;;Its central action was preceded five years earlier by the botched Operation Eagle Claw, instigated by the hijacking of American Travelway Flight 282 from Athens to New York. New World Revolutionary Organization leader Abdul Rifa, who emerged as its central villain, used the covert backing of Iran to first divert the plane to Algiers prior to an abortive raid; that action was followed by a landing in Beirut, where U.S. forces under the command of Colonel Nick Alexander suffered their lone casualty in the course of a successful rescue operation that saw Major Scott McCoy resolve the crisis using (*) rockets fired from his motorcycle. Featuring Robert Forster, Lee Marvin, and Kim Delaney and followed by a sequel pitting its star against Colombian drug lords, for 10 points, name this 1986 film whose titular elite counter-terrorist organization is led by Chuck Norris.;;(The) Delta Force
;;This work contains the story of La Louve, the she-wolf, and the narrator is warned from marrying his wife by her aunts the Hulbirds.  That wife is notably attracted to the date August 4th, but another character is disgraced by his political enemies in the Kilsyte case.  That character had been caught seducing a servant in the back of a carriage, and other conquests of his include Mrs. Basil, Mrs. Maidan, La Dolciquita, and a mad woman who can only say (*) "Shuttlecock," Nancy.  However, the plot is set in motion when he is revealed to be having an affair with the narrator's wife Florence, who pretends to have a heart condition and later poisons herself.  For 10 points, identify this novel narrated by John Dowell about the adulterous Edward Ashburnham, written by Ford Maddox Ford.;;(The) Good Soldier
;;Fazlur Khan's DeWitt Plaza in this city popularized the tubular design used in the World Trade Center, while prior to winning the commission for New York's Flatiron Building, Burnham and Root designed the Monadnock and Masonic Temple buildings in this city. Sarrinen lost the bid for a building in this city that features art deco sculptures by Chambellan and chunks of famous world buildings imbedded in the walls. To deal with the soft clay beneath the site of one building in this city, a floating raft of railroad ties was used as the foundation for the (*) Auditorium Building, co-designed by Dankmar Adler. The firm behind the Dubai's Burj Khalifa, Skidmore, Owings, and Merrill, has designed notable buildings here, while Anish Kapoor's Cloud Gate stands near Gehry's Millenium Park in this city, home to Frank Lloyd Wright's Robie House. The namesake of a school promoted by Louis Sullivan, for 10 points, name this home to the Hancock Center and Sears Tower.;;Chicago
;;The Mishnah Tractate Berakhot includes a story about Rabbi Gamliel's recitation of the Shema after performing this action, even though he was exempt, while another Rabbinical ruling about this action says that men may perform it on the Sabbath if they have never done so before. This action sees the recitation of the Sheva Brachot, and after this action, the provisions of (*) shalom bayit should be observed. The taboo of negiah no longer applies to the this action, which may be reversed by a get, while the document produced during the performance of this action is written in Aramaic instead of Hebrew and is called a Ketubah. Traditionally performed under a chuppah, for 10 points, name this action during which a veil traditionally masks the face of the bride.;;wedding|marriage
;;This author wrote about Ellen Roxburgh surviving the wreck of the Bristol Maid in Fringe of Leaves. Felicity Bannister breaks off her engagement to John Galbraith after an ambiguous rape in The Night the Prowler, collected in this author's The Cockatoos.  Katina Pavlou and Alyosha Sergei Sokolnikov meet the title character in a French hotel in a story which chronicles Theodora Goodman's descent into madness, The Aunt's Story.  The artist Hurtle runs away from an adoptive rich family and later meets the Lolita figure (*) Kathy Volkov in one novel, while the sexually ambiguous titular character becomes Eudoxia, Eddie, and Eadith, those novels are The Vivesector, and The Twyborn Affair.  For 10 points, name this Australian author who used Ludwig Leichhardt as the basis for his novel about an explorer of the Outback, Voss.;;(Patrick) White
;;A pivotal period in this city's history was prefaced by the abolishment of the Council of 60, which was caught between the Council of 200 and the "Little Council." Henry II's Edict of Chateaubriand severely restricted this city's commercial efforts while simultaneously flooding it with impoverished immigrants. A series of moderately tense standoffs over playing cards dominated this city's politics under an administration backed by the Berthelier family, who had helped throw out the House of (*) Savoy. William Farrell facilitated the rise of one of this city's most notable leaders, who responded to the presence of the author of Two Books of Dialogues on the Trinity, Michael Servetus, by lighting him on fire for having dared to annotate copies of The Institutes of the Christian Religion. Noted for a period of intense austerity and religious fervor during the mid-1500s, for 10 points, name this Swiss city run by occasional violent menace John Calvin.;;Geneva
;;In one scene in this novel, one of the protagonists chains himself to a desk so he continue working during a bomb scare despite the protestations of Al Smith. That fake bomb was part of an escalating feud between that protagonist and a fan of and advocate against his work, Carl Ebling. Later in this novel, the same protagonist creates a two thousand page work about a certain mythical creature, which he once shipped out of (*) Prague with his autoliberation teacher, Max Kornblum. During the naval service of one of the protagonists, the other one marries his girlfriend, Rosa Saks. Rosa was the inspiration of the character Luna Moth, who was second only to The Escapist in popularity at Empire Comics. For 10 points, name this novel about Jewish boys Sammy and Josef, a work of Michael Chabon.;;(The) Amazing Adventures of Kavalier and Clay
;;This work opens with "Qui suis-je? du Theatre Antique," introducing a mezzo-soprano commentator. One character in this opera complains about his charges in "Moi, je suis Aristee," which contains optional falsetto notes, and later offers the solemn reflection "La mort m'apparait souriante." That man's servant constantly bitches about no longer being king of the Boetians after the central female character discovers that her sheep-tending lover (*) Aristee is actually the master of John Styx. This opera's title character disrupts a feast of the gods at the goading of Public Opinion despite the fact that both he and his wife absolutely hate each other. A lightning bolt startles the hell out of that title figure after the famed "Galop Infernal," parodying a Gluck work in which he fatefully looks back at Eurydice. Famously featuring music for the can-can, for 10 points, name this Jacques Offenbach opera about a Greek Musician in Hades.;;Orpheus in the Underworld|Orphee aux enfers
;;One character in this work is asked to imitate the month of February, and later explains that a character he calls Semiramis has taken the place of his dead mother whom he let die alone in a ditch. An opaquely delivered backdrop implies that Paris collapses four hundred thousand years ago, leaving only a lullaby. One character in this work berates the (*) Colonel for dropping cigarette butts on the floor, and earlier flirted with a photo-engraver she mistook for a doctor. A couple in this work recite a poem about rotting together before they jump out of a window into the water, and this play ends with a deaf Orator delivering the Old Man's garbled message to the Emperor. For 10 points, name this Eugene Ionesco play in which an invisible crowd sits in the titular pieces of furniture.;;(The) Chairs|(Les) Chaises
;;One chapter in this work considers a criminal who feels guilty for killing a man he wanted to kill but was too weak to deliberately murder. Another section echoes Heraclitus with the assertion that the world is in a permanent state of becoming; that section is titled "On Old and New Tablets." The author bemoans the spread of literacy in the chapter "On Reading and Writing," and refers to democrats as the title creatures in "On the (*) Tarantulas." The prologue to this work exhibits a tightrope walker as one who has lived his life in danger and a jester who threatens the narrator, and that later later goes to the town of Motley Crew. This work describes the ideal man as one who has embraced eternal recurrence, and uses metaphors like dancing and laughter to characterize him. The camel, the lion, and the child are three stages to becoming the ubermensch in, for 10 points, what Nietzsche tract named for a dualistic Persian prophet?.;;Thus Spoke Zarathustra(:) (A) (Book) (for) (All) (and) (None)|Also Sprach Zarathustra(:) (Ein) (Buch) (fur) (Alle) (und) (Keinen)
;;A nonlinear standing wave named for this man describes the ripples on a fluid inside a vibrating container.  An isolator sometimes named for this man lets light pass in only one direction by making use of a magnetic field to rotate the polarization of light proportional to a material's Verdet constant, his namesake effect.  He described a paradox that considers a group of three situations in which the EMF is predicted to be zero using magnetic flux lines, and he determined (*) ninety-six kilojoules per volt gram equivalent was the amount of electrical charge per mole of electrons. A device that protects the interior from outside electromagnetic waves is known as his namesake cage.  For 10 points, name this English physicist namesake of a law of induction and who lends his name to the standard unit of capacitance.;;(Michael) Faraday
;;Hostilities escalated during this event following the execution of Orangeman Thomas Scott. The appointment of William McDougal was among the causes of this event, which led to the recognition of the territory of Assiniboia. The Wolseley Expedition was sent in the aftermath of this event, causing its leader to flee, and it was triggered when Rupert's Land was purchased from the (*) Hudson's Bay Company and an English-speaking governor was appointed to govern a region composed largely of French-speaking Metis. Led by a man who would later launch the North-West Rebellion against John MacDonald, Louis Riel, for 10 points, name this 1869 rebellion in Manitoba whose namesake waterway is also the name of the river separating Oklahoma and Texas.;;Red River (Rebellion)
;;In one work from this country, the title character helps Fabio administer a ranch he inherited from his father Don Caceres; that work is Don Segundo Sumbra by Ricardo Guiraldes. In another work from this country, the titular character and her cousin Daniel protect Eduardo from the Rosas regime in what is considered this country's first novel, Amalia by Jose Marmol. One author from this country wrote The Tunnel and Of Heroes and Tombs and is named and Ernesto (*) Sabato. One of the most famous works from this country is written in the eight-syllable style of local ballads known as payadas; that work is a 2,316-line epic poem describing an impoverished farmer who has been drafted to serve at a border fort, El Gaucho Martin Fierro. For 10 points, identify this South American country home to Jose Hernandez, Manuel Puig, and Julio Cortazar.;;Argentina
;;A figure missing its left leg sits down and leans back as it defends its torso in this artists Warrior with Shield. A blanket is wrapped around the lower body of a woman who sits with her husband on a park bench cradling a baby in his Family Group. One work by this man features two crescent shapes, one of which contains a bowstring, mounted on a circular stand with dashes marked out at certain intervals; That (*) sundial, Man Enters the Cosmos, was built for the Adler Planetarium. The exact spot of the first sustained fission reaction at the University of Chicago is commemorated by this man's mushroom cloud-shaped Nuclear Energy. A mutual influence of Barbara Hepworth, his work West Wind was inspired by Mayan Chac Mool statues and was similar in style to a group of works he produced that depicted abstract human figures lying on the ground. For 10 points, name this British sculptor best known for his Reclining Figures.;;(Henry) Moore
;;The 2004 film The Ister was inspired by a lecture given by this man about the poetry of Friedrich Holderlin. This man contends that beginning with Pre-Socratics, namely Parmenides, humanity has misunderstood what it means "to be," arguing that our notions of "common sense" lead us to errors in understanding. Later in life, this man wrote an analysis of Vincent van Gogh's painting "A Pair of Shoes," called (*) "The Origin of the Work of Art," along with a work in which he contrasts the "openness to being" to Nietzsche's "will  to power," Kant and the Problem of Metaphysics. FTP, name this German philosopher, most famous for a work that opens by quoting Plato's Sophist, Being and Time.;;(Martin) Heidegger
;;One work by this man begins with the narrator saying that he and Ringo are "the two supreme undefeated like two moths, two feathers riding above a hurricane," and in a section of that work titled "An Odor of Verbena," Bayard confronts Ben Redmond in his office while unarmed. The titular woman of one of this man's short stories was said to be "a tradition, a duty, and a care," by the townspeople, and this man wrote a series of seven stories including one in which Boon Hogganbeck kills Old Ben.  Those stories involving Ike (*) McCaslin are collectively considered the novel Go Down, Moses. Joe was kidnapped from an orphanage and taken to Little Rock before fleeing to Mississippi and selling moonshine in this author's Light in August, and another of his novels contains a chapter that simply says "My mother is a fish." For 10 points, name this American author of A Rose for Emily and As I Lay Dying.;;(William) Faulkner
;;Henry Hunt and Mary Fildes were among the speakers at this event, whose aftermath saw the arrest of Samuel Bamford and charges of rampant alcoholism were leveled at Major Trafford and Captain Hugh Birley. Along with an earlier incident, this event inspired a plan by Arthur Thistlewood and Thomas Spence that was to have culminated with the (*) beheading of the entire cabinet at Lord Harrowby's dinner table, the Cato Street Conspiracy. Public meetings concerning church or state were banned by legislation following this event, which sparked unrest along with the earlier Spa Fields Riots. The Six Acts followed this event, in which a crowd protesting the recent Corn Laws was savagely charged by the 15th Hussars. For 10 points, name this 1819 massacre in Manchester, named to evoke Wellington's victory over Napoleon.;;Peterloo (Massacre)|(Battle) (of) Peterloo
;;In an episode of Star Trek: The Original Series, this man claims to be "all too human," before battling alongside Spock and Captain Kirk. In one comic, Randall Monroe depicts this man's most famous speech rebutted with a "your mom" joke, and in another, Google Trends pinpoints the highest concentration of searches for fan fiction about this man. Sujan Stevens wrote a 47 second reprise for the wife of this man, and in one comedy sketch, this character halts a play of (*) Hamlet to pee in a bottle before being hit in the posterior with a hammer, after which Timmy Williams announces that this man actually "died of being hammered in the ass."  This man serves as a vampire hunter in a Seth Grahame-Smith novel. For 10 points, name this U.S. President who is also the subject of an Aaron Copeland musical portrait and the captain of a Walt Whitman elegy.;;(Abraham) Lincoln
;;This compound is the final product in a process that involves cytochrome P450 used by plant seeds to remove ammonia; ammonia also causes an additional increase of this compound's level in the body in an effect inhibited by valine. An excessive release of this compound into the bloodstream is the main cause of cardiac fibrosis. This compound is stored by enterochromaffin or Kulchitsky cells, where it is released during digestion. In the body, the enzyme (*) monoamine oxidase converts this compound into 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid. The synthesis of this compound uses the enzymes TPH and amino acid decarboxylase in a process that begins with tryptophan. This compound is targeted by drugs like Asentra, Zoloc, and Prozac. For 10 points, name this neurotransmitter whose levels are elevated by a class of antidepressants known as SSRIs.;;serotonin|5(-)hydroxytryptamine|5(-)HT
;;A handkerchief lies on top of a rock in the bottom right corner of this work while on the left, a boy wearing a white outfit checks the sharpness of his blade. This painting was specifically commissioned for the Hall of Kingdoms at the newly built Buen Retiro. This painting is dominated by two figures; the one on the right holds a black hat and an encased scroll in his left hand, has a red sash over his black (*) uniform and puts his right hand on the shoulder of another man. A blue and white checkered flag is seen on the right side of this painting just below an array of numerous spears which are nearly parallel with one another. This painting depicts Justin of Nassau, who hands a set of keys over to Ambrosio Spinola. For 10 points, name this painting by Diego Velazquez which shows the capitulation of a Dutch city during the Eighty Years War.;;(The) Surrender of Breda|(La) Rendicion de Breda
;;In the beginning of this work, one character reads a newspaper story about a man getting run over, and later another character complains about needing a coin to pay for gas.  On character remarks he would like to watch a soccer game in Birmingham on Saturday, and after receiving a packet with (*) matches the two central figures come to blows over the phrase "light the kettle."  The Godot-figure Wilson never appears, instead making bizarre requests for various food items, and the play ends suggesting that Ben will shoot Gus.  For 10 points, name this Harold Pinter play about two killers who receive their instructions via the title conveyance.;;(The) Dumb Waiter
;;One compound that performs this process consists of a metal bonded to pyridine, tris-cyclohexylphosphine, and 1,5-cyclooctadiene. Another compound contains a central ruthenium atom bonded to one chlorine atom and three triphenylphosphine groups. Those compounds are catalysts named after Crabtree and Wilkinson. This process can be performed using a mixture of solvated sodium in (*) liquid ammonia to obtain a trans product or by using a compound that contains palladium poisoned with quinilone. This process is often performed using Lindlar's catalyst or Raney nickel, and typically involves the reduction of an alkyne or an alkene to an alkane. For 10 points, name this chemical process which as its name suggest involves the addition of the lightest chemical element.;;hydrogenation
;;This composition begins with a Scherzo, which leads into a melodrama consisting of spoken-word over music, followed by an Intermezzo, a march, and the Nocturne. This work features a bergomask dance and parodies a funeral march towards its final portion, entitled  "Through this house give glimmering light." Vocal sections in this work include "The Spells," "Over hill, over dale," and (*) "Ye spotted snakes," while it incorporated a sonata form overture of the same name the composer had written sixteen years earlier before he had revived interest in Bach's St. Matthew Passion. Portions of that overture appear at several points in this work, including in the background of the closing "if we shadows have offended" speech given by Puck. Featuring a notable Wedding March, for 10 points, name this Mendelssohn setting of incidental music for a Shakespeare play.;;(A) Midsummer Night's Dream|(Ein) Sommernachtstraum
;;The first chapter of this work ends with the narrator answering his own rhetorical question, stating "Very well, so I will talk about myself," and in this work's seventh chapter he claims that "today, too, we live in barbarous times." In one chapter of this work the narrator claims "not only too much consciousness, but any sort of consciousness is a disease." The first part of this book ends with an observation of the (*) snow outside, which reminds the narrator of a story which "gives me no rest now," and makes up the second part. The first part of this work begins with the author discussing his health and that he will not visit a doctor out of spite, saying "My liver hurts me-well let it damn well hurt-the more it hurts the better." For 10 points, name this work about the life of an unnamed narrator, a novel by Fyodor Dostoevsky.;;Notes From (The) Underground|Letters from the Underworld|Zapiski iz Podpolya
;;In one story, this god's daughter Alcippe was sexually assaulted by Halirrhothius. That murder resulted in the first trial in history at a location later called the Rock of this god. In another tale, Otus and Ephialtes, the Aloadae, imprisoned this god in a bronze vessel for over a year, and he was freed from that imprisonment by Hermes. One of this god's sons, Lycaon, was turned into a wolf as punishment for attempting to kill Zeus. Another of this god's sons, Oenomaus, was killed when he flew off his chariot because a bronze bolt was replaced with a wax one.  At Troy, Diomedes wounded this god with the help of Athena, and this god attempted to avenge the killing of his daughter Penthesileia by Achilles. In some legends, this god with Harmonia is considered to be the father of the Amazons. For 10 points, name this lover of Aphrodite,  the Greek god of war.;;Ares
;;The La Penca bombing in this country targeted the life of rebel leader "Commander Zero." William Cromwell was hired to launch a massive disinformation campaign about this country, which included sending stamps to members of Congress showing a smoking volcano. Luis Mena led a wave of discontent against this country's president Adolfo Diaz, leading to foreign intervention that resulted in a lease of its Corn Islands in a treaty negotiated by (*) William Jennings Bryan. Jose Santos Zelaya annexed the Mosquito Coast for this country, where years of unrest were ended by the election of Violeta Chamorro. The presence of U.S. marines in this country  led to an uprising by Augusto Sandino, while the Tower Commission investigated secret arms shipments to this country that exploded into the Iran-Contra Affair. For 10 points, name this Central American country long-ruled by the Somozas from Managua.;;(Republic) (of) Nicaragua
;;A follow up study to a work by this man showed that conditions set up by this psychologist led to an increase in corticosterone secretion. One study by this man was inspired by previous work conducted by John Bowlby and used a device which would occasionally catapult the subject off, while another consisted of a modified Butler box. This man published the results of one set of experiments in his paper "The Nature of Love."  One study by this man explored the idea of  (*)"contact comfort" in infants, using "surrogate mothers" made out of terrycloth and wire, and this psychologist's more sociopathic experiments included the "rape rack." For 10 points, name this American psychologist known for experimenting on rhesus monkeys in isolation chambers dubbed "pits of despair".;;(Harry) Harlow
