;;This author's "In Death Cannot Reach What Is Most Near" and "Birdbrain" were included in an Illuminated version of this man's work ,with illustrations by Eric Drooker.  His words were printed on a background of railroad images in Iron Horse, which he would later place under the heading of a collection which begins with a quotation from Democratic Vistas, The Fall Of America: Poems of These States.  Another work of this man's, notably transcribed from an Uher tape recorder while driving across the country, calls "all Powers of imagination to my side in this auto to make Prophecy" and invokes figures like Shambu Bharti Baba, Jesus Christ, and Hare Krishna to declare an end to the Vietnam War, while another well-known poem of his claims he "saw you, Walt Whitman... poking among the meats in the refrigerator".  FTP, name this author of "Wichita Vortex Sutra" and "A Supermarket in California" who "saw the best minds of [his] generation destroyed by madness" in Howl.;;(Allen) Ginsberg
;;The last speaker during its final session was John of Sebaste.  The second session began with an argument between Cecropius, who wanted an immediate decision, and Florentius, who pleaded for time to resolve the central issue.  Among those present on behalf of one of the major parties were the priests Basil and Boniface, the latter of whom presided over much of it.  The decisions it reached included forbidding simony, elopement, and marriage for monks and nuns.  It opened with Paschanisus denying a seat to Dioscorus, who would be exiled as a result, and it concluded with the affirmation of 27 cannons.  It was called by Emperor Marcian, who was amenable to disputing the decisions of the so-called Robber Synod two years prior.  FTP, that affirmation of the "tome" of Leo I declaring both Christ's divine and human natures took place at what fourth ecumenical council held in 451?.;;(Council) (of) Chalcedon
;;An allele of the apolipoprotein E gene on chromosome 19 increases the risk and lowers the age at onset of this disease.  Microscopically it is characterized by Hirano bodies, and it results in changes in the nucleus basalis of Meynert.   It is associated with "tangles," which show the MAP2 protein and abnormal forms of tau protein, as well as the presence of amyloid angiopathy and typical plaques, and symptoms include aphasia and progressive disorientation, indicating cortical dysfunction.  Patients rarely become symptomatic before 50 years of age. but within the following 30 years up to 40% of the populace starts suffering from this disease.  For 10 points, name this degenerative neurological disorder, the most common cause of dementia in the elderly.;;Alzheimer's (disease)
;;This author introduced the idea of corporeal vulnerability in a work calling for the re-emergence of poststructuralist political critique in the post-9/11 world, Precarious Life; and along with Gayatri Spivak called political boundaries obsolete in Who Sings the Nation-State?  Another of this thinker's texts, which critiques the "objet petit a" of Zizek and Lacan and includes an essay on "Paris is Burning", attempts to probe the "discursive limits" of a certain category often presumed to be material.  That work is a follow up to her most famous book, which criticizes the "grand narrative" of psychoanalysis and calls for "drag" as a corrective parody, and is subtitled "Feminism and the Subversion of Identity".  Advocate of the idea of "gender performativity", FTP, name this author of Bodies That Matter and Gender Trouble.;;(Judith) Butler
;;This work asserts that is is "not improbable" that a Trojan army led by a "Northern king" "would have driven Agamemnon and Achilles into the sea more decisively than the Greek hexameter routs the alliterative line." Originally delivered as the seventh Israel Gollancz Memorial Lecture, this essay claims that the work it addresses is "wild" only in the sense that King Lear is "silly" and repeatedly critiques the notion that its subject places "the unimportant things at the centre and the important on the outer edges." This work quotes and attacks W.P. Ker's assertion that "there are other things in the lives of Hercules and Thesues besides the killing of the Hydra or of Procrustes," whereas another figure has "nothing else to do." Claiming that "a man might well exchange for one good dragon what he would not sell for a wilderness," this essay notes that there are only two important dragons in all of northern literature, the other being Fafnir. This lecture claims that a certain work ought to be studied to promote "understanding the poem as a poem" rather than as a mere historical or linguistic source and disputes the notion that battles with fantastic creatures render literature unserious. For 10 points, identify this lecture by J.R.R. Tolkien which defends the quality of an anonymous Old English poem.;;(Beowulf(:)) (The) Monsters and the Critics
;;The reliefs on this people's major temple showed snakes with human heads, birds eating hearts, and marching ranks of cats and dogs. That temple's roof was supported by four fifteen-foot statues of warriors, and was located in a city of this people which characteristically used colonnades and columns to support flat roofs of buildings. In addition to controlling a city with two ball courts and that five-stepped temple pyramid, this people formed military orders later adopted by other groups, including the Eagle and the Coyote. Under the leadership of the Cloud Serpent, Mixcoatl, they sacked Teotihuacan in 900. Their next leader, Ce Acatl Topiltzi, changed his name to Quetzalcoatl. Before being shattered by Chichimec invasions, they ruled from their capital known as the "Place of the Reeds," Tollan or Tula. For 10 points, name this group that dominated central Mexico from the tenth to twelfth century, prior to the rise of the Aztecs.;;Toltecs
;;He claimed that "conceptual truths may or may not be necessary truths" in a paper which attempted to answer questions posed at the end of Naming and Necessity, "Psychophysical Nexus"; and mused on President Clinton's impeachment, the Sokal hoax, and Richard Rorty in Concealment and Exposure. An early work of his revives Kantian notions of ethics in arguing for a rational type of the titular behavior, and the title of another of his books, which talks about "dual aspect theory" and refers to a "strain of idealism" in contemporary philosophy, refers to the attempt to find a truly objective conception of reality.  His most notable work cites Davidson's anomalous monism, and chooses its central figure due to having a "sensory apparatus" strikingly different than man so as to illustrate the centrality of the "subjective character of experience" to the mind-body problem.  FTP, name this author of The View From Nowhere and The Possibility of Altruism who argued against reductionism using the example of a chiropterist in his paper "What Is It Like To Be A Bat?".;;(Thomas) Nagel
;;One of this man's play was the model for Charles Sedley's Restoration drama Bellamira. In one of this author's plays, a man encourages his ward to marry by tearing down the wall separating his house from that of his girlfriend. In another of this author's plays, a man recalls getting drunk and using the pseudonym Stilpho in order to start a secret family in Lemnos away from his Athenian wife Nausistrata, before being undone by the titular lawyer. Another of his works is named for the disguise taken by sixteen-year-old Chaerea in order to rape Pamphila, the sister of the prostitute-protagonist Thais. All six of his extant plays were later rewritten on Christian themes by Hroswitha. For 10 points, name this author of The Self-Tormentor and The Eunuch, a Carthaginian-born slave who became a noted Roman playwright of the second century BCE and shares his name with a character who is told "Mithridates, he died old" and "you eat your victuals fast enough" in a poem that informs him of some "stupid stuff" by A.E. Housman.;;Terence|(Publius) Terentius (Afer)
;;A more advanced form of it exhibits sigmoid behavior and is named for Goldbeter and Koshland. The Hill formula is preferred as an alternative to it since it cannot be used to describe behavior in instances of cooperative binding.  Among the graphical depictions of it are the Hanes type, which is the most accurate, and the Eadie-Hofstee, which best shows bad measurements.  However, in the lab it is most often represented by a linear double reciprocal or Lineweaver-Burke plot.  Among the constants it utilizes are the namesake, better known as Km [K-sub-m], and Vmax [V-max].  Illustrating in mathematical terms the relationship between initial reaction velocity and substrate concentration, for 10 points, name this equation of enzyme kinematics.;;Michaelis(-)Menten (equation)
;;The 2009 special edition of this film replaces Peter Bogdanovich's commentary with that of Drew Casper, a scholar of this film's director's work.  The protagonist at one point assumes the role of a businessman with lumber interests from Oregon by the name of Conrad Burns.  He had already obtained some information from the insurance agent Hughson in an attempt to prove his innocence, which he does at the climactic scene set at the Sanford villa.  At the end of a costume ball the protagonist reveals the guilt of Danielle Foussard and her employer Bertani following a chase on the villa's tiled rooftop.  As a result John Robie, or The Cat, proves he is not behind the series of recent jewelry heists on the French Riviera.  FTP, name this Alfred Hitchcock film starring Grace Kelly and Cary Grant.;;To Catch A Thief
;;In both 427 and 387 BCE, this city was razed by enemies, and it was not rebuilt until 338 under Philip of Macedon.  The Tegean contingent was the first to charge in a battle at this city, which, like Chaeronea decades later, saw the destruction of Thebes's Sacred Band. Before the battle at this site began, one side launched a raid to defile the other's water source, which had been left undefended. This battle did not begin for eight days after the arrival of the armies at a nearby location, due to neither's unwillingness to give up favorable position. The troops under Amompharetus nearly abandoned this battle due to that commander's pique at being left out of the planning council. This city's strategic position came from its overlooking the road from Thebes to Corinth. Located on a triangular outcropping of Mount Cithaeron. In an event commemorated by annual sacrifices to Zeus the Liberator, and taking place on the same day as the naval Battle of Mycale, an army under Mardonius was defeated here by Pausanias. For 10 points, name this site of the 479 BCE battle which ended the Greco-Persian wars.;;Plataea
;;Martin's axiom implies that there are sequential spaces of sequential order four with this property.  Sets with this property include those named after Eberlein, Valdivia, and Corson.  Stone and Cech name a technique for mapping a topological space to a Hausdorff space with this property. The Cartesian product of any number of sets with this property also has this property by Tychonoff's Theorem, which is sometimes used to prove a theorem stating that a subspace of Euclidean space has this property if and only if it is closed and bounded, the Heine-Borel theorem.  For 10 points, give this term referring to spaces or sets in which every open cover has a finite subcover.;;compactness
;;This novel recalls an incident in which a clerk known as The Tiger for his soccer prowess became involved in a gunfight over the pock-marked girl Joana, in the chapter "Of the Law of Concubines." When asked how to entice one character in this novel, Professor Josue says to write a ballad instead of a sonnet, and this novel is in fact prefaced with a poem in rondeau form that praises "His beard a sheet of dreams, the Imperial beard." Hanging over the entire timespan of this novel is the shooting of the doctor Osmundo Pimentel and the doctor's lover by the woman's husband, who is imprisoned only at the end of the work after the regime of Ramiro Bastos and the other colonels is brought low by Mundinho Falcao. Against the political backdrop, this novel discusses the title character's many affairs in the cacao-growing town of Ilheus, where that character works at the Vesuvius Bar run by Syrian-born Nacib Saad. For 10 points, name this book in which Nacib is enticed by the titular smell and skin color of the titular woman, written by Jorge Amado.;;Gabriela(,) Clove(,) and Cinnamon|Gabriela(,) cravo e canela
;;One minor party candidate in this Presidential election went on to write a history of Madagascar after running for a ticket that briefly revived the names of both the American Party and Anti-Masonic Party. The fourth-place candidate in this election was the man who earlier suppresssed the Portland Rum Riot and promoted the Maine Law, Prohibitionist Neal Dow, while the leading third-party candidate in this election, running for the first time, was the great-grandfather of Dennis the Menace creator Hank Ketcham. One candidate in this election became prominent for taking a light hand as the commander of the military occupation of Texas and Louisiana. That candidate's supporters in this election blanketed the nation with graffiti and signs bearing the number "329," representing the number of dollars that the winning candidate received from Credit Mobilier. The winner of this election, who defeated both the Democratic candidate and third-party challenger James Weaver, ran the original "front porch campaign" after surviving convention strife between the Stalwarts and the Half-Breeds. However, that infighting came back to haunt the winner of this election, who heard the declaration "I am a Stalwart of the Stalwarts and Arthur is President now" just nine months after taking office. For 10 points, name this election in which Winfield Scott Hancock lost to future Charles Guiteau victim James Garfield.;;(United) (States) (Presidential) (election) (of) 1880
;;This man sought to replace "utility" with "ophelimity" in a work which changed the focus of the Lausanne School founded by Leon Walras, his Cours d'economie politique.  Another work of his spoke of how people were divided into six kinds of "residues", or illogical sentiments justified post-hoc via "derivations".    However his most famous ideas are the distribution log N = log A + m log x,  a related principle regarding the concentration of wealth also known as the principle of factor sparsity, or the 80-20 rule, and a condition that is more stringent than a similar one named for Kaldor and Hicks.  FTP, name this author of Trattato di sociologia generale and The Mind and Society who lends his name to a situation in game theory where no actor can unilaterally make themselves better off without harming the other actor, this man's optimality.;;(Vilfredo) Pareto
;;When this character first appears, he is described as having hair that "was just beginning to gray" and wearing "silver-rimmed spectacles that gave him a scholarly look". One of his first declarations is that children make him nervous. He later declares, while putting on one of his victims' shirt, that "Crime don't matter. You can do one thing or you can do another, kill a man or take a tire off his car, because sooner or later you're going to forget what it was you done and just be punished for it". When one character reaches out and touches him on the shoulder, he springs back and shoots her three times in the chest. And when his companion Bobbie Lee remarks that that character was "a talker", he responds "She would have been a good woman.if it had been somebody to there to shoot her every minute of her life." FTP, this is what serial killer that murders a family that has a car accident on their way to Florida in Flannery O'Connor's A Good Man is Hard to Find?.;;(The) Misfit
;;According to one tradition, this being's first incarnation was as the king Hiranyakashipu, where he went on to overthrow Indra and shut the gods out of heaven.  However, his son Prahlada continued to worship Vishnu.  For this, he tried to kill Prahlada but was unable to because of Vishnu's protection.  This incarnation ended when Hiranyakashipu was killed by Vishnu.  In another incarnation, this being appeared as the demon Sisupala.  These two incarnations were part of a deal this being made with Vishnu in order so that he might return to heaven.  This being was offered the choice whether to appear as seven incarnations as a friend of Vishnu, or three as an enemy.  He chose the latter.  As such, this being is most famous for his second incarnation under this scheme, where he appeared as the enemy of another avatar of Vishnu.  Defeated largely through the efforts of the monkey god Hanuman, this was, FTP, what abducter of Sita who lived on the island of Lanka, ! the enemy of Rama?.;;Ravana
;;This process may be more common in bacteria than in eukaryotes, where it occurs through horizontal gene transfer. One example of this process can be found on Santa Cruz Island among the Medium gound Finch population, whose beaks tend to conform to two different sized ideals, while those with intermediate beaks are selected against. One mechanism proposed to account for this process suggests that, given a particular environment, homozygous individuals may have greater fitness than heterozygous individuals for a certain trait. This model, known as disruptive selection, was first put forward by John Maynard Smith. For 10 points, name this process whereby speciation may occur without the original species leaving its environment, often contrasted to the allopatric variety.;;Sympatric Speciation
;;One character in this opera disguises himself as a commoner and slips money and a promotion into the pocket of a sailor in order to make a fortune teller's prediction come true. There are two sopranos in this opera: one the page-boy Oscar, who sing the aria Volta la terrea to plead the case of the fortune teller, and the other Amelia, who sings the aria Morro, ma prima in grazia, begging her husband not to kill her for her recently discovered infidelity. He relents and sings the most famous aria of the opera, Eri tu che macchiavi, to the portrait of her lover, whom he conspires to kill instead. Neapolitan censors forced the composer and librettist to change the location and names of the characters of, FTP, what opera by Giuseppe Verdi, which, depending on the version, is about the assassination of either the King of Sweden or the Governor of Boston during the title party?.;;(Un) Ballo in Maschera|(A) Masked Ball
;;This ruler's henchmen kidnapped Columbia professor Jesus de Galindez from New York City and murdered him in revenge for writing an article attacking this ruler's abuses of power. Both the Luperion invasion and the 14th of June movement attempted to overthrow this ruler, who established a secret police force called the SIM to torture his opponents. This dictator took power by overthrowing Horacio Vasquez, used pancake makeup to make himself appear whiter, and unsuccessfully attempted to blow up Venezuelan president Romulo Betancourt. In 1937, he ordered a massacre of people who could not pronounce the "R" sound in perejil, the Spanish word for parsley, and he was assassinated in 1961 while riding in his motorcade. For 10 points, name this virulent proponent of antihaitianismo, the longtime dictator of the Dominican Republic.;;(Rafael) Trujillo
;;In a flashblack in this movie, one character is beaten to death with an enormous black dildo. This movie features Sting playing JD, the owner of a bar, and ends with a shot of one character with a ringing cellphone in his mouth, dangling over a bridge. This movie includes a shootout between the henchmen of drug dealer Rory Breaker and Diamond Dog, who robs a group of weed growers, only to be robbed in turn by the main characters. The main conflict in this movie occurs when Barry "the Baptist" helps the porn king "Hatchet" Harry cheat during a game of cards, resulting in Eddie owing half a million pounds. This movie stars Vinnie Jones as the debt collector Big Chris and Jason Statham as Bacon, one of a group of four friends who end up owning the titular pair of extremely valuable antique guns. For 10 points, name this 1998 British heist comedy directed by Guy Ritchie.;;Lock(,) Stock(,) and Two Smoking Barrels
;;In the 1980's, Hoechst Celanese developed an improvement of this process which involved the use of lithium iodide, known as "low water" form of this process. It is similar to a newer, more environmentally friendly process which uses an iridium catalyst as opposed to the rhodium catalyst, the Cativa process. That rhodium based catalyst is a complex consisting of two carbonyl and two iodine ligands which sees the oxidative addition of methyl iodide derived from methanol, thus this reaction can be seen simply as a reaction between carbon monoxide and methanol. For 10 points, identify this process that synthesizes a compound with formula CH3COOH, acetic acid.;;Monsanto (process)
;;One poem by this author states "A small bird will drop frozen dead from a bough / without ever having felt sorry for itself", "Self Pity". While in another, the sound of a woman singing in the dusk brings back childhood memories of the narrator sitting at his mother's feet as she played and sang, "Piano". More famous perhaps is one in which the title figures are described as "darkening the daytime, torch-like, with the smoking blueness of Pluto's gloom", "Bavarian Gentians". But perhaps his most anthologized poem appears in his collection, Birds, Bees, and Flowers, and is about the narrator's failure to kill the title creature, which "trailed his yellow-brown slackness soft-bellied down over the edge of the stone trough", "The Snake". FTP, who is this English poet and novelist who wrote two novels about the Brangwen sisters and one about Constance Chatterly?.;;(David) (Herbert) (Richard) Lawrence
;;The reasons for many of this man's later actions may be found in his two early poems entitled On the Downfall of the World and On the Downfall of the Church.  Shortly after his death, a secret group known as the Piagnoni sought to preserve his memory and revolted against his former enemies, but were put down at the battle of Gavinana.  Coming at the request of Pico della Mirandola, this man established his headquarters at the church of San Marco, where he soon had a chance to claim power thanks to the invasions of Charles VIII.  He began his campaign by preaching about the corruption of the clergy and the imminent apocolypse that was to arrive shortly in the year 1500.  Personally throwing a work of Botticelli into the flames during his Bonfire of the Vanities, this was, FTP, what Dominican friar who briefly took control of Florence from the Medici?.;;(Gioralamo) Savonarola
;;In Culture and Practical Reason, Marshall Sahlins argued that this social scientist's attempt to deduce general principles from specific examples resulted in absurd tautologies and meaningless taxonomic classifications. Gregory Bateson attempted to synthesize the ideas of this social scientist and Margaret Mead in Naven. This social scientist contrasted avoidance relationships with joking relationships, and often compared social life to the life of an organism. This anthropologist attempted to apply Durkheim's sociology to studies of kinship, and along with Malinowski, this anthropologist led the "functionalist revolution" in British anthropology. For 10 points, name this British anthropologist who applied his social anthropology in his study of The Andaman Islanders.;;(Alfred) (Reginald) Radcliffe(-)Brown
;;One possible use of this mineral is the sequestering of CO2 from the atmosphere. At higher temperatures and pressures it undergoes a phase transition to wadsleyite, which can then undergo a further transition to ringwoodite. Thought to be the most abundant mineral in the Earth's mantle at shallower depths, it occurs in both mafic and ultramafic igneous rocks. Compostitions of this mineral are usually given as molar percentages of forsterite, the magnesium rich variety, and fayalite. Also giving its name to a group which includes tephroite, monticellite, and kirschsteinite, this is, for 10 points, what mineral also known as peridot and which occupies the top of the discontinuous branch of Bowen's reaction series.;;Olivine
