celsius, they interact with each other less than at lower temperatures, due to a slight change of shape. They tend to form for molecules which have a packing parameter of less than one-half. Above the cloud point, solutions of Triton X-100 separate into phases rich and poor in the concentration of these structures. Computer simulations have shown that examples of these structures which are large enough to be unstable split through the formation of a stalk. For 10 points, name these structures that form at a critical concentration of surfactants, which have hydrophobic tails clumped in the center and head groups surrounding the outside.;;micelles
;;The leftmost figure in this painting mimics the posture of the Dying Gaul and lies next to a man who is resting on his knees and has his left hand extended into the air. Displaying many themes found in its artist's earlier work Arcadia, this painting also depicts an open meadow in the right background and the artist's Irish Setter, Harry, who is attempting to get to the shore on the left. It was originally commissioned by Edward Coates for an annual exhibition, but due to its controversial nature it was replaced with another work that shows two seated musicians and a woman holding a piece of paper; that work is The Pathetic Song. A man with his hands on his hips stands upon a rock and looks down as another man dives into the titular locale; both of those figures, as well as everyone else in this painting, is naked. Several of the artist's students are depicted near a lake in, for 10 points, what painting by Thomas Eakins?.;;(The) Swimming Hole
;;The path to this figure's residence includes a stretch of eleven leagues in the land of Night, which leads to a garden wherein each tree bears precious gems. After telling his wife that all men are liars, this figure orders his wife to bake loaves of bread and to lay them at a visitor's feet. Sometimes known as Atrachasis in an alternate version of the work he appears in, this character sacrifices a sheep after falling to his knees and weeping at the sight that all men have been turned to stone. This resident of Dilmun and priest of Shuruppak is visited by a man who crosses the Waters of Death with the help of Urshanabi. This resident of Dilmun and priest of Shuruppak is visited by a man who crosses the Waters of Death with the help of Urshanabi. This figure was once told to construct a giant vessel in preparation of a flood. He instructs that previously mentioned visitor to sleep for six days and seven nights sothat he could attain this figure's immortality. For 10 points, identify this ageless mortal visited by Gilgamesh.;;Utnapishtim (accept) Atrachasis (prior) (to) (mention)
;;One of this leader's wars was an attempt to resolve the situation created by the Kutahya Convention, which had transferred Adana to his control, and ended with his victory at Nizip. He had earlier confiscated land held by tax farmers to create the state-owned domain known as al-madbut. During this man's rule, his son suffered a disastrous military defeat when that son's flagship, the Warrior, opened fire on Lieutenant Fitzroy's party of messengers, leading to the destruction of a fleet provided by this man at the hands of Admiral Codrington. Higher points for him included receiving a firman from Abdulmecid I establishing his family as hereditary rulers, and arranging a banquet at which the Mamluk leaders were slaughtered. For 10 points, identify this Albanian-born founder of modern autonomous Egypt.;;Muhammad Ali (accept) Mehmet Ali|Mehmed Ali
;;One scene in this story sees a character manage to unscrew a flask of wine and take a sip from it; the result is described as "a Heaven-sent draught." He then has the sudden idea to try and toss the flask to his companion, but the companion refuses both out of spite and because he claims that his eyes are too full of blood to see properly. Set "In a forest of mixed growth somewhere on the eastern spurs of the Karpathians," it focuses on Ulrich von Gradwitz and Georg Znaeym, two men part of a family feud that goes back several generations. It is only after they become trapped under a fallen beech tree that they become friends, but their cries for help attract the title characters, who are revealed to be wolves. For 10 points, name this short story by Saki.;;(The) Interlopers
;;A mutation affecting the transport of boron into this structure causes a type of boron deficiency. Its evolutionary ambiguity is hinted at by the fact that the genera Equisetum and Regnellidum possess these, while those in the family Winteraceae do not. Organisms that possess this structure can be classified as exarch or endarch based on its growth, and the chemical auxin has been found to limit the differentiation of this structure. Its primary type contains its pro- and meta- forms, and its secondary type grows out of ray and fusiform initials. Gymnosperms possess the tracheids associated with this structure, but lack the vessel elements that are only found in angiosperms. For 10 points, name this type of plant tissue that consists of dead cells, which primarily transports water.;;xylem
;;A piece of cloth associated with one saint of this name was used to calm a storm, and in another story, he anonymously guided two Franciscan nuns on a pilgrimage. That saint is sometimes known as the "Hammer of the Heretics" and is usually depicted holding the infant Jesus and a book, which represents the time a novice ran off with his psalter. Another saint of this name was the subject of a popular biography by Athanasius, which describes his encounter with a plate of silver and with demons in the form of a centaur and satyr. One saint of this name is asked to "turn around, something's lost and must be found!" as he's the the Paduan patron saint of lost things, and the other is commonly depicted wandering through the desert, being tempted, and pioneering monasticism. For 10 points, give the name shared by these saints.;;(Saint) Anthony
;;This poet wrote "I dreamed I dwelled in a homeless place where I was lost alone" as some of his "New Stanzas for Amazing Grace." He included the image of "The horses head in a capitalists' bed" in a poem which repeats the line "Brute force, world-wide, and full of money" four times. This author of "Hadda Been Playing on the Jukebox asked "What new element before us unborn in nature?" in "Plutonian Ode." He promised "I'm putting my queer shoulder to the wheel" in his poem "America." This poet had a hallucinatory vision while reading the works of William Blake and Hyrdrogen Jukebox is among his many collaborations with Phillip Glass. He opened one poem "Strange now to think of you, gone without corsets & eyes" and told Carl Solomon "I'm with you in Rockland" in another. For 10 points, name this Beat poet who wrote "I saw the best minds of my generation destroyed by madness" in Howl.;;(Allen) Ginsberg
