;;This dynasty dispatched a general who brought the Rasulid period to Yemen and built the first madrassa in Jerusalem. A branch of this dynasty lasted all the way to the late fourteenth century at Hisn Kayfa. This dynasty lost territory under al-Adil and al-Kamil, and was finally driven out of its chief territory following the Battle of al-Mansurah. It was founded by a man who allied with his brother Shirkuh while governor of Damascus, and it overthrew the Fatimids to take power in Egypt. For 10 points, name this dynasty which was in turn displaced by the Mamluks, a group of Kurdish ancestry whose first ruler was Saladin.;;Ayyubid (Dynasty)
;;The AC version of this effect results in a phenomenon named for Autler and Townes. For quantum wells smaller than the exciton Bohr diameter, the Franz-Keldysh effect is applicable instead of the quantum-confined version of this effect. Borel summation and Pade approximants can be used to measure the energy shifts caused by this effect that can be used in analysis of molecular rotational spectra. Sometimes named for Antonino Lo Surdo, it is more commonly named for the man who discovered the Doppler effect in canal rays. For 10 points, name this effect that describes the splitting of spectral lines in electric fields, and is analogous of the Zeeman effect.;;Stark (effect)
;;One group of people in this novel is dubbed "white wizards," and a character who had earlier questioned why missionaries bother to learn native languages has a realization about her goals after rethinking the meaning of the Sacred Heart Convent. The role of hygiene in this book manifests as one person's attempt to "brandish" a toothbrush, and another refusing to wash menstrual clothing in a toilet. The toothbrush is later used as part of the title phenomenon, by a character who has absorbed Western ideas of beauty and is pressured to study for exams, becoming bulimic. The death of Nhamo allows one of the central females to pursue an education in, for 10 points, what novel set in the early 1970s that follows the cousins Tambu and Nyasha in Rhodesia, written by Tsitsi Dangarembga?.;;Nervous Conditions
;;Two different sets of flames converge to form stars in a painting by this artist; that painting's only human figures are angular silhouettes inside the burning buildings. That work is from a series whose first painting shows the words "Chicago," "New York," and "St. Louis" above three departure gates. Later works by this student of Charles Laston include War and portraits from his time in Nigeria, and many of his paintings include masks, which were also the first works he created. For 10 points, name this creator of a sixty-painting series on the post-World War I abandonment of the South by blacks called Migration of the Negro, as well as Harlem.;;(Jacob) Lawrence
;;The main character of this work recalls that he once worked as a boatman in order to establish rapport with a figure who he had just insulted for being a Jew and not a noble Ligurian. One character in this work is challenged to say what "P.M." stands for and is told that even those who are "stupider than a wooden statue" or "more foul than the swamp of Lerna" have the right to engage in simony six hundred times. It opens with the title character being told by his Genius that the keys which open the "secret money chest" don't work everywhere and with another figure being thankful that it is impossible to kick through diamond. It was inspired by the author's time in Bologna in 1506, when he saw this work's title character leading an army, and includes that character threatening to excommunicate St. Peter for disobeying him. For 10 points, name this comedic dialogue which shows a warrior Pope unable to open the gates of heaven, written by Erasmus about a noted patron of Raphael and Michelangelo.;;Julius Exclusus (e) (Coelis)|Julius Excluded (From) (Heaven)
;;Councilman bodies are found in individuals suffering from this disease. Hideyo Noguchi incorrectly believed that it was caused by the bacterium Leptospira icteroides, but Carlos Juan Finlay developed the first correct theory concerning the transmission of it. Max Theiler won a Nobel Prize for using the Asibi strain of this virus in order to develop the 17-D vaccine for it. Day four often features 24-hour remission period, but it is otherwise associated with fever, GI hemorrhaging, prostration, and "coffee ground" vomitus. A member of the Flavivirus genus along with Dengue fever, it is most often transmitted by Aedes aegypti, although the sylvan type of this tropical disease can be transmitted by other arthropods. For 10 points, name this virus whose transmission by mosquitoes was confirmed by Walter Reed while in Cuba.;;yellow fever
;;Joseph Glatthaar wrote a study of one of this man's most notable actions, one of many post-1980 works on him which supplant biographies by Lloyd Lewis and James Merrill. This adopted son of the Whig politician Thomas Ewing married Ewing's natural daughter; later, over his own protestations to Lincoln of being incompetent, he was transferred from Irvin McDowell's command to Robert Anderson's. He lost at Chickasaw Bluffs but won at Fort Hindman while aiding Grant in the Vicksburg campaign, and he later ordered the heating and twisting of locomotive rails into his namesake "neckties" while pushing back Joseph Johnston following his capture of the Confederate rail hub. Promoted due to the influence of his brother, an Ohio Senator who sponsored a Silver Purchase Act, for 10 points, name this man who made Lincoln a "Christmas present" of Savannah following his totally awesome March to the Sea.;;(William) (Tecumseh) Sherman
;;One work whose title ends with this word contains a chapter in which the author investigates the impact on the Portman and Ross families of hospitalizing their mentally ill children, entitled "Pathways to Madness." That book by Jules Henry is titled "Culture Against" this figure. Essays on "The Sins of Legislators," "The Great Political Superstition," "The Coming Slavery," and "The New Toryism" comprise a book predicting a growth in the reach of the British government, written by Herbert Spencer and titled this "Versus the State." For 10 points, what is this figure, whose "Organization" type was studied by William Whyte and whose "Descent" was studied by Charles Darwin?.;;man
;;The existence of this quantity was first proposed by Ralph Fowler, who believed that pressure coming from a certain object at absolute zero would balance gravity. Equal to 5.87 divided mu-squared, this quantity was first approximated by Landau, but was harshly opposed to by Eddington. One object discovered by Andrew Howell was able to gain extra angular momentum and violate this quantity. First formulated in 1930, it arises because a certain object is only supported by a degenerate gas of electrons, and an attempt to exceed it would result in an iron catastrophe. For 10 points, name this limit recently violated by the Champagne Supernova, which states a white dwarf is stable only if its mass is less than 1.44 solar masses, and is named for an Indian astrophysicist.;;Chandrasekhar (limit)
;;The first one is a presto in C major, while the last uses a long tempo instruction beginning "Grazioso e lento" and is in A-flat major. Numbering sixteen parts in all, these works were issued in two groups of eight. They were commissioned to be "four-hand" music in order to market to home players, by Fritz Simrock, and include such forms as the Kolo, Sousedska, Furiant, and Dumka. For 10 points, name this work which capitalized on the popularity of a similar piece by Brahms on Hungarian themes, an exploration of folk forms from various parts of the Hapsburg lands by Antonin Dvorak.;;(the) Slavonic Dances
;;In the 1980s, this man's father and Adam Dunn's father were business partners, and he went on to break the Texas high school record for strikeouts previously held by Josh Beckett. This man lost ten pounds during the 2002 World Games, when he drank some tainted water, but despite being unable to eat he led the U.S. to a silver medal by striking out thirty-three batters in sixteen innings. He was ejected from his last start of his rookie season after hitting Manny Ramirez and Kevin Millar consecutively, though earlier that year he became the youngest pitcher since 1975 to win his debut start. Jim Duquette's most boneheaded move as GM of the Mets was trading this prospect for Victor Zambrano. He now leads a rotation that also includes Edwin Jackson, James Shields, Matt Garza, and Andy Sonnanstine, and is the reigning AL strikeout champion. For 10 points, name this ace of the AL East-leading Tampa Bay Devil Rays.;;(Scott) Kazmir
;;Lukasz Gornicki and Thomas Hoby were among the many people who interpreted this man's suggestions for their home countries. His own education with Merula and Chalcondyles influenced his valuing of those who knew Latin and Greek, and the concepts he returns to in his writing include "discreet modesty" and the ability to perform well without apparent effort, "sprezzatura." He used his associates, such as Bernardo da Bibbiena and Pietro Bembo, as spokesmen in a dialogue he wrote, in which those characters are foils to Lady Emilia and Elisabetta Gonzaga, whose circle at Urbino inspired the book. For 10 points, name this associate of Raphael and author of Il cortegiano, a handbook for noble dilettantes translated as The Book of the Courtier.;;(Baldassare) Castiglione
;;Alex Evilevitch performed an experiment that showed it could inhibit DNA ejection from a bacteriophage, and the gene TRPV4 codes for a protein that is involved in the response to changes in this quantity. The spatial distribution of monomers is random according to the derivation of the Flory-Huggins equation, which can be used to calculate this quantity. Wilhelm Pfeffer designed a namesake cell to measure it, and van't Hoff developed a factor that appears in an equation for this colligative property that is analogous to the ideal gas law and shows it is proportional to molarity. The inability of solute particles to cross a semi-permeable membrane results in, for 10 points, what type of pressure that is symbolized by an uppercase pi?.;;osmotic (pressure)
;;This novel's author was inspired by a collegiate paper on the theme of the double in the works of Dostoyevsky to create scenes in which the protagonist sees herself grossly distorted in a mirror. That protagonist throws all of her clothing off the roof of a hotel, cries while a photo of her holding a paper rose is being taken, and becomes violently ill after eating spoiled crab at a luncheon. That character is disgusted after seeing disc jockey Lenny Shepherd dancing with Doreen. Told by Dr. Gordon to seek shock therapy, the protagonist is funded at the hospital of Dr. Nolan by Philomena Guinea and, after Joan Gilling kills herself, is dumped by the tubercular Buddy Willard. For 10 points, name this novel which follows a magazine intern during the summer of the execution of the Rosenbergs, written about Esther Greenwood by Sylvia Plath.;;(The) Bell Jar
;;This group followed the ideas collected in the Twelve Conclusions, and the first man to suffer martyrdom for membership in this group was William Sawtrey. This group was persecuted by William Courtenay and Thomas Arundel and commissioned John Purvey and Nicholas of Hereford to translate the Bible. They launched a short-lived open rebellion after William Fisher helped organize them at St. Giles Fields, which would have been led by a man who inspired the depiction of Falstaff, John Oldcastle. Opponents of transubstantiation doctrine and Papal supremacy, their name comes from a Dutch word which refers to those who cover their true theological beliefs by "mumbling." For 10 points, name this group of people who anticipated Protestantism around 1400 in England, inspired by the ideas of John Wycliffe.;;Lollards
;;The chief temple to these figures enshrined meteors as incarnations of them, and their number and the custom of worshipping them were fixed by Eteocles of Orchomenus. They normally hang out with Himerus in a niche close to the part of Olympus reserved for the Muses to dance. Able to produce love from their eyes, the oldest member of this group was given as a reward by Hera to a god who made Zeus fall asleep, Hypnos, while their youngest served as a messenger for Aphrodite, for whom all of them made clothing. For 10 points, name this group of Greek goddesses including Aglaia and Pasithea.;;(the) Graces|Charites
;;One character in this novel gives free shelter to destitute Okies but lectures them on being responsible for their own poverty, while another character hangs a Vermeer painting in his elevator. After a doctor in this novel sedates a man in order to seduce his mistress, Peter Boone is wrongly blamed for the affair and is shot by the owner of a mountaintop castle. A grotesque man wearing the Order of the Garter is found hiding out in a basement in this novel; that character had advocated eating raw carp in the eighteenth century as the Earl of Gonister. The protagonist is an archivist working with the Hauberk papers on behalf of a Hollywood millionaire who loves Virginia Maunciple, Jo Stoyte. For 10 points, what is this novel, named after a line that precedes "Me only cruel immortality consumes" in Tennyson's "Tithonus," which follows Jeremy Pordage's discovery of the secret of eternal life and was written by Aldous Huxley?.;;After Many a Summer (Dies) (the) (Swan)
;;A part of this opera which parodies Handel takes the unusual step of assigning the coloratura part to a bass. A man who disapprovingly marks a chalkboard is told that Winter is waiting in a thorn bush in an allusion to an anti-Semitic tale of Grimm in this opera. A list of important tones is found in its aria "Mein Herr," while Toscanini simplified the arrangement of this work's Riot Scene. Also including the Midsummer Magic music and Trial Song, a key decision in this opera takes place shortly after the first appearance of Pogner and Becksemmer. Over the course of this work, the Morning Dream Song develops into the Prize Song, and it ends with Sachs defending the holiness of German art. In its first scene, a character is instructed to retrieve a handkerchief, clasp, and prayer book in order for Eva to delay telling Walter that she has promised to marry whoever the title character turns out to be. For 10 points, name this comedic opera by Richard Wagner about a man who wins his love in a singing contest.;;(Die) Meistersinger von Nurnberg|(The) Mastersingers of Nuremberg
;;One part attacks Ernest Barker for support of what the author of this book dubs a "caste state." Its chief critique of another figure accuses that person of the belief that sociology is reducible to psychology, a fallacy this work refers to as "psychologism." It reverses Emile Durkheim's use of the term "organic" in one section, and Walter Kaufmann alleged in "The Hegel Myth and Its Method" that this work based part of its conclusions on an incomplete edition of Hegel. Its first portion is titled for the "spell" of a figure whom the author accuses of perverting the intent of his teacher and of inspiring contemporary Fascists. It attacks Plato in an attempt to find the roots of the systems described in its author's previous work, The Poverty of Historicism. For 10 points, name this defense of liberal democracy against the titular foes, a work of political philosophy by Karl Popper which lends its name to an "Institute" founded by Popper's disciple George Soros.;;(The) Open Society and its Enemies
;;One of his plays includes the prophet Zizi and opens with an omniscient disembodied voice going over the entire plot, as well as including Anubis as the master of the Sphinx despite the subject matter being the Greek myth of Laius, Jocasta, and Oedipus. This author of such novels as The White Paper and Thomas the Imposter wrote more plays besides the aforementioned The Infernal Machine; for example, Michael is killed shortly after marrying Elizabeth in a play involving "The Room" and "The Game," fantasies inhabited by the childish Paul. In another play, an ominous horse spells out the French word "MERDE," meaning "Madame Eurydice will return from hell." For 10 points, name this frequent collaborator with Les Six, the author of Les Enfants Terribles and Orpheus.;;(Jean) Cocteau
;;A late entrant to this battle was Pierre Dumanoir, whose attempt to join it three hours after it started had little impact. A rear movement in this battle was led by the Royal Sovereign under the command of Cuthbert Collingwood, while the losing commander, who directed this battle from the Bucentaure, was hoping to secretly ferry troops to Naples from Cadiz. In addition to Pierre de Villeneuve, it included a man who was fatally wounded by a sniper while successfully prosecuting the battle from the deck of the Victory. For 10 points, name this battle which occurred after the phrase "England expects that every man will do his duty" was transmitted by Horatio Nelson, an 1805 naval defeat of Napoleonic France.;;(Battle) (of) Trafalgar
;;It was used by Yongsheng Feng to study plant response to water stress, and by Isaac Chang to measure tissue damage. The amount of shifting along the x-axis in a TTS plot is most often described with the Williams-Landel-Ferry equation and this other equation. A theoretical analog of this equation was developed by Polanyi and Eyring, and the product of a term symbolized z and the orientation probability factor is found in this equation's pre-exponential frequency factor. It includes the term activation energy raised to the e power, and it expresses the exponential relationship between temperature and the rate constant. For 10 points, name this equation that is named for the Swedish chemist who said that an acid produces hydrogen ions in water.;;Arrhenius (equation)
;;In its last scene, a man sees a boy playing with a lion and picks up an amulet which is deadly to anyone but the boy's relatives. The title character first appears while helping to water plants, where she asks for protection from a bee, and is cursed by a sage who is angry at not being greeted properly. That sage curses a secret marriage shortly before a prophecy that a forthcoming son will rule the world persuades Kanwa to consent to that union. While gutting a carp, a fisherman discovers the ring that allows a spell of forgetfulness to be lifted, and the play ends happily after Indra's chariot takes the king to heaven, where he meets Bharata. For 10 points, name this play in which King Dushyanta gets married, written by Kalidasa.;;(The) (Recognition) (of) Sakuntala
;;One place where this holiday is celebrated is a facility built out of the Marques de Sapucai to a design by Oscar Niemeyer, which terminated in Apotheosis Square and is surrounded by bleachers where people watch the various "schools" of local dance. In addition to the city that celebrates it in the sambadrome, this holiday is commemorated Germany as the Fasching, which in Western areas starts at 11:11 AM on November 11, while in France, it takes place twice, the second time on the day of mi-careme. In most places, it runs from Quinquagesima Sunday to Shrove Tuesday. The name of this holiday is possibly derived from a Latin expression for "removing meat." For 10 points, name this Catholic festival, which in some places culminates with Mardi Gras and is notably observed in Rio de Janeiro, a time of wearing costumes and partying before the start of Lent.;;Carnival
;;His last works were based on his religious readings and include the Three Motets and Twenty-Nine Preludes, an organ piece, as well as a modern reinterpretation of the toccata form called the Commotio. He claimed that some of his works promoted the "vegetative principle," as in the tone poem Saga Dream and the Helios overture. He declared his intent to abandon the innovations of his previous work by subtitling his sixth symphony the Sinfonia Semplice, and this man's second symphony includes a part dubbed "phlegmatic," as it assigns one movement to each of the medieval humors. For 10 points, name this creator of The Four Temperaments, The Inextinguishable, and the Sinfonia Expansiva, a Danish composer.;;(Carl) (August) Nielsen
;;One leader of this institution promulgated the doctrine that the ultimate test of actions is whether they are eulogon or "reasonable" in an argument against the Stoics. Another of its leaders had his work chronicled by Cleitomachus and went to Rome to argue on successive occasions in favor of and against the existence of universal justice. Antiochus of Ascalon and Carneades were some of the people who led this entity, whose legal charter claimed that its purpose was to worship the Muses. Eventually closed during an anti-pagan purge by Justinian, for 10 points, name this philosophical school first organized by the author of Rival Lovers, Theages, Laws, and Crito, Plato.;;(the) Academy
;;It only bound participants for forty-day stretches, increasing recruitment. The only pitched siege in this conflict was at Carcassonne, and following its confused attack on Zadar, its leader temporarily quit this movement. It was spurred by Peter of Castelnau's assassination at the orders of Raymond VI, and finally ended by Louis VIII. During a battle at Beziers during this action, a commander instructed that "God will know his own," as justification for an order to "Kill them all." For 10 points, name this movement led by Simon de Monfort, which was decreed by Innocent III against the dualistic Cathars of Southern France.;;(the) Albigensian Crusade
;;Many of its details were planned by the officers Rappe and von Heijne, and revised by Colonel von Brandenstein. It was not ready in time for the "Extra Rehearsal," and a total lack of security procedures on it allowed enemy forces to enter as tourists and make sketches of this structure. It replaced earlier proposals by Fabritius and Enckell, and much of it was built as a training exercise for the Engineer Batallion, starting in the region of Inkila. Reinforced concrete and protection plates were dropped from this due to a rise in the price of steel, and parts of it were simply strategically placed mounds of soil known as "slope cuts." Its specifications included bunkers which could withstand three direct hits from six-inch howitzers and a 120-degree range of machine gun fire, and it incorporated the natural barriers of the Vuoksi and Suvanto lakes. For 10 points, name this strategic arrangement, replaced by the "VT" during the Continuation War, which attempted to provide a series of fortifications against Soviet invasion for Finland.;;(the) Mannerheim Line
;;Several curved pieces painted red sit on top of each other in a sculpture by this man which was titled as the "fist" of one of his colleagues. Hatched blue and green streaks intermingle with larger swathes of red against a sky-blue background in another of his nonrepresentative works, a painting by this creator of The Street Light-Study of a Light called Abstract Speed and Sound. The bottom of a black dress is seen against the background of motion lines next to the blurry feet and tail of the title creature in another of his paintings. For 10 points, name this sculptor of Boccioni's Fist and Dynamism of a Dog on a Leash, a noted Futurist.;;(Giacomo) Balla
;;The protagonist of this story punches a farmer of Crequetot in the stomach just before being mocked by a horse-dealer, even though he thought himself vindicated when Marius Paumelle made a discovery. The town crier interrupts lunch at Jordain's tavern to declare that Houlbreque has encountered misfortune, leading to the protagonist being accused of stealing from that man. The main character ultimately dies from his loss of reputation, even though the pocketbook in question turned up on the road. The vindictive harness-maker Malandain had accused the main character of picking up the money during the market of Goderville, but he was actually retrieving the title inconsequential object. For 10 points, the suspicious peasants of Normandy drive Hauchecorne to death in what story by Guy de Maupassant?.;;(The) Piece of String|(La) Ficelle
;;In one play by this author, Graham Dodd objects to Jean's leftist politics and Archie Rice runs out of money and audiences. The hardworking clerk Jones and the sexually confused Maples are directed to be played by the same actor in his play about Shirley and Joy abandoning the lecherous lawyer Bill Maitland. In addition to The Entertainer and Inadmissible Evidence, this author wrote a historical play in which the main character condemns the Peasants War and marries Katherina von Bora, Luther, and a play in which Helena Charles connives to make the pregnant Allison leave with Colonel Redfern in order to move in on misanthropic English workingman Jimmy Porter. For 10 points, name this author of Look Back in Anger, a leading member of the "Angry Young Men.".;;(John) Osborne