;;In one work this man claims that Derrida is most useful when "viewed as a funny writer," rather than the inventor of a philosophical method.  In another work he creates an alternative conceptual schema to that of the "Platonists" he rejects, while also suggesting that philosophy can be used to create oneself.  That work sees him first introduce the terminology of Ironism . This man distinguised what he thought were two different sides of the left,  the critical and the progressive left, in a recent work entitled Achieving Our Country.  In Objectivity, Relativism, and Truth he defended Rawls and his reflective equilibrium as an appropriate way of making political decisions in liberal democracies.  This man may be best known, however, for a work in which he made a fundamental critique of analytic philosophy and defended a version of pragmatism.  FTP, who was this American philosopher who wrote Philosop hy and the Mirror of Nature?.;;Richard Rorty
;;A minor character in this work is a priest who bases his sermons on predictions in the Bristol Almanac. Another character turns down a dinner prepared for him, asking instead for "ordinary grassthe kind that donkeys eat". Another character meets her future husband, Martin, for the first time at the wake of a child. Earlier in the sotry, that character, Isabel, reminisces about the days when Meme lived in their house, before she was kicked out for sleeping with the other occupant of the house, a doctor who is ostracized by the town for refusing to treat dying soldiers. Narrated by the three main characters over the period of a half hour on September 12, 1928 as they attempt to fulfill Grandfather's promise to give The Doctor a decent Christian burial, this is, FTP, what first book to feature the town of Macondo, the first published novella of Gabriel Garcia Marquez?.;;Leaf Storm|(La) Hojarasca
;;The neutral type of this particle can sometimes undergo the Dalitz decay into a photon and an electron-positron pair, although it usually decays into two photons. The charged version of this particle was first discovered using photo-emulsions located at high altitudes, which on closer inspection showed their unusual "double tracks," one of which decayed into a muon, although today the muon is no longer grouped in the same family as this particle. Coming in three charges and consisting of two quarks, and mediating the interaction between a pair of nucleons via the Yukawa potential, this is, for 10 points, what variety of Meson, lighter than the Kaon?.;;Pion
;;This figure saved his grandson after Acastus stole his grandson's dagger, and his daughter was turned into a constellation by Artemis after she bore a daughter to Aeolus. This figure assisted in the marriage of Thetis, and he lived at the foot of Mount Pelion. The the father of Menalippe and the son of the Nymph Philyra and Cronus, he was accidentally shot by one of Heracles' poison arrows, and afterwards sacrificed his immortality for Prometheus. For 10 points, identify this tutor to Asclepius and Achilles, a noted Centaur.;;Chiron
;;Reynard Secher wrote a book calling this conflict the first modern genocide. Soldiers on one side of this conflict wore wool badges depicting a red cross above a red heart, known as the "Sacred Heart." After losing the Battle of Cholet, one side in this conflict besieged Granville during the Viree de Galerne, but lifted that siege before English help arrived. That side was led by commanders like d'Elbee, Charette, and de la Rochejaquelein, and lost the Battle of Le Mans before being decimated at the Battle of Savenay. During this conflict, the "infernal columns" under Turreau massacred the homeland of the rebels. Sparked by the Levy Decree, which attempted to conscript three hundred thousand soldiers, as well as the passage pf the Civil Constitution of the Clergy, for 10 points, name this 1793 to 1796 Catholic uprising in Western France during the French Revolution.;;(the) (War) (of) (the) Vendee
;;In one scene in this novel, the protagonist is awarded the Portuguese Order of the Red Lion for amusing King Dom Carlos with his imitation of a dog, while assuming the identity of the Marquis Venosta. In another scene, the protagonist makes love to a woman who has sexual fantasies of being robbed, while he is employed as a hotel elevator boy under the name Armand, a job he assumes on the advice of his godfather, Professor Schimmelpreester, after the family champagne-manufacturing business goes bust. The protagonist's early aptitude for pretending to be ill to avoid school is put to use when he fakes epilepsy during a draft board examination to evade conscription. An expansion of a 1911 short story from the author's collection, Stories of Three Decades, this is, FTP, what final and unfinished picaresque novel of Thomas Mann's about the early years of the title confidence man?.;;(Confessions) (of) Felix Krull(,) (Confidence) (Man(:)) (The) (Early) (Years)|(Bekenntnisse) (des) (Hochstaplers) Felix Krull(.) (Der) (Memoiren(,)) (erster) (Teil)
;;One common way to synthesize these compounds is through the Prilezhaev reaction, which involves the use of m-CPBA. This reaction proceeds in a concerted step, via the butterfly mechanism. Another way to generate these is through the Johnson-Corey-Chaykovsky reaction, which involves their formation from carbonyl groups and sulfonium ylides. In an acidic solution, these compounds can undergo ring opening to form diols, while the most general way to make these involves reacting an alkene with a peroxyacid. Also known as oxiranes, For 10 points, what are these three-membered cyclic ethers?.;;Epoxides
;;After a minor-key Adagio opening, the first movement of this piece becomes as lively Presto in 6/8, a tempo and time signature the composer more often used for finales. The finale for this work, though, is in 2/2 time, marked Vivace, and ends with a fugue, a device the composer most famously used in the finales of his Sun Quartets. The third movement minuet is the longest the composer ever wrote in any of his symphonies, over eight minutes in length on most recordings when played with repeats, and is in the symphony's main key of D major. The ninth of the twelve London symphonies, this is, FTP, which work by Franz Joseph Haydn that takes its name from the steady eighth-note accompaniment in its second movement, which imitates the metronomic ticking of the title device?.;;(Symphony) (No(.)) 101 (in) (D) (major)|(The) Clock (Symphony)
;;One character in this play discusses his recipe for roast snipe and early in this play there is a discussion of a trip to Crimea that one character refuses to go on due to an illness. The second act of this play occurs at a party held by Zinaida, a money lender to whom the protagonist is deeply in debt. The protagonist of this play was married to a woman who changed her name from Sarah to Anna, and she dies of tuberculosis in between the third and fourth acts. At the end of this play, Lvov, a government doctor, confronts the title character about his marriage to the young Sasha Lebediev. FTP, name this play by Anton Chekhov, about the titular member of the Council of Peasant Affairs, who kills himself at the end of the play.;;Ivanov
;;A digression in this book states that the Hausa custom of ritually addressing children as rabbits and asking them to pay for food in bones may have an Islamic origin. The last chapter of this work analyzes the title concept's influence on "Semitic," Greek, and Roman law, finding its survival in the unformalized pledges which accompany a contract. This work claims that the title object represents the entire society as a "total prestation" and that the title object undergoes three major processes, the last of which shows the equality of honor among two people. This work identifies the words mana and hau as referring to the power inherent in the title objects, which also demonstrate the generosity and respect of the two parties involved in the exchange of one. Analyzing such rituals as the potlach and claiming in its subtitle to survey the "forms and functions of exchange in archaic societies," for 10 points, name this work by Marcel Mauss.;;(The) Gift|(Essai) (sur) (le) don
;;In one duet in this work, two characters spy on the central couple and hatch a plan in "Cheti, cheti, immantinente", while the female lead regrets slapping the title character in " duretta la lezione" after he tried to placate her in "'Signorina, in tanta fretta." That lead reads a romance novel about Riccardo, allowing her to claim knowledge of how to trap a man in "Quel guardo, il cavaliere", while the protagonist tells his lover "to remove him from her heart" in the larghetto "'Cerchero lontana terra." The central couple is reunited in "Com'e gentil", while the title character sings of his renewed youth after being told of Sofronia in "Bella siccome un angelo", which is sung by the title character's physician, Doctor Malatesta. Seeing Ernesto eventually marry Norina with the permission of the title uncle, for 10 points, name this opera by Donizetti.;;Don Pasquale
;;This man appointed Lyman Duff, Wallace Nesbitt, and Henry Davies to his country's Supreme Court. This man was preceded in office by a man who only served in the position for slightly over two months, that man being Charles Tupper.  This man who is shown on his country's five-dollar bill, was leader of his country when Saskatchewan and Alberta were incorporated.  This man created his country's Royal Navy in 1910, and this man once stated that, "the 20th century will belong to Canada.  This member of the Liberal Party was succeeded by Robert Borden in 1911.  For 10 points, who served as Prime Minister of Canada from 1896-1911, the first Francophone Prime Minister of Canada.;;(Sir) (Wilfred) Laurier
;;The Havriliak-Negami relation adds exponential alpha and beta terms for asymmetry and broadening of spectra to one model named for this man, and if beta equals one, then it becomes the Cole-Cole equation. That model uses a term of one plus i times a field's frequency times the relaxation time to calculate the complex permittivity. When the ion term is dropped, the square root of the permittivity times the temperature of the electrons over the electron density times the squared charge is equal to one quantity named for this man in plasmas. Using a Taylor series to linearize the Poisson-Boltzmann equation gives rise to an equation partially named for this man, which states that the valence factor times the ionic strength is equal to the natural logarithm of the activity coefficient. For 10 points, name this man, who names an equation alongside Huckel and whose namesake length is used to describe the screening out of electric fields.;;(Peter) Debye
;;In one novel by this author, the protagonist receives fellatio while sitting on a street-side bench and attending a party held by Mayor Lindsay, and in another, Libby Herz goes against her Catholic faith to get an abortion and Martha Reganhart is the divorced lover of Gabe Wallach.  The narrator attends the trial of John Ivan Demjanjuk and antagonizes his doppelganger Moishe Pipik in another novel, and Gil Gamesh is banished for injuring an umpire in a novel relating the decline of the Patriot Baseball League narrated by Smitty.  In addition to Letting Go, Operation Shylock, and The Great American Novel, this author wrote of a character who draws inspiration from E. I. Lonoff and causes controversy with his fiction which angers Leopold Wapter and another character who abandons The Monkey in Italy and discusses his childhood addiction to masturbation.  FTP, name this Jewish novelist of Zuckerman Bound and Portnoy's Complaint.;;(Philip) Roth
;;In one of this man's paintings, a steamboat can be seen to the right of a literal cornucopia of crops flowing from a horn, while at center a shirtless man is about to wrangle a bull. Besides Hercules and Achelous, the Synchromist influence of his friend Stanton Macdonald-Wright can be seen in the swirls of color in works like Ballad of the Jealous Lover of Lone Green Valley. This lover of milkweed collaborated with his student Margot Peet for one of his nude Persephone paintings, both of which are at the Nelson-Atkins Museum.  He painted views of Chilmark, near his home on Martha's Vineyard, while vignettes like Lumber, Corn and Wheat and Cotton Loading characterize his America Today series. Scenes of lead and zinc farming and drilling appear in a series featuring works like Pioneer Days. For 10 points, name this teacher of Jackson Pollock, an American muralist and Regionalist, who created a series for the Missouri State Capital.;;(Thomas) (Hart) Benton
;;One figure involved in this event eventually emigrated to Honolulu, became a devout Baptist, and sold off his collected artworks under the name "Dingyuanzhai." Preceded by the Suiyuan campaign, its outset saw the defection of Feng Qinzai and both sides hoped to exploit the influence of Zeng Kuoqing, while the term "Blue Shirt Society" is speciously used to refer to the spies of the Lixingshe involved in this event. Peripherally involved men such as Li Zongren and Yan Xishan urged moderation during it, and though peacefully defused by Zhou Enlai, fears of invasion by Japan lingered. Its aftermath saw the imprisonment of its instigators, Yang Hucheng and the Young Marshal, Zhang Xueliang. For 10 points, name this standoff between the Kuomintang and the Chinese Communist Party, marked by the kidnapping of Chiang Kai-shek.;;Xi'an (Incident)|Sian (Incident) (shee(-)an)|(any) (reasonable) (pronounciation)
;;One current member of this show's cast is Curt Chaplin and the pilot of Sliders included a communist version of this show. This show has featured by former New York City mayor Ed Koch and Jerry Sheindlin, and it was Raymond Babitt's favorite television series in Rain Man. The central figure of this show was appointed to the Miami bench in 1999 by Jeb Bush, who is said to be "the hottest judge on television." This show sees the court reporter go into Times Square to ask normal Americans what they think of the cases involved. FTP, name this courtroom television series featuring reporter Harvey Levin and judge Marilyn Milian, originally hosted by judge Joseph Wapner.;;(The) People's Court
;;When he is introduced he is described as having "strove in battles dire, / In unseen conflicts with Shapes, / Bred from his forsaken wildnerness, / Of beast, bird, fish, serpent, and element, / Combustion, blast, vapour, and cloud."  He creates the realm of Ulro, which is governed by his laws, and whose beings are ensnared in his "net of religion," except for his fourth son, a Moses figure who leads the people in flight out of this figure's world and who is represented by fire and named Fuzon.  The most famous depiction of him might be in his formulator's watercolor etching of him, The Ancient of Days, which was created in 1794, the same year the "Book" of him was written.  Denoted as one of the four Eternals, or Zoas, who are descended from Albion, FTP, name this "Primeval Priest" and central figure in the mythos of William Blake.;;Urizen
;;Although not primarily known as an economist, this man wrote such works as Cartesian Economics, Wealth, Virtual Wealth and Debt, and Money Versus Man. A work that is more closely associated with the field this man worked in is called The Interpretation of Radium, and helped motivate H.G. Wells to write The World Set Free. While at McGill University in Montreal, he collaborated with Ernest Rutherford on radioactive processes, and he worked with William Ramsay University College in London on the properties and actions of radium and helium.  This man has namesake sexlet, as well as namesake circles. For 10 points, name this winner of the 1921 Nobel in Chemistry, a British chemist who discovered isotopes.;;(Frederick) Soddy
;;One character in this work experiences a recurring dream in which he marches across a snow-covered plain which ends with him staring at the blank, featureless face of a hooded child, and that character is unable to translate the inscriptions on hundreds of white wooden tiles he discovers while digging in the desert.  One scene in this work presents twelve naked men strung together by wire piercing their hands and cheeks, and the protagonist ritualistically covers with almond oil the body of a woman with broken ankles.  The protagonist is freed by Warrant Officer Mandel, who later flees after the disappearance of another character leading a campaign against the title characters.  FTP, name this novel in which Colonel Joll terrorizes a town led by the powerless Magistrate, a work of J. M. Coetzee that shares its title with a Cafauvy poem.;;Waiting for the Barbarians
;;This man's legal career saw him prevent the construction of an aluminum plant on Guemes Island and he was responsible for having John Whitaker appointed White House Environmental Coordinator. This man once recommended leaving  L. Patrick Green, "Twisting slowly, slowly in the wind" and he was convicted for his role in the break in of the offices of Daniel Ellsberg's psychiatrist, Lewis Fielding. This author of Witness to Power was recruited to work for Richard Nixon by his college friend H.R. Haldeman, with whom he formed the "Berlin Wall" and he served as Assistant to the President for Domestic Affairs under Nixon. FTP, name this man who, along with Haldeman and John Mitchell, went to jail for his role in Watergate.;;(John) Ehrlichman
;;This work quotes Werfel on creating the "fairylike, marvelous, supernatural" and examines how Abel Gance adduces "hieroglyphs for purposes of comparison." This work analyzes Pirandello's comments on the metamorphosis of actors in Si Gira, and claims that the work of Dadaists became "an instrument of ballistics." Arguing that one title concept no longer has a "parasitical dependence on ritual" and has moved to politics, this essay's epilogue claims "All efforts to render politics aesthetic culminate in one thing: war." This work claims that magicians and painters are divorced from their material, unlike the "penetration" which characterizes surgeons and cameramen. Because of a detachment from "the domain of tradition", this work argues that the title objects have lost their "aura." For 10 points, name this essay, a "formulation of revolutionary demands in the politics of art", by Walter Benjamin.;;(The) Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction or (Das) Kunstwerk im Zeitalter seiner technischen Reproduzierbarkeit
;;This man wrote about figures such as Elihu Root and Alfred Thayer Mahan in his 1964 book The Soldier and the State and he analyzed the conflict between American ideals and institutions in American Poitics: The Promise of Disharmony. He has been accused of nativism after the publication of his most recent book Who Are We?and in 1975 he wrote The Crisis of Democracy for the Trilateral Commission with Michel Crozier and Joji Watanuki. The most famous work by this man divides the world into seven groups, including Slavic-Orthodox, Confucian and Western, and stated that conflicts between these groups would be the main source of conflict in the post-Cold War world. FTP, name this theorist who wrote The Clash of Civilizations.;;(Samuel) Huntington
;;In one novel by this author, the protagonist is mentored by Ionides Peisistratides after refusing to marry Leptides and becoming a Pythia.  In addition to that novel about Arieka, he wrote a novel in which Roger Mason is enlisted to erect the titular structure atop Jocelin's cathedral and another in which Reverend Colley's resemblance of a crab disturbs the protagonist, Edmund Talbot.  In addition to The Double Tongue, The Spire, and Rites of Passage, he wrote a novel in which the protagonist fantasizes that he appended tin foil to the top of a high rock and that his friend Nathaniel had been saved in a lifeboat.  Another novel includes a sow's head being impaled on a spear and the death of Simon after he is mistaken for The Beast.  FTP, name this British novelist of Pincher Martin and Lord of the Flies.;;(William) Golding
;;Differentiating this quantity with respect to the auxiliary function can be used to find the Feynman amplitude, while performing a Wick rotation on a Feynman path integral creates a function analogous to this one. Partially differentiating it twice with respect to alpha is equal to the variance in the number of particles when beta and volume are constant. Multiplying its partial derivative with respect to volume at constant chemical potential and beta is equal to the pressure, while it serves as the normalizing constant for the Gibbs measure. This function is equal to the sum over all microstates of e raised to the negative beta times the energy of that microstate, and it is usually defined for a canonical ensemble. For 10 points, name this function, which can be used to express all the properties of a thermodynamical system.;;Partition function|(most) (of) (the) (question) (refers) (to) (the) (natural) (log) (of) (the) partition function(,) (so) (take) (that)
;;A biography written about this man is subtitled His Battle With Truth, and was written by Gitta Sereny, while another biography of this man was written by Dan van Der vat. He followed Fritz Todt in one of his most notable positions.  Although this man is not Rudolf Hess, he wrote a memoir called Spandau: The Secret Diaries. This man is responsible for the awesomely named Cathedral of Ice.  This man wrote about his life in Inside the Third Reich, and is somewhat paradoxically called, "The Good Nazi." For 10 points, name this man who was in charge of the Minister of Armaments, a Nazi who is best known as Adolf Hitler's and the Third Reich's most prominent architect.;;(Berthold) (Konrad) (Hermann) (Albert) Speer
;;One participant in this incident invented a man named Boomer in order to replace an agreement made with H.M. Hoxie, and one phase of this incident was carried out by the Seven Trustees, including John B. Alley and Sidney Dillon.  The early stages of it involved the purchase of an organization formed by Duff Green, the Pennsylvania Fiscal Agency.  This scandal was largely caused by the actions of Thomas C. Durant and a man who financed the publication of the women's rights newspaper The Revolution, George Francis Train.  It was reported on by the New York Sun after congressmen were bribed with discounted stock in a scheme concocted by Oakes Ames.  This scandal involved illegally giving contracts to a subsidiary company, and most notably implicated in it was Schuyler Colfax.  For 10 points, name this scandal involving a namesake construction company being contracted by the Union Pacific Railroad, occurring during Ulysses S. Grant's presidency.;;Credit Mobilier (of) (America) (Scandal)
;;An anharmonic oscillator exploiting this effect as a microelectromechanical system component was proposed by Serry, Walliser, and Maclay. Julian Schwinger has postulated that sonoluminescence arises due to this effect, and this effect requires that bag radius and mass are independent under a combination of the Skyrmion and MIT models, the chiral bag model of the nucleon. One setup for measuring it attached a polystyrene sphere to an atomic force microscope, and Lamoreaux used a torsional pendulum to achieve the first precise measurements of this effect. This force may produce pressures as large as an atmosphere at a separation of ten nanometers. For 10 points, name this effect arising from zero-point energy,  described by the attraction or repulsion due to virtual photons between two close uncharged metallic sheets in a vacuum.;;Casimir (effect)
;;Marc-Antoine Charpentier wrote six of this type of composition, the most famous of which is a polyphonic version in D major, and Stravinsky excerpted text from this for use in the chorus of The Flood. It was suggested that Anton Bruckner's could be used to complete his unfinished ninth symphony, and Thomas Tallis' version is titled "for meanes." William Walton wrote one of these for the coronation of Elizabeth II, and Handel composed three settings, including the "Dettigen" and "Utrecht," of this type of piece. Berlioz reordered the text of this prayer for his version, including excerpts from the Sanctus in the Tibi omnes, or "To thee all Angels cry aloud," section. For 10 points, name this prayer often set to music whose first words translate to "We praise thee, Oh God.".;;Te Deum (laudamus)
