;;One character in this work is described as being the victim of "evil and indigestion" and that "brandy and water were altogether superfluous" to him.  Though the title character only ate ginger nuts, the ginger had no effect on him, and he'd later not accept any food from the grub man in jail.  The narrator of this story keeps a bust of Cicero in his office and employs a man who says "old age, even with a blot on the page is honorable" as an excuse for (*) working after noon; that man is named Turkey.  At the end of this story, the narrator relates a rumor that the title character used to work in the Dead Letter Office before a change of administration, and earlier in the story that character hurts his eyes and is rendered unable to copy. Subtitled "A Story of Wall Street", FTP, name this short story by Herman Melville about a law clerk who starves to death after tirelessly repeating his mantra of "I Would Prefer Not To.".;;Bartleby the Scrivener(:) (A) (Story) (of) (Wall) (Street)
;;"The Seed" opens an album by Fabrizio Cassol and Kris Defoort titled "Variations on [This Album]".  A 2002 Deluxe Edition of this album contained a DVD of the only full live performance of it at the Antibes Jazz Festival in France, and an alternate sextet take of its opening song, which added Archie Shepp on sax and Art Davis on bass but removed the overdubbed (*) chanting of the album's title phrase.  This album directly followed the release of Crescent, also on the Impulse! label.  The standard version of this album--only 33 minutes in length--contained "the multi-armed Shiva of jazz", Elvin Jones, playing drums, as well as Jimmy Garrison on bass and McCoy Tyner playing piano alongside the group's namesake on sax.  Containing the tracks "Pursuance", "Resolution", "Acknowledgment" and "Psalm", this work ends with the assertion that the titular superlative force  is "all from God." FTP, identify this 1965 album, a landmark work by John Coltrane.;;(A) Love Supreme
;;The ninth chapter of this book differentiates between "knowledge of fact", or history, and "knowledge of the consequence", or natural history. The author uses the example of waves to prove that "when a body is once in motion, it moveth eternally" in a section of this work that also addresses dreams. The later Latin edition of this work contained an appendix which, similar to the author's Answer to Bishop Bramhall, decided that God could be comprehended in the form of extension. Other sections of this work, which includes (*) "Of Imaginations," argue for many well-informed counselors of state and contrast Paternal and Despotical power. "Of Man" and "Of the Commonwealth" are the most famous sections of this, whose fourth book discusses a titular "kingdom of darkness"and describes the state of nature as "the war of all against all." Positing that man's existence is poor, nasty, brutish, and short, this work argues the absolute necessity of a supremely sovereign monarch. FTP, identiyf this work of political philsophy by Thomas Hobbes, titled after a very big fish.;;Leviathan(,) (The) (Matter(,)) (Forme) (and) (Power) (of) (a) (Common) (Wealth) (Ecclesiastical) (and) (Civil)
;;One abortive revolt in this modern-day country was led by its Social Democratic Party and saw its members meet at the historical Cave of Shio, which was constructed under a man who defeated Ilghazi, David the Builder.  This site  of the failed August Uprising saw an evacuation of its citizens, prompted by this country's refusal to assist the White Russians, overseen by Britain in its coastal city of Batumi in 1920.  In ancient times, this victorious nation at the Battle of Didgori was ruled by the Chosroids and the (*) Pharnavzians, while the Princes of Iberia ruled until the supplanted by the Bagratids  More recently, it was ruled by a "State Council" under a mand deposed in its Rose Rebellion, Eduard Shevardnadze. Mikheil Saakashvilli oversees the government of, FTP, what birthplace of Joseph Stalin, which has been mired in conflict over the disputed reasons of Abkhazia and South Ossetia?.;;(Republic) (of) Georgia|Georgian (Sakartvelo)|Georgian (Sakartvelos) (Respublika)
;;In an early engraving of this artist made during his time in Rome, the title figure buries his head in his hands while seated next to a giant foot and hand, The Artist Moved by the Grandeur of Ancient Ruins.  This man created a series of prints blocking out the scenes of Hamlet, while Shakespeare also served as the source for a work that sees a redhead in a fiery orange night gown waving a torch mid-stride, Lady Macbeth Sleepwalking. Green tights unfortunately abound in this man's depiction of a single sword being thrust into the air while three figures grasp hands, a work reminiscent of David entitled Oath of the Rutli. A white (*) steed rears up and one title figure flails on the ground while the other prepares to eat them in this artist's Horseman Attacked by a Snake. This man's fondness for painting serpents can also be seen in his painting of a lone sailor hoisting his shield up as he prepares to navigate through the Strait of Messina, Odysseus in Front of Scylla and Charybdis. He's best known for a painting where a woman in white has her hands on the floor as a white horse peaks through the curtain to see a succubus perched on her. FTP, identify this Swiss-born artist of The Nightmare.;;(Henri) Fuseli
;;Pete Townshend's arrest for allegedly accessing child pornography occurred during Britain's Operation Ore, a re-working of a similar law enforcement operation in the U.S. known by this name. Vinnie Caruana of The Movielife also plays in a post-hardcore band called "I Am the [This]".  A band with a plural form this name hails from Australia and to date have only released the much-acclaimed and sample-filled album Since I Left You, which included the dance hit "Frontier Psychiatrist."  It also names an album subtitled "Outtakes and Extras from the Illinois Album" by Sufjan Stevens and an X-Man with the alter ego Dominikos Ioannis Petrakis who has the power to generate (*) vibrational waves. A variation on Chevrolet's Suburban sold under this name is characterized by the ability to convert the back end of the SUV into pickup-style flatbed. A hockey team with this name plays in the Pepsi Center and recently retired Joe Sakic's jersey, and won the 1996 Stanley Cup with Patrick Roy in goal after moving from Quebec. FTP, identify this name which describes an NHL team from Colorado as well as any large mass of snow hurdling down a mountain at you.;;(The) Avalanches
;;The protagonist of this work describes honor as "to be useful without fuss." A notable article written about this  compares hypothetical authorship of this work by that article's author to a slave-trader writing Uncle Tom's Cabin,  anddescribes on character as a "thinking gramophone." Daphne Hardy collaborated with its author on a stage adaptation of this novel that included the characters 202, 302 and 402, while one figure in this work recalls the suicide by hanging of Little Loewie. This work's final section begins with a quote by Ferdinand LaSalle and is entitled "The (*) Grammatical Fiction," and it centers on a man who reflects on his own mistreatment of characters like Richard and Arlova after coming to the realization that he is an "ex-Commissar of the People". The middle novel in a trilogy that also included The Gladiators and Arrival and Departure, this subject of the aforementioned essay by George Orwell concludes with the execution of Rubashov on false charges. FTP, identify this novel, the best-known work by Arthur Koestler.;;Darkness at Noon|(Le) Zero et l'Infini|Zero and Infinity
;;In the lead-up to this event, future participants wore badges reading "I am an American Citizen" and carried banners like "Virtue, Patriotism and Intelligence Versus $134 Worth of Dirt" to an April assembly in the state capital.  The belligerents in this conflict included the Woonsocket Light Infantry and threatened the fortified Holder Block.  It stemmed from a provision in the state's Charles II-era statute limiting the right to (*) vote to large landowners, and its namesake led the People's Party and opposed Charterite and Governor Samuel Ward King.  Several years later, the Supreme Court deferred ruling on this event in Luther v. Borden. Occuring during the Presidency of John Tyler, FTP, identify this American insurrection, which saw an attempt to install its namesake as governor during in 1840s  Rhode Island.;;Dorr's (Rebellion)|Dorr's (War)
;;St. Gregory the Great argued that this man's gift of prophecy allowed him to write the entirety of the book named for him--including the events after his death, such as the burning down of the city of Ziklag by the Amalekites.  Rabbinical tradition holds that Nathan and Gad wrote the later sections of his eponymous book. This man proclaimed the authority of prophets over that of kings in a speech at Gilgal, and he frightened the hell out of one man after being raised from the dead to lend advice by the Witch of Endor. His mother shared a husband with Peninnah and pledged this man's loyalty to God if God allowed her to conceive; that mother was named (*) Hannah. This man massacred a group of  Philistines with an army he organized at Mizpah, and was raised by Eli before being succeeded by a man who fathered Ish-Bosheth and died after losing a battle at Mount Gilboa. This figure appointed that successor after his own sons Abiah and Joel "walked not in his ways." FTP, name this Hebrew judge and first major prophet, the anointer of Saul and David, whose namesake book precedes Kings.;;Samuel
;;A character in this play who claims his only useful skill is knowing the difference between right and wrong is told to become a politician by a man who receives "good news in Manchuria".  A "professor of Greek" in this play is nicknamed "Euripides" by a man he calls "Machiavelli", while Act II sees a conversation between Rummy Mitchens and Snobby Price. A woman who resents being called "Biddy" raises this work's title character, who works in an establishment in (*) West Ham. The difference in marriage laws between Australia and Great Britain allows Adolphus Cusins to claim foundling status in this play, leading to his adoption by the husband of Lady Britomart. Centering around the dynamic between the title figure and her arms-dealing father, Andrew Undershaft, FTP, identify this George Bernard Shaw play about a woman in the Salvation Army.;;Major Barbara
;;In one of this man's works, the title figure's decision to turn into a woman and start dating a cellist leads to social breakdown over the receipt of violet envelopes and the rise of a shadow organization which drags unconscious people over the border, where they stop being inexplicably immortal. In another novel, Antonio Claro and Maria da Paz advise the protagonist; it ends with him pocketing a pistol to shoot the title character in a park. This author of Death with Interruptions and The Double wrote a novel exploring the relationships among Marcal, his wife Marta and her father Cypriano Algor, whose title is an allusion to the 7th Book of the Republic, (*) The Cave. A heteronymn of Ferdinand Pessoa inspired the titled of his The Year of the Death of Ricardo Reis, while the protagonist of one of this author's works, shortly before succumbing to his execution, cries out "Men, forgive Him for He knows not what He does." This author of The Gospel According to Jesus Christ described the fallout after the Iberian peninsula breaks away from Europe and drifts into the Atlantic as the titular Stone Raft, and wrote about the Doctor's Wife, who retains an immunity to the titular condition of his best-known work. FTP, name this author of Blindness, a Nobel laureate from Portugal.;;(Jose) (de) (Souza) Saramago
;;In the wake of this victory, the winning commander married a woman who would later be fed to a pit of starving cannibals by Perdiccus, Stateira II. Prior to this battle, the victors were able to make an uncontested river crossing, probably near Jesire, during which Aristander interpreted an eclipse as a positive omen. The victorious commander declared "I steal no victory" in refusing a night attack suggested by a man who buckled against the cavalry wing of Mazaeus at this clash. Prior to this battle, the loser worked to (*) level the battlefield to make it easier to employ chariots, but a series of charges from the companion cavalry of the victors turned the tide. The losing commander at this battle fled toward his long baggage train but was hunted down and stabbed by the Bactrian general Bessus. Occurring some two years after the commanders clashed in the Battle of Issus, FTP, identify this final victory for Alexander the Great over Darius III that brought down the Persian Empire.;;(Battle) (of) Gaugamela|(Battle) (of) Arbela
;;This thinker described "Upper Savagery" as beginning with "the invention of the bow and arrow" in one work, before in a later chapter building on Lewis H. Morgan's idea that the "bodies of consanguinei" in the Iroquis predated the "genea" of the Greeks. Earlier in his career, this man wrote articles for the Telegraph under the last name Oswald and was influenced by Moses Hess. This man referenced a polemic against Cato by Julius Caesar in his colloquial name for a group of essays, Anti-Duhring. This author of The Origin of the Family, (*) Private Property, and the State died before finishing Dialectics of Nature.  One of this man's best-known works after extensive exposure to the effect of the industrial revolution on factory communities in Liverpool and Manchester. The author of The Condition of the Working Class in England may be better-known for collaborating with a more prolific partner on The Holy Family and The German Ideology, as well as a work which declares that a spectre is haunting Europe. FTP, identify this man who published The Communist Manifesto along with Karl Marx.;;(Friedrich) Engels
;;One short story by this author describes a mayor in its second section, "The Head", and sees Levko pledge to Ganna to never reveal the secret of the titular dead woman.  Another of his short stories sees one character call the other of the same first name "a regular goose" after refusing to trade his gun for two sacks of oats.  Besides "May Night or the Drowned Maiden" and "The Squabble", the latter of which appeared in his collection Mirgorod, this author wrote works like (*) Rudin and a novel about the father of Andrey and Ostap who is burned alive after the Poles betray his Cossacks.  He also told of a clerk named Akaky who desires the title clothing in an 1842 story.  The author of novels about Chichikov and Tarsa Bulba, for 10 points, identify this Russian author of "The Overcoat" and Dead Souls.;;(Nikolai) Gogol
;;With Anders Lindstedt, this man names a technique for looking for regular perturbation expansions to approximate periodic solutions to differential equations.  His name is sometimes given to an inhomogenous group and transformation more commonly named for Lorentz. A fixed, regular and periodic orbit was proven to converge to a periodic orbit or a fixed point in a theorem named for this man and (*) Bendixson. His namesake Lemma can be used to demonstrate that closed forms represent a cohomology class, and a dodecahedral space is sometimes named for this man. This pioneer of chaos theory is most famous for postulating a Millennium Problem solved by Grigori Perelman. For 10 points, name this French mathematician who posited a namesake conjecture regarding three dimensional manifolds.;;(Jules) (Henri) Poincare
;;The Vita Merlini reports that this figure was the first ruler of the Isle of Apples, sometimes called the Fortunate Island. A deity sometimes incorrectly conflated with this figure takes the form of an eel to mess with Cuchulainn in that hero's defense of Ulster against Queen Medb. This parent of the protagonist of the Welsh version of Yvain, or the Knight of the Lion steals the scabbard of an object earlier given to Accolon. Sired, along with siblings (*) Elaine and Morgause by Gorlois, Le Morte d'Arthur records that she was married to King Uriens.  Her affair with Guiomar gets her in bad standing with Guiomar's cousin, Guinevere.  For 10 points, name this half sister and adversary to Arthur, whose epithet means "magician".;;Morgan (le) (Fay)|Morgana|Morgaine|Morgane|Morrigan|Morrigu|Mor(-)Rioghain
;;One of this organization's members forged an alliance including the I Wor Kuen, Young Lords, and Blackstone Rangers and was the principal subject of information obtained from William O'Neal; that man operated its Monroe Street offices, where he was killed along with Mark Clark. One of this group's initiatives was launched out of St. Augustine's church, and one of its most pivotal episodes was triggered by the death of Alex Rackley. This group's Minister of Information expressed regrets in the memoir Target Zero for advocating rape as a political tool, and it was the subject of the infamous (*) New Haven trials. Fred Hampton and Eldridge Cleaver were key figures in this organization, which demanded an immediate end to all offensive wars and instituted the Free Breakfast for Children initiative as an extension of its Ten Point Program. Heavily fractured thanks to the COINTELPRO investigation of this group ordered by J. Edgar Hoover, this organization was most prominently led by Bobby Seale and Huey Newton. FTP, identify this militant leftist group active during the 1960s and 70s, most famously associated with black nationalism and symbolized by a namesake big cat.;;Black Panther (Party)
;;Editor's note: assure angry scientist that this is a geography question; inform angry Dallas Simons that he's out of luck)  4. The protagonist of this work asserts that, for one hour, another character is Goethe. That Goethe figure proposes a guessing game to which the answer is chess, and discusses possible ways in which Fang can confront an attacker. This work's main body starts in mid-sentence after a nameless narrator informs us that the first two pages are missing. The central character is comforted that the newspapers are reporting his (*) crime, as that will inform his superiors where British artillery is concentrated, and while discussing a novel by Ts'ui Pen he realizes that the title concept runs not through space but through time. Richard Madden captures the murderer of the sinologist Stephen Albert in this work, which centers on the Chinese-German spy Yu Tsun. Titling a collection that was included entirely in its author's Ficciones, FTP, name this story by Jorge Luis Borges, whose botanical title alludes to the countless possible outcomes of any event.;;(The) Garden of Forking Paths|(El) Jardin de senderos que se bifurcan
;;In one of this author's stories, Mendel tries to elude a mysterious figure while raising enough money to send his retarded son Isaac out to California. In another story by this author, Arkin alienates the sculptor Rubin after telling him that his white headgear makes him look like a famous painter. This author of "Idiots First" and "Rembrandt's Hat" wrote about a Ukranian brick factory owner who promotes a (*) handyman to the position of manager after Yakov helps the owner get home while drunk. In yet another story by this author, Pinye Salzman works as a marriage broker by drawing names from the title object. This author of The Fixer and "The Magic Barrel" wrote a novel in which the central character earns a spot on the New York Knights with the help of Wonderboy. FTP, name this Jewish author who wrote about Roy Hobbs's baseball career in The Natural.;;(Bernard) Malamud
;;In one work by this artist, a shirtless man with a golden griffin on his helmet dangles a baby and holds a sword while a woman holds a dead baby and gesture angrily. This artist of The Judgment of Solomon showed three reclining nudes looking on as the first title figure approaches a weapons cache in his Venus Presenting Arms to Aeneas. One work by this artist depicts at right a tree bent towards the open sky as two men in orange tunics bear the title figure down a winding road away from (*) Athens, while in another a nude old man plays a lyre and a young child next to him holds an hourglass while four figures representing Poverty, Labor, Wealth, and Pleasure face outwards holding hands in a circle. This man's The Burial of Phocion and A Dance to the Music of Time share characteristic settings with his most famous work, in which four shepherds gather around a tombstone and gesture toward the titular inscription. FTP, identify this French painter of Rape of the Sabine Women whose rural scenes include Et in Arcadia Ego.;;(Nicolas) Poussin
;;One ruler of this name compiled a namesake law code which included the Prochiron and Eisagoge. That man's general Christopher defeated a group led by Chrysocheir at their capital of Tephrike, the Paulicians. Another ruler of this name personally put down revolts by Bardas Skleros and Bardas Phokas, and wrested control from his eunuch regent Lekapenos. The first ruler of this name killed Caesar Bardas and his nephew, a ruler known as "the Drunkard" named (*) Michael III, to rise from his position as ruler of Armenia. The most famous ruler of this name gave his sister Anna to Vladimir the Great of Kiev in marriage to convert him to Christianity, and avenged an earlier loss at the Gates of Trajan by winning the Battle of Kleidion against a group of men led by Tsar Samuel. The Macedonian dynasty was founded by the first ruler of this name, while the second allegedly had 14,000 of his defeated opponents blinded. FTP, give this name shared by two Byzantine rulers, the latter of whom was known as the Bulgar-Slayer.;;Basileios
;;One team from this city used its first draft pick on ex-Tampa Bay Buccaneer Scott Milanovich, who would be replaced as starting quarterback by eventual league MVP, future Pittsburgh Steeler Tommy Maddox. That team defeated the San Francisco Demons in the "Million Dollar Game" to win the XFL in its only year of existence. Another team from this city beat the Michigan Panthers in the first round of the 1984 playoffs in a 3-overtime game behind future 49ers quarterback Steve Young. Besides the USFL's (*) Express and the XFL's inappropriately-named Xtreme, one NFL team from this city had a defensive line including Rosey Grier and Deacon Jones known as the Fearsome Foursome, and featured star running back Eric Dickerson, who ended his career with the second NFL team to play in this city. The former team moved from this city under the ownership of Georgia Frontiere, and found success in a new locale with players like Isaac Bruce, Torry Holt, and Kurt Warner in St. Louis. The former home of the Rams and the Raiders, FTP, identify this large Californian city which currently has no NFL teams but remains cursed with the NBA's Clippers.;;Los Angeles|LA
;;Furstenberg's proof of the infinitude of primes defines one of these using arithmetic sequences as a basis. Alternative definitions for these can be given by the Kuratowski closure axioms or in terms of interior algebras. Urysohn's lemma is used to construct continuous functions on normal ones. Neighborhood, convergence, and openness are generally defined using these objects, which consist a set and a (*) namesake subset of the power set of that set that includes both the empty set and the complete space and that is closed under arbitrary unions and finite intersections. Metric spaces are examples of these that satisfy the T2 separation condition also named for Hausdorff. For 10 points, name these mathematical objects, named for the branch of mathematics to which they are central, the study of properties preserved in deformations.;;topologies|topological spaces
;;The narrator of this work likes The Memoirs of Vidocq because its leaves are yellow; that book had belonged to a now-deceased priest, a tenant in his house in whose former room he sits listening to rain. This work begins with a description of the quiet North Richmond Street, where the narrator lives. That narrator encounters two men counting coins at the Cafe Chantant after getting off a (*) deserted carriage which he reminds his uncle he has to catch during dinner. The narrator in this story hears part of a dialogue between two men and a young lady with English accents; the latter asks the narrator if he wants anything, but he says no, having paid a schilling to enter the title location. The narrator is unable to buy a gift for Mangan's sister at the title bazaar in FTP, what story collected in James Joyce's Dubliners?.;;Araby
;;In the opening of the second act of this work, a nurse sings a song about a gnat while the children whom she oversees examine a map. This work closes as a simpleton exclaims "Flow, Flow bitter tears," and sees the Jesuit Rangoni implore one character to convert the heretics. Another character in this opera narrates a story of his achievements as a soldier at a battle in the town of Kazan while staying at an inn on the border, and that character, (*) Varlaam, soon learns that he has been traveling with a renegade monk who fled from his master Pimen. The title character gives his last advice in "Farewell, my son, I am dying," and the chorus praises him during the earlier coronation scene, but after his death Grigori returns to the capital under the guise of Dimitri. FTP, name this opera about the last Tsar before the Time of Troubles, by Modest Mussorgsky.;;Boris Godunov
;;One man's review of this novel explains that its author was twice imprisoned in the same corridor of the same prison, and references a conversation in which one character asks another what the last number is to explain its lack of publication. A poet is described as having "Negroid lips" in this work, which sees a group of cigarette-enthusiasts challenge an entity that venerates the The Book of Hours. The protagonist begins in a self-described (*) "triangle" with a chubby girl and his poet friend in this work, which describes how the Green Wall was built following the Two Hundred Year War. The protagonist hopes to proselytize to alien worlds in his position as Builder of the Integral, and watches his lover tortured in a glass jar after becoming dissatisfied with using pink coupons to register for sexual encounters. A massive X-Ray machine removes the imagination of the protagonist at the behest of the Benefactor in this work, which sees the Mephi group launch a revolution which this work asserts can, by nature, never be final. FTP, identify this dystopian novel centering on D-503, a work by Yevgeny Zamyatin.;;We|My