;;The protagonist of this work asks a Russian peddler where she is from before she leaves the inn, and a blind masseuse determines that the protagonist doesn't drink alcohol by feeling his skin. Two characters discuss the Kikumura restaurant managed by a farmer's wife but named for his mistress Kikuyu, and one character in this work drinks too much inexpensive whiskey and then angrily bites her own arm. Later, that character pretends to hold her samisen like a child and plays "Dark Hair," and says it was the first song she learned. That character refuses to return home when told (*) Yukio, the son of the music teacher, is dying in order to see a train leave, and Komako is upset that Shimamura did not return on the fourteenth of February. For 10 points, name this novel by the author of The Old Capital and The Sound of the Mountain that begins with a train entering the titular region.;;Snow Country|(Yukiguni)
;;This man was imprisoned due to his father's wife Plectude asking her husband to disinherit his illegitimate children. That action favored Theodoald, who was later beaten in the forest of Cuise. This man supported the missionary activities of St. Boniface, which eventually led to the conversion of the Frisians. Despite being defeated by Ratbod at the Battle of Cologne, this man defeated King Chilperic and the Duke of Aquitaine, Odo the Great, at the battle of (*) Soissons. On the death of this "Mayor of the Palace," his kingdom was divided between two of his sons, Carloman and Pepin the Short, and his most famous accomplishment was the turning back of an invasion led by Abd-el-Rahman. For 10 points, name this victor over the Saracens at the Battle of Tours and grandfather of Charlemagne.;;(Charles) Martel|Charles the Hammer|Carolus Martellus
;;In one scene of this story, actors replay Napoleon's failure at Mont St. Jean by charging up an incomplete set, while earlier in the novel, the protagonist joins Claude Estee on a trip to a call service run by Mrs Jennings where he meets Mary Dove.  The janitress Mrs. Johnson demands two hundred dollars for a funeral attended by the Gingo family of Eskimos for (*) Harry, a clown who sells homemade silver polish, whom the protagonist had stayed with while he was sick.  That protagonist lives in the San Bernardino Apartments and works on his painting The Burning of Los Angeles.  Miguel and Earle vie with the protagonist for the affections of the starlet Faye, who has moved into the house of Homer Simpson.  Featuring a "dream dump" of discarded movie sets, for 10 points, name this story focusing on the Hollywood artist Tod by Nathaneal West.;;(The) Day of the Locust
;;In the form of Nicippe, the priestess of a grove at Dotium, this figure threw the curse of perpetual hunger upon the man who tried to chop down her grove, Erysichthon. With the titan Iasius she produced the children Philomelus and Ploutus. In another story, she assumes the form of the old woman Doso and her (*) sadness is alleviated somewhat by the jokes of Iambe, after which she bathes a baby boy in fire every night in order to burn away his mortality. This stay in the house of Demophoon' parents is described in the Homeric hymn to this figure which describes the foundation of the Eleusinian mysteries. For 10 points, name this Greek goddess who gave Triptolemus a plow and some other agricultural tools, and who was the mother of Persephone.;;Demeter
;;General Robert Viaux led his artillery regiment in protest against a Christian Democratic president of this country who was likely murdered with mustard gas pellets by the DINA while recovering from acid reflux surgery. The competing Rettig and Valec reports documented human rights abuses by this country's government, which targeted socialists through "la ley maldita" and faced the Pig Trotters' plot during the 1940s under President Gabriel Gonzalez Videla. Eduardo (*) Frei was forced to raise military wages after protests by its Tacna Regiment, not to be confused with Roberto Souper's later Tanquetazo, in which tanks surrounded the Presidential palace. That aborted coup followed three years of nationalization under the most notable socialist to lead this country, who was overthrown in 1973. For 10 points, name this country led by Salvador Allende and Milton Friedman BFF Augusto Pinochet from Santiago.;;Chile
;;In the introduction of this work, the author credits his predecessor for rendering the terms "fetishism" and "devil-worship" meaningless. It describes the katuyausi expedition in which unmarried girls are chosen by local boys. A toliwaga gains privileges by owning a masawa, and magic is always involved in the ceremonial building of the waga.  Also noting the importance of (*) participant observation, the role of reciprocity in the half-economic, half-ceremonial process described in this work inspired Marcel Mauss to write The Gift. It was followed up by The Sexual Life of Savages in North Western Melanesia and The Coral Gardens and Their Magic. For 10 points, the Kula exchange among the Trobriand Islanders is analyzed in what work by Bronislaw Malinowski?.;;Argonauts of the Western Pacific
;;One of this author's short stories sees Lucas killed when a rifle discharges through the roof of a truck, while another of this author's stories sees a woman inadvertently give a girl a toy containing a bomb which blows up a plane. Both of those stories are from this author's collection Jump, while one of this author's novels sees the main character rename herself "Hillela". Another of her novels sees the title character, Rosa, arrested, just like her parents had been. In addition to (*) A Sport of Nature, this author wrote about a man who purchases a 400 acre farm named Mehring in one novel. For ten points, name this author of Burger's Daughter and The Conservationist who wrote about the Smales family in July's People.;;(Nadine) Gordimer
;;This artist decorated Van Gogh's Bedroom at Arles with anachronistic portraits in the setting for a painting begun spontaneously when his fiancee surprised him with flowers. That work, The Birthday, sees this man contorting in a mid-air kiss and suggests his future collaborations with weaver Yvette Cauqil-Prince, which are reminiscent of cave drawings. A Magrittian umbrella-man appears in the sky next to the Eiffel tower in his work featuring an anthropomorphic cat, (*) Paris Through the Window, while a man wears one black and one tan show, a purple hat and overcoat, and stands atop two houses while playing the title instrument in another of his works. Refugees in a dingy, red flag-bearing soldiers, and a menorah appear below Christ in another work by this artist of The Green Violinist. For 10 points, name this painter of The White Crucifixion who depicted a green-faced peasant smiling at some livestock in his I and the Village.;;(Marc) Chagall
;;A 300-strong regiment under this man's command included George Witton, who authored the expose Scapegoats of the Empire claiming that this man had used a kangaroo court in the execution of Peter Handcock and another man; that act followed the discovery that Captain Hunt's testicles had been stolen, which led this man's infamous Carbineers regiment under Breaker Morant to seek vengeance against the local populace. This successor of (*) Lord Roberts died himself when the Hampshire sank off the Orkneys after striking a mine, two years after Asquith's government commissioned a poster informing "BRITONS" that this man "wants YOU." As Sirdar of Egypt, won the Battle of Omdurman in the wake of the siege of Khartoum, where his former superior, Chinese Gordon, was slain by the Mahdi; shortly thereafter, he squared off with Marchand at Fashoda. For 10 points, name this general whose use of concentration camps won Britain the Boer War.;;(Lord) (Horatio) (Herbert) Kitchener
;;Morpholinos, synthetic uncharged nucleic acids, can be used to initiate this process, and RDE-4 and R2D2 are two proteins that form complexes with an endoribonuclease central to this process.  This process is often initiated using delivery by feeding in which E. Coli with the desired payload are simply consumed by the target organism.  The Argonaute component of the (*) RISC gains endonuclease activity corresponding to a guide strand; that guide stand is a short nucleotide segments cleaved by the Dicer enzyme that allows endonuclease activity to be targeted at matching sequences of mRNA.  Fire and Mello discovered, FTP what pathway of post transcriptional gene silencing, best observed in C. Elegans, which involves both ds and si versions of its namesake molecule.;;RNAi|(RNA) (interference)
;;This man's most famous idea was inspired by researches of Robert Abelson and Roger Schank. One criticism of this thinker, which uses the fact that waving a magnet does not produce visible light, attacks the axiom that syntax is neither constitutive nor sufficient for semantics. Daniel Dennet originally used the concept of (*) intuition pumps to ridicule this thinker. He wrote "Minds, Brains, and Programs," which elicited such responses as other-minds reply, many-mansions reply, and systems reply. FTP, what philosopher argued against functionalism, noting that machines can only simulate rather than think, in his refutation of the Strong AI hypothesis, the Chinese Room Argument?.;;(John) Searle
;;This man wrote about a "a house where all were good" in one poem, "In the Valley of the Elwy."  This poet calls himself "Time's eunuch" in one of his poems and begins another saying he will not, "carrion comfort, Despair, feast on thee." Both those appear in his "terrible sonnets."  One of his poems is dedicated to nuns "exiles by the Falk Laws" who drowned in a (*) shipwreck, while another sonnet complains that "all is seared with trade; bleared, smeared with toil," but that "for all this, nature is never spent." That poem, has meter based solely on stressed syllables, his "sprung rhythm," as seen in lines like "I caught this morning morning's minion, king- / -dom of daylight's dauphin, dapple-dawn-drawn Falcon." For 10 points, name this Jesuit poet of "God's Grandeur" and "The Windhover.".;;(Gerard) (Manley) Hopkins
;;This man's association with William E. Channing led him to argue Roberts v. Boston, making arguments about the psychological impact of segregation on children that were heavily cited in Plessy v. Ferguson. This man's long tenure on the Foreign Relations Committee saw him clash with Hamilton Fish over Grant's programs and fight for recognition of Haiti; he took that position shortly after shocking audiences on the campaign trail with his vigorous impersonation of El Cid in speech about the "Barbarism of (*) Slavery." This man had earlier described Stephen Douglass as the "Sancho Panza" to a man derided for his "incoherent phrases" and hoped that "South Carolina" would "[lie] howling." This man's most notable opponent pussied out of a duel with Andrew Burlingame in the wake of this man's speech against Andrew Butler, the "Crime Against Kansas," which led to the desk of this Massachusetts native being ripped off the Senate floor. For 10 points, name this victim of a savage 1856 caning by Preston Brooks.;;(Charles) Sumner
;;Verse 1:27 of this work features an account of God's wrath against a sinful humanity engaging in unnatural homosexual acts. It features the claim that the Jews will be saved and that "the wage of sin is death but the gift of God is eternal life."  Catholics point to chapter two of this work as evidence of (*) works as necessary for salvation rather than faith alone, although it was essential for Martin Luther's formulation of faith alone This is also the title of the first work of the Swiss theologian Karl Barth. For 10 points, name this work transcribed by Tertius, the longest Pauline epistle, which comes after Acts in the New Testament and was addressed to members of a certain Italian city.;;(Epistle) (to) (the) Romans
;;If a growing 3d disturbance can be found at a given value of this quantity, then a growing 2d disturbance exists at a lower value of this quantity, according to Squires theorem. If this quantity is in a certain range, there exists two values of the Strouhal number.  If this quantity is used to find a friction factor, the Hagen-Piseuille equation becomes a solution of the Darcy-Weisbach equation. When this value is (*) large, the pressure is constant across the boundary layer.  This quantity cannot be small in the vicinity of an infinite cylinder according to Stokes' paradox. High values of this quantity signal turbulence. For ten points, identify this dimensionless number equal to the ratio of inertial forces to viscous forces.;;Reynolds (number)
;;The C major "Fabel" piece in one of this man's works breaks the D-flat major/F minor pattern used to describe Eusebius and Florestan, members of the "League of David," a completely insane group of this composer's imaginary friends. He drew from Persian myth in his 'oratorio for happy people," The Paradise and the Peri, while motifs based on A, A-flat, B, C, and E-flat recur in a piece of 21 piano pieces he called "Sphinxes." The Op. 24 and 39 of this composer of (*) Fantasy Pieces, both known as Liederkreis, join A Woman's Love and Life as entires in his "Year of Song," which culminated in the Dictherliebe. This composer of Carnaval added a solemn movement just before the finale to his third symphony after witnessing a bishop elevated to cardinal at Cologne Cathedral. The "Spring" and "Rhenish" symphonies are by, for 10 points, what husband of Clara Wieck?.;;(Robert) Schumann
;;The protagonist of this novel meets Irnerio, a man who builds sculptures out of books, on his way to find Professor Uzzi-Tuzii. The professor reads him a story about a man on vacation who takes weather measurements for Mr. Kauderer in Petkwo. That book, Learning from the steep slope, is the unfinished work of Ukko Ahti, who wrote in the (*) Cimmerian language. The protagonist later visits a publisher who is thrilled to have someone talk about what they read and not what they wrote, Mr. Cavedagna, who blames the recent typesetting errors on the translator Ermes Marana, the former lover of Ludmilla, the Other Reader. For 10 points, name this novel by Italo Calvino alternating between the beginnings of fictional novels and a story with a protagonist of you, the Reader.;;If on a winter's night a traveler
;;One man in the employ of this figure wrote the major work describing an artifact made from a nail of the True Cross, the "Iron Crown" of the eponymous group, while another man in his charge allegedly absconded with the bodies of Marcellinus and Peter from Gregory IV to boost his relic-cred. The Historia Langobardum of Paul the Deacon was begun under this man, who defeated Desiderius at the Siege of Pavia after being unable to secure a marriage with empress Irene. This man commissioned a namesake book rebutting Second Nicaea by (*) Theodulf, who with Bavarian envoy Arno of Salzburg and Alcuin of York formed the core of this man's imposing royal court. That court's nature was described in detail by his biographer Einhard, whose writings also describe an attack on this man's rearguard by the Basques at Roncesvalles, which inspired The Song of Roland. The father of Louis the Pious and son of Pepin the Short, for 10 points, name this Frankish king crowned Holy Roman Emperor by Leo III in 800.;;Charlemagne
;;In one incident in this novel, a character is criticized by Lula for bringing the protagonist to her church, and in another incident, the protagonist views with suspicion a character sipping a drink from a brown paper bag before learning that the drink is really Coke. The protagonist of this novel has an altercation with Francis, the grandson of Aunt Alexandra, and in another event is forced to read the Bible to the morphine-addicted Mrs. (*) Dubose. During a fire in this novel that envelops Miss Maudie's house, the protagonist finds a blanket has been placed around her by a mysterious figure who later saves her life from Bob Ewell, who attacked the protagonist in revenge for her father's defense of Tom Robinson. FTP, name this novel set in Maycomb, Alabama that sees Boo Radley save the life of Scout Finch, by Harper Lee.;;To Kill A Mockingbird
;;A "Council of People's Commissioners" was established prior to the rise of this state, while one of its leaders founded the DVP and deliberately attempted to destabilize the economy of an eastern neighbor.  Foreign action triggered this polity's extremist "Liberty Law," while secondary leaders in its history include Hugo Haase of the USPD. Karl Liebknecht and (*) Rosa Luxemburg were killed in the first year of this polity's existence in the Spartacist uprising. The Treaty of Rapallo was signed during this state's "year of crises," which also saw the occupation of the Ruhr Valley by France after this polity defaulted on backbreaking financial burdens. Gustav Stresemann and Friedrich Ebert led, for 10 points, what state founded in post-WWI Germany?.;;Weimar (Republic)
;;In a strong field, the magnitude of this effect is determined by m l and m s instead of a coupled quantity m j.  The anomalous version of this phenomenon can be explained by noting that the magnitude of this effect is proportional to the Bohr Magniton and (*) Lande-g factor, which accounts for both L and S, and led to the discovery of electron spin.  A form of this effect occurs in spin-orbit coupling in atomic fine structure.  This phenomenon sees a perturbation Hamiltonian break the degeneracy of atomic states with different angular momentum.  For 10 points, name this effect where an applied magnetic field causes the splitting of spectral lines, the magnetic analogue of the Stark effect.;;Zeeman (Effect)
;;In one story by this author, Saul Zuratas leaves behind his identity to join the Machiguenga tribe, while in another novel Flora Tristan tries to advance women's rights while Paul Gauhuin flees to Tahiti to create art.  In addition to The Storyteller, and The Way to Paradise, this author wrote a story in which Poet wavers on whether to tell that Jaguar killed Slave, and that story is set in the (*) Leoncio Prado Military Academy.  Another of his stories is centered on a structure build by Anselmo and rebuilt by his daughter Chunga.  This author's best known work alternates the main plot with short dramatic sketches that slowly descend into chaos until Pedro Comacha kills all the characters in his soap operas.  For 10 points, name this Peruvian author of The Green House and Aunt Julia and the Scriptwriter.;;(Mario) Vargas Llosa
;;In a desert in this game, you are able to find two differently colored sesame seeds that talk and ask you to reunite them, even though it is not possible to do so. One enemy in this game is described as "borange" and is found in a factory behind a waterfall that you must stand in front of for three minutes. In that factory you have to use a jar of fly honey on (*) Master Belch in order to defeat him. Some food that appears in this game includes trout-flavored yogurt, skip sandwiches, and brain food lunches. The latter of these restores some of your character's PP which allow them to use attacks like PSI Rockin' and PK Starstorm. FTP, name this SNES cult classic where the world must be saved from Gigyas by Paula, Jeff, Poo, and Ness.;;Earthbound
;;At one engagement during this conflict, groups of defenders repeatedly had to escape into adjoining rooms by hacking through walls with a pick-axe and greatly benefited from the attacker's inability to fire accurately from a position known either as "the Eyebrow" or the Oscarberg. Bromhead and John Chard commanded the victors at that battle, which saw a hospital at a river ford defended from behind stacked mealie bags and (*) biscuit boxes. This war coincided with the final year of the Midlothian campaign, which vaulted Gladstone to power, and saw Garnet Wolseley replace Lord Chelmsford, who forced the eventual winners to make a heroic stand at Rorke's Drift against the reserves, or "loins," of the losing side; that side employed the assegai and the "Buffalo Horns" formation at battles like Ulundi and Isandhlwana, but Cetshwayo was unable to force terms with the British. Seeing an end to the dynasty begun by Shaka, for 10 points, name this 1879 conflict between Britain and the namesake Southern African tribe.;;Anglo(-)Zulu (War)
;;In one work, this thinker states that if the negro were stronger than the European, then Europe would have been divided by Africa.  That work warns against the danger of humanitarianism and is called Les Systemes Socialistes.  The instinct for combining and the persistence of aggregates are two of six residues that he hypothesized must be balanced by a ruling government in his Treatise on (*) General Sociology.  This author of The Transformation of Democracy created a law for the logarithmic distribution of income and a namesake eighty-twenty principle.  For 10 points, name this Italian economist whose namesake optimality occurs when no agent can be made better off without hurting another.;;(Vilfredo) Pareto
;;Control tables are a type of this object used to avoid explicit branch statements.  Bounds-checking can spot common compile time exceptions using these objects, and implementation of "sparse" varieties avoid allocating memory for default values.  These objects can be dynamically resized so that insertions at the end require amortized constant time, and a description of this object is often held in a dope vector.  These objects are used when locality of reference is important, so that (*) pointer arithmetic is often used to access these data structures, which are numbered starting with zero.  Unlike a similar data type this structure supports random access.  For 10 points, name this data structure which, like a linked list, contains a number of elements in order.;;Array
;;In one work by this author, some men are seduced by beautiful women only to then die of disease, while the narrator and his friends later encounter a land of Eskimo zombies. That work, Urien's Voyage, was part of this author's symbolist period, while in another work by this author, Amedee is seduced by Carola while on a mission to rescue the pope, but is pushed out of a train by the title character.  This author of (*) Strait Is the Gate and Lafcadio's Adventures wrote a novel in which Boris accidentally shoots himself during an initiation into the titular group.  Name this author of The Fruits of the Earth and The Counterfeiters who wrote a novel in which, for 10 points, the scholar Michel recovers from tuberculosis and notices his intense attraction to young North African boys, titled The Immoralist.;;(Andre) Gide
;;This character was the basis for Robert O'Dunc in a 1967 Barbara Garson work where Robert eventually defeats the titular assassin in a power contest. A Ted Miller article discusses the "two deaths" of this character's wife, while a Nicholas Wolterstorff article subtitled "The Ontology of Characters" questions this character's (*) natal circumstances. His former associate resolves to "make assurance double sure" and "take a bond of fate" that he will be killed, after asking of this character "what need I fear of thee?" Comparing his murdered children to "pretty chickens" and their murderer to a "hell-kite," in Act V this character tells their murderer to "despair thy charm," adding a plot development-his caesarian birth-to defeat a prophecy regarding one "of woman born." For 10 points name this Thane of Fife, the nobleman instructed to "lay on" by a person he later kills, Macbeth:.;;Macduff