;;William Heath, a critic of this organization, joined it solely to show that he was eligible and then publicly quit, and Michaelis, a British agent, infiltrated it and claimed to hear its members plotting to overthrow the government. Opposition to it picked up when it was accused of being a conspiracy to subvert democracy in the pamphlet Considerations by South Carolina Congressman Aedanus Burke, who won the support of Elbridge Gerry and John Adams. Pierre L'Enfant designed a medal and diploma for this group before organizing a French branch of this group, which had turned into an intermittently charitable organization by 1835 due to its overly strict membership rules. For 10 points, name this group open only to the eldest male descendants of Revolutionary War veterans, first led by George Washington and named for a Roman dictator who laid down his power, in turn lending its name to a city of southern Ohio.;;(Society) (of) (the) Cincinnati
;;This group created the knightly orders that were taken over by the Mayan aristocracy, including the Order of the Eagle and Order of the Coyote. The creators of the reclining figures known as Chac Mool, this group fell during the invasions of the Chichimec, and the Acolhuas took over much of its territory and built Texcoco there. With a name meaning "reed people," this group was led by the "Cloud Serpent" Mixcoatl when they sacked Teotihucan; earlier, they were led by a rival of Tezcatlipoca, Topiltzin, who is sometimes considered an equivalent to Quetzalcoatl. For 10 points, name this semi-legendary civilization which controlled central Mexico from the tenth to twelfth centuries from its capital of Tula.;;Toltecs (Empire)
;;The prostitute Minnie is patronized by two generations of the central family in this work, including a man who finds gold hidden beneath the floorboards by his late mother, which he uses as a bribe to acquire certain signatures. A key seduction in this play happens in a room that had previously been sealed in honor of its dead former occupant, and leads to a party where one man dances for so long that the fiddler passes out. However, the resultant baby is smothered out of the belief that it is an obstacle to love by Abbie Putnam. For 10 points, name this play about Peter, Simeon, and Eben's rivalry for the farm that was abandoned during the gold rush by Ephraim Cabot, written by Eugene O'Neill.;;Desire Under the Elms
;;This author's chief work of nonfiction is a manifesto against foreign food and places based on his trip to Japan, entitled The Frigate Pallada, and he wrote about Pyotr Ivanovich showing Alexander Aduyev around a city in his novel A Common Story. In another novel by this author, the title character is maneuvered into falling for his landlady Agafya by the Eric Mukherjee of Russian literature, an aryl halide-loving schemer named Mukhoyarov. Nikolay Dobrolyubov wrote about the "ism" of that novel, and this man also wrote about Olga Ilyinsky marrying Andrey Stolz after the owner of a large but remote estate is fleeced by his bailiffs and gets no work from his valet Zakhar. For 10 points, name this author who wrote about a man who rarely rises from his bed, the supremely lazy Oblomov.;;(Ivan) (Alexandrovich) Goncharov
;;A stepdaughter of this god was a silent goddess known as the "Lady of Hearing and Favor," Tashmetum. Under the rule of Samsuditana, this god's son became popular at Borsippa, and the chapel of Ezida was installed within one of this god's temples for the worship of that son, Nabu. He ruled via a spear named Security and Obedience, and this god briefly fell out of favor during the reign of the Kassites. He was worshipped at the Esagila and Etemananki temples, with a poem in honor of him read at the former every New Year. He was asked to destroy and then recreate a constellation through words alone in a council headed by Lahmu and Lahamu, and, as a child, he was given the four winds as playthings, which annoyed his later enemy's attempts to sleep. This husband of Zarpanitu created the earth after he was dispatched to battle Qingu and acquire the Tablet of Destinies from Tiamat. For 10 points, name this chief Babylonian god.;;Marduk
;;Jean Sibelius composed incidental music to Hjalmar Procope's play of this name, while another musical work of this title was paired with Osbert Sitwell's text. That work has no key signature, instead relying on a flood of accidentals, and was derided by critics and church authorities as too gloating in the final victory scene to be a proper subject for a Christian musical program. Its instrumentation was greatly expanded at its first performance, where many extra players were hanging around due to a scheduled attempt at Berlioz's Requiem, and Thomas Beecham told the composer "as you'll never hear the thing again, why not throw in a couple of brass bands?" Conductor Michael Sargeant managed to keep it together during the debut of this work, mainly drawn from the Book of Daniel. For 10 points, name this composition of William Walton, depicting some events at a Babylonian banquet.;;Belshazzar's Feast
;;Gaunt coefficients are used to represent scalar coupling when it is lost from cross differentiation, and Clebsch-Gordan coefficients are used for the general addition of this quantity. A paradox named for Feynman involving a coil of wire, through which a current flows, can be resolved by noting the existence of this quantity for static electromagnetic fields. Magnetic field lines reduce this parameter in the Blandford-Znajek process, and when this value is equal to zero, the space-time metric reduces to the Reissner-Nordstrom solutions. Noether's theorem states that if the Lagrangian function is independent of the angle of measurement, then this quantity will be conserved. It can be stated as Iota times Omega, and its time derivative is equal to torque. For 10 points, name this vector quantity that for rotating systems is the product of the moment of inertia and angular velocity.;;angular momentum
;;This plan led to the first new "justiciar" being appointed in twenty-four years and was the target of the Mise of Amiens, two papal bulls, and the Dictum of Kenilworth. A result of financial waste during a campaign in Sicily, this document was produced by the commission chartered by the Easter or Mad Parliament. That commission had twenty-four members, twelve chosen by the king and twelve by the group which benefitted from it. Richard de Clare and Simon de Monfort were the chief supporters of this plan. For 10 points, name this 1258 reform plan which failed to settle the demands of the barons, a limitation on the power of Henry III.;;(the) Provisions of Oxford
;;Prior to the assassination of Martin Luther King, a group called the National Conference for New Politics was attempting to nominate King for President with this man as his running mate. One of his few works of general sociology is Decent and Indecent: Our Personal and Political Behavior, and he was a celebrity co-defendant when William Sloane Coffin was tried for draft evasion. He did in fact run for President in 1972 as the nominee of the People's Party, and he was also a former Olympic champion rower. His bestselling book was written in reaction to the prevailing advice about rigid schedules of feeding and downplaying of affection. For 10 points, name this author of the Common Sense Book of Baby and Child Care.;;(Dr(.)) (Benjamin) (McLane) Spock
;;The protagonist of this novel has an internal dialogue between the figures of "Q" and "A" after realizing that he hates poor people, and saves his friend from being charged with adultery by hiding in the bathroom of a hotel before attacking "spiritually married men" while hitchhiking. One character is described as writing good poetry in the Nassau Lit, Thomas Parke D'Invilliers, while the main character wins membership in the Cottage Club and is about to take over the editorship of a newspaper before he is disqualified due to low grades. Later, that character maintains an epistolary romance with a woman met during a vacation in Minneapolis, Isabelle Borge. Rosalind Connage and the suicidal Eleanor Borge are some of the other women whom the central Princeton student meets. For 10 points, name this novel about Amory Blaine, written by F. Scott Fitzgerald.;;This Side of Paradise
;;His decision-making was often erratic due to his addiction to pain medications following a riding accident, and a mocking verse dating to his college days accused him of "dining at Blenheim once a week." This man was once brought to tears during an argument with Kitchener while holding a job in which he succeeded Lord Elgin, and his several writings on international politics included Persia and the Persian Question. In response to a request for mediation by Wladyslaw Grabski, he suggested ceding parts of Galicia according to a plan later mandated at Yalta. For 10 points, name this former viceroy of India who was the post-World War I foreign secretary of Britain, in which role he proposed his namesake "line.".;;(George) (Nathaniel) Curzon(,) (Marquess) (Curzon) (of) (Kedleston(,)) (Viscount) (Scarsdale(,)) (Baron) (Ravensdale)
;;He wrote his major work in his newfound free time while holding a spoils system job as the state supervisor of gas meter inspection. A member of the United Labor Party, this man later ran for mayor of New York, losing to Abram Hewitt but finishing ahead of Republican candidate Theodore Roosevelt. One section of his most noted book is entitled "Disproof of the Malthusian theory," and that book begins by redefining certain concepts from the works of Ricardo before explaining the author's new "remedy" for the problem of distribution. His book argues that the factors which make the free market work on labor and capital do not apply to a certain resource because that resource can never increase in supply. For 10 points, name this man who proposed that a seizure of economic rent, or a single tax on landholding only, should be implemented in his Progress and Poverty.;;(Henry) George
;;One writer used this language for such poems as "The Iron Cow Must Sweat" and the stories collected in Catastrophes before renouncing it and publishing subsequent works in English such as The True Confessions of an Albino Terrorist. Such figures as Adam Small and Etienne Leroux participated in the Sestigers, a group writing in this language, which had opposite politics to its early poets such as Totius. The slave Galant kills a member of the central family and Ma Rose becomes the spokesman for native dignity in A Chain of Voices, a novel by the author of A Dry White Season who may be the foremost author in this language. For 10 points, name this tongue of Breyten Breytenbach and Andre Brink, a Dutch-derived language which competes with English and Xhosa for prominence in South Africa.;;Afrikaans
;;This man's rule was secured by the victory at the Battle of Celaya. At the end of his term in office, he campaigned for the election of Ignacio Bonillas and tried to steal some of the treasury, but was killed while fleeing to Veracruz. He was serving as governor of Coahuila when he first chose to rebel, and he was the military leader of the Constitutionalist Army, which campaigned to displace the assassin of his former confederate Francisco Madero. He successfully maintained World War I neutrality, but he frustrated the United States by opposing Pershing's incursion. Succeeded by Alvaro Obregon, this opponent of Victoriano Huerta had problems consolidating his rule due to his more radical associates, Pancho Villa and Emiliano Zapata. For 10 points, name this rebel against Porfirio Diaz who became the first president of the Mexican Republic.;;(Venustiano) Carranza
;;The marble and granite base of one of this man's sculptures was supplied by Charles Follen McKim, who convinced Columbia University to commission his figure of a woman with a laurel wreath reading the Bible, Alma Mater. He adorned a New York customs house designed by Cass Gilbert with figures of a throne of skulls and a woman in Hindu dress, the figure of Columbia stepping on Quetzlcoatl, and a sleeping African in his series Four Continents, and he also did bronze doors for the Boston Public Library and an equestrian statue of Grant. For 10 points, name this sculptor who was commissioned to mark the hundredth anniversary of the Battle of Concord with The Minute Man.;;(Daniel) (Chester) French
;;According to Chorley, their maximum width is located approximately three-tenths of the distance from their most distinctive feature. The flute theory describes the formation of the spindle-shaped type of these objects, and Boulton's hypothesis states the more common variety is formed by the erosional streamlining of rock obstacles. These objects can cluster to form a swarm, the largest one of which is found in west-central New York. Often arranged in belts, these objects feature a tapered end that points in the direction of glacier advance. For 10 points, name these tear-shaped elongated hills of unstratified glacial drift.;;drumlins
;;A volume of poetry with this name contains a narrator who screams "Love should be put into action!" in "Chemin de Fer" and a confused city dweller who thinks the moon is a hole in the sky in "The Man-Moth." "The Weed" and "The Fish" are other poems from that book by Elizabeth Bishop. This title also refers to a novel in which the main character's father decides he is no longer an Anglican believer and accepts a remote teaching job, causing the family to move away from the house of Captain Lennox. In that novel, Bessie Higgins is dying of pollution-induced lung disease and strikers attempt to assault John Thornton, who ultimately marries Margaret Hale. For 10 points, name this geographically titled Elizabeth Gaskell novel.;;North and South
;;One of the most popular episodes of this show involves a bargain struck with a character played by Anthony Anderson to give prison protection to one of the major characters, who had been informed upon by Emolia Melendez for swiping a bag of heroin. This show spent nearly a million dollars on a fifteen-minute "promosode" taking place between its fifth and sixth seasons that was released for free to the Internet. A character who tries to mediate between the extremes on this show is Claudette Wyms, who sympathizes with neither the by-the-book Captain Aceveda nor the leader of the Strike Team. For 10 points, name this show in which Vic Mackey, played by Michael Chiklis, is a horribly abusive police detective, a lauded drama on FX.;;(The) Shield
;;By averaging this quantity, the reduction of a certain intermolecular function to an angle-independent form for polar fluids can be performed in order to express conformal-solution theory. For liquid metals, the upper bound of this quantity can be obtained by the Gibbs-Bogoliubov inequality. It is equal to the negative product of Boltzmann's constant, temperature, and the natural log of the partition function. The change in this quantity is equal to the maximum work accompanying a process, and it is defined as internal energy minus the product of temperature and entropy. For 10 points, name this quantity symbolized by either A or F, a type of free energy named for a German scientist.;;Helmholtz free energy
;;It follows its climactic "con gran suono" section with a part that combines a triple-pianissimo dynamic with strings playing col legno. Only the cello and viola answer the call of the title character at first, until a muted trumpet first echoes the melody. That title character is represented by an English horn in this work, which is the third part of a cycle that starts with a visit to the "Maidens of the Island." It was originally conceived as the prelude to an opera called The Building of the Boat, but when that opera was abandoned, this tone poem became part of a set of four "symphonic legends." For 10 points, name this most notable part of the Lemminkainen Legends, which depicts a trip to the Finnish underworld from the Kalevala, where the title bird is encountered, a work of Jan Sibelius.;;(The) Swan of Tuonela|Tuonelan joutsen
;;One of the biggest losers at this meeting moved to the "island of the white cow" after the king cited a fear that St. Peter would turn his back on him. It decided that the style of ancient Roman slaves should be the model for monastic tonsure and may have been called because of the influence of queen Eanfled. Enforcement of its decisions led to the elevation of Saint Cuthbert over Colman as bishop of Lindisfarne, after Colman and Hilda had argued before Oswiu of Northumbria in promoting the losing view here. It adopted the calculations of Dionysius Exiguus, and thus the Roman method for figuring the date of Easter, ending the distinctiveness of the so-called "Celtic Church." For 10 points, name this 664 synod, which took place at an English monastery.;;(Synod) (of) Whitby
;;He wrote one notable work of fiction, the novel Norwood: A Tale of Village Life in New England, but is more known for such nonfiction works as Evolution and Religion and the product of eight years working in Indianapolis, which led him to explain the special needs of frontier town preaching in his Seven Lectures to Young Men. He founded such periodicals as The Independent and The Christian Union, which expounded the moderate Congregationalism he learned at Lane Theological Seminary, a school founded by this man's father. A lawsuit by Theodore Tilton accused this man of adultery, starting his feud with Victoria Woodhull. For 10 points, name this celebrity preacher of the 1800s, the son of theologian Lyman and half-sibling of the suffragist Isabella and the author of Dred and Uncle Tom's Cabin, Harriet.;;(Henry) (Ward) Beecher
;;He created a character who pads his ass in order to look more powerful and takes pride in having the best flower garden in Africa, Mr. Blankensee, in a play about Kadidja starting a rebellion that the unattractive Leila and the traitor Said get involved in. One of his novels recalls Harcamone achieving godhood by killing a prison guard and Bulkaen being a divine instrument as well as a prison lover, after the protagonist is given life for stabbing a child in the eye. In addition to The Screens and The Miracle of the Rose, he wrote about The Bishop and The Chief of Police patronizing Irma at the title brothel, Salonge poisoning Clare instead of their employer, and Archibald Absalon Wellington arranging a stereotyped performance by the title racial group. For 10 points, name this French playwright of The Balcony, The Maids, and The Blacks.;;(Jean) Genet
;;A curse placed on this figure said that he was to immediately combust if he touched a woman without her consent. The arrow that killed this figure went all the way through his body and the entire ocean, landing back in the quiver from which it came. After allowing himself to become drunk, he was briefly imprisoned in Mahishmati by King Kartavirya. Some more positive myths about this figure say that he was pious to Brahma, who rewarded him with immunity from injury by devas as well as twenty arms and ten heads, though he did not bother to ask for invulnerability from animals or humans. He bore injuries from Airavata's tusks, Vishnu's discus, and Indra's thunderbolt, and this character's half-brother led the Yakshas. This son of Nikasha and Visravas is burnt in effigy during Dusshera and was vanquished by a blow to the heart from the Brahmasthra. For 10 points, name this character who is defeated by an army of monkeys under Hanuman; the leader of the Rakshasas who rules Sri Lanka and abducts Sita in the Ramayana.;;Ravana
;;Hyun used these molecules as the stationary phases in liquid chromatography experiments. Thomas Fyles developed bola-amphiphiles based on this type of molecule to serve as lipid membrane vesicles when dispersed in water. These molecules possess a three-dimensional form known as cryptands, and have an aza analogue called cyclen. Potassium fluoride can dissolve in benzene when this type of molecule is present because the potassium ion can fit in the internal cavity of these molecules. Often used as phase transfer catalysts, they were discovered by Charles Pederson of DuPont, and they usually consist of at least four oxygens in a ring of twelve or more atoms. For 10 points, name these cyclic polyethers.;;crown ethers
;;The character of the peddler Isacco in this opera was the model for Trabuco in Verdi's The Force of Destiny. One aria from this opera, "A questo seno," is sometimes cut and sometimes moved to before or after the Trial Scene, and in it, a lecherous mayor who can't find his glasses is fooled into not recognizing an army deserter. At one point in this opera, a man consigns some cutlery and asks for the resultant money to be put in a chestnut tree. Lucia almost foils an attempt to forbid Giannetto marry Ninetta, until the mystery of a missing spoon is solved by inspecting the bell tower, where the title character has been hiding shiny things its nest. For 10 points, name this opera by Rossini, titled for a brigandious bird.;;(The) Thieving Magpie|(La) Gazza ladra
;;The narrator of this work hears birds performing polyphonic chanting after meeting the figure of Idelness, then sees a maiden at the Fountain of Narcissus. This poem in octasyllabic couplets opens by citing Macrobius's tale about Scipio to defend the veracity of dreams, and its last four fifths are a dialogue between the main characters on political topics. Inspired by Ovid's Art of Love and the chivalric writings of Andreas Capellanus, this poem was attacked by Christine de Pizan for its misogyny and was translated into Middle English in a mostly lost work of Geoffrey Chaucer. For 10 points, name this work by Guillaume de Lorris and Jean de Meun about a garden of "fin d'amour.".;;(The) Romance of the Rose|(Le) Roman de la rose
;;In his later career, he was sent to Germany to lead an abortive revolution known as the "March Action." Earlier, his regime reversed territorial losses to Czechoslovakia and Romania and nationalized estates, which caused consternation among his peasant supporters, who wanted immediate transfer of property to themselves. He had been imprisoned during World War I, but was able to continue as party leader from behind bars, and when he was freed, he immediately became the commissar for foreign affairs and de facto head of the new government. His administration included such figures as Gyorgy Lukacs and Matyas Rakosi, but food shortages led to the quick end to his 1919 regime. For 10 points, name this leader of the abortive Hungarian Soviet Republic.;;(Bela) Kun
;;The laziness of Carolina Bassi Manna hurt one of this composer's works, after that diva gained exclusive rights to perform in the work but rarely chose to do so. He composed one of the last operas for a castrato lead, a piece involving the "giovinetto Cavalier" motif entitled. Il crociato in Egitto, while his first work at La Scala was based on a Guilbert de Pixerecourt play and depicted such characters as Michele Gaumotte in Margeret of Anjou. His working relationship with Gaetano Rossi began on the "rescue opera" Romilda e Costanza, and this man went on to compose notable operas that involve an infernally parented Norman, the voyages of Vasco da Gama, and a persecuted religious group. For 10 points, name this composer of Robert the Devil, L'Africaine, and Les Huguenots.;;(Giacomo) Meyerbeer|(Jakob) (Liebmann) Meyer|(Giacomo) Beer
;;One of this author's title characters is introduced by Colonel Hepburn to Gustavus Adolphus, while another is talked out of killing himself by the Quaker ship's surgeon Walter Waters. In addition to Memoirs of a Cavalier and Captain Singleton, he created a character who falls out with her maid Amy, Roxana, and the saddlemaking narrator H.F., who integrates his memories with tables of weekly death figures. Another of his books ends with the title character reuniting with Jeremy E. and repenting for such deeds as being a "transported felon in Virginia" and married to her own brother. He also wrote a novel based on the life of Alexander Selkirk featuring the native Friday. For 10 points, name this writer of Journal of the Plague Year, Moll Flanders, and Robinson Crusoe.;;(Daniel) Defoe