;;A month after the creation of this document, one of its principal subjects was embarrassed by the publication of an annexation treaty written in his own handwriting. The creation of this document was cited fifteen years later to justify a close 6-5 cabinet vote against taking action over the arrest of William Schnaebele. This document led to the eventual downfall of the man responsible for the creation of  the "Liberal Empire," Emile Ollivier, while the Havas printing of this document notably failed to (*) translate the word "adjutant." It references an "interception on a promenade" in regards to  a recent decision by Prince Leopold, and mentions information acquired "via Paris and Madrid." Vincent Benedetti conducted the exchange most central to this document, which relayed a request that any future Hohenzollern candidacy for the Spanish throne would be opposed. Reaction to this document resulted in clashes at Metz and Sedan, and it relayed a conversation between a French ambassador and Wilhelm I. FTP, identify this telegram whose modification by Otto von Bismarck triggered the Franco-Prussian War, named for a Prussian spa town.;;Ems (Dispatch)|(Telegram)
;;One possession of this deity is the foremost champion of the eight Dikpala, or Directional Gaurdians, while the Puranas relate an incident in which this figure reacted very badly when cowherds in Gokula stopped venerating him. In one story, he hid inside a lotus blossom in order to escape Brahminicide, and according to tradition neither sorrow nor fear are allowed inside his home. This figure's epithets include "Maghavan" and "Sakra," and one story claims Agni replaced this figure's testicles with those of a ram after this deity's encounter with Ahalya. The Apsara and Gandharvas (*) dance for this figure at his court at Svarga, located in the clouds above Mount Meru, and along with Mitra and Varuna he comprises the Adityas. He consumed vast amounts of Soma in order to break through 99 fortresses and defeat the dragon Vritra, thus returning water to the earth, and his principal weapon is Vajra. The rider of Airavata, the great white elephant, FTP, identify this King of the Devas, the god of lightning and central Hindu deity prior to the rise of the Trimurti.;;Indra
;;Bolhuis examined the effect of sequential stimuli on this process. Horn studied its neural basis in chickens, discovering that it is linked to an increase in the incorporation of uracil into RNA in the intermediate and medial regions of the hyperstriatum ventrale. Investigated experimentally by D.A. Spalding and Oscar Heinroth, this process was famously studied by the author of On Aggression and is extended to sexuality in the (*) Westermarck effect. This process is described in King Solomon's Ring by a researcher who took newly hatched mallard ducklings and began quacking at them to experimentally verify it. Examined by Konrad Lorenz and known primarily in its filial form, FTP, identify this process in which social preferences are restricted to a particular object or group of objects, best exemplified by the innate attachment formed by an infant with a maternal caregiver.;;(filial) imprinting
;;TB 1. This author earned entry into symbolist literary circles with an 1891 novel about a man who loves his cousin Emmanuele, Les Cahiers D'Andre Walter. One of the founders of the Nouvelle Revue Francaise, he reworked myths in his Thesee and Oedipe, and his autobiography If It Die... was written over two decades before he won a Literature Nobel. (*) Strait is the Gate, in which the adolescents Jerome and Alissa make a commitment of undying love, is a counterpoint to a book described as a "fruit full of bitter ashes" in its preface. The work in which the protagonist Edouard, who falls in love with his nephew Oliver Molinier, keeps a journal to prepare for making a novel about reality as a first person 'pseudo-author' comments is The Counterfeiters by, FTP, this French author of The Immoralist.;;(Andre) Gide
;;TB 2. This decision expresses fear that "judicial proceedings will come under" an "all-destroying power," and Luther Martin was rebuked in this decision. This decision includes Samuel Johnson's definition of the word "need, " and the "history of corporations" is used as an example in this decision. The law that incited this case required a payment of $15,000 to the (*) Treasurer of the Western Shore. The decision in this case cited the Necessary and Proper Clause as a power, and stated that "the power to tax is the power to destroy" in response to one argument in this case. FTP, name this 1819 Supreme Court case, which involved a state's tax on the Second Bank of the United States and established the doctrine of implied powers.;;McCulloch vs(.) (Maryland)
;;TB 3. Ritual transvestitism in the Oschophoria was explained as representing this man's companions. This figure pushed off a cliff a robber who had been doing the same thing to travelers, Sciron of Megara. This man killed Phaea along with her pet, the Crommyonian Sow, and with his friend, the Lapith Pirithous, he tried to bring Persephone back from the underworld. Hecales hosted this figure on his way to kill the bull of Marathon, and upon reaching maturity, this figure had to (*) lift a rock where his father had placed sandals and a sword. That father committed suicide when this man forgot to put white sails on his ship on his return home, after he had left as one of seven young men and women for a sacrifice. While in Crete, a thread given to him by Minos' daughter helped him navigate the Labyrinth. FTP, name this legendary king of Athens who dumped Ariadne on Naxos after she helped him defeat the Minotaur.;;Theseus
;;This character discusses how "sometime we see a cloud that's dragonish" and declaring "these are black vesper's pageants." He claims "the shirt of Nessus is upon me" and he tells all "Let's mock the midnight bell" shortly before his follower remarks "Now he'll outstare the lightning." In his first appearance, this character claims "our dungy earth alike feeds beast as man" and that "kingdoms are clay." Eros kills himself rather than kill this character, and when this man's follower (*) deserts him, he sends the deserter all his belongings, causing that deserter to die of a broken heart. Besides being served by Enobarbus, this character proves himself a witty drunk on Pompey's galley with Lepidus and his primary rival. He tells his lover "I am dying, Egypt, dying" after losing to Octavius. For 10 points, name this Shakespearean protagonist, the lover of Cleopatra.;;(Mark) Antony
;;A toccata recapitulates the theme of the rondo in the Precipitato movement of one of this man's works, which features a slow movement in Andante Caloroso. Another work features use of the Locrian mode in the Vivo fifth movement and opens with an allegro con brio. Besides his seventh piano sonata in B flat major, counted amongst his "War Sonatas", and his fifth piano concerto in G major, a gavotte replaces a minuet in this man's first symphony, intended to imitate Haydn's style. This composer of (*) The Fiery Angel drew from his Ala I Lolli for his Scythian Suite, and composed for his best-known suite a second movement, "Romance," in which the title officer gets married. For 10 points, name this Russian composer of the Classical symphony and the Lieutenant Kije suite, also known for Love for Three Oranges and Peter and the Wolf.;;(Sergei) Prokofiev
;;In one poem by this author, enthusiastic sounds are described as "huh? Wuh? Huh? Whuh?" and that the world is laughing at the author's alma mater, while a short story by this author sees Sarah Ruth mar a tattoo of Jesus with a broom on the titular body part of her husband.  Besides "Effervescence" and "Parker's Back," this author wrote a novel in which Enoch Emery is obsessed with a shrunken body in a museum and is said to posses the title substance.  That novel also features preacher (*) Asa Hawks pretending to be blind and sees the Church Without Christ founded by Hazel Motes. Other stories by this author include one in which Hulga's artificial leg is stolen by a pornographic post card enthusiast, and one in which the Misfit murders Bailey's Grandmother. FTP, identify this author of Wise Blood, "Good Country People," and "A Good Man is Hard to Find,"  female writer from Georgia.;;(Flannery) O'Connor
;;This building's presbytery contains eight red brocatel marble columns constituting an iconostasis which are crowned with sculptures of the twelve apostles by Pierpaolo and Jacopo dalle Masegne, The Madonna Nicopeia and St. Clement's chapel are contained in the left and right transepts, respectively. Also containing the Pala d'Oro, Baldassare Longhena served as the proto directing development of this building's associated Procuratie. Under the facade's central window there is a winged (*) lion holding a book, and the facade also features bronze replicas of the four horses now inside this building's museum. Sometimes known as the Church of Gold for its proliferation of gilded Byzantine mosaics, it features mosaics by men such as Tintoretto and Titian, both associated with the city in which this building is located. The most prominent architectural feature of its city along with the elaborate Doge's Palace, FTP, name this Byzantine cathedral named for the patron saint of Venice and second traditional Gospel author.;;(Basilica) (di) San Marco|Saint Mark's (Basilica)
;;This man divided three "worlds" divided into subjective thought, objective thought, and physical matter in a work structured in a Hegelian thesis-antithesis-synthesis, an "argument for interactionism"in the form of a dialogue with neurologist John Eccles, The Self and the Brain. This man described his project as "inverting Heisenberg's metaphysical program" in a work that includes appendices like "Imaginary Thought Experiments" and "On Objective Disorder." A better known book by this thinker is often published alongside the paper "Indeterminism in Classical and Quantum Physics," and attacks the "confusion of trends with (*) laws" and the allure of the "dream of prophecy." Yet another book by this man attacks "The Spell of" one thinker and bemoans the "High Tide of Prophecy." This author of The Poverty of Historicism presents an alternative to verification in his Logic of Scientific Discovery, while his best-known work presents a critique of the state espoused by Plato in The Republic. FTP, name this proponent of falsifiability, the author of The Open Society And Its Enemies.;;(Karl) Popper
;;One military commander from this dynasty defeated the Gokturk Bagha Kaghan, and bore the outstanding nickname "javelin-like," or "Chobin." Another of its rulers drove out the Kidarites and manifested his suspicion of Christianity in his victory at Vartanantz. One period of prosperity began after the victory of Azarethes at Callinicum and was conducted mostly under a man whose reign saw the rise of dihqans and the dehkans. This empire's greatest victory may have come under the general Merena, whose clibanarii cavalry were ordered to attack by (*) Shapur II and delivered a spear to the back of Roman Emperor who would be succeeded by Jovian. One prominent ruler from this empire was imprisoned because of his support for a communistic  sect pioneered by Mazdak. Kavadh I ruled this dynasty, which succeeded the Arsacids after its establishment by Ardashir I. Also seeing alternate persecutions of Christians and Zoroastrians under Yazdegerd I, FTP, name this Persian dynasty that supplanted the Parthians, which ruled from the Capital of Ctesiphon from 224 to 651.;;Sassanid (Empire)
;;Heptamegaly usually results from Cori's disease and Andersen's disease, both of which occur due to dysfunctional enzymes involved in the synthesis of this compound. One enzyme involved with the breakdown of this compound uses pyridoxal phosphate at catalytic sites and only acts on the alpha 1-4 bonds; a branching enzyme is required to eliminate alpha (*) 1-6 linkages and create a linear polymer. During its synthesis, the action of uridyl transferase forms a pyrophosphate intermediate in addition to UDP-glucose. In hepatocytes, a high level of insulin prevents the breakdown of this compound, a degradation promoted by glucagon. For 10 points, name this animal analogue of starch.;;Glycogen
;;This author's concept of "Impossible Theater" is exemplified by his unfinished play The Audience, an open exploration of homosexual love written around the same time as a poem in which he pointed out the addressee's "thighs pure as Apollo's" and "beard full of butterflies" before stating "the faggots point you out." In addition to his "Ode to Walt Whitman," this man wrote a play which sees the deaths of the finches of Evaristo the Birdman and the suicide of (*) Adela, who hangs herself after breaking the cane of her tyrannical mother. In another of his plays, the Moon and Death conspire to bring about a fatal duel between Leonardo Felix and El Novio. Collecting those works into his "Rural Trilogy" along with Yerma, FTP, name this member of the Generation of '27, who set his The House of Bernarda Alba and Blood Wedding in his native Spain.;;(Federico) Garcia Lorca
;;One of the gorier works by this man is Severed Heads, which he painted two years after his Nude Warrior with a Spear. This man's military scenes include The Wounded Cuirassier and Artillery Train Passing a Ravine, and he inverted the perspective and muddied the colors of a famous George Stubbs painting, his version of Horse Attack by a Lion. This artist of the Taming of the Bulls painted a race at Epsom involving a frequent subject, which this man showed being (*) frightened by a bolt of lightning in another painting. Yet another horse is shown rearing up as a cavalryman arcs a short saber in this artit's Charging Chasseur, while  he examined "Envy" and "Kleptomania" in a series commissioned by Dr. Georget, which centers on the residents of an insane asylum. Known for undertaking a detailed study of real corpses in preparation for his most famous work, which shows a dim chance of rescue in the background as naked bodies lay strewn across the deck of the title object. FTP, identify this French artist of The Raft of the Medusa.;;(Theodore) Gericault
;;A parody version of this song was performed live by Dan Gurewitch of CollegeHumor, and a version of that parody performed with puppets was uploaded to the company's website and features lyrics like "Surely it won't hurt if you go for the shirt now that you've" performed the titular action. The music video for one cover of this song intersperses clips of the original version of the song with clips of the singer at an underwater-themed school dance, and that version was performed by Ashley Tisdale. In the original version of this song, it is interrupted by a speaker who says, "You know, I feel really bad not knowing your (*) name," and at the end of the song the titular action is abruptly prevented by the ambush of the titular character and her love interest. This song was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Song simultaneously with another song from the same film in which it appears, and that other song won the award. Featured along with "Under the Sea" in The Little Mermaid, FTP, identify this song which encourages Prince Eric to perform the titular Katy Perry-approved action on Ariel.;;Kiss the Girl
;;One variety of these instruments uses a peristaltic-like contraction; that type includes an implant that generates a large electric field between successive gates. Time-delay integration, a variant of the drift scanning technique, can be used to correct for flat fielding in these devices. They can be thinned to allow for backside illumination, which greatly increases their (*) blue band quantum efficiency. These instruments consist of an epitaxial layer of silicon and can thus use the photoelectric effect to generate holes or electrons, which are then transferred along an array of capacitors; the resulting voltage can then be read off to measure the received light intensity. Widely used in astronomy, for 10 points, name these devices whose invention by George Smith and Willard Boyle netted them half of the 2009 physics Nobel.;;charge(-)coupled devices
;;Some items this figure is said to have possessed include the swords Ridill and Hrotti and one of this figure's siblings was the smith as the court of Hjalprek. Another one of this figure's sibling's, Otr, appropriately often took the form of an otter, in which form he was killed by Loki. This figure sought treasure that once belonged to a dwarf who could turn into a fish, as well as a sum of gold that could cover Otter's flayed skin. One man gained the ability to (*) talk to birds after eating part of this figure's heart, and that man was the foster-son of this figure's brother. This son of Hreidmar, committed patricide along with his brother Regin and he once possessed the cursed ring, Andvarinaut. This figure was killed by a stab from the sword Gram, when the wielder of that weapon hid in a trench. For ten points, name this man who was turned into a dragon and was slain by Sigurd.;;Fafnir
;;Leonid Grossman's essay on this novel's protagonist "and his Stylistics" focuses on a suppressed chapter in which the protagonist writes a confession to a monk. Joyce Carol Oates's essay on "Tragic Rites in" this novel also discusses that censored chapter, which is sometimes titled "At Tikhon's." That chapter describes the main character's rape or seduction of his landlady's twelve-year old daughter Matryosha and her subsequent suicide, events that are partially mirrored in Coetzee's The Master of (*) Petersburg. This work's protagonist marries a mentally stunted woman after his repeated assaults on the facial appendages of various local nobles gets him exiled for insanity for the second time. Albert Camus adapted this work to the stage after expressing a fascination for it in The Myth of Sisyphus, which discusses the "logical suicide" of a character who leaves a note falsely claiming responsibility for Shatov's murder, a crime actually perpetrated by Pyotr Verkhovensky.  FTP name this Dostoevsky novel in which the aspiring revolutionaries Kirilov and Stavrogin both commit suicide, embodying the titular Hellish creatures.;;(The) Demons|Devils|Possessed|Besy
;;When this man lived in Gerar, his neighbors became worried of his power and exiled him, self-injuriously filling in the wells this man had dug, but those people later signed a treaty inviting this man back to the land. At some point after making that agreement with Abimelech, this man lost his sight, which one tradition says was because the tears of angels fell on his eyes during a traumatic event earlier in this man's life, the akedah. This loss of sight lead to him being tricked by his wife into performing an action that resulted in his younger son's exile to a farm run by this man's brother-in-law, (*) Laban. He received his name, which means "laughter," due to the reaction of his mother when she was told she would bear a child, though she was past childbearing age, and that woman's death is attributed by scholars to receipt of the news of what had happened with her husband and this man atop Mount Moriah. FTP, name this man, the story of whose binding is told in the book of Genesis, the son of Abraham.;;Isaac
;;Kineiving asshattery on the part of the losing side in the month's before this battle included a series of failed cabals that led one man to demand the issuance of his General Order No. 8, and a jealous reaction to the appointment of Daniel Sickles, which led the biggest screwup at this battle to demand he replace Franz Sigel as commander of the unusually German XI Corps. Kelly's Ford and Ely's Ford were captured prior to this battle by a group discovered by Richard Anderson's scouting expedition, triggering tbe fortification of Zoan Church. The losing side of this battle ultimately blamed (*) Oliver Howard for getting those XI corps ambushed and slaughtered, though the commanding officer invoked the third person in supposedly claiming it was "the only time he lost faith in" himself. The most important casualty in this battle was blamed on low light and a North Carolina sentry. The Union under the newly appointed Joseph Hooker were ultimately defeated by the much smaller force under Robert E. Lee in, for 10 points, this battle where Stonewall Jackson was killed by friendly fire, a costly Confederate victory near its namesake village in Spotsylvania, Virginia.;;(Battle) (of) Chancellorsville
;;Luchino Visconti did a 1958 staging of this work at Covent Garden with Jon Vickers. Two characters join a procession of chanting monks before they finish pledging brotherhood in "'Dio, che nell'alma infondere." The title character sings of the forest of Fontainebleu in "Io la vidi" while the story of Achmet, who woos his own wife is told in "Nel giardin del bello" or the Veil Song. " The king claims he will only rest when he is in his tomb in "'Ella giammai m'amo!" shortly before engaging in a dialogue with The Grand Inquisitor.  This work sees Eboli mistaken for the protagonist's beloved, and this work ends at Saint-Just, when the protagonist is (*) dragged into a tomb by a man wearing the clothes of Charles V. Focusing on the title character's love for Elizabeth, who is the wife of his father Philip II, for 10 points, name this Verdi opera based on a Schiller play.;;Don Carlos|Don Carlo
;;This battle took place shortly after the replacement of General Lanrezac with Franchet d'EsperyOne important event in one of these battles was an attack led by General Maunoury on the troops of Karl von Bulow, an order given by General Joffre. This battle took place a couple of weeks after the British were defeated at the Battle of the Mons and September 9th saw von (*) Moltke order troops to retreat to the River Aisne during this battle. Prior to this battle the French government retreated to Bordeaux and the retreat of General von Kluck's troops allowed for British and French troops to cross this battle's namesake river. For ten points, name this battle a 1914 engagement in which Gallieni used taxi cabs to help rebuff a German invasion of Paris.;;(Battle) (of) (the) Marne
;;In one poem, this man claimed it is "Better by worms be all once spent/than to have hellish moths gnaw and fret your name." In another poem, the narrator claims "So I did sit and eat" in response to the title figure's command, and that poem opens "Love bade me welcome." One poem claims "beautie flow'd, then wisdome, honour, pleasure" but that "God made a stay" and let man "keep them with repining restlessnesse.' This author of "Content" and "The Pulley" claims "I gladly trust my body to this school, that it may learn to spell his elements" in one poem. That poems tells  "dear (*) flesh" that "flesh is but the glass which holds the dust that measures all our time" and ends remarking "mark here how tame these ashes are... that thou mayst fit thyself against thy fall." For 10 points, name this author of "Church Monuments", a poem collected in his The Temple.;;(George) Herbert
;;William Hazlitt compared sections of this work to "the turning up of fresh soil," and M.H. Abrams played up its simplicity and expressiveness in The Mirror and the Lamp. A preface to this work describes how only an italicized portion of one of its entries has any real value, before concluding that poetry sheds human tears rather than celestial ones. One work in this collection describes a woman who cries "Oh misery! Oh misery," while another centers on a girl bringing a porridge-bowl to a graveyard. Those works, "The Thorn" and "We Are Seven," were compiled in this work before a later account of a figure who loses his son Luke to corrupt urban life. "Michael, a Pastoral" was collected in the second volume of this work, whose original publication included "The Mad Mother" and (*) "Simon Lee, the Old Huntsman." A poem beginning "she dwelt among the untrodden ways" in this collection is often grouped with the Lucy Poems, penned by a man who described "recognitions dim and faint" upon revisiting a favorite lookout spot in one of this collection's best-known entries. Also featuring a poem about a man who "stoppeth one of three" before a wedding to relate his albatross violence, FTP, identify this poetry collection containing "Tintern Abbey" and "The Rime of the Ancient Mariner," a landmark of Romanticism written by Samuel Taylor Coleridge and William Wordsworth.;;Lyrical Ballads(,) (with) (a) (Few) (Other) (Poems)
;;One of the men who led the response to this event was later rejected by the Senate for the post of Secretary of Defense, while one of the men who received some legal fallout from this event had earlier in his career embarrassingly trivialized the El Mozote massacre, telling a Senate committee that the reports of hundreds of deaths in El Salvadaor "were not credible." This event was an attempt to circumvent a series of three amendments collectively called the (*)  Boland Amendment, and it was complicated by the crash of Arrow Air Flight 1285. The architect of the second phase of this affair was Oliver North, and key details of this scandal are revealed in a letter sent by North to Oliver Poindexter. The Tower Commission was appointed to investigate, FTP, what American political scandal that saw the sales of arms to a namesake country and used the proceeds to fund a Nicaraguan rebel group, which occurred during the presidency of Ronald Reagan?.;;Iran(-)Contra affair|caso Iran(-)contras|?????? ????????