;;At the beginning of this work, all of its characters are asleep except one, who later describes himself as one who is "waiting impatiently for the end". One character in this work plans to buy a farm in New Jersey with Pearl, while another character repeats the lines "Ve vill trink vine beneath the villow trees!" and "The days grow hot, O Babylon!" In addition to Chuck Morello and Hugo Kalmar, other characters in this work include a pair of Boer War veterans who trade friendly insults, Cecil Lewis and Piet Wetjoen. The most recent arrival at this play's central location sold out his mother, a member of the Syndicalist-Anarchist movement; that character, Don Parritt, jumps from a balcony to his death. This play's primary action begins when a traveling salesman, who later confesses to murdering his wife Evelyn, arrives and attempts to convince the other characters to abandon their "pipe dreams". For 10 points, identify this play set in Harry Hope's saloon which features Larry Slade and Theodore "Hickey" Hickman, a 1940 work of Eugene O'Neill.;;(The) Iceman Cometh
;;Inconsistencies in the archaeological evidence from the site of this event such as pig bones among human remains led to allegations of poor method in the work Sacrificing Truth by Nachman Ben-Yehuda.  Eleven ostraca, including one bearing the name of the defending commander, were found in that excavation led by Yigael Yadin.  A massive earthen ramp was constructed by the victorious Romans under Flavius Silva at this siege, while the defenders where members of a group literally known as knifemen, the Sicarii.  The only ancient source for this siege was written by Flavius Josephus, who reports the mass-suicide of the defenders under Eleazer ben Ya'ir, though it was only in modern sources that they were identified as Zealots.  For 10 points, name this siege following the First Jewish War in which a Roman army captured a supposedly impenetrable mountaintop fortress in Judea.;;(Siege) (of) Masada
;;One of these compounds is administered after testicular torsion to decrease the risk of infertility, and cradle cap, or seborrheic dermatitis, may be alleviated by the administration of another of these compounds. That second one possesses a valeric acid group, while the first is phosphorylated, cysteinated, decarboxylated, adenylylated, and phosphorylated again in coenzyme A synthesis, in which form it is usually found in food. .Another of these compounds is prescribed to alleviate nausea during pregnancy, and is required for tryptophan metabolism and the production of red blood cells.  Two of these compounds are essential cofactors that play roles in electron transport in the forms of FADH2 and NADH. For 10 points, name this group of compounds, which include pyridoxine, cyanocobalamin, thiamine, riboflavin, and niacin, nine vitamins which are nonetheless numbered up to twelve.;;B (vitamins)
;;In the seventh section of this work, its speaker describes how "the knives of the lightning" ripped open the sky, an act which "the vacant air no longer mourns". In a later section, its speaker sees "the ancient being, the slave, the sleeping one" rather than "the furious condor" who "batters my temples in the order of flight" like "a horseshoe of rusting wing-cases". This work's twelfth section contains the order "Strike the old flints/to kindle ancient lamps", and its speaker later asks "Speak through my speech, and through my blood". That final section of this poem opens with the exhortation "Arise to birth with me, my brother", while its sixth section sees its speaker climb the "ladder of the earth" to the title location. For 10 points, identify this poem which forms the second section of Canto General, a work by Pablo Neruda named for an Incan city.;;(The) Heights of Macchu Picchu
;;This band's singer repeatedly asks you to "Imagine what we're doin' tonight" in the chorus of a song that contains the repeating motif of a guitar imitating the titular timepiece. The singer notes that he "can't see through this veil across my heart" in a ballad by this band, and in the chorus of that song assures the listener that "after the fire, after all the rain", he will still be the title object. In addition to "Clock Strikes Ten" and "The Flame", this band released a 1979 song in which the singer notes that the titular "men inside my brain" are "driving me insane" and claims that said men "come to me in my bed". In one of their best-known songs, the singer asks "Didn't I, didn't I, didn't I, see you cryin'?", while in another song, their singer notes that "Mommy's all right, Daddy's all right" before asking you to do the title thing, then adding "but don't give yourself away". For 10 points, identify this power-pop band responsible for songs like "Dream Police", "I Want You to Want Me", and "Surrender".;;Cheap Trick
;;One character in this work throws a stuffed squirrel at another, and at one point a woman walks into a room holding a colander before encouraging her friend to fight her "knight in shining armor." Another woman in this play resents her husband and his friend Hugh using her to obtain free food and supposedly foment revolution at high-class parties, and in this play's third act, a man describes the metaphor of an aged bear traveling alone through the forest of life. One character in this play calls his friend's homosexuality "a strawberry mark" and says, "Do the Sunday papers make you feel ignorant?" to his friend Cliff while nearby his clothes are ironed by his wife, who had a miscarriage after Helena had an affair with her husband. That husband of Alison is a Vaughn Williams-loving jazz trumpet player named Jimmy Porter. For 10 points, name this play that originated the term "angry young men," a work of John Osborne.;;Look Back in Anger
;;This battle was forced by the occupation of Bungo province, where Noriyori's forces holding the Kyushu coastline forcing the opposing army to avoid them following the previous engagement, which saw one force plant bonfires in an enemy's rear to trick them into fearing an attack by land, and that engagement saw Nasu no Yoichi shoot a fan off the mast of a ship, the battle of Yashima. This battle saw Taguchi Shigeyoshi reveal the location of the Emperor's ship, and both the child-emperor Antoku and his grandmother, the widow of Kiyomori, committed suicide. Following this battle, Yoritomo founded the Kamakura Shogunate, though his younger half-brother Yoshitsune was the victor here. For 10 points, name this naval battle in Shimonoseki Strait, a victory for the Minamoto over the Taira in the Genpei War.;;(Battle) (of) Dan(-)no(-)ura
;;This author described a frozen woman's "marble breast" with a "white pearl" of frozen milk that an infant tries to drink in a novel about Gwynplaine, Homo, and Ursus. One poem by this author opens with a view of "the boundless waters stretch[ing in glory]" from the ruins of Rozel-Tower, and this author compared the title entities to "little lovers/ that kiss the buds" and "fly and peep and hide" in his poem "The Genesis of Butterflies." This author of The Man Who Laughs and Amy Robsart wrote a short story based on a true criminal proceeding in which the titular man is executed for stealing a loaf of bread, Claude Gueux. A fight with a massive octopus and a trip in an unseaworthy boat are two trials undergone by Gilliatt in his attempt to save a ship and marry Deruchette in another of this man's novels. For 10 points, name this author of Toilers of the Sea who also wrote about a deformed man's love for a beautiful gypsy in The Hunchback of Notre-Dame.;;(Victor) Hugo
;;Pietro Della Vigna wrote a law code for this polity called the Liber Augustalis, also known as the Constitutions of Melfi.  The Treaty of Anagni ended a crusade declared by Pope Martin IV in an attempt to make this region a papal fief.  The Peace of Caltabellotta resulted in Charles the Lame renouncing the throne of this place, after which it was ruled as Trinacria by Frederick III.  An earlier conflict over control of this territory featured the exploits of Roger of Lauria, who fought against Philip the Bold, and that conflict began when Charles of Anjou was ousted in favor of Peter III of Aragon by a riot occurring during church services.  For 10 points, name this island whose namesake Vespers saw it broken from the kingdom of Naples.;;Sicily
;;This composer provided the score to a plotless Oskar Schlemmer ballet with geometric, stylized movements and costumes called Triadic Ballet. He wrote a work for solo viola and orchestra based on German folk tunes called Der Schwanendreher, or "the swan-turner," and a choral work whose movements include "Sing on, there in the swamp" and "O Western orb" dedicated to Franklin Roosevelt, When Lilacs Last in the Dooryard Bloom'd. He composed a group of fugues and interludes using the "keynote" of C based on his theories of twelve-tonality called Ludus Tonalis. This man also wrote a piece with "Angelic Concert" and "Entombment" movements and another work whose second movement is a "Turandot scherzo," Symphonic Metamorphoses on Themes of Weber. For 10 points, name this composer of a symphony after his opera about the painter of the Isenehim Altarpiece, Mathis der Maler.;;(Paul) Hindemith
;;This religious leader presided over the creation of the Church of Cyprus after being commissioned for his most important task by Pope Celestine I.  This man's teachings were upheld after his death by Flavian of Constantinople, though his own successor supported Eutyches and presided over the Robber Synod; that man was Dioscorus.  This man argued for the use of the title Theotokos, and along with Memnon he was condemned by a rival synod set up by John of Antioch.  Most notably, this man created the official doctrine on the two natures of Christ, leading the condemnation of Nestorianism at the Council of Ephesus.  For 10 points, name this bishop of Alexandria who shares his name with the brother of Methodius who created a Slavic alphabet.;;(Saint) Cyril (of) (Alexandria)
;;Foville syndrome involves a blockage of blood flow to this section of the brain, and Avellis' syndrome in it can cause alternating paralysis. Hallucinogens like LSD and psilocin inhibit function in the median raphe nucleus of this structure, which synthesizes serotonin in the raphe nuclei and norepinephrine in the locus ceruleus. It signals the thalamus to paralyze voluntary muscles during the dream state, and the apneustic and pneumotaxic centers of this structure regulate respiration. Demyelination of this portion of the brain can lead to locked-in syndrome, and this structure serves as a link between the cerebrum and the cerebellum. For 10 points, name this portion of the brain stem between the midbrain and the medulla oblongata named for an Italian physiologist and the Latin for "bridge.".;;(ANSWER) pons (Varolii)
;;The gastrointestinal parasite Entamoeba histolytica can cause persistent diarrhea by secreting high levels of this molecule, and symptoms of cardiac fibrosis in East Africans can be related to high levels of this molecule in the Matoki variety of banana. The overstimulation of the 2B form of the receptor for this molecule can lead to retroperitoneal fibrosis, and the vast majority of the body's supply of this molecule is found in the enterochromaffin cells. Proteins that regulate levels of this molecule include p11, and its breakdown can lead to the formation of 5-HIAA. Controlled by the 5-HT receptors, DDC and TPH catalyze the synthesis of this chemical, low levels of which correspond to intense religious experience and defective signaling of which can lead to SIDS. For 10 points, name this neurotransmitter synthesized from tryptophan, which can be selectively reuptaken in a treatment for depression.;;serotonin
;;One fat character in this novel is taken in his litter to Sicca, and later he is mistranslated to soldiers by a Greek slave, which almost gets him killed. An army of mercenaries in this novel discover sacred fish with jewels in their gills during a feast, and one character in this novel steals a sacred veil from the temple of Tanit, which leads to nobody touching him during his escape. That Libyan giant is served by Spendius, and he competes with Narr Havas, a Numidian chief. The main character is discovered to have her anklets broken by the king after she visits a barbarian camp to retrieve her veil from Matho, and later, Matho is tortured to death on the dais where the title character is married right before she drinks poison. For 10 points, identify this novel about a Carthaginian priestess by Gustave Flaubert.;;Salammbo
;;An anthology of essays subtitled "Papers in Honor of" this man is entitled "The Idea of Social Structure." A compilation by this author includes the essays "Dilemmas in Voluntary Associations" and "Social Knowledge and Public Policy" as well as a series of essays discussing the titular idea as it appears in various professional groups. In addition to Sociological Ambivalence, this author wrote a work analyzing a war bond appeal broadcast, Mass Persuasion. His most famous work advances the relationship between social theory and empirical research and discusses manifest and latent function and dysfunction. For 10 points, name this author of Social Theory and Social Structure, a sociologist who coined the term "self-fulfilling prophecy.".;;(Robert) (King) Merton
;;One character in this work is threatened to be exposed as a pornographer after reporting to his Lieutenant, while another character in this work accidentally breaks a window while stealing a chemistry test. He is reported on by a boy that was raised by Aunt Adelina, and another character in this novel molests both children and his dog Skimpy. Porfirio Cava is court-martialed in this novel, and Teresa is romantically interested in Ricardo Arana, known as the slave, but she eventually marries his killer. One character reports to Gamboa, and he is in a group with Boa, and is nicknamed the Poet. Set in a military academy in Lima, for 10 points, name this book about Jaguar and Alberto Temple by Mario Vargas Llosa.;;(The) Time of the Hero|(La) Ciudad y los perros
;;One reaction named after this man usually uses a stream of nitrogen gas to carry one product to a chilled receiver, and it can only proceed if a certain intermediate contains at least one beta-hydrogen. Another reaction named after this chemist has an Oxy- variety that has an enolate intermediate and proceeds up to 1017 times faster than the standard version; that reaction produces anti-3,4 diastereomers when starting with the E,E or Z,Z variety of a certain reactant. The aforementioned reactions produce, respectively, anti-Zaitsev alkenes after heating tertiary amine oxides to 150 degrees and regioisomeric isomers of the original 1,5-dienes; the latter is complementary to the Hoffman elimination. For 10 points, name this American chemist, the namesake of an [3, 3]-sigmatropic rearrangement and elimination.;;(Arthur) Cope
;;One phase of this people's creation myth involves another god turning people created by Con into monkeys. The wife of this people's chief deity is seen as the patroness of fishermen, and the aforementioned primordial people were divided into ten separate communities by four brother-sister pairs who used a golden staff to emerge from caves to the Earth's surface. One god in this people's pantheon was allegedly appeased by people who tied up and starved black dogs, and this mythology's primordial flood only spared two brothers and their families and was caused by Paricia. Mama Occlo and Manco Capac founded the World Pole in this culture's pantheon, and its empire's capital is considered the "navel of the world". Drawing inspiration from the earlier Tiahuanaco culture, for 10 points, name this mythological system that venerates deities such as Mama Quilla, Inti, and Viracocha.;;Incans
;;The government established during this period was known as bakufu, or "tent government." The Jokyu incident strengthened the influence of the Hojo family during this period, and the Joei Code, a military code of law, was also adopted during this period. Ashikaga Takiuji aided Go-Daigo in the successful rebellion that ended this period; Go-Daigo instituted the Kemma Restoration after his ascension to Emperor.  Established in 1192 by Minamoto no Yoritomo after his victory over the Taira, for 10 points, name this period of Japanese history that coincides with the rule of the namesake shogunate, which lasted until 1333.;;Kamakura (period)
;;He performed a solo in the song "Flyin Hawk" and recorded the albums Plays Duke Ellington with bassist Oscar Pettiford. He performed with Sun Ra's alto player Pat Patrick and his drummer son T.S. in the 1970s, and he recorded "Pannonica" on the celeste in one album that  also included the song Bemsha Swing and features Sonny Rollins and trumpeter Clark Terry, along with Paul Chambers on bass. That album, recorded while he was banned from performing in New York, was Brilliant Corners. A member of the Coleman Hawkins sextet, he notoriously played the keyboard with flat fingers, and his most recorded song was co-written with Cootie Williams and released on Blue Note's "Genius of Modern Music." For 10 points, name this pianist who recorded "Round Midnight.".;;(Thelonius) Monk
;;If a Hausdorff group is Abelian or compact, then it is said to have the Haar type of this property, which is a special case of the Borel type. Boolean sigma-algebras are described by this adjective if a function mu applied to an indexing set is equal to the summation of the function values of that set, and spaces with the sigma-finite variety of this can be assigned a unique integral function using the Radon-Nikodym theorem. The theorem of Caratheodory outlines properties of the outer type of this concept, and values of the best-known type of this concept include 0 for the Cantor set and 1 for a unit line segment. The Jordan form of this concept is used to define the Riemann integral. For 10 points, name this concept from analysis whose best-known variety is the Lebesgue.;;measure
;;The main character in this work remembers punching a British gunner over an Armenian girl before he left for Anatolia, and he recalls a hotel owner in Triberg who killed himself over inflation. The wife of the main character states "I've been destroyed two or three times already. You wouldn't want to destroy me again, would you?" referencing her son's death in an airplane crash and her widowing, to which her husband says "I'd like to destroy you a few times in bed." In this story, the protagonist remembers seeing Tristan Tzara when he lived in Paris, and reminisces about being asked to kill his bombing officer Williamson. This story includes the character Compton, who takes the protagonist in a plane originally headed to Arusha in a dream, and Molo is repeatedly asked to serve the central character whiskey. Opening by discussing a frozen leopard, it ends with Helen discovering the dead body of the gangrene-ridden author Harry. For 10 points, name this Ernest Hemingway story where Harry imagines he is flying towards an African mountain.;;(The) Snows of Kilimanjaro
;;A steel plant in Aliquippa, Pennsylvania was the site of an event that led to a challenge of this law. Chief Justice Charles Hughes wrote the majority opinion in the resulting Supreme Court case against the Jones and Laughlin steel company that upheld the application of this law to interstate commerce. Airlines, railroads, agriculture, and government were exempt from the provisions of this law, which was amended by a law twelve years later that expanded the size of its namesake board among other changes. Heavily amended by the later Taft-Hartley Act, for 10 points, name this act passed in 1935 that established a namesake board to protect labor rights and encourage collective bargaining, sponsored by a New York senator.;;Wagner Act (National) (Labor) (Relations) (Act)
;;The longest tributary of this river runs through a province known as Caceres and also contains the Gabriel y Galan dam. In addition to that tributary, the Alagon, the Jarama is another tributary of this river. The Entrepenas and Buendia dams form an artificial lake on this river near the town of Bolarque known as the Sea of Castile. Bridges that cross this river include the Oscar Carmona Bridge and one of the longest suspension bridges in Europe, the 25th of April Bridge, which measures 1.5 miles in length and crosses this river at Lisbon. For 10 points, name this river which rises in the Sierra de Albarracin in eastern Spain, the longest river in the Iberian Peninsula.;;Tagus (River)
;;He describes "the teaching of the good life" as a "sorrowful science" in a work subtitled "Reflections of a Damaged Life." In addition to that work, Minima Moralia, he wrote a work about characteristics of the titular personality in an examination of fascism, The Authoritarian Personality. Part three of one of this thinker's major works outlines the title concept acting upon moral philosophy, philosophy of history, and metaphysics, and the work also features this thinker's use of the concept of the "nonidentical" to reject Hegel's idealism. For 10 points, identify this author of Negative Dialectics, a philosopher and Frankfurt School member who with Max Horkheimer, wrote Dialectic of Enlightenment.;;(Theodor) (Ludwig) (Wiesengrund) Adorno
;;The developer of this quantity worked with Howard Robertson to study a process in which the orbits of small bodies is decayed by radiation pressure; radiation pressure can also be defined by this quantity divided by the speed of light. In a plane wave, this average value of this quantity is equal to irradiance, a definition that relies on the two components being perpendicular to one another. In a similarly named theorem, the divergence of this quantity added to the partial derivative of energy density with respect to time is equal to the negative dot product of current density with electric field. For 10 points, identify this quantity that represents the flux of electromagnetic energy and is equal to the cross product of the electromagnetic field with the magnetic field.;;Poynting (vector)
;;This artist painted a recorder and a violin hanging on a wall behind a sitting child wearing ruffles and performing on the title instrument in Boy Playing a Flute. A woman has just filled a glass, and sits close to a man playing the violin in a black hat in Carousing Couple by this artist, and another painting of hers shows a woman in a bonnet wearing a white top and a greent dress with a man in a fur hat's hand outstretched next to a burning lamp. The artist of Man Offering a Woman Money, she painted two children, one looking to the side and holding his pet cat as well as another title animal. Her self portrait shows her in a corset painting a violinist wearing blue. For 10 points name this Dutch artist of Boy and Girl with a Cat and an Eel.;;(Judith) Leyster
;;In this novel, a reddleman's marriage proposal is rejected in favor of that of the proprietor of the Quiet Woman Inn, and he loves a woman whose Portuguese mother's death tormented her sailor father. One character in this novel is disguised as a mummer in a Christmas play, and she is stabbed by a woman in her church. Johnny Nunsuch accompanies two lovers in this play, while Diggory Venn travels in his van on Guy Fawkes Day. Christian Cantle loses some money the protagonist lends him gambling, and he worked as a diamond merchant in Paris before going blind and becoming a preacher. The lover of Damon Wildeve in this novel drowns in Shawater Weir, while Thomasin is married at the end. For 10 points, name the novel where Eustachia Vye marries the Egdon Heath native Clym Yeobright, a work by Thomas Hardy.;;(The) Return of the Native
;;19 [note: in the original tournament, the pre-ftp sentence was the leadin, which was terrible.] A circular chapel known as the Chapel of the Peace marks the site where this treaty was signed. An area including Transylvania, Croatia, and all of Hungary except for an area bounded by the Tisza, Mures, and Danube Rivers, the Banat of Temesvar, was given to Austria as a result of this treaty. In a later treaty, the Treaty of Passarowitz, Venice gave back the Peloponnesus, which it had received as a result of this treaty. This treaty was preceded by a battle in which janissaries mutinied after an Austrian attack under Eugene of Savoy, the Battle of Zenta. For 10 points, name this 1699 treaty between the Ottoman Empire and the Holy League, a result of the first negotiation between Ottomans and a European coalition.;;(Treaty) (of) Carlowitz