;;In one of this man's paintings, a water tower is seen in silhouette and a traffic light hangs at the bottom right. In addition to And the Home of the Brave, he painted a work where unnatural rays of light cross through a painting dominated by the words "Office & Plant - Eshelman -Established 1881 - FEED", his Buildings, Lancaster. This man led an art movement that also included Preston Dickinson, Ralson Crawford, and the painter of Upper Deck, Charles Sheeler, called precisionism. Parts of the words "art," "Bill," and "Carlos" can be seen in another of his paintings, which also contains at least three representations of the namesake number. For 10 points, name this painter who honored William Carlos Williams with his I Saw the Figure 5 in Gold.;;(Charles) Demuth
;;Dahm and Scalapino extended the nonlinear form of this effect to IMD power and harmonic generation, while an alternative approach was devised by Agassi and Oates. It can be obtained from taking the curl of the Proca equations, and can be understood through the Anderson-Higgs mechanism. The degree to which it is performed is known as the London penetration depth, and Svedlindh discovered that a positive susceptibility is found in materials displaying the anti-variety of this effect, which is sometimes known as the Wohlleben effect. It can occur completely when a screening current is induced on the surface of a certain kind of "soft" material in such a direction as to exactly cancel the external field within the material, and it was discovered by its namesake along with Robert Ochsenfeld. For 10 points, name this effect in which superconductors lose their magnetism.;;Meissner(-)Ochsenfeld (effect)
;;Thorstein Veblen's review of this work claimed it represented "the attitude of men accustomed to take political documents at their face value" and was flawed because it did not discuss the problem of "absentee owners" or understand that a tacit agreement to suppress Communism was an important theme of the event this book analyzes. It claims that many past calamities were due to an end to lucky conditions that allowed unnatural population growth to continue, in its section claiming that a rise in the number of people who earn their living through trade rather than agriculture will trigger mass starvation in certain areas. It specifically accuses David Lloyd George of being motivated only by the need to find a compromise acceptable to domestic politics, and George Clemenceau of acting out of vengeance. For 10 points, name this 1919 book which lamented the lack of attention paid to reconstructing Germany following World War I and attracted controversy to its author, John Maynard Keynes.;;(The) Economic Consequences of the Peace
;;One character in this work is imprisoned in an undersea dungeon after his attempt to kill his foes on the "stair of Merlin" is thwarted, and the title character becomes thirty-seventh in a certain ranking after drawing lots. A man who later becomes so excited at finding a magic spear that he starts killing everyone he sees, Astolpho, is given the first turn in a jousting contest against a man who can become invincible by placing a ring in his mouth, Uberto. The magician Malagigi unmasks one character in this work as the son of King Galaphron, Argalia, and its last sections deal with a siege of Paris by Agramant, the king of Africa. Agrican competes with the owner of Durindana for the hand of a princess of Cathay, Angelica, in, for 10 points, what work by Matteo Boiardo, an Italian epic about a paladin of Charlemagne which was followed by a Ludovico Ariosto work that finds the same character "angry?".;;Orlando innamorato Orlando in Love(,) Orlando Enamored(,) (etc)
;;He was the leader of a discussion circle that included Robert Barnes, Thomas Bilney, and William Tyndale, known as "Little Germany." As he was about to be executed, this man made good on his claim to punish his right hand for signing a recantation by holding it in the fire before he himself was burned to death. After the death of William Warham, this man won out over Stephen Gardiner for his highest post, from which he supervised the trial of heretic Joan Bocher and compiled the Forty-Two Articles, which were reduced to Thirty-Nine. He attempted to respond to questions about the volume of preaching by issuing the Book of Homilies and also compiled the Book of Common Prayer. Replaced in his highest position by Reginald Pole following the accession of Mary, for 10 points, name this man who annulled the marriage of Catherine of Aragon after becoming Archbishop of Canterbury under Henry VIII.;;(Thomas) Cranmer
;;They are associated with a similarly-named complex that include the proteins Arp1 and Glued, the later of which contains a 57-residue motif that is also present in CLIP170. Exceptionally large, they feature two or three heavy chains that include four P-loop sequence elements. Structures called stalks are associated with the head of these proteins, and most sufferers of Kartagener syndrome have defects in a certain organelle because of them. The outer-arm type of these objects is an example of the axonemal variety, which are responsible for the beating of cilia and eukaryotic flagella. For 10 points, name these motor proteins that are similar to kinesins in that they are involved in transporting vesicles and organelles, but are unique for their retrograde transport.;;dyneins
;;James Rockwell's son is saved from drowning in the last scene of this book, while one of the first scenes in this novel features a boy looking through the window of a restaurant at those who can afford breakfast. In addition to Johnny Nolan, its characters include an educated laborer who pays his rent by teaching his landlord how to read. The main character immediately figures out that Jim Travis is responsible after being robbed, and dubs himself a "capitalist" after he opens a bank account with the five dollars received for protecting the country rube Frank Whitney during an excursion to New York. Followed by the sequel Fame and Fortune, this novel was also the template for its author's similar works Paul the Peddler and Mark the Match-Boy. For 10 points, name this story of bootblack Richard Hunter, who pluckishly works his way up to success, written by Horatio Alger.;;Ragged Dick
;;This god's father was responsible for making Zmey pull a plough and separating the land of the living, Nav, from the land of the dead, Jav. This god notably won a battle before stating "Well, there is your place, stay there!" He succeeded the archaic figure Rod as the chief god, and he later became syncretized with the figure of Elijah. Worshipped in sacred oak groves, he sometimes took the form of an eagle perched on top of a world-tree, and his chief rival was the snake Veles, whose attempts to hide on earth were the reason for lightning strikes. This son of Svarog was depicted with a silver head and golden mustache in the idols that were destroyed during Vladimir I's Christianization. For 10 points, name this god, the chief figure of pre-Christian paganism among the Slavic peoples.;;Perun
;;One episode of this show featured a visit to a factory that makes sex dolls in order to figure out what happened to Elaine Steele, and another episode features a bank robber who demands to be cleared of a just-committed murder while holding hostages. A current regular on this series is the former star of Providence, Melina Kanakaredes, and its other lead characters, Danny Messer and Mac Taylor, are played by Carimine Giovinazzo and Gary Sinise, respectively. For 10 points, name this counterpart to shows taking place in Las Vegas and Miami, the third show on CBS about a forensics unit.;;CSI(:) New York
;;A failed assault on St. David was part of the first of these wars, and the next of these conflicts arose from an attempt to promote Chanda Sahib. One side in these wars gained an early advantage when the Marquis of Bussy-Castelnau occupied a key city. The tide turned after the battles of Wandiwash and Pondicherry, which allowed the other side to control Anwar-ud-Din and his successors as nawab. They were fought over the area from Nellore southward, occupied by the speakers of Kannada, which was politically linked to Hyderabad and included Madras. For 10 points, name these conflicts, including the Indian phase of the Seven Years War, in which Britain and France fought for influence in a certain province.;;Carnatic (Wars)
;;The discovery of this process led to the development of Reppe catalysts, and it is often used along with the Van Arkel process in chemical vapor deposition coating. Its namesake developed it with Carl Langer in 1889, and had earlier created a company with John Brunner that produced soda ash. In this process, syngas is used to remove oxygen, and carbon monoxide is passed over a crushed and smelted ore containing a certain metallic element to make a carbonyl complex. The end result of this process is a purified element that has a notable 56-isotope and is found in the Edison battery in addition to a catalyst named for Raney. For 10 points, name this process that is used to extract and purify nickel.;;Mond (process)
;;This man's work, especially his writings on language, were the chief secular influence on the Jewish mystical philosopher Gershom Scholem. He wrote a treatise about the influence of capitalism on Baudelaire and a criticism of Bertolt Brecht entitled "What is Epic Theater?" His work on Goethe's Elective Affinities claimed that any "document of civilization" is always a "document of barbarism" as well, and a foreword to one of his works discusses the doctrine of "redemptive aesthetics" and claims that Fascism is the viewing of war as art, while Communism is the viewing of art as politics. The declining importance of "aura" is a direct result of the title situation of another of his works, which says that photography and film have entirely changed how people view creativity and performance. For 10 points, name this philosopher who killed himself in despair over the rise of Nazism, the author of "The Storyteller" and "The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction.".;;(Walter) Benjamin
;;One of the heroes of this war was Thomas Trexton, who successfully prosecuted a battle off the coast of Nevis between the Constellation and the Insurgente. An attempt by a Quaker pacifist to mediate this conflict led to the U.S. outlawing private diplomacy in the Logan Act, and it was formally concluded by the Treaty of Mortefontaine. It led to a 150-year break in America ratifying formal alliances, and one facet of this was support for Toussaint L'Ouverture's rebellion. For 10 points, name this conflict arising out of the XYZ affair and an attempt by Talleyrand to finance the Directory by seizing U.S. merchant vessels, an undeclared war known for its less than total nature.;;(the) Quasi(-)War|(the) Half(-)War|(the) (undeclared) U(.)S(.) naval war with France|(so) (forth)
;;Near its end, the main characters follow the sound of a fire alarm to a warehouse being used as a makeshift movie theater and help rescue a mutual acquaintance. At one point in this novel, a character tells an anecdote about a former co-worker who was given a restaurant as a gift but lost it during romantic intrigue, then says that no one who does not have her job can understand the meaning of regular inspections for disease. The main character learns that a sick man he had recently encountered on a train was the former fiance of his own lover, and receives an offer from the kitchen laborer Yoko, who wants to work as a maid with benefits. A resort employee, Komako, has an affair with Shimamura in, for 10 points, what story about three visits to a geisha, a novel by Yasunari Kawabata?.;;Snow Country|Yukiguni
;;An independence movement in this country was led by the Asen Brothers, and it defeated an invasion by Baldwin I under the leadership of Kaloyan. Impotent dynasties such as the Terter and Shishman ruled this state before it dissolved at the Battle of Velbuzhd. One leader of this state, Tervel, was an ally to Justinian II of Byzantium, but the skull of a later Byzantine emperor, Nicephorus I, was made into a silver-lined cup by this state's ruler Krum. It was Christianized under Boris I, and many priests in this state were trained by St. Clement and St. Naum, though it was later the center of the Bogomil heresy. An expedition sent by this place's Tsar Samuel came back with ninety-nine out of every hundred soldiers blinded, leading the Byzantine Emperor Basil II to become known as the "slayer" of this state's people. For 10 points, name this medieval kingdom, the ancestor of the modern-day state where Todor Zhivkov ruled from Sofia.;;Bulgaria|(the) Bulgar Khanate|(so) (forth)
;;Better alignment of data in the cache is an advantage of the unrolled type of this structure, and they are used in the bottom layer of an extension of them that was invented by William Pugh. Their end can include sentinel objects which act as dummy links, and programming languages such as Scheme and LISP have these data structures built-in. Developed in the 1950s by Newell, Shaw, and Simon, these structures include an XOR variety that can prevent the need for more space when using the doubly type. For 10 points, name this linear data structure that uses pointers to connect nodes together.;;linked lists
;;Some episodes from this work's middle volume include the robbery of the shepherd Gros-Louis and a man whose job as an art critic is cut short on its first day by a military occupation. The character Birnenschatz tries to prove that he has no Jewish loyalties in this work, and the author's associate Paul Nizan is the model for the character Scheider, whom Brunet attempts to recruit to a militia in a prison camp. Lola Montero overdoes on cocaine after being asked for money by Boris, and Daniel Sereno lies about how much money he has after a doctor recommended by Sarah Gomez turns out to cost four thousand francs, when money for a proposed abortion by Marcelle is sought by the protagonist of its first volume, Mathieu Delarue. Including The Reprieve, Iron in the Soul, and The Age of Reason, for 10 points, name this cycle of novels taking place around the outbreak of World War II, by Jean-Paul Sartre.;;Roads to Freedom|(Les) Chemins de la liberte
;;A leading figure in one of these conflicts was voted out of his movement by the assembly at Vevey ten years after he married Marianne Richards and moved to England. These wars were in protest to the alliance enshrined in the Royal Statute, and one of them was ended by the Convention of Vergara. The Quadruple Alliance fought on the liberal side of both one of these conflicts and its Portuguese parallel, the Miguelite Wars. Such figures as the Count of Montemolin were the supposed inspiration for these conflicts. A peace agreement between Espartero and Maroto calmed one of them, and leading military figures of these wars included Tomas de Zumalacarregui and Ramon Cabrera. Opposition to the accession of Maria Cristina and the siege of Bilbao occurred in, for 10 points, what anti-liberal uprisings on behalf of a male line to the Spanish throne in the nineteenth century?.;;(the) Carlist (Wars)
;;This man shoots a dog for judging him and stabs a horse to death as punishment for making his wife miscarry. He suspects Rafael of drowning a child in a vat of oil after that child's ears are eaten by pigs. This man has a prostitute sister named Rosario and a retarded brother named Mario, who was born as his father Esteban thrashed in a closet, where he had been locked while dying of rabies. He first gets a two-year prison sentence for killing the cuckolding pimp El Estirao; finally, angry at his mother's abuse of Esperanza, this man kills his own mother, though that crime is mixed up with his alleged murder of Don Jesus when he is put on trial. He writes his autobiography to tell others how to avoid his fate, a sentence of execution, which others report being carried out at the end of the novel where this Extremadura native appears. For 10 points, name this character whose violent life shocked Francoist Spain when his "family" became the title subject of a novel by Camilo Jose Cela.;;Pascal (Duarte)|(Pascal) Duarte
;;By far the most important work of the man who also wrote a collection of the letters of Paitli and a Commentary on the Psalm of David, this text distinguishes the "uncaused will" of God from the "loose will" that can only be guessed at through the "signa beneplaciti." Its second book is on the topics of original sin and angels, and its first book summarizes the Augustinian doctrine of the trinity but says that human speech cannot explain the nature of God and that there is a "divine substance" distinct from the actual members of the Trinity. That led Joachim of Flore to bring up the author of this book on charged of believing in a "quaternity" at the Fourth Lateran Council, but despite repeated charges of heresy throughout the thirteenth century, this book only became more standard, until by the 1370s the majority of time in universities was devoted to teaching it. For 10 points, name this manual of theology by Peter Lombard.;;(The) Sentences|Libri quatuor sententiarum
;;The name of one character created by this author was used as a pseudonym by Charles P. Jacobs in a letter accusing Thomas Hardy of plagiarism. That character is introduced as a half-drowned body being carried into the Black Lion Inn. In addition to Timothy Crabshaw, this author wrote of a figure who tries to seduce Monimia by throwing Count Melvil under the bus, and about Tom Bowling's service on the HMS Thunder. This author of Launcelot Greaves and Ferdinand, Count Fathom wrote a novel in which Thomas Pipes is sent by Commodore Trunion to help a man who eventually marries Emilia Gauntlet, and another Lydia Melford and Letitia Lewis carry on a similar friendship through letters as Dr. Richard Lewis does with Matthew Bramble. For 10 points, name this author of Peregrine Pickle, Roderick Random, and Humphrey Clinker.;;(Tobias) Smollett
;;One person by this name was also called the "Nestor of Europe." That one spent much of his life in England after marrying the daughter of George IV and won independence from William I of the Netherlands. Another person of this name was the Holy Roman Emperor who signed the Declaration of Pillnitz against the French Revolution, while another Holy Roman Emperor of this name was targeted by the Kuruc risings and the Nobles' Plot after benefitting from Eugene of Savoy's securing the Treaty of Carlowitz. For 10 points, give this name which also refers to the patron of the "rubber atrocities," an eccentric king of Belgium who held the Congo as his personal property.;;Leopold
;;A palladium-catalyzed coupling reaction between a member of this class of compounds and an aryl halide occurs in the Buchwald-Hartwig reaction. One method of classifying these compounds involves benzene sulfonyl chloride and is known as the Hinsburg test, and in an IR spectrum, the primary type of these compounds are associated with two peaks in the 3000-3500 range. They undergo methylation in the Eschweiler-Clarke reaction, and are produced from carboxylic acids in the Schmidt reaction. One reaction that is used to create these weak bases begins with potassium phthalimide reacting with an alkyl halide, and is known as the Gabriel synthesis. Hydrazine is composed of two of these compounds, which can be synthesized by the reduction of similar compounds, such as nitriles and imines. For 10 points, name these compounds in which a nitrogen-containing group is attached to an alkyl or aryl group.;;amines
;;A student of this man was the first president of the American Water Color Society and painter of The Ships of the Western Plains and The Spanish Peaks, Colorado, Samuel Colman. This man created the popular engraving based on John Trumbull's painting showing the signing of the Declaration of Independence as part of his role, alongside his brother Cyrus, in the money engraving business. A man stands on a promontory, looking at a steeple in the distance while surrounded by a bunch of huge trees, in this painter's Early Morning at Cold Spring, while in another of his works, a stream flows through rocks at the bottom of a gulch between two cliffs, on the left of which a man in a straw hat stands holds a stick and talks to another figure. For 10 points, name this Hudson River School painter who depicted William Cullen Bryant and Thomas Cole in Kindred Spirits.;;(Asher) (Brown) Durand
;;This work ends after the protagonist becomes agitated and knocks over a vase of water at a restaurant while catching sight of a gangster eating nearby. During his childhood, that character passes out and is presumed dead on a monthly basis, and comes back to life by wetting himself. The protagonist believes that seeing a harvester of human fertilizer at work in tight pants was an important moment in his life and is disappointed to find out that a picture of an armored knight is really Joan of Arc. This novel ends with the final breakup between a man who used to dress up as Cleopatra and the perceptive Sonoko, who understands why the narrator rarely kisses her. After faking an illness to avoid the draft, the protagonist hopes to die in an American air raid, ending the crisis which began when he masturbated to a painting by Guido Reni of the martyrdom of Saint Sebastian and realized that he was in love with the tough schoolmate Omi. For 10 points, name this mostly autobiographical novel about Kochan, a closet homosexual in upper-class Japan, written by Yukio Mishima.;;Confessions of a Mask|Kamen no kokuhaku
;;This scientist is the namesake of the reproduction cycles of Plasmodium in human blood, and together with a fellow countryman, he is the namesake of lamellated corpuscles that serve as dermal sensory receptors. A structure that is innervated by group Ib sensory axons, consists of endings of afferent fibers, and responds to changes in muscle tension is this man's namesake tendon organ. He improved upon a technique developed by Nissl by soaking brain tissue in a silver chromate solution, which is known as his namesake stain. He believed that the neurites of different cells are fused together to form a continuous network, which differed from Cajal's hypothesis. Flattened sacs called cisternae are located in an organelle that modifies proteins and is named after, for 10 points, what Italian scientist.;;(Camillo) Golgi
;;The bloodiest day during one of these events was the Battle of Haun's Mill, though the Battle of Crooked River became more infamous. The second one was a response by Thomas Sharp to the destruction of the Expositor presses, while the first one began after people who were driven out by the Danites and the Salt Sermon turned on their former leaders. The Gallatin Election Day Battle in that one targeted a group of people who thought they had found the Garden of Eden in Jackson County, and led to that group moving to Nauvoo. After the second one, the namesake group set out for Deseret. For 10 points, name these conflicts that sadly did not involve bayonet charges by Bryce Avery or Ken Jennings, but were instead attempts by Missouri and Illinois to rid themselves of some polygamists.;;(the) Mormon Wars
;;In The Day the Earth Stood Still, Klaatu is inspired to trust humanity by an inscription he reads at this place. A noted shot of Bruno staring downwards at Guy from it is included in Strangers on a Train. It is the first site visited during the "Freedom Isn't Free" montage in Team America: World Police, and Jessica wonders whether a person depicted here is sad because he is so incredibly old in Logan's Run. A protest here is where Jenny is reunited with Forrest Gump, and Saunders convinces the title character to keep fighting against the Willet Creek dam during a meeting at this location in Mr. Smith Goes to Washington. In another movie, its central monument is replaced with a statue of General Thade, which displeases Leo Davidson, played by Mark Wahlberg. For 10 points, name this Washington landmark, which provides the befuddling twist ending to the remake of Planet of the Apes and depicts a guy who debated Stephen Douglas.;;(the) Lincoln Memorial
;;One of the first of these people was a man known as the "Hermit of Umbria," Raniero Fasani. Clement VI condemned this movement, and its threat to the power of priests again saw it ruled unacceptable at the Council of Constance. An Islamic equivalent to this Christian group practices its defining activity on Ashura. These groups engaged in a schedule designed to mirror Christ's forty days in the wilderness. Often wearing white hoods and travelling from town to town, they attacked Jews and fringe community members during their flourishing in Germany. For 10 points, name these itinerant groups which arose in response to the Black Death, which sought to extirpate their sins by whipping each other and themselves.;;flagellants