;;One work by this name spends an undue amount of time examining the dental hygiene of Kiki of Montparnasse, and grew out of a collaboration arranged by Frederick Kesler. This work features a sonnata rondo structure that sees the first theme recapitulated by triple meter xylophones, before an extended coda sequence which begins after a single bell sounds and features long periods of silence punctuated by increasingly angry contributions form this work's central instrument. This work's disastrous 1927 Carnegie Hall premiere prompted its composer to shun sheet music and declare a general distaste for (*) Marinetti, while recent orchestrations have used synchronized disklaviers in place of the 16 player pianos demanded by this piece. Originally written as the score for a Dadaist film collaboration involving Dudley Murphy, Man Ray, and Fernand Leger, this absurd futurist composition consists of the ensuing cacophony produced by switching on an assortment of items like sirens and airplane propellers. FTP, identify this musical work by George Antheil, whose title suggests a machinated version of a certain dance genre whose participants often wear tutus.;;Ballet Mecanique|Mechanical Ballet
;;Gossip columnist Hedda Hopper makes a cameo appearance in the media circus at the end of this film, and Buster Keaton makes another cameo as one of the "wax works" that plays bridge.  After a short car chase, the protagonist is mistaken for the undertaker of a chimpanzee; after confessing that he is only a writer, he is hired to write a film version of Salome.  The protagonist of this film is confined to a (*) mansion while working, but manages to escape nightly to meet with Betty Schafer for another script. Beginning with a corpse floating upside down in a swimming pool, this work sees Joe Gillis finishes the script intended for the eccentric Norma Desmond, who uses her connections from the silent era to meet with a director.  Starring William Holden as a writer who becomes the love interest of Gloria Swanson, for 10 points, name this Billy Wilder film noir that sees the delivery of the line "Mr. DeMille, I'm ready for my close-up," and at a house on a certain Los Angeles street.;;Sunset Boulevard
;;In one of this author's short stories, the titular character attempts to borrow money from Bleecker Jones, only to have them decline, leading him to join a street gang. The novel, "George's Mother," featured an appearance by a character who in an earlier work had been described by Mary as "deh devil." In the titular poem in one of this author's collections, he advises a woman not to weep, "Because your lover threw wild hands toward the sky/and the affrighted steed ran on alone." The author of (*) "War is Kind," this man famously related a creature writhing in the desert, enjoying the bitterness of eating his own heart, in his Black Riders. Better-known for stories about the titular residence of the Swede, and for writing about his own survival after he was shipwrecked off Cuba. The author of "The Blue Hotel" and "The Open Boat," FTP, name this man who wrote about Jimmy, Pete, and the title girl in  "Maggie, Girl of the Streets," also known for penning The Red Badge of Courage.;;(Stephen) Crane
;;This philosophical school's writings were notably excluded from the Great Library of the Four Treasures, compiled by members of a scholastic reform movement based on the rejection of this philosophy. The "evidential principle" criticized this school, whose moralistic theories were refined in Lectures on Things at Hand, while one of its main proponents was exiled over his belief in innate knowledge. This philosophy espouses a base source, as the "Supreme Ultimate," from which two opposing forces emerge, a material spirit that inspires all immoral action, and a pervasive rational operator which drives the universe. Zhang Zai was a major proponent of this philosophy, which became incredibly important in (*) Japan due largely to the efforts of Wang Shouren. This system assumes the interaction of qi with another force not to be confused with an early philosophy's principle of ritual, the aforementioned rational operator li. Based around a set of commentaries on the Four Classics by Zhu Xi, this system incorporated Buddhist and Taoist principles into a refined form of its major precursor. FTP, identify this philosophical school created during China's Song dynasty, which advocated a "new" form of the namesake philosophy of the author of the Analects.;;Neo(-)Confucianism|Lixue|Daoxue
;;This novel closes by returning to a repeated ethereal motif of white moths flying around in white light, creatures first encountered during a visit to Bigburger. The protagonist of this work spends time on the Domain at the home of the speech writer Raymond and carries on an affair with his sophisticated wife, a Joan Baez fan named Yvette. Other expatriates include the protagonist's servant, who may be his half-brother, Metty, and the fast food franchisee couple Mahesh and Shoba, who are in hiding from Shoba's family. The Belgian priest Father Huismans is occupied with (*) humanitarian work in this novel, which sees the young, uneducated Ferdinand installed as a local governor as part of a political program. This novel's protagonist first flees political unrest in his family's home on the coast, and narrates the rise of the "Big Man," an African dictator who transforms the unnamed country from colony to corrupt hellhole. Centering on the merchant Selim, FTP, identify this novel which mirrors the setting of Conrad's Heart of Darkness, a work by V. S. Naipal whose title refers to a geographic turn in the course of the Congo.;;(A) Bend in the River
;;Jesus kneels with three very distressed angels as an angry crowd gathers at left in this man's Christ in the Garden of Olives. A rare self-portrait casts him as a character from Scott's Bride of Lammermoor, Edgard Ravenswood, while a more famous one showing this artist clad in green was a gift to Jenny Le Guillou. This man also created the mural Heliodorus Driven from the Temple for Saint-Sulpice Church. Most of the spear-wielding figures have been unhorsed as they battle with the titular beasts in this man's rawly-colored Lion Hunt, while an old man on horseback is accompanied by a bearer of a large green flag whilst proceeding through a wild crowd in this artist's The Fanatics of  (*) Tangiers, a work inspired by a trip that also produced his portrait of hookah use in a harem, Women of Algiers. This man showed a red-turbaned author being ferried by Virgil across a river of damned souls in The Barque of Dante, and depicted Ottoman soldiers conducting conduct the titular action against residents of a Greek island in Massacre at Chios. Best-known for depicting the ruin of a titular Assyrian king, and for placing himself brandishing a firearm next to a topless woman with a Phrygian cap, FTP, name this French painter of The Death of Sardanapulus and Liberty Leading the People.;;(Eugene) Delacroix
;;This thinker argued the titular men all created a "secondary language" that separated its practitioner from the rest of the world in Sade, Fourier, Loyola. One work by this thinker man described a "twilight of the raw" cuisine and deems Japan a land of empty semiotics. In addition to writing Empire of Signs, this man argued that style and language are conventions are only unique when manipulated into a certain form in his first work. This man outlined five codes through which a text derives meaning, examining an (*) "axis of castration" in Balzac's story Sarassine. in one major work. The best-known work by this thinker asserts that texts are "never original," and insists that the titular figure be replaced with a "Scriptor" who is born "simultaneously with the text." FTP, name this French literary critic, author of Writing Degree Zero, S/Z, and "The Death of the Author.".;;(Roland) Barthes
;;He was nearly killed during a disastrous rout at the Battle of Khalakhaljid Sands. Later in life, his younger brother sacrificed himself by drinking poison in order to save this man's life, and this man later died after drinking till dawn with his adviser Abd-ur-Rahman. A During his reign, he dispatched Chormaqan to subjugate the Khwarazmian, and Chormaqan later defeated Shanashah and Prince Avak to solidify this emperor's holdings in Transcaucasia and Persia. He led several internal reforms during his reign, including the creation of a postal system and the establishment of the (*) Yassa code as the precedent for all legal disputes in his kingdom. This man's threatened conquest of the Goryeo kingdom led that polity's leader, Choe U, to move the capital from Kaeong to Gangwha Island, and at his death his forces were preparing to attack Vienna, but were recalled to attend the second major Kuriltai. The brother of Jochi and Chagetai, this man was succeeded by his son Guyuk, but his empire's fate was determined by sons of his brother Tolui, including Hulagu and Kublai. FTP, identify this second Great Khan of the Mongols, the son of Genghis.;;(ANWER(:)) Ogedei (Khan)
;;A 2003 study revealed that these structures in Leach's storm-petrel work backwards. The size of these structures can be measured by tagging followed by flow cytometry fluorescence measurements. A PCR-based method to measure their size was developed by Duncan Baird. The aforementioned techniques are respectively Flow-FISH and STELA. Quadruplexes form in the (*) guanine-rich segments of these structures. They terminate in a T-loop. New material can be added to the beginning of one in the form of TTAGGG sequences by their namesake enzyme. The number of times that these structures can effectively perform their job is the major factor determining the Hayflick limit. For 10 points, identify these structures located at the ends of chromosomes that help to prevent corruption during replication.;;telomeres
;;To apply the cohomology theory of these objects to the study of finite-dimensional central division algebras over a field, one studies the Brauer type of them. The free product is the coproduct in the category of these objects. The Burnside problem asks about finitely generated types of them. P-types of them are of interest in their structure theory, where (*) Sylow's theorem is a key result. The fundamental type of them is an important algebraic topological invariant. One can always embed one of these in a symmetric one of these, a result named for Cayley. A divisibility result for their order is named Lagrange's theorem. For 10 points, name this basic algebraic structure consisting of a set closed and containing an inverse and identity under an associative operation.;;groups
;;In one long poem written in this language, the ward of No'oman orders the construction of a domed palace to house each of his new brides. The Seven Beauties, along with a rhyming-couplet epic about Alexander the Great and a frame tale collection known as The Treasury of Mysteries, is part of the "Five Jewels" of this language, and were created by man whose best-known poem describes a poet who goes crazy in the wilderness after the first title figure is forced into marriage. This language of the poet (*) Nezami was used for multiple epics by men from the city of Tus, one about Garshasp and another which focuses on a man who traces his descent from Nariman through his father Zal. The lines "the moving hand writes, and having writ, moves on" and mentions "a jug of wine, a loaf of broud, and thou" were translated by Edmund Fitzgerald from this language, whose nationalistic epic about Rustam is Ferdowsi's Shahnameh, or Book of Kings. FTP, identify this language of Omar Khayyam's Rubiyat, spoken by a great many people in Iran.;;Persian|Parsi|Farsi
;;The defensive left at this battle extended into the hills around Lutzingen, and it was preceded by an action wherein the victorious commander left behind the forces of Louis of Baden to undertake a lightning assault on Donauworth, resulting in the Battle of Schellenberg. Lord John Cutts led two frontal assaults in this battle, drawing troops away from the French center and allowing a later charge that isolated the forces of Ferdinand de Marsin. The losers at this battle formed ranks around the village of Oberglau, where they endured a pivotal charge across the (*) Nebel River. One of the victorious commanders was forced to personally lead multiple charges at this battle, which concluded with the withdrawal of the forces of Maximilian II Emanuel of Bavaria. This battle resulted in the capture of the Comte de Tallard, and it successfully prevented a French siege of Vienna by removing the Eastern theater from its larger conflict, setting the stage for future clashes at Oudenarde and Malplaquet. Eugene of Savoy was critical to, FTP, what 1704 battle in the War of the Spanish Succession, the namesake of a palace built for the victorious general, the Duke of Marlborough?.;;(Battle) (of) Blenheim
;;Given two posets with two monotone functions between them, the posets correspond according to a connection theorem due to this person. An unsolved problem arising in a framework this scientist proposed asks whether every finite group corresponds to one of the quotients of the rationals that this mathematician discovered. The fundamental theorem of the aforementioned framework states that there exists a correspondence between the subextensions of a finite, normal, separable field extension and the extension's automorphisms; both normal, separable field extensions and their automorphism (*) groups are named for him. For 10 points, name this mathematician whose namesake theory can be used to prove that quintic equations are not solvable by radicals because his namesake group corresponding to the quintic isn't solvable.;;(variste) Galois
;;One work by this man contrasts naked, traditional, and revolutionary forms of the title concept, which is ultimately governed by the nature of the interaction between individuals and organizations. This thinker discusses how we can perceive time-order of words to differentiate "Caesar killed Brutus" from "Brutus killed Caesar" in one work; that work attempts to establish "what is meant by 'empirical evidence for the truth of a proposition." Another work by this author of Power: A New Social Analysis draws a distinction between "acquaintance" and "knowledge about" by discussing the center of mass of the solar system, and that work uses a the ideas of  primary and secondary occurrences of a phrase to evaluate the truth of "the (*) king of France is bald." That work by this man also discusses the connection between "Scott" and "the author of Waverley" in evaluating a new system of meaning, which this author proposes to replace those of Meinong and of Frege.  In addition to writing An Inquiry into Meaning and Truth and "On Denoting," this man wrote a work establishing the foundations of mathematics from symbolic logic in a collaboration with Alfred North Whitehead. FTP, name this co-author of Principia Mathematica.;;(Bertrand) Russell
;;Johann Heinrich von Bernstorff helped organize support for this event, but was thwarted when the Libau was intercepted, while Constance Markiewicz aided it by digging trenches. A declaration issued during this event proclaimed the importance of religious freedom and women's suffrage, and falsely asserted the inevitability of expatriate support. On the first day of this conflict, which Roger Casement attempted to supply with arms, one side took control of (*) Boland's Bakery, St. Stephen's Green and the road to Kingstown, positions which were promptly battered by artillery fire from Trinity College, forcing the instigators of this event back toward the General Post Office. Patrick Pearse and James Connolly were executed in the wake of its failure, though Eamon de Valera was able to evade his sentence and take over leadership of Sinn Fein. FTP, name this April, 1916 Irish rebellion immortalized in a W.B. Yeats poem, named for the Christian Holiday on which it occurred.;;Easter (Rising)|Easter (Rebellion)|iri Amach na Casca
;;One work by this artist shows an animal attacking the patron saint of Naples in an amphitheatre, and was painted along with an Adoration of the Magi  for a cathedral at Pozzouli. This painter of The Martyrdom of St. Januarius depicted a man lying on the ground after pulling off a woman's wig in Corisca and the Satyr. This artist also showed a man wearing red and blue resting his head in the lap of a woman in a gold dress, unaware that she is preparing to kill him. This artist of Jael and Sisera painted a woman's hair falling from her tether in (*) Self Portrait as the Allegory of Painting, and at age seventeen painted a nude at a bath turning her head downward and shunning the two men who leer at her over a wall. Agostino Tassi was responsible for a major shift in the work of this painter of Susanna and the Elders, whose most famous work shows a biblical heroine severing the head of an enemy general. FTP, identify this early Italian baroque painter of Judith Beheading Holofernes, one of the earliest successful female painters.;;(Artemisia) Gentileschi
;;In this novel, Mr. Edward beats a character who kills her parents by locking them in their house and setting it on fire. One character in this novel speaks pidgin despite knowing English and was the son of a Chinese immigrant who dressed as a man. Another character in this novel buys beans for two and half cents and sells them at inflated prices to compensate for the money his father lost in a failed refrigerated (*) vegetable shipping project. Lee helps raise twins possibly fathered by Charles and contemplates the meaning of "Timshel" with Samuel Hamilton, an Irish immigrant to the Salinas Valley. Aron leaves for the war in this work after Cal reveals the identity of his mother, the prostitute Cathy Ames. Centering on the sons of Adam Trask, FTP, identify this John Steinbeck novel, a retelling of the Cain and Abel story titled for the geographical situation of the land of Nod in relation to Cain's former home.;;East of Eden
;;Phegeus had the son of one of these figures killed rather than relinquish jewelery to the river god Acheolus. Opheltes was eaten by a dragon in Nemea after Hypsipyle stopped looking after him to lead these these figures to a freshwater spring, while Menoeceus committed suicide to affect a prophecy regarding them. The mother of Alcmaeon, Eriphyle, received the necklace of Harmonia for convincing her husband to join this group despite his knowledge that he would end up dead. The (*) Epigoni were the sons of these figures, one of whom, Capaneus, caught a thunderbolt in the ass after a speech about the powerlessness of Zeus, while another freaked out Athena by chowing down on the brains of Melanippus. The son of Atalanta, Parthenopeus, was a member of this group, which also included the seer Amphiarus and the cannibal Tyndeus. The horse Arion saved the only member of this group to survive, Adrastus, and their bodies were reclaimed by Theseus after an edict against the burial of these figures was issued by Creon, leading to the death of Antigone. Organized by Polynices, FTP, identify this group from Greek myth, a certain number of warriors who attacked the former home of Oedipus.;;(the) Seven Against Thebes
;;One ruler of this dynasty was responsible for the migration of the Banu Sulaym and Banu Hilal, whom he sent to sack Kairouan after an uprising in a vassal state, while it was championed by the brief rebellion of al-Basasiri. During the reign of al-Mustansir, the power of this dynasty, which supplanted the Ikhshidid kingddom, was transferred to the vizier Badr al-Jamali and then to his son, al-Afdal. One ruler of this dynasty vanished without a trace while enjoying his usual recreation of wandering around the hills in the middle of the night, and is known for ordering a canine genocide in his capital and falling under the sway of Hamza ibn Ahmad. The (*) Druze venerate that "mad caliph," al-Hakim, who strained this dynasty's relationship with the Zirids, a protectorate that administered a large area to the west of this dynasty's kingdom. The rise of this dynasty relied on the military genius of Gawhar, who laid the basis for the renowned al-Azhar university, and it was founded by Said, who took the title al-Mahdi and claimed to be the son of Husayn. This Ismaili Shi'a state was eventually supplanted by the Ayyubid dynasty of Saladin. FTP, identify this caliphate that built Cairo, was centered in Egypt, and claimed descent from its namesake, the daughter of Mohammad.;;Fatimid (Caliphate/Dynasty)
;;Dennis R. Dean has argued that one line in this poem is intended as a quote of Joshua Reynolds, and the lines "Don't know / Nice, though" appear in a Desmond Skirrow poem titled for [this poem] "summarized."  This poem speaks of a figure that can "express a flowery tale more sweetly than our rhyme," and it asks questions like "what struggle to escape?" and "what wild ecstasy?" Another section of this poems asks "what little town by river or sea-shore [. . .] is emptied of its folk, this pious morn?"  This poem describes a (*) "happy melodist, unwearied, for ever piping songs for ever new" after claiming that "heard melodies are sweet, but those unheard are sweeter."  This poem addresses "thou still unravish'd bride of quietness," and it ends by proclaiming something "that is all ye know on earth, and all ye need to know."  For 10 points, name this poem that claims "beauty is truth, truth beauty," an ode by John Keats.;;Ode on a Grecian Urn
;;This object can be understood as a four-by-four matrix with diagonal entries hyperbolic cosine rapidity, hyperbolic cosine rapidity, 1, and 1 and upper-left off-diagonal entries negative hyperbolic sine rapidity. In that representation, the rapidity angle is given by minus half the principle logarithm of the ratio of the speed of light minus x-speed and speed of light plus x-speed, so this operation can be understood as a hyperbolic rotation of (*) Minkowski space. Applying this operation to a spatial coordinate yields the quantity coordinate minus parallel velocity times time all times square root quantity one minus square of parallel speed over speed of light. It reduces to the Galilean at low speeds. For 10 points, name this transform that converts between different inertial reference frames' spacetime and that is fundamental to special relativity.;;(the) Lorentz (transformation)|Lorentz (group)|Lorentzian
;;This work proposes "powerful deflections," "substitutive satisfactions," and "intoxicating substances" as three methods for dealing with suffering, and argues that technology has enabled the development of  "auxiliary organs," turning man into a kind of "prosthetic god." This work's first section argues that earlier mental stages are preserved alongside more advanced ones, contrasting that phenomenon with the development of the city of Rome, while its last two sections deal largely with the development of the "sense of guilt." This work describes the struggle between the (*) death drive and Eros and posits the supremacy of the pleasure principle, building on its author's earlier The Future of an Illusion to essentially argue that not being able to start having optionally-consensual sex with everyone you see generates social problems. FTP, name this essay that argues that rules meant to preserve the integrity of the titular institution repress the id and thus generate the misery of the  titular group, a work of Sigmund Freud.;;Civilization and its Discontents|(Das) Unbehagenin der Kultur
;;One member of this organization was defeated as the incumbent governor of Pennsylvania by David Porter, a result which sparked the Buckshot War, started by partisans of Joseph Ritner. Another one of their candidates for higher office in a later incarnation was the first president of Wheaton College, Jonathan Blanchard. This party relied on a support base in the form of several (*) New York newspapers, most notably the Enquirer and the Albany Evening Journal, both edited by Thurlow Weed. The founding of this group may have been catalyzed by the disappearance of William Morgan, who was bailed out of debtor's prison by unknown people and never seen again. William Wirt was nominated in 1828 by, FTP, what political party at the first United States presidential nominating convention, a group aimed at negating the allegedly nefarious influence of a certain secret society?.;;Anti(-)Masonic (Party)
;;In this novel, the phrase "Zeno of Elea" is used as a code, and a character in this novel tells a story about the disguised Harun al-Rashid being chosen by lot to kill Harun al-Rashid. The protagonist of this work goes to see Uzzi-Tuzii, a professor of Bothno-Ugaric Languages and Literature, and another character in this work uses a spy-glass in his Swiss chalet to watch a woman reading. That character, the novelist Silas Flannery, is the target of (*) forgeries by supposed translator Ermes Marana. The protagonist encounters the sisters Lotaria and Ludmilla in this novel, whose narrative is interrupted by chapters like Without Fear of Wind or Vertigo and Outside the Town of Malbork. This work's first chapter opens with a discussion of how to deal with annoying people who watch tv in the next room while others are trying to read, and instructs "relax" and "concentrate." FTP, identify this work whose main character is actually the Reader, a novel famously written substantially in the second person by Italo Calvino.;;If on a Winter's Night a Traveler|Se una notte d'inverno un viaggiatore
;;One composition by this man begins with a continuous ascending and descending four octave arpeggios in the right hand modulating from C major, while another in E-flat major requires rolling twelfth chords. Similar works by this composer include one in which five consecutive E-flats and is entirely played over sextuplet grace notes in both hands, and one beginning with gradually descending triplets in the right hand all played on (*) black keys. This composer of those pieces nicknamed "Waterfall" and  "Aeolian Harp" composed a work in the same genre that begins with accidental Bs in a right hand chord before the left hand descends with turns in C minor, a reaction to the November Uprising. The "Revolutionary" is the most famous of the Etudes of, FTP, what creator of "Fantasie-Impromptu," a Polish composer responsible for numerous polonaises, waltzes, and mazurkas?.;;(Frederic) Chopin
;;This author wrote "I have borne the body of the commandant" in his poem "Since Akkad, since Elam, since Sumer," and he wrote about "The great machete blow of red pleasure" in the title poem of his Miraculous Weapons.  In one of this author's plays, titles like Duke of Candytown and Duke of Lemonade are bestowed and the citadel Sans Souci is ordered built by the titular (*) Haitian ruler.  This author wrote about the murder of Patrice Lumumba in A Season in the Congo in addition to writing the aforementioned The Tragedy of King Christophe.  A lengthy poem by this author repeats the phrase "at the end of the wee hours" and chronicles French imperialism, and this man made Caliban into a hero in his version of A Tempest.  For 10 points, name this author of Notebook of a Return to My Native Land, a writer from Martinique who co-founded negritude.;;(Aime) Cesaire
;;The strength of this phenomenon in an atom is proportional to a function containing a "hyperbolic cotangent of x over 2J" term; that function is the Brillouin function, which is replaced in the classical formulation by the Langevin function.  Second order perturbation theory includes a variety of this phenomenon named for Van Vleck, and the spin of free electrons on a crystal lattice causes a variant of this phenomenon named for (*) Pauli.  In certain materials experiencing this phenomenon, the susceptibility is given by "C over (T minus T sub c)," and the susceptibility is inversely proportional to absolute temperature according to Curie's Law.  This phenomenon occurs above the Neel temperature as well as above the Curie temperature, and it is caused by the aligning of dipoles.  For 10 points, name this weak form of magnetism only present in an external magnetic field.;;paramagnetism
;;A piano suite derived from the orchestral score of this work includes "Dance of the Girls with Lilies." In an opera on this work, a soprano sings "Ah! Je vous vivre!" One version of this work was first choreographed for Lynn Seymour and Christopher Gable, although Rudolf Nureyev and Margot Fonteyn ended up premiering Kenneth MacMillan's choreography of this work. Charles (*) Gounod wrote an opera on this work, and the score for a ballet on this work includes the ominous "The Dance of the Knights." For 10 points, name this work that is set to ballet with a score by Prokofiev, a Shakespeare play whose characters include Samson, Balthasar, Paris, Benvolio, Tybalt, Mercutio, and the titular star-crossed lovers.;;Romeo and Juliet
;;Trever R. Griffith's credited George Bennett's interpretation of this character for encouraging his literary prominence, and his likelihood as a model for Frederick Clegg in John Fowles's The Collector is reinforced by the name of the novel's protagonist. Walt Whitman is derided for being "Uncle Sam style" in a Ruben Dario essay titled for the "triumph" of this figure, who asks God to "fling us a handful of stars" in exchange for love in a Louis Untermeyer poem comparing him to "Few Clothes" Johnson. In addition to being placed "in the coal mines," he asks "wherefore rough, why cold and ill at ease"  and concludes that it is likelier to "decrepit doze" than "catch the quiet" at a location in  which he conducts some (*) "Natural Theology." He threatens to "get hold of a few barrels. . . of your infernal powder" and blow everyone all to hell in a play which re-casts him as the righteous slave in post-colonial protest work by Aime Cesaire. Prior to appearing "upon Cetebos" in a Robert Browning poem, he has his ambitions to create an empire of people like him all having non-consensual sex with hot Milanese exiles brooked by Prospero. FTP, identify this monstrous son of Sycorax in Shakespeare's The Tempest.;;Caliban
;;This composer chose "Heaven, the Rise of All to the Spiritual" to constitute the "future" portion of a highly complex work which centrally features the hymn "Bethany" and consists of 20 independently evolving musical lines. That work, written for multiple orchestras, was created  years after his eclectic collection of tunes including a ragtime allegro and notably bitonal interludes, Variations on "America." He notably inserted a Lento maestoso to depart from the four-movement structure in his Symphon No. 2, reflecting his unhappiness with the conformity of Horatio Parker. This composer of the (*) Universe Symphony incorporated Sousa's "Washington Post March" into Central Park in the Dark, the second of "Two Contemplations," whose companion piece includes seven notable trumpet solos which may constitute the title entity. "Decoration Day" and "Washington's Birthday" comprise the title elements of another piece by this composer of The Unanswered Question, who was inspired by locales like "The Housatonic at Stockbridge" to create his best-known piece. FTP, name this American behind A Symphony: New England Holidays and Three Places in New England.;;(Charles) Ives