;;In this piece's first movement, the descending fourth figure which concludes the opening phrase is answered by a contrasting B major segment played by only the strings, and its final movement, a vivace rondo, unusually opens in the subdominant, C major. This piece's second movement is often programmatically interpreted as a struggle between Orpheus and the shades of Hades. This work's dolce opening phrase, which is historically notable for being played by the piano alone, begins with a chord in the home key of G major. For 10 points, name this penultimate piano concerto by Ludwig van Beethoven which preceded the one nicknamed the "Emperor".;;Beethoven's Piano Concerto No(.) 4 (in) (G) (Major) (accept) Piano Concerto No(.) 4|Fourth Piano Concerto (after) (Beethoven)
;;This country's plans to build the Sayaboury Dam in Chiang Rai province have attracted numerous environmental critics and the Chulalongkorn Hospital in this country was controversially searched for grenade throwers while protesters stopped a train at Khon Kaen in April 2010. The National United Front of Democracy Against Dictatorship has led protests in this country which have been termed "Cruel April" and "Savage May" after government responses and a man nicknamed "Commander Red" was shot in the head while being interviewed by the New York Times in May 2010 in this country, where Bhumibol Adulyadej has remained relatively silent recently. A February 2010 Supreme Court decision in this country ordered most of the assets of the founder of AIS and owner of iTV be seized while that man remained in exile in Montenegro. Most of that man's followers come from Udon Thani province, and in March they notably poured buckets of blood outside the house of current Prime Minister Abhisit Vejjajiva. For 10 points, identify this Southeast Asian country where political instability has followed since the 2006 ousting of Thaksin Shinawatra.;;(Kingdom) (of) Thailand|(Ratcha) (Anachak) Thai
;;One key action during this battle was the capture of Point 29 by the 26th Australian Brigade, which was the site of intense fighting for several days. The aggressors managed to capture the Miteirya Ridge, but, after a battle fought near a depression known as Kidney Ridge, they mistakenly thought that they had reached the Pierson Line. The defender's counterattack led to combat around Thompson's Post after their commander arrived on the battlefront from Europe. That commander realized that this battle was lost after the sinking of the Tripolino, Ostia, and Proserpina, three ships that were to refuel his forces. An earlier battle at this site saw Claude Auchinleck repulse an Axis advance, though it was the second battle fought here at which Bernard Montgomery defeated Erwin Rommel. For 10 points, name this World War Two battle fought 66 miles from Alexandria.;;(Second) (Battle) (of) El(-)Alamein
;;Armen Alchian and Harold Demsetz argue that this theoretical construct is a way to deal with metering costs and relies on the residual income of a monitor to be effective. Benjamin Klein used the example of Fischer Body to show how this construct helped solve the hold-up problem and naturally led to vertical integration. Oliver Williamson described the principal-agent problem facing these constructs and believed that these constructs would be limited by delegation and the decreasing incentive returns of additional residual income. Another paper suggests measuring the size of these entities by looking at the number of internal and external relations, and explains why they have emerged in the place of independently acting entrepreneurs. For 10 points, minimizing transaction costs is the primary purpose proposed by Ronald Coase in his 1937 work on "The Nature of" what basic business entity?.;;firms
;;This work observes that "We suffer more when we fall from a better to a worse situation, than we ever enjoy when we rise from a worse to a better. Security, therefore, is the first and principal object of prudence." It goes on to define attributes of the prudent man, including his propensity for friendship and his sincerity, and comments on how Cesar Borgia's luring of four princes to their deaths under a flag of truce is viewed as less contemptuous than the actions of a petty thief because the petty thief possesses foolishness in addition to his other vices. Those arguments appear in its sixth section, "Of the Character of Virtue." It opens with the observation that man possesses an inherent altruism, and, in the footsteps of its author's mentor, Frances Hutcheson, categorizes the nature and motive of morality. For 10 points, name this work of Adam Smith.;;Theory of Moral Sentiments
;;In one work commonly attributed to this author, a king spends twenty years as a merchant after departing Bristol because a celestial voice tells him to. One of this author's characters receives a white silk shirt with golden thread that is embroidered with the hair of his love just before partaking in a siege against Count Angres's army. A title character of another of this author's works befriends the diminutive knight Guivret the Little and participates in the White Stag hunt at its opening, before defeating Yder purely from his love for Enide. Another title character is the son of Soredamors and the Constantinople prince Alexander, and yet another takes the Sword Bridge to the realm of Meleagant, all while traveling on a cart. This man's unfinished novel Perceval was later completed by Wolfram von Eschenbach. For 10 points, identify this author of Cliges, Lancelot, and Yvain, a 12th century French writer.;;Chretien (de) (Troyes)
;;This artist used lyrics from Wagner's Parsifal for the title of his painting Look, the Meadow Smiles, whose themes of spring and serenity can also be seen in his polyptych Venus Genitrix. A man in red stands guard while two warriors kneel before a statue housed in a circular structure in his The Sanctuary of Hercules, while another of his paintings depicts a possibly nude man riding a brown-spotted unicorn. In addition to Silence of the Forest, this artist also portrayed death as a sickle-wielding demon in The Plague and depicted figures in white in front of a pedestal in his The Sacred Wood. Themes of death are also seen in his Self-Portrait with Death Playing the Fiddle and the multiple versions of his most famous painting, which features tall pine trees, high cliffs, and a solitary boat approaching the title landmass. For 10 points, name this Swiss Symbolist painter of Isle of the Dead.;;(Arnold) Bocklin
;;The avian sarcoma virus genome codes for protein p47, which has a high degree of homology to this enzyme. Its activity is stimulated by gustducin, and this protein's gamma subtype is phosphorylated by T-cell receptors. Aluminum toxicity in plants occurs in response to inhibition of this enzyme. It is activated via stimulation of its SH2 domain, subsequently activating protein kinase C in many cases. This protein can disrupt the GPI anchors that attach membrane proteins to the lipid bilayer. It differs from other enzymes in its class in that it cleaves phosphodiester bonds in a location immediately adjacent to the phosphorus atom. Most commonly splitting PIP2 into diacylglycerol and inositol triphosphate is, for 10 points, what enzyme that generally breaks up phospholipids?.;;phospholipase C