;;Intersection type assignment systems were introduced to it by Coppo and Dezani. Its attempt to provide a foundation in a certain field was shown to be inconsistent by the Kleene-Rosser paradox, and the Curry-Howard isomorphism states an interpretation of derivations in the typed form. A term in it has at most one normal form as a consequence of a theory named for its formulator and Rosser, and it serves as the basis of functional programming languages such as Miranda, Haskell, and LISP. Its central concept is the expression, and the most common technique for evaluating it is graph reduction. For 10 points, name this notation for arbitrary functions that was introduced by Alonzo Church.;;lambda calculus
;;Whether the next sound had this quality or not in the ancestor language determined whether a Balto-Slavic vowel became long or short, a phenomenon known as Winter's Law. In English, this occurs after "fortis" sounds that start stressed syllables. It occurs before certain sounds in Sklot Smi, Faroese, and Icelandic, its rare "pre" version. Distinguishing the Hindi words for "to take care of" and "knife blade" requires taking note of this feature. Labial, dental, and velar stops with this quality in Proto-Indo-European became voiced stops in Proto-Germanic as part of Grimm's Law, and the International Phonetic Alphabet represents it with a superscript "h." For 10 points, name this phonetically meaningful action in many languages, the release of air following the pronunciation of a consonant.;;aspiration|aspirated (stop/consonant)
;;A lesser-known figure of this name was the daughter of Eurytius and wife of Lamprus, who prayed to Leto to change her baby daughter into a son. Another figure of this name is described as falser than water, more obstinate than a cow, and harder than oak in a song. She was in love with the son of a Symaethian nymph and Faunus; another suitor, in addition to fruits and sheep, gave her an entire side of a mountain as a courting gift. Finally, her lover is killed with a boulder thrown by the jealous Polyphemus. For 10 points, name this nereid who pined for Acis until tragedy struck in the form of a cyclops.;;Galatea
;;This man wrote an interpretation of the Book of Revelation as the first part of Frederick Carter's The Dragon of the Alchemists. In one of his stories, the unhappy wife of Lederman decides to become a human sacrifice in order to regenerate the Chilchui tribe. In another of his stories, Elizabeth states that she dislikes the title sensation, since it reminds her of her wedding and of the first time her husband came home drunk, before the body of Walter Bates is brought home following a mining accident. In addition to "The Woman Who Rode Away" and "The Odor of Chrysanthemums," this author of "The Man Who Loves Islands" and "Tickets, Please" wrote of a house which screams "There must be more money!" and a boy who gives five thousand pounds to his mother for her birthday after conspiring with the gardener Bassett to bet on races. For 10 points, name this author of "The Rocking-Horse Winner" as well as such novels as Aaron's Rod, Women in Love, and Lady Chatterly's Lover.;;(David) (Herbert) Lawrence
;;The desire to introduce it to the path integral expression for the canonical partition function led Cao and Berne to devise a free energy version of it. It can be contrasted with a method that uses the extended Lagrangian approach and is named for Car and Parrinello. An extension of it to transitions between electronic energy levels leads to the Franck-Condon principle. It neglects vibronic coupling, one form of which is the Renner-Teller effect, and it often breaks down in diatomic molecules. Derived by using the Eckart conditions, it is used to alleviate the task of computing a molecule's energy and wave-function, and it divides the latter into electronic and nuclear components because of the large nuclear mass. For 10 points, name this doubly-eponymous approximation.;;Born(-)Oppenheimer (approximation)
;;A large boulder is balanced on top of the red stairs that lead down to the triangular pool at this site, which includes a series of deep pink benches in front of a red stage with a piano, designed for showing paintings and other items in front of red curtains. The Cabaret Cinema and Seminar Theater are part of the rooms linked by terraces at this complex, which also includes an internally illuminated, fire-breathing dragon sculpture. Another of its rooms is a large space including a small dining alcove and a big fireplace, with blue chairs lined up around the walls, and is known as the Garden Room. This compound covers six hundred acres in the McDowell Mountains of the Sonoran desert. For 10 points, name this Scottsdale, Arizona counterpart to an original Spring Green, Wisconsin design, comprising the later home and studio of its designer Frank Lloyd Wright.;;Taliesin West
;;This leader of the Council of Eight assassinated Afzal Khan at a treaty negotiation after starting his raiding career with attacks on forts in Bijapur. After being outmaneuvered by Mirza Raja Jai Singh, he was placed under arrest at Agra, where he smuggled himself out in a large basket of desserts that he was donating to the poor. He then ruled from Rajgarh, where his actions led to the reimposition of the jizya and the leveling of temples by Aurangzeb. For 10 points, name this figure who ruled from 1674 to 1680 as the organizer of the Maratha state, a Hindu revivalist against the Mughal empire and national hero of India.;;Shivaji
;;The composer said that the nocturnes of John Field were the biggest influence on this work. One part of it, intended to depict the labor of spinning, got a new nickname based on the very busy background instruments and is more often called the "Bees' Wedding." The few titles given to individual pieces in this cycle by its composer include "Duetto" and "Auf einer Gondel." This work was intended to show that recent composers had relied too much on program music. For 10 points, name this series of piano solos, numbering forty-eight in all over eight books, and composed by Felix Mendelssohn, who did not supply lyrics.;;Songs without Words|Lieder ohne Worte|Romances sans paroles
;;This entity was the respondent in a Supreme Court case which upheld Congress's ability to levy income taxes not in proportion to state population and was brought by Brushaber. This company was chaired throughout the Franklin Roosevelt administration by the man who later lost his post as governor of New York to Nelson Rockefeller, Averell Harriman. Its easternmost business was in Council Bluffs, Iowa, and it ultimately extended as far north as Portland. Still the largest firm of its kind in the U.S., this company's directors were the driving force in the Credit Mobilier scandal, and it started its major project at Omaha while a counterpart worked from Sacramento. For 10 points, name this railroad which built westward towards Promontory Point, forming a transcontinental link with the Central Pacific.;;(the) Union Pacific (Railroad) (Company)
;;Louis Chantereau Le Febvre was one of the first people to question the usefulness of this concept, pointing out that Latin words such as "fidelis" and "homo" can have widely different meanings in different contexts. Susan Reynolds is one of the leading proponents of the idea that this never truly existed. Its social dimensions were emphasized by Marc Bloch, and both Michael Hicks and P.R. Cross have written on its "bastard" type. Along with the "Asiatic mode of production," it is one of the pre-capitalist systems in Marxism. If it existed at all, it may trace its roots to the "coloni" of the crisis of the third century, who signed themselves over to latifundia in exchange for safety. For 10 points, name this social structure involving vassals, manors, fiefs, and serfs, the allegedly defining system of medieval Europe.;;feudalism
;;This work claims that only poems written out of true love for real women count as "true poetry" and notes the connection between writing and magic by claiming that medieval Irish poets knew 150 different ciphers. It claims that the oldest archetypes of male mythical figures are the "star-son" and "wise serpent" exemplified as Hercules and Erechtheus. It claims that the reason The Red Book of Hergest is so hard to understand is that it is a coded transmission of heresy, and that the pagan Welsh who wrote "The Battle of the Trees" actually worshipped the Old Testament God, who is in fact the same as the Thracian barley patron Dionysus Sabazius. Claiming that seasonality and nature-worship are characteristic of matriarchal religions, which were practiced by moon-worshipping Neolithic patrons, it identifies the source of poetry as the title archetype of a deity. For 10 points, name this work of bad anthropology by Robert Graves.;;(The) White Goddess
;;One theorem named for this man and a Russian has been extended by David Harville to include the estimation of random effects, and another named for this man and a Frenchman states the closed convex hull of the zeros of a polynomial contains all the zeros of its derivative. In addition to those theorems named for this man, Markov, and Lucas, he is the namesake of a theorem stating that the integral of the intrinsic curvature over a closed surface is equal to two pi times the Euler characteristic of the surface, along with Bonnet. A theorem in vector calculus states that the outward flux of a vector field through a surface is equal to the triple integral of the divergence on the region enclosed by the surface, and is sometimes named for this man and Ostrogradsky. A theorem concerning the constructability of regular polygons with compass and straightedge is named for Wantzel and this man, who wanted a heptadecagon inscribed on his tombstone. For 10 points, name this German mathematician who first proved the law of quadratic reciprocity and is the namesake of the normal distribution.;;(Carl) (Friedrich) Gauss
;;One character in this book claims that his work writing reviews for women's magazines constitutes "shoveling cultural snow," to which a prostitute responds that her job is to "shovel sensual snow." An actor who laments that he must play doctors in soap operas, Gotanda, runs into his former schoolmate in this book after that character finds a new five-star resort, in which time moves too slowly in one room, where he expected the shabby Dolphin Hotel. The protagonist also meets a teenage psychic Talking Heads fan while trying to find his former lover Kiki, whom he saw crying in a dream. For 10 points, name this novel in which the otherworldly Sheep Man issues the title instruction after the main character goes to Hokkaido, the sequel to A Wild Sheep Chase by Haruki Murakami.;;Dance(,) Dance(,) Dance|Dansu(,) Dansu(,) Dansu
;;A line of displaced black residents in front of a picture of a smiling white family in a car and the slogan "World's Highest Standard of Living: There's No Way Like the American Way" comprises her "At the Time of the Louisville Flood." She wears heavy fur-lined clothing and stands in front of a propeller in an Arctic climate in one self-portrait, and her New Deal, Montana: Fort Peck Dam was on the first cover of Life Magazine. She took photos of Mohammed Ali Jinnah seated and of Gandhi at a spinning wheel, the latter just hours before Gandhi's assassination, and she collaborated on North of the Danube and You Have Seen Their Faces with Erskine Caldwell. For 10 points, name this woman noted for taking a lot of pictures and not being Dorothea Lange.;;(Margaret) Bourke(-)White
;;A woman in a purple dress and white blouse leans on a dresser, while a man in a brown suit smokes a cigar next to a table with a glass of clear liquid on it, in this man's realistic urban scene Ennui, one of the most important works of the Camden Town Group. He was part of a circle with Augustus John and Lucien Pissarro, and he created a work in which a man is either bowing his head in remorse or trying to clean the blood off his hands as a naked woman lies dead on the bed, a portrait of a murder which led to some fanciful accusations of him being Jack the Ripper. For 10 points, name this British Impressionist.;;(Walter) (Richard) Sickert
;;This man got married to the editor of The European, a woman who had recently abandoned the scion of the Guinness brewing fortune, later spending three years with that bride at Holloway Prison. He was encouraged by Viscount Rothermere to found his first political party, and until his 1980 death, he led another group, the Union Movement. He head earlier instigated the Cable Street Riot while leading a party that included William Joyce, who later became known as Lord Haw Haw. For 10 points, name this father of noted fetishist and Formula 1 president Max who was the leader of the British Union of Fascists.;;(Oswald) Mosley
;;This work criticizes Walter Pater's Marius the Epicurean for spending too much time describing the benches of a church, and it recalls a declaration in a cafe to Andre Gide that metaphysics and morality have no value while explaining that Plato and Christ had much wisdom on other topics. This work continues a theme found in the author's letters to the Morning Chronicle about the "vita nuova." Its author claims to have had a transformative experience while being mocked by a crowd at Clapham Junction, which turned him into the "Man of Sorrows," who realized that Christian repentance is the supreme artistic act, because it can alter the past. Named after the traditional title of Psalm 130, this work was created in the same place as its author's subsequent "ballad," Reading Gaol. For 10 points, name this essay addressed to Lord Alfred Douglas, over whom its author had gotten into some legal trouble, in which Oscar Wilde reflects on his time in prison.;;De Profundis
;;One character in this work uses a stray feather to pick his prison locks, while another eats from the "peach tree of infinite wisdom" and is valued for his resistance to nerve attacks. In an early scene, a character is told that he may now learn the secret ingredient for a soup after falsely claiming to have been dreaming about noodles, but the secret ingredient turns out to be "nothing." A remarkably fruitless effort to push a cart up a mountain in order to sell food to a mob is followed by an attempt to get over a locked door by lighting fireworks under a chair in this film, which involves the Furious Five helping the title character defeat the adopted son of Shifu, Tai Lung, who wishes to steal a scroll from Oogway, a turtle. For 10 points, name this movie in which the constantly eating title character, voiced by Jack Black, is picked to become the "dragon warrior" by a martial arts master, a Dreamworks release from 2008.;;Kung Fu Panda
;;A deceleration lens system and cesium neutralization oven are components of a polarimeter built at KVI based on and named for this phenomenon. It was discovered by its namesake along with Robert Retherford in an experiment that utilized the Zeeman effect and exposed atoms to microwave radiation. Feynman stated it could be obtained from changes in zero-point energy, and it leads to the electron g-factor being slightly larger than two. Able to be explained by QED, it is caused by the self interaction of an electron, and it was calculated by Hans Bethe to be approximately 1062 megahertz. For 10 points, name this energy difference first detected in the 2s one-half and 2p one-half levels of hydrogen.;;Lamb shift
;;A motif introduced with chimes, an augmented fourth from F-sharp to C, represents rest in this piece, whose first performance was part of a program of works that included an opera by Michael Trippiet, King Priam. There are four dedicatees to this work, including Piers Dunkerly and Michael Halliday. Performances of this work are to separate the singers into three levels and use a small organ near the boys choir to accentuate distance. It incorporates parts of the composer's canticle Abraham and Isaac and uses "Voices" and "Futility" within the Dies Irae. Galina Vishnevskaya was replaced by Heather Harper at its debut, though the composer was able to use the other two people that this piece was written for, Dietrich Fischer-Dieskau and Peter Pears. Written to celebrate the opening of a building designed by Basil Spence, the new Coventry Cathedral, it ends with "Strange Meeting." For 10 points, name this choral composition based on nine Wilfred Owen poems, a work by Benjamin Britten.;;War Requiem
;;Jim Sanford's bank collapses in this author's story "A Good Fellow's Wife," and Tim Haskins must pay extra to buy the farm he used to work on in his "Under the Lion's Paw." One story by this author includes the morose Saunders, who has not gotten over his wife's death from pneumonia caused by working in the fields in the rain. The Widow Gray catches sight of Emma's husband Edward Smith in that story, "The Return of a Private." This author of the play Under the Wheel and the volume of art criticism Crumbling Idols described his own life in A Son of the Middle Border. For 10 points, name this American author of Rose of Dutcher's Coolly, a depressing regionalist whose chief stories were collected in Main-Travelled Roads.;;(Hannibal) (Hamlin) Garland
;;This group is equated with the Kannaim, a sect which killed thieves of libation cups and those who had intercourse with Syrians. This group was formed by a certain Judas after forty-two of their ideological forebears were burned to death for destroying a golden eagle. Among their first actions was to protest the imposition of a census, accusing those who participated of legitimizing pagan rule. Their hero was the man who killed Zimri, Phinehas, and their center of strength was Sepphoris in Galilee. Some of this group's members killed themselves after the standoff at Masada, and one faction of this group was the Sicarii, who made public assassinations of collaborators. For 10 points, name this group which sparked the First Jewish Revolt through its opposition to Herod and Rome, and lends its name to passionate supporters of a cause.;;Zealots
;;In one play by this author, Geronte is told that he cannot arrange a marriage for his son because the son already married a woman whom he knocked up, but Lucrece ends up marrying Dorante anyway. Another of his plays ends with Severe promising to petition Emperor Decius for religious toleration, after the martyrdom of Pauline's husband. In addition to The Liar and that play set in Roman-controlled Armenia, Polyeucte, he wrote about a character who loves Amelia and is pardoned for his plan to assassinate Augustus in Cinna and about a hero who kills Don Gomes and pursues Chimene in his adaptation of a Spanish epic. For 10 points, name this French playwright of Horace and Le Cid.;;(Pierre) Corneille
;;A value named for this letter has the units kilocalories per mol and is equal to 2.859 times ten to the fourth power divided by lambda. That value named for this letter is sometimes known as Kosower's polarity parameter, and is defined as the ionizing power of a solvent based on the frequency of the longest wavelength absorption band of 1-ethyl-4-methoxycarbonylpyridinium iodide in the solvent. A matrix notation named for this letter specifies the positions of atoms in a molecule relative to each other. In reactions involving amino group protection, this letter represents a benzyloxycarbonyl group, and in SI units, this letter can be used to symbolize a factor of ten raised to the negative twenty-first power. This letter is also used to describe the configuration of a molecule in which the atoms of higher atomic number are on the same side of the double bond, in addition to a number whose value for cobalt is 27. For 10 points, name this letter that is the opposite of E in the system for naming stereoisomeric alkenes, and is also the symbol for atomic number.;;Z
;;Part of his major work is a critique of a proposal for a popular book on sociology, while another is a commentary on Antonio Labriola's theory of "praxis." His own views were most directly expressed in The New Order, a newspaper he co-founded, and this author of the Lyons Theses had just forced Amadio Bordiga out of power when he was taken to the namesake place of his magnum opus. In that work, he discusses the conflict of the "subaltern" with "hegemony" and writes a fond remembrance of Benedetto Croce. For 10 points, name this former Turin Socialist Party secretary who founded the Communist Party in Italy and wrote his voluminous philosophy in the Prison Notebooks.;;(Antonio) Gramsci
;;Its original designers repeated this experiment on a variety of animals, finding that turtles performed the most poorly and that it could make lambs tense their front legs, and leading to a joke in the writeup of this experiment about the motivation of chickens. Andrew Schwarts used a heart-rate monitor to perform it on subjects who could not give kinetic responses, and possible biases in this experiment were controlled by moving lights to underneath the apparatus and limiting the perceivable cues to motion parallax alone. This experiment used a checkerboard tablecloth and thirty-six subjects between six and fourteen months in age, and was conducted at Cornell by Richard Walk and Eleanor Gibson. For 10 points, name this experiment in which mothers called their children to cross a sheet of glass used to cover a drop into open space, which proved that depth perception is an innate quality of human sight.;;(the) visual cliff (experiment)
;;In the Popul Vuh, one of these creatures walks by after Camzotz strikes in the House of Bats and becomes the new head for Hunapu. In Japanese myth, Urashima is invited to the court of Ryugu and lingers for three hundred years after catching one of these in a fishing net. The Chinese patron of happiness, Gui Xian, is one, and for mocking Zeus's wedding to Hera, the nymph Chelone was turned into one. A god took the form of this creature during a plan which involved pulling on Vasuki, who was wrapped around Mount Mandura, in order to retrieve important items such as the "cow of abundance" Surabhi and Lakshmi herself via the "churning of the ocean." Akupara is one of these full-time. For 10 points, name these creatures which, in various myth systems, support the universe on their back.;;turtles|tortoises|(so) (on)
;;A metabolite of folic acid, 6-formylpterin, enhances the heat-induced form of this process, and the gene ALG-2 codes for a calcium-binding protein that is required for T cell receptors to induce it. Diethyl pyrocarbonate can be used to prevent false positive staining in the TUNEL assay, which is used to detect this event. The major protein induced by active STAT5 prevents it; however, endonuclease G and the flavoprotein AIF are proteins that assist in this process. One inhibitor of this process is the phosphorylation of the protein Bad, which is complexed with the protein 14-3-3. A change in the mitochondrial membrane potential and injection of cytochrome c into the cytosol induces this event, as does overproduction of the regulator Bax, which is a member of the Bcl-2 family. Mutations in the ced-3 gene of C. elegans prevent this process from occurring in 131 cells, and it is mediated by a caspase cascade. Membrane blebbing is associated with this event, although unlike a similar process, it does not release potentially toxic cell constituents. For 10 points, name this type of programmed cell death.;;apoptosis
;;One character created by this author is known as "the dissipated baby" and is enchanted by a piano performance of the "love's death" music. In addition to Detlev Spinell, who seduces the wife of Anton Kloterjahn, he wrote of American tutor Ken Keaton falling for Rosalie von Tummler, who feeds the title creatures at Holterhof Castle shortly before learning of her cancer. This author of "Tristan" and "The Black Swans," also described a man who reaches a pre-announced sum by adding fifteen numbers, and someone who waves around a silver riding crop before impersonating Silvestra and making Cipolla kiss him. For 10 points, a humiliated waiter shoots the title hypnotist in "Mario and the Magician," another short story by what author of novels including Confessions of Felix Krull, Confidence Man; Tonio Kroger; Buddenbrooks; The Magic Mountain; and Death in Venice?.;;(Thomas) Mann
;;Its composition was ordered as a fulfillment of Exodus 22:18, in the bull Summis Desiderantes by Innocent VIII. Its sections include "remedies prescribed against hailstorms" and the always exciting "how, as it were, they deprive man of his virile member." Its first part emphasizes that any person who disbelieves in the subject of this book is a heretic, and this text by Heinrich Kraemer and Johann Sprenger led to about sixty thousand deaths. For 10 points, name this book which described how to find, try, and execute practitioners of sorcery, a 1487 text that sparked the North European witch hunts.;;Malleus Maleficarum|(The) Hammer of Witches