;;This creed was the official religion of the Uighur Empire under Khagan Boku Tekin, and a minor sect of this religion was known as the "mat-squatters". Titus of Bostra and Epiphanius of Salamis were among this group's detractors, while Adimantus was considered an apostle of its founder in northern Africa. Some of its teachings were contained in the now lost Book of Pragmateia, and other scriptures include the Book of the Giants and a work dedicated to Peroz. Naimrael and the demon Ashaklun and considered the parents of Adam and Eve, the results of the third creation overseen by the Messenger, who is subordinate to a figure whose aspects are called the Five Tabernacles. The Shapurikan is a work of this religion's founder, who saw the world as controlled by the Father of Majesty and the King of Darkness. Founded by a third-century Persian prophet, for 10 points, identify this dualistic Gnostic sect of which St. Augustine was a member before converting to Christianity.;;Manichaeism|Manichaeanism
;;Contemporary narratives by Thomas Smelton and Richard Bannatyne give an account of the last days of this man's life.  His public religious and political stances became solidified during a dinner given by his friend Erskine of Dun, though they had already been hardened after his purported role in influencing the murder of Cardinal Beaton and his subsequent imprisonment and exile.  Among his works are a "History," of a religious movement in his nation completed by George Buchanan, and the chief contribution to the first and second Book of Discipline, which laid out organization for his church.  Better known are his attacks on the "dregs of Popery" in his "Brief Exhortation to England" and his vicious attack on Mary of Guise and Mary Tudor in First Blast of the Trumpet against the Monstrous Regiment of Women.  FTP, name this leader of the Reformation who is considered the founder of the Presbyterian Church of Scotland.;;(John) Knox
;;One named for Martin and Puplett can determine differences in power while the Elitzur-Vaidman bomb testing experiment, which separates live bombs from duds, uses on these named for Mach and Zehnder. Fabry-Perot cavities are used in modern n-waves types which have largely replaced the older type developed by Jules Jamin.  The most common type uses the relationship that distance is equal to one half the wavelength multiplied by the number of fringes. For 10 points, identify these devices which includes one that contains a light source, a detector, and a half silver mirror to split light, notable for disproving the existence of the luminiferous aether in the Michelson-Morley experiment.;;Interferometer
;;One of this author's stories concludes with a ball of dung destroyed by a storm, leaving beetles forced to recreate it, while a novel of hers focuses on Comrade Johny, whose mother Julia, allows the journalist Frances Lennox to stay in her home. This author of "The Sun Between Their Feet" and The Sweetest Dream also wrote a story in which Susan returns to the title room once it is suggested that she and her husband Matthew have an open meeting with their paramours. One of her novels focuses on a woman that works for the C.C.U., and that novel focuses on Jasper Willis, who is supervised by Alice Mellings. This author of "To Room 19" created a character writes in a blue book as her diary, and presents a fictional version of herself in her yellow book. For ten points, name this creator of Anna Wulf who is trying to unite four books into the the title work of literature, the author of The Good Terrorist and The Golden Notebook.;;(Doris) Lessing
;;One composer that shared this man's surname wrote seven operas, but Rossini's success forced him to turn to sacred choral work like L'uomo contento and Christus. This composer used double harmonics for the first time in a piece named for the witches represented by oboes he had seen in a Vigano and Sussmayr ballet. Liszt wrote Grand Fantasia de Bravoure sur La Clochette upon hearing the final movement of this man's opus seven, which was followed by a work with an adagio movement marked "cantabile spianato" with the orchestral accompaniment playing pizzicato. One of his early works is a scordatura "Sonata" actually based on one theme in three variations played by tuning the G string up a minor third and was composed for the wife of a man he was instructing, the sister of its namesake, Napoleon. After performing a double concerto with a colleague at La Scala, he said that Lafont was good but not exciting. He wrote over 100 pieces for guitar but is better known for another instrument. For 10 points, name this composer of Twenty-Four Caprices, a violin virtuoso.;;(Nicolo) Paganini
;;This man offered the United States the Twenty Year Treaty of Cooperation, and this man personally headed the Extraordinary Commission for Grain Delivery in Ukraine. Along with Mikhail Kalinin and Avel Enudkidze, this man signed a law that made the 7/8ths law go into effect, the Law of Spikelets. This man was made a representative of the Soviet Union for the IAEA, which came after his ambassadorship to Mongolia. This man rejected the Marshall Plan and instigated his own plan, which paved the way for COMECON. Operation Barbarossa effectively ended a treaty named after this Russian, in which Third Reich was not to be invaded. For ten points, name this man that signed a pact with von Ribbentrop, a Russian diplomat who attaches his name to an incendiary device.;;(Vyacheslav) Molotov
;;The alphabet of this language was responsible for the Romanization of Japanese hiragana that modernly begins with the consonant "h," using an "f" instead. The Nippo Jisho was a Japanese dictionary that translated words into this language. The consonants of "l" and "n" in this language were elided out when they were in between in vowels. The u's in this language are silent when combined with a "g" or "u," and the presence of an "m" or "n" in this language indicates a nasalization. This language's digraph "nh" is possibly a nasal glide, as evidenced by its usage for epenthesis. Places like Kristang and Daman speak a creole pidgin language whose vocabulary was derived from it, and along with Spanish, this Romance language influenced the Papiamento syntactically. This language also names a subfamily along with Galician that includes Fala Language and Leonese. For ten points, name this language used in Macao, Guinnea-Bissau, and its namesake country with capital at Lisbon.;;Portuguese (language)
;;The protagonists of this novel believe that Mr. Postel was hunted by a group that created early computers in order to permuate many combination of maps. One character in this novel researches metals for a company owned by Mr. Garamond and meets Lia before running through sewers to escape through the Paris Sewers from the Tres society after a ghost claiming to be the Comte de Saint-Germain rebukes Aglie. This work's chapters are grouped into parts named after the sefirot of Kabbalah. This novel featuers the machine Abu and the manuscript of Colonel Ardenti, which implicates the Knights Templar's plan to to find the Holy Grail and provide a new world order. For ten points, name this novel about Diotellevi, Jacopo Belbo and Casaubon, who formulate "The Plan" involving secret societies, written by Umberto Eco.;;Foucault's Pendulum
;;As adults, one order in this taxonomic group consists entirely of an externa.  In addition to Rhizocephala, it also contains the extinct order Lipostraca, which consists of only one species, Lepidocaris rhyniensis,  thought to be the ancestor of order Anostraca.  Although most species in this group excrete using green glands located near the antennae and maxillae, coxal glands are used by the sole surviving member of order Xiphosura.  The last segment of the tail in this group is known as the telson, and most members of this group begin life as nauplius larvae.  They are distinguished from other arthropods by the presence of a second pair of antennae, and the most well-known members of this group are in order Decapoda.  For 10 points, name this subphylum that includes crabs and lobsters.;;Crustacea|crustaceans
;;In his massive three volume work Philosophy, he devotes a volume to three different modes of being: orientation, existence, and metaphysical transcendence, the last of which cannot be gained via positive or empirical methods but only through an engagement with the "ciphers of transcendence." He was critical of Bultmann's hermeneutical method of scriptural de-mythologization arguing that it unfairly introduced a "false rationalism" in religion, instead arguing for a "philosophical faith," in such works as Philosophical Faith in Face of Christian Revelation. He outlines a typology of mental attitudes based on a fundamental division which he called the Subjekt-Objeckt-Spaltung, in his work The Psychology of World Views. One work offers that for the Holocaust that while there exists collective liability there ought not to exist collective guilt in The Question of German Guilt. He ascribes to the period from 800-200BCE as the time that the initial development of the basic categories of human self-understanding, in China, India and West occurred in his work The Origin and Goal of History. For 10 points, name this German philosopher and theologian who coined the term the "Axial Age.".;;(Karl) Jaspers
;;This man discussed the relevance of neurons of the title creature being boiled alive in an essay about a lobster and its role in pleasing humans. One of this author's stories begins with a man making a witticism and a girl laughing, both trying to be liked. Another story is about a sadomasochistic Young Republican Lawyer who is happy with Gimlet and Tit but not Boltpin, before we learn he likes to burn people with a cigarette lighter. In addition to writing "A Radically Condensed History of Postindustrial Life" and "The Girl with Curious Hair," one of his novels sees a character listen to the relevance of a pen sketch of a barber with an exploded head from a man called the Anti-Christ. That novel also features the characters Wang Dang Lang and Rick Vigorous in addition to the protagonist's brother Stoney. Another of his novels features a man that punts for the Arizona Cardinals, Orin, whose father founded the Enfield Tennis Academy.  For ten points, name this author that created Lenore Beadsman and James Incandenza in addition to writing The Pale King, as well as The Broom of the System and Infinite Jest.;;(David) (Foster) Wallace
;;In a modified form of this reaction, diethyl ether is used in the synthesis of cholestane. Other more notable modifications of this reaction include one that uses formic acid and ethanol to produce aryl alkenes and one that uses toluene in the Martin modification. One proposed mechanism uses a carbenoid intermediate, although it is agreed this reaction uses electrons supplied by the oxidation of a metal. It is analogous to another reaction run under basic conditions which can modified in a one pot process named after Huang and Minlon. For 10 points, identify this chemical reaction which uses zinc amalgam and hydrochloric acid and, like the Wolff-Kishner reduction, reduces aldehydes or ketones to alkanes.;;Clemmensen (reduction)
;;The Crenshaw Company was based in Nassau, England, and this U.S. city, and this city's fall was presaged by an attack led by John Schofield and Jacob Cox on Fort Anderson, which prompted Braxton Bragg to leave this city on February 17th, 1865. Named after George II's Prime Minister, Spencer Compton, this city suffered because the Fusionists were defeated by Daniel Russel, a governor born in this city that saw Alfred Waddell kick out Alexander Manly from this city, as he was editor of its newspaper, at the time that newspaper was the only African-American newspaper in the U.S. This eastern end of Interstate 40 is also the site of the Cape Fear Bridge, and it is home to the USS North Carolina. For ten points, name this city known for a race riot in 1998.;;Wilmington
;;The many articles on this man by David Rosand include one in which he speaks of this man's "eloquence of the brush." In one of this man's works, a bolt of lightning breaks through an otherwise pitch black sky while the artist's signature and rank of "eques cesareus" appear on the grill of martyrdom. Besides The Martyrdom of St. Lawrence , one portrait by him shows Duke Federico Gonzaga petting a tan dog, and many of his other works like Adoration of the Holy Trinity were taken to the monastery of St. Jerome in Yuste after one of his patrons retired. In one of his altarpieces, a man on the left brandishes a red flag while two angels play with a cross atop a dark cloud. In addition to the Pesaro Madonna, another work shows Cupid dip his hand into a trough of water between a white-clad bride and a nude Venus to contrast the two title concepts, as well as a picture with three human heads hanging above three animal ones. FTP, name this Venetian painter of Sacred and Profane Love, Allegory of Prudence, and Venus of Urbino.;;Titian|Tiziano (Vecelli)
;;During this, Savarbhanu was sliced in two by the discus Sudarshana, and Mohini played a part in a ruse following it. It resulted in the release of halahala, also known as Visha, and one figure gained the nickname Nilakantha during it. The ratnas it produced included the conch Shankha and Kamadhenu, a wish granting cow, and Allahbad, Ujjain, Nasik, and Hardwar served as hiding places after it. The form of Kurma was assumed by one figure during it, Mount Mandara was used to facilitate it, and after Vasuki vomited during it, Shiva swallowed the venom and obtained a blue throat. For 10 points name this event in Hindu mythology in which the gods extracted Amrita from a cosmic body of liquid.;;Churning (of) (the) (Milk) (Ocean)
;;This group believes that there are only six generations in world history, with the seventh reincarnating the first. They practice ritual forehead scarification and punishes murder by drawing blood from the offender's arm. This group was the subject of a 1996 Sharon Hutchinson book about their "dilemmas," which discussed the use of guns as a status symbol in their society. That book followed up on a work about them discussed "time and space," "the lineage system" and "the age-set system" and depicted the prestigious the role of the "leopard skin chief" in this society. Often at war with the Dinka, they were dubbed "the parasite of the cow," for their milk-based diet and cow-ownership-dependent accumulation of status, by the anthropologist who most notably studied them. For 10 points, name this Sudanese people who, like the Azande, were documented by Edward Evan Evans-Pritchard.;;(the) Nuer
;;In one of these works, Lord Dumbello becomes engaged to Lady Griselda Grantly, much to the chagrin of Lady Lufton. In another, Roger Scratcherd is sent to jail after killing Henry, the brother of Thomas when Mary is made pregnant. Another tale in this series of works involves John Bold, who uses The Jupiter to bring down Mr. Septimus Harding's Hiram Hospital. That work is followed up with a novel about Grantly's anticipated position is given to Reverend Proudie after the title Cathedral's bishop dies. For ten points, name this collection of works that includes Framley Parsonage, Doctor Thorne, The Warden and Barchester Towers, six novels by Anthony Trollope.;;Barsetshire (Novels)
;;In one of his last written words, this man claimed that his blood will be an immortal flame that upholds the sacred will to resist, and that speech ends with an image of this man walking towards history, leaving life to enter history. This man's early career was helped because of Antonio Borges, and he came to power provisionally when Junta Pacificadora. This ruler was succeeded by Jose Linhares, and after he commited suicide Joao Filho took over his role. This man instigated a new Constitution for his contry in 1934. This man was in power when the Integralists rose, and he also tried to assassinate Carlos Lacerda during the crime of Rua Tonelero. For ten points, name this instigator of the Estado Novo who served as dictator of Brazil 1930 to 1945.;;(Getulio) Vargas
;;This artist painted a shield with a belly up frog emblazoned on it followed by the title figure in his version of Christ Carrying the Cross. He showed a sneaky man with his nose in the air stealing a purse from a character engaged in a demonstration involving two cups and metallic balls in The Conjuror. Another of his paintings includes calligraphic text announcing "my name is Lubbert Das" as a woman balances a book on her head and a man with a metal funnel hat completes the title action in The Extraction of the Stone of Madness. In another of his works a long yellow banner flies over a man who tries to cut a roasted bird off a mast and he painted a triptych in which a wagon loaded up with hay crushes some sinners. For 10 points name this painter of The Ship of Fools and The Haywain who painted a triptych in which debauchery involving giant food and animals in the central panel leads to the torture of the right panel, the Netherlandish artist of The Garden of Earthly Delights.;;(Hieronymus) Bosch
;;The paper in which it was introduced notes that the median income of the Israeli family is three thousand pounds and uses the example of a three week tour of France, Italy, and England to illustrate the Certainty Effect. It arises out of the Allais Paradox and its cumulative form specifies the overweighting of extreme events instead of applying to all small probability events. It improves on expected utility theory by noting that real life choices are often not optimal and much gambling is based on the framing effect, in which an artificial reference is used instead of total wealth. Practically, it attempts to explain and model how people care more about losses than gains. For 10 points name this economic and psychological model developed by Daniel Kahneman and Amos Tversky.;;(Cumulative) Prospect Theory
;;A subplot involves an old couple who fall in love after listening to each other through a wall before getting married, Mr. Grannis and Miss. Parker. The protagonist, who can play "some half-dozen very mournful airs" on the concertina he probably doesn't realize was invented by Charles Wheatstone, participates in a wrestling match in which he has part of his ear bitten off. One character has the fingers of her right hand amputated when the paint she uses on her toy animal carvings causes an infection, and that character enjoys literally rolling around on her money after she withdraws her five thousand dollar lottery winnings in coins. The protagonist of this work is left with the money after he kills Trina, but is stranded in Death Valley, handcuffed to the corpse of Marcus after being forced out of his dentist trade. For 10 points name this novel by Frank Norris.;;McTeague(:) (A) (Story) (of) (San) (Francisco)
;;One member of this party, George O. Jones, credited the absence of "cranks, leeches, and adventurers who have heretofore hindered" it with the poor attendance of one of its national conventions. Jones had taken charge after the resignation of Edward Gillette in the face of a split between two fusion factions and one named for a character in the play A Stroke for a Bold Wife, the "Simon-Pure" Faction.  Its vice-presidential candidates included Absalom West, who ran with a former Civil War general known for his failure in the Bermuda Hundred campaign and for being nicknamed "Butcher" for his infamous occupation of New Orleans. Another of this party's candidates designed and built Tom Thumb, the first American locomotive, while it was most successful in 1880 when it would run a man later famed for being the 1892 populist candidate. For 10 points name this party of Benjamin Butler, Peter Cooper, and James Weaver, an American third party with a name referring to paper money.;;Greenback (Party)
;;She is described variously as the sister of daughter of King Aeetes of Colchis and one of her sons founded the city of Ardea while another ruled the Tyrsenoi, and Hesiod also mentions Anteias and Agrius as her sons. In one legend she fell in love with Glaucus and turned Scylla into a six headed monster and when Picas refused to relinquish his love for Canens, she turned him into a woodpecker.In the Argonautica, she purifies the Argonauts for their murder of Apsyrtus, the brother of Medea. This owner of the island of Aeaea and mother of Telegonus is stymied by one figure when he is given the antidote Moly by Hermes. For 10 points name this witch who turned a bunch of men into pigs and somehow had some seven children in the year she spent with Odysseus.;;Circe
;;One protein found on the membrane of this structure is Ire1, whose dimeric form is an endonuclease that splices Hac1 mRNA.  Hereditary emphysema is caused by the aggregation of alpha-one-antitrypsin in this structure.  Proteins destined for this structure typically contain a hydrophobic N-terminal signal sequence.  Pro-alpha-six-integrin may be retained in this structure due to the lectin calnexin, a type I transmembrane protein.  Protein disulfide isomerase catalyzes spontaneous disulfide bond formation in this structure, the only eukaryotic cell structure in which it can happen.  Like the Golgi body, it may consist of a series of flattened disks known as cisternae. For 10 points, name this organelle that synthesizes phospholipids and fats in its "smooth" variety and proteins in the ribosomes attached to its "rough" variety.;;endoplasmic reticulum|ER
;;One of this author's works include an intelligence officer named IQ, a journalist named Spyhole, and an obese man nicknamed Semi-dozen who turns his house into who turns his house into a bomb after his family is killed. In addition to that novel which also features the assassin "The Dentist," this author wrote a novel in which the albino Lazarus, a painting by Kola, and a concert given by Joe Golder connect the central characters. This author wrote about how the Cocoa Corporation's disastrous attempts to enter the town of Aiyero are thwarted when their advertiser Ofeyi becomes Custodian of the Grain and tries to overthrow the Cartel. In another of his works, the modernized schoolteacher Lakunle is defeated by Baroka in a contest for the hand of Sidi and he included the legend of the Not-I bird in his play about Simon Pilking's attempts to stop Elesin Oba from committing the title ritual. For 10 points name this author of Season of Anomy, The Interpreters and The Lion and the Jewel, the Nigerian playwright of Death and the King's Horseman.;;(Wole) Soyinka
;;He nicknamed one of his generals Quintus Icilius after a dispute over the battle of Pharsalus. He was a grandson of George I of England through his mother Sophia Dorothea and his brother Henry was allegedly invited to be emperor of America by Baron von Stuben. He allied with Britain in the Convention of Westminster and despite winning the battle of Rossbach, he was on the verge of collapse before being saved by the Miracle of the House of Brandenburg in the form of the accession of Peter III with the death of the Czarina Elizabeth. He accepted the least amount of land of the powers involved in the First Partition of Poland, but managed to hold on to Silesia which he had taken from Austria following the ascension of Maria Theresa and his rejection of the Pragmatic Sanction.For 10 points name this man who fought the War of Austrian Succession and the Seven Years War as King of Prussia from 1740 to 1786.;;Frederick the Great|Frederick II (of) (Prussia(;))|Frederick IV of Brandenburg
;;This equation can be derived by first taking Legendre transforms of internal energy, then using Euler's homogenous function theorem, and then taking a differential. It can also be derived by substituting Maxwell's thermodynamic relations after taking the full differential of a certain quantity. One side of this equation is written as a series of the number of components in the system and for a binary, isochoric and isothermic system, this equation reduces to a relationship between the number of moles of each component. For 10 points, identify this equation that relates the change in chemical potential to changes in pressure and temperature, named for a French physicist and chemist from Yale.;;Gibbs(-)Duhem (equation)
;;His opera called The Death of Saint Almeenne was first orchestrated by Nicolas Basri and Harry Halbreich, the man who catalogued his works. He included movements like "March" and  "Psalm: O Shall I Raise mine Eyes unto the Mountains?" in his oratorio about King David. This author of an Intrada in C for Trumpet and Piano wrote a third symphony in which the second movement De profundis clamavi and the third movement Dona Nobis Pacem take their names from parts of the requiem mass, a reference to its title Symphonie Liturgique. Another work by this composer of The Goat Dance accompanies the Rugby movement and was used in a Jean Mitry film in which it depicts the acceleration of a train. For 10 points name this member of Les Six and composer of Pacific 231.;;(Arthur) Honegger
