;;This legislation resulted in a dramatic increase in the number of new traqueros, as well as a spike of "little sisters" that angered James Phelan. An act extending this one was upheld by Horace Gray and named for congressman Thomas Geary, and this law was the subject of the supreme court case US vs. Ark. A law with a similar aim was the New Zealand Head Tax, and the passage of this act was unable to prevent the an incident in Wyoming's Sweetwater County, the (*) Rock Springs Massacre. The Magnusen Act overturned most of its provisions,and it partially reversed the provisions of the Burlingame Treaty. George Frisbee Hoar criticized it as "nothing less than the legalization of racial discrimination". Passed under the administration of Chester Arthur, FTP, name this act passed in 1882 that banned immigration from a certain Asian country.;;Chinese Exclusion (Act)
;;This man advocated a form of therapy which involved keeping complex behavioral diaries and self-contracts, which he dubbed Self-control therapy. His early research on snake-phobics lead him to develop Modelling Therapy, which he elucidated in his Self-Efficacy:The Exercise of Control. This man (*) divided reinforcement into past, present, and vicarious forms, but he may be most famous for a study conducted with Sheila Ross and lead him to formulate his idea of reciprocal determinism; that study involved a group of kindergarteners watching an adult hit a certain object with a hammer. FTP, name this American psychologist most famous for his Bobo Doll experiment.;;(Albert) Bandura
;;One of this ruler's first official actions was to retroactively declare himself King and charge his opponents with treason, although he spared the Earl of Lincoln, eventually leading to the Battle of Stoke. He destroyed all copies of the Titulus Regius and. his reign saw the signing the Treaty of Etaples, abandoning his invasion plans for France, in exchange for a large payment, as well as France's promise no longer support a revolt following those by Stafford and Lovell and (*) Lambert Simnel. He joined with the Earl of Oxford in his position as Earl of Richmond to win a victory after landing at Milford Haven, defeating Richard III at the Battle of Bosworth field. After the death of his son Arthur, this monarch arranged for Catherine of Aragon to marry his younger son, who succeeded him. FTP, identify this English King who Wars of the Roses to found the Tudor dynasty, the father of Henry VII.;;Henry VII (of) (England)
;;One character in this play is begged to wait for the Pennsylvania, "a good, powerful vessel" rather than leaving on the Amelia by a character who types up letters to E. M. McVicker and Co. and the E.B. Huyson Agency in its first scene.  Its central female character has Nana read a newspaper that reveals "War in the Bal-Kans," and is given the warship (*) Ultimus, and near its end two characters argue over who will be dissected.  Several characters, including business manager Consul Busman and engineer Mr. Fabry, fall in love with the female protagonist, sent on a mission from the Humanity League.  Alquist is spared at the end because he "uses his hands", although he is unsuccessful in figuring out the formula used to create the central creatures.  Helena Glory marries Harry Domin, head of the titular factory in, FTP, what Karel Capek play that coined the term robot.;;R(.) U(.) R(.)(:) (Rossum's) (Universal) (Robots)
;;The two best-known English language studies of this institution are by Sidney Hoenig and Hugo Mantel, and both believe that there were two of these organizations. Napoleon attempted to reconvene this organization in 1807 for political purposes, and its four-tiered system was outlined in the (*) Tosefta. New Testament mentions of this institutions can be found in Mark 14:55 and Matthew 26:59, and it may be identical with the gerousia described by Josephus in his Antiquities. Sometimes also referred to as the beit din, it was composed of either 70 or 71 members, and met in the Temple of Jerusalem until its 70 C.E. destruction. FTP, identify this administrative assembly, the supreme autonomous institution of Palestinian Jews until the 6th century, which is perhaps best known for putting Jesus on trial while it was led by Caiaphas.;;Sanhedrin
;;Donohoe and Cousins described an application of this reaction to 3-pyrroles, while the same group formulated an alternative to this reaction applies that uses 8 molar napthalene as an electron carrier. Another modification of it is named for Benkeser. When an electron-withdrawing substituent is present on the reactant, it begins at the ipso position, and adding a haloalkane can result in an alkylation through this reaction's (*) anionic intermediate. This reaction is stopped due to the lack of conjugation in its product, and relies on a pair of proton transfers from methanol and a solvated electron to produce the initial radical. FTP, name this reaction in which sodium metal in liquid ammonia is used to transform benzene derivatives to 1,4-cyclohexadienes, named for an Australian.;;Birch (reduction)