;;This author mourned "for some they have died, and some they have left me, and some are taken from me; all are departed" in a poem that includes the refrain "all, all are gone, the old familiar faces." He argued for a return of "the Fainalls, and the Mirabels, and the Dorimants, and the Lady Touchwoods" in a work which helped bring back the popularity of restoration comedy, his "On the Artifical Comedy of the Last Century." He helped keep the London Magazine afloat with works like the nostalgic "Recollections of the South-Sea House" and one which divided people into borrowers and lenders, "The Two Races of Man." He postulated a Chinese boy named Bo-Bo who discovered the joys of cooked meat after burning down a house in "A Dissertation Upon Roast Pig." For 10 points, name this British author who adopted the pseudonym Elia for a series of essays.;;(Charles) Lamb
;;It has been found that administration of gamma-interferon in vitro is linked to the oncogenesis of pancreatic cells through this pathway, which may play a role in the renewal of hematopoietic stem cells. Steps in this pathway include the activation of the TCF/LEF family of transcription factors, using a "destruction complex" that includes the proteins APC and axin. The membrane portion of this pathway is stabilized by LRP, and that portion contains a trimeric G protein connecting the dishevelled and frizzled proteins. This pathway's effects hinge on its ability to control cytosolic levels of beta-catenin. Working in tandem with sonic hedgehog homolog to define an organism's dorsal-ventral axis is, for 10 points, this cellular signaling pathway, whose name is a portmanteau of a Drosophila gene and a mouse gene.;;wnt (signaling) (pathway)
;;One section of this work cites the irregular motion of the planets in the time of Plato in arguing against a distinction between the "context of discovery" and the "context of justification." Its author vehemently attacked criticism of this book in a section of his next work entitled "Conversations with Illiterates." It highlights the rationality of the "tower argument" and of the views of the Catholic Church in arguing that Galileo managed to advance Copernican ideas more through political notions and psychological tricks than through rationality. This work engages in a reductio ad absurdum argument which culminates in the principle "anything goes," and it was originally intended to be half of a debate with Imre Lakatos. It was followed up by its author's Science in a Free Society, and advocates his position of "epistemological anarchism" in arguing that prescriptivist rules hamper the free flow of theories and ideas that makes science work. For 10 points, name this magnum opus of Paul Feyerabend.;;Against Method
;;In his book Life Is Real Only Then, When "I Am", this man detailed an oath his followers signed to distance themselves from A. R. Orage, and which Orage himself signed. He detailed his encounters with Father Giovanni and Prince Lubovedsky in one autobiographical work, and another of his works consists of conversations between Hassein and his grandfather as they travel towards Karatas on the spaceship Karnak. This author of Beelzebub's Tales to His Grandson and Meetings with Remarkable Men claimed to used his time at the Sarmoung Monastery to develop the symbol of the enneagram as well as a thirty-nine part set of dances known as his "movements." He taught a cosmology centered on the "Ray of Creation," and his beliefs were described by his disciple P. D. Ouspensky as "the Fourth Way." For 10 points, name this man whose teachings influenced Jean Toomer and Katherine Mansfield, an Armenian mystic.;;(George) Gurdijeff
;;The premiere of one of this man's compositions occurred in a darkened art gallery, forcing Eugene Ysaye to play it from memory. That "Sonata for Violin and Piano in A major" was written for Ysaye's wedding and is an example of this composer's preoccupation with the "cyclic form" which he adopted from Liszt. His "Mass for Three Voices" contains a strophe pulled from Aquinas's Sacris solemniis that is often performed alone, his Panis angelicus. He wrote a symphonic poem about a noble who is cursed after blowing his hunting chord during the Sabbath. His reputation was established posthumously by his students Ernest Chausson, Henri Duparc, and Vincent d'Indy, who ensured his Le Chasseur maudit and Symphonic Variations would become part of the standard repertoire. For 10 points, name this French-Belgian composer and organist best remembered for his Symphony in D minor.;;(Cesar) Franck
;;One member of this family was saved from near certain annihilation by the timely arrival of Pal Kinizsi during the Battle of Breadfield. This family's two major divisions were the Somlyo and Ecsed branches. One of its members was known popularly as "The Tigress of Csejte" and was the subject of an inquest headed by Gyorgy Thurzo. One member of this family signed the Truce of Jam Zapolski after the abdication of Henry of Valois led the Sejm to elect him to a post at which he married Anna Jagiellon. Like the Lackfis and Rakoczis, this family produced many voiyods of Transylvania. An infamous countess from this family was accused of torturing hundreds of young girls, and another member of this family laid siege to Pskov while fighting Ivan IV in the Livonian War. For 10 points, name this aristocratic Hungarian family which included the "Blood Countess" Elizabeth and the Polish king Stephen.;;Bathory|Batory
;;In one legend, this knight saves a lion by killing a serpent it is fighting. He stabs himself in the thigh for penance after the image of the red cross on his sword barely prevents him from losing his virginity to a temptress. In another story, his sister Dindrane gives him the Sword of the Strange Belt and gives her life to save a leper. This character eventually marries Blanchefleur, and embarrasses himself with his ignorance after being raised in seclusion by his mother. This character is mentored by Sir Gornemont, who warns him against impolitely asking questions. That injunction backfires when this knight fails to heal the wounded Fisher King by not asking about a mysterious procession at Corbenic Castle. In another legend this knight joins Galahad and Bors as the only knights who see the grail. For 10 points, name this knight whose story was told in a Wolfram von Eschenbach epic and a Wagner opera.;;(Sir) Percival|Parzival