;;He wrote about his failed attempt to read The Critique of Pure Reason in his autobiography, Philosophical Apprenticeships. This author of The Relevance of the Beautiful used the example of a dynamic play known as a "Spiel" to show a non-static experience that affects both the viewer and the object, and he believed that any interpretation is constrained by the "horizon of expectations." The first section of his major work discusses the idea of aesthetic validity, while the second applies the same idea to social science. The last of the three parts of this man's book discusses linguistic hermeneutics, which is why the book is subtitled "foundations of a philosophical hermeneutics." For 10 points, name this philosopher who argued against the possibility of truly objective investigation in Truth and Method.;;(Hans) (George) Gadamer
;;Martine van Woerkens claimed that this group never existed, a conclusion recently disputed by Mike Dash. They first became known to the Western public when Philip Meadows Taylor published the "Confession" of one of them. They are first described in the History of Firuz Shah by Ziya'-ud-Din Barani, and they were later targeted by William Sleeman, along with the similar Dacoits, at the urging of the governor-general William Betinck. Sacrificing sugar and sanctifying an axe were among their characteristic religions rituals, and these worshippers of Kali spoke the Ramasi language. For 10 points, name this group which used scarves containing coins to strangle their victims, a secret society of highway robbers in the Indian interior.;;Thugs|Sthaga|Thugi
;;His incidental music includes some for The Widow of Valencia by Lope de Vega, and his first foray into ballet was Happiness, to be followed by Spartacus. His first work was a piece dedicated to his mother called The Song of the Wandering Ashugh. In another of his ballets, Giko is killed and the titular daughter of Avanes, a collective farm leader, safeguards precious geological secrets. For 10 points, name this composer whose Gayane contains the iconic "Sabre Dance," the namesake of the Grand Concert Hall of Yerevan and hero of twentieth-century Armenian culture.;;(Aram) (Ilich) Khachaturian
;;A six thousand by one thousand foot artificial lake was built in order to sail a ship named for the "beauties" of this god, and a figure once known as the "Exalted One of the double plumes" changed his name to "Mighty Bull beloved of" this god. A hymn to this god is the world's oldest piece of musical notation, and a uraeus, or cobra amulet, was usually found near depictions of this god. A woman who was given the city of Tcharu as a dowry, Thi, may have been a votary to this god, influencing her son. The Theban version of the Book of the Dead mentions this god as "adored when he rests upon the mountain to give life to the two lands," but during the Middle Kingdom he was worshipped only at Heliopolis. Depicted with hands that gave the ankh to the pharaoh extending from rays, his worship was directed from Tell el-Amarna but curtailed by Tutankhamen. For 10 points, name this personified disc of the sun, a god elevated by the former Amenhotep IV to unprecedented monotheistic prominence.;;Aten
;;After promised Venetian reinforcements never show up, this man's army lost the Battle of Varna. This regent for Ladislas Posthumus scored an unexpected victory against at Belgrade. Earlier, he bargained his support for Wladylsaw III's elevation as king for troops and money for the Long Campaign. In that action, he severely diluted Ottoman power in Bulgaria, Albania, and Bosnia. One of the first men to use careful study of contemporary military tactics and a professional standing army, he had a son known as "the raven." For 10 points, name this general who was governor of the Kingdom of Hungary from 1446 to 1452 and was the father of the future king Matthias Corvinus.;;(Janos/John) Hunyadi
;;He played guitar on the song "Hide Away" from Mick Jagger's Goddess in the Doorway solo album, and his career as a manager ended after he waved a gun at the editor of Blaze for giving his client Canibus a bad review. A collaboration with The Rock on "It Doesn't Matter" and a pointless cover of the Pink Floyd song "Wish You Were Here" were some of the lowlights from his album subtitled Two Sides to a Book. The disc Memoirs of an Immigrant was the 2007 sequel to his hit debut, in which he asks anyone with more than a dollar in his pocket to put his hands up and says "you must understand I can't work a nine to five." In his biggest hit, he rhymes "I see you cryin but girl I can't stay" with "January, February, March, April, May." For 10 points, name this creator of The Carnival and the hit song "Gone Til November," who collaborated with Pras and Lauryn Hill in the Fugees.;;(Wyclef) Jean
;;One work which is supposed to make use of these objects was expanded from a line in the author's "Geographical History of America" and was written alongside some adaptations of Shakespeare in collaboration with Thornton Wilder. In addition to Gertrude Stein's "I Am I Because My Little Dog Knows Me," these things appear in Federico Garcia Lorca's The Tragicomedy of Don Cristobal and Dona Rosita, in a Korean form whose name literally means "young bride," Ggogdu Gagsi, and as the source of shadows in the Indonesian Wayang. A list of types of shellfish and the enthronement of Eiryaku following the execution of Ri Toten appear in another play that uses these, while O Hatsu is abducted by Gihei in another. For 10 points, The Battles of Coxinga and The Love Suicides at Sonezaki by Chikamatsu Monzaemon are chief plays in the bunraku, a Japanese genre performed by what manipulated figures?.;;puppets
;;This author claimed to have "literally held his tongue for ten years" after a childhood incident in which a man threatened to cut off his tongue if he revealed that the man was sleeping with this person's nanny. He explained the idea of the "acoustic mask" in one work, and he titled another of his works after a journal published by Karl Kraus. One of his sociological texts notes that teeth are the most unique part of the body and begins with a chapter on "the fear of being touched" in order to analyze the irrationality of mass movements. For 10 points, name this author of such autobiographies as The Play of the Eyes and The Torch in My Ear, who wrote a study of the threats to individualism in Crowds and Power.;;(Elias) Canetti
;;This man wrote his major work after being rebuffed by Baron de Hirsch. He found little support for a proposed meeting in Munich, going to Switzerland instead and developing the Basel Program with Max Norday. He could not overcome the opposition of the Russian faction of his confederates to the Uganda plan, nor could he talk the Ottoman Sultan into giving him what he wanted. This man had undergone a transformative experience in Paris while working as the French correspondent for Neue Freie Presse, and he later founded his own newspaper in Vienna, Die Welt. For 10 points, name this author of The Jewish State and first president of the World Zionist Organization.;;(Theodor) Herzl
;;This author was probably reincarnated as former UVA quizbowl star John Kenney, since she died in Silver Spring, Maryland in the same year that he was born there. Sometime before that, she wrote a story in which an argumentative couple almost divorces because of some eggs inadvertently broken by being placed under the title object, "The Rope." In another of her works, the character Harry is back after hiding out in Mexico for a year following a duel to protect his sister's honor, and the chinless Eva Parrington realizes that Amy killed herself. She also wrote about Braggioni and Eugenio, two socialists who become involve with Laura, an American teacher flirting with involvement in the Mexican revolution. For 10 points, name this author who collected "Noon Wine" and "Old Mortality" in Pale Horse, Pale Rider and also wrote "Flowering Judas.".;;(Katherine) (Anne) Porter
;;Besides the namesake Vermonter, this man was the only other Republican Senator on the Dillingham Commission, which came up with the National Origins Formula and reading test that severely reduced immigration to the U.S. This man assisted Henry Adams in editing the North American Review after becoming the first-ever recipient of a doctorate in political science from Harvard, and was a U.S. spokesman at the Washington Naval Conference. As Senator from Massachusetts, he introduced namesake "reservations," which were amendments reserving certain powers to Congress, as chairman of the Foreign Relations Committee. For 10 points, name this man who thus frustrated ratification of the Treaty of Versailles, a rival of Woodrow Wilson and leading opponent of U.S. membership in the League of Nations.;;(Henry) (Cabot) Lodge(,) (Sr)
;;One of his poems tells the reader to "ask the tall fish" about a "rhubarb man" who planted a garden around a "sea ghost." Another claims to be "dumb to tell the crooked rose" about something "that blasts the roots of trees," and one of his short stories remembers how Annie Jones was snubbed when Jimmie Williams's mother refused the titular "Peaches." This author of "Altarwise by Owl-Light" said "I sang in my chains like the sea" and "old age should burn and rave at close of day" and also noted "after the first death, there is no other" in "A Refusal to Mourn the Death, by Fire, of a Child in London." For 10 points, name this author of "The Force that Through the Green Fuse Drives the Flower," "Fern Hill," and "Do Not Go Gentle Into That Good Night," a prodigiously alcoholic Welsh poet.;;(Dylan) (Marlais) Thomas
;;This philosopher anticipated the theory of speech acts through his concept of the "mode of quality" that defines the psychology of a given action. While Bernard Bolzano's Platonic thought influenced his professional works, his final period as a student was under the author of Psychology of Tone, Carl Stumpf, who influenced this man's early mathematical works On the Concept of Number and Philosophy of Arithmetic. His first major work begins by debunking "psychologism" and goes on to a six-part "descriptive psychological" exploration of mereology, intentionality, and the relationship between truth, intuition, and cognition, among other topics. This author of "Philosophy as a Rigorous Science" collected his Paris lectures as another major book. For 10 points, name this author of Logical Investigations and Cartesian Meditations, credited with founding phenomenology.;;(Edmund) Husserl
;;Changes to this structure were made under al-Hakam II, who added a three-bayed maqsura. The columns within this building form a pattern with the trees in its center, the Court of the Oranges, and it has a room-sized mihrab. Taking cues from similar structures in Damascus and Jerusalem, the voussoirs on its interior are alternatively red and white in color, and are supported by double arcades. Begun under the ruler of Abd al-Rahman and later modified by Ferdinand III, this structure was to be torn down in the 1500s, but local opposition led to the unusual compromise of putting a Gothic cathedral within its center. For 10 points, what is this high architectural achievement of the Spanish Ummayads, now a unique juxtaposition of religious buildings?.;;(the) (Great) Mosque of Cordoba|(La) Mezquita (Catedral(;))|(the) Mosque(-)Cathedral (of) (Cordoba)
;;A man is about to strike with a hatchet in the third part of this series. The final panel in this series shows the sun serving as a large halo behind a woman's head, while dogs fight with a horse in another late one. Some monks are trying to flee in "Everything is Topsy Turvy," one panel from this cycle divided into five parts. The sections of this work include a seventeen-part interpretation of a famine and fourteen fanciful depictions of monsters representing Ferdinand VII. One of many excellent series from its artist, who also created the cycles Caprichos and the Black Paintings, for 10 points, name this depiction of the French invasion of Spain in 1808 and the resultant privations, a series of paintings by Francisco Goya.;;(The) Disasters of War|(Los) desastres de la guerra
;;Characters who attempt to slow down the events of this play include Cephise and the handmaiden Cleone, who counsel reliance on reason rather than passion. The title character compares this play's central dilemma to Hector protecting Helen from being killed, before a ghost tells her to make a strategic marriage. One character is skeptical of his friend's newfound love for Hermione, because the friend had previously said he hated Hermione for not returning his favors. It opens with the arrival at Epirus of Orestes, who is asking Pyrrhus to kill the title character's son Astyanax. For 10 points, name this Jean Racine play, which shares its name with a Euripides play and is about the widow of Hector.;;Andromache
;;They were briefly converted to Christianity by Saint Bruno of Querfurt, leading to them ending their war with Vladimir of Kiev. Around 900 CE, they had driven the Magyars out of the space between the Don and Danube and risen to prominence by killing the Russian prince Sriatoslav. In 1091, Byzantium had to ally with the Kumans in order to fend off a siege of Constantinople by this group. For 10 points, name this Turkic group which disappeared following the Battle of Beroia, some former inhabitants of southern Russia who were later absorbed into Hungary.;;Pechenegs
;;In the background of this painting, a man with a belt of bullets on top of his overalls hands a shotgun to one of his compatriots in the doorway, underneath an orange banner reading "todos los pesos divios." A man with circular glasses and no middle to his mustache holds a cigar in one hand and rebuffs a figure who is holding a white bag to his right, while a woman with no pupils in her eyes is fed champagne by a smug man in a top hat to the left. It is the counterpart to a painting in which most of the people are sleeping and a man is teaching others to read by lantern-light. For 10 points, name this picture of a decadent banquet by Diego Rivera, which sometimes has the word "orgy" put at the front of its title and is often shown side-by-side with Night of the Poor.;;(Orgy(:)) Night of the Rich
;;One of his works features a novice monk beating a panther with a tree branch, while another follows Prince Goudal's daughter Tamara, who falls in love with the supernatural title character. Another of his characters anticipates impressing Princess Mary with his officers' uniform. While staying in Taman, a man whose journal entries comprise a novel by this author admits that he is unnerved by the lack of an icon and the blind, crippled boy who lives in the house he is lodging in, and the boy eventually steals the protagonist's sword and luggage. An attempt to trade the bride Bela for Kazbich's horse figures in that novel by this author, in which Grushnitski is killed in a duel and Vulich plays Russian roulette. For 10 points, name this author who told the story of Pechorin in A Hero of Our Time.;;(Mikhail) Lermontov
;;Authorized in some cases as early as the 1235 Statute of Merton, this practice was regulated via a Consolidation Act of 1801. Thomas Tresham was a notorious practitioner of this, and its increasingly common occurrence sparked the Midland Revolt, the Newton Rebellion, and Kett's Rebellion. Certain "acts" of this name consolidated disparate strips, while vigorous use of it on a local scale led to the situation that inspired Oliver Goldsmith's The Deserted Village. Leading to up to ninety percent of the peasantry being evicted, for 10 points, identify this practice of late medieval England in which formerly common land was fenced in and used for specific private purposes.;;enclosure
;;These people celebrated a vegetarian version of the Pyanepsia and performed human sacrifices at Leucas. H.L. Ahrens identified this group with the Perpherees, and members of this group sometimes wore garlands in order to jump into the sea. This group sent the maidens Opis and Arge, as well as Laodice, to sacrifice at Delos, but when the envoys were killed, they started making their sacrifices by wrapping items in wheat and asking neighboring countries to pass them along one region at a time. Some say that this group was composed of those selected for virtue, while others speak of them as a race, with a thousand-year lifespan. They are almost always described as worshipping Apollo. For 10 points, name this people of Greek myth which lived in an unspecified and inaccessible part of the far north.;;Hyperboreans
;;A theory that involves what he calls "The Background" assigns three directions-null, world-to-mind, and mind-to-world-to intentional states. After developing his theory of intentionalism, he analyzed the philosophical significance of printing money in The Construction of Social Reality, in which this disciple of John Austin claims that issuing currency is a type of speech act. He may be better known for trying to debunk the equivalence of mental states and the appearance of mental states with an idea similar to the Turing Test. For 10 points, name this man who said that the syntactic manipulation of formal symbols is not the practice of semantics by postulating a thought experiment involving a translation dictionary, the Chinese Room argument.;;(John) (Rogers) Searle
;;In studying this structure, Elizabeth Gould showed that dendrite spine density and estradiol levels peaked together. A circuit of structures interconnecting this structure and the cortex was proposed by James Papez, and axon collaterals named for Schaffer innervates neurons in the CA1 portion of this structure. Neurons that respond only when an animal is in a certain region of space, known as place cells, are located in this structure. It consists of two sheets of neurons called Ammon's horn and the dentate gyrus, the first of which sends axons into the fornix. Connected ventrally and laterally to the olfactory cortex, this structure inhibits CRH release. For 10 points, name folded structure of the limbic system that plays a major role in learning and memory.;;hippocampus
;;In this novel, Charles tries to kick out a pregnant woman who is squatting in a house with her sister, leading to a man dying of shock after being hit with the flat end of a sword. Jacky gets drunk on the lawn and claims to have been the mistress of one of the central characters. The lost umbrella of Leonard Bast partially drives the plot of this novel, as does an unofficial codicil to a will which bequeaths the title object to Margaret. Helen and Paul fall in love, but it is Henry Wilcox who marries Margaret Schlegel after the death of Ruth in this book. For 10 points, name this novel in which various characters maneuver to inherit the title residence, a work of E.M. Forster.;;Howards End
;;A statistical-mechanical expression for this property has been developed by Boudh-Hir and Mansoori that is based on the Macleod formula. The dimensionless Weber number is equal to density times velocity-squared times diameter, divided by this value. The Marangoni effect is caused by variations in this property, and the Young-Laplace equation relates the difference in pressure with it. Jaeger's method for calculating its value involves producing a small bubble, and the recently developed drop collapse method uses a smaller volume of sample than the du Nouy ring method. Often measured in Joules per meters squared, it is caused by unbalanced intermolecular forces, and its value is decreased by rising temperatures, in addition to the presence of soaps, detergents, and other surfactants. For 10 points, name this tendency of liquids to reduce their exposed surface, a phenomenon that enables some insects to walk on water.;;surface tension
;;One member of this dynasty acquired land in the Treaty of Torun following his victory at the Battle of Puck, and another king of this dynasty patronized the Italian humanist Callimachus. Elizabeth of Habsburg was known as the "mother" of this other dynasty, which held off an eastern threat at the Battle of Orsha. This dynasty briefly ruled in Hungary until the Battle of Mohacs led to the death of Louis II. It was established in one country as a result of a marriage to Jadwiga, and it died with the end of Sigismund II Augustus's reign, shortly after the country that was this dynasty's power base entered the Union of Lublin. For 10 points, name this dynasty brought out of Lithuania by Wladyslaw II which ruled late medieval Poland.;;Jagiellonian (Dynasty)
;;In addition to Voronoi's tessellation and Johnson-Mehl diagrams, these objects were used by Kayser and Stute to study human lung carcinoma. Problems involving the k type of these objects are NP-complete, and the Euclidean type involve Delaunay triangulation. The running time of one of the fastest ways to find these objects is based on a soft heap and includes the functional inverse of the Ackermann function. Another way to find these objects was first presented by Karger, Klein, and Tarjan, and involves a randomized linear-time algorithm. Greedy algorithms such as Kruskal's algorithm and Prim's algorithm can also be used to compute these objects, which can be used to find a solution to the traveling salesman problem. For 10 points, name this subgraph that contains all of a graph's vertices with the least possible edge weight.;;minimum spanning trees
;;The continuo of its first movement is marked "con pompa" to satirize a man who is angry at his daughter not obeying him and threatens to withhold her wedding breakfast and gold bonnet. It begins with Lieschen and Herr Schlendrian arriving at a popular new hangout, where the lyrics start with the phrase "Be still, stop chattering" directed at the patrons. The libretto was written by "Picander," a pen name of Christian Friedrich Henrici., though his original draft does not include Lieschen's insistence on a marriage contract that lets her make the title substance whenever she pleases. For 10 points, name this satire of the newly popular drink in Leipzig, a miniature comic opera by J.S. Bach.;;(the) Coffee Cantata|Kaffeekantate
;;Just before a sham degree is received from Abernathy College in this novel, a man loses one of his eyes while being beaten for "heresy." In addition to Frank Shallard, it includes a character who is revealed to be a worshipper of Astarte and dies in a fire, as well as Bishop Toomis, who sends the title character to Banjo Crossing. While attending Terwillinger College, that title character is referred to as "Hell-cat" and captains the football team. Moved at a speech by Judson Roberts, he subsequently attends the Mizpah Seminary. He schemes to make Floyd Naylor take the fall for his own disinterest in Lulu Bains, meets Sharon Falconer, and finally becomes the head of a church in Zenith. For 10 points, name this novel about a hypocritical preacher, by Sinclair Lewis.;;Elmer Gantry
;;One song by this group suggests that "It won't take you long/To learn the new smile/You'll have to adapt/Or you'll be out of style." Another of their songs recalls a "vanilla smile and a gorgeous strawberry kiss" and promises "it will always be like this forever and ever and ever." In addition to "Jumping Someone Else's Train" and "Mint Car," this band sang about a person who has been "living so long" with the title objects that he can "almost believe that they're real," and about plans to "watch the walls instead." Different songs by this band became the titles of a 2005 saga of a dead doctor played by Reese Witherspoon falling in love with Mark Ruffalo, and a 1999 film starring Hilary Swank as a transgendered murder victim. The former recalls trying to "laugh about it" and "cover it all up with lies," while one of their most liked songs begins "show me show me show me how you do that trick." For 10 points, name this band which record "Boys Don't Cry," "Pictures of You," "Friday I'm in Love," and "Just Like Heaven," an English group led by the large-haired Robert Smith.;;(The) Cure
;;A scheme to use eminent domain to mine the Mangue Seco dunes is a subplot of this novel, which ends with the only paved street in town being renamed. A man who is initially suspected of being a Martian turns out to be a speculator in titanium dioxide who calls himself Mirko the Magnificent, and arrives just after Ascanio gets help in his project to replace the single electric generator in town with power lines. The title character of this book arrives in tight jeans and a low-cut blouse instead of the expected clothes of mourning, after Ricardo prays following the delay of his mother's allowance check. Perpetua wants the title figure to adopt one of her sons, but she seduces him instead, in, for 10 points, what novel about a woman with satyr-like sexual appetites, written by Jorge Amado?.;;Tieta(,) The Goat Girl|Tieta do Agreste