;;One battle in this war saw the taking of the island of Yashima by chaining a series of ships together, while a massacre during this conflict saw the death of several warrior monks and the burning of the Kofuku-ji and Todai-ji temples. In addition to the Seige of Nara and the Battle of Mizushima, another event saw the death of Kanyesu after a charge across a muddy plain; that battle occurred at (*) Fukuryuji. Another battle saw the kidnapping of Go-Shirakawa at Uji Bridge. The final battle of this conflict saw the defection of Taguchi Shigeyoshi and the capture of the Emperor Antoku after some ship-to-ship combat, leading Yoritomo to become the first shogun. Detailed in Tale of the Heike, FTP, name this war that ended with the Battle of Dan-no-Ura, a struggle between the Taira and Minamoto clans that began the Kamakura Period.;;Genpei (War)
;;The southern terminus of the Alay Mountains lie at the end of the Kofamihon River in this country, which contains the Northern boundary of the Wakhan Corridor. The highest mountains in this country are all in the Academy of Sciences Range, and with its northern neighbor it shares the Gissar Range.  Another notable feature is Qarokul, a crater lake in the (*) Pamirs.  Its capital was renamed Stalinabad between 1929 and 1961, and other important cities include Kulob and Khujand.  Most of the population lives in the shared Fergana Valley, and its border with Afghanistan is made up partially by the Panj River, and then by the Amu Darya. With its highest point at Isma'il Samani Peak, formerly known as Communism Peak, FTP, name this former Soviet republic whose capital is Dushanbe.;;(Republic) (of) Tajikistan
;;Thomas Morley set the last of the songs in this collection to music in his The First Book of Airs. One work in this collection tells of how its narrator "never drank of Aganippe well, nor ever did in shade of Tempe sit," while the next praises Edward IV as the best of English kings. Notable collections in this work include it's 31st poem, which opens with a remark about the "sad steps" with which "the Moon, thou climb'st the skies," while allusions to both the addressee of this collection and its author are found in references to a rich husband and a colonial governor of Ireland, respectively. The (*) eyes of the titular female are described as "Nature's chief work" in this collection's seventh poem, while its first concludes with the line "'Fool,' said my Muse to me, 'look in thy heart and write.'" Presumably composed for Penelope Devereaux, FTP, identify this collection of 108 sonnets and eleven songs named for a "star" and her lover, the most famous poetic collection of Philip Sidney.;;Astrophel and Stella
;;In one of this band's songs, the singer states that "Now my body is starting to quiver, and the palms of my hands getting wet," before stating that he has "no reason to doubt you baby" and that "It's all a terrible mess," upon realizing that he is an example of the titular figure. In another song, the singer asks "Let me take you to the movies, can I take you to the show, let me be yours ever truly, can I make your garden grow." This band behind (*) "Fool in the Rain" and the album Physical Graffiti also create a track about the singer's love for a woman who "stays drunk all the time" and "won't be true," and asks the title question several times. "Houses of the Holy," and "Hey Hey What Can I Do" are song by, FTP, what band featuring Robert Plant and Jimmy Page, best known for four namesake albums and the song  "Stairway to Heaven?".;;Led Zeppelin
;;In one holiday this figure was appeased by having a prisoner of war live a lavish life with four beautiful women, only for him to be sacrificed in a year. His wives included Atlatonin and Chicomecoatl, In one tradition, this god can cleanse people of sin when transformed into a turkey, and his aspects include ones known as "Heart of the Mountain" and (*) "Blood-Jewelled Fowl". In one myth, four different versions of this god were begat by Ometecuhtli and Omecihuatl, while in another creation myth this figure offers his foot to the crocodile Cipactli. He once kidnapped Xochiquetzal the flower goddess and was usually shown with a smoking mirror. FTP, name this Aztec god, the eternal enemy of Queztalcoatl.;;Tezcatlipoca
;;A woman kisses two of these people in a Nadine Gordimer short story about the "embrace" of one of these people. The romance between Lady Dunce and Beaugard is the subject of a Thomas Otway play about the "fortune" of one of these. Two "little" ones named Luc and Jean are the title characters of a Maupassant story, and they are paired with "Nuns" in the title of an Iris Murdoch novel. A poem narrated by another person with this profession begins with the exhortation "If I should (*) die, think only this of me/ that there's a corner in some foreign field/ that is forever England," and was written by Rupert Brooke. William Faulkner's first novel is titled after the "pay" owed to one these people. FTP, identify this profession practiced by Jaroslav Hasek's Svejk, as well as by Edward Ashburnham in a Ford Maddox Ford novel about a "good" one, the subject of some Bierce tales in which they are contrasted with "Civilians.".;;soldier
;;One ruler of this nation came to power following the February Revolution, and after passing Decree Law No. 152 was overthrown by the military, who installed General Estegarribia. Higinio Morinigo ruled this nation during World War II, after which he allied himself with the Red Script paramilitary group. Colonel Rafael Franco helped install another dictator in this country, which was later ruled by a man who was in turn overthrown by Andres (*) Rodriquez. Another famous ruler of this nation was killed at the Battle of Cerro Corra at the end of the War of the Triple Alliance, which saw vast portions of this country's population perish. FTP, name this country ruled by Francisco Solano Lopez in the 1800s and Alfredo Stroessner in the 20th century, a South American nation whose capital is Asuncion.;;Paraguay