;;This event was the focus of the first publications of Voltairine de Cleyre, and Paul Avrich concluded that it was driven by the raging narcissism of Dyer Lum, who months after disintegrated one of his friend's faces by giving him a blasting-cap cigar. This event's atmosphere was saturated by anger toward Jerimiah Rusk over recent events at Bay View, and it was preceded by an assembly at Greif's Hall, the so-called "Monday Night Conspiracy," which saw an unpublicized push by Samuel Fielden and other to avoid the use of arms advocated by Adolph Fischer. Joseph Gary's grudge against Albert (*) Parsons may have led him to sentence a group including August Spies and George Engel to be hanged for perpetrating this event, though three were later pardoned by John Altgeld. Stemming from a series of clashes between Pinkerton Guards and workers, FTP, identify this 1886 landmark of the anarchist movement, which saw a bomb hurled into a group of policemen in the namesake commercial block in Chicago.;;Haymarket (Square) (Riot/Massacre/Incident/Whatever)
;;One character in this work warns that Dr. hardy will reveal the truth about why he was forced to go to Hilltown, while another takes on multiple voices to schizophrenically debate how happy the Virgin Mary made her before she fell in love. One character may have fatally infected an infant with measles prior the events of this play, whose staging directions relate that the "astonishing thing" about its set is that the volumes of literature have actually been "read and reread." One central character is oddly described as a "second girl" in the program, another is portrayed with an "extreme nervousness" that draws attention to her "once-beauitful hands," now marred by (*) rheumatism, This play was originally delivered "written in tears and blood" with an instruction never to publish to its author's wife, Carlotta, on a 12th wedding anniversary. It sees the maid Cathleen act as a confidant for the tubercular brother of alcoholic failed actor Jaime, who argues with his brother over their father's indifference to their mother Mary's relapse into morphine addiction. Edmund rounds out the cast of, FTP, what drama about the Tyrone family, an autobiographical work of Eugene O'Neill?.;;Long Day's Journey into Night
;;Cuthbert Tunstall's dissatisfaction with the argument of this text prompted a debate that led to the passage of the Six Articles, while present-day controversy exists over the legitimacy of its altered Variata version. Much of this document, which appears after the Athanasian Creed in the Concordia, was drawn from notes taken during a meeting at Torgau by a group including Alfonso Valdez and Christopher Stadion. It consists of 21 primary thesis articles, and seven supplementary sections labeled as "abuses corrected," which include the deliciously-titled "of the distinction of meats." This document rejects the Sacramentarians and complete enumeration as requisite for absolution, and was (*) delivered by Christian Beyer in public at the insistence of numerous members of the Schmalkaldic League. It directs that laws are to be followed unless they prescribe sinning, that saints are models rather than conduits, and that observances and good works are extensions of faith rather than prerequisites. Most famously declaring the doctrine of salvation through Faith Alone, its actual text was prepared by Philipp Melancthon since Martin Luther was banned from accepting Charles V invitation. FTP, identify this defining document of Lutheranism, a "confession" named for a city that saw a famous "Peace" 25 years later.;;(Confession) (of) Augsburg
;;This thinker discussed popular confusion about Gresham's Law and "the mystique of legal tender" in his work analyzing "concurrent currencies," The Denationalisation of Money. Alan Ebenstein sharply criticized the modifications made by W.W. Bartley to a work of this author which discusses the "revolt of instinct and reason" that leads to the ignorance that modern society is a natural evolution, the titular Fatal Conceit. He contrasted taxis and cosmos as examples of the "made" and "grown" orders in a section entitled "Rules and Order," which along with "The Mirage of Social Justice" and "The Political Order of a Free People" comprises his (*) Law, Legislation, and Liberty. This thinker described the first title entity as "true and false" in the first essay of his Individualism and the Economic Order, which also included his response to Oskar Lange, The Use of Knowledge in Society. He appended the postscript "Why I am Not a Conservative" to his The Constitution of Liberty, which expanded his critique of the Welfare State established earlier in a work which claimed that central planning inevitably tends towards totalitarianism. FTP, identify this author of The Pure Theory of Capital, an Austro-British economist who authored  The Road to Serfdom.;;(Friedrich) (von) Hayek
;;These entites are bounded in a spectrum according to the Gershgorin circle theorem. John Francis and Vera Kublanovskaya formulated the QR algorithm for these entities, whose corresponding qualitative theory in the Sturm-Liouville theory.  Rayleigh quotient iteration extends inverse iteration and converges to them cubically, while multiple rotations are used to obtain a (*) diagonal approximating these entities in the Jacobi algorithm. The Lanczos algorithm uses power methods to calculate these entities, which can be used to characterize the stability of solutions to ODEs. The sum of these values and the product of these values equal a matrix's trace and a matrix's determinant respectively. FTP, name these solutions to a characteristic equation, which are special sets of scalars associated with the invariants of a linear system of equations.;;eigenvalues
;;This politician was persuaded to enter a costly public battle, culminating in his banning of Henry Brooke's play Gustavus Vasa under his recently-passed Licensing Act, by numerous satirical comparisons to Jonathan Wild and the publication of The Craftsmen by long-time opponents William Pulteney and Lord Bolingbroke. Other literary attacks on this Prime Minister, who uncovered the Atterbury Plot, included Drapier's Letters, a pamphlet used by John Carteret to assail this man's administration over the use of inferior coins known as "Wood's Halfpence." Tolboth Prison was stormed in response to one crisis during this man's administration, which saw the (*) hanging of smuggler Andrew Wilson trigger a series of riots culminating in the lynching of John Porteous. Supported heavily by the Duke of Newcastle and Queen Caroline, his negotiation of the Treaty of Vienna secured his position over the aging Townshend, years after he had vigorously prosecuted men like James Craggs as First Lord of the Treasury in the wake of the South Sea Bubble. Forced to engage Spain after an incident aboard the Rebecca in the War of Jenkins Ear, FTP, identify this longtime Whig statesmen who held power until 1742, considered the first British Prime Minister.;;(Robert) Walpole(,) (1st) (Earl) (of) Orford
;;One of this work's characters reflects on his first sexual encoutner with a prostitute that "by the time he realized this was a woman, it was done," while another concludes that "father is a reality concluding machine" and wishes they would butter their toast with potassium cyanide. The most graphically disturbing scene of this novel occurs after a group decides to address their "lack of objectivity" toward a kitten by killing it and repeatedly squeezing its heart.  Its protagonist - who is sometimes known as "Number 3" -  voyeuristically spies on the sexual escapades of his mother, first with herself and later with the titler figure, while this novel was published three years after its author's account of the romance between (*) Noguchi and restaurant owner Kazu, After the Banquet. In response to the titular event, a reprisal is organized by "the Chief," a wealthy but unsupervised teen who leads a fascist group which includes the protagonist, whose mother Fusako has predictably anti-Westernization attitudes. Ryuji Tuskazaki's romance with Fusako leads to resentment by Noboru Kuroda in, FTP, what nautically-titled work by Mishima Yukio?.;;(The) Sailor Who Fell from Grace with the Sea
;;One sub-clade of this phylum is genus buddenbrokia, which belongs to actinospore-stage-having class myxosporea. A now-extinct group in this phylum named its fossils' wrinkled bodies is rugosa. This phylum's class cubozoa contains the toxic organisms of genus chironex. This phylum's layered bodies consist of epidermis, mesoglea, and gastrodermis, making them the simplest multi-tissue organisms. Members of this phylum's class (*) scyphozoa exemplify two characteristics of this phylum: a two-stage lifecycle, consisting of an often-sessile polyp and a free adult, or medusa and the use of toxic nematocysts. FTP, name this phylum of radially symmetric organisms like sea anemones, corals and jellyfish.;;cnidarians|coelenterata|coelenterates
;;This man's death led to a failed expedition in support of "Foco Theory" to aid BALAKBAT. Larry Devlin received instructions from "Joe from Paris" regarding action taken against this figure, who delivered the "tu/vous" speech in response to an address by King Baudouin. A controversial Robert Johnson interview related a possible order regarding the fate of this man,  who was the intended recipient of a special batch of toothpaste prepared by Sidney Gottlieb. He defeated the "Party of the Paid Negroes" in a major election, leading the MNC to victory despite his split with Albert (*) Kalonji. After a fateful decisions to raise the pay of all government workers except the army and to request Soviet intervention in a political crisis, this man was dismissed by his President, Joseph Kasa-Vubu, prompting the protestations of Dag Hammarskjold, who would die seven months after this leader. Brought down in the wake of Moise Tshombe's actions in Katanga Province, his corpse spent some time in a CIA agent's trunk after he was murdered by Mobutu Sese-Seko and some angry Belgians. FTP, name this leftist leader whose deposition in 1960 began a "Crisis" in the current Democratic Republic of the Congo.;;(Patrice) (Emery) Lumumba
;;In order to cross a river of blood, this figure through a stone into a giant woman's vagina to quell the torrents. This step-father of a god of dueling is the central figure referenced by the Kvinneby Amulet, and heavily linked with figures like Horagalles. This killer of Geirrod was the dedicatee of an object which became part of Fritzlar Chapel after it was hewed down by Boniface. Due to his boorish eating habits and creepy-looking eyes, this figure had to lie about not having eaten or slept in eight nights in order to keep his (*) disguise as a queen, and this god once failed to finish horn of mead connected to the ocean, was unable to lift a large cat, and was brought to one knee by an elderly woman in the form of Old Age. Those challenges were given by Utgard-Loki to this figure, who possessed a pair of animals who would indefinitely regenerate after being eaten, the goats Tanngrisnir and Tanngnjostr. The owner husband of Sif, he is fated to fatally battle the Jormangund at Ragnarok. FTP, name this god of Norse myth who wields the hammer Mjolnir and presides over thunder.;;Thor
;;This author's early career was driven by dramatic publications like The Master Mason as well as a trilogy including Broken Souls and God-Man, while fratricidal themes dominate works like Sodom and Gomorrah and the hilariously-named "He Wants to Be Free - Kill Him!" He wrote of the villagers of Wolf-tap who decide to put on a Passion play in one work, and about character who battles for decades alongside Nuri Bey, a freedom-fighter modeled on this author's father named Captain (*) Michaelis. Besides that work usually published as Freedom or Death, he wrote of a character who reattaches Malthus's severed ear and is warned not to stray from the revolution by his eventual betrayer, and of another who serves as a mine foreman and seduces Madame Hortense. The title figure is finally killed by an iceberg at the end of his "modern sequel" to the Odyssey. FTP, identify this author of The Last Temptation of Christ and Zorba the Greek, a 20th century born on the Greek island of Crete.;;(Nikos) Kazantzakis
;;Portions of this piece based on its original composer's sketches were re-worked into multiple locations of its larger work in a recent revision by Luciano Berio, and prior to the delivery of this piece, a dirge-like augmented minor 7th plays as a herald delivers a decree, providing a sharp contrast to its opening G-major chord, the first such notes since intermission. In contrast to this piece's original score, which specified B as an eighth note and A as a quarter note, the final words of this piece are traditionally sung in increasingly pronounced sustained notes. Near the end of this piece, a chorus of women issues a lament ending "morir, morir," a reference to the (*) beheading this aria's singer faces should he fail. It is sung in the final act in regards to the singer of the previous In questa reggia, and it ends with the repeated assertion of "I will win," or "Vincero," by its singer, the "unkown prince" Calaf. Notable for its high tenor range, FTP, name this most famous piece from Puccini's opera Turandot, popularized by Luciano Pavarotti's 1990 rendition.;;Nessun Dorma|None Shall Sleep
;;This man's early military career relied on the sacrifices of Pansa Caetronianus and Aulus Hirtius, who roused his exhausted column to smash into a disorganized pursuit led by this man's major rival, leading to key victories at Forum Gallorum and Mutina. Using a series of grain shortages to achieve total power, this figure's deeds are memorialized by a namesake Alpine "trophy" and a funerary inscription, the Res Gestae. This man's wife built up a group of military advisors including the ancestors of Galba and Otho, and probably arranged for the death of Marcellus. This husband of (*) Livia employed a capable general who defeated Sextus Pompeius at the Battle of Naulochus, and a not so capable general, Publius Varus, who was crushed by Arminius at Teutoburg Forest. Marcus Agrippa won a victory for this man that turned when half of the defenders' quinqueremes abruptly turned and fled, enabling this ruler to triumph over an ally with whom he had earlier won the Battle of Philippi against Cassius and Brutus. The victor at the Battle of Actium, FTP, identify this component of the Second Triumvirate with Lepidus and Mark Antony, a nephew of Julius Caesar who established the Pax Romana as the first Emperor of Rome.;;(Gaius) (Julius) (Caesar) Augustus|(Gaius) Octavius (Thurinus)|Octavianus
;;This city's cathedral is modeled after that of Bourges but features an unusal double ambulatory structure with five naves, necessitated by a plan of either Master Martin or Petrus Petri to cover the courtyard of a pre-existing structure. Luca Giordano's ceiling of that cathedral is overshadowed by the centerpiece of its High Altar, which shows two workers clad in yellow in the foreground as a man in contemporary armor and a bustling crowd press in on the central figure, who wears a robe of brilliant red. Ghostly angels swirl above an infant in the Adoration of the Shepherds in this city's Santo Domingo Antiguo, which may be a re-working of its artists more primitive Dormition of the Virgin. Outside the walls of this city, whose architecture is dominated by the fortress-lik Alcazar, a church houses an image of a blue-clad prophet waving his hands as pale, nude figures writhe in the background. This home to The (*) Disrobing of Christ and The Opening of the Fifth Seal has many of its famous works housed in the nondescript Santo Tome, which served as the parish church of an artist who decorated its walls with the image of an enthroned christ receiving the soul of a man whose body is hefted by St. Stephen and St. Augustine before a crowd of onlookers. The home of The Burial of Count Orgaz, FTP, name this Spanish city whose green rolling hills lie below blue, stormy skies in a famous "View" of it painted by a notable resident, the Cretan-born El Greco.;;Toledo
;;In one of this thinker's works, Euphranor continuously assails the title figure with objections to the internal consistency of Christianity, while another references "ghosts of departed quantities" while railing against the concept of infinitesimal change. That work was the subject of a Thomas Bayes reply defending fluxions, and is addressed to an "infidel mathematician." This thinker concludes another work with a discussion of an "unknown quiddity" that may allow the use of the authority of Moses, and wrote of the titular "Minute Philosopher," in Alciphron. The lowlights of his career came in his (*) Newton-bashing works like The Analyst and De Motu, which strayed from a central debate about the perception and independent existence of Matter in his most famous work. Concluding the God is the active force behind the external world - which consists soley of ideas - in his Treatise Concerning the Principles of Human Knowledge, FTP, identify this author who cast two fictional Greek philosophers as the title figures of his most famous work, an Irish Empiricist who wrote Three Dialogues Between Hylas and Philonous.;;(George) Berkeley
;;TB 1. A challenge by Alfred Whitehead led to one major text by this thinker, who theorized five obstacles to learning and five corresponding strategies to overcome them. This psychologist described six visitors visiting a one thousand person community that advises its members "to view every habit and custom with an eye to possible improvement" in  one of his best-known works. This theorizer of a (*) pigeon-based missile delivery system and author of Verbal Behavior and Beyond Freedom and Dignity implemented lights, a food dispenser, a loudspeaker, a response lever, and an electrified grid in the setup of his operant conditioning chamber. For 10 points, name this American psychologist who wrote Walden II and founded the experimental analysis of behavior.;;(Burrhus) (Frederic) Skinner
;;TB 2. Before this battle's main action, the first ship to fire at the fortifications was named the HMS Lively. The HMS Lively had fired during this battle despite the lack of orders coming from the flagship, HMS Somerset. The HMS Diana was abandoned at the preceding Battle of Chelsea Creek by the HMS Somerset's captain, who led the Royal Navy at this battle, named Samuel Graves. Casualties at this battle included Francis Rawdon-Hastings killing Joseph (*) Warren and Peter Salem killing John Pitcairn. After this battle, the British would be forced out of Boston following the Battle of Dorchester Heights. William Howe was defeated by William Prescott and Israel Putnam, FTP, at what American Revolution battle, mostly fought on Breed's Hill?.;;(Battle) (of) Bunker Hill
;;TB 3. This novel depicts a character, who eats so much that her children and husband starve, named Jin. This novel depicts a young bodyguard, named Hoshio. Becoming disenchanted by a riot, this novel's character Momoko loses her enthusiasm. The riot in this novel had occurred at the (*) supermarket owned by Paek Sun-Gi. Suffering from a failed motherhood, this novel's alcoholic character named Natsumi is seduced by her charismatic yet violent brother-in-law named Takashi. Overwhelmed by the awareness of the death of their retarded sister and older brother named S, both brothers in this novel accept responsibility for their life. For 10 points, name this Japanese novel in which Mitsusaburo Nedokoro hears the titular paradoxical sound, a work of Kenzaburo Oe.;;(The) Silent Cry
;;Command of one force in this conflict was formally assumed by the somewhat indifferent Frederick Schomberg, and one of its battles began after local residents became very reasonably concerned that Patrick Sarsfield was about the murder them; they later spent that battle taking potshots at the losing side from their windows. General mayhem briefly ensued over rumors that a fictional marauding army was about to loot the capital in this conflict's "Irish Night." This conflict, which saw the Battle of Deerfield, triggered uprisings led by Jonas Bond, John Coode, and Jacob (*) Leisler, and was precipitated by a document composed by Charles Talbot, Richard Lumley, and the rest of the "Immortal Seven." Sarah Churchill secured many defections during this conflict, including that of Princess Anne, while a decision to allow the loser to escape eventually forced the victor in this conflict to fight the Battle of the Boyne. Seeing the Convention Parliament bestow a joint monarchy, it essentially ended absolute monarchy and Catholic rule in England. FTP, identify this 1688 campaign that saw William III of Orange and Mary II supplant James II, so-named for its comparative lack of bloodshed.;;Glorious (Revolution)
;;This non-Lillian Hellman author published the novels Little Foxes and The Chimney Corner under the name Christopher Crowfield, and wrote about Sally Kittridge and Zepheniah Pennell in a novel set in Maine, The Pearl of Orr's Island.. This author used the Guiccioli book to defend a woman buried in Blackwood in a work entitled for a certain lady "vindicated." This author contrasted the amorality of Simeon Brown with the simple gospel religion of Candace in one work, which sees Madame Frontignac broaden the horizons of the Scudder women. This writer's analysis of one man's poems like "She Walks in Beauty" led her to conclude that (*) Lord Byron was an incestuous pervert, and she wrote of Nina Gordon in a book about Dred, a preacher in the Great Dismal Swamp. Another of her works sees George Shelby realizes the evil of his ways once Cassy and Emeline go to Liberia. In that novel, George Harris helps out Eliza and the title character stays with St. Clair before being beaten by Simon Legree. For ten points, name this author of Uncle Tom's Cabin.;;(Harriet) (Beecher) Stowe
;;Poulenc's Concert Champetre was composed after this man's affinity for Wanda Landowska led him to compose a harpsichord part for her in his Master Peter's Puppet Show. One of this man's works closes with the female lead singing "The day is dawning, let my glory ring out!" after she  earlier preformed the "Dance of the End of the Day." Another of his works begins with a blackbird represented with a piccolo singing along to human voices only for a man that is introduced with a bassoon to perform a fandango with the female lead. That former work sees the "Sortilegio" prompt Candela to perform the "Ritual Fire Dance" when Carmelo doesn't return, and features the "Song of (*) Will-o-the-Wisp," which was excerpted in a famous Miles Davis recording. In the most famous work by this composer of El amor brujo, the Corregidor releases the Miller, who is reunited with his wife. The composer of Nights in the Gardens of Spain, FTP, identify this Spanish composer, who famously adapted a Pedro Alarcon novel into his ballet, The Three-Cornered Hat..;;(Manuel) da Falla
;;One ruler of this kingdom refused a petition by Amr ibn al-As after receiving a group of immigrants including the third of the rashidun, Uthman. The Himyarite Dhu Nawas was deposed by a naval invasion launched by one of this kingdom's rulers, another of whom received a letter demanding the extradition of  his tutor Frumentius to be tried for heresy from Constantius II. Arabic sources list Ashama as a ruler of this empire, while the prolific Jew-killing of this state's King Kaleb earned him one of the few heretical canonizations. Another ruler of this kingdom left a (*) monument to his victories after he took his army North and conquered Meroe, which was lost a few decades before Mara Takla Haymanot ended this dynasty when he founded the Zagwe line. This empire overseen by King Ezana is best-known for numerous stelae structures, huge needles of stone rising up from the ground, and for the lucrative trade generated from its port Adulis on the Red Sea, FTP, identify this notably Christian Empire which ruled for much of the 1st millenium in present-day Ethiopia.;;Axumite (Empire)|Aksumite (Empire)
;;Characters created by this man include Demas, who tricks people by telling them to go inside Lucre Hill; the creator the "Enchanted Ground," Madame Bubble; and the innkeeper Gaius, whose daughter Phebe marries James. Another of this man's characters receives a gold coin from the protagonist's wife and reappears with a group of shepherds who gives that protagonist a roadmap. This author of The Water of Life told of Lord Willbewill, who is encountered by Emmanuel after the latter is dispatched by Shaddai to fight Diabolus for the rebelling town of (*) Mansoul, in The Holy War. This creator of Old Honest authored the autobiographical Grace Abounding to the Chief of Sinners and described the giantess Diffidence, the wife of Despair, and the residents of Doubting Castle in his best-known work. That work also features the monstrous Apollyon, who resides in the Valley of the Shadow of Death. FTP, name this author of The Life and Death of Mr. Badman who wrote about Christian's journey to the Celestial City in his Pilgrim's Progress.;;(John) Bunyan
;;This person is the primary discoverer of an algorithm that orients input identities, completes the resulting rules, detects critical pairs, obtains their normal forms, and adds a new rule for every normal pair per the reduction order; that algorithm yields confluent term re-writing systems. This scientist is the major author of a linear-time algorithm that compares a subject string to the beginning of an object string, then repeatedly jumps the former ahead by the distance to the first mismatch. Those algorithms are the completion algorithm named for him and (*) Bendix and the search algorithm named for him, Morris and Pratt. Power towers can be written easily in his notation, which represents numbers as integers connected by up arrows. For 10 points, name this author of the seminal The Art of Computer Programming.;;(Donald) (Ervin) Knuth
;;An unnamed editor makes a preface to this novel which notes "the story is told with modesty, with seriousness and a religious application of events." The protagonist is impressed with his innovation when he uses hanged birds as scarecrows to scare off other birds, but berates himself for undertaking another construction project without noting that he cannot transport his creation. This novel concludes with the protagonist battling wolves in the Pyrenees, and one of its characters is kidnapped by (*) pirates from Sale and becomes the slave of a Moor, who later on collects money from a Brazilian plantation. Set heavily on a landmass inside the Orinoco, this work centers on the titular Man of York, who encounters a series of cannibal-related problems and befriends Friday. Based on the life of Alexander Selkirk, FTP, name this novel about the titular shipwrecked sailor, a work of Daniel Defoe.;;Robinson Crusoe
;;Scenes from this man's life, including his administering of the sick at Ulverston and imprisonement at Derby Jail, are depicted on a work made with a newly-invented namesake corded stitch, a 77 panel tapestry created by followers of this man. He had a falling out with Martha Simmonds over her husband's reenactment of Christ's arrival in Bristol. A text by this leader of the Valiant Sixty, which arose out of early collaborations with James Nayler, lays out his objection to (*) government-sponsoring of various religious groups, but does request intervention to prevent undue persecution of his own followers. This man's ideas inspired a follower to pen Truth Exalted and The Sandy Foundation Shaken, and crusade for the causes advocated by this figure along with Robert Barclay. This man's belief that only God could convey the nature of God to man prompted his formulation of the "inner light," a central concept of his faith. FTP, name this husband of Margaret Fell, who founded a religious group that included William Penn, the Society of Friends or Quakers.;;(George) Fox
;;One of this thinker's works notes that "everyone knows that Bernstein [and] Millerand...are opportunists," and vigorously protests being labeled a Blanquist by a figure denoted "N.H." Another text by this man cites the "agricultural artel" that is truly responsible for the relevant issues, and expresses concern about the phrase "we can achieve anything." That work about "insurrection" humorously yells out "Poor Engels!" and "Poor Marx!," and like "The Agrarian Question" and "Dizzy with Success" was in pamphlet form. An automobile factory was the hardest hit in one action ordered by this man, the (*) "Night of the Murdered Poets," which he defended by fabricating the fictional Mingrelian Affair and Doctors' Plot. This man's forced relocation of ethnic groups in his country and culpability for the Holodomor were criticized in a work about his individuation of power and reverence, On the Personality Cult and its Consequences, delivered as the "Secret Speech" by this man's successor. This attendee of the Tehran, Potsdam, and Yalta conferences was attacked in Operation Barbarossa by forces under Hitler. FTP, name this man who took over control of the Bolsheviks from Vladimir Lenin and led the Soviet Union during World War II.;;(Joseph) Stalin|(Ioseb) Jughashvili
;;One of the two most prominent models of this entity has equation-of-state parameter varying in time downward from one-third; the other has equation-of-state parameter negative one. One proposed experiment to measure this would examine acceleration near type (*) Ia supernovas. The flattening of potentials by this phenomenon should be observable as decreased CMS redshift at late times because the effect of this entity increases with time. The second aforementioned model corresponds to the subtraction of a constant from the left-hand side of the Friedmann equation; those models are respectively quintessence and the cosmological constant. For 10 points, identify this interaction potential that may comprise up to three-fourths of the universe, a theorized energy proposed to explain the acceleration of universal expansion.;;dark energy
;;This work attacks most scholastic thinkers for being able to use the word essence without defining it. Later on, it discusses the microstructure of nature that give rise to its observable properties. One chapter of this work posits that chimerical or fantastical ideas are ones that are not based on nature, and it explains that what are usually identified as complex ideas are actually definable as (*) combinations of simple ones. One of the central concepts in this work is the distinction between aspects that are subjective and aspects that do not change with the observer, which the author dubs secondary and primary qualities.. This work also discusses how sensory experiences form the basis for data procession. For ten points, name this text that introduced the tabula rasa, written by John Locke.;;(An) Essay Concerning Human Understanding
;;One of this author's works opens with a stick fight involving Kamau, a character who turns his father's resentment into murderous rage against the protagonist, the radically Christian Joshua. Another of this author's characters has plastic surgery to make his eyes the size of light bulbs to better serve a man constructing "Marching To Heaven," the ruler of Aburiria. This author of The Black Hermit, This Time Tomorrow, and The River Between wrote of Jezebel and her wife John, who try to exploit the farmworkers (*) Kiguunda and Wangeci, in a work about Gathoni, who utters the titular phrase. Njoroge is the protagonist of his Weep Not, Child, while I Will Marry When I Want earned a trip to prison for this author, who wrote of Kihika's betrayal to the British by Mugo his best-known work. After mercifully swearing off English writing, this man reworked all of his texts into Kikuyu, including Petals of Blood. FTP, identify this author of A Grain of Wheat, a writer from Kenya.;;(Ngugi) (wa) Thiongo|(James) Ngugi