;;This thinker believed that Muslims' partial dedication to the true God would both excuse them and damn them, because they abused the part of the divine revelation exposed to them, and that the saints loved being because the Holy Spirit allowed them spiritual regeneration. This man's most notable work was an analysis of the quote "In due time their foot will (*) slip," and that work begins with four conditions surrounding the damnation of the wicked Israelites.  That work by this man then continues to discuss eleven considerations that ultimately indicate that wicked men may be damned for eternity at any moment, and concludes "let every one that is without Christ... now awake." FTP, name this influential 18th-century preacher whose most inflammatory sermon was "Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God.".;;(Jonathan) Edwards
;;This thinker followed Hume's model of induction by asserting the continued uniformity of the universe despite not being able to base this claim on a particular principle. This man's commitment to "sophisticated realism" drew criticism from J.L. Austin, and this thinker discussed how the assertion (*) "Caesar is necessarily human" is false because he could name his dog Caesar. Though this man was an outspoken critic of religion, he declined to call himself an atheist because he believed that all religious discourse is meaningless. This thinker propounded emotivism in his most famous work, which he published in addition to The Origins of Pragmatism and The Problem of Knowledge. FTP, identify this formulator of the verification principle and author of the 1936 classic Language, Truth and Logic.;;(A(.)) (J(.)) Ayer
;;This author retold a story in which the Merchant of Priceless Jewels takes from the Black Road a piece of Master Almondtree's soul in "Tatuana's Tale," part of a collection entitled the "Legends of" his home country. One novel by this author sees Maria Tecun run away from her blind husband Goyo Yic, while Machojon and his wife are killed by a curse after helping the Mounted Patrol to betray (*) Gaspar Ilom, who cultivates the titular crop. In another novel by this writer involves a plot to blame the Zany's murder of Colonel Sonriente on General Canales, whose daughter Camila becomes a love interest of Angel Face, who serves the titular politician. For 10 points, name this Nobel laureate who included The Green Pope in his Banana trilogy and wrote Men of Maize and El Senor Presidente, a Guatemalan author.;;(Miguel) (Angel) Asturias (Rosales)
;;The gene that codes for one component of this protein is contained in the short arm of chromosome 5, which is deleted in cri du chat syndrome, and that gene's loss of function may contribute to that condition. Inhibitors of this enzyme may be of limited efficacy in treating a certain disease due to the existence of the ALT pathway. Scott Cohen discovered that this enzyme contains two molecules of dyskerin. This enzyme is named for the (*) repeats of TTAGGG that it adds to the 3' end of chromosomes. For 10 points, name this enzyme discovered by Carol Greider and Elizabeth Blackburn, that compensates for the continual shortening with each replication of its namesake aging structure.;;telomerase
;;British historian Robert Irwin criticizes this thinker's thesis in the book For Lust of Knowing, while George Landow directly attacked this man's scholarship.  Justus Weiner has accused this man of falsifying his autobiography to better effect a "subaltern."  He defended Barenboim's performance of Wagner in Israel in the article "Better to Know."  Along with Cedric Watts, this thinker disagreed with Chinua (*) Achebe's characterization of Joseph Conrad as a terrible racist.  And the most famous work by this thinker quote Victor Hugo's poem "Lui" to support the thesis that all Arabs are seen either as oil suppliers or terrorists.  For 10 points, name this Palestinian-American postcolonialist who wrote Culture And Imperialism and Orientalism.;;(Edward) Said
;;This philosopher discussed the origin of one of the Catholic sacraments in the unpublished The Confessions of the Flesh. Another work by this author of The Archaeology of Knowledge identifies medieval scenes like gargoyles and jesters as representative of the first titular concept, which appeared as the Ship of Fools and Tom o' Bedlam in the Renaissance. That work develops this thinker's concept of (*) "bio-technico-power," and another work discusses the relationship of representation and subject through the example of Velazquez's Las Meninas. This philosopher also borrowed Bentham's idea of the Panopticon in a work that analyzes the history and nature of prisons. For 10 points, name this French philosopher, the author of Madness and Civilization, The Order of Things, and Discipline and Punish.;;(Michel) Foucault
;;Known as the Canon Quartet, this opera's aria "A wondrous feeling fills me" is sung by four characters about another's attraction to the title character, shortly after she rejects a marriage proposal. The "Hah! What a moment!" aria is sung by this opera's villain as he explains his plan to kill a man that the minister Don Fernando already believes to be dead. The title character helps (*) Rocco the jailor to dig a grave for that man, who had been imprisoned two years earlier for trying to expose the tyranny of Don Pizarro. Containing an overture named for the true identity of the title character, this opera includes characters like Marzelline and ends as Florestan is reunited with his wife. For 10 points, name this work in which Leonore disguises herself as a man to free her husband, the only opera by Ludwig van Beethoven.;;Fidelio
;;A kingdom in this state traced its founding to an apocryphal victory over Natanleod, while the first reliably-dated event in this region is the baptism of Cynegils by the bishop Birinus, its namesake "apostle." This region was legendarily founded by Cerdic and Cynric when they established a beachhead at Southampton and saw its most famous ruler commission a namesake jewel of quartz and filigreed gold; that man was chronicled by (*) Asser, won the Battle of Ashdown, and signed a treaty with the Danes under Guthrum. This region's power base was pushed southward by enemies like Penda, who threatened it from Mercia. Alfred the Great led, for 10 points, what Anglo-Saxon kingdom that unsurprisingly joined states like Northumbria, Sussex, and Essex in the Heptarchy?.;;Wessex
;;This man wrote an adaptation of a Restoration comedy in which Tom Fashion competes with his brother Lord Foppington for a wealthy woman, entitled A Trip to Scarborough. This librettist of The Duenna also wrote a work that sees the rehearsal of a play in which the actors may rework the script as they like and is entitled The Spanish Armada. That work features the playwrights Sir (*) Fretful Plagiary and Mr. Puff as well as Mr. Sneer and Mr. Dangle, who have the titular profession. In addition to The Critic, another work by this playwright sees Sir Oliver and Sir Peter Teazle discover Joseph's dishonesty while Charles Surface wins the hand of Maria, despite Lady Sneerwell's gossip, while a play set in Bath sees Captain Absolute's attempts to marry Lydia Languish disrupted by her aunt Mrs. Malaprop. For 10 points, name this eighteenth century English playwright of The School for Scandal and The Rivals.;;(Richard) (Brinsley) Sheridan
;;He summarized observed coincidences in the order of magnitude of ratios of fundamental constants, namely, the repeated occurrence of the exponent 40, in his "large numbers hypothesis."  Solutions to his namesake equation can be expressed as spinors.  A function named for this physicist, also called the Shah function, is equal to its own Fourier transform, and is known as his (*) "comb." He introduced a namesake delta function in a book that unified matrix mechanics and wave mechanics, and subsequently showed that the existence of magnetic monopoles would explain charge quantization. He names an equation that accounts for special relativity in describing spin one half particles. For 10 points, name this physicist whose namesake "sea" predicted the existence of antimatter.;;(Paul) (Adrien) (Maurice) Dirac
;;This author called a good reader one who "has imagination, memory, a dictionary, and some artistic sense," rather than belong to a book club in Lectures on Literature and he used Antiterra as the setting for his story Ada.  In one of this man's stories, Aleksandr Luzhin begins to believe that he is playing some unseen opponent because the world is a big chessboard, that story was translated as The Defense.  In addition to his autobiography (*) Speak Memory, the mad king Kinbote comments on a thousand line poem by John Shade in one work by this author, while in another  C Cincinattus is executed for gnostical turpitude, those are Pale Fire and Invitation to a Beheading.  For 10 points, name this Russian author of Pnin who created the character of Humbert Humbert in his novel Lolita.;;(Vladimir) Nabokov
;;As a colonel, this president led a brigade that followed White's West Virginians in a frontal assault at Cloyd's Mountain. This president appointed William Woods and John Harlan to the Supreme Court, and faced the Shamokin Uprising and labor unrest in Martinsburg, West Virginia during a large railroad strike in his first year in office. His Treasury Secretary John Sherman launched the Jay Commission, leading this man to remove Alonzo Cornell and (*) Chester Arthur from their positions with the Port of New York. Horace Greeley's fabricated story about an opponent's "Cipher Dispatches" helped this man win an election resolved by Thomas A. Scott. This President saw his veto on the Bland-Allison Act overridden, delighting his foe Roscoe Conkling. For 10 points, name this President whose victory over Samuel Tilden in 1876 led to the end of Reconstruction.;;(Rutherford) (Birchard) Hayes
;;A university professor in this novel lectures on "The Rime of the Ancient Mariner," and Carl Peterson undergoes tests at the Ministry of Mental Hygiene at the suggestion of a man who believes that homosexuality is both a sickness and a political crime. Pornographic movies are shown at an Annual Party hosted by one character in this novel who takes a baboon to the opera. That character, A.J., lives in a city where (*) centipede flesh and mugwump fluid is sold on the streets. INDs are humans who have been transformed into zombies by the experiments under Doctor Benway, who works for Islam, Incorporated. The aforementioned city is a combination of the South, South America, Panama, New York, and Tangier, and is called Interzone. For 10 points, name this novel about the drug addict Bill Lee, written by William S. Burroughs.;;Naked Lunch
;;Piano pieces like "Innocence" and "Dejection" form this man's opus 6 collection of bagatelles and impromptus, while his opus 4 and 5 Skizzen, or sketches, were also written for piano. He wrote both a symphonic poem and fanfares based on Shakespeare's Richard III, while the first of this composer's two string quartets is written in e minor and includes an Allegro moderato a la Polka second movement. That work, entitled (*) "From My Life," was written shortly after this man lost his hearing. This composer also wrote a cycle of six symphonic poems, the fourth of which, "From Bohemia's woods and fields," celebrates his nation's countryside, and the second of which begins with a flute solo and depicts the Vltava river, or "Die Moldau." For 10 points, name this Czech composer of Ma Vlast who also created the opera The Bartered Bride.;;(Bedrich) Smetana
;;Geoffrey Parker examined the "Grand Strategy" of this ruler, whose signing of the Treaty of Joinville provoked one major rival to agree to the Treaty of Nonsuch; that treaty promised support to a city viciously torn apart by this man's soldiers after a fleet containing 400,000 florins of their back pay was captured by enemy forces. Cultural changes under this employer of Alexander Farnese were described in a Fernand Braudel work about the (*)  "Mediterranean World in the Age of" this monarch. This man expanded his empire after the Battle of Alcacer Quibir took the life of Sebastian the Desired and employed an administrator who established the Council of Blood. William the Silent revolted against this employer of the Duke of Alba, embroiling him in a feud with a Tudor monarch that would lead to his most notable failure. For 10 points, name this Spanish king who beat the Turks at Lepanto but failed to unseat Elizabeth in 1588 through his Spanish Armada.;;Philip II (of) (Spain)|Philip the Prudent
;;This legislation was the subject of the appeals court case Campbell v. Clinton, which did not result in a ruling, holding instead that Tom Campbell and other House members lacked standing to bring suit. Primarily sponsored in the Senate by Jacob Javits, this legislation came under attack in 1988 by Sam Nunn, John Warner, and George Mitchell, who called it ineffective because it (*) "oversteps Constitutional bounds." This legislation's reporting requirement defined a 48-hour window for submitting an explanatory report, while the next section held that within 60 days of submitting the report, all armed forces had to be withdrawn barring specific authorization or a formal declaration. Passed over Nixon's veto in 1973, for 10 points, identify this legislation which sought to limit the unilateral use of the military by the executive branch.;;War Powers (Act)
;;One novel by this author set during the Liege uprising sees the titular Scottish archer thwart the machinations of Louis XI of France and eventually kill William de la Marck.  In another novel by this author, the title character predicts calamity in the life of Harry Bertram, who is dutifully kidnapped by smugglers at age five.  Another work sees, Jeanie (*) Deans travels to London to seek a pardon for her sister Effie from unjustified charges of infanticide during the Porteous Riots.  Besides writing Quentin Durward and Guy Mannering, this author's most famous work sees the titular Saxon rescues Rowena and Rebecca.  For 10 points, name this author of The Heart of Midlothian and Ivanhoe.;;(Walter) Scott
;;This opera's composer transferred the setting from Scotland after the libretto of Eugene Scribe was used to produce an inferior work by Pierre-Louis Dietsch, while Heinrich Marschner's opera Der Vampyr was a major influence on this opera's central romance. Arias in this opera include "Willst Jenes Tags du Nicht," sung by the huntsman Erik to his former love, the female protagonist, and (*) "Die Frist is Um", in which the title character yearns for death. Notable sections of this opera include the Spinners' Chorus in Act II, which takes place in the house of Senta, and the Sailor's Chorus in Act III. For 10 points, name this 1843 opera that sees a curse broken after a deal is brokered with Captain Daland, an early work of Wagner about the captain of a cursed ship.;;(The) Flying Dutchman|(Der) fliegende Hollander
;;The Novikov-Boone-Britton Theorem proves the undecidability of the word problem for these mathematical objects.   The number of subsets fixed by their elements is proportional to the number of orbits according to Burnside's Lemma.  If "p to the n" is the largest power of prime p that divides the order of one of these objects, then it contains a sub-object of size "p to the n" according to (*) Sylow's Theorem.  A sub-object of one of these objects must have an order that divides the order of the original object according to Lagrange's Theorem.  These objects are defined as monoids which include inverse elements, and their namesake axioms include closure and the presence of an identity element. These objects consist of a set and a single binary operation, and are called Abelian when they commute.  For 10 points, name these mathematical objects studied in abstract algebra that are more general than a ring.;;groups
;;This modern-day nation signed an agreement known as the "Concordat of 1860" with Pope Pius IX, which led to a series of religious uprisings. W. Cameron Forbes led a commission to investigate unrest in this country, which helped lead to the election of President Stenio Vincent, ending a period of occupation in this country begun when Admiral William Caperton docked his flagship Washington in its main port. A campaign to slaughter (*) black dogs in this nation was begun after its leader became convinced Dutty Boukman was haunting the shit out of its countryside. For 10 points, the Battle of Siebert left Alexander Petion in control of the southern half of this country, which has been led by Paul Magloiy that won independence under Toussaint Louverture?.;;Haiti
;;This work claims that the good of anything with a function lies in the satisfactory performance of that function, and asserts that the function of a human is rational activity. This text's definition of happiness insists that happiness be evaluated over the course of a complete life, so that children cannot be said to be happy and Priam cannot be unhappy just because he is experiencing old age. This work claims mere (*) strength of will to be less praiseworthy than active virtue, but more so than weakness of will, or incontinence, and asserts that the virtue of a particular trait usually lies between two extremes in its "doctrine of the mean." FTP, name this work that suggests adhering to that doctrine in order to attain eudaimonia, a work attributed to Aristotle and named for his son.;;Nicomachean Ethics
;;One stanza in this poem describes the moon as "Astarte's bediamonded crescent/ Distinct with its duplicate horn," and in a subsequent stanza, this poem's narrator consoles another character who claims to mistrust its "strange pallor." This poem's second stanza recalls a time when the narrator's "heart was volcanic/ As the scoriac rivers that roll," and this poem's opening lines recall the (*) "lonesome October of my most immemorial year." Another October is recalled in this poem's last stanza, as the narrator remembers bringing a "dread burden," to the shores of the lake of Auber. For ten points, identify this poem whose narrator roams with Psyche "in the ghoul-haunted woodland of Weir," until he discovers the vault of the titular dead woman, written by Edgar Allan Poe.;;Ulalume
;;In one story, this object was thrown out of Olympus after Electra, the daughter of Atlas, tried to hide in it to avoid Zeus. This object once changed hands due to the scheming of Antenor, who explained how it could be obtained, and repentance for the theft of this object figures in a story by Sinon. This object was brought to its most famous location by Dardanus, and may have taken its name from a friend killed by its creator in an accident. Along with the arrival of Neoptolemus and Philoctetes, the (*) acquisition of this object was the final condition for the fulfilment of a prophecy by Helenus, and it was eventually acquired by the joint efforts of Diomedes and Odysseus. For ten points, identify this object which had to be stolen by the Argives before Troy could fall, a statuette located in the Trojan temple of Athena whose name comes from Athena's most common epithet .;;Palladium
;;This molecule accepts electrons from an enzyme that contains an iron-sulfur subunit known as a Rieske protein. This molecule acts as an electron donor to the P960 chlorophyll pair in some forms of bacterial photosynthesis, and interactions with it and its peroxidase play a prominent role in peroxide scavenging. A protein with a similar role to this one is the Diablo homolog, also known as SMAC. This molecule is released when proteins such as BID and Bax open up an oligomeric pore in the membrane of a certain organelle. (*) Cyanide poisoning functions by preventing this molecule's oxidase from reducing oxygen to water. In apoptosis, this protein combines with Apaf-1 to form the apoptosome heptamer. For ten points, name this iron-containing protein that passes electrons between complex III and complex IV in the electron transport chain.;;cytochrome c
;;In one source, this emperor is reported to have named Pacorus as the king of the Lazi. According to another source, he met his death after eating some Alpine cheese and vomiting during the night, after which he gave the watchword "Equanimity" to an officer and died at Lorium. He sent a letter of warning to Vologases, the Parthian king, in order to stop his invasion of Armenia. His general (*) Lollius Urbicus won perhaps his greatest military victory, defeating the Brigantes, which led to this man's best known effort. His daughter Faustina the Younger was wed to his successor, whom he adopted along with Lucius Verus, whose death in a plague that bore the family name of this man was documented by Galen. Like Hadrian, he built a large, fortified wall in Britain. For 10 points, name this fourth Good Emperor succeeded by Marcus Aurelius.;;Antoninus (Pius) (Titus) (Aurelius) (Fulvus) (Boionus) (Arrius) (Antoninus)
;;This man's version of the Marriage at Cana bears some remarkable similarities to Breughel's Peasant Wedding. His last major work, a massive scene whose leaning figures create an oblong "V" from the central action, depicts a circle of warm light at center top over an object whose vertical rise from a mass of mourners sharply divides the painting. That Crucifixion is found in the same city for whose Scuole Grandi he painted a series showing citizens discovering - and then absconding with - the corpse of the central saint. A white-turbaned man pulls back a (*) hammer to nail the titular poor naked bastard to the ground in this man's rendering of Saint Mark descending to the rescue, The Miracle of the Slave. Venice's San Giorgio Maggiore is home to this man's painting that shows a woman at right reaching into a bucket of water and a flaming lamp at top left, illuminating ethereal angels who flit above a long, slanted table. For 10 points, name this painter of a fantastical Last Supper, whose name means "little dyer.".;;(Jacopo) Tintoretto|(Jacapo) Robusti
;;Regina professes love for the title character of this novel, and makes up a romantic fantasy to forget she was raped.  The protagonist is forced to share a friend's yacht with Xavier Adame, and in the final chapter, he is simultaneously delivered by Lunero and dies on the operating table.  One theme in this novel is the difference between the protagonist's 'I' and 'Thou' voices, and he is driven out of (*) Cocuya after accidentally killing his uncle Pedro.  However, he murders his wife Catalina's brother Gonzalo to position himself as heir to Don Gamaliel's fortune.  For 10 points, name this novel by Carlos Fuentes in which the titular corrupt Mexican politician reflects on the events of his life.;;(The) Death of Artemio Cruz