;;One reaction to this event involved a meeting that included William Richardson, who was urged to reverse the policies of Hugh McCulloch. In Chicago, this event coincided with the Inter-State Industrial Exposition, and led to the election of People's Party candidate Harvey Colvin as mayor. Preceded by a similar event months earlier in Vienna, part of the buildup to it was spurred by demand for raw iron, and debate over remedies for it saw opposition from (*) Sherman, Schurz, and Thurman to Morton, Logan, and Ferry, who were known as the "paper money trinity." Supporters of the Bland-Allison act who opposed the Currency Act that ended the minting of silver dollars frequently cited the "Crime" of the year during which this crisis took place, which was touched off by the failure of Jay Cooke's financing of the Northern Pacific Railroad. For ten points, identify this financial crisis, a recession which occurred during the second year of Grant's second term.;;(Panic) (of) 1873
;;A smaller third version of this painting can be found in Detroit, and Morro castle can be seen in the background of this painting behind a pair of diaphanous flags. One figure in this painting later appears in Head of a Negro, while its central figure was supposedly based on the Borghese Gladiator and has a blue piece of cloth tucked into his black jacket. One figure in this work wears a red-and-yellow scarf and has his back turned to the viewer, while an (*) African man in a white shirt and yellow scarf stands above a balding man while holding onto a rope. Two figures are attempting to grab onto a third, nude figure, while the central figure of this painting holds a harpoon. FTP, name this painting depicting an incident in Havana Harbor of a man about to be killed by the title animal, by John Singleton Copley.;;Watson and the Shark
;;One of this writer's works is a poetic adaptation of a 1926 novel by Thomas Mofolo, while another is dedicated to Mercer Cook and wonders whether the titular troops "were the lightning of God's hand burning Sodom and Gomorrah." This poet wrote of a "transparent America, where the light is a polyphony of colors," in an elegy for Martin Luther King, which along with an "Elegy for the Trade Winds," are both part of this poet's collection Major Elegies. Many of his love poems written for his first wife are contained in his (*) Nocturnes and Chants pour Naett, while in one of his most famous poems, the titular female is depicted "moaning under the hands of the conqueror;" that poem is entitled "Black Woman." FTP, identify this poet whose work is contained in collections such as Songs of Shadow, who with Leon Damas and Aime Cesare was one of the founding members of the Negritude movement.;;(Leopold) (Sedar) Senghor
;;Florence Aysclough assisted this writer in a free verse translation of Chinese poetry, which was published in a volume entitled Fir-Flower Tablets. This writer wrote of how "the South Wind, washing through the room, makes the candles quiver," in the poem "Vernal Equinox," which along with poems written for a presumed lover is contained in Pictures of the Floating World. This writer's most famous poem describes a (*) woman whose lover has died fighting for the Duke of Flanders, and she won a posthumous Pulitzer for her collection What's O'Clock. In an homage to her relative, this poet published a 1922 satirical survey of her contemporaries entitled A Critical Fable, and her posthumous work was published in three volumes edited by Ada Dwyer. For ten points, identify this American Imagist poet, whose collection Men, Women, and Ghosts contains her most famous poem, "Patterns.".;;Amy Lowell
;;This relation can be derived through the use of five matrices, one of which anti-commutes with the other four, and which together form a Clifford algebra. Applying the minimum substitution rule to the derivatives of spinors used in this relation is done to introduce electromagnetic interactions and the objects described by this equation are equivalently described by representations of the (*) SU(2) group. Solving this equation yields traveling waves with four possible values of the frequency, with the negative solutions being the charge-conjugate partners of the positive-frequency ones. Also yielding a natural derivation of spin, for ten points, identify this analogue of the Klein-Gordon equation, a relativistic equation for spin-1/2 particles that predicts the existence of antimatter named for a British physicist.;;Dirac (equation)
;;Posttranscriptional insertions and deletions of uridine residues occur in these structures in trypanosomes.  These structures are adversely affected in Barth syndrome due to a defect in the biosynthesis of cardiolipin. Other diseases associated with them include Friedreich's ataxia and Kearns-Sayre syndrome.  Damage to them results in the formation of a permeability transition pore and can trigger (*) apoptosis through the release of cytochrome c.  They may contain thermogenin when found in brown fat, and they contain the malate shuttle, which regenerates NADH inside them.  FTP name these organelles that contain F0F1 ATP synthase and that are the sites of the citric acid cycle and the electron transport chain, generating energy for the cell.;;mitochondria|mitochondrion