;;He lost his military commission for profiteering and allegedly killing three hundred rebels on Good Friday. Later, this man created the hereditary title Prince of the Union and suffered a blow with the creation of United Provinces of Central America. He was overthrown by proponents of the Plan of Casa Mata like Guadeloupe Victoria, causing him to flee to England for a few months before unwisely returning to Mexico where he was executed. With the aid of Vicente Guerrero he had come to power by supporting independence from Spain, equality of all with Spanish blood, and the primacy of the Catholic Church as part of his Three Guarantees espoused in the Plan of Iguala before being overthrown by Santa Ana. For 10 points name this man who ruled as Emperor of Mexico for eight months between 1822 and 1823.;;(Agustin) (de) Iturbide|Agustin I
;;Nico Frijda explains this with his concept of "action tendencies" and Daniel Gilbert and Timothy Wilson proposed the term "impact bias" to describe a type of affective forecasting dealing with this. A 1924 Carney Landis experiment best remembered for its two thirds of its subject's willingness to decapitate rats intended to match facial expressions to this. An experiment in which an attractive confederate gave out phone numbers on a rickety bridge and a safe bridge backed up the findings of an experiment in which subjects who thought they were receiving the fictional eyesight improving drug Superoxin actually got a dose of adrenalin. That experiment was conducted by Schachter and Singer and led to a model in which physiology and cognition cause these phenomena, the "two factor theory." For 10 points name these phenomena that include euphoria and guilt.;;Emotions|feelings
;;One character joins a Morocan monastery after his roommate Kurt hangs himself in a German concentration camp. The protagonist marries the sister of his college friend Boy Mulcaster, and she gives birth to his daughter Caroline while he is on a two year expedition exploring ruins in South America. Much of this novel takes place at Oxford, where Mr. Samgrass fail to prevent Sebastian from living the life of a drunkard. This novel opens with the protagonist being billeted in the central locale by the army, and one character in this work openly lives with his mistress Cara in Venice. Sebastian's sister Julia marries Rex Mottram but carries on an affair with the protagonist, ultimately refusing to marry him for fear of a life of sin. For 10 points name this novel about the "Sacred and Profane Memories of Captain Charles Ryder," a painter who spends time with the Marchmain family at the title estate, a work of Evelyn Waugh.;;Brideshead Revisited
;;This law is satisfied by perfectly aligned diffraction patterns in Ewald's sphere. Wave vectors ending on Wigner-Seitz cells will also satisfy this law. The same method used for finding Wigner-Seitz cells in Bravais lattices is used for finding the set of points, in k-space which can be reached from the origin without violating this law, known as Brillouin zones. This law is reduced from three primitive vectors noted as a, b, and c being multiplied by delta k or the scattering vector in three equations known as the Laue equations. This law states that the order number multiplied by wavelength equals two multiplied by the spacing distance between atomic lattices multiplied by the sine of the angle between the incident ray and the scattering plane. For 10 points, name this law which states that an electric cloud moves when an atom is hit by X-rays.;;Bragg's (law)|Bragg's (equation(;))|Bragg's (planes)
;;The title character in this opera credits her love with giving her a sweet dream in "Tu m'as donne le plus doux reve" and in the aria "Fantasie aux divins mensonges," the male lead questions the necessity of sketching some jewelry. One character in this opera is forced by her father to sing a song about a girl who saves a god from wild animals by ringing a bell. It ends with that singer of "The Bell Song" and companion of Mallika sharing some sacred river water with her lover after eating a poisonous datura leaf, thinking Gerald would abandon her out of duty to his regiment and fear of her Brahmin father Nilakantha. For 10 points name this opera that includes "The Flower Duet" and is about an Indian princess and her British love, a work of Leo Delibes.;;Lakme
;;Following a skirmish at Drumclog, this man commanded the likes of John Graham of Claverhouse in a force that defeated a group of Covenanters at Bothwell Brig. During the Siege of Maastricht, he failed to take a bridge as leader of a force of six thousand English soldiers on loan to the French during the Third Anglo Dutch War. He would return to the United Provinces in exile when Algernon Sidney and others were accused of plotting to ambush the king after a horserace in the Rye House Plot. In another action, he landed in south west England with three ships before losing the Battle of Sedgemoor and having a large number of his men condemned by George Jeffreys in the Bloody Assizes. For 10 points name this bastard son of Charles II who led a namesake rebellion in 1685.;;(1st) Duke of Monmouth|(James) Scott
;;This poem notes how "first music ventured to penetrate arid rigidity" following the death of Linos and earlier asks "Have you remembered Gastara Stampa sufficiently yet?" One section of this work introduces the image of a fig-tree, noting that "there has been meaning for me in the way you almost wholly omit to flower." This poem names constellations like the rider, the staff, the cradle, the burning book, and the doll before mentioning "a clearly shining M, that stands for the Mothers."  In a work subtitled "Reflections on the Problems of Translation," William Gass reviews seven versions of this poem before offering his own translation. This poem notes "Every angel is a terror," and the first of this poem's ten sections begins "Who, if I cried out, would hear me among the Angelic Orders? For 10 points name this long poem inspired by a visit to a castle by Rainer Maria Rilke.;;Duino Elegies|Duineser Elegien
;;In one essay he accepts that laws can govern causal explanations but rejects them for rationalizations after using the example of turning a light on alerting a prowler in the bushes to divide actions into intentional and unintentional classes.  In addition to that work in which he defended reasons for acting as a cause of actions, "Actions, Reasons, and Causes," this philosopher proposed an answer of "the agent has no reason" to the title question of "'How is Weakness of the Will Possible?" He attached an appendix in which the state of emeralds being green and roses being red are confounded by the statement "All Emeroses are Gred" to an essay in which he accepts the materialist premise that all events are physical but denies that mental phenomena can be given purely physical explanations. For 10 points name this philosopher who considered "anomalous monism" in his essay "Mental Events.".;;(Donald) Davidson
;;The movement which was targeted by these events quixotically made its cannons out of cherrywood. The chief outside chronicler of these events was the American ambassador Eugene Schuyler, but public opinion about these events was inflamed by the letters of Januarius MacGahan, who claimed that "When a Mohammedan has killed a certain number of infidels he is sure of Paradise, no matter what his sins may be." These events were triggered by the Stara Zagora revolt and Antim I's election as exarch, and one of their most notable victims was the poet Hristo Botev.  Perpetrated by the bashi-bazouks, who were tasked with suppressing the April Uprising, these events were used in a namesake pamphlet attacking the British Cabinet's alliance with the Ottoman Empire during the Midlothian Campaign. For 10 points, identify this series of massacres which William Gladstone denounced in order to defeat build up an anti-Disraeli base in the late 1870s, events which involved Turkish atrocities in a country that became independent after the Treaty of San Stefano.;;(the) Bulgarian Horrors
;;In a 1986 paper Richard Dawkins' ex-wife argued that all three criteria in the definition of this concept are misleading, and in a 1968 paper George Barlow proposed replacing part of its name with "modal."  The earliest model of this concept is sometimes referred to as the "flush toilet" model and involves the buildup of action-specific energy released in the presence of a sign stimulus.  The classic example of this concept is a gray goose continuing to roll a stray egg back toward the nest even after the egg is removed.  For 10 points, give this three-word term coined by Lorenz and Tinbergen to refer to any highly stereotyped innate behavior that is carried out to completion even after the removal of the triggering stimulus.;;fixed action patterns|FAPs
;;Among the contrasting duos present in this novel are the protagonist's sisters Margaret and Janet, the teenage Farival twins, the protagonist's adolescent children, and the two unnamed lovers who always appear with the lady in black early on in the novel.  Another pair is that of the piano teacher Mademoiselle Reisz, who encourages the protagonist's independence, and the protagonist's best friend Adele, who encourages her to conform to societal roles.  Finally there are the protagonist's somewhat unfeeling husband Leonce and the sensitive young Robert Lebrun.  This novel begins in Grand Isle, Louisiana and ends there with the protagonist's suicide by drowning.  FTP, name this proto-feminist novel about Edna Pontellier, a work by Kate Chopin.;;(The) Awakening
;;Choral pieces by this composer include O, My Garden of Lavender and Dark Evening Is Falling. The song People, My People is the basis of the first movement of his Harpsichord Concerto, and his own Lieder include Broad Waters and a song based on Federico Garcia Lorca's poem "Malaguena." A series of recitatives and ariostos make up his Lerchenmusik, and scandal surrounded the premiere of this composer's appropriately-titled Collisions for orchestra. Other well-known works include the Genesis cycle and the choral work Refren, but he is best-known for a work whose third movement notably references one of Chopin's Mazurkas and the first movement of Eroica. A note scribbled on the wall of a Gestapo cell provides the text for the second movement of that work, which was popularized by a recording featuring vocals by Dawn Upshaw. Best-known for his Symphony of Sorrowful Songs, this is, for ten points, what composer from Poland?.;;(Henryk) Gorecki
;;This thinker posited that American relationships are becoming democratically negotiated and are no longer "oppressively" close in his work The Transformation of Intimacy. This writer's catchphrases include "the democratization of democracy" and the emergence of "life politics" over "emancipatory politics," which he discussed in a 1998 book on "the renewal of social democracy," The Third Way. He attempts to explain culturally determined behavior as the product of rules and resources unique to each social system in his structuration theory, which is explained in his work The Constitution of Society. He sasys that agency and dulaity must be considered and a "double hermeneutic" practiced in a book which attacks both traditional micro and macro approaches and is titled after a work by Emile Durkheim. For 10 points, name this British author of New Rules of Sociological Method.;;(Anthony) Giddens
;;An important derivation of these formulations is given as the square root of the quantity m-c-squared over four-pi-n-sub-s-e-squared, and that derived quantity is labeled lambda-sub-L.  Though these formulations are typically written as a pair of equations, they can be combined into a single equation that relates j-sub-s to the vector potential A.  These equations name a distance at which a magnetic field is not expelled due to the Meissner effect, their namesakes' "penetration depth."  For 10 points, name these equations that relate the electromagnetic field to the current in and near a superconductor, named for brothers Heinz and Fritz, the latter of whom names some intramolecular "dispersion forces.".;;London (equations)
;;In one of this author's novels, the cattle baron Don Molomo declares himself to be the lord of the underworld and the Hindu mystic Sello is revealed to be a sadistic magician who sends demons after the protagonist. This author's later works deal with the theme of outsiders, such as the Marsawa class in her novel Maru , or those in mental institutions, where she found herself after accusing President Seretse Khama of practicing cannibalism and incest. In addition to chronicling that experience in A Question of Power, this author wrote a novel that ends with Paulina's marriage to Makhaya and the realization that men and women will eventually live equally, making the matriarchal commune Golema Mmidi unnecessary. For 10 points, name this Botswanan author of When Rain Clouds Gather.;;(Bessie) Head|(Bessie) Emery
;;The "Little" version of this painting was painted the same year and unlike the original is not currently in Vienna, where approximately 1/3 of the artist's extant works are housed.  The various small huts seen throughout are representative of the numerous guilds present in the artist's home city.  Among the elevating devices seen on the right side is a black crane, believed to be the earliest artistic depiction of such an apparatus.  Of the several thousand people seen, the most clearly identifiable are in the front left foreground, which shows an architect kneeling before a group led by King Nimrod.  However, the focus is on the immense, crumbling titular central structure.  Believed to be representative of the building boom and cosmopolitan nature of the artist's native mid-16th century Antwerp, FTP, name this painting by Pieter Bruegel depicting a biblical structure that reached for heaven.;;(The) Tower of Babel
;;Two principal characters from a play by Adam Oehlenschlager are the representatives of light and darkness in this text. One section this work claims that in the external world the "genie of ring" obeys whoever possesses it, whether it be Noureddin or Aladdin, but in the world of spirit it does not rain on the just and unjust equally. In that section, Preliminary "Expectoration" or "Outpouring of the Heart" the author suggests that a candid discussion of the central action might lead confused individuals to repeat it. This work elucidates one figure's "strength of the absurd," which allows one to give everything up and to paradoxically expect to receive it all back and compares that figure to the "knight of infinite resignation." Often paired with Constantin Constantius' Reptition, it asks whether there can be a teleological suspension of the ethical and was pseudonymously written by Johannes de Silentio. For 10 points, name this work of philosophy which examines Abraham's binding of Isaac by Soren Kierkegaard.;;Fear and Trembling
;;A mixture of this compound's main components was found to be effective in situ when reacting with butylcyclohexanone. One synthesis of this product uses a compound named for Petasis. For it to be activated it must reacted with a base, typically pyridine, to generate a compound that contains a double bonded methylene known as a Schrock carbene. It then undergoes a [2+2] and a retro [2+2] cycloaddition reaction with the compound it modifies. It consists of a central methylene bonded to two metals, one of which is bonded to two cyclopentadienyl groups while the other one is bonded to two methyl groups. For 10 points, identify this reagent that methylenates carbonyl groups and contains both aluminum and titanium.;;Tebbe's (reagent)
;;Scene 2 of Act III of this play begins with two girls working on some red wool before a beggarwoman informs them of the central tragedy.  That tragedy is set in motion after two figures are discovered missing during the plans to start a "round dance."  The resultant planned chase ends Act II, which is followed by a scene in which three woodcutters discuss the preceding events among themselves before being interrupted by the play's ostensible villains, Death and the Moon.  Death and the Moon discuss their plan to incite an violent act, which happens off stage and results in the death of two men, Leonardo and another man who had planned to partake in the title event.  FTP, name this work considered the first of the so-called "rural trilogy" in which it is followed by Yerma, a tragedy by Federico Garcia Lorca.;;Blood Wedding|Bodas de Sangre
;;The first act of this opera sees the central character complain about starlings who nest over her home. She is later mistaken by another character for his old gypsy girlfriend. At the end of the opera, the male lead muses on how life never provides an ending and soon finds a frog in his hand. At the end of the first act, the title character plays dead before killing a flock of chickens and then escaping. The first act opens with a dance by a blue dragonfly, and in a later scene Haratra comes across a dead hare before tripping over a rock, leading him to shoot the central character, Bystrouka, whose wedding is presided over by a woodpecker and who makes her living hunting other forest animals.  Based on a comic strip by Tenohlidek, FTP, identify this opera centering on a forester's attempts to catch a wily fox, by Leos Janacek.;;(The) Cunning Little Vixen|Prihody Liky Bystrouky
;;The barber and pamphleteer Richard Lichfield satirized this man in a work titled for his "trimming." This man promised that if a certain dog were to bark again, he would "hold him tug for two or three courses...for I have not half embowelled my register" in his tract An Almond for a Parrot. This author targeted Gabriel Harvey by writing Have with You to Saffron-Walden, Strange News of the Intercepting of Certain Letters, and Christ's Tears over Jerusalem. He wrote those tracts using the pseudonym Pasquil as part of the anti-Puritan side of the Marprelate controversy. This author of Summer's Last Will and Testament also collaborated with Christopher Marlowe on Dido, Queen of Carthage and was sentenced to prison for libeling the queen after working with Ben Jonson on The Isle of Dogs. However, he may be best known for discussing a fall into the cellar of an ornery Jew, the death from plague of Johannes de Imola, and a narrow escape from being vivisected by the Pope's physician. For 10 points, name this author who discussed the Earl of Surrey's page during a trip through France and England in his early English picaresque novel about Jack Wilton , The Unfortunate Traveller.;;(Thomas) Nashe
;;One of the principals involved in their story reappeared by the name of Katherine Queen Victory Street as a 66-year-old to sue NBC for a TV movie depicting the ordeal.  Their story was first written about in the Jackson County Sentinel and resultant tensions prompted a swift response from Governor Benjamin Miller.  Their cause was taken up by Samuel Leibovitz at the behest of the ILD, and it was Leibovitz who did much to bring in to question the credibility of Victoria Price who, unlike Ruby Bates, had not recanted her testimony.  The most famous legal implication of their case would be the Supreme Court's Powell decision, which held that this group had been denied due process.  In 1989 the last surviving member, Clarence Norris, passed away.  FTP, name this group of black teenagers who, in 1931 in Alabama, were accused of raping two white women.;;(the) Scottsboro Boys|Scottsboro Nine
;;One character in this novel points out that European cathedrals, the Taj Mahal, the pyramids, and Great Zimbabwe were all built by slave labor, before meeting an American reporter named Cranford who is clapping her hands to dispose of salted peanut dust. Another character in this novel has a secondary name that means "a female is also something," and ends the book by praying "may this child be the daughter of all of us" and bestowing the name "may the path never close" on the newborn daughter of Elewa. The first chapters of this novel focus on a metaphor about the robes worn by truth delivered by a resident of Abazon who has journeyed to Bassa to ask for drought relief. Soon after, the obseqious Professor Okong advises a figure who was trained at Sandhurst and has recently lost a plebiscite. This novel sees all of its major characters die except for Beatrice; newspaper editor Ikem Osodi is killed after challenging Sam, while Chris Oriko, the Minister of Information, dies in the resulting chaos. For 10 points, name this work, its author's first novel in a twenty-one-year gap following A Man of the People, which is set in the state of Kangan shortly after a coup and was written by Chinua Achebe.;;Anthills of the Savannah
;;In one of this man's films, Valerie falls in love with the one-legged Captain Jack, leading her sister Harriet to attempt to drown herself in the Ganges. That film helped launch the career of Satyajit Ray, and in addition to The River, another work sees the title character , who dreams of writing Westerns, shoots Batala and flees away with Valentine, while yet another film sees Sam Tucker attempt to start his own cotton crop. Besides The Southerner and The Crime of Monsieur Lange, he also directed a film in which two French aviators are shot down by Von Rauffenstein and one of them escapes with Rosenthal. That work is The Grand Illusion, and in another of his films, an adaptation of Musset's Les Caprices de Marianne, Andre is reunited with his old love Christine but is shot after being mistaken for Octave.  For ten points, name this French director of Rules of the Game and son of the painter of Luncheon of the Boating Party.;;(Jean) Renoir
;;Languages in the Bodic division of this family include the Mirish and Kirantish tongues. Sergi Starotsin proposed grouping this family along with Basque, the North Caucasian, the Yeniseian, and the Na Dene families into the Dene-Caucasian superfamily. One language in this family had a script devised under King Kyanzittha and has high, low, and "creaky" tones." In recent decades, linguists have backed off from the former practice of grouping Hmong-Mien and Tai languages in this family, which is the  second-largest family of languages after Indo-European. For 10 points, name this language family that includes Hakka, Burmese, Cantonese, and Mandarin.;;Sino(-)Tibetan
;;One of this man's novels describes a boy named Tony Nailles, who refuses to get out of bed and is eventually kidnapped by his neighbor, Paul Hammer, who plans to kill him in a church. One of this man's short stories is about a rakish man named Blake, who is held hostage on a train by a slightly deranged former lover, Miss Dent. Besides Bullet Park and "The Five-Forty-Eight," this man wrote a story which climaxes when the protagonist cries after being unable to spot the constellations of midsummer and is further horrified when he discovers his own home to be empty. This man's first novel describes life in St. Botolph's, Massachusetts and features such characters as Cousin Honora. FTP, name this author who wrote about Neddy Merill in the story "The Swimmer" and about Leander, Moses, and Coverly, the titular family in his The Wapshot Chronicle.;;(John) Cheever
;;CeNA oligonucleotides are characterized by the presence of this compound, which can be added by syringe to Wilkinson's catalyst to form an addition product. This compound's ketone derivative is produced in the aldol condensation step of the Robinson annulations and can be synthesized from phenol in a variant of the Birch reduction.  Like a similar compound with one fewer double bond, it may be used in the synthesis of adipic acid. It is typically synthesized in beginner chemistry labs by dehydrating a closely related alcohol compound with a phosphoric or sulfuric acid catalyst and it is also the final product in a reaction that prefers an endo product. For 10 points, identify this compound that results from the reaction of 1,3 butadiene and ethane in the Diels-Alder, a six carbon ring with one double bond.;;Cyclohexene