;;This man referenced the irrelevance of the "civilization of the twentieth century" in his conviction under the 1351 Treason Act that equated heretics with traitors. He had the Libau outfitted as a Norwegian merchant ship under the command of Captain Karl Spindler, whose interception made him go ashore to McKenna's Fort, where he was captured. This man heard of Walter Hardenburg's expose of Julio Cesar Arana's system for sernambi gathering, inspiring him to spend time with the Putumayo Indians in Peru. Scholarship holds that the "Black Diaries" describing the homosexual relations of his man were forgeries. He was executed after trying to involve Germany in the Irish Home Rule movement years after his work for the British Foreign Office. For 10 points, identify this Irish martyr who had highlighted the exploitation of rubber workers in King Leopold's Congo Free State.;;(Roger) (David) Casement
;;He included a call for lush vegetation under the hexagonal glass latticed roof in the design of his unrealized Arizona state capitol building titled "Oasis." Another of his Arizona designs is often compared to his plan for a Baghdad Opera House and is Arizona State's Gammage Auditorium. One of the houses he designed includes a daughter's bedroom jutting from the second story with no visible supports, as well as a glass "crow's nest" where Herbert Johnson's children could watch him fly by in his airplane. This architect who used four zones to divide his Wingspread House was commissioned by Elbert Hubbard and a soap magnate to construct a Buffalo building. He supported the roof of the "Great Workroom" with stalactite like columns in the Johnson Wax Building, and received numerous complaints from modern painters because of the curved walls of his Guggenheim Museum. For 10 points, name this American Prairie Style architect of Falling Water.;;(Frank) (Lloyd) Wright
;;In one action during this conflict, Charles Hamilton captured eleven men and shot five of them in a ditch near the town of Marais des Cygnes. One player in this conflict rescued two of his sons at the Battle of Black Jack and built a series of barricades after the shooting of Charles Dow led to the Wakarusa War and the death of Thomas Barber. Governor John Geary attempted to end this conflict, which earlier saw the construction of Camp Sacket to hold antagonists like former governor Charles Robinson prisoner. The Wyandotte Constitution was passed three years after the sack of Lawrence, which prompted a massacre in Pottawatomie. Disagreement over the Lecompton Constitution sparked this conflict, which was engaged by Border Ruffians from Missouri and the followers of John Brown. For 10 points, name this extended period of antebellum violence in a Midwestern state.;;Bleeding Kansas
;;The Asiatic Cheetah is unique to this country, and a range containing Zard Duh and Mt. Dena forms much of this nation's southwest border. The Anzali Lagoon is a major bird-watching location in this country while its largest river is the 450-mile long Karun. The Gilan Province in its north contains areas of temperate rainforest. The salty lake Urima is located in this country's northwest. The Bandar-e-Abbas is a major port in the southeast of this nation, which has extensive pistachio forest covering much of its center. Most of its lowest elevation is centered on the Khuzestan Plain while its highest point is a mythologically important dormant volcano. For 10 points, name this nation where Mt. Damavand is found in the Alborz Mountains and where the Zagros Mountains form its border with Iraq.;;(Islamic) (Republic) (of) Iran|(Jomhuri(-)ye) (Eslami(-)ye) Iran
;;One character in this novel plays a hairdresser in a performance of the play Sunset at the Globe Salon. Its protagonist spends every Thursday with the prostitute Soraya until he sees her in public with her children. Despite angrily accusing him while cleaning the algae from a storage dam, one character is invited to a party by Petrus. The protagonist of this work sics his only surviving dog Katy on the mentally retarded Pollox, and volunteers at an animal shelter where he has an affair with Bev Shaw. One character in this novel decides to use a banjo instead of a piano for his chamber opera Byron in Italy. That protagonist is badly burned during a home invasion by three men who rape his daughter Lucy. The central literature professor of this work loses his job after having an affair with his student Melanie Isaacs. For 10 points, name this novel about David Lurie by J.M. Coetzee.;;Disgrace
;;This man theorized that "misrecognition" can cause people to not realize that socially powerful agents are employing "soft" or "symbolic violence." He suggested that this "violence" is enacted by those who have received prestige or "symbolic capital" from entrenched societal institutions. He adapted Mauss's concept of "body technique" to describe the set of dispositions accumulated through upbringing and education. He eschewed Marx's classes to coin a term for social arenas in which agents compete for economic and cultural resources. This developer of "habitus" and "field" concepts used the Kabyle culture to illustrate methods of social anthropology in his Outline of a Theory of Practice. His most well-known book uses the French population of the 1960s to examine the way social power and prestige affects taste. For 10 points, name this French sociologist and author of Distinction.;;(Pierre) Bourdieu
;;The action of one painting by this man is overlaid by a large orange vertical stripe and a blue horizontal stripe which is punctuated by a large red "C" which stands for cirque. This was representative of a shift in style late in his career in which he drew forms in black and white and added color, mainly red, blue, and yellow, in wide swaths. This artist created the two murals in the General Assembly Hall of the UN headquarters. He depicted the title figures resting on a yellow couch next to a small red table in his Three Women. He painted recurring subjects like "constructors," "country outings," "cyclists," and "keys" in groups called "cycles." His attempt to depict humans and other figures with three-dimensional robotic cylinders led Louis Vauxcelles to dub his work Tubism. For 10 points, name this French artist whose more traditionally cubist works include The City and who worked with George Antheil and Man Ray on the Mechanical Ballet.;;(Fernand) Leger
;;This country's plight was represented symbolically in a depiction of Roman soldiers dragging gladiators off the field of battle painted by Juan Luna and called the Spoliarium. Its independence was advocated in the newspaper La solidaridad which was run by Galicano Apacible and other members of its Propaganda Movement. A battle sometimes known as the "Thermopylae" of this place occurred at Tirad Pass and saw the death of Gregorio del Pilar. Members of its Katipunan society tore up their mandatory documents in an event known as the Cry of Balintawak, which was led by Andres Bonafacio. Another of its leaders was captured by Frederick Funston after working in concert with George Dewey during the Spanish American War. For 10 points, name this island nation led by Emilio Aguinaldo.;;(Republic) (of) (the) Philippines