;;According to some sources, during an encounter between this character and another figure sharing his name, this character fired an arrow into the air which will bring about the destruction of the world when it lands.  That other figure who shares his name killed all the warriors on Earth 21 times. This brother of Shatrughna was helped by a magic eagle and by the king of the bears.  In addition to Jatayu and (*) Jambavan, his allies include his opponent's brother Vibhishana, Bali's brother Sugriva, and his own brother Lakshmana. His wife proves her purity by stepping into a pyre after he rescues her from Sri Lanka, where she had been taken by Ravana.  Also aided by a monkey army under Hanuman, FTP, name this hero who rescues Sita in a Sanskrit epic by Valmiki.;;Rama(-)Chandra
;;One legend about this figure claims that Adrastus accidentally murdered his son Atys, while one boundary of his empire was fixed when his father fought with Cyaxares at Halys in the Battle of the Eclipse. After struggling against Pantaleon to succeed Alyattes II, this descendant of (*) Gyges built a coalition with Amasis II and Nabonidus which fought at Pteria before being defeated at the Battle of Thymbra, possibly fulfilling a prophecy that this man would destroy a great empire, which ended up being his own. This ruler, who had a famous apocryphal dialogue with Solon, was utterly defeated by Cyrus the Great in 547 BC. FTP, identify this ancient king of Lydia, renowned for his tremendous wealth.;;Croesus
;;In one of this author's stories, an informer's fate is compared with attending parachute school, while in another work, a man who has lost his leg identifies with a similarly-injured locust but is crushed when it flies away. In addition to "Jump" and "The Soft Voice of the Serpent," this author wrote of Helen Shaw's upbringing in a mining town in The Lying Days.  Failed relationships with his son Terry and lover Antonia plague (*) Mehring in one work by this author, while another novel's title characters are Bamford and Maureen Smales.  The antiapartheid lawyer Bram Fischer provided the inspiration for a central character in another of this author's novels, whose title character is Rosa Burger.  FTP name this South African author of The Conservationist and July's People.;;(Nadine) Gordimer
;;This man portrayed hunting scenes in his works "The Wounded Stag" and "The Death of the Deer" and painted a solitary tree in "The Oak of Flagey, Called Vercingetorix." He created the self-portrait "The Desperate Man" and depicted a bird landing on the fingers of a nude figure in another work. This artist of "Village Damsels" depicted his meeting with two men along a road in (*) An Encounter and showed two nude women in bed together in "Sleep," while his sisters were used as models in his best-known work. Also responsible for a now-destroyed image of men using hammers in a quarry to perform the title task, he aroused significant controversy with his explicit "Origin of the World," a close-up of female genitalia.  FTP, identify this 19th century French Realist, responsible for "The Stonebreakers" and "The Burial at Ornans.".;;(Gustave) Courbet
;;With Michael Kasha, this man postulated that phosphorescing organic molecules are in a triplet state, and one of his theories was inspired by Abegg's rule. The Drago-Wayland equation can be used to predict the enthalpy of interactions between two types of molecules named for this man, whose isolation of heavy water predated his student (*) Harold Urey's isolation of deuterium. The fugacity of each species in an ideal solution can be determined using a rule named for this man and Randall. In his article "The Atom and the Molecule," he proposed a model involving cubical atoms, which led to the postulation of the octet rule. FTP name this scientist whose namesake acids are electron pair acceptors in a definition developed after Arrhenius and Bronsted-Lowry.;;(Gilbert) (Newton) Lewis
;;A paper by Chester Barnard prompted this opponent to Hansen's theory of Secular Stagnation to organize a seminar involving Leontief and Parsons, where he advocated an "economy of description" in "The Meaning of Rationality in the Social Sciences." He argued that the driving force behind European imperialism was a war machine and that it is atavistic in Imperialism and Social Classes. He postulated that the stationary state was defined by Walrasian equilibrium in a work extolling the (*) entrepreneur, Theory of Economic Development, and synthesized entities named for Kitchin, Juglar, Kuznets, and Kondratiev into his composite waveform business cycle. FTP, name this Austrian economist who wrote about the negative consequences of radical innovation in a work describing "creative destruction," Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy.;;(Joseph) (Alois) Schumpeter
;;General Herr, who had raised the alarm prior to this battle about the decision to remove all emplaced guns smaller than 75mm, spent most of it in the Caures Woods following the "Trommelfeuer." Historical debate exists about the veracity of the "Christmas Memo" of Falkenhayn regarding this battle, which saw a heroic stand at Fort Souville. It saw a massive supply operation from Bar-le-Duc along the (*) "Sacred Way," and turned when Robert Nivelle crucially recaptured Fort Douaumont.  The Somme offensive was partially launched to relieve this attack, which saw the Germans pushed back to the banks of the Meuse. Lasting nearly a year across 1916, FTP, identify this World War I battle occuring at a site that also names an 843 treaty which divided Charlemagen's empire.;;(Battle) (of) Verdun