;;One member of this President's cabinet created a force overseen by the later "Guano hero," J.R. Tucker, but failed to capitalize on the resources obtained from a ruse involving the re-running of a train, employed by William Mahone. That Naval Secretary relied heavily on a man who sank the Hatteras before being defeated near Cherbourg by the Kearsarge, Raphael Semmes. Another member of this President's cabinet accepted a censure to hide the truth about Henry Wise's petitions regarding Roanoke Island. A third member of this man's cabinet, whose Naval Secretary Stephen Mallory secured a vital warship from (*) England, criticized the failures of Treasury Secretary Christopher Memminger and described a "peculiar institution" in incomparably racist "Cornerstone Speech." This President's five Secretaries of War included James Seddon, John Breckenridge, and  Judah Benjamin, and he sent his Vice President to the Hampton Roads conference. Alexander Stephens was the Vice President of, FTP, what only President of the Confederate States of America?.;;(Jefferson) Davis
;;In an African folktale, one of these animals loses a race to a gazelle which results in the gazelle brutally murdering this animal's family, burning down its house and eventually being surprised when these animals are still alive. In the stories of the Cree, one of these animals is the wife of Rabbit, who massacres a group of beavers but will not let her join him in devouring their flesh. In Aztec myth, a many-breasted, golden-faced one of these is sometimes used to depict Coatlicue. An Egyptian goddess of midwifery is either depicted with the head of one of these animals or one of these animals attached to the end of a phallus due to her association with fertility and the Nile, (*) Heqet. Other Egyptian figures related to these animals include gods of invisibility and infinite space and are the male members of the Ogdoad. In a Greek story, Zeus saves a bunch of these creatures by sending a horde of crabs to kill their rodent opponents in Batrachomyomachia. Often seen in Vedic traditions as deities whose droning calls for the rains, FTP, identify these animals who chant along with Dionysus in the Greek underworld and who in European fairy tales transform into princes after being kissed.;;frogs
;;One of this thinker's essays discusses how terrorists only learn from their mistakes by citing the anthrax pandemic of 2003. Another of this philosopher's works examines the dichotomy between Atomists and Dualists, by explaining that positive transcendence is necessary to examine biological naturalism fully. Before writing The Rediscovery of the Mind, this man was inspired by JL Austin when he used the term (*) illocutionary point to describe the utterances of a speaker in his "Foundations on Illocutionary Logic."  This philosopher's theory of intentionality relies upon a non-representional Background which makes other representation possible be he more famously rejected Strong AI when he compared a human performing translation mechanically without intentionality to a computer doing the same.  For ten points, name this American philosopher who developed the Chinese Room Experiment.;;(John) Searle
;;One part of this work dedicates "this glass to him," "whom the star clusters adore," while another part discusses "the cracks of burst-open coffins." Another part of it imagines "truth's fiery reflection, / it smiles at the scientist," and imagines the title figure's "Suns are flying."  The ending of this text urges "Close the holy circle tighter, / Swear by this golden wine." Shortly after, the phrase "A serene hour of farewell" occurs. One part of this poem notes "We enter (*) fire-imbibed, / Heavenly, thy sanctuary," while this poem closes by stating "Brothers, a mild sentence / From the mouth of a Final Judge!" The title concept is called "daughter of Elysium" lauded as the "Spark of the Gods." For ten points, name this Friedrich Schiller poem set to music by Beethoven in his 9th Symphony.;;(Ode) To Joy|(An) Die Freude
;;One commander during this conflict was surprised when Victor Amadeus II, the duke of Savoy left Turin with 6,000 cavalry soldiers. One battle during this conflict saw forced led under John Campbell, the 2nd Duke of Argyle attack a fortified posoition with Count Schulenberg. One of the principal commanders during this war was married to Sarah Jennings, who fought battles at (*) Oudenarde and Ramillies. Marshall Tallard died in one conflict during this battle, which saw the Duke of Marlborough assist Emperor Leopold by preventing Louis XIV of France from advancing to Vienna. Concluded with the Peace of Utrecht, for 10 points, name this war whose battles include Blenheim, named for a country whose ruler at that time was Philip the V.;;(War) (of) (the) Spanish Succession
;;This man painted eight panels, including The Cajoler and The Faun, to decorate the dining hall of the Marquis de Nointel. A lion and a nude boy flank the title figure, who is enthroned on clouds and holds a scythe, in his Ceres (Summer), the only surviving work in a series on the seasons this artist created for his patron Pierre Crozat. A man realizes too late that he has touched the back of a noblewoman in one painting, while an ugly, hag-like face is reflected in a mirror as the title figure hands an apple to a disrobing Venus in another. This painter of The Misstep -  better known as Le Faux pas - and The (*) Judgment of Paris painted several depictions of a very sad clown in a baggy white costume in his Pierrot works, and showed a man in a pink headdress playing a guitar in Mezzetin. Toward the end of his life, this artist speculated on a lack of future popularity by showing his works being packed away in the titular locale, Gersaint's Shop-Sign. A child crouches by a seated couple at the right edge of his best-known work, which includes cherubs floating up to the sky in the background as numerous figures pass by a statue of Venus to take the titular expedition. Famous for popularizing "fete galante" paintings, FTP, identify this Rococo artist of Embarkation for Cythera.;;(Jean(-)Antoine) Watteau
;;This person synthesized the galloyl glycoside tanning compounds long after discovering phenylhydrazine, the first hydrazine base. This scientist proposed the "lock and key" model to describe enzymes. One reaction named for this chemist uses high temperatures and an acidic environment to convert an aryl hydrazone to an indole. Another reaction that he discovered combines a carboxylic acid with an alcohol under reflux acid catalysis. (*) For 10 point, name this organic chemist whose method for ester production was just described and who discovered a projection used to show the chirality of sugars.;;(Hermann) (Emil) Fischer
;;The protagonist sits alone on the Pnyx and has his lunch stolen by Odomantians. Two eunuchs in this play are later revealed to be Athenian citizens, and first come on stage along with the Persian ambassador and Pseudabartas, the King's Eye. A Megarian preoccupied with his own cleverness masquerades identifies himself as a Pig Merchant before being duped receiving garlic and salt in exchange for his two daughters by the main character in this play's secret (*) market scene. That main character later borrows a Telephus costume from Euripides, disguises himself as a beggar, and makes a speech against a certain conflict before noting his anger over the events that followed the performance of The Babylonians the previous year. A private peace treaty with Sparta ends the Peloponnesian War in this play, which was mainly constructed as a response to the author's persecution by Cleon. FTP, identify this play in which Dikaiopolis is forced to take a basket of coal hostage after being chased by a chorus of denizens from the titular region, one of the least-structured comedies by Aristophanes.;;(The) Acharnians
;;James Pindall, Philemon Beecher, and Richard Anderson nearly murdered each other after being directed to form a congressional committee to create this legislation. Rufus King unsuccessfully attempted to attach a rider establishing this legislation to a 1784 ordinance, while another example of this legislation was the subject of Prigg v. Pennsylvania. A Wisonsin court's response to the one authored by James M. Mason was the impetus for Ableman v. Booth, which prevented state courts from claiming authority over federal (*) arrests.  The 1842 Prigg decision overruled laws passed in reaction to an earlier 1793 version of this legislation, the and helped prompt ire that led to the passage of a the best-known legislation of this type, which outlined a series of $1000 fines, sparked the Personal Liberty Laws, and established a substantial $10 standard finder's fee. That law was created to offset the admission of California as a state and the banning of a certain activity in the District of Columbia as part of the Compromise of 1850. FTP, identify these contentious legislations which provided for the capture and return of runaway blacks who had escaped to Northern states.;;Fugitive Slave (Laws)|(Acts)
;;This man wrote a Sonata for Two Pianos and Percussion and a Divertimento for Strings for Paul Sacher, composing Contrasts, for clarinet, violin, and piano, in between. He celebrated the unification of three cities joining to form a national capital in his Dance Suite, and  used a folk story about nine boys transformed into stags while hunting as the basis for a choral work based on the traditional colinda Christmas carol. Another work featuring a "Dance of the Trees" and "Dance of the Waves" was debuted by a frequent conductor of this man's work, Egisto Tango, and features a 6/8 passage of minor seconds like his most famous ballet. This composer of The (*) Wooden Prince and Cantata Profana composed a work whose "interrupted intermezzo" features a parody of the invasion theme from Shostakovich's Leningrad Symphony and the aforementioned ballet based on a play by Menyhert Lengyel in which the title character begins glowing and expires after embracing a girl dancing a lockspiel, having earlier been beaten and stabbed by angry hobos. This composer of a Concerto for Orchestra arranged a set of 153 pieces for piano in his Mikrokosmos. Also depicting Judith's discovery of the titular figures checkered marital past in his sole opera, FTP, identify this creator of The Miraculous Mandarin, the Hungarian composer of Duke Bluebeard's Castle.;;(Bela) Bartok
;;Insect species can have up to nineteen different recognition proteins for this substance; those receptors are divided into hard and soft transcripts. Monomers of this molecule are assembled in the cytosol where they are attached to a carrier known as bactoprenol. A pseudo- version of this compound can render ineffective a cell's lysozyme; the lysozyme degrades the normal variety. Its structure consists of alternating units of N-acetylglucosamine and N-acetylmuramic acid liked by beta one four glycosidic bonds. This substance is dehydrated by alcohol, then traps insoluble (*) crystal violet-iodine complexes in the usual assay for detecting it; it is surrounded by a lipopolysaccharide coat in organisms negative for that technique. FTP, name this substance that makes up the majority of the cell wall in Gram-positive bacteria.;;peptidoglycan|murein
;;One document important to this religion distinguishes between animal, vegatable, mineral, and human, and was written as a letter to Auguste-Henri Forel, while another relates an account of how a man indebted to two brothers organized their religious persecution, the Epistle to the Son of the Wolf. Realms of "Search," "Love," and "True Poverty and Absolute Nothingness" are described in a document in this faith written for a Qadiriyyih judge, and it teaches that the 100th name of god derives from the word for "splendor." Symbols prominent in this faith, which  posits two covenants between mankind and the divine, include a ringstone symbol, the (*) haykal, and the nine-pointed star. Its advocates a "rational soul" and its main texts include the aforementioned Seven Valleys and one laying out a Nineteen Day Fast during the month of ala and written in the "black pit" dungeon, the the Kitab-i-Aqdas and Kitab-i-Iqan or Book of Certitude, respectively. Based out of the Universal House of Justice in Haifa, Israel, this faith venerates figures like Buddha, Mohammed, and other prophets to emphasize the unity of all religions and of mankind. FTP, name this religion based on Shia Islam, which was founded by Baha-u-llah in nineteenth-century Persia.;;Baha'i (faith)
;;In one poem, this author wrote that "the widest prairies have electric fences" whose "muscles-shredding violence gives no quarter," before concluding that "young steers become old cattle from that day." This poet of Wires," wrote of a "wild white face that overtops / Red stretcher-blankets momently / As it is carried in and stowed," as well as another poem about an earl and countess that "lie in stone / Their proper habits vaguely shows." This author of "Ambulances" may be better known for a poem in which the speaker wonders "if anyone looked at me, forty years back / And thought, That'll be the life," before suddenly thinks of the title objects. This author of "An (*) Arundel Tomb" compiled collections like The Less Decieved and The Whitsun Weddings and included "Annus Mirabilis" and his most famous work in High Windows. That best-known work is titled from a line in Robert Louis Stevenson's "Requiem" and references "fools in old style hats and coats" before advising "Get out as early as you can, / And don't have any kids yourself." FTP, identify this English poet who declared  "They fuck you up, your mum and dad" in "This Be the Verse.".;;(Philip) (Arthur) Larkin
;;One of this dynasty's rulers built a desert castle with a famous fresco showing a curiously Chinese king, as well as the Spanish Roderick and four others, at Qasr Amra. Another ruler of this empire was embarrassed when a female seer named Dihya led a berber rebellion and ended the practice of iconography in coinage, instituting a standard minting system that precipitated a conflict that this dynasty won when 20,000 of the appropriately-named Neboulos's slavs defected from Leontios's forces at the Battle of Sebastopolis. A less successful son of that ruler sacked Balanjar after breaking through the Gate of the Alans, but earlier had a pivotal siege broken by the Bulgarian Tervel. This dynasty fought against (*) Justinian II and Leo III the Isaurian as part of the Byzantine-Arab wars, and ended after a disastrous cavalry charge was ordered into Abu Muslim's spear wall at the Battle of the Zab River by Marwan II. Walid I's rule of this dynasty marked a move toward toleration for the followers of Ali, a century after its forces had slain Hussayn at the Battle of Karbala. Ruled by Abd al-Malik and founded by Muawiya, FTP, identify this Sunni state based out of Damascus, a Muslim Caliphate succeeded by the Abbasids.;;Umayyad (Caliphate)|(Banu) Umayyah
;;One theory due to this person explains a characteristic minus-five-thirds wave number energy spectrum by positing the accumulation of Fourier modes in turbulent flows. This scientist's name is on that theory along with that of the man who discovered the phase space structures that explain it, which are bifrucations corresponding to period doubling. This physicist discovered that, at a value of the renormalized rest energy times e to the six pi squared over flavor number times renormalized coupling constant squared, the (*) coupling constant for an interaction becomes singular. This man's work with liquid helium II earned him a Nobel for his research into superfluidity, and he lends his name to the slowing of Langmuir waves over time in a plasma, his namesake "damping." FTP, name this physicist who minimized the superconductor free energy in an order parameter to obtain a phenomenological theory of superconductivity named for him and Ginzberg.;;(Lev) (Davidovich) Landau
;;This man's disastrous expedition against Antonio Gutierrez, conducted at the behest of John Jervins, failed primarily due to his use of sailor instead of soldiers to fight through San Cristobal Castle. This figure signed an armistice with the future Frederick VI after one victory, leading to the dissolution of an alliance between Prussia, Sweden, Denmark, and Russia made to protect trade interest, the League of Armed Neutrality. This victor at Santa Cruz de Tenerife defeated Olfert Fischer despite heavy fire from the Tre Kroner forts, ignoring Hyde Parker's order to (*) retreat. In the wake of another victory for this figure, he was unable to organize sufficient ship support for a failed seige of Acre. Togo Heihachiro modeled himself after this victor at the Battle of Copenhagen, who sent the L'Orient to the bottom of Aboukir Bay, killing Admiral Brueys. Cuthbert Collingwood finished this man's triumph of Pierre de Villenueve after he was killed by a sniper's bullet. FTP, identify this man who ruined Napoleon's naval ambitions with victories at the Battle of the Nile and the Battle of Trafalgar, a British admiral.;;(Horatio) Nelson(,)|(theoretically) (the) Duke of Bronte
;;This mythological figure can be linked to Taranis through his epithet "Pendaran," and one text claims that lies told by this man and a younger relative led to the eternal imprisonment of Gweir. This ruler of the palace Narberth  used a magic bag to overcome a son of Clud after a pivotal encounter with another figure at Gorsedd Aberth. This individual wronged a figure who fought the Battle of the Trees against the sons of Don when his own dogs overtook that king's ethereal hunting hounds, leading to a deal that involved some sexless bed-sharing and culminated in his slaying of Hafgan. This figure's son was initially named Gwri in reference to his golden hair and feuded over some missing pigs with Gwydion; that son (*) reappeared at the court of Terynon years after this man was deceived into thinking his wife had killed the child after her handmaidens smeared puppy blood on his wife's mouth. This figure, who switched places with a lord of Annwn named Arawn, first saw that wife riding a white horse and won her from the boorish Gwawl. The subject of the first branch of the Mabinogion, FTP, identify this figure from Welsh myth who fathered Pryderi with his wife, Rhiannon.;;Pwyll
;;In one work by this author, Rick Vigorous provides an ancillary account after the protagonist is repeatedly derided by her cockatiel over her management of her relative's escape from a nursing home. Another work by this man notes that authors of fiction "like to ogle" in a predatory style, but laments the decline in properly-employed literary irony created by the prevalence of television in modern culture. This creator of the switchboard operator Lenore Beadsmen considered the title figure's "beautification" of athletics in a work referencing his own junior (*) tennis career, "Roger Federer as Religious Experience," and included the aforementioned "E Unibus Pluram" in a collection title for his highly critical account of a Caribbean cruise. This author of Consider the Lobster, The Broome of the System, and A Supposedly Fun Thing I'll Never Do Again will have his last novel, The Pale King, published posthumously in 2010, two years after this man committed suicide. Best known for a novel about the Incandenza family, FTP, name this American author of Infinite Jest.;;(David) (Foster) Wallace
;;One effect posited to explain the motion of these objects is the generation of an effective force by anisotropic emission of thermal photons named for Yarkovsky. These objects are the subject of the Tholen and SMASS classification systems, in the latter of which X is the classification of the usual metal types of these. One of these objects with an abnormally low eccentricity and no companions is 279 (*) Thule. Yesterday, the Dawn mission aimed at studying these bodies entered the region with the highest density of these objects, which are absent in the Kirkwood gaps. Toutatis is part of the Atens class of these objects, one of three subsets classified as NEOs, while groups of these bodies collected around Jupiter's Lagrange points are known as Trojans. FTP, name this type of astronomic body that includes Ceres, many of which are found in a namesake "belt" between Mars and Jupiter.;;asteroids
;;The Revenue Equivalence Theorem states that any type of this satisfying risk neutrality and other assumptions are equal in terms of revenue produced. Arrow and Debreu showed that if agents' utility functions display convex preferences, then the Walrasian type of this will result in general equilibrium. Martin Shubik described one of these leading to a paradox in rational choice theory, named for a unit of currency. The combinatorial type of these involves arbitrary baskets rather than individual goods. The (*) Vickrey, or second-price, one of these forces rational participants to reveal their true value of the good. They are not often used for small purchases, probably because of their high transaction costs. Commonly used to sell art, FTP, identify this method of exchange in which buyers bid for goods.;;auctions
;;The author's forward to this novel explains its origins in his reading of a recently-deceased man's diaries, and notes an expectation that the intense greed and immorality of his countrymen will prevent them from identifying with the characters. A memorable scene in this novel sees the protagonist aimlessly wandering around a battlefield in a dead man's uniform before being shot in the leg by his own superior as the man rides away in utter panic. The protagonist of this novel watches a character who tends to caged birds, with whom he eventually communicates by a series of letters printed on pages torn from a book. That correspondence leads to a pivotal acquisition of three long ropes but also to a tragic (*) vow to never again see the main character after he escapes from a tower. Earlier, while that protagonist attends seminary in Naples, his aunt marries an ambassador to facilitate her affair with Count Mosca, but is later unsuccessful in in extracting him from the fallout when he kills an unstable actress's manager. After becoming a renowned preacher in the hopes of reconnecting with his belove, the protagonist of this work begins a lengthy affair under the cover of darkness, but is devestated by the deaths of his child and its mother, Clelia Conti. Fabrice del Dongo retires to the titular building at the end of, FTP, what novel by Stendahl?.;;(The) Charterhouse of Parma|(La) Chartreuse de Parme
;;One work about this figure contrasts his desire to defile his sister's friend Ammonaria with his anger towards his nefarious former student Hilarion, who eventually transforms into the spirit of science. Heieronymus Bosch's depiction of this figure centrally shows him sitting on a small ledge between a man with a gigantic nose and a nun with a Krang-like head emerging from her stomach. Vasari claimed that a Martin Schongauer engraving of this figure inspired one of the few panel paintings by Michaelangelo, which uniquely depicted this figure in mid-air. The title character of one opera dresses up like this figure before being offered a Faustian deal by Ursula and Countess Helfenstein after he lulls Regina to sleep in (*) Odenwald forest. That opera centers around the creation of panels depicting this figure, set into wooden frames created by Nicholas Hagenau, and was written by Paul Hindemith. A golden temple sits atop the back of an elephant and a massive white horse rears up as this a nude rendition of this figure thrusts a crucifex at a column of very long-legged animals in a Salvador Dali painting. He is often shown getting the living hell pounded out of him by various demons, most famous in the Isenheim Altarpiece. FTP, identify this Christian saint, whose desert "temptation" was a frequent artistic subject in art.;;(Saint) Anthony (the) (Great)
;;One reaction to this event was allegedly the subject of a harsh debate between Admiral Hollmann and Chlodowig Hohenlohe. Charles Leonard and Lionel Phillips signed a document contributing to this event that rails against the dangers to "our race" posed by a "foreign corporation" and claims to have gathered 40,000 signatures, labeling it an "official report" of the Reform committee. This event contributed to the end of an agreement negotiated by a former administrator of Hong Kong, Hercules Robinson, who had succeeded Henry Loch despite being 71 before earning the ire of Joseph Chamberlain over the fallout from this event. That agreement, the London Convention, predated a revelation that prompted the Raleigh Grey to organize a group initially based out of (*) Pitsani in the lead-up to this event, which marked the high point of the Drifts Crisis. The man most associated with this event had previously served as administrator of Mashonaland and Matabeleland, and drew from the latter's police force after gold was discovered at Witwatersrand to constitute the perpetrating force of this event. Defeated by Piet Cronje, this action prompted a document praising the "energetic" self-defense efforts of the defenders to be sent by Kaiser Wilhelm II, the Kruger Telegram. FTP, name this attempt by British Uitlanders backed by Cecil Rhodes to take over the Transvaal in the namesake commander's military action.;;Jameson (Raid)
;;The Franz Kafka short story "A New Advocate" imagines this figure's career as a lawyer during his afterlife. A city named after him is described as being inland from the city of Barigaza, though his final resting place is probably closer to the town of Jalapur Sharif. Shortly after this figure's death, a mutiny at Hyphasis ended an Eastward campaign that saw him slain in battle against (*) Porus. Plutarch tells of how he originally belonged to Philonicus the Thessalian, but no one would accept Philonicus's selling price of thirteen talents; instead, a young boy wagered that amount that, even though many attendants had previously failed, he could tame this creature.  He then turned him towards the sun so that he could not see his own shadow, which had been the cause of his distress.  That boy would go on to become his master during the battles of the Granicus and Hydaspes Rivers.  FTP, name this steed, the horse of Alexander the Great.;;Bucephalus
;;M. Barrie wrote a "Memoir of James Anon" named after the Greenwood one of these, and a yellow one lies in the lower right corner of Renoir's The Nymphs. In Yoruban myth, Edshu used one that had red, white, green, and black sides to cause a fight between two farmers. The symmetry of the Higgs field is broken when it is distorted into a potential named after a Mexican one, and stories such as "Man in the Drawer" and "Notes from a Lady at a Dinner Party" appear in a Malamud collection named after (*) Rembrandt's one of these objects. In Arrangement in Grey and Black, No. 2: Portrait of Thomas Carlyle, a black one rests on the man's lap, and the miller's wife is pursued by the Corregidor in a ballet by de Falla named after a Three Cornered one. Also giving its name to a "Red" Linux operating system, FTP, name this piece of clothing of which 500 were worn by Bartholomew Cubbins in a Dr. Seuss story.;;Hat
;;At one battle not named Carrhae, this man won because of the rain pounding on his opponent's faces, from which his forces were spared because the testudo formation made the rain only hit them in their backs. To get to that winning position, he evaded the Cilician Gates and attacked his rival from the rear.  After the Battle of (*) Issus, he laid siege to Byzantium for three years and, upon capturing it, destroyed its city walls for supporting his defeated rival Pescennius Niger. Later, he defeated another rival who had earlier been made by implicit agreement his co-Caesar at the bloody Battle of Lugdunum. This victor over Clodius Albinus was proclaimed emperor by some legions after the assassination of Pertinax in the Year of the Five Emperors. FTP, name this ruler who was a Roman emperor from Leptis Magna in North Africa and founded a namesake dynasty that included Geta and Caracalla, the Severan Dynasty.;;(ANSWER) Septimius Severus|Severus I
;;At one point in this novel, one of its protagonist's friends decry female writers with three names like "Ella Wheeler Catheter" or "Ford Mary Rinehart", after which another friend suggests that "what they all needed was a good rape". At one point its protagonist has a dream in which he, Steve Garvey, and Jud Hume fail to sacrifice a lamb. In another episode in this novel, Ned Gates and its protagonist hound an old man named George B. Simpson, pretending to be Havelock Ellis and Krafft-Ebbing. Its protagonist, who often visits (*) Delehanty's bar, briefly contemplates moving to a Connecticut farm with Betty. After seeing a vision of the Christ figure on his wall shining like a "bright fly", that protagonist is shot by the cripple Peter Doyle, with whose wife Faye he had been having an affair. For 10 points, identify this novel whose protagonist is tormented by the editor Shrike and who must answer letters from figures like "Desperate" and "Sick-of-it-all", a work of Nathanael West.;;Miss Lonelyhearts
;;He established special schools for Jews in the region of the Pale of Settlement, and this man's foreign minister Karl Nesselrode signed of mutual assistance with the Ottoman Empire. This man's Minister of People's Enlightenment, Sergei Uvarov, promoted the ideology of "orthodoxy, autocracy and nationality" and he created a secret police under the banner of the "Third Section of the Imperial Chancellory. He was deposed by the (*) Czartoryski-led Sejm in the November Uprising in Poland, and this man died while fighting during the Crimean war. He had earlier suppressed an attempt to overthrow his government by the Decembrists. For 10 points, identify this tsar who came to the throne after a power struggle involving his brother Constantine and who succeeded Alexander I in 1825.;;(tsar) Nicholas I (Pavlovich)
;;One work by this thinker discusses certain culinary practices during the Lent holidays and on Fridays in his Concerning the Eating of Fish. In one of this author's works, he personifies Peace as a means of describing her benefits. Prior to his The Complaint of Peace, he argued against the idea of just war on the basis that a sufficiently motivated ruler will find any pretext to rationalize the cause. At the same time, this man wrote of the danger of a monarch embarking on such a campaign, stating "a prince cannot revenge himself on his enemy without first opening hostilities without first opening hostilities against his own people" in his (*) Institutio principis Christiani. This man continued to support Plato's idea of a philosopher-king in the Enchiridion, in which this man espoused a dualistic relationship between the soul and the physical body. A pacifist who saw war as a disruption of reason, FTP, name this philosopher who argued against Luther in his A Discussion of Free Will, who also published the Humanist tract In Praise of Folly.;;(Desiderius) Erasmus
;;A later poem by this author describes an individual who meditates in a grove by the title structure and chants "Let Buddha be my refuge." In one of his works, the title character is granted a boon by the God of spring and the God of love, which helps her gain the love of a warrior prince. This author of "Boro-Budur" and Chitra, wrote a play in which the sickly son of Madhav expects a letter from a King. Another of his plays contains the demoralized Bishu whose life is changed after (*) Nandini helps the town of Yakshapuri overcome a cruel king who desires gold. This author also wrote "Thou hast made me endless" as the first line of his most notable volume of poetry, which includes a preface by W. B. Yeats. For 10 points, identify this author of works such as The Post Office and Red Oleanders, who also wrote the poetry collection Gitanjali, or Song Offerings.;;(Rabindranath) Tagore