;;One character in this play responds to his student's observation about lands without heroes by telling him to pity the land that needs heroes. Its title character is mocked during a carnival scene as one of the giant puppets in a show. In this play, Ludovico Marsili breaks off his eight year engagement with the title character's daughter Virginia. After angering the university curator Priuli, the protagonist of this work moves in with Mrs. Sarti. When his hopes about the rise of Cardinal Barberini are dashed, the title character of this play is forced to work at night and hide his papers inside a hollow globe until he can give them to his apprentice Andrea. The protagonist of this work becomes blind through his research and loses all of his disciples by recanting to avoid torture, but eventually completes his Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems. For 10 points, name this Bertolt Brecht play about an Italian astronomer.;;(Life) (of) Galileo|Leben des Galilei
;;Like the element immediately below it on the periodic table, when this element is surrounded by only hydrogen atoms, the resulting molecule acts as a high temperature superconducting solid at high pressures. It is commonly purified by reacting it with HCl to produce its trichloro form, and decomposing that molecule to deposit this element on heated rods, a process which can reduce impurities to less than 1 part per billion. That process is named after Siemens. One material with an extremely low glass transition temperature of below -125 degrees Celsius contains methyl side chains and a backbone made of oxygen alternating with this element. That polymer is widely used in shampoos and is cross-linked with boric acid to form silly putty. For 10 points, name this element located directly below carbon on the periodic table, a metalloid used in most computer chips.;;silicon
;;The protagonist of this work is taught to count to 100 by a deliveryman and has an epiphany after the schoolteacher Ella tells him the story of Bluebeard and His Seven Wives. Characters in this novel include Olin, who manipulates the protagonist into fighting his friend Harrison. The protagonist of this work publishes his story "The Voodoo of Hell's Half Acre" in a local newspaper and gives a controversial speech after graduating valedictorian from Smith-Robinson Public School. While in Jackson, Mississippi, the protagonist of this novel is forced to quit his job in an optical shop, and while in Memphis, he borrows a library card from his coworker Falk. This novel is divided into the sections "Southern Night" and "The Horror and the Glory," and its protagonist is kicked out of the Chicago May Day Parade after his John Reed Club is dissolved and he is labeled an intellectual by the Communists he associates with. For 10 points, name this autobiographical novel by Richard Wright.;;Black Boy
;;A man who discovered movement "involving the least loss of time" is mentioned in this novel during an interview to illustrate the principle of "industry and arts walk[ing] hand in hand." Coincidentally, details from the life of Nelly Malone incorporated into a ghostwriting fit the life of Maria Cheeseman, who employs a man with a deformed shoulder who is also employed in the same company that Mr. Weedin manages. The boss of that character uses a corkscrew to kill Merle Coverdale, who manages the typing pool at Meadows Meade. Characters in this novel frequently say "I liked" and "I didn't like" its protagonist, whose friend employs Trevor Lomas as best man in a wedding that he leaves after saying "no" to his seventeen-year old fiancee Dixie Morse. Describing the mayhem caused in the title industrial London district by the arrival of Dougal Douglas, for 10 points, name this novel by Muriel Spark.;;(The) Ballad of Peckham Rye
;;This writer described how "columns of leaves/burn and stir" next to the title object of a poem that opens with the exhortation "Now is the time for fire!" A character in another of his poems "balanced/the good gifts of the earth and united distant with near" and muses "Say, where is Athens?" Another of his poems wonders what the purpose of night is, save "holy drunkenness" and "frenzied oblivion," and wonders "who wants poets at all in lean years?" This author of "The Archipelago" wrote a drama in which Hermocrates and Kritias, the ruler of Agrigentum, impel a philosopher to prove his godhood. Along with "Bread and Wine," and that unfinished drama, The Death of Empedocles, this Hellenophile adapted his letters to Bellarmin and Diotima into an influential novel. For 10 points, name this Romantic author of "The Ister" and Hyperion, the favorite German poet of Nietzsche and Heidegger alike.;;(Johann) (Christian) (Friedrich) Holderlin
;;One section of this symphony is sung by three repenting women who quote the Rose Chorus in their canon. It was originally planned to have concluded by contrasting the sacred nature of an adagio movement entitled "Caritas" with a setting of the pagan hymn "The Birth of Eros." One of its movements is a setting of a Latin song written in the 9th century by Rabanus Maurus. The two movements of this symphony are connected by the "Accende lumen sensibus" theme, which comes from the fourth stanza of the hymn that its first movement is a setting of, the "Veni, creator spiritus." This symphony was promoted and nicknamed by Emil Gutmann and its second movement includes a chorus of the Anchorites and soloists voicing the characters Doctor Marianus and Gretchen. It was inspired by Goethe's Faust and included three choirs at its premier. For 10 points, name this massive symphony of Gustav Mahler.;;Symphony of a Thousand|Mahler's Symphony (No(.)) 8 (in) (E(-)flat) (major)
;;This man had a series of debates with Rudolf Bultmann about the role of mythology in Christianity. He defined certainty, incorrigibility, and impossibility of content as the three necessary components of a delusion in a work which brought phenomenological sensibilities to psychiatry and helped establish the Heidelberg School, his General Psychopathology. His work labeling "Socrates, Buddha, Confucius, Jesus" as the paradigmatic philosophers was published posthumously by his student Hannah Arendt. He contrasted Heidegger's concept of Dasein with Existenz as the two states of being, and saw his philosophy as a merger of the best parts of Kierkegaard and Nietzsche. He wrote that although perpetrators of war crimes bore the brunt of the blame, all who stood idly by bore some responsibility for Nazi actions in The Question of German Guilt. In his book The Origin and Goal of History, he credited nascent religious ideas with the rise of civilizations between 800 and 200 BC. For 10 points, name this German existentialist and formulator of the Axial Age.;;(Karl) Jaspers
;;This artist first came to prominence in the salon with his Oedipus Taken down from the Tree. He painted a girl with a basket on her head and a boy carrying a bent three pronged pitchfork in his The Walk to Work. This artist depicted ladders leaned up against giant stacks of grain in the background of a lunching group in his painting of Ruth and Boaz. The contrast between the sale of one of this man's paintings and the poverty of his heirs was one of the main grounds for the creation of the droit de suite tax in the 1920s. That painting includes a pitchfork stuck into the ground and a wheelbarrow behind the bowed figures of two peasants and was originally called Prayer for the Potato Crop. Another of his paintings depicts three women bending down to collect scraps of grain from a field. For 10 points, name this Barbizon painter of The Angelus and The Gleaners.;;(Jean(-)Francois) Millet