;;This figure inspires the titular gas station attendant to burn a secret supply of gasoline in The Visions of Simon Machard, and one version of this figure leads the Black Straw Hats against Pierpont Mauler in another work by Brecht. Given a reprieve by Pierre Cauchon in Jean Anouilh's L'Alouette, this figure's "personal recollections" are narrated by Louis de Conte in a (*) Mark Twain work, while in another work this figure's downfall begins when she falls in love with Lionel. She has a special touch with the egg-laying hens of Robert de Baudricourt in another work that ends with a dream about her future canonization and that was written by George Bernard Shaw.  FTP name this figure who appears as the villainess in Shakespeare's Henry VI, Part I and is the heroine of Schiller's The Maid of Orleans,a woman seen as the savior of France during the Hundred Years' War.;;Saint Joan|Joan of Arc|Jeanne d'Arc
;;This composer's displeasure with a gypsy forest song being sung by a male chorus resulted in a collaboration with August Silberstein, the Germanenzug.  Silberstein also provided the text for another of this composer's cantatas, the Helgoland.  He referred to his first symphony as the "saucy maid," and dabbled with modal harmony in his Pange Lingua and Os Justi.  His namesake (*) rhythm is nearly ubiquitous in his symphonies, including one that he marked with a null symbol, and his third, which was harshly reviewed by Eduard Hanslick because of its non-Brahmsian style. Also responsible for a "Zeroth" symphony in D minor and a sixth symphony nicknamed The Philosophical, FTP, name this Austrian composer who dedicated his third symphony to his idol Richard Wagner, and whose fourth symphony is known as the Romantic.;;(Anton) Bruckner
;;A quartic potential term and a term representing this phenomenon appear in the generalized Duffing equation.  One example of this phenomenon involves baryons being dragged by diffusing photons during recombination.  In addition to that variant named for Joseph Silk, forms of this phenomenon include one in which particles gain energy when traveling close to the phase velocity of a (*) Langmuir wave.  This phenomenon's namesake constant is related to the resonant frequency by the Q or quality factor for a system, and when the quality factor equals one-half, a system is said to experience the critical version of this phenomenon, converging to zero as fast as possible.  Plasmas exhibit the Landau form of, FTP, what process that tends to reduce the amplitude of an oscillating system?.;;Damping
;;The officer Chusai acted as a double agent and convinced this man to delay from pursuing a battle with a kinsman. This man spent three years with his grandfather Talmai in Geshur, and his forces were opposed by generals such as Abisai and Esai. He died after his long (*) hair was caught in branches after a battle in the forest of Ephraim, leading to Joab killing him with a javelin. After his father refused to punish his elder brother, this man had his servants kill that brother, Amnon, at a feast after Amnon had raped their sister Tamar. Incited to rebel against his father David by Achitophel, FTP, name this biblical figure who inspired a William Faulkner work whose title mentions him twice.;;Absalom
;;Gerald Ford had three men serve in this position during his administration, including Stanley Hathaway and Thomas Kleppe. The second man to hold this office, Thomas McKennan, resigned after only eleven days.  The first was known as "Butcher" Ewing due to his use of patronage, while another man who held this position instituted civil service reforms into his department; that man, Carl (*) Schurz, served under Rutherford B. Hayes. One scandal that involved men in this position saw the replacement of James Rudoph Garfield with a man that Gifford Pinchot accused of illegally opening Alaskan land to miners, Arthur Ballinger. FTP, name this US cabinet position, held by Stewart Udall and Ken Salazar, that is responsible for managing federal land.;;Secretary of the Interior
;;One character in this work is Carver, who wears a short plaid suit and a Tyrolean hat with a blue feather in it.  Another character in this work is a woman with protruding teeth who claims that it should be easy for the main character to go from selling typewriters to writing. One character is descended from the Chestnys and Godhighs and spends seven and a half dollars on an item with a purple velvet flap and a green piece that looks like an understuffed cushion, composing a remarkably ugly hat.  The same hat appears later in this work on a large black (*) lady who swings a stuffed purse at the main character's mother after she offers a penny to the black lady's son. FTP, name this story in which Julian and his racist mother ride an integrated bus, written by Flannery O'Connor.;;Everything That Rises Must Converge