;;This man famously wrote that "the best of all monopoly profits is a quiet life" to defend his theory that firms with market power often operate inefficiently when there is no competition. In his best known work, he introduces the ideas of "composite commodities" and what he referred to as "temporary equilibrium." In addition to writing that work, (*) Value and Capital, he created a namesake synthesis of classical and Keynesian economics and introduced the idea of the liquidity trap. This British economist developed an IS-LM model named for himself and Alvin Hansen.  This man co-names a situation where no actor can be made better off even if they are allowed to compensate others with Kaldor.  For 10 points, name this economist who names a type of demand with fixed utility, often contrasted with Marshellian demand.;;(John) (Richard) Hicks
;;In one work by this composer, a single B note is amplified or diminished depending on how a character is murdering someone. The performance of this composer's Opus 4, a song cycle setting to music texts by Peter von Altenberg, caused a riot at its March 31, 1913 premiere, and he borrowed from Mahler's Sixth Symphony the hammer blow heard in his Opus 6, Three Orchestral Pieces. Scholarship by George Perle has shown that an affair with Franz Werfel's sister was partly the inspiration for this composer's (*) Lyric Suite, whose first movement became his first extended 12-tone composition. Plays by Frank Wedekind and Georg Buchner were the subject operatic works by this composer, who like Anton Webern was a student of Schoenberg. For 10 points, name this composer of Wozzeck and Lulu.;;(Alban) Berg
;;Many people who participated in this event were deported to New Caledonia, where they were ordered to help civilize the native Kanak tribe. Two sons of Yaroslav Dombrovski killed themselves in shame over his participation in this event, during which women known as petroleuses were believed for years to have set fire to a number of buildings. It saw Louis (*) Blanqui elected president and his imprisonment by the government of Adolphe Thiers, while a series of unfortunate incidents led to the destruction of the Vendome Column during this event to be tragicomically blamed on Gustave Courbet. It ended when Haussmann's wide avenues allowed Marshal Macmahon's troops to easily defeat the National Guard in an assault that culminated in the Bloody Week. For 10 points, name this revolutionary government of 1871 that briefly ruled the French capital.;;Paris Commune
;;This statement can be derived from first principles by noting that under certain conditions, the function Z depends only on the thermodynamic beta to the minus-one-half, and evaluating the derivative of the log of that function with respect to beta.  Debye's theory of heat capacity reduces to the Dulong-Petit law in the high-temperature limit as a direct consequence of this statement. The truth of this statement depends on the truth of the (*) ergodic hypothesis, and this statement is a direct consequence of the fact that in a Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution, the numerator of the exponent is the kinetic energy of the molecule. For ten points, identify this theorem which at equilibrium allocates energy equal to one-half times Boltzmann's constant times the temperature for every quadratic degree of freedom.;;equipartition (theorem)
;;This man's former lobbying firm, which is named for himself, Griffith and Rogers, may have engaged in corporate espionage on behalf of Alfa Bank.  To win his current position, he vowed to put a cap on malpractice lawsuits and defeated Ronnie Musgrove, the man who tried to remove the Confederate cross from their state's flag. The chairman of the Republican National Committee during the major Republican victory of 1994, this man got into trouble in April 2010 for saying that Virginia's omission of (*) slavery from its Confederate History month program was nit picking, and he more recently got into trouble for another racially charged statement concerning his hometown of Yazoo City.  For 10 points, name this Republican politician who recently  praised the segregationist White Citizens Councils, the current governor of Mississippi.;;(Haley) (Reeves) Barbour
;;One story by this author concerns a man seduced by Zaborovna Privet and attacked by a giant called Lord Gall of Wormwood, before dying and then emerging from his casket. A poem by this author exclaims "Galileo how are you and his consecutive thirds! The vile old Copernican lead-swinging son of a sutler!" In addition to the story "Echo's Bones," this man's nonfiction collection Disjecta contains essays on aesthetics, in which he discusses his own novel Dream of Fair to Middling Women. In one of his plays, a character is asked to choose between a (*) radish and a turnip and asks if there are any carrots, while another play involves  the blind man Hamm and his servant Clov as well as Nagg and Nell. FTP, name this author of Whoroscope who also wrote Krapp's Last Tape and told of Vladimir and Estragon in his Waiting for Godot.;;(Samuel) Beckett
;;One modification to this algorithm improves on its running time by replacing its primary data structure with a number of leftist binary trees, which can be easily merged; that modification is the Cheriton-Tarjan algorithm.  The amortized run-time of one subsection of this algorithm is a notable instance of the inverse Ackermann function appearing in time complexity.  The optimizations of "union by rank" and "path compression" can be used to improve on a subsection of this algorithm known as the union-find algorithm.  This algorithm has running time "Big O of (*) E log E" where E is the number of edges, since the dominating step in this algorithm is sorting the edges by weight.  It works by iteratively choosing the lowest weight edge that connects two previously unconnected components in the graph.  For 10 points, name this graph algorithm that, like Boruvka's algorithm and Prim's algorithm, finds the minimum spanning tree of a graph.;;Kruskal's (Algorithm)
;;In this work, the protagonist's doorway contains a coat of arms resembling a sparrow hawk and later a star exploding from a woman's forehead actually turns out to be a bullet that puts that protagonist in a military hospital.  Alfons Beck leads the protagonist to booze, but is sworn off when the protagonist sees a girl he calls (*) Beatrice.  The protagonist's father scolds him for his muddy shoes after he had bragged about stealing a sack of apples, leading to extortion by the bully Kromer.  The title character offers the protagonist an alternate interpretation of the story of Cain and Abel, leading to interest in the evil god Abraxas.  For 10 points, name this novel in which Emil Sinclair is mentored by the title character, by Hermann Hesse.;;Demian
;;This event resulted in the creation of the Special Corps of the Gendarmes and the infamous Third Section under Alexander Benkendorf. Shortly after a central group in this event celebrated the miraculous breaking of the ropes used to hang them, they were strung up again with new, more effective rope. A cavalry charge during this event failed miserably when the horses slipped on icy cobblestones, and it saw Eugene (*) Obolensky spontaneously proclaimed leader by a listless crowd in the Senate Square. The Chernigov Regiment rose up following the failure of this event, many of whose participants believed that the name of Princess Juliane was actually "Constitution." Northern Society head Pavel Pastel was executed in the wake of this event, which saw supporters of Constantine thrown into the Neva River while protesting the succession of Alexander I. For 10 points, identify this uprising against Nicholas I in Saint Petersburg, named for the winter month in which it took place.;;(The) Decembrist (Revolt)|Dekabristy
;;This figure erected a stone memorial at Eben-Ezer to commemorate God's help at Mizpah. The Berakhot claims that this man was the first to justify sacrifices made by non-priests. While pregnant with him, this man's mother was mistaken for drunk by a priest of Shiloh who later became this man's mentor. This son of Elkanah was called three times by while asleep in the temple by a voice he thought was that mentor, (*) Eli. This man gave a speech at Gilgal that warned against idolatry of kings before he predicted the results of the Battle of Mount Gilboa when he was resurrected by the Witch of Endor at the behest of Saul. For 10 points, name this last Judge of Israel and prophet who anointed both Saul and David King of Israel.;;Samuel|Shmu'el|Samu'eel or Shemuwel
;;A technique named for Allen that uses spectroscopic data to measure this quantity runs into difficulties with d and f block electrons, while this quantity is used to plot species on Jensen's triangle.  This quantity is proportional to the effective nuclear charge divided by a surface area term, in a result by (*) Allred and Rochow.  One way to calculated this quantity is simply to average the ionization energy and electron affinity, but the most common definition of this quantity is based on dissociation energies; those scales are named for Mulliken and Pauling.  For 10 points, name this quantity that summarizes the ability of an atom to attract electrons and is approximately four for Flourine.;;Electronegativity
;;Forces under this king defeated the Spanish navy off of Winchelsea, while he fought Eustace de Ribemont near Calais. This king convinced Louis the Bavarian to side with him in one conflict and was hit with an arrow during his greatest naval victory. The Good Parliament tried desperately to banish this man's troublesome mistress, Alice Perrers, but was thwarted by his son, the husband of Blanche of Lancaster. Froissart described the court of this victor at the Battle of (*) Sluys, who tried to emulate King Arthur's Round Table by creating the Order of the Garter. This  husband of Philippa of Hainault executed Roger Mortimer, the lover of his mother Isabella, who had overthrown this king's father, the probable lover of Piers Gaveston. This man's sons included John of Gaunt and a man who won the Battle of Poitiers and assisted in this king's victory at Crecy, Edward the Black Prince. For 10 points, identify this British king, the son of Edward II.;;Edward III
;;The opening of this work includes a G G A-flat F-sharp motif on the strings which is punctuated by rising and falling diminished scales. A G-major animato section of this piece quotes the fox-ride "Was kommt ort von der Hohe?" Earlier, the trumpets play the melody "Wir haben gebauet ein stattliches Haus," which is followed by the song "Landesvater" in the strings. These melodies are then all played in counterpoint, leading to the C-major maestoso (*) finale of this work based on a piece also used Franz Suppe's operetta Flotte Burschensong, the song "Gaudeamus igitur." Its composer described this piece as a "very boisterous potpourri of student drinking songs." For 10 points, name this orchestral piece by Johannes Brahms that he wrote to thank the University of Breslau for awarding him an honorary doctorate.;;Academic Festival Overture|Akademische Festouverture(;)|Brahms's Opus 80
;;One novel about one of these characters sees its title character antagonize the Bannerworth family before leaping into Mount Vesuvius. Another novel about one of these characters sees Aubrey fall in love with the Greek innkeeper's daughter Ianthe while taking a Grand Tour with the title character. Those novels are about Varney and Lord Ruthven, respectively. Another novel about one of these characters stars (*) Laura, who befriends a woman who mysteriously resembles the Countess Karnstein and uses such pseudonyms as "Mircalla" and "Millarca". Another of these characters overcomes Lucy Westenra before being killed by a coalition including Mina Murray, Jonathan Harker, and Abraham Van Helsing. For 10 points, identify this type of character exemplified by Joseph Sheridan Le Fanu's Carmilla and Bram Stoker's Dracula.;;vampires
;;This thinker introduced a concept that Gilles Deleuze and Felix Guattari claimed identifies the schizophrenic producer's typical mode of production. That concept, which was pioneered by this thinker, was extended by Derrida to encompass all borrowing of concepts text of "a heritage which is more or less coherent or ruined."  Another work by this think traced the evolution of a single myth from South America to the Arctic.  The aforementioned central concept of this thinker is contrasted with the work of the (*) "engineer," who exemplifies the scientific way of thought. For 10 points, name this creator of the concept of "bricolage," a structuralist anthropologist who wrote Elementary Structures of Kinship and The Savage Mind.;;(Claude) Levi(-)Strauss
;;In the wake of this battle, the victorious general joined Edward Rutledge and others at Billop Manor for a fruitless peace conference. Prior to this battle, one side approached Howard's Tavern and asked the innkeeper to guide them to the little-known Jamaica Pass, which the other side guarded with only 5 militiamen, who were quickly overpowered. Von Heister led the Hessian center attack in this engagement, which saw Stirling muster 1600 men to counter a quick advance through (*) Gowanus Pass by men under James Grant. John Sullivan led a group of 250 men in a noble rear guard, which enabled the ludicrously chaotic American forces to successfully retreat. Howe's preparations for an extended siege of the Brooklyn Heights in the wake of this battle were wasted, as Washington evacuated the Continental Army before launching a more successful attack two months later. For 10 points, name this early defeat for Revolutionary forces which took place on a large land mass to the east of Manhattan.;;(Battle) (of) Long Island
;;A coincident D-brane/anti-D-brane pair contains excitations of these particles, and one of Sen's conjectures states that the contributions from these particles' potential gives that configuration a zero energy density.  The set of solutions to the Klein-Gordon equation corresponding to these particles is incomplete, and these particles cannot be localized in space.  The (*) Feinberg reinterpretation principle partially resolves a paradox associated with these particles that must always lose energy via Cherenkov radiation. If these particles exist, as a consequence of their defining property they have imaginary mass, and these particles could violate causality via their namesake "telephone paradox." Contrasted with luxons and bradyons, for 10 points name these hypothetical particles that move faster than light.;;tachyons
;;In his major philosophical work, this thinker responded to a challenge of Plato by raising arguments concerning pleasure, love, and social change. This thinker claimed that poets are the "unacknowledged legislators of the world" in a work that equates civil society with the title literary discipline and expounds on the powers of the imagination. Another work by this man is prefaced with a claim that his only motive for its publication is a love of truth, and an entreaty for logical refutations of his proofs against the (*) existence of God, which resulted in his expulsion from Oxford. FTP, name this thinker who responded to Thomas Love Peacock's The Four Ages of Poetry with his own A Defence of Poetry and also wrote The Necessity of Atheism as well as poems like Adonais and Ozymandias.;;(Percy) (Bysshe) Shelley
;;After a dramatic philippic is given late in this novel, a slave named Eunice cuts her own vein and bleeds to death. In one episode in this novel, the protagonist hires the traitorous charlatan Chilon Chilonides to aid in his pursuit of another character. Shortly thereafter, its protagonist's other companion, a gigantic athlete named Croton, is defeated by the bull-killing slave Ursus. It centers on an event in which a certain ruler's desire to experience (*) artistic suffering leads him to order a city to be burned, while it ends shortly after the suicide of the "arbiter of elegance", a member of that ruler's court named Petronius. Its title comes from a scene in which Nazarius watches Peter have a vision of Christ. For 10 points, identify this work in which Lygia marries Marcus Vinicius after the latter converts to Christianity, a novel set during the rule of Nero and written by Henryk Sienkiewicz.;;Quo Vadis?
;;A misheard message from the Egyptian Thamus may have created the myth that this God is the only one of his kind who has died "in our time." This God's seduction of Eupheme resulted in the Bowman of the Zodiac, Crotus, while his seduction of Echo resulted in Iynx.. Various sources state that his mother may be Dryope or Oeneis, but in another tale, this God was conceived when his father visited Penelope in the form of a Goat or Amaltheia.  His attempted pursuit of (*) Pitys resulted in her transformation into a fir-tree, while his pursuit of Syrinx resulted in her becoming a reed. His homeland was in the state of Arcadia, and his Roman counterpart is the god Faunus. FTP, name this god who is often depicted as a faun with an erect penis, who may be considered the god of nature.;;Pan
;;One character in this book is the mistress of a land-owner while the main character's friends at Oxford include Boy Mulcaster and Anthony Blance.  Most of the second half is centered around another main character's relationship with Cordelia, the sister of his friend from the first half.  Rex is revealed to have divorced a previous wife in Canada, forcing his marriage to Julia to take place in a Protestant church. This work's (*) title residence is owned by the Catholic Marchmain family and the book begins with the section "Nostalgia for a Vanished Past" in which Charles Ryder goes to Oxford and meets Sebastian Flyte. For ten points, name this novel by Evelyn Waugh, titled after Ryder's return to his family estate.;;Brideshead Revisited
;;The Diophantine equation given by ax^2 + by^2 + cz^2 = 0 is named for this mathematician who conjectured that there is a prime number between n^2 and (n+1)^2 for every integer n and proved that pi squared is irrational.  The Dirichlet ["dee-ree-klay"] character generalizes this man's "symbol," which for an integer a and a prime p returns either 1, -1, or 0, depending on whether or not a is a quadratic residue mod p.  His transformation, which is generalized by convex conjugation and is denoted (*) f-star, satisfies the functional equation "f-star of f-prime of x equals x times f-prime of x minus f of x." His namesake differential equation is encountered when solving the Laplace equation in spherical coordinates. For 10 points, name this French mathematician perhaps best known for an eponymous set of polynomials used in calculating spherical harmonics.;;(Adrien(-)Marie) Legendre
;;During this event, a group of fourteen off-duty policemen formed a group called the Vengeance Squad with the intent of cleaning up the streets, and a convoy of taxi cabs delivered two hundred members of the U.S Navy to the site of this event. Police did not arrest the perpetrators of violence during this event; instead they arrested the victims on charges of suspicion of assault and vagrancy. The murder of Jose Diaz, whose body was found in the Sleepy Lagoon reservoir, was a precursor to this event. Leading up to this event, the City Council issued an ordinance in regards to (*) clothing, of which Norris Nelson said that "if we can arrest people for being under dressed, we can do so for being over dressed." The mayor of Los Angeles said that racial prejudice was not a factor in this event, and that juvenile delinquents of many races had caused the problem. During the event, servicemen entered movie theatres and other public areas, dragged out minorities, and proceeded to beat them in the street. FTP, name this event that occurred in 1943, during which minorities in specific clothing were beaten badly.;;(the) zoot suit (riots)
;;This body features a bright area shaped like a ring called Guabonito and dark area called Aaru, while the largest crater found on its surface is called Menrva.  The Kraken Mare can be found near the north pole on this body, and it includes a notably large dark area called Shangri-La.  (*) Hyperion is in orbital resonance with this body, which contains a large bright area called Xanadu.  Aside from Earth, it is the only body in the solar system to reflect significant amounts of ELF waves, suggesting a layer of below-normal freezing point liquid water under a surface full of hydrocarbon lakes.  Cryovolcanoes may be the source of methane on this body, which is obscured by a thick orange atmosphere sixty percent denser than Earth's.  The Huygens probe descended onto it in 2005.  For 10 points, name this largest moon of Saturn.;;Titan
;;A later propaganda campaign paired the creation of two "Honor Temples" with the conversion of a massive octagonal monument to this battle into a tomb for the victorious general. Prior to this engagement, Hermann von Francois's disorderly retreat from Gumbinnen led to the recall of his superior and the losing army advancing past their telegraph lines. The victors benefited from Max Hoffman's time as an observer at Mukden, which led him to convince Von (*) Prittwitz's replacements that the defending Second Army could be trapped without the intervention of Paul von Rennenkampf, who was subsequently crushed at Masurian Lakes. General Samsonov committed suicide after his army was annihilated at this battle by the German Eighth Army under Ludendorff and Hindenburg. For 10 points, name this 1914 battle that pushed Russia off the Eastern front, named for an earlier 1410 defeat for the Teutonic Knights.;;(Second) (Battle) (of) Tannenberg|(Battle) (of) Stebark(,) (allegedly)
;;The preface to this work begins by noting that the human mind is naturally drawn to questions that it cannot answer, and goes on to criticize despotism and reject the divine right of kings. The first section of this work notes that knowledge is either sensible or logical, and poses questions regarding space and time to contrast those two concepts. The second section of this work is divided into four chapters devoted to the history, discipline, canon, and architecture of the titular quality, and the arguments presented in this work were further refined in the author's (*) Prolegomena to Any Future Metaphysics. Arguing that metaphysics should be limited to a priori knowledge, for ten points name this work which was followed by a "Practical" sequel, by Immanuel Kant.;;Critique of Pure Reason
;;In one work, this author laments that the subject must now "play the straight man for a term And tolerate the humor of the worm", and in another compared herself to a loaf of bread, a purse, a cow, and a walking watermelon. That work, Metaphors, was "a riddle in nine syllables."  The speaker declares "I shall never get you put together entirely" of the title entity in The (*) Colossus and warns "Herr God, Herr Lucifer Beware Beware" in another poem.  In a more famous poem, the speaker says of the title character "Every woman adores a Fascist," while in her most famous work the tubercular Buddy breaks up with Esther, who tried to commit suicide several times.  For ten points, name this American poet of Daddy the author of The Bell Jar.;;(Sylvia) Plath
;;This man composed a ballad for orchestra subtitled "Once Upon a Time," Eventyr. In one opera by this composer, the title character falls in love with Palmyra but is executed for killing Simon Perez, while the title character of another opera breaks up with Niels after her husband Erik dies. This composer of Koanga and Fennimore and Gerda,  wrote an orchestral version of a Percy Grainger work entitled (*) Brigg Fair. One notable work by this composer is based on his time as an orange plantation manager near the St. John's River and includes sections such as "Daybreak."This composer used the tune "In Ola Valley" in his On Hearing the First Cuckoo in Spring and wrote an opera featuring the Dark Fiddler and the young runaways Sali and Vrenchen. For 10 points, identify this composer the Florida Suite and A Village Romeo and Juliet.;;(Frederick) Delius