;;Those who signed this document pledged to look forward to the "triumph of the right and true." Part of this document discuss someone who has been made "morally, an irresponsible being." It also complains about a group that has "monopolized nearly all the profitable employments" and "closes" "all the avenues to wealth and distinction." For 10 points, name this document stating "We hold these truths to be self-evident: that all men and women are created equal," a twist on the Declaration of Independence that was issued by Elizabeth Cady Stanton at the Seneca Falls women's rights convention.;;(The) Declaration of Sentiments
;;Farm plots on this feature were given away for nineteen dollars during the Fourth Land Lottery, and it was named by the founder of Mercer College, Adiel Sherwood. William Simmons and Samuel Venable climbed it in 1915 to burn a cross, signifying the rebirth of the Ku Klux Klan, which is why it is mentioned in the "I Have a Dream" speech. This landmark's most notable use was the idea of Helen Plane and Scott Candler, and was executed by such figures as Walker Hancock and Augustus Lukeman after Gutzon Borglum quit. For 10 points, name this protrusion in DeKalb County, Georgia, where monuments to such figures as Robert E. Lee comprise the "Confederate Mount Rushmore.".;;Stone Mountain
;;The most successful instance of a certain type of this was designed by R. Orin Cornett, and William Stokoe wrote some important books on one of these. One of these was used by disparate groups of Plains Indians in the nineteenth century, and a noted example of the emergence of one of these involves the Villa Libertad vocational center and a school in San Judas. In addition to that Nicaraguan one, an artificial one was created by the Abbot of l'Epee and exported to Hartford, Connecticut in 1816 by Laurent Clerc. There, the French type was transmuted into an American type by Thomas Gallaudet. For 10 points, name these systems of sound-free communication, often used by the deaf.;;sign languages
;;This ruler overran Mato Grosso during his successful first war, after his father had allied with Mariano Roque Alonso to seize power. His demand for his army to have access to Corrientes province led to another conflict, in which his country lost the Humaita fortress and the Battle of Tuyuti. Following this man's rule, his country de facto legalized polygamy because there were so few males left, nearly all of them having been killed by Brazil, Argentina, or Uruguay. For 10 points, name this man who sparked the War of the Triple Alliance while ruling Paraguay in the 1860s.;;(Francisco) (Solano) Lopez
;;Athanasios Papoulis introduced an extension of this theorem involving linear shift-invariant systems, and the Raabe condition associated with it concerns the criterion for unambiguous representation. This theorem gives a value that is necessary in order to recover all Fourier components of a periodic waveform, or else distortion known as aliasing can occur. Its proof often uses the Dirac comb, and it can be used to reconstruct a signal via a sinc interpolation function. For 10 points, name this theorem, sometimes named for Whittaker and Kotelnikov, that states a band-limited signal may be fully reconstructed if it is sampled at a frequency at least twice the signal bandwidth.;;Nyquist(-)Shannon (sampling) (theorem)
;;Souhaun and Avril are seduced away from Basil Stoke and Cyril Poges in one play by this author, while in another of his works, Lorna takes the side of the peat drivers against her husband, the stingy Michael Marthraun. Sheila Morneen's commitment is doubted by Mrs. Breydon in another play by this author, and the kindhearted drunk Fluther Good appears in his play about the descent into madness of Nora Clitheroe. Minnie Powell is attracted to a false image of Donal Davoren, but Donal is not so tough when the British authorities hear the rumors too, in a play by this man. Joxer Daley helps one of his title characters waste time, and Johnny is shot for being an informer in that same play. For 10 points, name this writer of Purple Dust, Cock A Doodle Dandy, Red Roses For Me, The Plough and the Stars, The Shadow of a Gunman, The Silver Tassie, and the tale of the strutting Jack Boyle, Juno and the Paycock.;;(Sean) O'Casey
;;This man pondered the implications of biotechnology in Our Posthuman Future and wrote about "social virtues" in the book Trust. Jacques Derrida's Specters of Marx accuses this man of being a poor rehasher of Alexandre Kojeve, who had posited in the 1950s that the United States was the fulfillment of communism. Azar Gat says that the "authoritarian capitalism" model, which Gat places in contemporary China and Russia, disproves this man's major thesis. He has clarified that he did not mean to laud the United States, but rather saw the European Union as the likely beneficiary of the situation described in his 1989 article in The National Interest. For 10 points, name this theorist who argued that representative democracies and capitalistic economies would soon be unchallenged worldwide in his The End of History.;;(Francis) Fukuyama
;;This expression can be simplified by using the Bates-Guggenheim convention, which states that a certain value is equal to 1.5 Alternatives to this equation include ones named for Pitzer and Davies, the later of which is used in when molarity is between 0.1 and 0.5. An extended form of this equation takes into account ion size parameter, and Brownian motion was accounted for in an improvement to it made by Lars Onsager. This equation states that the log of a dimensionless quantity symbolized f or gamma decreases linearly with the square root of ionic strength. For 10 points, name this doubly-eponymous equation used to calculate activity coefficients.;;Debye(-)Huckel (equation)
;;This book criticizes the Cartesian shift from viewing the mind as equivalent to reason to conceiving of an "inner arena" and relies on earlier critiques of "givenness" put forth by Wilifred Sellars. It borrows from Thomas Kuhn for its idea of what is "normal" and critiques the "veiled foundationalism" being practiced by other thinkers. Laying out its author's attempt at "therapeutic" or "edifying" philosophy, this text calls for the abandonment of focus on semantics and "pseudo-problems" and a move to pragmatic thought. For 10 points, name this 1979 polemic written by Richard Rorty.;;Philosophy and the Mirror of Nature
;;In this work, the witch doctor Dastardos puts any being who is sick for a prolonged amount of time out of its misery, while cannibalism among the title creatures produces the "doughnut of life." The "sour" characters in this game will eat seeds, while other destructive forces include the Ruffians, under the leadership of the shovel-wielding Professor Pester, who can be fended off with the Captain's Cutlass. The genderless mating in this game produces eggs as long as the player gets through a maze in the accompanying minigame. Such species as the Rashberry and Shellybeans comprise the main characters in this game, who begin in black-and-white and add color when they settle on a permanent residence. The goal is to arrange one's garden in order to best attract the title creatures. For 10 points, name this Rare-developed game on the Xbox 360, in which the player cultivates festive, candy-filled Mexican birthday toys.;;Viva Pinata
;;The appearance of the conodont Siphonodella sulcata separates this period from its predecessor, which saw the formation of a landmass known as the Old Red Continent. Ages during this period that are named for Russian cities include the Moscovian and Gzhelian. This geological period saw insects begin to fly and the first amniotes, including synapsids. Occurring from approximately 360 million to 290 million years ago, it followed the Devonian and was the fifth and final period of the Paleozoic Era. For 10 points, name this period that is divided into Mississippian and Pennsylvanian subperiods, and is named for some rich deposits of coal.;;Carboniferous (period)
;;One character in this book invents a hydraulic cement system and valves for controlling floods, but is unable to profit due to lack of patents, and after Agnes drowns in a canal in this work, Frank Sargent kills himself. This book ends with a dream about Ada Hawkes being put in the hospital. The main character of this novel keeps a diary of his activities so that his son Rodman, a sociology professor, cannot have him declared incompetent. A resident of Zodiac Cottage, that protagonist discovers that a woman who married the editor of Scribner's, Augusta Drake, was likely involved in a lesbian relationship with his grandmother. The bulk of this novel describes the marriage of Susan and Oliver Ward, narrated by their grandson, the retired history professor Lyman. For 10 points, name this novel by Wallace Stegner.;;Angle of Repose
;;After one character in this play claims to have had a dream of an angel telling him to leave, another responds that it must have been a pagan god. Another character refuses to eat any food purchased with "the devil's money" in this play, leading to the death of Mary Rua. Some merchants appear after Shemus makes three entreaties for the demons of the woods to come to his house, after the departure of the title figure, who regrets not carrying more money and invites the peasants to come to the castle the next day for more charity. Aleel and Oona both realize they cannot live without the title character, who ends the local trade in souls by selling her own for half a million crowns. For 10 points, name this play about the infernal response to a famine in Ireland, written by W.B. Yeats.;;(The) Countess Cathleen
;;A document issued by someone who gave himself this title was to implement racial equality, independence, and a ban on non-Catholic religions, and a man was swept into this office on the Army of the Three Guarantees. That person was the first to hold this title and had earlier fought off Jose Maria Morelos at Valladolid before issuing the Iguala Plan. The second person to hold this title was married to the insane Carlota and was executed at Queretaro over the protestations of Victor Hugo and Giuseppe Garibaldi. For 10 points, name this office allegedly held by Agustin de Iturbide and Maximilian in a Latin American country.;;Emperor of Mexico
;;One of his works opens with the title character having a dream about a snakebite, then going to church and falling in love with Panfilo. In a narrative poem by this author, a man tries to kill himself after seeing a vision of a boar attacking his beloved, but is stopped by Pandaro. Hector prevents the populace from burning down a house at the start of that poem, in which the main female character is traded for Antenor. In addition to that basis for Shakespeare's Troilus and Cressida, he wrote about a crazy guy who pretends to kill his children and makes his wife prepare for his wedding to another woman, and recounted such plots as "Tancred and the Golden Cup" and "The Pot of Basil." For 10 points, name this author of Fiametta and Il Filostrato, who included the story of Griselda in his book about people fleeing the plague and telling stories, the Decameron.;;(Giovanni) Boccaccio
;;A concept crucial to this book is defined in four parts, as having an agent, an end, a situation, and a relation. It advances the theory of a "normative orientation" between goals and chosen methods, meaning that, apart from what the author calls "error," the choice of means to achieve a given desire is not random. Its introduction is labeled "The Problem" and asks "Who anymore reads Spencer?", and its first chapter explains the "unit act," which is analogized to the iron atom making up the bridge that is the title entity. For 10 points, name this work of structural-functionalist sociology, written by Talcott Parsons.;;(The) Structure of Social Action
;;SILAC is a method used to quantify this process, which is controlled by the enzyme SUV39. The CheR protein helps catalyze it when it occurs on certain chemotaxis proteins receptors. Detected by bisulphite sequencing, this process can be inhibited by the binding of SeqA. Silenced heterochromatin is a result of this process on lysine 9 of the histone H3 tail, and it can lead to inactivation of an X chromosome in female mammals. This process occurs to the CpG island in sufferers of fragile X syndrome, and in post-replication repair, it occurs via DAM on newly replicated DNA strands. For 10 points, name this process that is responsible for genomic imprinting and attaches its namesake CH3 groups.;;methylation
;;He was a frequent subject of editorials in La Libre Parole, the newspaper of douard Drumont. Senator Auguste Scheurer-Kestner and journalist Joseph Reinach were among this man's allies. Despite the forgeries of Hubert Henry, Georges Picquart continued to work on this man's behalf. Twenty thousand copies of Aurore were sold after that newspaper became involved in his cause. Handwriting analysis eventually showed that Frederic Esterhazy, and not this man, was the true culprit. For 10 points, name this man defended in Emile Zola's J'Accuse, a Jewish officer in the French army accused of spying for Germany.;;(Alfred) Dreyfus
;;The narrator of this book believes that everyone has a sword used on special occasions, because he was given a sword in celebration after the defeat of Napoleon. That man wants to enters politics after dumping his girlfriend for being lame in the leg, but his proposed respectable wife marries Lobo Neves instead. A mysterious package of cash becomes the trust fund for Dona Placida, and the main character begins an affair with Virgilia, in this book. A beggar who appears more prominently in another novel by the same author steals the watch of this novel's protagonist. In addition to that minor appearance of Quincas Borba, this novel boasts a frame narrative in which a man who contracts pneumonia at age sixty-five and dies decides only then to write his autobiography. For 10 points, name this novel by Joaqim Machado de Assis.;;(The) (Posthumous) (Memories) (of) Bras Cubas|Epitaph of a Small Winner(;)|(Memorias) (postumas) (de) Bras Cubas
;;This place is seen next to an arrow that moves along a map, representing the hurricane that just misses it. Eventually, people parade through its streets holding pictures of a corpse with the words "for justice" written on them. Landmarks in this place include the Hotel of the Rich Men, and Joe is killed by Trinity Moses in a boxing match held here. It is founded by a group including Leocadia Begbick, and Jenny Smith brings a gaggle of prostitutes here from Oklahoma. Alaska Wolf Joe and Bank Account Bill are among its residents, as is Paul Ackermann. For 10 points, name this place where Jimmy Gallagher is sentenced to death for having no money, a conurbation created by Kurt Weill and Bertolt Brecht in a play about its "rise and fall.".;;(the) City of Mahogany
;;This artist depicted a white dog with brown ears and patches which has just received a bath in the bucket on the left in Barbaro After the Hunt. In another of this painter's works, a few obscure figures watch the scene from the hill on the top right, while one building can be seen in the distance on the left. In the foreground, men in white and blue-green shirts attempt to control their animals, with a brown one rearing up in the center to the left of a group of white ones. For 10 points, name this painter of The Horse Fair, who had to wear pants and disguise herself as a man in order to gain access to her subjects.;;(Marie) (Rosalie) (Rosa) Bonheur
;;Epicharis mentioned this plan to a naval officer, but did not give details under torture. The secretary Epaphroditos was finally informed of it by Milichus, and its members were thwarted before they could begin to implement this agenda. This scheme was to culminate with Faenius Rufus presenting the namesake senator to the Praetorian Guard, and its other members included Sulpicius Asper and Subrius Flavus. Its most notable outcome may have been the forced suicides of such literary figures as Lucan, Petronius, and Seneca. For 10 points, name this failed plot to overthrow Nero.;;Piso's Conspiracy|(the) Pisonian Conspiracy|(so) (forth)
;;One explanation for their popularity says that they symbolize a tongue of flame reaching towards heaven, while another says that they are used alongside unusually heavy crosses which must be anchored inside. Distinguished from the Byzantine-influenced "helmet" kind, some of the most notable examples of these alternate green and red bands or have red and green stained glass on them, while the wooden Intercession at Vytegra has twenty-four of these. Notably adorning the Ivan the Great Bell Tower and St. Basil's Cathedral, for 10 points, name these bulbous summits of church spires, characteristic of Russian architecture and named for their resemblance to a root vegetable.;;onion domes
;;At an event hosted by these people, Sishupal, the king of Chedi, was beheaded by a thrown wheel after insulting a god. They were once saved from a plan to assassinate them by fire when Widira found out in time. Later, they spend thirteen years in exile after losing a dice game. They are the offspring of Madri and Kunti, and include among their number Shadeva, Nakula, and Yudhishthira. These virtuous counterparts of the Kauravas eventually win back their collective bride Draupadi and their kingdom after their most notable member hears the Bhagavadgita. For 10 points, name this group of five people, including Arjuna, who are the heroes of the Mahabharata.;;(the) Pandava (brothers)
;;In one of his positions, this man tried to re-institute slavery thirty-two years after that practice had been outlawed. Following his landing at La Paz, he declared the independence of Sonora and Lower California, which no one really cared about. A year later, he got the backing of the Accessory Transit Company, which included Cornelius Garrison and Charles Morgan, and spent just under ten months as a national leader. Later, he was captured and shot by the British during his last venture in Honduras. For 10 points, name this man who sought to expand the power of slave states by carving new land for the U.S. to annex out of Mexico and Nicaragua, a noted filibusterer of the 1850s.;;(William) Walker
;;Fermi generalized this formula for the case of non-transparent media. The Landau method, which measures the work done by an electric field, is an alternative to this formula, which is useful in the millimeter wavelength range and assumes an infinite track length. It is based on calculating the energy loss of the flux of the Poynting vector over a cylindrical surface. Formulated in 1937, this formula measures a phenomenon that results when a charged particle moves through a medium at a superluminal velocity. For 10 points, name this doubly-eponymous formula used to calculate the amount of Cherenkov radiation emitted.;;Frank(-)Tamm (formula)
;;Grayven and Kalibak live on a planet by this name, which is populated by a social hierarchy that includes the Parademons and the Lowlies. The ruler of it is guarded by the Female Furies under the leadership of Granny Goodness. Travelling to this homeworld of Big Barda usually requires a Boom Tube, as it is located in an alternate dimension known as the Fourth World. In addition to the place ruled by Darkseid, this name refers to a character whose past exploits include encountering Nathaniel Essex in Victorian England and making that man into Mr. Sinister, and replacing Angel's wings with a new metal design. For 10 points, name this character who was born in prehistoric Egypt as En Sabah Nur and is a consistent foe of the X-Men, named for an event in Christian eschatology.;;Apocalypse (DC) (planet) (spelled) (Apokolips)
;;In one of this author's works, a woman tries to seduce some men who want to buy lozenges after watching her husband snore. One story by this man follows a duel in which the two participants swap characters and involves the zoologist Kolya Von Koren. An amusement park manager courts and marries Olenka before dying on a business trip, leading to Olenka becoming obsessed with lumber, in another short story by this author. Every animal and person on an estate begins looking like a pig in a story he wrote that is narrated by the veterinarian Ivan Ivanich, who reveals that the title objects were hard and sour. For 10 points, name this prolific short story writer of "The Darling," "The Duel," "The Bishop," "Gooseberries," and "The Lady With the Lapdog," as well as such plays as Ivanov, Uncle Vanya, and The Seagull.;;(Anton) Chekhov
;;One person of this name instituted the Nizam I-Cedid, signed the treaties of Sistova and Jassy, and impotently declared war on Britain and France in support of Napoleon. Another one was known as "Sari" or "The Blond." One person of this name put down the revolt of the Kizilbash and won the Battle of Chaldiran against Ismail of the Safavids. Another person of this name delegated power to the vizier Mehmed Sokollu and was in power during his empire's loss at Lepanto. A ruler of this name won the battles of Marj Dabiq and Raydaniyah, allowing him to conquer the Hejaz, Syria, and Egypt. For 10 points, give the common name of these Ottoman sultans, the first of whom, known as "the Grim," left a strong regime to his "magnificent" son Suleyman.;;Selim
;;The majority in this case cited the recent decisions of Paul v. Virginia and Ward v. Maryland. Justice Field's dissent from the majority ruling in this Supreme Court case said that the right to pursue a "legitimate occupation" was a common-law tradition. The majority holding was rooted in what the opinion called the "one pervading purpose" of the Fourteenth Amendment, which was to protect the equality of blacks. Thus, the federal government could not intervene against a state to protect the property rights of a business. For 10 points, name this Supreme Court ruling which essentially made meaningless the "privileges and immunities" clause, an 1873 decision arising from a grant of monopoly to various New Orleans butchers.;;(the) Slaughterhouse Cases
;;At one point in this novel, false rumors are spread about a white panther stalking the countryside. After a twelve-year-old girl bites the heads off of 218 turkeys, the doctor who treats her falls in love with her. One character in this novel goes insane as a result of an event years earlier, when her father was killed by a bomb during the India-Pakistan partition, and another must be confined to the attic after killing four men. The related politicians Iskander Harrapa and Raza Hyder represent different religious outlooks in this novel, while the title character is Sufiya Zionbia Hyder, who is given a nickname reflecting her lack of intelligence. For 10 points, name this novel narrated by Omar Khayyam Shakil, a story of Pakistani politics by Salman Rushdie.;;Shame
;;This book's second chapter addresses the difficulty of making translations, and its fourth chapter discusses "referential opacity." It says that there are two kinds of sentences, based on whether the reference is permanent or temporary, called "occasion sentences" and "standing sentences." Its first chapter examines whether stimulus-response systems affect the acquisition of language, while its final chapter, "Ontic Decision," puts forth the idea of "semantic ascent" and questions whether the distinction between realism and nominalism is meaningful. For 10 points, name this book including sections on "Flight from Intension" and "The Ontogenesis of Reference," a 1960 work of Willard van Ormand Quine.;;Word and Object
;;This piece occurs after the addressee accosts the singer on the street, and it begins with an instrumental depiction of one character's swaggering walk. Dividing its subjects into those from Italy, Germany, France, Turkey, and Spain, it is the next aria in the score after "Ah, chi mi dice mai" and is addressed to Elvira. An orchestral depiction of a shudder responds to one part of this piece, which mentions that its subject prefers the "sweet beginning." It lists 2065 members of "every social class, every shape, and every age." For 10 points, name this aria sung by Leoporello, which goes over the previous conquests of the title character in Don Giovanni.;;(The) Catalog Aria|Madamina(,) il catalogo e questo