;;Contact metamorphism of rocks rich in this mineral group produces spurrite, diopside, garnet and wollastonite. Deposits of these minerals in Nili Fossae were recently found using the CRISM spectrometer on the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter, suggesting the presence of water at the time of formation.  On Earth these minerals dominate pelagic sediments above their namesake (*) compensation depth, deriving from coccoliths that form foraminiferal oozes. Members of this mineral group include aragonite, the magnesium-containing dolomite, and its most common member, a strongly birefringent calcium-containing mineral. FTP, limestone is primarily composed of what group of minerals that includes calcite, named for CO32-  ("C" "O" "3" "2 minus) anion?.;;carbonates|carbonate (minerals)
;;This program's current coach is expected this year to eclipse its all-time wins record, earned during the 70s by Dan Fitzgerald in the Charlotte Martin Center. Jeremy Pargo also seeks to pass Blake Stepp in all-time steals for this program, which saw Casey Calvary and Ronny Turiaf continue its eight-season hold on its conference's (*) player of the year award. Minnesota later hired this program's coach after Dan Monson coached them to a 1999 Elite Eight appearance, falling to UConn. Mark Few is the current coach of, FTP, what West Coast Conference school whose players have included Josh Heytvelt, John Stockton, and Adam Morrison, a Jesuit university located in Spokane, Washington.;;Gonzaga (Bulldogs)
;;The 1957 album Thelonius Monk with this man includes  the Kenny Clarke composition "Epistrophy" and cuts like "Off Minor" and "Trinkle, Tinkle." His self-titled album of the same year includes "Time Was" and "Bakai," while some songs from an album entitled [this man] "Plays the Blues" also appear on Live at the Village Vanguard. Debuting on Dizzy Gillespie's "We Love to Boogie," one of this man's (*) post-heroin addiction albums sees him use his instrument to "say" the words found in the liner notes, while another album with songs like "Naima" and "Syeeda's Song Flute" is named after the leaping intervals instrument this man plays. Love Supreme and Giant Steps are, FTP, by what free jazz saxophonist, also known for My Favorite Things.;;(John) Coltrane
;;The growing influence of Henry St. John led to the end of this conflict, especially after his secret meetings with Torcy.  George Rooke capture a massive amount of wealth during one of its battles, while another saw the French Earl of Galway command English troops against French troops under the command of an Englishman, the Duke of Berwick.  Seeing clashes at Almansa, Vigo Bay, and (*) Ramillies, its final chapter was marked by the defeat of the Duke of Burgundy at Oudenarde and of Villars at Malplaquet.  Eugene of Savoy and the Duke of Marlborough led armies for the victors in, FTP, what conflict that saw the Battle of Blenheim, a war ended by the Treaty of Utrecht and named for Philip V's ascension to the throne of a certain Iberian country?.;;(War) (of) Spanish Succession
;;The seventh stanza of this poem's "Choric Song" mentions "beds of amaranth and moly," while the following stanza mentions "beds of asphodel." Its final stanza was inspired in part by Lucretius's De rerum natura in depicting Epicurean gods lying on hills and the "careless of mankind." In the first stanza the poet deliberately repeats "afternoon," rhymes "adown" with "down," and employs a "no rhyme" pair of "land" and "land." It opens with the line (*) "'Courage!' he said, and pointed toward the land," referring to Odysseus. FTP, name this Tennyson poem in which a group of sailors say, "'Our island home / Is far beyond the wave; we will no longer roam"after being enticed by the titular flower consumers.;;(The) Lotos(-)Eaters
;;Its early portion was divided into Southern and Northern Courts period, and its third ruler quelled uprisings including the Oei and Meitoku wars.  The triumph of this period's first leader was recounted in the Taiheiki and earned the enmity of Kitabatake Chikafusa.  That first leader defeated the rebellious (*) Hojo clan before turning on his superiors.  This period saw the building of the Rokuonji, or Temple of the Golden Pavilion, originally the personal residence of its third leader, Yoshimitsu.  It began with the suppression of the Kemmu Restoration by Takauji and effectively ended during the Warring States period or Sengoku.  FTP name this relatively short-lived shogunate that ended when its last shogun was expelled from Kyoto by Oda Nobunaga.;;Ashikaga (shogunate)|Muromachi (period)
;;This man devised the fish-eye lens and a variant of the Wheatstone bridge that can be used to calculate an unknown inductance.  He used a dashpot connected in series with a spring in his namesake model of linear viscoelasticity, and his namesake unit equaling 10-8 (*) weber is the cgs unit of magnetic flux.  In a letter to Peter Tait he investigated the second law of thermodynamics using a thought experiment involving a door between two chambers that can be raised and lowered by his namesake demon.  FTP, name this man who introduced the displacement current term in Ampere's law as part of his work unifying electricity and magnetism.;;(James) (Clerk) Maxwell
;;A man named for his origins in this city founded the Monastery of the Caves. Prior to being the seat of Symon Petlyura's short-lived governemnt, this city was taken over by the Menshevik-dominated Central Rada, and it was first made prominent under Oleg the Varangian. Basil the Bulgar-Slayer's (*) sister Anna married the grand prince of this city, Vladimir, who converted to Christianity. Noted massacre site Babi Yar is on the outskirts of this city, and the adjectival form of this city's name is often attached to the medieval state of Rus. For 10 points, name this city, now the seat of power for Yulia Tymoshenko and Victor Yuschenko following the Orange Revolution.;;Kiev