;;Phorbol esters and ionophores of this element can be used to activate Protein kinase C in the absence of any upstream signals. Levels of this element's ions are elevated when signaling by phospholipase C results in IP3, which binds to its transporter. In the immediate aftermath of fertilization, levels of its ions rapidly increase, which helps prevent other sperm cells binding the fertilized egg. After its levels spike when its ions are released from the (*) sarcoplasmic reticulum, it binds troponin-C, which changes the conformation of muscle proteins and aids in muscle contraction. For 10 points, identify this element whose divalent cation widely functions as a second messenger in signaling.;;calcium
;;A key pass thrown to Randy Peschel cost this school "The Big Shootout" game, which saw President Richard Nixon watch this team, then coached by Frank Broyles, lose to the Darrell Royal-led Texas. Later, as Athletic Director, Broyles would face racial discrimination charges from the men's basketball coach at this school who took the team to the 1995 NCAA championship game, losing to UCLA despite employing Nolan (*) Richardson's "40 Minutes of Hell" strategy. True freshman quarterback Mitch Mustain helped lead this team to the SEC Championship game in 2006, but transferred after the season after being benched by then-coach Huston Nutt. Currently facing controversy over rape allegations involving five members of the men's basketball team, FTP, name this alma mater of Felix Jones and Darren McFadden, an SEC school and popularizer of the WildHog formation.;;(University) (of) Arkansas
;;This group eliminated a special clause in its constitution to call a meeting after a massacre of Khaksars. For a brief period its popularity waned after its leaders refused to support the Khilafat movement. This party attempted to organize a strike on the "Direct Action Day," but that strike resulted in severe communal violence. In 1916, this organization signed an agreement with a rival organization that recognized this organization's demands for a separate (*) electorate; that agreement was concluded in the city of Lucknow where this group established its headquarters. It adopted the "two-nation" theory proposed by Muhammad Iqbal, and this organization was led by people such as Aga Khan and Muhammad Ali Jinnah. For 10 points, identify this organization that succeeded in creating the independent nation of Pakistan.;;(All(-)India) Muslim League|AIML
;;Taking the curl of the static member of this set yields a Helmholtz equation for one of the governed quantities with a constant equal in cgs units to minus four pi carrier density fundamental charge squared over electron rest energy. This set of equations can be reduced to the single equation minus speed of light, carrier density, fundamental charge squared over electron rest energy all times vector potential equals current density, but only in the Coulomb gauge, which is the same as these equations' namesake gauge. The aforementioned Helmholtz equation constant is the inverse square of a quantity that gives the e-folding distance of external fields, that being the (*) penetration depth named for these equations. For 10 points, name this pair of equations that give the electromagnetic fields in a type-one superconductor in terms of phenomenological variables.;;(the) London equations
;;One man known primarily for holding this office opposed selling Germany helium for fear of its use in military dirigibles, and held a press conference in 1938 offering Alaska as a place to resettle Jewish refugees from Germany. Another person to hold this post was forced to respond to charges by one of his employees, Louis Glavis, leading to an open letter sent to Jonathan Dolliver, while a third holder of this cabinet office gained early fame for leading the defense team in the Albert Jennings Fountain Murder Case. One holder of this office was accused of improperly allowing private (*) mining interests to gain access to Alaskan coalfields by Forest Service Chief Gifford Pichot, while Harold Ickes held this cabinet post under Franklin Roosevelt. Richard Ballinger held this cabinet post, as did a man who allowed Harry Sinclair and Edward Doheny to sign leases without open bids at Naval Reserves in Elk Hills and Buena Vista, California, as well as Teapot Dome, Wyoming. Albert Fall held, FTP, what cabinet post responsible for numerous domestic administrative agencies, whose recent Secretaries include Gale Norton and current secretary Ken Salazar.;;(Secretary) (of) (the) Interior
;;A large boulder like structure is imposed over a background of white and blue vertical lines in one of this artist's woodcuts that features the three titular figures facing away from the viewer. In another of this artist's works, a setting sun casts a pillar of light in the upper hand corner while the titular figure crawls up onto a beach. In addition to Girls on the Bridge and Lady of the Sea, this artist was inspired by David to paint a Death of Marat in which a table bearing pomegranates and avocados appears next to a full-front naked woman with a blank stare. Self-portraits of this man include one between clock and bed and an extremely disappointing one with a skeletal arm. This artist's (*) Puberty depicts a shadow looming over a creepy girl sitting on a bed and he also painted a red-haired figure biting the neck of a man in his The Vampire. A woman with her arms behind her head and a woman in black mourning over a bed can be seen in this painter's three-piece series about "Life, Love and Death", The Frieze of Life. With a famous painting depicting red clouds from the eruption of Krakatoa, FTP, identify this 19th century expressionist artist whose best-known work has a man clasping his face in terror in The Scream.;;(Edvard) Munch
;;This work describes Johanna as a "fallen woman" who is seduced by a man who was "entirely himself" but could not be a "fallen man." The male protagonist of this work vividly remembers sitting on his father's knee and being offered a meerschaum pipe. Regina is actually the (*) half-sister of this work's male protagonist, who is an artist returning from Paris to see his mother Helen. An orphanage in this work catches fire after two characters walk through a carpenter's shop, which causes Engstrand to hatch a blackmail scheme to gain funds for his Sailors' Home. The views of this work's male protagonist are contrasted with the stuffy morality of Parson Manders. For 10 points, name this play that presents the sins of Captain Alving and the syphilis of Oswald as the titular spirits, a work by Ibsen.;;Ghosts|Gengangere
;;In 1994, Thomas Holtz argued that the enlarged metatarsal bones of this animal evolved in an evolutionary arms race since the same structure is also found in its smaller prey. Unique skull features of this creature include pneumatized or 'honeycombed' spaces, which allowed increased bone flexibility and compared to other members of Tetanurae, this animal possesses a more U-shaped jaw structure. The earliest direct relative to this creature is the feathered Chinese Dilong and a recent debate concerns whether the "Nano" variety is a unique species or juvenile of this animal. Despite its prominent binocular vision consistent with predatory behavior, Jack Horner argues this creature is exclusively a (*) scavenger due to its large olfactory bulbs in an on-going debate. The largest and most complete specimen of this creature is displayed at the Chicago Field Museum and is named "Sue". Possessing a two-digit forelimb as opposed to the three of the earlier, Allosaurus, FTP, identify this large North American Late Cretaceous theropod dinosaur whose name translates from the Latin to "king of the tyrant lizards".;;Tyrannosaurus rex
;;A song cycle from this composer features movements representing an encounter with a giant beetle and one in which a child fails off of his stick horse on the way to Yukki. Along with The Nursery, other song cycles by this man include one with a section "Enclosed Inside Four Walls", Sunless and another cycle with a Trepak representing a peasant in a blizzard, Songs and Dances of Death. The second act of one of this man's operas people panicking over a pig's snout appearing in a window and that opera is known for its Gopak wedding dance. In addition to The Fair at (*) Sorochyntski, another work by this man depicts the clumsy running around of a gnome and a 2/4 time signature pesante section involving oxen pulling a large cart. Such sections are separated by an alternative 5/4 and 6/4 time promenade and other portions of that work include a conversation between poor and rich Jews, a panicking chase by a "Hut on Hen's Legs? and the Great Gate of Kiev. FTP, identify this Russian composer who depicts Chernobog in Night on Bald Mountain and is best know for his Pictures at an Exhibition.;;(Modest) (Petrovich) Mussorgsky
;;One story involving this figure has him calling out to the raven and the sea-duck to gather his pearly tears to which only the latter complies and is awarded with glorious plumage. This character is responsible for catching the giant fire-pike and used its jawbone to craft the first kantele. Another event involving this character is his slaying of Otso the Honeyeater with a three-pronged spear while another has this character summoning a dwarf from the seas to chop down a giant oak tree blocking out the sun. This figure is rescued from (*) falling into the sea by a giant eagle after catching and losing a salmon that was actually his music-contest won bride, Aino. This character once created a windstorm to carry his friend from the top of fir tree to the land of Pohyola and then convinced that friend, Ilmarinen to forge the magical Sampo. The only son of the great mother goddess, Ilmatar, FTP, identify this 'eternal bard' of Finnish folklore, the main hero of the Kalevala.;;Wainamoinen|Vainamoinen
;;This country's neighbor had a political party called the Hats, which instigated a war in which Peter Lacy invaded this country. That conflict that ended with the Treaty of Abo, which resulted in this nation's occupation. The traitorous Gustav Otto Douglas was the governor of this country during one occupation period that also saw Mikhail Golitsyn act as its governor. In addition to being occupied in the Lesser and Greater Wraths, this country was invaded by Great Britain during (*) World War II during raids on its cities of Kirkenes and Petsamo. The Mainila incident precipitated a war in which this country was invaded, and that war saw this country capitulate to the Treaty of Moscow and give up parts of Karelia. 10 points, name this country that constructed the Mannerheim Line to defend itself from Russia in the Continuation and Winter Wars.;;Finland|Suomi
;;In one of this man's papers, he looked at a specific custom in one society in which a boy has a special relationship with his maternal uncle that is distinct from any other relationship with a paternal figure. In addition to that paper, "The Mother's Brother in South Africa," he gave in-laws as an example of a relationship whose participants are expected to engage in the titular action in "On (*) Joking Relationships." This posited two different explanations for totemism, one in an eponymous essay published in Structure and Function in Primitive Society and another in "The Comparative Method in Social Anthropology." His belief that social institutions should be studied as scientific objects differed from that of Bronislaw Malinowski, and this man also famously conducted studies in Western Australia and in an island group in the Indian Ocean. FTP, identify this British anthropologist whose landmark studies include "Social Organization of Australian Tribes" and "The Andaman Islanders," the developer of structural functionalism.;;(Alfred) Radcliffe(-)Brown
;;"Down, down, born pioneers in time's despite" exclaims the speaker of its 2nd section. Its 5th section, which includes "Southern Cross," is entitled "Three Songs"; its 7th alludes to "a burnt match skating in a urinal," an invitation to homosexual trysts, and is called "The Tunnel" because the speaker meets the tortured ghost of Edgar Allan Poe in the subway. The 4th section combines a history of early aviation and paean to Walt Whitman, entitled (*) "Cape Hatteras." Usually its 2nd part, "Powhatan's Daughter, is most highly acclaimed, particularly the subsections "The River" & "The Dance," in which the speaker, Maquokeeta, cries "And, buzzard-circleted, screamed from the stake/ I could not pick the arrows from my side." FTP identify this poem of 8 parts & a famous proem apostrophizing a titular Roebling construction in which Columbus speaks the 1st part, "Ave Maria," & the last is "Atlantis," the magnum opus of Hart Crane.;;(The) Bridge
;;In the first ending exposition repeat of the first movement of this piece a soaring new theme is introduced in the oboe and then the violins which later settles down in the development section to feature the strings being supported by a staccato punctuation in the woodwinds. The trumpets in this work are not introduced until the third movement's trio section which is dominated by a static fanfare of the horns and bassoons. In the second movement andante section, the D-minor theme is first introduced by the violas, bassoons and oboes and this somber, procession-like movement is sometimes called the (*) "Pilgrim's March". The final movement of this work borrows the ninth of Paganini's Caprices La Chasse and is greatly based on Neapolitan folk dances. Ending with a presto saltarello movement, FTP, identify this A major piece that finishes with a tarantella and comes between its composer's Scottish and Reformation symphonies.;;(Mendelssohn's) (Symphony) (No(.)) 4 (in) (A) (major(,)) (Op(.)) (90)|(The) Italian (Symphony)
;;In one story surrounding this figure, he was swallowed by a large fish after falling into a river, and his six sons banded together to rescue him from the situation. His mother's other two sons included the river deities Bea and Tano, and she herself was the goddess of fertility. In one story, this character is able to score himself a full meal by telling a tortoise to go to a distant creek to wash his hands. This deity is perhaps better known for (*) capturing his rival, Osebo, a and a large snake to his father, the sky god Nyame. Another story involves this character capturing a fairy by having her get mad at and stuck to a 'mannerless' Tar Baby. Once rewarded with all of the stories in the world, FTP, identify this trickster god who appears in the mythology of the Caribbean and West Africa and is generally depicted as a spider.;;Anansi
;;In one story by this author, Charles suffers from a mental breakdown and opens the titular item that was originally given by Ursula Polkinghom while another story by this author sees the Whalleys spend a day at the titular location to avoid a funeral taking place on the street. Those stories, "The Letter" and "Down at the Dump" take place in this author's fictional town of Sarsaparilla and they are contained in the collection The Burnt Ones. One novel by this author sees the Standish family reside in London during the time of the Spanish Civil War, while Elizabeth (*) Hunter realizes she's driving away her family, then realizes she doesn't care, in another work by this man. This author of The Living and the Dead and The Eye of the Storm created Mordecai Himmelfarb, a holocaust survivor who encounters Miss Hare in her decaying estate of Xanadu in Rides in the Charioti. Best-known for a work in which Laura Trevelyan and the titular German explorer set out across the continent, FTP, identify this author of Voss, a Nobel Laureate from Australia.;;(Patrick) White
;;Senator Benjamin Tillman led the initial charge in promoting the main platform for one party in this election. Minor candidates in this election included Joshua Levering and Charles Horatio Matchett, and it was the first presidential election in which the state of Utah participated. One candidate ran with two running mates and was vague as to which he would choose as vice president if elected, Thomas (*) Watson or Arthur Sewall. The Republicans published fake dollars that said "In God We Trust For the Other 53 Cents," an attack on the opposition's support of the silver standard. Seeing Mark Hanna push the Republican candidate to pursue a "front porch" campaign, FTP, name this presidential election in which William Jennings Bryan lost to William McKinley despite Bryan's "Cross of Gold" speech.;;(Presidential) (Election) (of) 1896
;;The Lanczos method provides a good approximation of this construct due to the convergence of one of its terms and zero value of its error as n approaches infinity in certain limiting cases. That property distinguishes that method from the Spouge and Stirling methods for approximating this function. The Legendre duplication formula allows its argument for 2x to be calculated in terms of smaller arguments of x, while its argument on half-integers is proportional to the square root of pi. (*) Integration by parts allows one to see this function of x plus 1 is equal to x times this function on x. It is commonly given as the integral over t from 0 to infinity of t to the quantity z minus 1 times e to the minus t. Legendre set it equal to n minus 1 factorial for positive integers n. FTP, identify this mathematical function that generalizes the factorial to complex numbers, named for a greek letter..;;gamma (function)
;;This ruler established the School of Languages in his country for the express purpose of training translators for the state educational institutions, and he also opened the first schools of medicine, veterinary medicine, engineering, and chemistry. During the first ten years of his rule, he confiscated the iltizam ulama and introduced the concept of private ownership of land through the taxation of (*) waqf. This man, who grew up in the Greek city of Kavalla, was an ethnic Albanian who assumed his most important position after gaining the support of Ottoman sultan Selim III in the wake of the decisive defeat of Mamluk forces at the Battle of the Pyramids. FTP, name this Egyptian ruler who built the first sustained program in the Middle East of state-sponsored Europeanization of military and education.;;(Mehmet) Ali|(Muhammad) Ali (Pasha)
;;In the first act of Cyrano de Bergerac, the title character's friend Cuigy calls Cyrano by this name when he congratulates him for his victorious duel against the Vicomte de Valvert.  He  notoriously fails to kill the Comte de Wardes despite running him through three times at Calais. At the start of the first novel in which he appears this character is given a yellow nag for his journey, and en route is beaten unconscious by a group of men who. This (*) Gascon arrives in Paris to meet Monseiur de Treville, where he instead meets a certain man whose servant Bazin has convinced him to retire & become a Jesuit, & who finds the hero his own servant, Planchet. His beloved, Constance, is forced to hide in a nunnery, but is discovered & poisoned. FTP, name this savior of the Duke of Buckingham, whose part in thwarting the treacherous Lady de Winter entitles him to a place among the title companions of a novel by Alexandre Dumas-pere : Porthos, Athos, & Aramis of The Three Musketeers.;;D'artagnan
;;In one work by this author, a woman uses Biblical allusions to describe a scene of her love to a blind man whom she formerly rejected. That work by this author also tells of Lady Waldemar, who attempts to separate Marian Erle from Romney. In another work, this author describes Pan using reeds by the river to create "A Musical Instrument." In one poem, this author wrote that a mystic shape informed her that she is held by (*) "Not Death, but Love." Another poem by this author of Aurora Leigh lists "freely," "purely," and "with passion put to use" as answers to the titular question in "How do I love thee? Let me count the ways." For 10 points, name this British poet of Sonnets from the Portuguese who married the author of My Last Duchess.;;(Elizabeth) (Barrett) Browning
;;A Henry Newbolt poem that shares its name with this painting notes that a "phantom voice is singing \ Of the great days done". When it was first displayed, it was accompanied by lines written by Thomas Campbell and it was referred to by its painter as "my darling". One inaccuracy in this painting is that the title object is (*) traveling east, away from the sunset seen on the right side of this painting, although Rotherhithe, the location of Beatson's, is west of Sheerness. That title object had previously been under the command of Eliab Harvey, where it had captured the Fougeux and served alongside the Victory at the Battle of Trafalgar. For 10 points, name this painting by J.MW. Turner that shows an antiquated British naval vessel being tugged away.;;(The) Fighting Temeraire (tugged) (to) (her) (last) (Berth) (to) (be) (broken) (up)
;;In one legend, Setna, the son of Ramses the Great, asked his brother Anheru to help him retrieve an object belonging to this god which was buried with Nefrekeptah in a tomb at Memphis. The god was given dominion over the Land of the Caves and created a Light-Soul in the Duat where he also ruled. This god has a consort named Astennu who is an underworld dwelling (*) baboon. In some tales, this god is thought to have given birth to both Nefertum and Khepri by laying an egg. This god, the husband of Seshat, won a game of senet against Khonsu, winning five extra days of light which allowed Nut to give birth to her many children. This god encouraged Tefnut to come home from Nubia after she got into a fight with Ra and mediated the conflicts between both Ra and Apep and Horus and Set in his role as the god of mediation. For 10 points, name this Egyptian god of magic, science and writing who is known for having the head of an ibis.;;Thoth
;;This man collaborated with Richard Foster on a modern art museum in Washington, D.C. and with John Burgee to design two buildings that each have an inclination of 15 degrees. This designer of such works as the Gate of Europe in Madrid and the Kreeger museum continued such collaborations by working with Foster to design the David H. Koch theater in Lincoln and working with Burgee to design a complex inspired by Charles Klauder's Cathedral of Learning, a building complex noted for its (*) 231 spires. Other works by this man include a glass mega-church in Garden Grove, California, a personal residence in New Canaan, Connecticut and a Park Avenue skyscraper built in the international style. For 10 points, name this American architect known for such works as the PPG Place, the Glass House and his collaboration with Mies van der Rohe, the Seagram Building.;;(Philip) Johnson
;;For the class of functions to which these statements apply in n independent variables, there exist n squared minus n all over two generalized ones of these. The generalized form of these equations may be found by invoking Clairaut's theorem to equate mixed partial derivatives of a potential with respect to its natural variables. The ones of these derived from the internal energy, enthalpy, Helmholtz function and Gibbs function are respectively (*) volume partial of temperature equals minus pressure partial of entropy, pressure partial of temperature equals entropy partial of volume, volume partial of entropy equals pressure partial of temperature and pressure partial of entropy equals minus temperature partial of volume. For 10 points, name this set of four PDE's that give the relationships among different thermodynamic variables, named for a Scottish scientist known for his four laws of electromagnetism.;;(the) Maxwell (relations)
;;This behavior can be induced in magnetized semi-conductors by polaron binding to impurities, in which case it is proportional to the deviation from the equilibrium of the first-order admittance tensor. Materials with this property can be used to create quasi-phase-matching filters by application of an electric field in the technique of periodic poling. Plasmas and some other fluids can acquire a value for this effect proportional to the square of an applied magnetic field in forms of the (*) Cotton-Mouton and Voight effects. Applying an electric field to an anisotropic material induces this property due to the difference in Pockels effects along different axes. For 10 points, name this optical property of materials, the existence of different indices of indices of refraction in different directions, which cases incident light rays to be split.;;birefringence
;;According to the book of Genesis, one of this man's sons was killed because he was "wicked in the sight of the Lord," and another was killed for ejaculating on the ground instead of producing an heir for his dead brother; they were Er and Onan respectively. Those events led this man to promise his son Shelah as a husband for his daughter-in-law Tamar, but Tamar deceived this man into thinking she was a roadside harlot, and thus he fathered Perez and Zerah by her. In another story, this man, a son of (*) Leah, suggested to his brothers that instead of leaving Joseph to die in a pit, he should be sold into slavery for silver pieces. The eventual tribe of this name occupied the territory to the west of the Dead Sea, and its border with the tribe of Benjamin was the location of Jerusalem. King David was a member of the tribe of this name, and Revelation describes Jesus as "the Lion of the tribe of" it. For 10 points, identify this fourth son of Jacob and namesake of a pretty popular Hebrew religion.;;Judah|(Yehudah)
;;The background of the painting is predominantly gray and filled with clouds.  The woman on the left in this painting is holding a pair of scissors with blood dripping from the blades.  Another woman on the right wears a traditional Tehuana skirt and blouse while holding an egg-shaped portrait of a former husband, as the artist's own divorce greatly influenced the painting.  The link between the artist and the artist's childhood (*) imaginary friend is symbolized by the two main figures holding hands and being connected at the necks by a vein.  Both women's hearts are exposed, but the heart of the woman in the white dress is deteriorating.  This 1939 painting features the artist's dual persona before and after her separation from a famous Mexican muralist.  FTP, name this self-portrait featuring two identical women representing the ex-wife of  artist Diego Rivera.;;(The) Two Fridas|(Las) Dos Fridas
;;He valiantly fights in two battles in efforts to gain independence for his compatriots, but he is distraught when he believes that he had killed an innocent stable boy during one battle and noting that he forgot he was wearing iron shoes.  In the second battle, this character sustains serious injuries, which would be worsened by his attempt to pull stone to rebuild a (*) windmill.  He is noted for being the least intelligent one amongst his friends, as he couldn't get past the letter D while trying to remember the alphabet.  However, his work ethic inspires other like Clover and Benjamin to remain faithful to the cause until his death, the details of which are greatly misreported.  His motivational mottoes of "I will work harder" and "Napoleon is always right" come to no avail as he is sent to glue factory by Squealer and slaughtered.  FTP, who is this arduous cart-horse, the allegorical representation of the Russian working class in the George Orwell book Animal Farm whose name may refer to a early 20th century rebellion in China?.;;Boxer
;;In one work by this writer, the speaker claims not to have the "tenderer-than-thou/Political collectivistic love", but spares a mite's life, noting "how glad" he is "to find/On any sheet the least display of mind" in "A Considerable Speck". A dialogue written by this author sees one figure become distressed after the other wonders aloud about the conditions necessary for wood to rot, claiming "I saw you from the window there" after the latter figure sets his spade in the kitchen. That work ends with the furious line (*) "I'll follow and bring you back by force" and is an autobiographical depiction of a couple's fight following the death of their infant son, while, while in another work, the arguments over Latin and education between Harold and the title figure are described in a conversation by Mary and Warren, before the latter comes to the titular realization regarding Silas. In addition to "Home Burial" and "Death of a Hired Man", this poet described the effects of ice storms and young boys' swinging on the titular trees in "Birches" and thought of joking about Elves with his fence-loving neighbor in another work. FTP, identify this poet from New England, best-known for works like "The Road Not Taken" and "Mending Wall.".;;(Robert) Frost
;;The apocryphal Kerygma of this figure details the superiority of Christian monotheism to Greek polytheism while the Gospel of this figure tells of a giant Jesus emerging from his tomb helped by two giant angels and followed by the talking cross. According to one dubiously legitimate scripture named for this figure, lesbians will spend eternity being thrown and re-thrown off of a cliff in Hell. A catalog of sin punishments and some helpful necromancy tips appear in that Apocalypse named for this figure, whose ignorance is derided by Bertrand Russell in Why I am Not a Christian over his reaction to a withered (*) fig tree. In the Gospel of Mary, this figure asks if "He preferred her to us," questioning Mary's revelation, and in the Gospel of Thomas, Jesus declares that he will make Mary male, after this man says that "women do not deserve to live". The second chapter of Galatians concludes with Paul's description of an argument with this man about Gentile and Jewish Christians, an event called the "Incident at Antioch", though he is more famous for his appearance in Matthew 16:18-19, wherein he is is given power to loose and bind. The crowing of a cock made this man realize that he had in fact broken a promise, and denied Christ three times. FTP, name this apostle, regarded as the source of papal authority as the first bishop of Rome, a fisherman who may or may not have been part rabbit.;;(St(.)) Peter|(Simon) Peter|Petros
;;The abnormal creation of these objects in animal cells due to ineffectiveness of an enzyme in a related structure is a major cytological symptom of mannosidosis. A series of HRP membrane flow studies have placed good bounds on the rate at which these organelles can be created. HLA class II specialization occurs in these organelles after HLA class II is injected into one (*) containing a degraded antigen. Cytoplasmic tail anchors can be used to target substances to these organelles by vesicular transport to create plant bioreactors. In plants these cells are bounded by a membrane known as a tonoplast, while in animal cells they are usually created by pinocytosis or phagocytosis. Used in plants to generally store metabolytes and to maintain turgor pressure, FTP, name these organelles which consist of large, water-filled sacs used to store cellular materials.;;vaculoes
;;One of these provisions was reaffirmed by a legal code of Louis I, which extended many of its provisions to the iobagiones, or "castle-warriors," and included an Article Twenty-Four preventing Jews and Muslims from holding official positions. That provision recognized the "King's Servants" as members of the nobility, and could not be repealed by Bela IV due to the chaos ensuing from a Mongol invasion. That document issued by Andrew II to the Hungarian Nobility shares a name with a provision confirmed by the Treaty of Kruschwitz, which directed Konrad I of Masovia to ensure the Prussian claims of the (*) Teutonic Knights. Sicily and Rimini became namesakes of these documents issued by Frederick II, while the most famous one was issued after a promise to secure one man's position against Visconti machinations, and included a ban on the formation of stadtebunde communities. That document also selected Frankfurt as the location for a certain process, and was promulgated at the Diet of Nuremberg and authorized by Innocent VI. With the most famous 1356 example issued by Charles IV and establishing the rules for the election of the Holy Roman Emperor, FTP, identify these medieval documents, named for the precious metal used to adorn their seals.;;Golden Bulls