;;James Gillray's sketch Charon's Boat lampooned the dissolution of this entity. This government implemented the "defensive and husbanding system" and obtained passage of the Foreign Slave Trade Bill. However, this coalition was foiled in its attempt to pass the Roman Catholic Army and Navy Service Bill. Among its chief members were Lord Sidmouth and Charles Fox. Formed after the death of Pitt the Younger under the leadership of Grenville, it took its name from its disregard for party and several dominating personalities. For 10 points, name this British cabinet, which ruled for about a year beginning in 1806.;;(the) Ministry of All the Talents
;;One character in this work decries "the phony city administrations of Gary and East Chicago," who think Johnny O'Day is dangerous, while another accuses Billy Graham and "a team of interracial pallbearing servicemen" of "inducing catalepsy." A major character in it prominent as the star of The Free and the Brave and is described as looking just like Abraham Lincoln. Named after a 1949 film also known as The Woman on Pier 13, in which Robert Ryan portrays the former Brad Collins, this book includes the spoiled daughter Sylphid as well as a man who is forced to work as a salesman of bags of minerals recovered from a rock dump after Bryden Grant extracts the title revelation from a woman whose real name is Chava Fromkin. It is narrated as a conversation between a major character's brother and that man's former student Nathan Zuckerman, whose acquaintance with the central figures in this novel disqualified him from a Fulbright scholarship. For 10 points, name this story of Eve Frame's vengeance on Iron Rinn, a novel by Philip Roth about the McCarthy era.;;I Married a Communist
;;The principle criteria for strong shockwaves include the detachment criterion and a criterion named for this man that is sometimes known as the mechanical equilibrium criterion. The namesake of a uniqueness theorem with Stone, he is also the namesake of a type of entropy associated with quantum mechanics. A finite axiomatizable set theory is named for this man, along with Bernays and Godel, and in cellular automata, each individual interacts with its four nearest neighbors in this man's namesake neighborhood. The theoretical proof of the existence of a universal converter was given by this man, and a type of computer organization in which data and instructions are stored together in a common memory is this man's namesake architecture. For 10 points, name this inventor of merge sort, formulator of the minimax theorem, and co-author of Theory of Games and Economic Behavior with Oskar Morgenstern.;;(John) von Neumann
;;In one work by this author, the title character "devoured six ices, refused to pay for them, knocked down the pastry cook, and walked away." That is a work in twelve chapters, each of which is just a sentence or two long. This writer also created an epistolary novel in forty-one letters in which the De Courcy and Vernon families communicate, with most of the book dedicated to the so-called "Sir James Martin contretemps." Everyone in the title coastal town has a different idea of what their new buildings will look like when talking to Mr. Parker in another of this author's books. For 10 points, name this author of Love and Freindship, The Beautiful Cassandra, The Watsons, Lady Susan, and Sanditon, perhaps better known for such novels as one in which Edmund Bertram marries Fannie Price, Mansfield Park, as well as Emma and Sense and Sensibility.;;(Jane) Austen
;;Since the fourth century, a tomb in Sebaste near Aenon was believed to be that of this figure. He is the subject of the Draa d-Iahia, the central book of the Mandaean religion. This man ate locusts and honey and wore camel hair while preaching, and the Gospel of Matthew identifies this figure as the returned Elijah. He is commonly shown hanging around nativity scenes in art with his own mother, Saint Elizabeth. He condemned the king's marriage to a woman who had been wed to the king's half-brother as incestuous under Jewish law, which led to his execution by Herod. For 10 points, name this Christian figure, the immediate precursor to Jesus who introduced a Christian ritual involving water, hence his byname.;;(St(.)) John the Baptist
;;One of many tales about his first punishment says that he had told Phrixus the route from Colchis to Hellas, angering Poseidon, though he was more often said to have abused the gift of prophecy by not sufficiently obscuring the future. The apparent discrepancy in generations between Agenor, who is often called the father of this man, and the people who rescued him from his plight, led to the subsequent claim that he preferred long life to sight. Calais and Zetes took the creatures who later tormented this man to the Strophades, allowing him to eat without having those monsters befoul his food. For 10 points, name this king of Salmydessus who was targeted by the Harpies.;;Phineus
;;The central character in one part of this poem destroys a piece of paper that says "do well" on it. At one point in this work, a dirty coat is finally discarded by Hawkin the Active Man, and Fortune takes one character to see Emperor Trajan. One person in this poem believes that every person hosts the Tree of Charity, and one of its first episodes involves some mice and rats resolving to put a bell around the neck of a cat. Lady Mede is to be married to False, though the king thinks Conscious is a better match, in one part of this work, which also features appearances by Study, Hope, Faith, Reason, and Scripture. For 10 points, name this barely disguised allegory narrated by a certain "Will" and named after a character who will give good advice to anyone who helps his fieldwork.;;Piers Plowman|(The) (Vision) (of) (William(,)) (Concerning) Piers the Plowman(,) (A) (Text)
;;Opik and Pryce developed an early method for calculating this effect, but Jesus Chaboy was unable to detect it in a liquid solution. The Laporte rule does not apply to when this effect is present, and one member of the Irving-Williams series features a surprisingly high value because of it. First published in a 1937 paper, it was based on work done by Kramers and Wigner, and is related to the RTE. The pseudo type of this effect is experienced in fluxional molecules, and it also has static and spontaneous versions. Caused by an electronically degenerate ground state, it is most often associated with octahedral complexes of the transition metals. For 10 points, name this effect in which non-linear molecules experience molecular geometry distortions.;;Jahn(-)Teller (effect/distortion)
;;In one of his works, two of the four depressed-looking figures have white beards that spill over the circular panel edges at the top of one work by this man, which shows a gold pointer moving around twenty-four numbered spaces, his Clock with Heads of Prophets. Manetti, Bruno, and Giotto are depicted along with Donatello and the artist himself in his Five Famous Men. A yellow-triangle-on-red-shield design, some checkered flags, and a forest of lances dominate his depicting of armored knights engaging in a 1432 event. For 10 points, name this painter of The Battle of San Romano.;;(Paolo) Uccello|(Paolo) (di) Dono
;;This author explained the concept of the "electronic cottage" and "prosumers" in a book titled for the phenomenon which follows, and is analogous to, subsistence farming and the Industrial Revolution. He proposes how the title condition of his major work may be lessened in the chapter "Strategies for Survival." That work claims in the chapters "Novelty" and "The Limits of Adaptability" that the human psyche cannot handle indefinite amount of change and posits the new defining characteristic of society in "The Death of Permanence." For 10 points, name this author of The Third Wave who made an analogy between the "superindustrial state" and one who is dropped into an unfamiliar culture in Future Shock.;;(Alvin) Toffler
;;This writer alleged that Ezra Pound's version of hell is not frightening because it is constructed solely for viewing by others and not for the damned, due to Pound having no concept of sin, in his essay After Strange Gods. A play by this man features Lucasta, the secret daughter of Sir Claude Mulhammer, and one of his works notes that "at this stage of religious experience the proper prayer is/Teach us to sit still" and is partially based on "In Exile at Sarzana" by Guido Cavalcanti. A lady dressed in white appears in a section by this poet which is inspired by the Valley of Dry Bones from Ezekiel, and this man also wrote the line "tenants of the house/thoughts of a dry brain in a dry season." For 10 points, name this writer of The Confidential Clerk and "Ash Wednesday," who wrote "between the essence and the descent falls the shadow" in a poem that notes "this is the way the world ends/not with a bang but a whimper," "The Hollow Men.".;;(Thomas) (Stearns) Eliot
;;The character Gray is turned into one of these in the backstory of the second Atelier Iris game. A race of gods appearing in Chrono Cross takes this form, and Namco released games about the "valor" and "buster" of these. Dirk the Daring's mission to rescue Princess Daphne forms the plot of the first game released on laserdisc, which is named for the "lair" of one of these. Their king, Onaga, is the final boss of Mortal Kombat: Deception, while The Eternal Night, Ripto's Rage, and A Hero's Tail are some of the sequels to a game about one named Spyro. King Lorik, the ruler of Charlock Castle, and Princess Gawelin appear alongside the iconic "slime" in another game named for these. For 10 points, name these creatures, after whom a namesake "warrior" goes in a classic RPG.;;dragons
;;One work of this genre and number starts with a "Poco sostenuto" and ends in Allegro con brio. The Adagio from the one by Jean Sibelius was to be recycled into the tone poem Feminine Moon Spirit, but that project was abandoned. Peter Franklin and Ralph Vaughn Williams both praised that work for its innovative use of C major. The one by Mahler uses a section with five forte markings in which the violins are told to play pizzicato and "pluck so hard that the strings hit the wood," as known as the Song of the Night. Beethoven's is in A major and contains a very influential Andante movement. For 10 points, give the ordinal position and genre of these works, which in Beethoven's case immediately followed his "Pastoral.".;;seventh symphonies
;;An extension of this theorem can be applied in vector Pade approximation because it provides an explicit factorization of determinant representation of the denominator polynomial. The namesake of this theorem showed that the group correspondence was one to one, but in his proof did not show that it was a homomorphism, which Camille Jordan did later in 1870. A consequence of it is that theorems that are true for permutation groups are true for groups in general. For 10 points, name this theorem that states any group of order n is isomorphic to a subgroup of the n-th symmetric group.;;Cayley's (Theorem)
;;Written in seven chapters, including "The Spinning of the Web," "Love and Women and War," and "Man the Carnivore," this book begins with a pre-emptive assault on its critics entitled "All Else is Error." Its last chapter opens with a poem that shares its name with this book, describing "silent Semite rings" and claiming "a curse is on their cankered brains" after pairing quotes by Bismarck and Darwin with the author's own advice, "All men are created equal is an infernal lie." The former editor of The Tribune, a New Zealand radical named Henry Desmond, is often called the author of this book, though some accounts try to show that Ambrose Bierce or Jack London were actually responsible. For 10 points, name this polemic in support of the survival of the fittest as the basis for human morality, which caused a stir when it appeared in 1896 attributed to the mysterious "Ragnar Redbeard.".;;Might is Right
;;One part of this book claims that it is impossible to give a non-tautological definition of what a "crime" is, admitting that this book's definition of crime as "an offense to the collective conscience" is not very useful. Much of the first section of this book is a rebuttal to the claim that analyzing law codes is a poor practice for sociologists, and divides laws into repressive and restitutory types, with the ratio of the two being the key to understanding the effects of the title phenomenon. After identifying three "abnormal" types, it claims that the title phenomenon will "ruin" science, and that class conflict originates when it is mandated from above, changing the type of "solidarity" felt in the culture from "organic" to "mechanical." For 10 points, name this work of Emile Durkheim about a phenomenon that Adam Smith claimed was the source of the wealth of nations.;;(The) Division of Labor in Society|(De) (la) division du travail social
;;This man was married to the second-most important literary figure named Alice Walker, and he created such characters as Bristling Billy and Baggy-beak the Pelican in his whimsical Animals Noah Forgot. He described "Clancy of the Overflow" meeting the titular skilled horseman in "The Man From Snowy River," while the title measurement is a man's estimate of what a car needs to go as fast as the one that passed Henery in his story "Three Elephant Power." In the best-known work by this man, the arrival of a "jumbuck" to the "shade of a coolibah tree" delights a "swagman camped by a billabong." For 10 points, name this author of the unofficial national anthem of Australia, "Waltzing Matilda.".;;(Andrew) (Barton) (Banjo) Patterson
;;During these conflicts, the Battle of Newburn allowed one side to capture Newcastle. An attempt to raise money for one of these was the rationale for calling the Short Parliament, which was dissolved after proving unfavorable to this campaign. The first one ended bloodlessly at the Pacification of Berwick, and the loss of Northumberland and Durham in the second one led to the summoning of the Long Parliament, and thus to the English Civil War. For 10 points, name these wars fought between the Covenanters and Charles I, an attempt to impose the Anglicanism of the titular group on Scotland.;;(the) Bishops' Wars
;;One type of these objects recalls a god who transmuted into a blazing pillar without top or bottom. The svayambhuva type of these are believed to have spontaneously generated themselves at the start of time and are venerated at about seventy locations. It is often surrounded by several murtis, and less commonly with its more literal counterpart, the yoni. For 10 points, name this object commonly seen at temples of Shiva, a stylized representation of the male creative principle that basically looks like a penis.;;lingam
;;He used the voice of the fictional pamphleteer John Pickard Owen to satirize the relationship between science and Christianity in The Fair Haven, while a similar work, Darwin Among the Machines, was expanded into one of his major novels. Alethea dies giving birth to the last of the central male's five children in one novel by this author, in which a game of cards determines which Allaby daughter is to marry Theobald. At Roughborough, Dr. Skinner gives a harsh education to Ernest, who inherits seventy thousand pounds at the end of the tale of the sons of religious publisher George Pontifex. In another of his novels, the protagonist is not allowed to marry because he is not interested in Zulora; in that book, he wrote about the University of Unreason, the worship of Ydgrun, and the use of Musical Banks in a place where disease is considered a crime. For 10 points, name this creator of Nosnibor and Higgs, the author of The Way of All Flesh and Erewhon.;;(Samuel) Butler
;;One defeat for this man was when Parliament chose to use the phrase "fit and convenient" rather than declare some policies he supported to be essential. Rivals of this man included the treasurer Richard Weston and Bishop Williams of Lincoln, who impeded for three years this man's project of visiting every diocese in England. He was able to extend his influence to Ireland through his confederate Thomas Wentworth. He succeeded George Abbott to his highest post, in which this man was an opponent of such preachers as Alexander Leighton and William Prynne, using mutilation to control the spread of Puritanism. For 10 points, name this promoter of conformity with the Book of Common Prayer, a dour Archbishop of Canterbury who was executed during the English Civil War.;;(William) Laud
;;He attracted notice while serving as governor of Grodno and then Saratov, allowing him to make the "wager on the strong" from another office. His extensive use of military courts against insurrectionists led to the noose being dubbed this man's "necktie." His alliance with the Octobrists ended during his maneuvers to extend the zemstvo to Poland, and soon after, at an opera house, Dmitry Bogrov assassinated him in 1911. For 10 points, name this Russian prime minister who repeatedly dissolved the Duma in order to push through his conservative vision of land reform.;;(Pyotr) (Arkadyevich) Stolypin
;;This man's namesake reaction has been used to test for the presence of the dyrene fungus in apples, and the solid-phase variety can make use of Wang resins. Raiford developed a modification of this man's namesake method that involves treating nitrous acid with a brominated phenol. A variation on the Friedel-Crafts reaction that involves the alkylation of p-cresol to a cyclohexadienone with tetrachloromethane is named for this man and Suhl. Also the namesake of a reaction along with Konig, this man studied under Friedrich Wohler and was the academic advisor of Otto Hahn. One type of functional group named for this man results from the hydrolysis of an imine group and the reaction between a pyridine and secondary amine. For 10 points, name this German chemist, the namesake of a type of aldehyde.;;(Theodor) Zincke
;;The working footage of this movie was shipped to the studio in five separate batches to ensure against plane crashes, and it includes a scene in which a man claims he was not quite an accountant in Montreal. One character emphasizes the difference between war and cricket in this movie, which was based on an actual incident involving one Philip Toosey. This film won a Best Screenplay Oscar for the author of the book Planet of the Apes, Pierre Boulle, who secretly collaborated with the blacklisted Michael Wilson and Carl Foreman. An iconic piece of music by Kenneth Alford is featured prominently in this film, the Colonel Bogey March. A character played by William Holden, Shears, leads a mission to destroy the title object in, for 10 points, what picture by David Lean in which Colonel Saito forces the POW Nicholson to build part of the Japanese transportation network in World War II?.;;(The) Bridge on the River Kwai
;;In one of this man's paintings, angels in red, white, and green join hands while sitting on a roof, and several more angels dance in the air, below an opening to the heavens. Below that, several couples embrace along a zigzagging path to the nativity scene at the center. In a tondo-form painting by this man, Mary is dipping a pen into ink as Jesus looks upward at some rays of light. In addition to the Madonna of the Magnificat, this creator of the Fortitude Panel showed a blue man embracing a woman on the right of a painting that also has mythical women dancing about, a dude picking fruit, and everyone trampling on flower petals, and is named for the Italian word for "spring." For 10 points, name this painter of Primavera who also delighted giant seashell fetishists with his depiction of The Birth of Venus.;;(Sandro) Botticelli|(Alessandro) (di) (Mariano) Filipepi
;;This woman's granddaughter Belle McNabb Fitch became a left-wing activist in south central Los Angeles and wrote a Marxist interpretation of this woman's actions in response to Douglas Moore's opera about her "wound that never healed." She first became an activist after the Supreme Court case of Leisy v. Hardin put forth the "original package" doctrine, publishing newsletters such as the Home Defender. Her later causes included a campaign against eating foreign foods, but she became nationally known for the campaign chronicled in her Ten Nights in a Bar-room, which she attempted to bring to the Topeka governor's mansion several times. For 10 points, name this temperance advocate who led crowds of hymn-singing women with hatchets in the destruction of saloons.;;(Carry) (Amelia) (Moore) Nation
;;Near the end of this book, news that a minister has been posted to Buffalo inspires a recently married middle-aged couple to speculate on other upcoming weddings. During a trip to Fiesole, some sheep frighten the horses carrying the central characters of this novel, and the main character is dragged off the road after catching his hand in a strap. While convalescing, he is told that he can never marry the younger woman he recently met. The novel starts after the protagonist loses an election, when he takes up his youthful occupation of studying architecture in Florence and meets his old flame Lina Bowen. As a result of Effie taking sick at a masked ball, Imogene is left alone with the main character, but the reverend Morton is implied to end up with her in the end. For 10 points, name this story of Theodore Colville, a novel by William Dean Howells titled for a deceptive season.;;Indian Summer
;;This character was created on behalf of publisher David Longworth by the woodcutter Alexander Anderson, and is seen to the left of some people who are loading items into a rowboat, with a warship in the background. The document on which he is standing was a privilege granted to those who were deemed sufficiently "neutral" to sell certain supplies. A man carrying a barrel of "superfine" flour declares this character "cursed" as he tramples on a piece of paper marked "licence," while another figure comments, "Damn it, how he nicks 'em." For 10 points, name this character from a noted cartoon about the Embargo Act, part of a tradition of using terrapins to depict that law; a large snapping turtle whose name is the law in question spelled backwards.;;Ograbme
;;This designer of the angels blowing trumpets for the First Baptist Church of Boston used a pseudonym for working with Egyptian subjects, "Amilcar Hasenfratz." One of his major works is a monument to dead soldiers and was constructed from Vosgian sandstone in front of the namesake town hall. In addition to the Lion of Belfort, he designed a work in which four nereids hold up a three-level structure with globular lightbulbs skirting it. That is a work for the U.S. Botanical Gardens known as this man's fountain. He worked with Edouard Laboulaye, Eugene Viollet le Duc and Gustav Eiffel on a project celebrating the centenary of French support for the American Revolution. For 10 points, name this sculptor of Liberty Enlightening the World, which became a New York harbor monument.;;(Frederic) (Auguste) Bartholdi
;;During the time of this man's 1994 tour of the United States, he was prohibited from appearing on British radio or television, with his newsworthy statements instead being read by actors. At the same time, his secret negotiations with his counterpart in another group, John Hume of the SDLP, were coming to fruition. He pushed for his party to end its boycott of the Oireachtas, and he was one of the biggest advocates for the 1981 hunger strike that led to the death of Bobby Sands. This man was defeated in 1992 by Joe Hendron for his symbolic seat in Parliament. In 1998, he entered the Good Friday Agreement and sent his confederate Martin McGuinness into power. For 10 points, name this longtime president of Sinn Fein.;;(Gerard) (Gerry) Adams
;;Its third chapter addresses the concept of "ultimate sanction" and says that "social feelings" will provide the missing individual motivator for a certain system. Its second chapter, entitled "what" the title thing "is," compares the experience of a drunk man breaking dishes to the experience of listening to Mozart in order to argue against hedonism. Its final section denies the charge of "expediency" and uses the lack of agreement on what constitutes justice to show the need for the titular idea. For 10 points, name this essay in five parts, an 1863 followup to On Liberty which coined the name of a philosophy and was written by John Stuart Mill.;;Utilitarianism
;;One play by this name was written during breaks in the author's work as an assistant to chemist Lars Nielsen and was an attempt to write a revisionist history of the subject, whom the author of this play claimed had his posthumous reputation more in the hands of his enemies than any other historical figure. Another play of this name shows the title character killing a slave and drinking his blood to seal his pact with Lentulus and Cethegus. Ambassadors of the Allobroges are used as double agents, and Fulvia informs on a plan to assassinate Cicero, after Antoninus unexpectedly wins the second consul's seat in this play. For 10 points, give this common name of dramas by Henrik Ibsen and Ben Jonson, about a man who tried to overthrow the Roman Republic in 63 BCE.;;Catiline