;;Some participants in this event had to be cheered up with nectar and ambrosia after they were retrieved by killing Campe. One faction in this event was based on Mount Othrys, and it included Menoetius's death by thunderbolt. The losers of this conflict were imprisoned by a bronze fence, and one defector in this conflict was (*) Themis. Styx was the first figure to recognize the outcome of this event, which involved the Hecathoncheires and Cyclopes fighting on the side of the winners, and the losers being cast into Tartarus. For 10 points, name this showdown between the Olympian gods and some older deities led by Cronos.;;(the) Titanomachy|(the) war of the Olympians and Titans(,) (etc)
;;This text explains how a certain activity provides "universality before the fact," as opposed to "universality after the fact" in concepts and "universality in itself" in reality. This book disputes Schlegel's "ideal spectator" theory and lambasts the "cheerfulness" of a certain ethnic group. Describing the unity of the "world will" and the "principle of individuation," this book accuses (*) Euripides of murdering art and says that music connects humans to "Primoridal Unity," after delineating the interplay of chaotic and rational forces as represented by two gods. For 10 points, name this Friederich Nietzsche book about the Dionysian and Apollonian elements involved in the titular origin of drama.;;(The) Birth of Tragedy (Out) (of) (the) (Spirit) (of) (Music)|(Die) Geburt der Tragodie (aus) (dem) (Geiste) (der) (Musik)
;;Weisberger et al noted that chloramphenicol inhibits the action of this structure in microbial cells, though not mammalian ones, and the antibiotics edeine and pantamycin work by binding to this structure. Its L11 stalk allows for the interaction with RF-1 that allows release from its substrates, and the structure it forms with its substrates is stabilized by the interaction of its 16S arm with the (*) Shine-Dalgarno sequence in prokaryotes. This entity's L1 stalk binds to its deacylated substrate in the P-site, encouraging the ratcheting that brings about translocation of tRNA to the E-site, and this organelle's production occurs in the nucleolus. FTP, name this cellular organelle, which has two subunits and is responsible for translation of mRNA into proteins.;;ribosomes
;;One ruler of this name created the "axial temple" and extended the border to Kurgus, beyond the Fourth Cataract.  Another ruler of this name gave up the city of Alalakh in order to form an anti-Hittite alliance with the Mitanni. The first ruler of this name was the first to be buried in the Valley of the Kings, and another was the (*) husband of Hatshepsut. Another king of this name erected Cleopatra's Needles and came up with the strategem of using a narrow mountain path to surprise the King of Kadesh at Meggido. For 10 points, give the common name of four Egyptian pharoahs, the third of which used his military prowess to expand Egypt to its greatest size.;;Thutmose
;;A slurry of this mineral has been shown to close off the parietal and visceral layers of the pleural cavity, curing pleurodesis. In 2000, its link to asbestos was somewhat debunked by minimal observations in Crayola crayons made partly of this mineral, and its largest quarry is found between mica schist and dolomite rocks at the Apennine Trimouns. It forms with the byproduct (*) kyanite in the blueschist metamorphism of chlorite with quartz, and it can also form from serpentine and carbon dioxide. This mineral is the major ingredient of an acid-resistant rock used in countertops, steatite or soapstone. FTP, identify this magnesium silicate hydroxide, the softest mineral on the Mohs scale.;;talc
;;The bastard child Jaime is given to his father to be raised in this novel, which also features a letter from the maid Pepita that causes the Marquesa de Montemayor to re-evalute here life. Two brothers in this book take employment writing letters for illiterate city-dwellers; those are the twins Esteban and Manuel, who both love the smallpox-ridden actress La (*) Perichole. The frame story of this novel reveals that a man was burned at the stake for writing a book claiming that God rightly killed five people. For 10 points, name this novel, narrated by Brother Juniper, which was written by Thornton Wilder about the collapse of a Peruvian structure.;;(The) Bridge of San Luis Rey
;;The fourth movement of this piece changes the key from D-flat to D major before the "allegro giusto" finale. Scored similarly to a certain Johann Nepomuk Hummel work,  It was composed after a vacation to Steyr with Johann Vogl, where Sylvester Paumgartner may have commissioned this work. The use of the (*) bass in this piece may have been intended to allow Paumgartner, a cellist, to participate in the melody rather than maintain the bass line. Based on a poem about the title creature attempt to elude a fisherman, for 10 points, name this word expanded from the song "Die Forelle" of its composer, Franz Schubert, which unusually is for five instruments.;;(The) Trout Quintet