;;Time independent forms of this quantity can be modeled as a power law with the Ostwald-de Waele equation, where n greater than one means the material is dilatant.  This quantity is large when convective acceleration can be neglected, allowing Stokes's law to be applied to a spherical object.  For a dilute gas, this quantity is proportional to the square root of temperature in a theory named for Chapman and Enskog.  This quantity can be measured with a Zahn cup in one industry, and in units of Saybolt Universal Seconds in the petroleum industry.  Its (*) kinematic form is equal to its dynamic form divided by its density.  Body armor has a unique shear thickening form of this quantity, because in non-Newtonian materials this quantity changes with applied stress.  Stokes law gives the drag associated with this quantity.  For 10 points, name this property of a fluid that describes resistance to flow.;;Viscosity
;;Anxiety over this battle led the losing side to rush Mobile Group 100 into a disastrous retreat, while prior to it an all-prostitute auxiliary unit refused evacuation, instead opting to assist the medical corps. The defending artillery commander in this battle ate his own grenade after being shocked by the victorious side's tactics, which relied on direct line-of-sight target spotting and single-position guns dug into (*) makeshift earthworks. The failure of the "hedgehog" strategy led Langlais's paratroopers to depose Christian de Castries after its eleventh day. Operation Castor saw the defenders drop in and occupy the abandoned airfield at the center of this battle, which saw the victors advanced undetected to hills like Gabrielle and Beatrice. This victory for Vo Nyugen Giap rocked the Geneva Convention, and ended the First Indochina War. For 10 points, name this 1954 loss for French forces Vietnam.;;(Battle) (of) Dien Bien Phu
;;After setting up a studio with Johannes Baargeld in a brewery bathroom, this artist was arrested for inviting the public to savagely assault his sculptures with an axe. He placed a lion's head on a man's toga-clad body as part of his alterations to Jules Mary prints and rendered some monstrously mutated Victorians in his booklet A Week of Kindness. A pair of legs emerges from a pool in his de Chirico-influenced (*) Aquis Submersis. Arms are attached to the titular vehicle of this man's Murdering Airplane, while he characteristically fuses the title creature with everyday objects in The Elephant Celebes. He popularized the "frottage" technique and used collage in a work that sees one title figure wield a knife as another flies overhead. For 10 points, name this German Dadaist behind Two Children Are Threatened by a Nightingale.;;(Max) Ernst
;;In Orphism, this being is believed to have killed Zagreus who would later be reincarnated as Dionysus.  This figure's death was preceded by him cutting out Zeus's sinews and imprisoning him in the Coryican cave. Instead of fingers, this being had fifty dragon heads on each of his hands, and vipers instead of legs. The last child of (*) Tartarus and Gaia, this largest creature in Greek mythology stood as high as the heavens. The Lernaean Hydra, Nemean Lion, Sphynx, and Cerberus were all offspring of his with his wife, Echidna. Zeus eventually defeated this being by throwing the island of Sicily on top of him, trapping him beneath Mount Etna. For ten points, name this fearsome monster from Greek mythology whose influence over strong storm winds is the etymology for a pacific hurricane.;;Typhon
;;Initiates in this religion face a probation period of six months, and one vow taken by new members asserts an understanding that failure to uphold this religion's regulations will result in "extermin[ation] by Heaven and Earth." This religion mandates four daily ceremonies starting at 6AM and occurring every six hours. This religion sees itself as the third and final Religious (*) Amnesty offered by God, the previous two of which included faiths that are grouped into such categories as the Doctrine of the Sages, the Doctrine of the Genies, and the Doctrine of the Buddhas. Though it is not Catholicism, this religion's structure consists of Archbishops and a Pope, and its name literally translates to "High Tower." FTP, name this syncretic Vietnamese religion whose saints notably include Sun Yat-sen and Victor Hugo.;;Cao Dai
;;Support for this case was galvanized by a dissenting opinion authored four years prior which argued that liberty was a "rational continuum" and condemned the court's dismissal of several suits filed against State's Attorney Ullman. Those cases had been dismissed over a lack of standing, prompting the namesake appellant and C. Lee Buxton to induce a $100 fine by violating a seldom-used law that was called "uncommonly silly" in Potter (*) Stewart's dissent. Goldberg's concurrence relied shakily on the 9th Amendment in this case, expanded in Eisenstadt v. Baird, while Harlan's reliance on substantive due process supplanted Douglas's majority opinion about the "penumbras" of the Bill of Rights. Famously establishing a constitutional right to privacy and a major precursor to Roe v. Wade, for 10 points, name this 1965 case that struck down a law banning contraceptives in Connecticut.;;Griswold (v(.)) (Connecticut)
;;One section of this work is named after a Walter Raleigh painting of a pointing fisherman.  Early in this novel, the narrator describes how his grandfather met his grandmother on the day World War I ended. In another scene, the narrator is punished for dancing with the most beautiful girl in the school by having the tip of his finger cut off by bullies.  The narrator loses his memory when he is 'purified' by a silver (*) spittoon, and near the end of his life he complains that Dr. Balliga dismissed his fear that his body is developing cracks.  The narrator's punishment for seeing his mother use the toilet is prohibition from speaking for one day, at which point he realizes his is telepathic.  For ten points, name this novel by Salman Rushdie about Saleem Sinai who was born at the title hour of Indian independence.;;Midnight's Children
;;The final portion of this work praises the "experiment" of A.T. White shortly after considering a man who dove into a crowd of holiday shoppers and began shanking them, while Lewis Hine is among those who imitated the style of this work. Eighteen young children who sit in a semi-circle are the subject of one part of this work, which wonders why Chinese people prefer carrying knives in their sleeves when every black man knows the best place is the boot. Prayer Time in the Nursery and (*) Bandit's Roost appear in this work, which grew from a Scribner's Christmas article. The recent advent of magnesium powder may be responsible for the haunting, startled stares of this work's subjects, who are found in "the Bend" and "Jewtown" in the Lower East Side. A series of "Studies Among the Tenements of New York," for 10 points, name this muckraking work of photojournalism that exposed the horrid conditions of New York's poor.;;How the Other Half Lives(:) (Studies) (Among) (the) (Tenements) (of) (New) (York)
;;A D minor work by this composer sees the adagio F sharp minor second movement's transition to the the alla breve finale orchestrated attacca, or without pause, which followed a similar C minor piece, which sees an E flat major theme supplant the half step-filled piano arpeggios. A four-note "signature" ends both those piano concertos by this man, whose first opera sees the title character marry and then murder the gypsy Zemfira. This composer of Aleko collected Thirteen (*) Preludes, Ten Preludes, and Prelude in C-Sharp Minor into a group covering all twenty-four musical keys. This creator of the formidable Etudes Tableaux used 5/8 time to suggest the act of rowing in a piece inspired by a Bocklin painting, his Isle of the Dead. His characteristic widely-spaced chords are evident in his setting of Poe's The Bells, while his most famous work consists of mostly A minor variations on another man's Caprice No. 24. For 10 points, name this Russian composer of Rhapsody on a Theme from Paganini..;;(Sergei) Rachmaninoff
;;One of this man's poems describes how the title bird "diving like an angel struck the hern," while another work by this poet compares him to a falcon, storm, and a song while comparing God to an ancient tower and consists of a series of "Love Poems to God" in his "The Book of Hours."  One poem by this author concludes with the demand "You must change your life" after describing an unknown "legendary (*) head with eyes like ripening fruit," while one of his collections about the is divided into sections of twenty six and twenty nine poems, and that work was dedicated to his daughter's friend Vera Knoop.  His best known set of poems glorifies unrequited love and heartbreak and ask "Who, if I cried out, would hear me among the angelic orders?" For ten points, name this Bohemian-Austrian poet who wrote Sonnets to Orpheus and Duino Elegies.;;(Rainer) (Maria) Rilke
;;Constant propagation, constant folding, and static analysis are all techniques used in the intermediate stages of one of these tools. They typically operate on an intermediate representation which consists of single static assignments grouped into basic blocks. These tools use live variable analysis to control register pressure. Advanced ones are capable of instruction scheduling and inter-procedural analysis. Their front end typically consists of a (*) scanner, which performs lexical analysis to produce tokens, and a parser, which does semantic and syntactic analysis. Their back-end consists of an architecture-specific code-generator. Fortran had the first operational one of these tools, which are not needed by interpreted programming languages. Name, for ten points, this kind of program that turns source code into binary code.;;Compiler
;;Part III of this novel begins with a lullaby and details Malvina's illicit book purchases and interest in the married engineer Romulo Viera. An epigraph to Part I relates a legend about a visit from a potentate while Ofenisia lay in a hammock having her hair picked free of lice. In this novel, the young dentist Osmundo and his lover Sinhazinha are killed by her husband, who avoids punishment. Ramiro Bastos and his vicious henchmen work for plantation owners competing against the businessman (*) Mundinho Falcao, who exports the title commodity from Ilheus, where the novel is set. The Syrian Nacib finds in the title character both a talented cook and a very sexy companion. For 10 points, name this masterpiece about a beautiful and sweet-smelling woman in Bahia, written by the Brazilian author Jorge Amado.;;Gabriela(,) Clove and Cinnamon (o) Gabriela(,) Cravo e Canela
;;In one work by this man, the main character, a teacher, is propositioned to help retrieve an ambassador named Delchef who has gone rogue and moved in with a foreign girl. In another work, one character organizes a group of local villagers into a rebel group disguised as a soccer team. In the former, the central character is reintroduced to a former colleague who is now a third-rate radio producer by Himiko before telling her he got fired from his English teaching job. In the latter work of this author, (*) Takashi pursues a sexual relationship with Natsumi, and Mitsusaburo is disheartened after his friend sticks a cucumber in his anus and hangs himself, while in the former, Bird longs to visit Africa but is held back by his wife and newborn son. Also the author of Nip the Buds, Shoot the Kids, FTP, name this Japanese author of A Personal Matter and The Silent Cry.;;(Kenzaburo) Oe
;;This group nearly reduced an apartment building room by room in Operation Hammer, timed to coincide with the Toshima funeral. Infamous prostitute Brenda Allen bankrolled members of this organization, which faced the Bloody Christmas scandal under William H. Parker. A turbulent period in which two members of this organization got into a fatal road rage incident and Rafael Perez did some nefarious things with six bags of Bisquick was detailed in a report prepared by future Secretary of State Warren Christopher describing the (*) CRASH initiative, which included the staggeringly illegal activities of David Mack and other members of Rampart. The Webster Commission investigated an incident triggered by this organization in which Korean shop-owners notably used assault rifles to protect their stores, while several members of this organization were imprisoned after being discovered on the payroll of Suge Knight and Death Row Records. Marquette Fry was assaulted by, for 10 points, what police force that contended with the Watts and Rodney King riots?.;;Los Angeles Police Department
;;This figure once played a trick on an entranced Sir Alisander by chauffeuring him around on horseback which lead to Alisander being struck in the face. This man and his half-brother were rescued from Sir Breuse Sance Pitie by Dinadan. The battle that resulted in this man's death began when one soldier mistakenly drew a sword after being stung by an adder. His father tried to kill him shortly after his birth by sending him and all the babies born on May-Day out to sea. In one story, this figure's most famous love interest rebuffed his advances and was bombarded by cannon balls in the Tower of London, while in another version she was more receptive to his advances, while her husband was fighting Lucius. That event precipitated that aforementioned battle at Camlann where this man killed and was killed by his father. FTP, name this son of Morgause, the half-brother of Agravain and lover of Guinevere, who killed Arthur.;;Mordred|(Medraut)|(Medrod)
;;One disease that destroys this organ is caused by the BK virus.  An autoimmune disease that causes lung damage by attacking the alpha-3 chain of type IV collagen also attacks this organ, and is named Goodpasture's syndrome. One structure within this organ achieves its function through slit-diaphragms between podocytes, and blood flow through that section is regulated by mesangial cells. Another section of this organ forms a (*) countercurrent exchange system with the vasa recta, and among the hormones that modify the function of this organ include aldosterone and one that causes more aquaporins to be inserted into the membrane of the collecting duct, called vasopressin. The functional unit of this organ contains a proximal and distal convoluted tubules flanking the Loop of Henle; that unit is called the nephron. FTP, name this bean-shaped organ that makes urine.;;Kidney
;;In one appearance by this character, he pledges to take down the crime-ridden city of Bomb Queen, who in retaliation attempts to discredit this man by stealing his sperm and impregnating herself with it. In another appearance, a caricature of this man is given the first name John and switches bodies with a Japanese teenager named Adachi, while in the comic book series Drafted a mostly-mute version of this man has his family disintegrated by aliens before taking up the mantle as leader of a group of survivors in Chicago. A notable issue of The (*) Amazing Spider-Man saw that hero expose an attempt by the Chameleon to steal this man's most notable position by assuming his identity. FTP, name this real-life figure who in another disturbing manga travels to Japanese Prime Minister Taro Aso's residence for a sex scene involving John McCain and Hillary Clinton.;;(Barack) Obama
;;At the end of this work, the aria "Di morte negli spasimi lo dirai" is sung following the death of the main female character, who had earlier sung "Survvia, cosi terrible" when confronted by her lover. In Act II, she is told to "Pour the philtre in his wine, love!" when her lover brings a potion to put her husband to sleep, after forcing the suitor Taddeo out. This opera opens with the question "Si puo?" by a character who pokes his head through the (*) curtains in the prologue, Tonio. One scene sees Harlequin sing "O Columbina, il tenero" outside his love's window in the play within this opera. The character portraying Columbine tries to escape into the audience at the end of this opera, but Nedda is pursued and stabbed by Canio, effectively disbanding the titular acting troupe. For 10 points, name this Leoncavallo opera about about the titular costumed performers.;;(I) Pagliacci|(The) Clowns
;;One revolt against this man in Upper Germany led to the death of Marcus Aemelius Lepidus and was masterminded by Gnaeus Cornelius Lentulus Gaeticulus. This man gained popularity by ending the treason trials that his predecessor had implemented and giving out prizes to the crowds at public games. In order to prove the astrologer Trasyllus wrong, this man made a notable (*) trip from Baiae to Puteoli. This husband of Caesonia executed Marcus Junius Silanus as well as the praetorian guard, Macro, who had earlier helped this man to consolidate his power. This son of Agrippina the Elder and Germanicus spent much of his early life in military camps and crossed a pontoon bridge on the horse Incitatus, whom he would later elevate to Consul. For 10 points, name this successor of Tiberius, an incestuous and otherwise lascivious emperor whose name meant "little boots.".;;Gaius (Julius) (Caesar) (Augustus) (Germanicus)|Caligula
;;This thinker conducted an epistolary debate with the future Pope Benedict XVI in which he argued in favor of pure rationalism; that correspondence was published in The Dialectics of Secularization. This thinker discussed the possibility of a global democratic order in his essay "Kant's Idea of Perpetual Peace," and criticized Marxism for failing to consider its constituents' lack of freedom. This man included his thoughts on Marx in (*) Knowledge and Human Interests, and in his most famous work, this man suggested that the aesthetic, the therapeutic and the explicative were all types of discourse that were useful in addition to verbal argument. FTP, name this German philosopher who wrote Theory of Communicative Action.;;(Jurgen) Habermas
;;This author's depiction of women in one work was detailed by E.W. Leach,  who argued that this author "is less interested in the finer aspects of love-longing than in his witty comparison between animal and woman." In that work, this author compared himself to the navigator of the Haemonian ship, Tiphys, and the driver of Achilles' chariot, Automedon. In addition to Ibis, this poet authored a work, which is comprised of letters between women like (*) Penelope and Hypermnestra and their lovers as well as another work, which detailed the festivals of the Roman calendar. This author of Heroides and Fasti spent time in exile near the Black Sea and also composed a work that described the stories of Actaeon and Apollo and Daphne. FTP, name this Roman poet, who authored works like Amores,  Ars Amatoria and Metamorphoses.;;(Publius) Ovidius (Naso)
;;The Xallarap effect is an alteration in the observation of this phenomenon caused by the motion of the source. The MOA experiment is studying this phenomenon in relation to dark matter. The galaxy cluster Abell 2218 is one of the most notable sources of this phenomenon, which is used by the PLANET network to detect extrasolar planets. The first observation of this phenomenon was dubbed the "Twin Quasar." An Einstein Cross can be created by this phenomenon, while the Einstein Ring occurs when the observer, the source of the light, and an extremely massive object are all along a straight line. FTP, name this relativistic effect in which a very massive object such as a galaxy bends light around itself like a certain optical device.;;Gravitational Lensing
;;During this event, Satan is said to be chained so that any cruel comments or sins are definitively the responsibility of the person performing them, and participants in this event may be exempted from one notable practice by donating food to a poor person. This event sees the celebration of the Night of Power, as well as the recitation of additional prayers called (*) Tarawih, and some participants in this event may sponsor large banquets for the poor called mawaed al-rahman. This holiday sees engagement in the practice of sawm, an observance which is set between the meals of suhoor and iftar. Commemorated at its end by Eid-al-Fitr, FTP name this ninth month of the Islamic calendar that sees daily fasts.;;Ramadan
;;This character removes the fading picture of his wife from his wall and keeps it in his shirt. Called salao by two enemies, this man later compares the incapacity of his hand to an athlete's bone spurs. Pedrico provides him with newspapers which report the daily (*) baseball scores. After sustaining an injury to his left hand, this character laments that that could have been avoided if his servant was with him to wet the coils, and the novel states that everything about this character is "old except his eyeswhich remain cheerful and undefeated." In the final moments of the novel, he falls asleep dreaming of lions playing on the beach, as this DiMaggio-loving character is visited by his boy-servant Manolin in his Cuban home where he dies peacefully. FTP, name this fisherman who ends an 84-day dry spell by catching a huge marlin in Hemingway's The Old Man and the Sea.;;Santiago
;;Giannino di Guccio Baglioni attempted to impersonate one king from this dynasty who had died in infancy and was known by sobriquet "the Posthumous." The members of this dynasty all descended from an early ruler of Anjou and Blois, named Robert the Strong. Jean of Joinville was the court historian for one member of this dynasty as was Abbot Suger, who chronicled the life of (*) Louis the Fat. Major developments during this dynasty included the establishment of the Parliaments and the Estates-General, while one of its members extended his rule over Angevin land when he defeated a coalition led by Otto IV at the Battle of Bouvines. Another famous member of this dynasty was son of Blanche of Castille and attempted to capture Damietta in the Seventh Crusade and was canonized by Boniface VIII. Louis IX was a member of, for 10 points, what dynasty that ruled France from 987 to 1328 and is named after its first ruler, Hugh.;;Capetian
;;Although it is not the CMBR, inverse Compton scattering is involved in increasing the energy of these events. Rees and Meszaros produced the Relativistic Fireball Shock model to explain these events. It is believed that Wolf Rayet stars are progenitors of the long type of these events while mergers of neutron stars can create the short type. Approximately one of these events occurs somewhere in the sky every day.  A collapsar that caused one of these has been suggested as a cause of the Ordovician-Silurian mass extinction, despite the fact that most of them have had their distances placed at several billion light years.. Modern Satellites used to detect these events include BeppoSAX and Swift, and they were first detected in 1962 by the Vela Satellites, US satellites designed to detect secret soviet nuclear weapons tests. FTP, name this cosmologic event where a massive explosion like a super or hypernova results in a huge jet of the namesake type of electromagnetic radiation.;;Gamma Ray Burst