;;This man invented a machine for automatically cutting out and assembling the parts of a wooden wheel. While working as one of the first efficiency consultants, this man found that temperature variations affected the performance of leather belts that drove the machines at the Osgood and Smith plant. An attempt to replace one of those worn belts cost him an eye, curtailing his plans to visit the Amazon. This man instead wrote about one of his most notable actions in a nine-chapter sequence that includes "Cedar Keys" and "Twenty Hill Hollow" entitled A Thousand-Mile Walk to the Gulf, and he put forth a coherent theory of erosion via glacier movement in the 1870s. For 10 points, name this instigator of the declaration of Sequoia and Yosemite as national parks, a naturalist who founded the Sierra Club.;;(John) Muir
;;Its components were named by the author of "It's raining, it's raining, shepherdess" and a sequel to The Misanthrope, who used words for "meadow," "frost," "blossom," and "vintage" for its major divisions and listed such items as tools and seeds to replace saints. The basic idea for this was put forth by Pierre-Sylvain Marechal, and it was implemented by Philippe Fabre d'glantine. Divided into three "decades," the start of its use was retroactively declared to be September 22, 1792, in order to coincide with the National Convention's declaration of the republic. For 10 points, Prairial, Nivose, Vendemiaire, Fructidor, and Thermidor were among the months of what new dating scheme, eventually abandoned by Napoleon?.;;(the) French Revolutionary Calendar|(French) Republican Calendar
;;One of these works describes a place "Where rivulets dance their wayward round," while another is about a figure found "In earth and heaven, in glade and bower." "A violet by a mossy stone/Half hidden from the eye" appears in another of these works, while one of them ends "But she is in her grave, and, oh,/The difference to me!" Including a reference to "mute insensate things," this five-poem cycle includes "A Slumber Did My Spirit Seal," "I Travelled Among Unknown Men," "Three Years She Grew in Sun and Shower," "She Dwelt Among the Untrodden Ways," and "Strange Fits of Passion Have I Known." For 10 points, name these poems, possibly based on Annette Vallon or the poet's sister Dorothy, a cluster of works by William Wordsworth.;;(the) Lucy (poems)
;;Nimrod Miller showed that nitric oxide induces aspects of egg-laying behavior in this organism, and attraction in these animals involves the release of the pheromones attractin, enticin, temptin, and seductin. In order to reproduce, several of these animals copulate together in a "daisy chain," in which members both deliver and receive sperm. Often used as a model organism, their growth cones have a well-described cytoskeletal system. The neurobiologist Eric Kandel repeatedly squirted water onto its siphon in order to study non-associative learning, specifically, the gill and siphon withdrawal reflex. For 10 points, name this invertebrate, a type of sea slug whose electrical synapses control the release of purple ink when threatened.;;Aplysia (californica)
;;One song by this name recalls being taught by "Doctor Mike" at the Dundrum School and is about a pair of people who get "no peaceful sleep tonight." In addition to that song by Carbon Leaf, another song of this name has a guest appearance from the lead singer of The Charlatans, Tim Burgess, and states "I must remember I'm a hustler, I'm a full moon" and is by The Chemical Brothers. The narrator of a third song by this title wishes to go home while he is "laying out his winter clothes," and recalls being "in the quiet of the railway station" as well as getting only come-ons from "whores on Seventh Avenue" while looking for a job. Describing a "poor boy" whose "story's seldom told," that song about a man who "carries the reminders of every glove" was by Simon & Garfunkel. For 10 points, give the common name of these pugilistic songs.;;(The) Boxer
;;It held a distaff and spindle in one hand and was guarded by Theano. One king built a city around this object, after it was cast out of heaven at the same time as the goddess Ate when it was used by Electra of the Plediades to escape from Zeus. Created to honor a figure who was killed by the aegis when Zeus misunderstood a child's game, its capture was part of a prophecy that also included the Bone of Pelops, the Bow of Heracles, and the arrival of Neoptolemus, given by Helenus and outlining how the Greeks could win the Trojan War. For 10 points, name this statue of a childhood friend and epithet of Athena, which protected Troy until Odysseus and Diomedes stole it.;;(the) Palladium
;;Strip biaxial simulations often give better results for a model named for Peng than this model. The principal invariants in it are defined in terms of the Cauchy-Green tensor, and it is often used with soft tissues, including that of the brain. When N=2, the Ogden material model will reduce to a type of strain energy density function associated with them. One of the first hyperelastic models to be developed, they are associated with conditions in which large deformations are involved. For 10 points, name this doubly-eponymous generalization of a neo-Hookean solid.;;Mooney(-)Rivlin (solids)
;;The author regretted specifying "householding" as a separate "form of integration" in this book, claiming later that householding was only a small-scale kind of the "redistribution" form. Some of the criticism from anthropologists of this book's understanding of the economic organization of pre-industrial tribes was responded to in its followup Trade and Markets in Ancient Empires, and this book notably claims that it was not a reaction from the poor on distributional grounds that led to the end of laissez-faire capitalism, but rather a reaction from the new merchant class, whose conservative desire for visible order was incompatible with an anarchic economy. It lays out the political balance of power, the gold standard, and liberal governments as three of the four factors which enabled the title event to occur, with the last and most important being what the author calls the "self-regulating market." For 10 points, name this book which sought to explain how Europe shot to economic prominence in the nineteenth century but was so quickly undone by World War I, a study by Karl Polanyi.;;(The) Great Transformation
;;Some calls are played in the woodwinds during a violin trill in this piece, followed by a few prominent cadenzas on the violin. Pentatonic scales and arpeggios of the violin are used to represent the titular phenomenon in this work that originally was to feature Marie Hall. Folk tunes are incorporated into its middle "Alegretto tranquillio" section, with the "Andante sostenuto" on either side intended to represent the music produced by the title character. Its published score contained a copy of the poem that this piece was based on, a verse stating "Our valley is his golden cup" and "For singing till his heaven fills" written by George Meredith. For 10 points, name this 1914 work about a bird going into the sky, written by Ralph Vaughn Williams.;;(The) Lark Ascending
;;The protagonist of this novel believes that the god Obi has caused her fiance to have sex with a goat and get kicked out of the church, though all ends well when the open-minded Squire Gensir leaves his property to the central character, who uses her Anty Nommy's illness as an excuse to get out of her confining environment. The central figure was raped by an insane musician and had to move in with the local Calvinist missionaries, the Craigs, and is tempted by a horse trader who ultimately winds up with Yoni Lenge, Hopping Dick Delgado, even though she is supposed to marry the seminary student Herald Newton Day. The protagonist realizes that Jubilee isn't such a great place after all in, for 10 points, what story of Bita Plant's return to Jamaica, written by Claude McKay?.;;Banana Bottom
;;A constitution which was adopted at the start of this man's rule provided for presidential succession via a sealed envelope, which could name any sitting general for the position starting with the death of the prior occupant. This man's grandson was the president who outmaneuvered Antenor Firmin to take power, Pierre Alexis. This man fought for France in the environs of Savannah during the American Revolution and later ordered the construction of the Citadelle Laferriere. His rule was resisted by Alexandre Sabes Petion, some years after he had become a supporter of Touissant L'Ouverture. For 10 points, name this ruler who drove out the French for the final time in collaboration with Jean-Jacques Dessalines and in 1811 proclaimed himself King Henry I of Haiti.;;Henri Christophe
;;A black-on-green tapestry unfurls in one part of this painting, and a checkerboard pattern is found on the floor in the foreground. The figure on the left holds a giant, spear-tipped flagpole with a white cross on an orange background dangling from it, and has black armor that is polished to reflection. The center of this painting is a very impractical throne which begins at the top of the wall and features a green and orange clad Mary sitting on it with the infant Jesus. It is one of the few artistic representations of the obscure St. Nicasius, who is standing opposite a cassock-garbed St. Francis. For 10 points, identify this work of Giorgione, named for that painter's hometown.;;(the) Castelfranco Madonna
;;As a name, this word denotes the former lover of both Sophie Norris and Gwen Cellan-Davies in Kingsley Amis's The Old Devils, the boxing promoter Pop in The Great White Hope, and a drunk man named Robert who annoys Eugene Gant in Of Time and the River. Pastor Kittelhaus distrusts these people in another work; in that work, William Ansorge is retired from this job, while Old Baumert has to eat his dog, and the manager Pfeifer works for Dressiger and decides how much to pay these people. For 10 points, Moritz Jaeger incites a labor movement among members of what titular profession in a play by Gerhart Hauptmann?.;;(the) weavers
;;It is used to calculate the phase diagrams for binary fluid mixtures and to classify them according to the van Konynenburg and Scott system. One modification to it raised the absolute temperature at the critical point to the second power, and introduced a term developed by Pitzer that considered molecular shape and is known as the acentric factor. Superior to one named for van der Waals, it was eventually surpassed in use, especially when dealing with liquid phases, by the Peng-Robinson equation of state, despite its Soave modification. For 10 points, name this doubly-eponymous cubic equation of state.;;Redlich(-)Kwong (equation) (of) (state)
;;One character in this book used to be married to Katya Bagnelli, who has now changed politics and lounges about in Nice. Another character in this book takes pleasure in teaching the local children how to swim, even though his own son drowns in the pool. The title character smuggled notes into prison for her Communist parents as a child, and breaks her family's long refusal to apply for passports by calling in a favor from Brandt Vermeulen. At the end, the title character goes to prison with Marisa Kgosana shortly after the Soweto incident. For 10 points, name this novel about Rosa, written by Nadine Gordimer.;;Burger's Daughter
;;The seven very heavy sanjaq idols comprise the chief gods of this group, whose members believe that they were created in a separate instance from other men and are not related to Adam. Their other quirky interpretations of Abrahamic myth include a belief that Satan repented for his rebellion and was restored to his place as chief angel. This religion regards the color blue as unclean, and the Black Writing and the Book of Revelation are the scriptural corpus of this group. Named after the Umayyad caliph whose followers are the ancestors of this group, they believe that certain saints can become gods, most notably the medieval figure of Shaykh Adi, whose tomb forms the end of the annual ritual pilgrimage of this religion. For 10 points, name this sect which worships Malak Ta'us, the divine peacock, a minority group found in parts of Iraq and Syria.;;Yazidism|Dasni
;;One poem about these items calls them "little bloody skirts" and "little hell flames" and ends "colorless, colorless." Along with mandrake juice, an extract of this plant is drunk by Barabas in order to escape from prison in The Jew of Malta, and Harry gives Larry Shannon a tea made from it in The Night of the Iguana. In addition to a Sylvia Plath poem about these "in July," the crown of the King of Dullness is made of these in the Dunciad, satirizing Thomas Shadwell's addiction to a product of them, and they are described as moving "between the crosses row on row" in John McCrae's "In Flanders Fields. For 10 points, name these flowers, which a bunch of mice carry the central party out of a field of in The Wizard of Oz.;;poppies
;;Three direct-to-video releases in this series are the only movies directed by Rick Bota; the latest one featured Jake accusing his friends of causing the suicide of Adam through their obsession with an online game. The most notable sequel to the original movie of this name was about Joey Summerskill investigating a hospital death by finding a character trapped inside a marble pillar at the Boiler Room. In the first film of this series, a girl cuts herself on a nail, allowing blood to regenerate a man who had been killed after finding the Lament Configuration that caused deadly chains to whip out of a puzzle box. An iconic character played by Doug Bradley, the leader of the Cenobites, attempts to lay claim to that man's soul in, for 10 points, what movie, which introduced the character of Pinhead and was the directorial debut of its writer Clive Barker?.;;Hellraiser
;;This male figure's marriage was broken up by an archaic god of dueling who lived in Ydalir, a son of Sif named Ull, who married his former wife after the pair proved unable to decide between Noatun and Thrymhem as their place of residence. This man acquired that wife following the death of Thiazi, when Thiazi's daughter was allowed to choose any husband and picked this man based on his attractive feet. A patron of good fortune for sailors, this member of the Vanir practiced incest to father Freya and Freyr. For 10 points, name this figure who married the snowshoe-loving giantess Skadi.;;Njord
;;One passage in this book defines good men as those who "dig the old thoughts" to become "farmers of the spirit," but laments that "eventually all land is exploited, and the ploughshare of evil must come again and again." It is bookended by a chapter entitled "Joke, Cunning and Revenge" and by the "Songs of Prince Vogelfriei;" in between are sketches on St. Januarius and "We Fearless Ones." A noted quote from this book is followed by the disclaimer "but given the way people are, there may still for millennia be caves in which they show his shadow. And we, we must still defeat his shadow as well." The title is an expression about the attitude of troubadours in Provencal towards their occupation. For 10 points, name this text which first explained "eternal recurrence" and announced that "God is dead," a book called the most personal of Friedrick Nietzsche.;;(The) Gay Science|(Die) frohliche Wissenschaft
;;In an experiment involving chromium-doped garnet crystals, Michael Selzer showed its use in relating optical and physical properties. It includes the effect of mixing states with the same symmetry; however, lines connecting states of the same symmetry can never cross. Unlike a similar construct named for Orgel, it can take into account electron-electron repulsion effects. The units used for each of the axes measure the repulsion between terms of the same multiplicity, and are given in terms of the Racah parameter. This diagram is used to illustrate the effect of the strength of the ligand field on the positions of energy level components. For 10 points, name this diagram used to interpret UV and visible spectroscopic data for coordination complexes.;;Tanabe(-)Sugano (diagram)
;;Elizabeth Gilbert's New Journalism biography of outdoors enthusiast Eustace Conway was titled as this kind of "American Man." This adjective also titles a story about the death of Minna Davis and the suicide of Schwartz, in which the crafty Pat Brady impacts such figures as the alcoholic writer Wylie White. The greedy Dr. Bumstead treats Peter Alden, the father of the title character Oliver, in a George Santayana novel with this adjective in the title. The protagonist of Parade's End, Christopher Tietjens, is called this type of English Tory, and it also titles a book set in Thalia about Sonny Crawford and Jacy Farrow, written by Larry McMurtry. For 10 points, Santayana's "Puritan," the titular Monroe Stahr in Fitzgerald's unfinished "Tycoon," and a certain "Picture Show" are all described with what word?.;;last
;;This experiment showed the potential of a technique known as LEED, which is used to study surface structures. The Kapitza-Dirac effect was predicted shortly after it, and Alfred Phillips has offered numerous alternative explanations to this experiment, which was unknowingly based on an idea of Walter Elsasser. Similar to an experiment performed by Stern and Estermann three years later, it was first performed in 1927 at Bell Labs, and its setup included an ionization chamber and a nickel crystal. For 10 points, name this experiment that confirmed a prediction made by de Broglie and first observed electron diffraction.;;Davisson(-)Germer (experiment)
;;An actress in this novel proposes starring in a series of films as a goddess among a newly discovered group. This novel begins on the Sumatran coast, where a man is investigating why the Bataks are afraid of Devil Bay. A trade in harpoons for pearls soon springs up, and after the pearls are depleted, Bondy suggests that the title characters hire themselves out as laborers. The title action consists of digging into the shoreline of Europe in order to provide more habitat for some creatures discovered by Captain van Toch. The exploitation of the title creatures by the Czech government leads to the world becoming gradually submerged in, for 10 points, what novel by Karl Capek about the discovery of intelligent salamanders?.;;War With the Newts|Valka s Mloky
;;A namesake documentary about this man, filmed in 1984, shows him standing in front of a cityscape in a window and smoking a cigar while musing about his films. Two itinerant musicians are given magic slippers and three wishes by the King of Ghosts in a children's movie he directed. Tony and Carla disapprove of Lizzie's interracial relationship in his Shakespeare Wallah, and he replaced the tannery with a temple in his local adaptation of An Enemy of the People. A protege of Jean Renoir, whom he assisted during the making of Renoir's The River, this man's first film starts with the central character's father moving to the city to become a writer and was followed by Aparajito. For 10 points, name this director of Pather Pachali and The Music Room, the creator of the Apu Trilogy.;;(Satyajit) Ray
;;One copyist demonstrated his admiration for this piece by writing out its score in very large notes. A work of the so-called "Netherland School," it uses the Hypo-Ionian and Mixo-Lydian modes, and it inspired one listener to say that he now understood the music of heaven which drew John to Jesus. It debuted at the home of Cardinal Vitellozzi and was repeated in the Sistine Chapel shortly thereafter to the great satisfaction of its audience; it was able to produce such an impression despite eschewing most ornament and all innovation in order to conform to the guidelines recently issued by the Council of Trent. It was composed on spec in 1562 and was ready for a subsequent commission by Pius IV, but was titled after a man who was in power for twenty-three days some decades earlier. For 10 points, name this pinnacle of the Renaissance mass, a work by Giovanni da Palestrina.;;(the) Pope Marcellus Mass|Missa Papae Marcelli
;;In explaining the title concept of this work, the author points out the difference between one person and fifteen million people being unemployed. This book claims that the "Age of Fact" requires better skills at organizing "lucid summations" of ever-increasing amounts of information, and it also says that, after acquiring the title thing, the first thing one realizes is the importance of a person "locating himself within his period." It lays out the definition of the title concept as something that "enables its possessor to understand the larger historical scene in terms of its meaning for the inner life and the external career of a variety of individuals." One paragraph in the introduction to this book, "The Promise," lists nine people who achieved the title state, including E.A. Ross, W.E.H. Lecky, Karl Mannheim, and Auguste Comte. For 10 points, name this treatise by C. Wright Mills about the frame of mind characteristic to one who engages in Mills's line of work.;;(The) Sociological Imagination
;;This man's father obtained formal recognition from U.S. Secretary of State Robert Lansing after issuing a commentary which hoped that the "ill-fated campaigns of Kornilov, the Don Cossacks, the various Siberian governments, and many others" would not be repeated, while addressing the question of whether the namesake "legion" of this man's home country would be returning. This man published transcripts of his radio addresses as Speaking To My Country. He spent thirteen years as ambassador to Britain, leaving that post about a year before World War II broke out, and soon thereafter becoming foreign minister in the government-in-exile of Eduard Bene. Although he was an advocate of good relations with the USSR, his desire to participate in the Marshall Plan irked Stalin, and soon after the Victorious February movement led by Klement Gottwald took power, this man's corpse was found dressed in pajamas, several stories below his bathroom. For 10 points, name this possible target of the Third Defenestration of Prague, a Czech politician who died under mysterious circumstances in 1948.;;(Jan) (Garrigue) Masaryk
;;The speaker of this poem remembers when the "infinite oblivion shattered you like a jar." One part of this poem recalls "dwarves at dawn," and another mentions the "fierce cave of the shipwrecked." The addressee is accused of "swallowing everything," and the speaker then says three couplets that each end with "In you everything sank!" This poem ends "It is the hour of departure. Oh abandoned one!" and it is the last poem in a collection that also includes "Thinking, Tangling Shadows," "Drunk With Pines," "Tonight I Can Write" and "Ah Vastness of Pines." For 10 points, name this work by Pablo Neruda, which accompanies "Twenty Love Poems.".;;(A) Song of Despair|Una Cancion Desesperada
;;This painting was accomplished with the use of two mirrors, each placed at an angle, in order to achieve a profile view uncommon in its genre. Its authenticity was first confirmed by Michael Levey in 1962, and it shows the subject looking upwards and to the left at the out-of-frame target of the action. It was based on the artist's study of the book Iconology by Cesar Ripa, which mandated using unkempt hair, gagged mouth, a pendant mask, clothing that can change color, and a gold chain on the figure of Pittura. It omits the gag, but does use a white lace neckline on a blue and green dress, with the left hand holding three brushes and a palette. For 10 points, name this work of the 1630s in which Artemisia Gentileschi personifies herself as her art.;;Self(-)Portrait as the Allegory of Painting
;;He led a two-year blockade of Thasos, and his exploits included expelling pirates from Scyros, clearing Pausanias out of Byzantium, and recovering the relics of Theseus. He won nineteen straight elections as strategus before being ostracized, but he so impressed his countrymen by showing up as a private, stateless man to fight with them at Tanagra that his exile was ended prematurely. He led the victory over Persia at the Eurymedon River in 466 BCE and went on to use the "yoke of oxen" metaphor to advocate an aristocratic policy, in opposition to Pericles. For 10 points, name this leading military figure of the original Delian League, noted for championing the common interests of Sparta and Athens and for being the son of the victor at Marathon, Miltiades.;;Cimon