;;The theme from this opera's prelude is repeated in the aria "Voce di Donna," in which the protagonist's mother thanks another character for saving her from accusations of witchcraft. This opera opens at a regatta and its first act is titled "The Lion's Mouth," after a statue that the antagonist drops an accusatory letter in. The antagonist is a spy for the inquisition who reveals that he has strangled the elderly La Cieca after the title character follows the aria "Suicidio!" by stabbing herself. This opera's third act is set in The House of Gold, where a host of its characters watch a ballet. The title character is a Venetian singer who repeatedly saves Laura from her jealous husband Alvise although they both love the disguised exile Enzo. For 10 points, name this opera which contains The Dance of the Hours and was written by Amilcare Ponchielli, a work which shares its name with a Da Vinci painting.;;(La) Gioconda
;;The narrator of this novel meets her future husband while travelling in Monte Carlo with the American Mrs. Van Hopper. The last entry in the title character's datebook leads to the physician Dr. Baker, who reveals she was dying of cancer and must have been lying about her pregnancy. The narrator of this novel is tricked into wearing the costume of a family ancestor, which ruins a ball because her husband's ex-wife had worn the same thing. That ex-wife had fooled around with her cousin Jack Favell, and divers sent after the wreck of a steamship discover her corpse in a boat riddled with holes. Colonel Julyan decides not to act on his suspicion that Maxim de Winter killed his ex-wife in this novel. It ends with the domineering housekeeper Mrs. Danvers burning the estate of Manderley. For 10 points, name this novel by Daphne du Maurier.;;Rebecca
;;This algorithm is most efficient when the probability of each input symbol is a negative power of two. Compared to other algorithms in coding theory, this algorithm is most efficient when combining truly random variables. If subtrees are kept on a priority queue by cumulative frequency, this algorithm needs to insert n+1 leaf frequencies onto the queue. It then repeatedly removes the two smallest elements from the queue, unites them into a subtree, and puts that subtree back into the queue, continuing until the queue contains the optimum tree. This technique uses fewer bits to encode more frequently occurring characters and more bits for less frequently occurring characters. For 10 points, name this entropy encoding algorithm used for lossless data compression, used in the audio codec mp3.;;Huffman (algorithm)|(coding)
;;The fifth pope of this name was never actually ordained as bishop but is seen in Canto 19 of the Purgatorio, where he laments "how great the mantle weighs" while atoning for his ambition. The second pope of this name followed in the footsteps of Nicholas I in trying to head off a schism by deposing Photius and replacing him with Ignatius. The first pope of this name allied with Charlemagne after being invaded by the Lombards under Desiderius. The sixth pope of this name served only briefly between Leo X and Clement VII, but found time to launch the counter-reformation as the only Dutch pope. Another pope of this name warred with William the Bad of Sicily and crowned Frederick Barbarossa Holy Roman Emperor. For 10 points, give this name taken by a man born Nicholas Breakspear, the only English pope.;;(Pope) Adrian
;;This former CEO of the Hudston Institute was nicknamed "The Blade" for his tenacity at budget-cutting as head of the Office of Management and Budget. A devoted motorcyclist who often hosts charity rides with other bikers, this successor to and victor over Joe Kernan called for a unsuccessful 1% tax increase in his first speech as governor, but eventually settled on projects like leasing his state's toll roads to a Spanish-Australian firm and forcing his state to adopt Daylight Savings Time in full. He earned plaudits for reducing wait times at his state's BMV to record lows but recently took flak from the right after calling for a "truce" on social issues to focus on the economy. For 10 points, identify this a current dark horse contender for the 2012 Republican president nomination and popular governor of Indiana.;;(Mitch) Daniels
;;This thinker borrowed a phrase from Theodore Adorno's The Authoritarian Personality to term a phenomenon in which people mask "a profound if largely unconscious hatred of society" in empty vitriol as "The Pseudo-Conservative Revolt." One book by this man introduced the study of "status anxiety" and argued that the New Deal differed from the Populist and Progressive movements because it was born out of economic hardship instead of prosperity. He claimed that the replacement of puritan with evangelical religion and the nature of Jacksonian egalitarianism were primary causes of a distrust of higher thought in American history. Another essay by this author of The Age of Reform traces anti-Freemason beliefs in nativist movements through the radical McCarthyism of his day to analyze the place of conspiracy theory in US politics. For 10 points, name this author of Anti-intellectualism in American Life and The Paranoid Style in American Politics.;;(Richard) Hoffstadter
;;The protagonist of this novel cuts off the tip of her own finger to prevent a group of Irish boys from harassing her. Its prologue describes how a slave was tricked into receiving bad land in exchange for completing some arduous tasks. The title character lives with three adopted boys all named Dewey and her uncle Plum, who is doused in kerosene and burned by Eva. The title character sleeps with her best friend's husband Jude Greene after returning from a ten year journey accompanied by a plague of robins. The World War I veteran Shadrack returns to the central town as a heroin addict and marches the streets with a cowbell and a noose every January 3rd, declaring it National Suicide Day. The protagonist of this novel befriends Nel Wright, who witnesses her accidentally drown Chicken Little. For 10 points, name this work set in the Medallion, Ohio neighborhood called The Bottom, a novel by Toni Morrison.;;Sula