;;One king of this name descended into insanity before his wife Caroline Matilda had an affair with Johann Struensse, whom that king had executed. One king of this name funded the expeditions of James Hall. One king of this name was wounded by a bunch of splinters while on the ship Trinity during the Battle of Colberger Heide; that was part of Tortenson's War. The first king of this name declared himself Count of Holstein in the Treaty of Ribe. One king of this name dismissed prime minister Carl Theodore Zahle after the Schleiswig Plebiscites didn't go his way, in an event known as the Easter Crisis. The second king of this name was anointed by Gustav Trolle, and notably ordered that the bodies of Sten Sture the Younger be exhumed and set on fire during a visit to Stockholm. Several kings with this name are members of the House of Oldenburg, which was founded by the first king of this name. The final king of this name, who was the brother of Haakon VII, was apocryphally said to wear a yellow Star of David on his sleeve in solidarity with persecuted Jews. FTP, give this name, which is shared by ten kings of Denmark.;;Christian
;;This poem describes a pagan ritual in which "a ring of men" chant to their "savage source" and so that "out of their blood," they will "return to the sky."  In another section. the speaker wonders if "our blood should fail [...] or [...] come to be the blood of paradise."  The narrator claims "death is the mother of beauty" when the poem's main subject says that beauty is transitory. That subject wonders "what is (*) divinity if it can come / only in silent shadows and dreams?" It begins with a woman in her peignoir eating oranges and drinking coffee.  For 10 points, name this poem from the collection Harmonium about a women's search for spiritual fulfillment in the Christian faith while skipping church on Easter, written by Wallace Stevens.;;Sunday Morning
;;A number named after this figure that characterizes fluidity was named by Markus Reiner after a line in this figure's namesake "Song" that says, "the mountains flowed before the Lord." One account of this figure's most notable battle mentions only Naphtali and Zebulun as groups who took part, while a succeeding chapter featuring this figure mentions other tribes having participated as well; that battle pitted ten thousand men against nine hundred steel chariots. This figure was aided in victory in that battle when the opposing commander, (*) Sisera, had a tent spike driven through his head by the Kenite Yael, and the military commander supported in that battle by this prophet was Barak. This prophet notably rendered verdicts from beneath a palm tree in mount Ephraim. FTP, name this figure, the only female Biblical Judge.;;Deborah|Dvorah
;;Following this election, Donald M. Fraser lent his name to a commission that outlawed proxy voting and decreased the power of state officials in primaries for one party. In the primaries, one candidate infamously claimed he'd been "brainwashed" into supporting a former president's policies. The third party in this election won five states despite VP candidate Curtis LeMay expressing his enthusiasm for using (*) nuclear weapons in a certain country. The victor in this election advocated "law and order" and never had to face the winner of the pivotal California Democratic primary thanks to Sirhan Sirhan. Jerry Rubin, Abbie Hoffman and six others were tried for protesting Democratic National Convention in Chicago during this election. For 10 points, name this election in which Hubert Humphrey lost to Nixon after the assassination of RFK.;;(United) (States) (Presidential) (Elections) (of) 1968
;;Unusually, almost all of the music to this opera was completed before Valerian Shirkov was brought on to write its libretto, and it features one of the earliest uses of the whole tone scale in the classical repertoire. Rossini's Marriage of Figaro is recalled by a rondo from act two of this work, which later sees the hero perform one of the most striking examples of operatic beard-pilfering. This work's aria "Blizok uzh chas torzhestva mayevo" is song by (*) Farlaf, a minor villain, shortly after a sword and a giant stone head are presented to one title character; the head is later revealed to be the brother of this opera's antagonist, the sorcerer Chernomor. Based on a Pushkin poem, for 10 points, name this follow-up to A Life for the Tsar, a Glinka opera about two lovers from Russian folklore.;;Ruslan and Lyudmila
;;The Supreme Court ruled that sex discrimination in this type of benefit was illegal in Arizona Governing Committee v. Norris.  Contracts of this type are governed by uberrima fides, and a failure to adhere to this leads to bad faith lawsuits.  Kenneth Arrow argued that adverse selection and transaction costs were two of the reasons for limitations in these contracts, although in ideal conditions fixed-percentage loading made the optimal type of these contracts.  In one field, the presence of this can lead to increased loss due to (*) indifference, which is deemed a morale hazard, a special case of the moral hazard.  When this concept replaces what it lost, it's termed indemnity, which contrasts with the contingent type of this entity.  Specific examples include Worker's Compensation.  For 10 points, give this term for a policy purchased to hedge against uncertain losses.;;Insurance
;;Little-used methods for performing this operation include a quantum algorithm which creates 2^N universes to reduce the worst case run time of the original algorithm to Big O of N from Big O of infinity.  A popular method for doing this operation in parallel concats ascending and descending sequences and is named for Batcher.  Another way to perform this operation relies on gap sequences and was formulated by Donald (*) Shell.  When the data set is limited, certain algorithms can beat the Big O of n log n average case runtime for a certain class of these; an example of such an algorithm sequentially operates on the eponymous radices.  One common way to perform this action partitions elements around a pivot and can be improved by randomizing the input.  For 10 points, name this type of algorithm that includes the Quick and Bubble varieties.;;Sorting (Algorithms)
;;In one work by this man the brothers Feddei and Yefim both marry a woman who later raises her niece Kira.  The physician Mereshchun exchanges supplies with Lubya for sexual favors, much to the chagrin of Nemov in another work by this writer. In addition to the novella Matryona's Home and the play The Love-Girl and the Innocent, this writer penned a novel that sees Shulubin die in (*) surgery and its protagonist visit the Tashkent zoo after his release from the titular location. Besides that character Kostoglotov, this author also wrote about a character who receives an extra portion of dinner from the filmmaker Tsezar and ends his day by discussing faith with fellow prisoner Alyosha the Baptist.  For ten points, name this Russian author of The Cancer Ward, One Day in the Life Of  Ivan Denisovich, and The Gulag Archipelago.;;(Alexander) Solzhenitsyn
;;One member of this dynasty earned his epithet through projects like the Aqueduct of Free Waters. Charles Napier took an alias and won the Battle of Cape St. Vincent during the "War of the Two Brothers," a conflict between this dynasty's members better known as the Liberal Wars. This family was manipulated by the Marquis de Pombal in the Tavora Affair, and included an English queen accused of conspiring to poison her husband by Titus Oates in the (*) Popish plot. The wife of Charles II, Catherine, belonged to this dynasty, which saw an "answer to Versailles" built at Mafra by a king known as "the Magnanimous," John V. Members of this dynasty issued the Law of the Free Womb and the Golden Law in a colonial possession, and its Joseph I saw his reign marred by catastrophic 1755 earthquake. Pedro of Brazil belonged to, for 10 points, what Portuguese dynasty that ruled from 1640 to 1901 and supplanted the Aviz?.;;Braganza (Dynasty)|(House) (of) Braganza|Braganca
;;RICH detectors use this effect to measure the velocity of subatomic particles.  In a periodic medium, such as the surface of a diffraction grating, this effect requires no minimum velocity.  Its spectral intensity is approximately proportional to the frequency, according to the (*) Frank-Tamm formula, so most of its energy is actually in the UV.  Observatories such as IceCube and Super-Kamiokande use this effect to detect neutrinos. Created when a particle travels through a medium faster than the local speed of light, for ten points name of this type of radiation characterized by a blue glow in nuclear reactors.;;Cherenkov (radiation)
;;This man argued that chance has an objective status in the universe, a theory known as tychism. In another paper by this thinker, "The Doctrine of Chances," he maintained that a logical man would be willing to sacrifice his life to save the world and branded social Darwinism "The Gospel of Greed." This man also dubbed the world of appearances the (*) "phaneron" and claimed that the triadic relation of sign, object, and interpretant necessitated an infinite and evolving sequence of signs. He also proposed three titular universal groupings, "Firstness," "Secondness," and "Thirdness," in his "On a New List of Categories," and asserted that the scientific method should be used as a basis for the title concept in "The Fixation of Belief." FTP, identify this author of "How to Make Our Ideas Clear," an American pragmatist.;;(Charles) (Sanders) Peirce
;;One of this man's works centers on Maurice Allington, an innkeeper who lives with his second wife, teenage daughter and 80 year old father in an upstairs apartment. Along with The Green Man, and Jake's Thing, this writer wrote a work which is set during a parallel universe in which the reformation did not occur, and its protagonist must undergo castration since the pope decrees that his voice is too precious to sacrifice to puberty. Along with The Alteration, this author wrote a (*) James Bond novel under the pseudo name Robert Markham, Colonel Sun. In his most famous work, the titular protagonist has a sporadic relationship with Margaret Peel and tries to maintain a good relationship with his boss Professor Welch. For ten points, name this author of The Old Devils who wrote about the history lecturer Jim Dixon in Lucky Jim.;;(Kingsley) Amis
;;In one scene in this film, a character is annoyed over images of Niagara Falls being shown at a Caribbean-themed party. Earlier in this film, the protagonist discusses his friend's interest in meteorology as being the key for his success in oil futures. Marilyn Delpy, played by Rashida Jones, is offered dinner by the protagonist towards the end of this film, though she kindly declines. A remix of(*) "In the Hall of the Mountain King" is played in this film during the Henley Royal Regatta scene and was composed by Atticus Ross and Trent Reznor, who provided this film's score. Though credited, Josh Pence only stands in for one of the two characters in this film played by Armie Hammer, the Winklevoss twins. Adapted from The Accidental Millionaires by Aaron Sorkin, for ten points, name this 2010 David Fincher-helmed film that sees Jessie Eisenberg play Mark Zuckerberg, the founder of Facebook.;;The Social Network
;;During the thirteen day calender sign Ce Miquiztli it was important to pray to this god so that wealth, power, and good health were not taken away. That same period of time was also a great time to be a slave because masters were bestow gifts unto them and take better care of them, as slaves were seen as the children of this god. In one story, this god comes down on spider webs to vex his (*) brother, forcing him to leave Tula. When that same brother overthrew this god's rule, this god transformed into Tepeyollotl, a jaguar and destroyed the world. In another tale, this god and his brother created earth from the giant ocean dwelling creature Cipactli, an action which resulted in this god losing his foot and replacing it with and a piece of obsidian. FTP, name this Aztec god called "Smoking Mirror" who helped create and who ruled the first world and fought with his brother Queztacoatl.;;Tezcatlipoca
;;Co-activators of this protein include BRCA1.  Discovered in 1979 by Crawford et al, mutations in this protein often lead to a high susceptibility of Li-Fraumeni Syndrome.  After getting a ubiquitin attached to it, this protein is degraded unless USP7 interacts with it; that ubiquitin is placed on it by MDM2, which regulates this protein.  This protein can be inactivated by E6, a mechanism that HPV uses.  It is activated in response to stresses such as (*) UV rays, osmotic shock and deregulated oncogene expression.  It stimulates another protein that binds to CDK2.  Its functions include activating DNA repair proteins when DNA becomes damaged and initiating apoptosis of cells with damaged DNA.  For 10 points, name this protein whose role as a cancer inhibitor leads it to be called the "guardian angel" of the cell and which is named for its molecular weight in kilodaltons.;;p53|(Tumor) Protein 53
;;He recreated a lost work of Apelles which sees an allegorical representation of Repentance, dressed in black, looking at a naked Truth while King Midas watches the Slandered being dragged off by the titular Calumny. His first dated work shows Fortitude seated and holding a black cane and is part of his Seven Virtues series. Early in his career, this man collaborated with Cosimo Rosselli, Perugino and Ghirlandaio on the Sistine fresco (*) Scenes from the Lives of Moses and Jesus Christ. A crown is held above Mary, who has her hand on the titular prayer in this artist's circular Madonna of the Magnificat. Cupid readies an arrow amidst an orange grove at the top of one of his most famous works, while another shows Chloris being held by Zephyr to the left of the title figure. For 10 points, name this painter best known for La Primavera and The Birth of Venus.;;(Sandro) Botticelli|(Alessandro) Filipepi
;;The Keable Inquiry was charged with examining nefarious governmental activity during this event, which was protested by students distributing copies of the Meliorist, the Lethbridge University paper. An attempt to heal the rifts of this event, Bill 22, was universally panned and led to the downfall of Robert Bourassa, who barricaded himself inside his office during it to avoid the fate of his (*) labor secretary. Nearly five hundred people were arrested without charges under the War Measures Act during this event, which saw warrants issued for Paul Rose and Marc Carbonneau following the execution of Pierre Laporte, whose kidnapping along with British trade commisioner James Cross triggered this event. Helping to galvanize support against the later Meech Lake Accord, for 10 points, name this period of unrest involving the FLQ in Quebec, a "crisis" in the namesake month of 1970.;;October Crisis|(La) Crise d'octobre
;;After this engagement, TIME speculated that Herbert Leary had actually been in command due to its location, while Milton Ricketts earned a medal of honor here for turning on a fire hose before expiring from shrapnel. Near mastery of the Ro code aided the winning side, while the losing commander was forced to take a position at a war college after his side was forced into the Kokoda Track campaign. Shigeyoshi (*) Inoue was unable to launch a naval invasion against Port Moresby in the wake of this battle, which saw the Shoho sunk and kept the light carriers Shokaku and Zuikaku from another clash a month later. Despite heavy damage, Frank Fletcher's Yorktown survived this battle and played a crucial role in the ensuing Battle of Midway. Seeing the sinking of the Lexington, for 10 points, name this May, 1942 battle, the first major carrier engagement, fought in a namesake body of water off Australia.;;(Battle) (of) Coral Sea
;;One of this man's poems includes the lines, "But I was going to say when Truth broke in/with all her matter of fact about the ice-storm," while another poem tells the reader to seek a "guide" "who only has at heart your getting lost" to travel through a "town that is no more a town."  In another work, this poet of (*) "Directive" describes an object that "snarled and rattled in the yard," then "leaped out at the boy's hand, or seemed to leap."  This author of "Out, Out" describes coming across a bent tree, then says "I like to think some boy's been swinging them," while in another poem wrote about a path that "was grassy and wanted wear."  For 10 points, name this American poet of "Birches," "The Road Not Taken," and "Mending Wall.".;;(Robert) Frost
;;This work's commissioner ordered it to feature a large monochromatic backdrop in the most expensive pigment to demonstrate opulence to its royal recipient. This works illustrates a dichotomy by contrasting a honeycomb with the suggestion of scorpion, and also depicts a dove nearly trampled underfoot at bottom left. A figure at far left displays swollen knuckles and distinct (*) pallor while clutching his thinning hair, suggesting that he may depict tertiary syphilis rather than personifying envy. An hourglass stands behind a bearded man at top right who extends his arm across the top of this work, revealing a winged cherub who tweaks his mother's breast as he kisses her. For 10 points, name this Mannerist painting by Bronzino depicting the goddess of lover, her son, and two other allegorical figures.;;Venus(,) Cupid(,) Folly(,) and Time|Allegory of Venus and Cupid(;)|Allegory of Love
;;One section of this book imagines a man who writes "S" in his diary whenever he experiences a certain sensation, while another section posits a boy who writes "1004" after being told to "add 2" to 1000. Beginning with a quote from Augustine's Confessions, this work argues that philosophy should adopt a "therapeutic" role, since "Philosophy is a battle against the bewitchment of our intelligence by means of language," and this work also shows that games do not have a single (*) rigid definition, but a network of similarities that give them a common name. This text posits the theory of "family resemblances" and examines a number of "language-games," including the "beetle-in-a-box," which argues against the possibility of a private language. For 10 points, name this work by Ludwig Wittgenstein, which rejects many of the conclusions of Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus.;;Philosophical Investigations
;;A military treatise on this battle discusses its implications for Napoleon and Frederick the Great before closing with an account of Sedan. The victorious general forced the action by ordering his light cavalry to harass troops carrying drinking water from the Aufidus River, while it turned on the losers' decision to increase line depth to 36 men. Eight legions - the most then assembled - took part in this clash, an obsession of von Schlieffen, which led to the (*) principes being deployed farther behind the hastati and the permanent adoption of the strategy of Fabius Cunctator. Maharbal's Numidian cavalry enabled the victorious side to place Celts and Spaniards at their center, which led to Roman forces under Amelius Paulus and Terentius Varro suffering over 90% casualties after being doubly-enveloped. Following clashes at Trebia and Lake Trasimene, for 10 points, name this Second Punic War victory in Italy for Hannibal.;;(Battle) (of) Cannae
;;This river is home to its namesake goose Neochen jubata and the crocodile Crocodylus intermedius. The Guahibos and Atures rapids are located on this river and its river system is linked to a much larger river system by the Casiquiare Canal.  This river's tributaries include the Apure river and the Meta.  The Maipure and Warao live around this river.  This river is the site of one of the largest deposits of (*) tar sands outside of Canada. This river's name means "a place to paddle."  This river flows through the Llanos and it has a large delta.  Cities along this river include Puerto Ayacucho and Ciudad Bolivar.  For 10 points, name this large river of Columbia and Venezuela which gives its name to a work of Aphra Behn.;;Orinoco (river)
;;In this play, a princess is forced to act as a servant and bring out the garbage, but instead dumps it at the foot of a blood-smeared wooden statue of the God of Death. The protagonist of this play is targeted because he feels no remorse for his crimes and knows he is free, making him immune to the power of the Gods. Every year, the central city of this play celebrates a false festival in which the dead are said to be (*) released from a mountain cavern for a day. The protagonist of this work is accompanied by his Tutor into Argos, where he meets Zeus posing as an old man, who later orders the Furies to haunt him. For 10 points, name this existentialist interpretation of the Orestes myth, written by Jean-Paul Sartre.;;(The) Flies
;;This man's brothers founded Cilicia and Phoenicia, and his daughter Autonoe bore a son who would eventually be torn to pieces by his own hounds. This man also fathered Semele and, in his later life, he and his wife were turned into snakes. That wife of this man was the daughter of Aphrodite and Ares to whom Hephaestus gave a cursed necklace in revenge. This man was ordered by Athena to sow the earth with (*) dragon's teeth, creating warriors who would help him found his city, which he reached after being ordered to follow a cow instead of continuing to search for his abducted sister. For 10 points, name this brother of Europa, husband of Harmonia, and founder of Thebes.;;Cadmus
;;This figure apocryphally banished the Peony from the White Horse Temple, whose abbot "found" the laughably fraudulent Great Cloud Sutra, which linked this figure with the Maitreya Buddha. While holding the cairen, or fifth-rank, this figure led the royal entourage in its first participation in the Mount Tai sacrifices, an act made possible by a successful counter-coup that embroiled Li Zhong and the father of Shangguan Wan'er, this ruler's facially-tattooed adviser. This ruler (*) abdicated after having a pair of rivals de-limbed and drowned in wine, and rose to power after convincing Gaozong that Lady Wang had murdered his child. This foe of the Zhang brothers ruled for 14 years during the Second Zhou, which interrupted the Tang dynasty. For 10 points, name this former Dowager who became the only female emperor of China.;;Wu (Zetian)|Wu (Zhao)
;;This Composer celebrated his "unmotivated joy" over an infamous murder-suicide with the funeral march In Memoriam. This man substituted a soloist cadenza for the sonata form first movement of piece that ends with ascending sixteenth notes in its notoriously imposing third movement, his Violin Concerto in D minor. Tritones dominate this man's sad, austere Symphony no. 4 in A Minor, which was partially inspired by his battle with (*) throat cancer. A meeting between Don Juan and Death inspired one theme in this man's D major second symphony, while he depicted a sick mother awakening and dancing with "strange visionary couples" before dying in his Valse Triste. This man composed seven symphonies and the tone poem Tapiola, in addition to the Karelia Suite and Kullervo Symphony, For 10 points, name this man who used the Kalevala as the basis for his Finlandia.;;(Jean) Sibelius