;;One part of this work states that the fact that the word "bachelor" has less than ten letters proves that the word "bachelor" cannot always be replaced with "unmarried man." Later, it asks whether a statement "taken in isolation from its fellows, can admit of confirmation or infirmation at all." Previously, this work expresses an inability to evaluate the statement "everything green is extended"  and says that "a precise artificial languge with explicit semantical rules" would not solve the problem.  The author of this paper noted that many of its ideas were first expressed by Morton White in an essay about "an untenable dualism" from a book about John Dewey. Claiming that "abandoning" the title entities will lead to "a blurring of the supposed boundary between speculative metaphysics and natural science" as well as more pragmatism, this essay begins by reviewing a distinction made by Kant. Anthologized in From a Logical Point of View and taking on logical reductionism and the separation of analytic from synthetic truths, for 10 points, identify this essay by Willard Van Orman Quine.;;Two Dogmas of Empiricism
;;One incident associated with this city is the drafting of the so-called "Rude Letter," in which one man is mockingly referred to as "Sicklemore, a poore counterfeited imposture." One notable resident of this city was Robert Hunt, who served as a chaplain and peacemaker during its early days. This city was where an early governor imposed an authoritarian series of laws entitled "Dale's Code." The residents of this city once narrowly escaped destruction at the hands of Chief Opechancanough, who wiped out nearby communities like Henricus. Notable founders of this city include its first leader, Edward Maria Wingfield, along with John Ratcliffe and the captain of the Susan Constant, Christopher Newport. FTP, name this early American settlement, noted for the so-called "starving time" during the winter of 1609, a Virginia community eventually led by enterprising Englishman John Smith.;;Jamestown
;;The sixth and penultimate section of this novel includes such locales as California, where one central character's mistress has fled and Cambodia, where another central character dies after getting robbed.  That section opens with the narrator disclosing the circumstances of the real life death of Yakov, Joseph Stalin's son, and ends with mention of the phrases to be written on the tombstones of two characters.  Following the "Grand March," the novel ends with a section that moves slightly back in time and which is named after another character's dog, Karenin.  The preceding sections note how three of the characters fled to Zurich before two of them returned to the central city.  It opens by contrasting one viewpoint of Parmenides to the notion of eternal return posed by Nietzsche.   FTP, name this novel that focuses on Sabina and Franz and Tereza and Tomas, four characters from Prague, and written by Milan Kundera.;;(The) Unbearable Lightness of Being
;;In both Stickler syndrome and sulphite oxidase deficiency it can be found ectopically.  In homocystinuria and Marfan's syndrome it is commonly displaced downwards and upwards respectively.  The Zonules of Zinn are its namesake suspensory ligaments which act to keep it in position.  Though not related to the knee, it resides in a depression known as the patellar fossa.  It is said to reside in the anterior segment of the larger structure to which it belongs and is situated directly anterior to the vitreous humor.  It is covered entirely by a capsule, which conforms to its typical biconvex shape.  For 10 points, name this transparent structure that provides about 1/3 of the refractive power of the eye.;;lens
;;This country's independence was opposed by the Wiriyamu Massacre and Operation Gordian Knot. The first president of this country was a former nurse, who signed the Nkomati Accord pleding not to support foreign opposition movements and was killed in a 1986 plane crash. A right-wing organization opposing the socialist government of this country drew support from such cities as the Beira port in Sofala province, was formed by Andre Matsangaissa, and laid down its arms in the 1990s following the Rome Accords. Since then, Afonso Dhlakama has led that group into the government, though this country's presidency has always been in the hands of a left-wing group founded by Eduardo Mondlane, which was later led by Samora Machel and Joaquim Chissano. The guerilla organization RENAMO opposed the governing FRELIMO group in, for 10 points, what country which achieved independence from Portugal in 1975 and is located on a namesake channel?.;;Mozambique
;;A famous anecdote about this poet is related by Katherine Hepburn to her fiance at a party in The Philadelphia Story.  He wrote of being separated from his daughter and son in "To His Two Children" and of the price of continuous conflict in "Nefarious War."  In his most famous poem the final image, according to Amy Lowell and Virkam Seth, is meant to represent either the "Cloudy River," or the "Milky Way."  A more famous translation of his work includes such poems as "A Ballad of the Mulberry Road" and "The River Merchant's Wife," and was published by Ezra Pound.  FTP, name this man who penned "Drinking Alone Under the Moon," an 8th-century poet from China.;;Li Po|Li Bai (the) (anecdote(,)) (of) (course(,)) (being) (how) (he) (drowned) (while) (drunkenly) (reaching) (for) (the) (moon) (from) (a) (boat)
;;The weak solution to these equations possesses fractional derivatives in time of any order less than one-half according to Shinbrot's conjecture. Applying Newton's second law to a continuum yields the Cauchy momentum equation from which these equations derive. In cylindrical coordinates, these equations derive an equation stating that the pressure drop equals open quantity eight multiplied by mu multiplied by L multiplied by Q end quantity divided quantity pi multiplied by the radius to the fourth power which is also known as the  Hagen-Poiseuille equation. Theses equations are differentials taken from Reynolds transport theorem. The heat conduction and zero viscosity terms correspond the Euler equations with these equations. For 10 points, name these equations which completely describe fluid flow.;;Navier(-)Stokes (equations)
;;Late in this man's life, he recorded a country single entitled "Leave Me Satisfied." In one film appearance, this man sang a theme song about his character, "Marvelous Mervo," in the horror film Blood Harvest. At his 1970 appearance at the Isle of Wight Festival, this man electrified the crowd with his singing of "There'll Always Be an England" through a megaphone. This man is responsible for the bizarre holiday song "Santa Claus Has Got the AIDS This Year," and he rose to prominence with his appearances on the comedy show "Rowan and Martin's Laugh-In." Noted for his "Tonight Show" appearance where he married Miss Vicki, FTP, name this singer, who combined a ukulele and a falsetto voice to sing his trademark song, "Tiptoe Through the Tulips," and who takes his name from a Charles Dickens character.;;Tiny Tim|(Herbert) Khaury
;;After he was mortally wounded, his chief enemy withdrew in force to Clerkenwell Fields.  Contemporary chroniclers list him as being from either Maidstone or Boxley and are also in conflict as to the identity of his killer, though it was known that the command was carried out at the behest of William Walworth.  He had earlier brought his forces to Smithfield, exactly one month before one his allies, John Ball, was hanged.  His eight-day campaign included the taking of Canterbury and the Savoy castle of John of Gaunt, whose nephew's policies he opposed.  FTP, name this blacksmith who, in response to Richard II's poll tax, led the Peasants' Revolt of 1381.;;(Wat) Tyler|(Walter) Tyler
;;Late in this man's life, he went by the title "The Old Man Mad About Painting," and one of his more eccentric works was created by dipping a chicken's feet in red paint and having it run across a landscape to represent falling maple leaves. This man produced a series of sketches entitled Quick Lessons in Simplified Drawing and one of his final works was the 1849 painting A Wood Gatherer. His most famous group of paintings includes depictions of a watermill, the Mannen Bridge, and a tea house, and he also produced a work showing a woman having sexual relations with a pair of octopi entitled The Dream of the Fisherman's Wife. FTP, name this artist who depicted boats about to be engulfed by the titular object, The Great Wave off Kanagawa, the most famous woodblock in his ukiyo-e series depicting Japan's highest peak, 36 Views of Mount Fuji.;;(Katsushika) Hokusai
;;This writer wrote a poem which features a call for Margaret, who apparently once loved then rejected the titular character, while another poem details an episode in the life of a great Persian hero, who confronts and unwittingly kills his Tartar son. This author collected a series of lectures given abroad in Discourses in America and he also wrote a dramatic poem in which the final lines are spoken by a harp player named Callicles upon witnessing the death of the titular character. Besides "The Forsaken Merman" and "Sohrab and Rustum," this man wrote a work about an ancient philosopher's death, "Empedocles on Etna." FTP, name this British poet who memorialized his friend, Arthur Clough, in "Thyrsis," a poem which references another of his works, "The Scholar-Gipsy," but who is best known for a work describing a location "where ignorant armies clash by night," the poem "Dover Beach.".;;(Matthew) Arnold
;;In this book's 8th chapter , not surprisingly titled "Of Honour," the author claims that ideas of honor disappear in both absolute despotism and extreme political liberty.  Other secondary chapters include the 24th, "Of Idleness," in which the author lays out the multitudinous forms in which individuals fail to contribute to society, and the 35th, "Of Sanctuaries," which offers up an advocacy for extradition.  Early on the author frequently cites the insights of Montesquieu, and ultimately concludes that perfection of the system of education is the best means to render obsolete the occurrence of one of the titular phenomena.  In more important chapters this work also differentiates between specific and general deterrence; the distinctions between suicide, smuggling, and robbery; and articulates condemnation of both torture and the death penalty.  FTP, name this 1764 legal treatise by Cesare [CHAY-zuh-ray] Beccaria.;;On Crimes and Punishments|Dei delitti e delle penne
;;This man once received a telegram from Salvador Dali, mock-congratulating him for the surrealistic touch of using a royal scepter while in office. One of his most notable speeches resulted in sociology being removed from national universities and an expansion of prohibited books. That speech was inspired by this man's trips to North Korea and was known as the July Theses of 1971. He tried to boost birth rates by outlawing abortion and giving medals labeling women who had ten or more children as "Heroine Mothers." This man met his mentor, while in prison for Communist agitation in 1943 and eventually succeeded that man, Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej. Reviled for appointing his wife Elena as the head of the Academy of Sciences, FTP, name this man who brutalized his people with the Securitate before being executed in 1989, ending his longtime Communist reign over Romania.;;(Nicolae) Ceausescu
;;This artist's time in Cullercoats influenced the creation of such words as Inside the Bar. Two black crows menacingly stare down the central animal in this man's Fox Hunt, and a woman holding a parasol gazes over her shoulder at a man in a straw hat in a boat in the sand in his Two Are Company, Three Are None. Two men attempt to get their bearings in the Eight Bells, and  A Union officer confronts a group of disheveled confederate prisoners against a desolate Virginia landscape in Prisoners from the Front, and another of his works shows a waterspout in the distance while sharks surround a black man's boat in the foreground. FTP, name this American who painted many watercolors of ocean scenes in addition to Breezing Up and The Gulf Stream.;;(Winslow) Homer
;;One character in this novel creates a giant pincushion titled Pre-Cambrian Memory and another character in this work rejects his wife's request for one dollar and ninety eight cents to buy curtains because they are living in a windowless boiler. An onyx and bronze clock depicting George and the Dragon is stolen from Jacob's Jewelry Store by the mentally retarded Frankie in this novel, which also features the Bear Flag Restaurant, a brothel run by Dora. One group in this novel lives in The Palace Flophouse and Grill and includes members like Eddie, who siphons leftover drinks at the La Ida bar in addition to collecting frogs for the Western Biological Laboratory owned by the protagonist.  For 10 points name this novel in which Mack and his boys throw a party for the marine biologist Doc in the title California locale, a work of John Steinbeck.;;Cannery Row
;;A bunch of bananas dominate the lower right of a work of this artist in which a distant train pulls into the title Montparnasse Station. This artist of a portrait of Clarice Lispector who signed much of his work "Pictor Optimus" also wrote a novel about a lonely wonderer named Hebdomeros, the Metaphysician. A framed blueprint of a building's interior dominates one of his landscapes which include the backside of a sculpture and floating dummy's head, a meme that returns in a painting in which a red, white, yellow, and black rectangular solid is considered by the statue like title characters. This painter of The Double Dream of Spring and The Disquieting Muses also painting a work that includes an open wagon and a silhouette of a girl rolling a hoop through a deserted city road street. For 10 points name this Italian surrealist painter of Mystery and Melancholy of a Street.;;(Giorgio) de Chirico
;;General Blanton Winship was blamed for a 1937 massacre in which police killed seventeen unarmed protesters here, and Lolita Lebron led a group of people from this place who fired automatic pistols from the Ladies' Gallery of the House of Representatives injuring Alvin Bentley and four other congressmen. Thirteen years after the Ponce massacre, Law 53 banned the displaying of flags, inciting a coordinated October 30, 1950 urpising at Jayuya and Utuado. Revolutionaries from this place uttered the "Grito de Lares" and used the Blair House to stage an unsuccessful assassination attempt on Harry Truman. The Jones-Shafroth amended the "Organic Act of Puerto Rico" established by the 1900 Foraker Act, which created a government for this island. For 10 points name this current territory of the United States won from Spain in the Spanish American War.;;Puerto Rico
;;This author discussed the importance of the manang to religion in Borneo in "Shaman and Incubus" and also wrote a work about a man named Joe Gimlet who founded the quasi-Christian Siovili Cult. He edited out the section on the shifting cultivation of hill rice to publish his own landmark study of the Iban people after the government of Sarawak published a version of it without his knowledge. He first presented his most famous argument in a paper entitled "On the Believing of as Many as Six Impossible Things Before Breakfast" and his other works use letters written by Franz Boas and the testimony of Fa'apua'a and Fofoa that the information they confided was a joke. For 10 points name this man who implied that proving Franz Boas' theory of cultural determinacy was Margaret Mead's chief concern in The Fateful Hoaxing of Margaret Mead.;;(John) (Derek) Freeman
;;Michael Dummett calls this thinker the "archetype of a platonist," and in one essay this thinker notes that a horseman, a painter and a zoologist will connect different ideas with the name "Bucephalus," which constitutes a central distinction between an idea and a sign's sense. He utilized his Axiom Five to establish Hume's Principle, and the derivation of Dedekind/Peano axioms from Hume's Principle is often called this man's theorem. That axiom, in part, prompted a letter from Bertrand Russell, which revealed a contradiction in this man's naive set theory. His Inhaltsstrich and Urteilsstrich are vestiges of his system which survive today in the "turnstile" symbol or "assertion sign." For 10 points, name this German philosopher and logician, who developed an axiomatic concept notation system in his Begriffschrift and is the author of "On Sense and Reference," and The Foundations of Arithmetic.;;(F(.)W(.)) (Gottlob) Frege
;;This scientist's most noted experiment created a two-dimensional electron gas in an inversion layer below a silicon dioxide MOSFET.  This scientist discovered an effect whereby the factor "v" is consistent with the action of degenerate Landau levels, in contrast to an effect discovered by Robert Laughlin that relies on "quasiparticles" called anyons to explain fractional values for the filling factor.  He also names a value that is equal to Planck's constant over the charge of the electron squared, and is measured in ohms.  That constant named for this man, denoted R-sub-K, is the amount by which the resistance to a certain effect is quantized.  For 10 points, name this man who discovered a series of stepwise jumps in resistance at low temperatures, a result known as the Integer Quantum Hall Effect.;;(Klaus) (von) Klitzing
;;One leader of this name ruled about twenty six hundred years before the War in Iraq, renamed the Dorian tribes of his city Swine-men, Pig-men and Ass-men, and held a competition over the hand of his daughter Agariste. The more famous ruler of this name was opposed by Cleomenes I after his rival appealed to Sparta and banished this man on the basis of a curse on his Alcmaeonid line. This son of Megacles who gained fame for overthrowing Hippias was reinstated when Isagoras met popular resistance. He spread the four tribes into ten based on area of residence and expanded the Boule from four hundred to five hundred in a series of reforms he called isonomia. For 10 points name this man known as the "the father of Athenian democracy" and is not Solon or Peisistratos.;;Cleisthenes
;;Jean Jacques Rousseau in his Letter to D'Alambert equates the protagonist of this play to himself and suggests a different ending. Two men in this play read flattering letters out loud after each agreeing to lay off the female lead if she shows interest in the other one of them. This play contains a trite poem addressed to Phyllis and that poem results in a lawsuit when the protagonist savages it. Acaste and Clitandre compete for Celimene, whom the protagonist also loves. The protagonist asks her to run off to the wilderness with him to escape exaggerated rumors spread by Oronte. For 10 points name this Moliere play about Alceste, a brutally honest man who hates hypocrisy and fails at winning friends and influencing people.;;(The) Misanthrope|(Le) Misanthrope(:) (ou) (l'Atrabilaire) (amoureux)
;;A similar statement named partly for Huang Kun takes into account non-adiabatic terms, although the parameters behind this statement are considered adiabatic since one component is assumed to not have a finite relaxation time. It names a surface that describe nuclear dynamics governed by a time dependent Schrodinger equation, while its second step uses Eckart conditions to separate various forms of nuclear motion.  This statement is supported by the fact that the electron to nuclear mass ratio is about 1/1800, but breaks down in the case of degenerate electronic energy levels. For 10 points, identify this approximation that gives the total molecular wavefunction as the product of nuclear and electronic components, named for an American and German physicist.;;Born(-)Oppenheimer (approximation)
;;This work's last section "Fruit and Seed" ends by quoting four lines of Samson Agonisthes. One character in this work has a turquoise necklace returned to her after losing the rest of her money at roulette. The protagonist of this novel helps Hans Meyrick win a scholarship at Cambridge. The nasty sidekick Lush prompts Lydia Glasher to beg one character not to pursue the wealthy Mallinger Grandcourt, son of the title character's guardian Sir Hugo Mallinger. The protagonist helps one character get an audition with Herr Klessmer and joins a discussion club with Mordecai after saving Mira Lapidoth from drowning and becoming a mentor to Gwendolen Harleth. For 10 points name this work about a Jewish foundling, the last novel of George Eliot.;;Daniel Deronda
;;He appointed noted sandwich namesake John Montague to First Lord of the Admiralty using political capital won when the Duc de Choiseul was unable to convince the French king to join the Spanish in war over the Falklands. As a Member of Parliament he initiated the exile of John Wilkes, but he reconciled with Wilkes after that man defended the Bank of England against rioters angry at the Papist Acts passed during his ministry. He briefly returned to power when he joined a coalition with the radical Whig Charles Fox, after he became the first PM to be ousted by a vote of no confidence after putting down the Gordon Riots and failing to achieve his "Conciliation Plan." For 10 points name this Prime Minister who served during the battles of Lexington and Yorktown and has been blamed for losing the American Revolution.;;(Frederick) North(,) (2nd) (Earl) (of) (Guilford)
;;He delayed publishing of an account of his extensive research with the Bureau of Municipal Research after receiving a telegram from Viscount Goto announcing the 1923 earthquake in Tokyo. His book The Administration and Politics of Tokyo sprung from his post earthquake studies, and he disregarded "naked imperialism" and "little Americanism" to support a policy of "no policy at all" in his 1922 work Cross Currents in Europe. This author was attacked for a work in which he claimed America's funding of the Flying Tigers and use of undeclared naval warfare to argue that the American people were duped into accepting World War II in President Roosevelt and the Coming of the War. This historian expanded his best known thesis in a work about Jacksonian Democracy, and this author wrote a series of US history books with his wife Mary. For 10 points name this historian who argued that the framers of the constitution had their own monetary interests in mind in An Economic Interpretation of the Constitution of the United States.;;(Charles) (Austin) Beard
;;The second act of one movement in this composer's opera cycle is often played as a trumpet concerto under the name Michael's Journey around the Earth. This man's "group composition" broke musical time into "moments" and smaller sections and found its roots in the "cells" of Webern. In one of his compositions named for those groups, each section is played in a different part of the hall. The eleventh member of one of his series for piano allows the performer to choose the order of those groups as in his solo percussion piece where the performer must return to his starting point, Zyklus. One of his cycles consists of fifteen compositions include inscriptions that tell the performer to do things like go without sleep and play sounds without thinking, as in Goldstaub, the fourteenth in From the Seven Days. Also based around seven days is his opera cycle Licht. For 10 points, name this German avant-garde electronic composer, known for his Klavierstucke and Kontakte and a Helicopter quartet.;;(Karlheinz) Stockhausen
;;This man theorized that if both chess players are rational, then a sequence of winning moves can be found using an algorithm, then developed a backward-induction algorithm still used in games of perfect information.  He also proved Henri Poincare's recurrence theorem, then used it to argue against the Second Law of Thermodynamics.  This mathematician independently discovered Russell's paradox, and introduced the Axiom of Choice in his proof of the Well-Ordering Theorem.  His best-known contribution may be a set of seven axioms including those of union, separation, and infinity.  For 10 points, name this German mathematician whose namesake axioms of set theory were extended by Abraham Fraenkel.;;(Ernst) (Friedrich) (Ferdinand) Zermelo
;;The owner of a restaurant sarcastically suggests eating paper money after refusing to accept it and the third part of this book opens with a letter asking one character to come to El Paso to help open a restaurant. The protagonist and his friends pretend to execute a journalist in order to verify his claims through his last confession to a priest. Other characters include the sadistic soldier Whitey, the barber-surgeon Vanancio, and the opportunistic Luis Cervantes who competes with the protagonist for the affections of the nurse Camilla. For 10 points name this novel about Demetrios Macias who is gunned down by the Federales after witnessing the battle of Celaya between Pancho Villa and Carranza, a work about Mexican Revolution by Mariano Azuela.;;(The) Underdogs|Los de abajo