;;Early in this work, one character compares his chief desire to a hankering for pea soup, and later defends that desire by declaring that his mind is his castle and that others should defend their own. This work perhaps mockingly praises the enlightenment of its viewers shortly after the protagonist stares at the audience after being told to "use [his] eyes," after having earlier been warned about encountering someone who "had a pretty boy and forgot to pay him." In another episode in this work, a corpse being carried out on a bier is asked to carry a pack, but demands too much money. A character loses a (*) contest over a lost oilcan due to the formulaic nature of his meter in this work, and this work's protagonist of is forced to keep time with the chanting of the chorus, who are particularly fond of "Berkekekex koax koax." Xanthias complains throughout this play, in which Herakles advises the protagonist on how to bring back his favored poet, and it ends with a victory for Aeschylus, who defeats Euripides and is resurrected. FTP, name this Aristophanes play in which Dionysus descends into Hades and encounters the titular amphibians, who begin croaking at him.;;(The) Frogs|Batrachoi
;;One account about a member of this dynasty recounts how King Judicael refused to dine with him because of his irreligiousness, electing instead to eat with Dado, the future St. Audoin. One of this dynasty's kings was shaved bald and sent to a monastery by the usurper Grimoald, who installed his son, inexplicably known as "the Adopted," at the helm of this dynasty. The defeat of Berchar, the son-in-law of Waratto, and one of its kings at Tertry is often said to mark the de facto end of this dynasty, which rose to prominence following victories at Tolbiac, Soissons, and Vouillle over the Alemanni, the warlord Syagrius, and another warlord. Brunhilda variously ruled or advised the rulers of this dynasty, whose best contemporary sources are Fredegar and (*) Gregory of Tours. This dynasty was subjugated by the Arnulfings, and it endured a period of "do-nothing kings" or  "rois faineants" following the reign of Dagobert. Theuderic II was unable to reincorporate Burgundy and Neustria together under the united control of this dynasty,  which was originally founded by a son of Childeric. Ended by Pepin the Short, FTP, identify this French ruling dynasty, legendarily founded by the son of a Quinotaur but historically founded by Clovis I.;;Merovingians
;;One of the works of this composer begins with a syncopated chromatic scale from the strings, ending on the remote chord of A flat minor, before launching into the C major Allegro ma non troppo exposition, which is partly based on Symphony No. 7 of Sibelius. One of his choral works, themed around a radical leap of faith, begins in Gregorian chant, while in the second section an oboe solo accompanies the chorus in their now polyphonic chant, "Thou Art Unchanging." In addition to Symphony in One Movement and Prayers of Kierkegaard, he wrote a concerto for flute, oboe, and trumpet named for the zodiacal month when he could see the aurora from home, (*) Capricorn Concerto. Better-known works are a series of 10 choral pieces including "Promiscuity," "A Monk & His Cat," & "Longings of an Eremite," the Hermit Songs, a work inspired by Prometheus Unbound, this composer's Setting for a Scene from Shelley, and an opera where David, Geraldine, Bill, & Sally play the title game, A Hand of Bridge. FTP name this American composer of Revenge of Medea, Vanessa, and a piece in B Flat later recast as an Agnus Dei, his Adagio for Strings.;;(Samuel) Barber
;;In this work one character makes the claim that no one would poorly influence his neighbors knowing that making his neighbors worse would ultimately hurt himself. The first chapter of Nietzsche's Ecce Homo describes it as a book in the tradition established by this work, whose central figure gives an account of himself as a gadfly, and goes on to discuss how Caerepon came to the Delphic oracle and discovered that the wisest of all men was that speaker. This work proceeds with a discussion of its speaker's systematic (*) questioning of all the seemingly intelligent men around him, and is based on an answer to the arguments of Anytus. The speaker of this work asserts that he only knows that he knows nothing, and is able to show that Meletus has made a contradictory account of his irreligion by claiming both that Socrates both invents new gods and is an atheist, he still ends up getting sentenced to death, having rejected the chance to flee in the earlier dialogue, Creto. FTP, identify this Platonic dialogue in which Socrates is tried for corrupting the youth of Athens, whose title reflects the presented logical defense rather than an expression of regret and culpability.;;Apology
;;This dynasty's northern border was threatened by Khitan raiders descended from the Xienbe, and Liphat Tu led Annam to revolt against this dynasty, requiring a restoration by Liu Fang. The gongshi civil service exam system replaced the Nine Ranks system under this dynasty, which also institutionalized the fubing recruiting system throughout all of China. This dynasty threw ludicrous amounts of money at a series of four military campaigns, only to consistently end up on the receiving end up an ass kicking by Eulji Mundeok, the greatest (*) Goguryeo general. Fifty-nine princes of the Northern Zhou were killed when a general under Xianbei, Yang Jian, founded this dynasty, taking the name Wendi and proceeding to conquer the Chen to end the Southern and Northern Dynasties period. This dynasty decayed under the incompetence of Yangdi, though Yangdi was able to unite Yangzhou in the south with the great capital Changan via the Grand Canal. FTP, identify this short-lived dynasty which re-unified China and set the stage for the rise of its successor state, the Tang.;;Sui (Dynasty)|Sui (Chao)
;;Life in this city is described as "prey to hallucinations (not visions)" and "against the very grain of American civilization as we know it" in the essay "My City My Wilderness" by Andrei Codrescu. Philadelphian Joseph Frowenfield is received by a resident of this city, prompting that character to consider the murder of Aurora's husband by his uncle Agricola. Along with Chicago, this city is the primary setting for the wanderings of Binx Bolling in Walker Percy's The Moviegoer, while a bus trip that ends with the theft of a beloved jacket from a bathroom stall is the only adventure that (*) one character has outside of this city, whose literary residents include  a family descended from the slave Bras Coupe. This setting for George Washington Cable's The Grandissimes is also home to Ignatius Reilly in John Kennedy Toole's A Confederacy of Dunces. After Allan Grey kills himself over his homosexuality, Stella Kowalski is sought out in this city by her cousin, Blanche DuBois. FTP, identify this   Southern city, the setting for A Streetcar Named Desire, Old Creole Days, and numerous dirty limericks scribbled on walls during Mardi Gras.;;New Orleans
;;This artist's studio was redesigned to resemble a kiva for one work in which he depicted the central figure holding a war mace in his right hand, while contemplating another object in his left, a portrait of Frank Hamilton Cushing. Three nude youths lounge in the grass, two playing syrinxes in this artist's Arcadia, and a youth carries a bloody sponge in a bucket as he stands behind an illuminated figure, wearing only white briefs and waving to the crowd in this artist's Salutat. In another work, a nude (*) youth stands with his back to the viewer, watching as a friend dives into the titular location, while another work features the artist rowing alone in a boat to the right of the title figure. This artist of The Swimming Hole and Max Schmitt in a Single Scull also painted a man with a bloody hand and scalpel staring away from the surgery being performed to his left. FTP, name this naked young boy enthusiast who painted The Gross Clinic.;;(Thomas) Eakins
;;The width of this approximately two-dimensional region varies with the Madden-Julian Oscillation, in which also vary the strength of convection and the rate of cyclogenesis here. The INDOEX experiment found that aerosol optical depth was minimized above this region. This region tends to be "hemmed in" by subtropical highs at the descending branches of Hadley cells, which block it from reaching cool deserts along western coastlines such as the Atacama and Sonoran. The axis of this region is generally found between three and ten degrees north latitude because this region is formed by the (*) confluence of the trade winds. FTP, name this region known for strong convection and unpredictable rainfall, an area originally known by sailors for its frequent absence of strong winds.;;intertropical convergence (zone)|equatorial convergence (zone)|equatorial trough|intertropical front|doldrums
;;While attempting to vote for himself in one election, this man was surrounded by an angry mob and forced to take a "Regency" oath before being allowed to approach the ballot box. While President, he declined to intervene regarding the extermination order issued by Lilburn Boggs, citing his fear that it would cost him a key state in the upcoming election. This Bucktail ended up carrying Missouri by 3,000 votes over Hugh White in that election, but still lost and wasn't able to save any Mormons. A speech directed against this man contained references to his mammary-themed gardening habits and was packed with increasingly irresponsible lies in several reprintings following its delivery by Charles Ogle. The cabinet of this subject of the (*) Golden Spoon Oration, whose last bid for high office came on a Free Soil ticket, included Amos Kendall, Benjamin Butler, John Forsyth, and Levi Woodbury. This man's presidency saw the murder of Amos Durfee trigger the Caroline Affair, and was won over a divided Whig coalition on a ticket with Richard Mentor Johnson. This New Yorker had earlier succeeded Henry Clay as Secretary of State, and later John C. Calhoun in a higher-ranking position. FTP, identify this "Little Magician" who served as Andrew Jackson's second Vice President, a Democrat who won in 1836 but lost in 1840 to William Henry Harrison.;;(Martin) Van Buren
;;In a Japanese myth, Urashima caught one of these creatures, who transformed into one of the Pleiades and took him to heaven, and in a Mayan myth, Chaac accidentally killed Tactani's daughter when the Sun took the form of one of these creatures. In a Sumerian myth, one of these creatures was placed as a guardian before the Apsu and, after quickly digging a pit, pushed Ninurta into it after that god tried to reacquire the Tablets of Destiny from Enki. In an Iroquois myth, one of these creatures is smeared in mud in order to give a heavenly woman a place to (*) live, thus creating the earth. One of these creatures morphs into a beautiful girl named Mohini in a Hindu story in which this creature facilitated an effort to obtain divine nectar from Mt. Mandara. Vishnu's second avatar, Kurma, took the form of this creature during the churning of the ocean, in which it bore the Mountain on its back across the sea. Shang dynasty oracle divinations and the original lyre created by Hermes relied on, FTP, the shell of what kind of animal, which races against a hare in a famous Aesop fable?.;;Turtle|Tortoise|Terrapin
;;One of this author's notable poems ends, "He does not know you, Lord"; that poem is titled after its first line, "Who never ate with tears his bread," but better-known collections of his poetry include The Passion Trilogies and Venetian Epigrams. This author's novel collection of drama criticism - written in verse - is entitled Maxims and Reflections, while he appended  more traditional prose criticism to his West-stlicher Divan. In one work by this author, Euphorion becomes an Icarus figure but draws sympathy only from a Homunculus, and that work also sees the central female character's name abruptly changed in the notation. This man's dramatic subjects include the author of Jerusalem Delivered, an intrepid mercenary Knight in the service of Charles V, and a (*) Flemish general opposing the Duke of Alba; those characters appear respectively in Torquato Tasso, Gotz von Berlichingen, and Egmont, while this man's most famous work inspired a "sequel" by Thomas Mann subtitled The Beloved Returns, Lotte in Weimar. Known for creating the characters of Margaret, also known as Gretchen, and Mephistopheles, FTP, identify this German sturm und drang author of Faust, who penned the suicide-inducing epistolary novel The Sorrows of Young Werther.;;(Johann) (Wolfgang) (von) Goethe
;;TB 1. A syndicate of investors in this colony was organized by Samuel Bloomaert to provide the capital for this colony's founder, Willem Usselinx. Transfer of land to this colony was conducted by Native American chiefs representing the Mante, Armewamex, and the Minqua, including Mattahorn, who was later convinced by a rival colony to claim to have sold that land previously for Ft. Beversreede. This colony acquired its southernmost settlement, Ft. Trinity, after its last governor, Johan (*) Risingh captured Ft. Casimir, and the longest-serving governor of this colony, Johan Printz founded a settlement on Tinicum Island, where his manor, Printzhof, is now a Historic Landmark. This colony was initially led by Peter Minuit, who founded its first settlement, Ft. Christina, which was captured in 1655 by the governor of New Netherland, Pieter Stuyvesant. FTP, name this early colony along the Delaware River, named for the Scandinavian country which founded it.;;New Sweden|Nya Sverige
;;TB 2. Four attendees voted against every measure on the grounds that it never should have existed. American attendees included Elmer Ritter, Stephen Leven and Fulton Sheen, as well as Francis X. Murphy, who wrote about it under the pseudonym Xavier Rynne. CELAM was formed by a group of attendees at this meeting from (*) Latin America, while the International Group of Fathers included the conservative Alfredo Ottaviani, who approved of Giovanni Montini's decision to postpone discussion of a document on religious liberty. That decision came on "Black Thursday," November 19, 1964, at the end of the third session; the fourth session approved Gaudium et Spes, the Pastoral Constitution on the Church in the Modern World. FTP, identify this Catholic ecclesiastical council held in Rome from 1962 until 1965.;;Vatican II
;;TB 3. Mike Daisey wrote a play about "the last" one of these, and a computer programming anti-pattern is named for this practice. Richard Feynman applied this term to certain kinds of science. The Tuka movement was documented in 1885, and in 1919 G.M. Murray and F.E. Williams observed one variety of it associated with iki haveve and the Ghost Steamer, which they called Vailala Madness. One group of this variety opposed the independence of (*) Vanuatu; that group emerged in the 1940s and gathers every February 15 to await the return of John Frum, who may be an American GI. FTP, name this religious practice that arises after a tribal society makes contact with a technologically-advanced culture, in which the tribe often constructs look-alike versions of foreign equipment in hopes of acquiring goods like guns and airplanes.;;cargo cult
;;In one of this man's novels, a journalist deals with a series of increasingly odd art dealers in order to find secret footage of a pornographic film of Adolph Hitler. In another, a limousine carries wealthy asset manager Eric Parker across Manhattan for a haircut. This author of Running Dog and Cosmopolis, who published another work under the pseudonym Cleo Birdwell, wrote about frustrated novelist Bill Gray in his work (*) Mao II. This author reimagined the Kennedy assassination in his work about Lee Harvey Oswald, Libra. In a better known work, which begins with the "Shot heard round the world," this author wrote about murderer Nick Shay. He also wrote a work set at the College-On-The-Hill which includes the Airborne Toxic Event in the life of Hitler Studies Professor Jack Gladney. For ten points, name this contemporary American author who wrote Underworld and White Noise.;;(Don) DeLillo
;;This character gave the prophecy that Euphemus would rule over Libya after he completed another task. Another story about this character describes how the Iranians changed their name after this character and another came to live among them. Hera made this character fall in love in order to affect the death of (*) Pelias. This character tricked two daughters into chopping their father up and boiling him in a cauldron by telling them that it would restore his youth, but she declined to add the magic herbs to the cauldron. In one myth, this character flies away in a chariot drawn by dragons, which were gifts from Helios; that occurred after this character slew Glauce with a poisoned robe. For ten points, name this daughter of Aeetes, who helped her husband Jason escape with the Golden Fleece.;;Medea
;;One character in this play is indignant after another character tells her that she has mermaid blood and therefore ought to fall in love with a water sprite. Another character in this play is passionate about restoring all the yew trees on his estate before the peasants cut them down. One character steals morphia from (*) Doctor Astrov's bag, causing that doctor to remain on the estate, and he had earlier told the nurse Marina that he felt a hundred years old from over work. Yelena is the second wife of one of the central characters in this play. This play begins when the conceited Professor Serebryakov complains of leg pains, and his young wife is wooed by the title character of this play. For ten points, name this play about the son of Marya Voyinsky, who runs an estate for that Professor.;;Uncle Vanya
;;Tim Kaine granted an informal pardon to the 27 slaves hanged during this man's suppression of Gabriel's Rebellion, and during this man's tenure as President, Apuckshunubbee and Pushmataha was forced to sign the Treaty of Doak's Stand and later the Treaty of Washington City, in which the Choctaw's ceded large amounts of territory to the U.S. During his first term in office, this man used his annual message to Congress to address conflicts with Spain and the results of the (*) Rush-Bagot Convention, and he vetoed the Cumberland Road Bill. This man's attorney general would go on to represent Native American rights after he left office in the case Cherokee Nation v. Georgia; in addition to William Wirt, this man's Cabinet saw William Crawford preside over the Treasury Department. The Secretary of State and later War under his predecessor, James Madison, FTP, name this politician who presided over the "Era of Good Feelings.".;;(James) Monroe
;;This man married Eadgyth, the widow of one of his military rivals, Gruffydd ap Llywelyn of Gwynned, whom this man fought a series of border skirmishes against.  After becoming the Earl of East Anglia, this man was briefly exiled due to his father's insubordination regarding a fight in Dover, leading this man to spend time in Ireland in the court of King Dermont of Leinster. After being imprisoned at Beaurain by Count Guy of (*) Ponthieu, this man supposedly swore an oath to a foreign noble that he would not accept a certain English title. The victor over his brother Tostig and King Harald Hardrada at Stamford Bridge, FTP, name this successor of Edward the Confessor, who lost the crown and his life to William the Conqueror at Hastings.;;Harold II|Harold Godwinson
;;Sarajobalada and Rito Perraj are two indigenous witch doctors in one of this man's novels, which also describes the pernicious actions of American investor Lester Mead and his wife Leland. That novel is Strong Wind. Catalina and Yumi become expert sorceresses who must defend themselves against the Catholic church in one of this man's novels, which focuses on their struggle for the titular moon spirit Mulata de Tal. The second half of one of this man's novels describes the struggles of the postman Nicho, while its first half describes the adventures of (*) revolutionary leader Gaspar Ilom. This author of Men of Maize also wrote about the hunt for General Canales, whose daughter Camila is beloved by the narrator, the trusted advisor Angel Face. For ten points, name this author of The Banana Trilogy and El Senor Presidente, a prize-winning Guatemalan writer.;;(Migue) (Angel) Asturias (Rosales)
;;He had given significant financial backing to the Regeneration group before founding the Anti-Reelectionist party.  The faction that brought him down signed the "Pact of the Embassy" in the office of Henry Lane Wilson, the U.S. Ambassador.  Because he was unable to immediately return land to dispossessed Indians, Emiliano (*) Zapata revolted against this president.  The author of "La sucesion presidencial en 1910," he was hailed as an "apostle of democracy," and championed the principle of "effective suffrage, no reelection" in his Plan of San Luis Potosi.  Killed while being transferred to prison, his ouster was engineered by Victoriano Huerta. FTP, identify this Mexican leader who led the ouster of Porfirio Diaz.;;(Francisco) (Indalecio) Madero
;;One song by this band deals with an "X-files being, looking like some kind of blue-green Jackie Chan with Isabella Rossellini lips and breath that reeked of Vanilla Chig Champa." This band sings "Here from the king's mountain view/Feast like a sultan I do" on the song "Jambi." The title track of their most recent album carries the alternative title "Wings, Part 2." One lyric from the track  "46 and 2" is "My shadow's shedding skin//I've been picking scabs again." They sing "Black and white are all I see/In my infancy" on "Lateralus" and "It's not enough, I need more" on "Stinkfist." Their song "The Pot" received a 2008 Grammy nomination and appeared on their album "10,000 Days." For ten points, name this rock band fronted by Maynard James Keenan with other songs like "Parabola," "Vicarious," and "Schism.".;;Tool
;;This man exchanged material from his violin concerto to write his sixth symphony, which begins with a series of notes D-E-F-G-A that sets the symphony in the Dorian mode, and he set a series of seven poems by John Runeberg to music. This composer's fourth symphony is dominated with the tritone interval and it ends with a glockenspiel attempting to establish an A-major cadence but the work's opening note, C from the rest of the orchestra brings it to a minor finish. His first symphony opens with a clarinet accompanied by timpani roll, and this man also wrote incidental music to a play by Procope, (*) Belshazzar's Feast. He depicted a sleigh ride between two cities in one of his tone poems, Nightride and Sunrise. This composer wrote a set of patriotic works including a Ballade and Alla Marcia in his Karelia Suite and also wrote a tone poem based on the story of Kullervo. For 10 points, name this composer of The Swan of Tuonela and a nationalistic paean to his homeland, Finlandia.;;(Jean) Sibelius
;;One voice in one of this man's poems asks "What but a soul could have the wit / To build me up for sin so fit?" while another voice identifies as "hung up, as 'twere, in chains /Of nerves, of arteries, and veins." That poem is "A Dialogue Between Soul and Body." Another poem by this author describes the title concept as " begotten by Despair alone upon Impossibility." That poem is "The Definition of Love," although a better known poem by this author laments How vainly men themselves amaze/ To win the palm, the oak, or bays." The author of "The (*) Garden," this author of "Upon Appleton House" wrote another work which notes "Your courteous lights in vain you waste/ Since Juliana here is come." That poem, written  to "The Glow-worms," features a character who is described in another poem as a " Luxurious man, to bring his vice in use," against The Gardens. For ten points, name this man who wrote several poems about "The Mower," who lamented "Had we but World enough and Time" in his "To His Coy Mistress.".;;(Andrew) Marvell
;;This character gave the prophecy that Euphemus would rule over Libya; a vision that was fulfilled after the founding of Cyrene by one of his descendants. While traveling in Tomi, this character's father was slown down in his travels when he stopped to retrieve the scattered remains of this character's brother, Absytus. Hera made this character fall in love in order to expedite the death of Pelias. This character tricked two daughters into chopping their father up and boiling him in a cauldron by telling them that it would restore his youth, but she declined to add the magic herbs to the cauldron. In one myth, she uncorked the nail holding in the fluids of the bronze man Talos and this character is carried away in a chariot drawn by dragons; an event that occurred after this character slew Glauce with a poisoned dress. Often depicted as a priestess of Hecate, for ten points, name this daughter of Aeetes, who helped her husband Jason escape with the Golden Fleece.;;Medea
;;This man utilized the contrast between Pare in Indonesia and Sefrou in Morocco to analyze his own anthropological practice in his work After the Fact. The author of a collection of philosophical essays entitled Available Light, he analyzed a synthesis of symbols, myths, rituals, and ceremonies, which he terms "drama" in a work which utilizes the example of a certain theatre state, Negara.  In one of this man's works, he described a situation in which the stakes are so high that it doesn't make sense to play, a term called deep play, through the lens of a Balinese cockfight. In another, he described the uses of explanation that seeks to explain not only the practice, but the motive behind it, known as his "thick description." For ten points, name this man who wrote The Interpretation of Cultures.;;(Clifford) Geertz
;;A fox with an arched tale looks away from the viewer in a canvas by this man in which a red-cloaked title figure confronts the viewer, The Sorceror of Hiva Oa. A green-skinned, bulbous-nosed, black robed woman watches over a naked black woman lying on her stomach in this man's canvas The Spirits of the Dead Keep Watch. In a more famous work, the title character has blue veins marked out against his stomach as he perishes on the cross. Another work by this artist depicts a vision that took place after a notable sermon, while a further work depicts a blue statue and a bottom -lit naked woman stretching her arms to the sky. The artist of The Yellow Chirst, for 10 points, name this artist who created Jacob Wrestling with the Angel and Where Do We Come From? What are We? Where Are We Going? on his frequent trips to Tahiti.;;(Paul) Gauguin
;;Eccy de Jonge has written about this philosopher's connection to the environmental concept of Deep Ecology, which topic was also written about by Brenden MacDonald. In one of his works, this man wrote about "the popular confusion of ready imagination with distinct understanding," which section occurs after one discussing "true ideas," which are the instruments of the titular idea. This author of (*) On the Improvement of the Understanding wrote that reason does not preclude God from giving law to mankind in a work which also discussed the relativity of good and evil. This author of Tractatus Theological-Politicus also wrote a work in which the nature of God, the mind, human bondage to the emotions, and the power of understanding, are arranged in a geometric order. For ten points, name this Dutch moral philosopher who wrote Ethics.;;(Baruch) Spinoza
;;It claimed that "the realm was so torn by innumerable factions and sects that the most legitimate of all the parties was fewest in numbers." Certain terms within it were violated by the Convention of Alais. Its terms were annulled by the Peace of Ales, and it was fiercely opposed by Pope Clement VIII.  Its last section forbade discrimination in education and medical care, while section XVIII of it concerns the (*) kidnapping of children. Its first section granted an amnesty for actions undertaken since March 1585, and its terms included the establishment of strongholds for which the king would pay for garrisoning. Revoked by Louis XIV through the Edict of Fontainebleau, FTP, identify this edict that granted liberties to Protestants, issued by Henry IV in 1598.;;(Edict) (of) Nantes
;;TB1 In this work, a man blows a bugle while facing a couple that strolls away from the viewer and towards the top right corner of the work. Closer to the center of this work, a girl clutches a bouquet of flowers with her head inclined, and some critics have suggested that the social order depicted in this painting is more tenuous than it first appears. A pair of soldiers also walks away from the viewer, towards the same point of land for which a crew of men is rowing. A small brown dog runs towards a sniffing, larger black dog in the foreground of this work, away from a monkey on a leash held by a woman. The woman is one of the 48 people, many holding parasols and enjoying the titular time of day, in, FTP, what pointillist work by Georges Seurat, which shows people of all classes relaxing on a titular island in Paris?.;;(A) Sunday Afternoon on the Island of La Grande Jatte(-)1884|(Un) dimanche apres(-)midi a I'lle de la Grande Jatte(-)1884
;;TB2 His critiqued Flaubert's Madame Bovary in his The Perpetual Orgy.  His examination of Latin American authoritarianism follows Urania Cabral and Rafael Trujillo in his The Feast of the Goat.  In one story a series of vignettes tell the story of the Indian girl Bonifacia and the proprietor Don Anselmo, while in another The Slave squeals on The Circle for stealing answers to a chemistry test at the (*) Leoncia Prado Academy.  In addition to the Green House and The Time of the Hero, in his most famous story, the narrator Mario meets the genius soap author Pedro Camacho before falling in love with his titular relative.  For 10 points, name this Peruvian author of Aunt Julia and the Scriptwriter.;;(Jorge) (Mario) (Pedro) Vargas Llosa
;;TB3  One model of this phenomenon predicts increased stability of alkene-metal bonds due to the electron metathesis that this interaction essentially is. This interaction decreases one participant's bond order, but compensates by increasing that of the other, so that it gets nearer to fulfilling the 18-electron rule. A quick diagnostic for this process is an anomalously low ligand functional stretching frequency on an infrared spectrum. The volatility of nickel tetracarbonyl is explained by this process having occurred in it in agreement with the aforementioned (*) Dewar-Chatt-Duncanson model. For 10 points, name this chemical phenomenon in which electrons from an atomic orbital of the central atom of a coordination complex delocalize to fill an anti-bonding pi orbital.;;(pi) backbonding|(pi) backdonation