;;The protagonist of this novel has "solved the problem of sex rather well," and imagines that he would teach Emma Bovary the joys of moderation. At the beginning of this novel, the protagonist sees a prostitute named Soraya every Thursday, but the arrangement ends after he sees Soraya with her children. Three black men light the protagonist of this novel on fire before (*) raping his daughter to destroy her will; that act was ordered by Petrus, who is trying to take over the farm belonging to the protagonist's daughter, Lucy. The protagonist takes a job at the animal shelter of Bev Shaw after losing his former job when he seduces a student named Melanie Isaacs. For 10 points, name this novel about the fallen professor David Lurie, written by J.M. Coetzee.;;Disgrace
;;One section in this works critiques the balance of powers by noting that congressmen accrue power as they gain in seniority.  This work argues that leaders are conditioned to see war as the only solution to complex problems, but mask that insanity under the guise of superior experience, a concept called (*) "crackpot realism." This work also argues that during the Cold War, America abandoned its isolationism and entered a state of "emergency without a foreseeable end," which led to a "permanent war economy." It criticizes the American public for its complacency in electing Dwight Eisenhower, and it theorizes that the military, political establishment, and business world together form the title group, which has centralized control over the nation. For 10 points, name this sociological work by C. Wright Mills.;;(The) Power Elite
;;Under this man, a major supporter waged a horrific reign of terror as chief of police that included dissolving the body of the Tricontinental Conference leader in a vat of acid, slaughtering 9 CGT activists in a metro station, and chucking peaceful demonstrators into the river. This man was opposed by the "Third Force," which TIME called a "rambling coalition of center parties," while the Union for Popular Movement is the largest (*) current party linked with his politics. He signed the Elysee Treaty with Adenauer and was nearly killed by the OAS over the Evian Accords, a ceasefire with the FLN, after replacing Rene Coty as President following the Algerian Crisis. The tumult of May 1968 led Georges Pompidou to replace this man, who had led the provisional government after Petain's Vichy regime was disbanded. For 10 points, name this first President of the Fifth Republic who also led the Free French during World War II.;;(Charles) De Gaulle
;;One account of this man's death was written by Father Jerome Xavier, who erroneously wrote that this man applied three marks to the forehead of his murderer's son. This man's marriage to Mata Ganga is commemorated annually with a public exhibition of this figure's clothes, and this figure laid the foundation of the (*) Golden Temple in Amritsar. This figure was arrested and killed by Emperor Jahangir after his refusal to expunge particular passages from this man's most notable work, which was dictated to Bhai Gurdas and currently fills the position of leadership this man then held. For 10 points, name this first martyr of Sikhism and fifth Sikh Guru who compiled the Adi Granth.;;(Guru) Arjan Dev|(Guru) Arjan Ji
;;The protagonist of this novel loses all her beauty after contracting a devastating illness, causing Mr. Guppy to withdraw his offer of marriage. One character in this novel disguises herself as her servant, Mademoiselle Hortense, to visit the grave of her former lover, who had been using the name "Nemo." Raised by Mrs. Barbary, the protagonist of this novel learns that she is the illegitimate daughter of Lady (*) Dedlock and Captain Hawdon. One subplot of this novel sees Richard and Ada get married and fight for their inheritance in the case of Jarndyce v. Jarndyce, which has clogged up the court of Chancery for years. For 10 points, name this novel about Esther Summerson, written by Charles Dickens.;;Bleak House
;;This era saw the emergence of species such as Cladoselache, Prototaxite, and the Placoderm Dunkleosteus , which at up to three meters in length was one of the largest organisms in existence at the time. A notable Lagerstatten for this period is the Rhynie Chert in Scotland, discovered in 1912 by Dr. William Mackie. During this period the continents of Laurentia and Baltica collided, and the supercontinent Gondwanaland migrated north. Global cooling at the (*) Frasnian-Famennian boundary late in this period led to the extinction of seventy percent of marine vertebrates, particularly reef builders, which would not fully recover until the Mesozoic. For 10 points, name this geologic time period preceding the Carboniferous, and which was named for a county in southwestern England.;;Devonian
;;This monarch was advised by his sister Princess Adelaide and bankrolled by his mother, who was known as Widow galite before her death. His Minister of Public Instruction established a primary school system, likely influenced by this man's time in exile teaching at a boarding school. Labor unrest during his reign included the massacre at Rue Transnonian and the April Insurgents, who were tried by the ministry of Victor de (*) Broglie. This monarch took the throne after his predecessor's Four Ordinances of Saint-Cloud triggered a public backlash, while his own government was undermined by the Banquet Campaign, which his minister Francois Guizot failed to suppress. Depicted turning into a pear in a series of caustic political cartoons by Honore Daumier, this member of the House of Orleans took power after the Three Glorious Days of the July Revolution. For 10 points, name this successor to Charles X and French "Citizen King.".;;Louis(-)Phillipe (I)
;;This figure was married to a king who was the son of Drott and succeeded by his son Dagr Spaka.  This deity's residence is served by two servants who move so slowly they seem to be standing still named Ganglati and Ganglot.  That residence of this deity also contains items like the sick-bed, where she sleeps, and a stone at the entranceway called Drop-to-destruction.  This resident of Ejudner was (*) cast out of Jotunheim by Odin due to the gods' fear based in a prophecy that she and her brothers would rise against them.  Because of the indifference of Thokk, this deity refuses to release a figure despite a personal appeal by Hermodr, that imprisoned figure is Baldur.  For 10 points, name this Norse deity, described as being half human and half corpse, who ruled over a namesake realm where those who die from sickness and old age are sent.;;Hel
;;In this author's first novel, the protagonist searches for her great-grandmother, one of Wittgenstein's students.  That book contains a character intending to grow to infinite size in Project Total Yang and is titled The Broom of the System. One scene written by him sees a jock strap full of tennis balls represent a MIRV ICBM uselessly attacking Israel.  Another character in the same work by this author skydives while wearing a bird costume as a stunt for his team; he is named Orin. In that book by this author of (*) Consider the Lobster, one character reads a proof of the Mean Value Theorem in one of the author's trademark footnotes, and Quebecois separatists in wheelchairs search out Hal Incandenza's father's masterwork, the titular Entertainment. For 10 points, name this author of A Supposedly Fun Thing I'll Never Do Again and Infinite Jest.;;(David) (Foster) Wallace
;;Disciples of this group include cubism and naked girl enthusiast Yasuo Kuniyoshi and Lillian Cotton. One member painted his studio janitor's daughter in Eva Green and collected his lectures at the Art Student's League into the text The Art Spirit. A couple rendered in black and white embrace as patrons flood their seats in one work by a member of this group who also painted Madame Malcombe working on a young woman as passers-by stare up. Movie, 5 Cents and (*) Hairdresser's Window are works from this movement, which included Maurice Prendergast and exhibited at the Macbeth Gallery. John Sloan was joined in this group by a man who tackled racism in Both Members of This Club, which like his painting of Sharkey's depicts boxers. Robert Henri and George Bellows led, for 10 points, what 20th century American group of painters named for their number or their depiction of gritty, urban subjects.;;(The) Eight|(the) Ashcan (School)
;;According to a so-called "Draft History" written 120 years later, the victors in this conflict locked whole populations in makeshift pens to reduce the recruiting effectiveness of roving bands led by female warriors. A half-century after this conflict, its remnants may have coalesced into the Nien revolt, and it was fomented by the brutality of a "clique" that included Fu Kang-an. The largest disturbance since the Revolt of the (*) Three Feudatories, this conflict persisted thanks to the staggering greed and stupidity of Heshen, who was finally dismissed after the Jiaqing Emperor replaced the Qianlong Emperor. Its central group had first cropped up after the success of the Red Turban revolt, and promised the return of the Maitreya, who would end all suffering. For 10 points, name this Buddhist revolt during the Qing dynasty, named for some pigment-deficient flowers.;;White Lotus (Rebellion)|Whatever the Christ that is in Chinese
;;A "stranger" helps the protagonist of this work climb a towering fir prior to the play's climax.  One of the main characters of this work proclaims that a great slaughter he's about to order in the woods of Cithaeron will offer the necessary sacrifice.  That character is earlier told to not take up arms against a god.  A messenger in this work describes how some of the title characters (*) nestled gazelles and wolves with the milk flowing from their breasts.  One scene in this work sees the elderly Tiresias restored to his youthful state.  This play begins with a character describing the "lightning-married grave" of his mother, and at the end of the play that son of Semele describes how he was terribly blasphemed.  The protagonist of this work orders the execution of Agave, one of the titular worshipers.  For 10 points, name this Euripides play in which Pentheus is torn to pieces by his own mother after being betrayed by Dionysus, named for the crazed followers of Dionysus.;;(The) Bacchae
;;A now-demolished addition to this structure housed a statue depicting Apollo surrounded by six nymphs, the product of a collaboration between Giradon and Regnaudin. Frescoes by Antoine Coypel and Charles de la Fosse adorn a chapel here, while a painting found here shows a man on horseback looking through a telescope as he hands a map to a companion. A controversial series of multicolored balloon-like sculptures was exhibited in this building by (*) Takashi Murakami, while Saturn is encircled by cupids and shellfish in a prominent fountain here. Its most famous gallery features a series of 17 arched windows, which enable a view of the gardens within the namesake objects. The triumph of Charles Le Brun, for 10 points, name this home to the Hall of Mirrors, a French palace built for Louis XIV.;;(Palace) (of) Versailles|(Chateau) (de) Versailles
;;This thinker argued that "Prosperity is the blessing of the Old Testament" whereas the New Testament provided a "clearer revelation of God's favor" in his essay, "Of Adversity".  One of this man's works describes how residents of the titular place were sent an ark containing the Old and New Testaments by St. Bartholomew and gathered knowledge in a house named for Salomon.  He advocated for philosophia prima in his first major philosophical text, a work that also attacked the teaching methods at Oxford; that work was titled (*) The Advance of Learning.  In his most famous work, he outlines doctrines that an individual relies on without regard for their proof in the concept of the "Idols of the Cave".  For 10 points, name this author of the New Atlantis, who advocated using the scientific method in Novum Organum.;;Francis Bacon
;;C8 and C18 are commonly used in a variety of the process with reversed phase, while dynamic light scattering can be combined with absolute size-exclusion to determine the size of molecules in this process. Using a pump in place of gravity and gradient elution are two differences in the high-performance variant of this technique. Affinity tails such as His-tags or antibodies can be used in this process to select specific biological compounds, and an (*) ion-exchange variant works similarly.  Zeolite, silica gel and activated alumina are commonly used to slow elution in this process, wherein each element of a mobile phase percolates through the stationary phase at a different rate.  For 10 points, name this laboratory technique used to separate mixtures that comes in both gas and liquid varieties.;;(Column) Chromatography
;;One monarch of this name was traumatized by the murder-suicide of her son Rudolf in the Mayerling Incident, and was later shanked in the heart by Luigi Luncheni on Lake Geneva, expiring after removing her corset which had hidden the injury. The wife of Franz Josef I bore this name, as did a woman whose actions, revealed to Emperor Mathias by Gyorgy Thurzo, led to the rise of the lesser Hungarian gentry after they tired of that woman of this name (*) mutilating their daughters for sport. Three different Shuvalovs served a monarch of this name, whose 1761 death bailed Prussia out of the Seven Years' War after the ascendancy of Peter III. The niece of Stefan Bathory and daughter of Peter the Great bore this name, as did a monarch saved by Francis Walsingham from the Babington Plot, which prompted her to execute Mary, Queen of Scots. For 10 points, identify this name shared by a famous "Virgin Queen" of England.;;Elizabeth|Elisabeth|Elizaveta|Yelisavet|Erzsebet
;;Similar to Horus, this deity was often depicted with winged arms and holding an ankh and a scepter.  Akhenaten repeatedly emphasized his adherence to this deity's principle,  which was the opposite of what Isfet stood for. Without this deity, it was believed that Nun would reclaim the universe, and this goddess is considered a daughter of Ra. The (*) forty-two negative confessions detailed on the Papyrus of Ani describe the basis of judgment of a ritual involving this deity, and those who failed that test had their souls devoured by Ammit.   For 10 points, identify this Egyptian goddess of truth, order and justice who was represented by an ostrich feather which was weighed against dead people's hearts.;;Maat|Ma'at|Mat|Mayet
;;One work by this man begins with strings playing a pianissimo "A" in five different octaves, a movement whose title is transliterated as "Slowly, Dragging, Like a sound from nature." The diary of Natalie Bauer-Lechner chronicles the creation of a work by this composer which quotes from Nietzsche's "Midnight Song." Lehar's Merry Widow and Wagner's "Die Meistersinger" are parodied in the finale of the seventh of this man's symphonies, which variously draw from the final scene of (*) Goethe's Faust, the earlier song cycle Der Knaben Wunderhorn, and the chant Veni Creator Spiritus. A staggering forty-minute first movement opens his lengthy third symphony, while he gave his song cycle based on Chinese poems an atypical name to avoid the curse of the ninth. For 10 points, name this Austrian creator of the "Resurrection" and "Titan" symphonies, The Song of the Earth, and the "Symphony of a Thousand.".;;(Gustav) Mahler
;;One poem by this author states the "shepherds are honest people" and asks "is there in truth no beauty?"  He compares his life to a posy in another poem, caring not if it is short as long as its scent is good.  Another poem by this man remarks that "sweet day," "sweet rose" and "sweet spring" must all die, though a "sweet and virtuous soul" may live.  Another poem compares "ropes of sand" to a "cage" which "petty thoughts have made."  One of his best known poems compares the heart to the title object and the poem itself is (*) shaped like that object, while another discussing "the flight in me" contains the lines "that I became" and  "most thin" which are literally the thinnist lines of the stanza.  For 10 points, name this Metaphysical poet who penned The Pulley, The Collar, The Altar, and Easter Wings.;;(George) Herbert
;;This case expanded on the rulings in McLaurin and Sweatt, while ambiguity about its enforcement was squashed in the subsequent Cooper v. Aaron. In the wake of this ruling, a number of small towns had their economies ruined after hysterical "Citizens' Councils" drove up their own unemployment rates. Because the District of Columbia was not subject to the Fourteenth Amendment, this case had to be extended in (*) Bolling v. Sharpe. The controversial Footnote Eleven in this case drew evidence from experiments by Kenneth and Mamie Clark using dolls. Fred Vinson's death during deliberations helped this case receive a crucial unanimous decision, the first of many that would lead Eisenhower to conclude his "biggest damned-fool mistake" was appointing Earl Warren. For 10 points, name this case that overturned Plessy v. Ferguson's "separate but equal" doctrine that promoted school segregation.;;Brown (v(.)) (Board) (of) (Education) (of) (Topeka)|(Brown) (v(.)) Board of Education (of) (Topeka)
;;Cimetidine and ranitidine are H2 receptor agonists used to treat problems with this organ, while esomeprazole works by inactivating an H/K ATPase.  Bombesin stimulates secretion by G-cells in this organ, which is missing in lampreys and hagfish. (*)  Rennin in this organ serves to proteolytically inactivate kappa casein, forming curds, and was once harvested from young calves.  Mechanical stress in this organ amplifies the signaling effect of cholecystokinin.  Chief cells secrete pepsinogen while parietal cells serve to maintain an acidic pH.  Helicobacter pylori commonly infects this organ and may lead to gastric ulcers.  For 10 points, name this part of the digestive system found between the oesophagus and the small intestine.;;Stomach
;;This man was the first emperor to declare himself Censor for Life, and he granted himself a triumph for his less-than-complete victory over the Chatti in Gaul.  The Circus Agonalis is usually known as this man's stadium, and is located near the Palace of the Palatine that he rebuilt.  His military career began with him serving under his brother in the First (*) Roman-Jewish War.  During his rule, the murder of Oppius Sabinus, the governor of Moesia, prompted this emperor to launch the first Dacian War.  He was the last of the emperors described in Seutonius' Lives of the Twelve Caesars.  The Senate declared him a tyrant and condemned his memory to oblivion after his assassination in 96 CE.  Succeeded by Nerva, for 10 points, name this Roman Emperor, son of Vespasian and brother of Titus, the last of the Flavian emperors.;;Domitian|(Titus) (Flavius) Domitianius
;;The Hamel type and Schauder type of this mathematical obejct differ in the cardinality of allowed combinations.  SVD algorithms relate one of these to a diagonal matrix, while the spectral theorem allows the decomposition into one of these constructed from eigenvectors.  The Fourier transform is equivalent to changing between the (*) position type and the momentum type of these objects.  Zorn's lemma can show every vector space is entitled to one of these, and any linearly independent set can be extended into one.  For 10 points, name this class of mathematical objects, a linearly independent set of vectors spanning some space.;;basis
;;The devaluation of this country's "batzen" currency led peasants to take up nail-headed clubs in support of the Huttwil League, while its fledgling 19th century infrastructure was forced to care for a neighbor's 80,000-strong Army of the East after the suicide of foreign general Bourbaki. Continuing religious tension in this country erupted as the Battles of Villmergen and Sonderbund War, while it backed the Sforzas at Novara and (*) Marignano, where its forces were crushed by Francis I. This country signed the Pact of Brunnen after beating the Hapsburgs at Sempach and Morgarten, where it was represented by the Everlasting League of Uri, Schwyz, and Unterwalden. 1803 saw Napoleon abolish the Helvetic Republic of this country, where Huldrych Zwingli triggered two wars. For 10 points, name this country whose mercenaries defend the Vatican, famed for its neutrality.;;Switzerland|Swiss (Confederacy)
;;One poem titled after this place asks the reader to "stop at Phoenician markets and purchase fine merchandise" and to "visit many Egyptian cities to learn and learn from scholars." William Saroyan's novel The Human Comedy is set in a fictional California town with this name. The poem titled after this place notes that "she has (*) nothing more to give you" and advises "pray that the road is long." Another poem set here notes its port where "the vessel puffs her sail" and where "gloom the dark broad seas." That poem describes this place as having a "still hearth, among these barren crags," and claims it is populated by a "savage race, that hoard, and sleep, and feed, and know not me." Residents of this place in another work include the nursemaid Eurycleia, the goatherd Eumaeus, and the loyal dog Argos. For 10 points, name this island where a group of suitors pester Penelope in the Odyssey.;;Ithaca
;;A feather is pinned to a canvas in this man's collage series depicting a female dancer, while he abandoned his often political masonite drawings with the hallucinatory Still Life with Old Shoe. This man reinterpreted a cat being taught to dance and turned Sorgh's rendering of a musician's lute into a gigantic phallus in a  series begun after he pilfered two postcards from the (*) Rijksmuseum. Jan Steen inspired the Dutch Interiors of this artist, whose sculpture topped with a four-tined fork, The Sun, The Moon, and One Star, is better known as "[his] Chicago." An insect emerges from a die underneath a bar of musical notes in his Harlequin's Carnival, while a ladder climbs into the sky to the left of the titular animal in this man's Dog Barking at the Moon. For 10 points, name this Spanish Surrealist.;;(Joan) Miro (i) (Ferra)
;;This element's geometrically frustrated beta rhombohedral phase is equivalent to an antiferromagnetic Ising model on an expanded kagome lattice.  The Kucherov reaction hydrates hydrocarbons using this element's triflouride as a catalyst, while (*) Wade's Rules govern the bonding of this element to Hydrogen.  This element's carbide's ability to absorb neutrons without forming radionuclides allows for its use in shielding and shutdown pellets in nuclear plants.  Organic acids of this element can be bonded to halides with the help of a Palladium catalyst in Suzuki Coupling.   Compounds of this element commonly violate the octet rule. For 10 points, name this element found naturally in borax and kernite, a metalloid with atomic number five and symbol B.;;Boron