;;In one action fought in this state, Adam Slemmer abandoned Fort Barrancas to defend Fort Pickens at the battle of Santa Rosa Island. In another engagement here, The 54th Massachusetts prevented a Union rout near Ocean Pond as Truman Seymour was repulsed by Joseph Finegan at the Battle of Olustee. Attorney-General Cocke admitted to irregularities in his certification of results intended to sway four electoral votes from this state which was disputed along with Louisiana and South Carolina in the 1876 Presidential Election. Fulwar Skipwith was the only governor of a short lived Republic set up after a rebellion in the Western part of this state in 1810. Another conflict in this state saw the Treaty of Payne's Landing which resulted in the Dade massacre and a conflict which ended with the capture of Osceola.  For 10 points name this state that was home to three Seminole Wars.;;Florida
;;Her domicile is found in a cave with aspen, cypress, and alder trees around it that is framed by grapevines and is at the interaction of four rivers. This figure fears that she is about to be killed in the manner of Iasion or Orion, and then swears by Styx and the sky that she is not being deceitful. This figure, who denies having a heart of iron, is described as wearing a veil, a silver mantle, and a golden belt on a fateful day when she encounters a man who had been floating on a fig tree for nine days after escaping Charybdis. She gives tools and cloth to that man, whom Hermes has ordered away, and on the fifth day afterwards, that companion of this figure, who serves ambrosia and red nectar at her table, sets sail. For 10 points, name this resident of Ogygia who spent seven years with Odysseus.;;Calypso
;;This man is the first namesake of a linear partial differential equation that is elliptic or hyperbolic for negative or positive values of the Tchaplyguine variable.  In addition to that equation for transonic flow partially named for Tricomi, this man lends his name to a criterion that can be used to calculate Legendre symbols.  One of this man's theorems states that the operator x dot grad returns n times f of x when applied to a smooth function f of x that is homogeneous of degree n.  This man's namesake fluid description uses a frame that is fixed in space, as opposed to the Lagrangian description.  Carmichael's theorem generalizes a theorem due to this man that involves this man's namesake totient function.  FTP name this solver of the bridges of Konigsberg problem whose namesake number is the base of the natural logarithm.;;(Leonhard) Euler
;;This man's Scottish enemies banded together into a club and forced him to replace the Duke of Hamilton with Lord Melville.  The accusation that this man had an affair with his secretary Arnold Keppel may explain the reference to a vice "of one sort" by Bishop Burnet. He died after breaking his collarbone in a fall from horse, causing his Catholic opponents to toast "the little gentleman in black velvet," the mole that caused the horse to stumble. While he failed to storm a camp at Steenkirke, his successes in the Protestant cause included his landing at Torbay and victory at the Battle of the Boyne.  For 10 points, name this Dutch ruler brought to power in England by the Glorious Revolution along with his Stuart wife, Mary.;;William III
;;Antonio Machado wrote a poem "On the death of" this man, as well as a poem addressing this man, "To the Master."  This man's short stories "The Deaf Satyr" and "The Veil of Queen Mab" appear in a collection whose title and French influence were noted disapprovingly in an otherwise positive review in one of the Cartas Americanas by Juan Valera.  One of this man's poems opens, "The voice that would reach you, Hunter, must speak/ in Biblical tones, or in the poetry of Walt Whitman," and calls its addressee "a Professor of Energy" before concluding "you are lacking one thing: God!"  FTP, name this author of the Modernist Profane Hymns as well as "To Roosevelt" and the collection Azul, a Nicaraguan poet.;;(Ruben) Dario|(Felix) (Ruben) Garcia (Sarmiento)
;;Mountain peoples of this island were once known as "alzados" and accused of headhunting, while its northern mountains beyond Dalton Pass are inhabited by the Ifugao, who build terraces in order to grow rice. Volcanic features here include the crater that forms Taal Lake and the cone of Mount Mayon on its southeastern Bicol Peninsula. The Zambales Mountains on its western edge form the south end of the Lingayen Gulf, while the most famous peak here is Mount Pinatubo, whose 1991 eruption interfered with the closing of the U.S. military bases at Subic Bay and Clark Field. For 10 points, what home of Ilocano and Tagalog people is the largest island in the Philippines?.;;Luzon
;;The phase shift acquired by the Aharanov-Bohm effect for two identical charged particles traveling different paths is given by two pi times this quantity times the charge over Planck's constant.  Molecular clouds undergo dynamic collapse on a modified Jeans length when the ratio of mass to this quantity reaches a critical value.  The quantum of this quantity is given by Planck's constant over twice the electron charge, and is the inverse of the Josephson constant.  The negative time derivative of this quantity equals the emf induced in a circuit according to Faraday's law.  FTP, name this quantity which equals the integral of the magnetic field over any surface bounded by a particular closed loop.;;(magnetic) flux
;;This battle was decided when the gunboats Lexington and Tyler arrived to support a line of siege guns the defenders had assembled overlooking Dill Branch.  One division of the defending army missed the first day of the battle after getting lost on the way to Snake Creek Bridge.  The retreat of Thomas Sweeny's troops caused another division, led by Benjamin Prentiss, to be surrounded and captured near the Hornet's Nest.  The commander of the losing army led a charge across a cotton field, during which he was shot through the leg and bled to death, slowing a Confederate surprise attack that began by overrunning William Tecumseh Sherman's outposts. For 10 points, Albert Sidney Johnston was killed at what battle, an April 1862 Union victory near the Tennessee River?.;;(Battle) (of) Shiloh|(Battle) (of) Pittsburg Landing
;;The Mudgala Purana lists eight incarnations of this deity who overcome eight demons.  His other incarnations include one who slew Sindura, who was born from Brahma's yawn, and one with 10 arms who slew the demon brothers Davantaka and Narantaka.  On one occasion he was appeased by a handful of rice after he threatened to eat Kubera.  He won his consorts Siddhi and Buddhi by sitting down to read some scriptures during a race around the world.  He allowed himself to be hit after recognizing a weapon created by his father during a confrontation with Parasu-Rama, and his refusal to budge from guarding his mother's bath resulted in his decapitation by his father.  He also transcribed Vyasa's dictation of the Mahabharata.  FTP name this son of Parvati and Shiva with a one-tusked elephant's head the Hindu god of wisdom.;;Ganesha
;;One character in this novel confesses to having dueled a wicked nobleman in Siena and to having had an affair with Sally Godfrey.  That character is angered when he learns from Simon Darnford about the plans of Parson Williams and the central character.  This novel inspired one author to write a short work ending with a letter from Parson Tickletext to Parson Oliver, as well as a novel featuring Fanny Goodwill and Parson Abraham Adams.  This novel's central male character disguises himself as the servant Nan and has his wicked housekeeper Mrs. Jewkes hold the naked central character in bed, but she faints before he can rape her.  FTP name this epistolary novel showcasing "Virtue Rewarded" in which the title character finally marries Squire B., written by Samuel Richardson.;;Pamela(,) (or(,)) (Virtue) (Rewarded)
;;Among the few piano pieces by this composer is Quiet Contemplation on an Autumn Evening. This composer set several works of August Silberstein to music, including a work for choir and orchestra about an island in the North Sea, Helgoland.   One of his symphonies contains a second-movement Adagio in C-sharp minor, which features a clash of cymbals and triangles that was omitted in the version published by Robert Haas.  In addition to that Seventh Symphony in E major, he wrote a symphony which in some versions contains a Volksfest finale, and whose third movement is called the "hunt" scherzo, and which was premiered by Hans Richter.  For ten points, name this composer whose 4th Symphony in E-flat major is nicknamed the "Romantic," a 19th-century Austrian.;;(Anton) Bruckner
;;Rosamond McKitterick wrote a study about literacy during this dynasty, while Janet Nelson has examined the position of women within the imperial household. Its early members, who traced descent to Begga and Ansegisel, exploited popular discontent with Warratto and won the Battle of Tertry. The reform of calligraphy under its rule resulted in a noted "miniscule" script used to record charters at monasteries like Lorsch and St. Gall. Scholars like Scotus Eriugena, Einhard, and Alcuin flourished during its rule, but it began to decline after three of its members partitioned their realms under the Treaty of Verdun. Weakened by Viking raids, it was succeeded by the Ottonians and the Capetians. For 10 points, name this Frankish royal house, which included Charles Martel and Charlemagne.;;Carolingian (dynasty)
;;They are exemplified in a reaction that uses a strong Bronsted or Lewis acid to convert divinyl ketones to a form of pentenone. Taking into account frontier orbitals, they classify certain systems as "symmetry allowed" and are supported by extended Huckel theory. They note that the reaction of compounds containing 4n+2 pi electrons will be a disrotatory process, while those containing 4n pi electrons will undergo a conrotatory process. This can be seen in the reaction of butadiene to cyclobutene, an electrocyclic process. For 10 points, identify this set of rules used for predicting the stereochemistry of pericyclic reactions.;;Woodward(-)Hoffmann (rules)
;;One of this man's novels sees the ghost of Maeve Livingston avenge herself on her murderer, the cowardly Grahame Coats.  Another of his novels features a character who runs an annual event in Lakeside in which people bet on what day a klunker will fall through the frozen lake; those klunkers hide the bodies of children murdered each year by Hinzelmann.  In another of his works the title character receives a seeing-stone from the actresses April Spink and Miriam Forcible which she uses to thwart a character with buttons for eyes known as The Other Mother.  He wrote a series of works whose protagonist rescues Rose Walker from a serial killer convention in the collection The Doll's House and teams up with his youngest sister in the collection Brief Lives to search for his long-lost brother Destruction.  FTP name this author who created the characters Fat Charlie Nancy and Shadow in his novels Anansi Boys and American Gods, as well as the comic book series The Sandman.;;(Neil) (Richard) Gaiman
;;This man describes "incestuous symbiosis" as one manifestation of the regressive orientation, and associates "biophilia" with the progressive orientation, in his work The Heart of Man: its Genius for Good and Evil.  He discussed Kafka's The Trial, Bachofen's interpretation of the Oresteia, and the Enuma Elish in the final chapter of a work purporting to be "an introduction to the understanding of dreams, fairy tales and myths."  In his last major work he argue that disaster would result from pursuit of the second title mode of existence.  In addition to The Forgotten Language and To Have or To Be, he wrote a work that discusses the psychology of Nazism and argues that feelings of alienation in modern society drive people to seek the security of authoritarian regimes.  FTP name this psychologist whose work Man for Himself continued his earlier Escape From Freedom.;;(Erich) (Seligmann) Fromm
;;One character mentions a lover named Father Auguste near the end of this play, and gives another character an armband with political insignia on it when he worries about a set of forty coffins.  Another character in this work claims she can count to infinity; when her claim is rejected as impossible, she declares that she can count to sixteen, then correctly multiplies two ten-digit numbers.  That character is afflicted with a toothache shortly after expressing interest in hearing about neo-Spanish languages.  This play's central male character ignores the Maid's attempts to steer things away from arithmetic and her warning that philology leads to calamity, eventually proving the truth of his own statement "The knife kills."  FTP name this Ionesco play in which the Professor kills his Pupil.;;(The) Lesson(,) (A) (Comic) (Drama)|(La) Lecon
;;One of his paintings appears to show a young boy looking at the viewer, holding up the decapitated head of a deer by its antlers.  In addition to Putto with Hunting Trophy, this artist painted a now-lost Madonna of Albinea.  He was commissioned by the abbess Giovanna Piacenza to paint numerous frescoes for a chamber in her convent, and he painted a fresco depicting a scene from the Book of Revelation on the ceiling of the San Giovanni Evangelista.  In addition to painting works in the previously mentioned convent of San Paolo, this artist created a fresco of the Assumption of the Virgin on the ceiling of the dome of the Cathedral of Parma, as well as a series of four paintings depicting scenes from Ovid's Metamorphoses, such as the Abduction of Ganymede and Danae. For ten points, name this artist of the Loves of Jupiter series.;;Correggio () (or(:)) () (Antonio) Allegri
;;Donald Sherburne has written a "key" to understanding one of this philosopher's most famous works.  In one of his works, this man distinguishes between two types of reason, one shared by gods, personified by Plato, and one shared by foxes, personified by Ulysses.  In another work, he described earlier ages as having "faith, based on reason," and modern ages as having "reason, based on faith."  In addition to writing The Function of Reason, this man wrote a work which introduced fundamental units called "actual occasions." That work expounded a theory he called the "philosophy of organism," and he described his metaphysics in works such as Science and the Modern World and Process and Reality.  Also author of The Treatise on Universal Algebra, for ten points, name this philosopher who, along with Bertrand Russell, wrote Principia Mathematica.;;(Alfred) (North) Whitehead
;;This nation used the Swedish freighter Alfhem to acquire surplus Czech weapons, which were the target of a paramilitary operation to destroy its railroads led by Rip Robertson. Other subversive activities here included the propaganda channel "Voice of Liberation" and Operation Success, a plan to create civil war. Both were approved by.ambassador John Peurifoy, whose efforts helped install Carlos Castillo Armas as its military dictator. Guerrillas like Gaspar Ilom fought during its civil war, which included a massacre at Sacuchum. A 1954 CIA coup in this country defended the interests of the United Fruit company and overthrew president Jacobo Arbenz Guzman. For 10 points, name that Central American country, the home of Rigoberta Menchu.;;Guatemala
;;The Latin phrase that opens the second line of this poem's second stanza means "Hail to thee," whereas the nonsensical three words that end the sixth line in the ninth and final stanza begin a necromantic spell.  The speaker also utters in Latin, "Hail, Virgin full of grace" denoting the beginning of the Vespers that call him away at the poem's end.  The reference to "twenty-nine damnations" in the seventh stanza is from Deuteronomy not Galatians as the poem states.  Among the sins the speaker ascribes are lusting after Sweet Dolores and Sanchicha, ostensibly two residents of the titular locale, who have been eyed by the speaker not Brother Lawrence to whom the speaker attributes his shortcomings.  FTP, name this poem that begins and ends with exclamations of, "Gr-r-r," a Robert Browing work told from the viewpoint of a jealous monk from Iberia.;;Soliloquy of the Spanish Cloister
;;This man was initially thought to be responsible for a mysterious oil patch near Sipoo, where an underwater team searched for his possible remains. This current poker professional spent four years in prison for stabbing a woman who rejected him for a date in 1989 and suffered convictions for fraud and stealing a cashmere sweater later on. However, his most noted brush with the law came when he was imprisoned for eleven months at Lefortovo after being convincted of "hooliganism" in connection with his signature act. He was known as "number 8255" during the period where he mysteriously was able to change his clothes, several hours after leaving from Helsinki and claiming Stockholm as his destination. His subsequent actions on that May 1987 day led to the firings of Sergei Sokolov and Alexandr Koldunov from their defense ministry positions. For 10 points, name this West German teenager who landed his Cessna in front of St. Basil's Cathedral after evading the Soviet air defense system.;;(Matthias) Rust
;;His work on political economy seems to reproduce features of Christian Wolff's Enlightened Despotism, despite the autarkic economic system it postulates, in this man's The Closed Commercial State. This figure argues that one cannot postulate the existence of God outside a "moral world order," in his On the Basis of Our Belief in a Divine Governance of the World. This thinker makes a distinction between mere "reflection" or setzen, and Tathandlung or fact/act unity in the realization of self, and his concept of the Anstoss signifies the self's original encounter with its own finitude.  This philosopher outlined five progressive stages of history in his Characteristics of the Present Age, as well as a short work Machiavelli as Author during his "Berlin period." During his "Jena period" he asserted the "absolute I" as the foundational basis of his system, which attempted to transcendentally derive objective necessity and human finitude. Indirectly responding to F.H. Jacobi's critique of his system in The Vocation of Man, For 10 points, name this German philosopher who developed the Wissenschaftslehre and authored a very Kantian Attempt at a Critique of All Revelation.;;(Johann) (Gottlieb) Fichte
;;He first entered printmaking by experimenting with a variation on collotype which he dubbed "collograph," which resulted in his Woman Holding Cats. To commemorate the fiftieth anniversary of St. Matthew's Church in Northampton, he sculpted a Madonna and Child , while his first public commission was for the Portland stone  West Wind for the headquarters of the London Underground Railway. Sculptures from one of his other series are on display at both Lincoln Center and UNESCO headquarters, and were influenced by the Mayan Chacmool, and in honor of Enrico Fermi's achievement of a self-sustaining reaction he created Nuclear Energy. For ten points, name this English sculptor known for his abstract bronze Reclining Figures.;;(Henry) Moore
;;Population imbalance in a Fermi mixture leads to the breakdown of this property at the Chandrasekhar-Clogston limit.  The ability of one material to display this property was discovered by Lee, Osheroff, and Richardson when they were experimenting with that material's negative heat of solidification below .3 K. In thin layers, materials with this property adsorb to a surface because of van der Waals interactions, and undergo wave motion dubbed "third sound."  Materials with this property can produce a Rollin film and undergo the Onnes effect.  Quantum sound waves are responsible for this property according to Landau's theory of it.  For 10 points, name this property that exists below the lambda point in helium-four, when a liquid's viscosity becomes zero and there is no resistance to flow.;;superfluidity
;;One figure with this first name was the Countess of Beresford to whom Samuel Daniel addressed a noted epistle.  It is also the first name of a title character of a 1935 novel who drowns in a lake in a death similar to that of the middle-aged opera singer who she loved, Clement Sebastian.  This name also refers to a title character of a poem who dies in a storm and of whom the narrator had "oft heard of" and who was the "sweetest thing that ever grew."  It is also affixed to such poems as "A slumber did my spirit seal," "She dwelt among the untrodden ways," and "Strange fits of passion have I known" - three of the five poems collectively known by this name and which were written by William Wordsworth.  FTP, give this name also shared by Willa Cather's Ms. Gayheart as well as a Ms. Montgomery who wrote of Anne of Green Gables.;;Lucy
;;William Hypolitus Keating first postulated this entity's existence while on Stephen Long's expedition.  Shallow grooves created by the internal movement of this body are evinced by "beaded shelterbelts," which are areas in which belts of trees are taller or shorter depending on local soil effects.  Landforms called "differential compaction ridges" were created by this body's constant refilling.  Kennett and Firestone proposed the "Clovis comet hypothesis" in opposition to a theory that states that this body's drainage into the Atlantic likely resulted in a major stadial known as the Younger Dryas.  This body's main outflow channel carved the Traverse Gap near Big Stone Lake, and spilled over a giant waterfall that receded to form St. Anthony Falls.  Its waters exited via River Warren and the St. Lawrence River.  For 10 points, name this body of water that, during the end of the last glacial period, covered most of Manitoba and parts of Saskatchewan and Minnesota, named for the Swiss glaciologist Louis.;;(Glacial) (Lake) Agassiz
;;Last name's the same. Though not Giotto, one artist of this name depicted The Raising of Drusiana in the same city as Giotto's version of that scene. That man was commissioned to decorate the Carafa chapel in the church of Santa Maria sopra Minerva, as well as the Strozzi chapel in Santa Maria Novella. Another artist of this name depicted God placing a crown on Mary's head below a rainbow in his Coronation of the Virgin in Spoleto Cathedral. That man also created depicted the virgin wearing a turban and standing above Frediano and Augustine in his Barbadori Altarpiece. The aforementioned artist of this name depicted a demon gnawing on his chains in a cave in his Apparition of the Virgin to St. Bernard, while the latter depicted a woman in a black and red headdress approached by a suitor in Man and Woman at a Casement, and was a teacher of Botticelli. For ten points, identify this surname shared by Filippino and his father Fra Filippo.;;Lippi
;;In this work, the title character threatens to leave after he is told that his speeches are too long, whereupon Hippias offers his services as a moderator. After going to the house of Callias, the title character explains his views in the form of an apologue, which describes how after Prometheus had given men the arts, Zeus is represented as sending Hermes to them, bearing with him Justice and Reverence. The title character's thesis is represented by a poem of Simonides of Ceos, which notes the sage's Pittacus' statement "Hard it is to become good." The title character views are also heavily discussed in the Theatetus, in that work Socrates claims that he holds that wind is cold to him who is cold, and not to him who is not. Introducing the notion that it is impossible to knowingly commit and evil act and setting out to show whether virtue can be taught, for 10 points, name this eponymous Socratic dialogue in which the titular sophist claims, "man is the measure of all things.".;;Protagoras