;;Anecdotes in this work include Freddy the Janitor's misadventures in Prison Daycare and a consequential dosing of one character with an aphrodisiac, triggering a four-day sexathon. The protagonist of this work converses in Tommy's Barber Shop with a man who later reveals himself to belong to the Seven Days. One character in this novel is the son of a man who was sliced in half in a mill accident and is inspired by a white peacock on top of a Buick dealership to help the protagonist steal some gold. In this work, Circe reveals that one character was married to the Indian girl Sing and was actually named Jake, and it begins with the suicide of Insurance Salesmen Robert Smith. That protagonist leaves "no Doctor Street" for the town of (*) Shalimar, Virginia, where he learns that the title figure dropped his ancestor Jake while flying to Africa. The protagonist, the son of Macon Dead II, leaves his sisters First Corinthians and Magdalena in Michigan and journeys with his aunt Pilate, who is shot by the greedy Guitar Baines. FTP, name this novel that follows Milkman's discovery of his roots, a work by Toni Morrison titled after a book of Old Testament love poetry written by a wise monarch.;;Song of Solomon
;;This body is home to regions known as "Barnacle Bill" and "Shark" which contain fine-grained quartzite minerals similar to andesite. Piqueux theorized that this body's dark "spider" regions were the result of geyser activity driven by subterranean sublimation of atmospheric gases. This body saw the formation of many lava plains during its Hesperian Geological Epoch, while its earlier (*) Noachian epoch is characterized by heavy bombardment. Perchlorate and calcium carbonate were determined to be present in this body's soil by the Phoenix Mission in 2008,  and other explorations of this body include the two Viking missions. This body's massive plateau, the Tharsis Bulge, is located just west from the solar system's largest canyon, Valles Marinaris, and famously contains the solar system's tallest mountain, the volcano Olympus Mons. Recently explored by Spirit and Opportunity, FTP, name this body orbited by Phobos and Deimos, the fourth planet from the sun.;;Mars
;;Alexander Calder's "La Grande Voile" was built primarily as a wind block to protect one of this man's buildings. This man used blocky geometric designs to imitate traditional Middle Eastern architecture in his work on Doha's Museum of Modern Art, and created a simple tent-like shape for his Luce Memorial Chapel. He designed the tallest five-sided building in the world, the monolithic JPMorgan Chase Tower in Houston, and assisted his son in the design for UCLA Medical Center. This designer of MIT's Green Building turned over to James Freed and Henry (*) Cobb much of the work on the recent NASCAR Hall of Fame building. This architect used deep setbacks and triangular bracings to protect the Bank of China Tower from Shanghai winds. One of his buildings includes a cantilevered theater over Lake Eerie and an orthogonal tower which rises next to one of his trademark features. That feature was also included by this architect as the entranceway to an underground portion of a famous museum. Noted for designing Clevleland's Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, FTP, name this creator of a glass pyramid at the Louvre, a prominent Chinese-American architect.;;(I(.)) (M(.)) Pei
;;The revolt of Martyn Pushkar during this period led to the passage of the Treaty of Hadiach, which attempted to create a Ruthenian Duchy. This period was ended by the Treaty of Olivia and saw the defense of the Jasna Gora monastery inspire one leader to swear the Lwow Oath. Key precipitating factors of this period include the increased power of the nobility due to Sarmatism and Golden Liberty system, and it saw secondary conflicts like the Second (*) Northern War. Some historians mark the end of this period with the Treaty of Andrusovo, which ended one side's war with Russia, and it began with an invasion by Charles Gustav followed by a scattered resistance under John II Casimir.over a five year period from 1555. Denoting Sweden's invasion of Poland, FTP, identify this period named for a meteorological disaster that completes Louis XV's quote beginning "after me," and is characterized by a massive downfall of water.;;(The) Deluge|Potpo
;;This man collected a treatise classifying the title entities into "calm" and "violent" types with considerable moralistic resonance, along with a work of aesthetics describing the interaction of innate human sentiment and critical faculty, into his Four Dissertation. Those essays "Of Passions" and "Of the Standard of Taste," are far more direct than a meandering work arguing that warfare and shoddy masonry must had made the ancient world far less inhabited than the modern. That work, "Populousness of Ancient Nations" was collected along with works like "Idea of a Perfect Commonwealth" in another collection by this man. A Thomas Macauley work replaced this author's (*) History of England as the standard text on the subject, while in another work Pamphilus recounts the debates between Cleanthes, Philo, and Demea about the existence of god. This author of Essays, Moral, Political, and Literary and Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion articulated the "is-ought" problem and was credited with awaking Kant from his "dogmatic slumber." FTP, name this Scottish philosopher who wrote A Treatise of Human Nature and An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding.;;(David) Hume
;;In this novel, the insecticide expert Mr. Brown is brought in to deal with an ant infestation which is solved when a peasant simply asks the ants to go away. One character in this novel frequents the Christopher Columbus brothel, which the hooker Transito Soto turns into a gay friendly establishment. One character dies after drinking poisoned brandy meant for her father Severo de Valle. The death of the (*) green-haired Rosa the Beautiful causes another character to carry around a chalkboard to communicate for nine years as she refuses to talk until her marriage to Esteban, who abandons his plantation at Tres Marias to participate in a coup against the Communists. FTP, name this novel that follows the Trueba family in an unnamed South American country, a work of Isabel Allende.;;(The) House of the Spirits|(La) casa de los espiritus
;;This party absorbed the Honest Government Party in 1898, and its proponents included Californian Charles Randall, whose political career ended after he was destroyed by Hiram Johnson in a Senate race. The Concerns of People Party helped Gene Amondson take control of this party after a schism ended the streak of nominations held by Earl Dodge. Florida governor Sidney Johnson Catts was a major figure in this party, whose 1932 ticket was led by a recently-banned radio evangelist, "Fighting Bob" Shuler. This this party's logo was changed to a (*) Bactrian to avoid any similarities between its Thomas Nast-designed symbol with Joe Camel, and it vaulted to national prominence under Kansas governor John St. John and through the campaigns of John Bidwell and Silas Swallow. The publication of The Hatchet and the activities of the Women's Christian Temperance Union helped generate support for this party, whose goals were briefly realized with the passage of the Volstead Act. FTP,  name this American third party whose platform faded from national politics with the repeal of the 18th Amendment, a group preoccupied with banning alcohol.;;Prohibition (Party)
;;One member of this group wrote his thesis on "The Boy Scout Movement as A Socializing Agency" but is best known for a work chronicling over 1300 gangs. One of this school's leaders developed the Race Relations Cycle to explain his four part model of immigrant assimilation, while the namesake theorem of another member of this school states that "Ii men define situations as real, they are real in their consequences." That theorem established the basis for the social disorganization theory posited by several members of this group, which included Frederic Thrasher and Robert Park, along with a man who developed a namesake (*) concentric zone model of cities. This sociological school of Ernest Burgess and Louis Wirth shares a name with a Ronald Salmon Crane-led school advocating a revival of Aristotelianism in literary criticism, and with a schoo, including Robert Fogel, Robert Lucas, and Ronald Coase, which centered on the the economic theories of Milton Friedman. FTP, identify the common name of these schools of thought, named for a certain Midwestern university.;;Chicago (School)
;;One non-Mozart composer from this country used Twinkle Twinkle Little Star as the basis for a work subtitled "For the enjoyment of humorous people and for the annoyance of others," his Variations on a Nursery Tune, and also created the comic opera, Aunt Simona. Another of this country's composers experimented with rhythm syllables, a moveable-do system, and some namesake hand signals to develop with Jeno Adam a musical education program that was later applied to this country's schools. That man's own musical contributions include the Laudes Organi, the Peacock Variations, and an opera beginning with a "musical sneeze" that sees a series of stories vibrantly related by a (*) cavalrymen who single-handedly vanquishes Napoleon. One composer from this nation created for his favored student Sophie Menter a piano concerto "in the style of" this country, and was inspired by Mazeppa in the fourth of his Transcendental Etudes. Producing the composer of Hary Janos, Zoltan Kodaly, FTP, identify this European country, home to Erno Dohnanyi, Franz Liszt, and Bela Bartok.;;Hungary
;;In teleost fish and lagomorphs, this organ is not distinct but instead has its tissue spread about the mesentary and sometimes incorporated into the spleen or liver. A disease that produces tumors in this organ can result in a dangerously high production of HCl in the stomach and is known as Zollinger-Ellison syndrome. The omental tuber joins the main body of this organ to its "neck" which is in turn separated from its (*) "uncinate process" by a namesake notch. This organ is connected to the bile duct via the Duct of Wirsung and this organ's namesake polypeptide hormone is inhibited by another of this organ's hormones. That hormone acts against the effects of HGH, gastrin and secretin, is produced by this organ's delta cells and is called somatostatin. Emptying into the duodenum, for 10 points, name this organ that produces chemicals like glucagon from its beta and alpha cells of the Islets of Langerhans, also the site of insulin production.;;Pancreas
;;Innocent VIII issued a papal bull after this king forcibly removed the Stafford brothers from sanctuary after their abortive rebellion with Lord Lovell. One of his first actions was to repeal the Titulus Regius. This king greatly improved wool exports by signing the Intercursus Magnus with various European powers. This king ended his invasion of France with the Peace of Etaples, and at the Battle of Stoke Field defeated John (*) de la Pole and the kitchen servant Lambert Simnel. This king's Chancellor John Morton used a namesake "fork" to increase his treasury, and while not a Stuart, this king used the Treaty of Medina del Campo to marry his son Arthur to a Spanish princess. FTP, name this king who later married another of his sons to Catherine of Aragon after defeating Richard III at Bosworth to become the first Tudor monarch, the predecessor of Henry VIII.;;Henry VII
;;An extended performance of scenes from one of this man's musical works inexplicably closes the silent film My [Italian] Cousin, and is delivered by a singer whose career was launched performing the work of this composer, Enrico Caruso. In one opera by this man, the title figure chooses to leave her husband Milio when she finds out that he is married,  while in another, Montesecco kills Simonetta Cattanei before she can warn Giuliano of an evil conspiracy by Pope Sixtus. This composer of Zaza and (*) Il Medici later changed the name of one of his operas to Mimi Pinson after adopting the same Henri Murger novel as Puccini. This man's best-known work opens with the prologue Si Puo, which reminds the audience that actors are real people. That work is frequently performed with Mascagni's Cavalleria Rusticana and includes the aria Vesti la giubba, in which Canio sings that the show must go on despite Nedda's infidelity with Silvio. FTP, name this Italian composer of I Pagliacci.;;(Ruggero) Leoncavallo
;;This novel ends with one character eating ice cream and drinking a beer after abandoning an attempt to construct a makeshift violin out of an old ukulele, and another resolving to start over after a conversation with Portia. After his son Willie returns from prison with his feet amputated, one character in this novel visits a judge only to be humiliatingly thrown in jail for a night. When her brother Bubber shoots Baby with a BB gun, another character in this work is forced to take a job at Woolworths to pay the hospital bills; that character later has sex with the panicky (*) Harry Minowitz, who plans to leave town due to his guilt for sleeping with Mick Kelly. A bundle of strawberries is spilled after the climactic event of this work, much of which centers around the New York cafe, owned by Biff Bannon. At the end of this work, Dr. Copeland, Jake Blount, and Mick Kelly are all devastated when the death of Spiros Antonapoulos in an insane asylum results in the suicide of their confidant, the deaf mute John Singer. FTP, identify this novel, a work by Carson McCullers.;;(The) Heart is a Lonely Hunter
;;This city was the subject of Mohammed Atta's master's thesis in urban planning, which rather unsurprisingly criticized Andre Gutton's Westernization of its architectural infrastructure. It is home to the Mosque of the Drop of Blood as well another building which reportedly houses the tomb of Zachary, the father of John the Baptist, while the Armenian Church of the Forty Martyrs can be found in this city's Jdeide Christian section. Quduz negotiated passage through this city's Frankish rulers prior to meeting the Mongols at Ain Jalut, while the atypical use of the imala characterizes a dialect of Arabic based around and sometimes named for this city. A rebuilt version of the Ayyubid Palace of Glory is contained within a defensive structure used by Seleucus Nicator, this massive (*) Citadel of this city, outside of which Tamerlane built a tower of 20,000 skulls after taking it from the Mamluks. After the fall of Jerusalem, a major Hebrew codex was transferred to the large Central Synagogue of this city, which lay just beyond the Crusader Kingdom of Antioch. The site of a massive 1138 earthquake, FTP, identify this second-largest city of Syria.;;Aleppo
;;One type of this process uses a magnet to bend particles toward a group of Faraday cups where impact is converted into electric signals. An atom probe works by combining field ion microscopy and the time-of-flight form of this process. One form of this process injects particles into a (*) Penning trap before performing a Fourier transform on the result. In addition to the Isotope Ratio form of this, one form of this uses four perfectly parallel rods. Devices used to complete this process include Quadrupole ion traps, Orbitraps, and FTMS's. This process works by ionizing a sample and accelerating through a magnetic field to discover a mass to charge ratio. For 10 points, name this process used to discover the elemental make up of a sample.;;Mass Spectrometry
;;This country's liberal and conservative factions under Alberto Lleras and Laureano Gomez  joined together in the Declaration of Sitges to end the dictatorship of Gustavo Rojas. Its independence movement can be traced to Antonio Narino, who was active during a decade-long game of musical states known as the "Foolish Fatherland" period. Problems with the Salomon-Lozano treaty led to this country's namesake war with Peru, while a treaty signed aboard the USS Wisconsin ended a conflict in this country known as the (*) Thousand Day War. The assassination of Jorge Gaitan in this country touched off a ten-year period of strife, characterized by a high incidence of basic commercial interaction descending into machete massacres, known as La Violencia. This country's 19th of April movement is often called M19, and laid siege to its Palace of Justice in an attempt to try President Belisario Betancur. Luis Galan was killed in this country for his opposition to an organization based out of Cali and another group founded by Pablo Escobar, the Medellin Cartel. Losing control of Panama in 1903, FTP, identify this South American country where there guerrilla group FARC and rampant cocaine trade challenges the authority of its government in Bogota.;;(Republic) (of) Colombia
;;A boy named Hans in this novel idolizes the protagonist, and another Hans is the landlord of the Bridge Inn. The protagonist gets a job as a janitor at a schoolhouse where he annoys Miss Gisa at the instigation of two characters the protagonist calls Arthur although one is named Jeremiah. He eventually meets Amalia, the kindly sister of Olga and Barnabas, the man who delivers a (*) letter from Klamm. Klamm's mistress Freida falls in love with the protagonist, but leaves him after his meeting with The Superintendent leaves him no closer to the title possession of Count West West. For 10 points, name this novel in which a surveyor named K attempts to enter the title structure, a work of Franz Kafka.;;(The) Castle|(Das) Schloss
;;This deity took the form of Deiphobus to persuade Hector to stop running around the walls of Troy and face Achilles. This deity gave Asclepius the blood of Medusa, and this goddess avenged the underpaid worker Nicandra by causing Alcinoe to fall in love with another man. This goddess wiped the seed of (*) Hephaestus off of her thigh resulting in the birth of Erechtheus. In one appearance, this goddess assumed the shape of Mentor to guide Telemachus. This goddess defeated Poseidon when her gift of an olive tree trumped Poseidon's gift of a salty well, leading to a prominent Greek city adopting her name. For 10 points, name this goddess who was born from Zeus' head, the Greek goddess of war and wisdom.;;Athena
;;One resident of this state served as Secretary of Defense for most of Bill Clinton's second term. Another man from this state was defeated for the Democratic nomination by 1972 after losing as the vice presidential candidate under Hubert Humphrey. This home of William Cohen and Edmund (*) Muskie contained the capital of the John Baker founded Republic of Madawaska. Abraham Lincoln's first vice president Hannibal Hamlin served as governor of this state. The first Secretary of War, Henry Knox was from this state, as was a man who led this state's 20th volunteer regiment on a charge down Little Round Top at Gettysburg. For 10 points, name this state which was home to Joshua Chamberlain and a "Continental Liar" who lost to Grover Cleveland, James Blaine.;;Maine
;;The namesake of this work is considered using a reference to the "Eve of Powers," and is described as linking "angelic spirit" with "mortal frame." The main figure of this work owns a library filled with books by Medieval philosophers as well as a plant that grows, blooms, and then withers in an instant, and at one point finds another character sobbing over the pages of his journal. That protagonist also owns a diseased yellow geranium treated with a shining liquid (*) manufactured with the help of the laboratory assistant Aminadab. That liquid had been created to target the titular entity, described as resembling a crimson hand, which most judge only to add to the beauty of Georgiana. This story from Mosses from an Old Manse depicts Aylmer's obsessive quest to rid his wife's cheek of the titular entity, which he achieves a few instants before she informs him that he has killed her. FTP, identify this short story by Nathaniel Hawthorne about the titular blemish.;;(The) Birth(-)Mark
;;One of this man's students sculpted the Farnese Hercules as well as the quadriga Horses of Saint Mark, while another figure with this name is incorporated ornate Corinthian columns as the architect of a famed theater at Epidaurus.  This teacher of Lysippos sculpted a "Man in the Litter" known as Artemon and nude boys playing with knucklebones in a work housed in Titus's atrium, his Astragalizontes. A temple built by Eupolemos in Argolis houses a chryselephantine statue by this artist, and like (*) Myron, this figure depicted an athlete holding the titular object, though his Discophoros is in a stationary pose. Multiple sculptors emulated his work depicting a recent champion fastening the titular ribbon in triumph, his Diademenos. He created an ideal male nude as a companion piece to a work advocating Pythagorean ratios and the contrapposto pose, his Kanon, which provided a model for his most famous work, in which a youth leans against the titular weapon. FTP, identify this forerunner of Praxiteles, a Greek sculptor responsible for the Droyphoros, or Spear-Bearer.;;Polykleitos (the) (Elder) (of) (Argos)
;;These states correspond to intersections away from unity of the envelope lines in McCabe-Thiele diagrams. The typical use of a Dean-Stark trap is to trap non-isochoric species in one of these systems. One of these systems corresponding to a non-extremal critical phase change and known as a (*) saddle one of these can form from ternary mixtures. In addition to its use in adsorbtion, the technique of pressure swings can be used to break these mixtures because these mixtures are defined by having equal activity coefficients among their components. For 10 points, name these mixtures in which each component has the same boiling point and which consequently cannot be separated by fractional distillation.;;azeotropes
;;Lesser-known chamber works by this composer include a trio for two violins and viola called Miniatures, which he later reworked into a four-piece cycle for violin and piano called Romantic Pieces, and a series of Bagatelles for two violins, viola, and harmonium. More famous pieces of chamber music by this composer include his second piano quintet, whose second movement is a type of dance that nicknames his fourth piano trio, a (*) dumka. He also wrote a composition for cello and piano, Silent Woods, which is a transcription of a piece from his From the Bohemian Forest cycle. The composer of a twelfth string quartet nicknamed the "American," FTP, identify this this composer better known for tone poems like The Golden Spinning Wheel, two sets of Slavonic Dances, and his Symphony No. 9, "From the New World.".;;(Antonin) Dvorak
;;The speaker of this poem recalls "kisses balmier than half-opening buds" and how "dim curls [would] kindle into sunny rings," but remembers that each time his lover departs, "thy tears are on my cheek." In its final stanza, this poem notes how its addressee's "rosy shadows" coldly bathe its speaker, who has passed "beyond the goal of ordinance." One work whose title is drawn from this poem sees an ape-like human encountered by Dr. Obispo and Virginia after Peter is killed by aging producer Jo Stoyte. Beginning "the woods decay, the woods decay and fall," this poem bursts into a cry of "ay me, ay me" after quoting "The Gods themselves cannot recall their Gifts." The speaker of this poem laments the assault of "strong hours indignant" and complains that his (*) wrinkled feet are cold, before begging "release me, and restore me to the ground" and  thinking of "happy men that have the power to die." That speaker, a son of Laomedon, whines that "me only cruel immortality/Consumes" after noting that "after many a summer dies the swan." FTP, identify this poem by Alfred, Lord Tennyson, whose titular figure was a lover of Eos in Greek myth who turned into a grasshopper after receiving eternal life without eternal youth.;;Tithonus
;;One work by this man follows Pavel's repetitive existence among a herd of swine and is set in a fictional village "in the author's imagination," while another depicts two prisoners endlessly rehearsing Antigone. This author of the A Place With the Pigs and The Island performed several early plays at a local zoo's snake exhibit, and collaborated with some of his most frequent actors on a work in which the laid-off worker Styles complains for an hour before Robert arrives and announces that he has raided the title figure's corpse and assumed his identity. Elsa and the priest Marius ponder how to care for the widow Helen, who keeps a garden full of figures facing a certain (*) direction, in another of this author's works. This playwright of Sizwe Basni is Dead and The Road to Mecca described the hazards of being a pen pal with a white girl in a work about Morris and Zachariah, Blood Knot. Sam and Willie interact with Hally in his best-known play, one of many commentaries on apartheid. FTP, name this South African playwright who wrote Master Harold...and the Boys.;;(Athol) Fugard
;;Pindar identifies this figure as the father of the goddess of modesty and counterpart of Nemesis, Aedos, and he This figure closely resembles the Georgian hero Amirani as well as the Hindu figure Matarisvan. Hermes claimed that the centaur Chiron would die in place of this figure, whose alcoholism Phaedrus credited with creating homosexuality. One of his brothers was destroyed by a (*) lightning bolt of Zeus for his insolence, and another was the father of Calypso and the Hesperides. This figure wrapped scrapped animal bones in a cow stomach with savory meat and glistening fat to fool the Gods into accepting meager sacrifices, and he conversed with Io when she passed by this son of Iapetus in the shape of a cow during his exile. Freed by Herakles from his daily liver removals by angry eagle, FTP, identify this brother of Epimetheus, who earned Zeus's wrath by stealing fire from the gods and giving it to mankind.;;Prometheus
;;One chapter in this work concludes that the posse is not a convenient institution, while another discusses how one may subtract a self-defense quantity from the harm equation r times H. This work  includes an amusing argument about the Wilt Chamberlain distribution, and a classroom debate with Michael Walzer led to its though experiment in which each person sells shares of themselves and buy shares of everyone else, a concept it terms Demoktesis. This work imagines a person who gains much more pleasure from sacrifices than others lose from being sacrificed, and develops another thought experiment against hedonism in which the namesake entity which provides infinite pleasure to anyone who forgoes living life to (*) plug themselves into it. Before imagining the "utility monster" and "experience macine," this work begins by using State-of-Nature arguments to assert that the formation of any mutual-protection associations will naturally give rise to the formation of a minimalist state. Most famously, this text contains expansive arguments against the Difference Principle and Veil of Ignorance introduced by another thinker. Written in 1975 to refute A Theory of Justice by John Rawls, FTP, identify this tract of political philosophy, written by Robert Nozick.;;Anarchy(,) State(,) and Utopia
;;This man tapped Guillame Poyet, who had earlier helped his mother Louise of Savoy defeat a conspiracy against her, to help pass a major reform bill that phased out Latin as default language for official documents and contracts. That act, the Ordinance of Villers-Cotterets, was passed along with the Ordinance of Montpellier, which remanded a copy of every book published in France to this monarch's library. This victor at the Battle of Marignano sponsored the voyages of Verrazano and Cartier, founded the port city of Le Havre, and set a new precedent by besieging Nice after making an infamous alliance with the (*) Ottoman Empire. This man's court included a woman who would become a major figure in the reign of his jousting-enthusiast son, Diane de Poiters. Cesare Hercolani injured this monarch's horse in an engagement in which he faced the Landsknecht of George Frundsberg, which led to the humiliating Treaty of Madrid and occurred in the wake of a failed negotiation between Henry VIII and this man at the Field of the Cloth of Gold. Famously captured by Charles V's forces at the Battle of Pavia, FTP, identify this father of Henry II, a French King who loved invading Italy and patronized Leonardo Da Vinci.;;Francis I (of) (France)
;;This belief system's more bizarre tenets, including a moment near the beginning of time in which a demonic bukkake orgy in response to three messengers created mankind, are found in an Eclesaite-influenced text authored by a man who began writing about this religion after being visited by an evil twin. The Book of Giants and Shahbuhragan reveal a preoccupation with the Book of Enoch in this religion, which became popular at the Tang court in Chang'an through its veneration of the Buddhist figure Guan Yin. Curiously, the Albegensians were prosecuted by the papacy as practitioners of this faith, which was adopted as the religion of the short-lived (*) Uighur Empire. The founder of this relgion presented by his writings to Shapur I of the Sassanids, who tolerated this faith within his realm. The best-known practitioner of this dualistic faith criticized it in On Free Choice of the Will for removing personal responsibility from immoral action, before straying from this religion at the urging of his Christian mother Monica. FTP, name this once widespread gnostic religion that incorporated elements of Christianity, Buddhism, and Zoroastrianism, practiced by St. Augustine and named for its founding prophet, Mani.;;Manichaeism
;;Resistance to this chemical is highly correlated with polycystic ovary syndrome. A modification of this compound that has undergone a glycine-asparagine substitution and had two arganines added to its B chain is commercially important because it readily hexamerizes and this chemical is stored as an inactive hexamer. This signal molecule is activated by removal of its (*) C peptide component to promote the dephosphorylation of acetyl-CoA carboxylase. When this enzyme binds to its tyrosine kinase receptor, GLUT's are activated to facilitate trans-membrane import of a substance whose export is facilitated by this hormone's agonist, glucagon. For 10 points, name this hormone extracted by Frederick Banting that regulates blood sugar levels.;;insulin
;;Some of the victims of persecutions enacted by this man have come to be known as the martyrs of Madaura. This man served as quaestor on Sardinia after it briefly became a Senatorial province, aiding in a rapid ascent this man achieved thanks to skipping out while the Antonine Plague ravaged Roman bureaucracy. He secured a lasting peace with the Picts and secured control of the Empire after his opponent broke the German legions of Virius Lupus but fell to this man at (*) Lugdumum. Dio Cassius criticized this man's policy of expanding the army and offering them better pay, and after defeating Pescennius Niger and Clodius Albinus, this man became sole survivor after the Year of the Five Emperors.  Taking control of Rome after the death of Didius Julianus, this man's rise to power began in the wake of the assassination of Pertinax. Notably born in Leptis Magna in Libya, FTP, identify this father of Caracalla and Geta, who founded a namesake dynasty of Roman Emperors which lasted until the Crisis of the Third Century.;;(Lucius) Septimus Severus|Severus I
;;Shortly before getting his Ph.D., one of this man's first projects was studying the Wishram and Takelma languages of southern Oregon. One of his earliest assignments by his mentor was studying the nearly extinct Yana language of northern California. This man obtained support for (*) Leonard Bloomfield to do his work on Algonquian languages, and like Bloomfield, also wrote a work called Language. It was while heading the anthropology department at Yale, however, that he and a student developed a theory about how language affects the way people think. FTP, name this student of Boas who worked on many native American languages and developed a namesake theory with Benjamin Whorf.;;(Edward) Sapir