;;In one of this man's experiments, a subject was asked to order ten sticks to form a staircase while in another subjects placed ten blue flowers in ten vases and removing them before replacing them with ten pink flowers. This man postulated that people confronted with stimuli can undergo assimilation or accommodation, part of his theory of genetic epistemology. This thinker conducted one experiment in which (*) liquid was poured from a short wide glass into a tall thin glass, illustrating "conservation." He called cognitive systems which aid in organization and understanding "schema," and coined the terms "concrete operational," "formal operational," and "sensorimotor." For 10 points, name this Swiss developmental psychologist who developed a four stage model of cognitive development.;;(Jean) Piaget
;;This city's Royal Botanic Gardens contain a carved stone seat called Mrs. Macquaries' Chair. One of its oldest neighborhoods survived controversial renovation in the 70s and is known as "the Rocks." This city is bounded to the west by the Blue Mountains and to the north by the Hawkesbury River. In this city, the Gladesville Bridge and a bridge nicknamed "the Coat Hanger" cross its major river the Parramatta. Like London, its historic red light district is called (*) Kings Cross. This city's beaches include Manly Beach and Bondi Beach, and it lies on Port Jackson, the largest natural harbor in the world. The Cooks River and the Georges River flow through this city and in to Botany Bay. For 10 points, name this home of a Jorn Utzon designed opera house, the largest city in New South Wales and all of Australia.;;Sydney
;;In one story by this author, the austere history professor Dr. Cornelius is grieved at his five year old daughter Ellie's attachment to Max Hergesell. This author of "Disorder and Early Sorrow" wrote a story set in Torre di Venere in which the Cipolla is assassinated. This author described the composer of (*) "Apocalypsis cum figuris" receiving twenty four years of inspiration in a novel narrated by Serenus Zeitblom. The protagonist of another of this man's works is a famous writer who is haunted by the odor of disinfectant as he watches the young boy Tadzio. For 10 points, name this German writer of "Mario and the Magician" and Doctor Faustus, an author who wrote about Gustav von Aschenbach in Death in Venice.;;(Thomas) Mann
;;Soldiers from this state lost in the Mexican-American War are honored in Theodore O'Hara's poem The Bivouac of the Dead, which is inscribed at the entrance to Arlington National Cemetery. The Tolliver and Martin families were the antagonists in its Rowan County War. This state had two rival high courts during the Old Court/New Court controversy. James Wilkinson attempted to join this state with Spain when it declared independence from (*) Virginia. Chickasaw land was incorporated into the western part of this state in Jackson's Purchase, while a Civil War clash near this state's Chaplin Hills saw Buell face Bragg at Perryville. One of its senators succeeded William R. King as Buchanan's Vice President; that man, John C. Breckenridge, took over the seat of John Crittenden. For 10 points, name this state whose senator Henry Clay made his home in Lexington.;;Kentucky
;;This man refused Isidore Philipp's offer to introduce him to Camille Saint-Saens, instead announcing his desire to be insulted by Debussy. He used the pentatonic and chromatic scales for two different types of folk music in his "Allegro barbaro." 1926 is known as this composer's "Piano Year," and saw him compose a piano suite with sections called "With Drums and Pipes," "The Night's Music," and "The Chase," organized into his (*) Out of Doors. Serge Koussevitzky commissioned a piece that this man declined to call a symphony because of the way each section acts as a sort of soloist, and he experimented with unique combinations of percussion in keyboard in pieces like Sonata for Two Pianos and Percussion and Music for Strings, Percussion, and Celesta. For 10 points, name this composer of the Concerto for Orchestra, a Hungarian who created Duke Bluebeard's Castle.;;(Bela) Bartok
;;The protagonist of this novel has a dream in which a heavy package he carries is his own severed head and at one point Reverend Hammond gives the protagonist a wooden cross. Another character in this novel stresses his contribution of ping-pong tables to the South Side Boys' Club. The protagonist watches the film Trader Horn and forces his friend Gus to lick a (*) knife after an abortive attempt to rob Mr. Blum's deli. Other characters in this novel include the private investigator Britten and the State's Attorney Buckley, who is opposed by Boris A. Max in the trial that makes up its third section. The appearance of the blind Mrs. Dalton causes the protagonist to accidentally smother her daughter Mary with a pillow. For 10 points, name this novel about the murders and trial of Bigger Thomas, a work of Richard Wright.;;Native Son
;;One equation named for this man uses the Stosszahl Ansatz for the collision term and can be used to describe the thermalization of the CMB due to Compton scattering; that equation is also known as the radiative transport equation.  The BGK collision operator is used with a lattice model named for this man to solve the incompressible Navier-Stokes equations. This man co-names a (*) distribution function for energy between identical but distinguishable particles along with the namesake of four equations characterizing the electromagnetic force, Maxwell, and also co-names a radiation law with T to the fourth dependence.  For 10 points, identify this man who names a law governing blackbody radiation with Stefan.;;(Ludwig) (Eduard) Boltzmann
;;According to one story, this figure founded a city when his efforts in digging up a mushroom revealed a spring. That city was ruled by Electryon and Sthenelus, members of a namesake dynasty he founded. When this ruler was unable to assume the throne of Argos, he traded realms with Megapenthes. This man was sent on a quest by a king of Seriphus named (*) Polydectes during which he stole the tooth and eye of the Graeae. He rescued the daughter of Cassiopea and Cepheus from a sea monster before taking that girl, Andromeda, as his wife. His mother Danae was locked in a tower by King Acrisius to avoid a prophecy, but he was conceived by Zeus in the form a stream of gold.  For 10 points, name this hero who used winged sandals and the helmet of invisibility to slay Medusa.;;Perseus
;;The eldest daughter of this opera's title character sings the cabaletta Salgo gia del trono aurato after the high priest begins a coup against her sister, and later angrily destroys a document proving that she is an adopted slave. The title character of this opera declares that Non son piu re, son dio before being struck by a thunderbolt. A prominent aria in this opera ends with the singers begging the (*) Lord to "imbue us with fortitude to bear our sufferings." In the scene after that "Chorus of the Hebrew Slaves," the title monarch begs forgiveness from God and declares that a new temple is to be built in Jerusalem. For 10 points, name this Verdi opera about the biblical persecution of the Jews by the namesake Babylonian king, the builder of the Hanging Gardens.;;Nabucco|Nabucodonosor|Nebuchadnezzar
;;This man's genocidal misadventures include the Harrying of Buchan, while a gift of twelve pence and spurs helped him evade a foe who hung his sister Mary in a cage from Roxburgh castle for four years. This king renewed the Auld Alliance by signing the Treaty of Corbeil with France, while the Declaration of Arbroath asked John XXII to consider this man's longstanding support by Bishops Robert Wishart and William  Lamberton. Henry de Bohun recieved an axe to the face from this man after charging him at the edge of Tor Wood, and he lost at (*) Methven in a war triggered by his slaying of John Comyn on an altar at Dumfries. Apocryphally inspired to persevere by a spider's web in a cave, this successor of John Balliol was crowned at Scone, and beat Edward II at Bannockburn a decade after the death of William Wallace. For 10 points, name this winner of the Scottish Wars of Independence.;;Robert I|Robert the Bruce
;;This man examined the failings of philosophers in debate in a work that outlines thirty-eight methods for winning an argument. Another work by this philosopher opens with a critique of Groundwork for the Metaphysics of Morals and was the only entry in an essay contest this man still failed to win. This thinker claimed that anyone who could read Phenomenology of Mind "without feeling as if he were in a madhouse, would qualify as an inmate for Bedlam." This author of The Art of  (*) Being Right and On the Basis of Morality used the phrase "operating on a blind man's cataracts" to characterize reading Kant in a work whose fourth book, "Ethics," delves into Eastern philosophy and specifically self-denial following a discussion of aesthetics. Describing unobservable truth as a "thing-in-itself," for 10 points, name this author of On the Fourfold Root of the Principle of Sufficient Reason and The World as Will and Representation.;;(Arthur) Schopenhauer
;;This author wrote about a woman who avenges the death of her father by killing the textile boss Aaron Loewenthal.  In another story by this author, the Czech playwright Jaromir Hladik asks God for one year to finish his play The Enemies before the Nazis kill him. This author of "Emma Zunz" and "The Secret Miracle" wrote of a sorcerer who creates a boy from his dreams before realizing that he too is (*) immune from fire as well as a story about a spy who communicates the name of a town in the newspapers by killing a person named Albert.  Another of his stories concerns a place in which an infinite number of hexagonal rooms contain an infinite number of 410 page books. For 10 points, name this author of "The Circular Ruins," the blind Argentine short story writer of "The Garden of Forking Paths" and "The Library of Babel.".;;(Jorge) (Luis) Borges
;;This problem was solved by Applegate, Bixby, Chvatal and Cook using the LKH implementation of the Lin-Kernighan heuristic; they also created the Concorde solver, which has obtained optimal solutions to over 100 of its namesake library of problems. Dantzig, Fulkerson and Johnson's cutting-plane method was the first algorithm that could solve large-scale versions of this problem, and (*) k-opt is the most widely used heuristic for solving this problem. This problem has important applications in X-ray crystallography and VLSI design, and a solution to this problem is a Hamiltonian cycle of minimum total weight. For 10 points, name this problem which involves the namesake person finding the shortest route through a number of cities.;;travelling salesman (problem)
;;This novel contains a quote spoken by Merian Cooper to Fay Wray as the epigraph of one section, while another section of this novel is interspersed with several "Proverbs for Paranoids," such as "You hide, they seek." The protagonist of this novel ponders variations on the phrase "you never did the Kenosha Kid" while under the effects of sodium amytal. This novel features (*) Byron the sentient light bulb. As a child, the protagonist of this novel is conditioned by the inventor of Imipolex G, Laszlo Jamf.  Gottfried sacrifices himself by climbing into a rocket with a serial number consisting of five zeros, which is fired by Blicero.  FTP, name this novel in which Tyrone Slothrop's erections correspond with the landing sites of V-2 rockets, Thomas Pynchon's magnum opus.;;Gravity's Rainbow
;;High society eagerly welcomes some donkeys who have found nice outfits in a drawing series by this man that often depicts revellers who seem to float in midair. His later works include ten religious scenes on ivory miniatures and one whose authorship was questioned after the discovery of the initials "AJ" on the canvas. His Milkmaid of Bordeaux may show Leocadia Weiss, who was painted on linen in a series showing two women laughing at a man, floating figures in Atropos and (*) Fantastic Vision, and a group of women staring out at a shadowy, goat-headed figure. The Colossus was once attributed to this man, whose Witches' Sabbath is found in the Quinta del Sordo along with a depiction of a wild-eyed figure ripping apart a bleeding corpse, Saturn Devouring His Sons. Responsible for clothed and nude "Maja" versions and the "Black Paintings," for 10 points, name this Spanish painter of The Third of May, 1808.;;(Francisco) (Jose) Goya (y) (Lucientes)
;;Prayers to this deity, who is sometimes given an epithet meaning "receiver of many," often involve hitting one's hand on the ground and a sacrifice of a black sheep. According to the Suda, this deity is the father of Macaria, the goddess of a blessed afterlife. The narcissus is a sacred flower to this deity, and this figure's wife once turned one of his attempted conquests into the (*) mint plant. This figure imprisoned Theseus and Pirithous with snakes when the pair attempted to kidnap Helen and this figure's wife. This figure is given a helmet of invisibility by the Cyclops which he sometimes lends to men. This figure tricked his wife into staying with him by giving her a pomegranate to eat, which forced her to return to his domain for one third of the year. FTP, name this husband of Persephone, the Greek god of the underworld.;;Hades
;;A virgin of this color titles a novel about a woman who tries to give birth to a brilliant alchemist, written by Fernando Arrabal. This color also appears in the title of a novel in verse by Anne Carson about Heracles and Geryon. In a play by Sean O'Casey, the Star of Bethlehem turns this color. A wheel of this color titles a novel cycle by Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn. Arvid Falk is the protagonist of a Strindberg novel about a room of this color, which also describes the oleanders in the title of a Tagore play.   This is the color of an animal given to (*) Jody Tiflin as a present, the titular pony of a Steinbeck novella, and this color is paired with black in the title of a Stendhal novel.  It also describes the title "badge of courage" in another novel. FTP, name this color which describes the rose in the title of a Robert Burns poem.;;red
;;In one episode of this show, a woman smashes the windows of her colleague's car with a baseball bat, but that bat is later used to frame her for a near-fatal beating. One romantic subplot in this show revolved around ballistics expert Kurt McVeigh, who sends one of the main characters a copy of Sarah Palin's autobiography as a joke. Anika Noni Rose joined the cast in season two as aspiring politician Wendy Scott-Carr, and other guest stars have included Miranda Cosgrove as delinquent teen star Sloan, and (*) Michael J. Fox as a cunning, handicapped attorney. The main character works at the law firm Lockhart, Gardner and Bond, returning to practice law after her husband was  ousted from office for sleeping with a prostitute. FTP, name this show revolving around Alicia Florrick's decision to stay married to her husband, starring Juliana Margulies and Chris Noth.;;(The) Good Wife
;;During the festival of Shavuot, a hymn to this figure is recited describing this figure's battle with the "ox," and according to a Jewish prayer, "from the beautiful skin of [this figure], God will construct canopies to shelter the righteous." In Canaanite legend, this (*) creature is referred to as Lotan, and is said to have been slain by Baal. It originally had a mate, but that mate was killed to protect the world from this creature's offspring. Thomas Aquinas described this creature as the demon of envy, and the Book of Job states that "when he rises up, the mighty are terrified; they retreat before his thrashing," and asks "Can you pull in [this creature] with a fishhook?" FTP, name this giant sea monster from the Old Testament, whose name also provides the title of a philosophical work by Thomas Hobbes.;;Leviathan
;;Heitor Villa-Lobos' symphony of this number is nicknamed "The War," while Honegger's is based on parts of the Requiem Mass.  Leonard Bernstein's symphony of this number is dedicated to John F. Kennedy and uses the Kaddish as its text. Brahms' symphony of this number opens with a rising F, A-flat, F motif, representing his motto, "Free but happy,"and unlike its predecessors was markedly less (*) Beethovian. Saint-Saens's somewhat erroneously-named "Organ Symphony" and a work that sees a soprano sing Polish text found on a Gestapo cell wall, Gorecki's Symphony of Sorrowful Songs, bear this number, as does Schumann's five-movement "Rhenish" symphony. A notably long Mahler work following the "Resurrection," Tchaikovsky "Polish," and a work dedicated to "the memory of a great man" all bear, for 10 points, what symphonic number of Beethoven's "Eroica?".;;(Symphony) (No(.)) 3
;;This man is the subject of biographies by Cecil and Grunwald, but the definitive work on him is by Heinrich von Srbik. This man's protege and successor wreaked havoc on Victorian sensibilities by repeatedly shtupping national harlot Jane Digby, and he himself supplanted Johann Stadion in his highest post. One of his major efforts established a commission at Mainz, targeted the (*) Burschenschaften, and heavily regulated the university system; that legislation was prompted by Karl Sand's murder of August von Kotzebue. Felix Schwarzenberg replaced this architect of the Carlsbad Decrees - who had earlier presided over negotiations with Nesselrode, Castlereagh, and Talleyrand - after the emerging nationalism of the 1848 revolutions disrupted his Concert System. For 10 points, name this Austrian statesman who chaired the Congress of Vienna.;;(Prince) (Klemens) (Wenzel) (von) Metternich
;;Jacqueline tells this film's protagonist that women "have the right to be loved until they are 70." In another scene, a magician and his partner successfully read the phrase "asa nisi masa" from the protagonist's mind, prompting a flashback to a childhood game centering on a woman's portrait. In another scene, the protagonist leads a revolt against an imagined harem of all the women he has ever loved. Opening with a sequence in which the protagonist escapes a traffic jam by (*) flying out of his car, it sees the protagonist struggle to follow his earlier success, mirroring the director's own career in the wake of La Dolce Vita. Centering on the flashbacks and dream sequences of Guido Anselmi, for 10 points, name this Frederico Felleni film titled after the number of prior films worked on by the director.;;8 |Otto e mezzo
;;The death of one couple in this work is compared to "the elm to which wantonly the tendrilled grape entwines."  Vafrine is sent to spy on an approaching army, while Wiseman of Ascalon instructs two men on how to get to the Fortunate Isles. When an effigy of Mary disappears from a temple both Sophronia and her lover Olindo claim responsibility for the theft. One character is called in to reverse the enchantment of a (*) forest, allowing his compatriots to gather wood to build siege machines. A group of soldiers is transformed into animals after being seduced by Armida, who falls in love with Rinaldo.  Ismen the sorcerer foretells the coming to Saladin,  FTP, name this epic poem about the First Crusade by Torquato Tasso, named for the holy city the crusaders sought to liberate.;;Jerusalem Delivered|(La) Gerusalemme liberata
;;This work suggests that absurd statements can be held true by pleading hallucination, and it also argues that the difference between the issue of whether there are classes and the issue of whether there are centaurs is merely a difference of degree. This paper points out that the statement "Brutus killed Caesar" would be false if the word "killed" meant "begat." This work notes that the terms "9" and "the number of planets" should be regarded as (*) unlike in meaning, despite designating the same abstract entity, and similarly argues that the terms "creature with a heart" and "creature with a kidney" are unlike in meaning even if they have the same extension. The central concepts argued against by this paper are reductionism and the distinction between analytic and synthetic truths. FTP, name this classic paper which argues against two principles of logical positivism, written by W.V.O. Quine.;;Two Dogmas of Empiricism
;;Second-time Prohibition candidate Claude Watson campaigned in this election by piloting his own plane all across the country, and it saw Tennessee's Preston Parks act as a faithless elector. Edwin Jaeckle developed a brilliant but discarded strategy for the Republican candidate in this year, who defeated Athur Vandenberg and Harold Stassen and infamously declared "you know that your future is still ahead of you" in a speech on (*) atomic energy. A ticket featuring Fielding Wright outperformed the Progressives under New Republic editor Henry A. Wallace, but failed to split enough support to vault Earl Warren and his running mate to the White House. Alben Barkley was sworn in as Vice President after, for 10 points, what election that saw Strom Thurmond's Dixiecrats take four states and the Chicago Tribune erroneously claim "Dewey Defeats Truman?".;;(Election) (of) 1948
;;This psychologist wrote a book about flying saucers subtitled A Modern Myth of Things Seen in the Skies. Stephen Hoeller wrote a commentary on one work by this psychologist, a gnostic work entitled Seven Sermons to the Dead. He analyzed the poet Leonard Bacon, a cousin of another of his patients, the alcoholic Rowland Hazard III. This psychologist described his journey to Kenya and Uganda in his autobiography, (*) Memories, Dreams, Reflections. He presents a view of the libido which diverges from that of Freud, and his Red Book was not published until 2009. He described innate tendencies such as the shadow, the trickster, the mother, and the anima and animus. FTP, name this Swiss psychiatrist who worked on archetypes and the collective unconscious.;;(Carl) Jung
;;Hypotheses regarding the phylogeny of this phylum include the Testaria hypothesis and the Aculifera hypothesis, and the classification of Wiwaxia and Kimberella as part of this phylum is controversial. One  class belonging to this phylum is the extinct Helcionelloida, and extant classes include Aplacophora and Scaphopoda. Some members of this phylum use (*) love darts during courtship. Anatomical features unique to this phylum include the mantle and a tongue-like structure known as the radula. This phylum includes the largest animal without a backbone, the giant squid, as well as other cephalopods. FTP, name this phylum which also includes bivalves and gastropods.;;Mollusca|molluscs
;;This poet described how the sea "wrinkled up, withdrew, like a shawl gathered together" in the poem "Death of the Sea." This poet asks the "green Quetzalcoatl" to cover her in a poem celebrating the "corn of the Anahuac." One collection by this poet contains a section in which a mother explains to her son about natural phenomena such as air and rainbows. She listed commandments such as "You will cherish Beauty, God's shadow over the universe" in her poem "The Artist's Decalogue." Her late works include the collections Lagar and (*) Tala, and she is also known for a work including a series of rounds and a number of lullabies, Tenderness. Her collection Desolation contains a set of three sonnets which won her a poetry contest in 1914, the Sonnets of Death. FTP, name this Chilean poet, the first woman to win the nobel prize in literature.;;(Gabriela) Mistral|(Lucila) (de) (Maria) (del) (Perpetuo) (Socorro) Godoy (Alcayaga)