;;This law's chief measure was ruled constitutional in the Supreme Court case of Field v. Clark.  Its Senate sponsor had added the measure giving the President a reciprocity power that was revoked two years later.  Its Senate sponsor, Rhode Island's Nelson Aldrich, survived its unpopularity unlike its namesake who lost his House seat in the immediate mid-term election that followed.  Queen Liliukokalani proposed disenfranchising Americans on Hawaii due to her disapproval of its passage, which was due to Western and Southern Democrats who supported it in return for Republican cooperation on the Silver Purchase Act.  It was a Republican, Benjamin Harrison, who was defeated two years later largely for his support of it.  FTP, name this bill that placed a 49% tax on imports and which was named for the Ohio Congressman and future 25th President of the U.S. who proposed it.;;Mckinley Tariff|Tariff of 1890|Tariff Act of 1890|Tariff Bill of 1890
;;These entities are utilized in the calibrating program GLEE and the function behind them was thoroughly developed by Stumm and Morgan in 1981. To avoid errors from changing ionic strength, salt is typically added and since they employ an exponential function that can never equal zero, data is extrapolated near the end to determine the desired result. Having a slope equal to the ratio of activity coefficients multiplied by the negative dissociation constant, they plot volume versus volume multiplied by ten to the power of the negative pH and use data taken up to 80 to 90 percent of the equivalence point. For 10 points, identify these plots used in titrations to estimate the equivalence point or end point.;;Gran (plot/method/titration)
;;A homolog of this protein "enriched in brain" is thought to bind to the kinase domain of MTOR when activated by the hamartin-tuberin complex.  This protein is regulated by neurofibrimin in Schwann cells, and the active form of this protein can induce development of R7 cells in the fly eye in the absence of sevenless.  This protein is activated upon binding to Sos, and it activates a series of serine-threonine kinases culminating in the activation of MAP kinase.  When the glycine at position 12 is replaced by any other non-proline amino acid, allowing it to bind to but not hydrolyze GTP, this protein becomes oncogenic.  For 10 points, name this monomeric GTPase switch protein named because its oncogenic form was first discovered in rat sarcoma viruses.;;Ras
;;The protagonist of Jeffrey Archer's novel, A Prisoner of Birth , repeatedly compares his plight and his plan to that of the protagonist of this novel.  Lesbian undertones characterize the relationship between Eugenie and her music teacher Louise, who by novel's end have run off to Rome, where we earlier met the bandit leader Luigi Vampa.  The love of Valentine and Maximillian is solely heterosexual as is that of the protagonist for his young ward, the Turkish princess Haydee.  The final part of the protagonist's plan sees the bankruptcy of Danglars come to fruition, which follows the ruination of both Villefort and Fernand, the other two figures involved in framing the protagonist in a Bonapartist plot.  FTP, name this adventure novel about the revenge of Edmund Dantes and written by Alexander Dumas, pere.;;(The) Count of Monte Cristo
;;The founder of the Juvenalia and a namesake festival, he installed Tigranes and later Tiridates as kings of Armenia, and used the henchman Anicetus in divorcing and murdering his first wife. Like Claudius, he married a Messalina as his third wife, but his only child died in infancy. This ruler was rebelled against by Clodius Macer, the governor of Africa, and commanded the general Corbulo to commit suicide. In early life he was advised the praetorian prefect Burrus and also the author of De Ira and the Apocolocyntosis. He forced a man known as his arbiter elegantiae, Petronius, to commit suicide, and employed the architect Fabullus to build a palace known as the Domus Aurea. The target of the Pisonian conspiracy, he was eventually unseated by the revolt of Gaius Vindex in Gaul. For Ten Points, name this husband of Poppaea, student of Seneca, and predecessor of Galba, the last of the Julio-Claudian Roman emperors.;;Nero (Claudius) (Caesar)
;;The author of this book noted the influence that Franz Neumann's modern working of the Leviathan, entitled The Behemoth, had on this work. One section of this book discusses the ways in which the checks-and-balances system has been made obsolete because of its reliance on the middle class as a pivot. That section is entitled "The Theory of Balance." The eleventh section of this work discusses the five stages that the titular construction moved through, including one which began directly after World War II, and the subsequent section, entitled "The Mass Society," draws an important distinction between a society and a mass. The last section of this work discusses the antithetical characteristics of the title group and is called "The Higher Immorality." For ten points, identify this work which discusses the titular societal construction composed of leaders of industry, politics, and the military, a work by sociologist C. Wright Mills.;;(The) Power(-)Elite
;;Frank Hodder proposed that the man who initiated this legislation was motivated by the prospect of organizing support for a transcontinental railroad that began in his home state. This legislation was opposed by Theodore Parker in a speech in which he cautioned that "Spain... stands there a perpetual warning for all of us," while Charles Sumner's notable "landmark" speech was delivered in opposition to this act. Josiah Miller and R.G. Elliott organized the Sandbank Convention as a consequence of the passage of this act, which also stimulated the activity of the Emigrant Aid Company. Among the fallouts from this bill were repeated conflicts with "border ruffians" who sought to influence decisions in the territories addressed by this bill, as well as multiple candidate constitutions, including a pro-slavery one drawn up on Lecompton, in one territory. Introduced by Stephen Douglas, for ten points, identify this 1854 act which repealed the Missouri Compromise and established the principle of popular sovereignty in its namesake western states.;;Kansas(-)Nebraska (Act)
;;In one scene of this movie, a child transcribes "The cold winter is over. Spring has come. It is April now," and that character's brother runs around picking grass and ignoring his grandmother. A tour bus scene occurs just before one character shows takes her in-laws around the title city and is questioned about a picture of her eight-year dead husband. One character in this film experiences dizziness after a poor night of sleep at the Atami spa, and her husband's reunion with a scribe and police officer results in his drunken arrival at the door of the hairdresser Shige, who is later reproached by Kyoko for being selfish. Near this film's end, Shukichi sends several telegrams to the Hirayama family, as Tomi lies on her deathbed having drifted apart from her children in the title city. For 10 points, name this 1953 masterpiece directed by Yasujiro Ozu.;;Tokyo Story|Tokyo monogatari
;;The Prologue to this work suggests that "When Anna's sceptre points the laws their course... there scarce is room for satire," and is spoken by Mr. Wilks. After kissing a maid named Cherry, one character compares her lips to honeycombs, to which she replies that she wishes there had been bees too, to sting him for his impudence. In this play, the highwayman Gibbet makes a plan to rob the household of a character who is flirting with the captive French officer Bellair, while Foigard is revealed to be an Irishman posing as a Frenchman in this play. This work's first act opens with a scene in which one of the main characters drinks some "confounded strong" ale served by Boniface, who tells that character about Lady Bountiful. The arrival of Sir Charles Freeman, who confirms the story of the death of the eldest brother of the two main characters, results in an inheritance for one of the main characters and the separation of Freeman's sister from her brutish husband.  Ending with Archer engineering Mrs. Sullen's divorce from her husband and Aimwell's marriage to Dorinda, for ten points, identify this late Restoration comedy, the most famous work of George Farquhar.;;(The) Beaux' Stratagem
;;A song from this band's first album exhorts "Alexander" that you can do it, comes right before "Une Anee sans Lumiere," and is one of four songs labeled "Neighborhoods." One song from this band's second album notes that "just because you've forgotten doesn't mean you''re forgiven" and that the title condition "keeps me from dancing with the one I love." That song, "My Body is a Cage," comes after tracks like "Ocean of Noise" and "Intervention." A track about a place where "no spaceships go," "No Cars Go" appeared on this band's eponymous EP, which was released in 2003. The title track from one of their albums has a music video filmed entirely in an elevator and notes that there's "not much chance of survival" if the title book is true. For ten points, identify this indie band fronted by Regine Chassagne and Win Butler, who released Funeral and Neon Bible.;;(The) Arcade Fire
;;Bromine in methanol and dilute sulfuric acid are used to convert the alcohol of this compound to a dihydropyran in the Achmatowicz reaction. An "interrupted" modification of one reaction that produces this compound involves quinine in the presence of a proton sponge, and that reaction is catalyzed by amines and involves alpha-halogen ketones and beta-dicarbonyl compounds and is the Feist-Benary synthesis. 1,4-diketones are reacted with phosphorus pentoxide to produce these in Paal-Knorr synthesis, and these compounds are hydrogenated with a palladium catalyst to produce the "tetrahydro" variety of ether. Analogous to thiophene and pyrrhole, for 10 points, name this aromatic compound with a five-element ring containing one oxygen atom.;;furan
;;One of these works begins by telling of how its author was asked to write an introduction to a Leonard Merrick novel, and goes on, by way of Chesterton, to classify works such as the Sherlock Holmes stories as "good bad books." Another of these works analyzes the titular writer's new book The Machiavellians, and is a commentary on the author of The Managerial Revolution, James Burnham. Including works such as "The Lion and the Unicorn," which defends patriotic feelings towards the subtitular nation, as well as "In Defense of P.G. Wodehouse," among these works is one which compares Henry Miller to Walt Whitman in analyzing Miller's Tropic of Cancer and Black Spring. In addition to "Inside the Whale," another of these works condemns such artifices as dying metaphors, pretentious diction, and meaningless words in analyzing the titular tongue, while one of the most famous of these works admits that the title action was committed "solely to avoid looking a fool." Including such works as "Decline of the English Murder," and "Politics and the English Language," for ten points, identify these non-fiction works by the author of "Shooting an Elephant," some of which are collected in Burmese Days.;;essays (of) (George) Orwell
;;In Germanic folklore, a giant named Lars Krands used one of these objects to transport sand that he then dumped on an offending farmer. In the Aeneid, Entellus uses one of these objects to kill a bull after defeating Dares in a contest. In the Mabinogion, Manawyddan uses one of these objects to store a captive mouse which he intends to hang for stealing grain from him. In Norse myth, one of these objects belonging to the giant Skrymir is mistaken by Thor for a house during a journey to the realm of Utgard-Loki. King Amycus, who attempted to impede the progress of the Argonauts before being defeated by Polydeuces, owned some of these objects that had spikes concealed in them, and Thor owned some iron examples of these objects, which were borrowed from the giantess Grith, and which he used to kill the giant Geirrod by throwing a piece of iron at him. For ten points, identify these objects, one of which had to be worn on Thor's right hand in order to wield Mjolnir and which might be useful to boxers.;;gloves
;;Dekker's algorithm was the first to successfully apply these constructs, and Peterson's algorithm, which implements a bounded waiting scheme, also makes use of these constructs and was generalized to n greater than 2 my Hofri. These constructs usually support two operations denoted V and P, which correspond to an increment and a decrement operation, and the blocked-queue implementation of these constructs keeps track of the next action to be invoked through a first-in-first-out mechanism. Usually used to solve common classes of problems like the producer-consumer problem, incorrect use of these constructs can lead to either starvation or a condition in which no processes are making progress, deadlock. Invented by Edsger Dijkstra as a solution to the "dining philosophers" problem, for ten points, identify these programming constructs which control access to shared resources between processes.;;semaphores
;;In the foreword to this work, its author references a brief correspondence he had with Johan Bojer, who published a similar work shortly prior to this work's publication. After treating an Indian chief for blood poisoning, the main character of this work receives a pony as a reward, and a female character in this work recalls how her parents begged her husband not to take her across the sea, and laments the "west-fever" which she sees among the young. The naming of a boy who is jokingly prophesied to become President because, "he is born in the country," causes tension in this work between Kjersti and Tonseten. In this work's final chapter, entitled "The Great Plain Drinks the Blood of Christian Men and is Satisfied," the main character dies in a snowstorm while trying to get a minister for Hans Olsa, and his last thoughts are of his wife Beret and his son Peder Victorious. For ten points, identify this novel about Per Hansa, a Norwegian who settles in the Dakotas, the most famous work of Ole Rolvaag.;;Giants in the Earth
;;In his Autobiography, this philosopher priviliged Plato, Tacitus, Francis Bacon, and Grotius above all other thinkers, and he modeled his own efforts after Grotius, whose work led him to conduct the research that led to the writing of a treatise which pondered the question of whether justice is natural or conventional. This thinker juxtaposed the arts of "criticism" and "topics" in the first of his major anti-Cartesian works, On the Study Methods of Our Time, and later added to his work Universal Right a volume entitled De constantia jurisprudentis, this first chapter of which would lend its title to this man's most famous work. More famously, this man is famous for a work which reformulated the verum factum principle he himself had proposed in his On the Most Ancient Wisdom of the Italians and advanced the notion of three universal principles, those of religion, marriage, and burial. For ten points, identify this thinker who proposed a cyclical theory of history in his most famous work, The New Science.;;(Giambattista) Vico
;;The founder of this polity strengthened his position by marrying into the Lichchavi tribe, and after this polity's disintegration, much of the area around its founding would later become the seed of a kingdom under king Harsha. Much of the information about this polity comes from the monk Faxian, who lived at the court of the third ruler of this polity; that ruler would later be remembered as King Vikramaditya but was known in his time as the second king of a certain name. This polity's second ruler revived the horse sacrifice, and another of its rulers repulsed the White Huns in 455 CE, and this polity's existence saw an extensive revision of the Arthasastra as well as the writings of the works of Kalidasa. For ten points, identify this polity which controlled northern India from 320 to 550 CE and was founded by a man who shares his name with the founder of the Mauryan dynasty.;;Gupta (Empire)
;;A poem in which this composer finds himself a prisoner on a ship during a mutiny was written by Thomas Transtromer about this composer's "dream." At his death, this composer left unfinished a piano concerto in E-flat major, which was completed by Lyapunov, who also conducted the first premiere of this composer's Second Symphony. Liszt strongly influenced this composer's piano works, such as his Fantasia on themes from A Life for the Tsar, and the influence of Spanish themes taken from one of his teachers is reflected in his "Overture on a Spanish March Theme," and Serenade espagnole. This composer was more famous for an overture on themes from his native land entitled 1000 Years, while a Lermontov poem inspired his symphonic poem Tamara, which along with another piece that was first performed by Nicholas Rubenstein was based on Caucasian folk music. The composer of a notoriously difficult "oriental fantasy," for ten points, identify this member of the "mighty five," a teacher to Borodin, Rimsky-Korsakov, and Musorgsky and composer of Islamey.;;(Mily) (Alekseyevich) Balakirev
;;Two proteins associated with this structure assist in the transport of glucosinolate into plant cells as an antifungal defense, and one analogue of this structure seals septal pores in several filamentous ascomycetes and is called the Woronin body. In plants, the components of the ascorbate-glutathione cycle are produced in this structure, and one defect in it leads to a disorder characterized by high levels of pipecolic acid, which is related to another disease of this structure results from the alpha-oxidation of phytanic acid. Both Refsum disease and adrenoleukodystrophy fall in the Zellweger spectrum of diseases affecting this organelle, which as a result compromises the myelin sheath. This organelle produces the manganese form of superoxide dismutase and uric acid oxidase, but is best known for producing catalase. For 10 points, name this organelle that produces enzymes that break down peroxides.;;peroxisome
;;The technique of black-figure vase painting originated in this polis, and an account of Polybius tells of how Lucius Mummius sacked this city in 146 BCE. The early history of this polis saw the rise to power of a tyrant named Cypselus, who expelled its ruling aristocratic clan, the Bacchiadae. During the early 4th century BCE, this city led a coalition in a namesake war against Sparta which saw a victory at Cnidus and a loss at Coronea, and this city feuded with Athens after the city of Megara became an Athenian ally. According to Herodotus, this city provided 40 ships at the Battle of Salamis, the second most after Athens. After Philip II of Macedon's victory at Chaeronea, he organized the Hellenic League, which met at this city and was sometimes known by its name, and colonists from this city settled the island of Ortygia, founding Syracuse. For ten points, identify this Greek city located on a namesake Peloponnesian isthmus, which gives its name to an ornate order of columns.;;Corinth
;;This poem's fourth stanza contains a dubious attempt to rhyme "draught" with "quaffed," and in the foregoing stanzas, the title character dreams of her father wearing "a broadcloth coat," and her brother sailing "a painted boat." After thinking of his sisters, "proud and cold," another character in this poem later causes lawyers to smile by humming "an old love-tune." That character marries "a wife of richest dower/ Who lived for fashion as he for power," while this work's main character ends up married to "a man unlearned and poor/ And many children played round her door." This poem's last stanza exhorts God to pity the "rich repiner and household druge," and hopes that "in the hereafter," angels will "roll the stone" away from the grave of "some sweet hope," and that also stanza contains the famous couplet, "For of all sad words of tongue or pen, the saddest are these: 'It might have been.'" For ten points, identify this poem in which the title woman meets a Judge while walking down the road, written by John Greenleaf Whittier.;;Maud Muller
;;In this work, a scribe records that a dead man sells another dead man a house, and this work notes that certain individuals "never tasted the cup of tranquility," advising against the literal interpretation of verses such as "And verily Our host shall conquer." Hooper Dunbar produced a "companion to the study" of this text, and near the end of its first section, the book addresses the learned of Bayan to not forget its teachings. This book addresses such confusing terms as "Seal of the Prophets" and in one verse explains that backbiting should be treated as an error and that by cleansing and purifying his heart, the knowledge of the Ancient of Days is available to the true seeker. This text was written in two days and two nights in 1861 in Baghdad, where the Baha'u'llah was in exile. For 10 points, name this primary Baha'i holy text.;;(The) Book of Certitude|Kitab(-)i(-)qan
;;At the beginning of Max Frisch's Homo Faber, a man identified only as a "ruin-lover" procures a Land Rover so the main character can visit this nation. This country gave its title to a journalistic work subtitled "Occupied Country," by Uruguayan writer Eduardo Galeano, whose essay "The Government Decides that Reality Doesn't Exist," concerns a declaration by this nation's president regarding a dormant volcano. In another work set in this country, Celestino Yumi sells his wife Catalina Zabala to the demon Tazol while in yet another work, the guerilla leader Gaspar Ilom, believing himself to be a descendant of the title group, wages war against the Mounted Patrol. The author of those aforementioned works, which includes the novel Mulatta, also authored a collection of legends of this country, and another work by that author centers of Miguel Angel Face, an advisor to the titular politician. The setting of such works as The Eyes of the Interred and Men of Maize, as well as El Senor Presidente, for ten points, identify this Central American nation whose most famous native writer is Miguel Asturias.;;Guatemala
;;This psychologist determined that one-tenth of the effort is required to make meaningful associations when learning Don Juan by heart than by learning syllables individually. In one chapter of this psychologist's best known work, he discusses result grouping methods and "the utility of the averages obtained," and in one of his experiments, this psychologist used a metronome to recite 15,000 consonant-vowel-consonant constructions he called "nonsense syllables." This psychologist names the optical illusion involving two circles of the same size surrounded by large and small circles and authored The Intelligence of Schoolchildren, in addition to applying the recency and primacy effects to lists to document the serial position effect. For 10 points, name this psychologist who studied the spacing, learning, and forgetting curves and published the book On Memory.;;(Hermann) Ebbinghaus
;;These objects were the subject of Otto Struve's Algol paradox, which was resolved by Gerard Kuiper, and a recent class of these systems to be discovered is the class of cataclysmic variables. Methods of detecting these systems include visual, spectroscopic, and eclipsing methods, as well as detections of instances of common proper motion, and the orbital periods of these systems provide the most direct and precise way of measuring solar masses. These systems usually undergo mass transfer between components through the first Lagrange point once one half has filled its Roche lobe, and examples include systems like the Hulse-Taylor system, whose decaying period provides evidence for gravitational waves, and the Xi Ursae Majoris system, the first for which orbital ellipticity was established. Also including systems like the one containing Castor and Pollux, for ten points, identify these systems that consist of two stars gravitationally bound to each other.;;binary (systems)|binaries
;;A lavender-colored stream flows out from a town in the a landscape behind a seated white-gowned girl in this artist's View of the Village. One self portrait by this artist has him wearing a light blue and black sweater vest and staring at the viewer, and in another work, the central nude female places her hand on the shoulder of a topless black serving lady. In addition to painting La Toilette and being painted by Renoir seated hard at work, this painter depicted his cousin Therese des Hours sitting on a wall staring at a city in The Pink Dress and mentioned the Rue de la Condomine as the location of his Artist's Studio. His most famous work contains three blue-gowned women and their husbands, Family Reunion. For 10 points, name this short-lived Impressionist who died in the Franco-Prussian War at the age of 29.;;(Jean) (Frederic) Bazille