;;One member of this family became Governor General of New Russia, which gained him a statue on top of the Odessa Steps. That member's personal friendship with Alexander I influenced the decision to curtail the Russian occupation of France, and he served as the successor of Talleyrand as Prime Minister of France. Another member was part of the Cellarmare Conspiracy and successfully made Marie Anne de Mailly, the youngest of the Nesle sisters, the mistress of Louis XV. In addition to the enemy of Madame Pompadour, the most famous member of this family created the intendant system and signed the Treaty of Barwalde, paying 400,000 Reichstalers yearly to Sweden. He also signed the Peace of Alais before being targeted in the Day of the Dupes by his former ally Marie de Medici. For 10 points, name this family whose most famous member was the "Red Eminence," an adviser to Louis XIII.;;Richelieu (accept) duc de Richelieu
;;The title character of this novel has a mother who paints regular birds to pass them off as exotic and sell them. The protagonist has a son named Emmanuel with the nun Leticia, but both are killed by trained dogs in the marketplace. In one incident, the US ambassador gives the title character a wind machine after purchasing the Caribbean Sea and moving it to Arizona. The title character changes the clocks from three to eight in an effort to get over his obsession with the beauty queen Manuela Sanchez. In another episode from this novel, two thousand children used to rig the weekly lottery are drowned at sea. The title character of this work has his mother embalmed and sends her corpse around the country, feuding with the Catholic Church when they refuse to saint her. This novel is composed of six stream of consciousness paragraphs, which each begin with the death of the 107 to 232 year old "General." For 10 points, name this dictator novel by Gabriel Garcia-Marquez.;;(The) Autumn of the Patriarch|(El) otono del patriarca
;;Areas of this state, along with its northern neighbor, attempted to secede from it during the Civil War and form a neutral state called "Nickajack." A "platform" named for this state was William Yancey's counter to the Wilmot Proviso, and its later politics were dominated by the populist Big Mule-Black Belt coalition. The civil rights era in this state included the deaths of Denise McNair, Carole Robertson, and two others in the bombing of the 16th Street Baptist Church. Vivian Malone and James Hood's integrated its flagship university, despite its governor "standing in the schoolhouse door." For 10 points, name this state where Ralph Abernathy and Martin Luther King coordinated with Rosa Parks to lead a bus boycott.;;Alabama
;;This figure killed the Thracian giant Alcyoneus by incapacitating him with arrows and dragging him out of his homeland of Pallene. He had his weapons stolen by the mischevious Cercopes but let them go when they made him laugh. This character stole the tripod from the oracle of Delphi after its answer concerning the death of Iphitus displeased him. He discovered the location of the apples of the Hesperides by defeating the shape shifter Nereus, and he stole the belt of the Amazon queen Hippolyte because Admete desired it. This hero served the Lydian queen Omphale for three years after accidentally killing his music teacher Linos and the centaur Chiron. This figure died after contacting a tunic smeared in Nessus's blood given to him by Dianara, and his exploits included capturing the Cattle of Geryon and cleaning the Augean Stables for Eurystheus. For 10 points, name this Greek demigod who completed twelve labors.;;Heracles|Hercules
;;This structure secretes hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, which helps prevent excess glucocorticoid from inhibiting its growth. Its outermost layers are composed of syncytio- and cytotrophoblast cells, and it contains a high concentration of prostaglandins. This structure produces neurokinin B and notably does not present MHC antigens, allowing it to escape attack from the immune system. It functions in part as an endocrine organ, producing hormones like its namesake lactogen and somatomammotropin, as well as human chorionic gonadotropin. Tissue from this organ is collected during a process sometimes used instead of amniocentesis, chorionic villi sampling. For 10 points, name this organ possessed by all eutherian mammals, which allows for the exchange of nutrients and waste products between a mother and the developing fetus.;;placenta
;;In one story, this figure wrestles the Bear Lake monster before throwing it all the way to Scotland where it becomes the Loch Ness Monster. He comes across crooked prairie dogs, square eggs, and birds with one leg longer than the other on the perfectly smooth Pinnacle Peak, which he uses to create a perpetual motion machine. His love interest rides a giant catfish and he himself becomes leader of the Hell's Gate gang after throwing his horse over his shoulders, using a rattlesnake as a whip, and riding a cougar a hundred miles. He falls in love with Slue-foot Sue and subdues a cyclone with a lasso. He only realizes he is a man after looking in a stream as an adult, after getting separated from his pioneer parents and being raised by coyotes. For 10 points, name this American folk hero and "greatest cowboy of all time.".;;Pecos Bill
;;This region's ancient history saw inhabitants named the Otomi build cities at Ranas and El Cerrito; later, one of their leaders, Conin converted to Catholicism, possibly due to the emergence of a Spanish priest holding up a fiery cross during a battle fought without weapons. A notable aqueduct was constructed here in 1736. During the Mexican War of Independence, a woman known as La Corregidora from here warned nearby rebels of an increased Spanish presence, leading to the issuance of the Grito de Dolores in a neighboring state. During the Mexican-American War, a partially namesake city within it served as the capital of Mexico, and the treaty of Guadelupe-Hidalgo was signed there. It is best known for being the site at which Maximilian I chose to fight the forces of Benito Juarez, leading to his capture. For 10 points, name this central Mexican state.;;Queretaro
;;The early fighting in this battle was concentrated around Henri de Rigny's flagship the Sirene, and another country's forces at this battle were commanded by Lodewijk van Heyden. This battle led to the cancellation of the Akkerman Convention and a war which ended with treaties at Unkiar Skelessi and Adrianople. One of the victors at this battle reinforced its results by launching the Morea expedition the next year. One of its causes was the public sentiment raised against the sack of Messolonghi, which helped lead to the Treaty of London. In this battle, a Russian-French-British coalition under the command of Edward Codrington defeated Tahir Pasha's combined Egyptian-Turkish force in the last major naval battle entirely between wooden sailing ships. For 10 points, name this decisive 1827 victory for the cause of Greek independence.;;(Battle) (of) Navarino
;;In one short novel by this author, Clem Dowson becomes reacquainted with the Fazackerleys, while another focuses on the rape of Felicity Bannister, who shortly thereafter breaks off her engagement to John Galbraith despite his acceptance of her. Those works, A Woman's Hand and The Night the Prowler, appear in a collection whose title story tells of a couple that communicates only through writing and not through speech. This author of The Cockatoos wrote about the relationship between Mary Hare and her housekeeper Mrs. Jolley in Riders in the Chariot, while he may be best known for a novel about a German explorer who proposes to Laura Trevelyan while on a journey across Australia. For 10 points, name this author of Voss.;;(Patrick) White
;;One character in this play reveals that he views women as "serenely crystallized, transparent as glass." Four lines are delivered by two shadowy figures in this play, which was influenced by Hamlet since the second line is "Who's there?" One character in this play snuffs out a candle with his cap and convinces the old count Lodovico that a central character is actually his son, who was captured by Moors. This play contains the betrayal of Anarda, who is in love with Fabio, who eventually marries the initial lover of the low-born secretary of a certain matriarch, who in turn is chased by Riccardo and Federigo. That matriarch, a countess of Belflor in Naples, is likened to the title animal of this play when she separates Marcella from her love interest, Teodoro. For 10 points, identify this comedy of manners by Lope de Vega.;;(The) Dog in the Manger|(The) (Vegetable) Gardener's Dog(;)|(El) Perro del hortelano
;;In the second section of the poem, the speaker notes that "the dance along the artery/the circulation of the lymph/are figured in the drift of stars" and describes the perpetual interaction of "the boarhound and the boar." Another section details "men and bits of paper, whirled by the cold wind" and the "desiccation evacuation inoperancy" of the worlds of "sense fancy spirit" in a "place of disaffection." This poem includes the refrain of the "neither flesh nor fleshless" "still point of the turning world" and earlier describes the "first world" inhabited by a few birds and the unreachable laughter of children in a rose-garden. That garden is a consequence of the ubiquitous presence of "time present and time past," which "are both perhaps present in time future." For 10 points, identify this poem titled for a ruined English manor, the first of T.S. Eliot's Four Quartets.;;Burnt Norton
;;This polity was ruled by the regent Narasa Nayaka, but his more famous younger son had Timmarusu as Prime Minister and won the Battle of Raichur defeating the rival Bahmani Kingdom. That younger son also allowed the Portuguese establish Goa. The Aravidu dynasty was the final dynasty. This successor of the Kakatiya dynasty, Hoysala Empire, and Pandyan Empire was first ruled by the Sangama dynasty, though later by the Saluva and Taluva dynasties. While reaching its zenith under Krishna Raya, it lost most of its power after the Battle of Talikota. Founded by Harihara I, this Hindi polity fought off Muslim invasions from the north. For 10 points, name this South India polity lasting from 1336 to 1646.;;Vijayanagara (Empire) (accept) Kingdom of Bisanga
;;For a grand canonical ensemble, this quantity is modified by the inclusion of a term for chemical potential in a quantity named for Gibbs. This quantity is derived by considering that the number of states in a system is related to the entropy and then relating an entropy differential to an energy differential via the fundamental thermodynamic relation. To get a relevant probability, this quantity is divided by a function given by the summation of this quantity for all states in a system. Defined as e to the negative energy state divided by the namesake constant and temperature, this quantity is divided by the partition function to weight the probability that a particle is in a given energy state. For 10 points, name this quantity used to derive statistics named for Maxwell and its namesake.;;Boltzmann factor
;;A term in the Scatchard-Hildebrand equation squares the difference between two of this property's namesake parameters, and a differential form of this quantity is measured by calculating a partition coefficient. The natural logarithm of this quantity is equivalent to entropy of fusion divided by the gas constant times quantity one minus freezing point over temperature in an expression of its "ideal law". Two salts can influence this property of each other via the common ion effect, and this property of a gas increases with pressure according to Henry's Law. For 10 points, name this property, the extent to which a substance forms a solute under a given set of conditions.;;solubility
;;One sculpture by this artist depicts a sad-looking figure with his knees near his chest, while another of his works depicts a reclining pregnant woman with her hand on her stomach. In addition to Elemental and Genesis, he also depicted a winged-man standing over a figure with horns in St. Michael and the Devil, which is located at the Coventry Cathedral with his sculpture Ecce Homo. This author of Let There Be Sculpture caused controversy with his two sculptures representing the life cycle entitled Day and Night; those works were commissioned by architect Charles Holden, who had earlier commissioned this man to create eighteen sculptures for the headquarters of the British Medical Association on the Strand. He may be best known for a sculpture of a sphinx on the tomb of Oscar Wilde or for a sculpture influenced by the Vorticism movement that represents a bleak future dominated by machinery. For 10 points, name this 20th century American-born British sculptor who created the Rock Drill.;;(Jacob) Epstein
;;The Itelmen people still reside in this area while the Koryaks are found at the far north along Shelekhova Bay and the southernmost part of this area is Cape Lopatka, which is separated from Shumshu by a narrow strait. A famous species of brown bears are found in this area where the Klyuchevskaya volcano is the highest point and which also contains the near-perfectly conical Kronotsky, which is located near an unusual valley of geysers resulting from tectonic activity in the area. Petropavlovsk is the chief port and capital of, for 10 points, what mountainous peninsula situated between the Pacific Ocean and the Sea of Othotsk in the far east of Russia?.;;Kamchatka (Peninsula)|(Poluostrov) Kamchatka
;;One important leader of this heresy was Sergius-Tychius, who may have started the transition from Armenian adoptionism. One successor of this heresy may have been the Tondrakians. At the Battle of Lalakaon or Battle of Porson, this group defeated the forces of the third and last member of the Phyrgian Dynasty, Michael III. However, the nascent state formed by this heresy that was also iconoclastic was destroyed at Bathys Ryax by Basil I the Macedonian. Later, John I Tzimisces transferred some members of this heresy to Philippopolis, and they completely rejected the Old Testament. The combination of this heresy and lower-class discontent against the Orthodox Church in Bulgaria may have resulted in the most famous successor of this heresy. For 10 points, name this Christian heresy that may have been succeeded by the Bogomils.;;Paulicianism