;;A province of this name is home to the town of San Antonio Oeste on the Gulf of San Matias, and has its capital at Viedma. One river of this name flows past Mercedes and is the source of the Gabriel Terra Reservoir, while Another river of this name is formed by the Neuquen and the Limay. A city that sits at the end of the longest (*) river by this name is divided by the "canoe paths." That river receives the Vaupes, Guainia, and Brazo Casiquiare before picking up its major tributary, the Branco. At Manaus, this river meets the Solimoes, marking the start of the Amazon. For 10 points, give the common name of these Argentinian, Uruguayan, and Brazilian rivers, all known as such because their silt load affects their color.;;(Rio) Negro
;;Baugh has suggested disproving this statement using Bose-Einstein statistics, deriving an uncertainty principle which suggests quantum factors are at play. Von Neumann tried to solve it mathematically by removing graphical discontinuities to yield only a negative sloping curve. In reality, one must divide the partition function by the factorial of the (*) separation number to avoid the consequences of this statement. This statement results in trying to derive entropy from the ideal gas law, though it can generally be resolved by utilizing the Sackur-Tetrode equation and considering all particles to be indistinguishable. For 10 points, give this statement about the discontinuous nature of the entropy of mixing, a certain paradox named for a Yale scientist.;;Gibbs (paradox)
;;One character in this play wishes to return to an Indian forest in order to be an ascetic, and another is convinced to accept charity when he needs a new cloak. The servant Daja accuses the title character of a capital crime in this play. Near the end, a friar reveals that the death of (*) Wolf von Filneck, who was born with the name Assad, means that both the knight Conrad von Stauffen and the young woman who is saved from a fire at the start of the play are actually Muslims. The titular adoptive father of Recha tells Sittah and Saladin the parable of the three rings, representing the equality of three religions, in, for 10 points, what play set in Jersualem by Gotthold Lessing?.;;Nathan the Wise|Nathan der Weise
;;A 2007 paper by Humbel et al applied this man's theories to the mesomery of Lewis structures, appending his name to them. Compounds such as the Schlenck-Brauns hydrocarbons were exemplified in his 1936 paper "Theory of the magnetism of so-called biradicals", in which he developed a theory of (*) pi-conjugated biradicals. With a Dutch man, he names an equation relating the activity of an ionic species to its concentration by the activity coefficient. That equation and the associated theory of electrolytic solutions are named for Debye and this man. FTP, name this chemist, who stated that a conjugated ring with 4n+2 electrons exhibits aromaticity, his namesake rule.;;(Erich) Huckel
;;The first song in this opera comes from offstage, and the next is "Il cavallo scalpita." One character in this work is told not to go to mass since mass is only for those without sin, but attends anyway. Another character visits Francofonte to pick up more wine, befuddling his lover, and then sings "Mamma, quel vino" to request that his mother (*) Luccia look after Santuzza. Composed in order to win a one-act opera writing contest, this opera ends with the announced that Turridu has died in his duel with Alfio. For 10 points, name this opera by Pietro Mascagni, often performed alongside Leoncavallo's Pagliacci.;;Cavalleria Rusticana|Rustic Chivalry
;;This man's novels include The Bloody Hoax and The Nightingale, and he wrote the play The Jackpot. In one of his stories, such as one in which the socialist Feferel breaks with traditional marriage customs. In another of his stories, a man's wife is angry that he paid extra for the words "without fail" in a telegram. In that story, a man who pays a stranger to wake him up is put into first class on a train because he accidentally took an officer's (*) hat, and ends up missing Passover as a result. For 10 points, name this author who wrote of a man's continued attempts to marry off his seven daughters in the tales of Tevye the dairyman, which became the basis for Fiddler on the Roof.;;(Sholom) Aleichem|(Sholom) Rabinowitz
;;In his later career, this man published an overview of twentieth-century communism entitled The Grand Failure and discussed America's superpower role in The Grand Chessboard. In a 1997 interview, he claimed to have personally engineered the Soviet-Afghan war in order to create a "Soviet Vietnam." This man's growing role caused antagonism with (*) Cyrus Vance, and this man's hard line on using military force against Iran seemed to prevail when Vance resigned. He also pushed for completing normalization of US-Chinese relations and transferring the Panama Canal. For 10 points, name this National Security Advisor to Jimmy Carter, with a very Polish name.;;(Zbigniew) Brzezinski
;;One of this man's paintings was once traded for an illuminated manuscript about Shah Tahmasp. This man's enamel pictures Mailbox and Light in August were executed in black and white because he could not afford paint, though he returned to the use of color with Attic and Asheville. He depicted his most common subject with a bicycle and in a pair in the country, after first addressing that theme in a 1940 geometric painting and then returning to the subject in a work reminiscent of (*) fertility idols. His wife Elaine painted two portraits of John F. Kennedy, and this man painted six main entries in his major series. For 10 points, name this creator of Woman I through VI, a Dutch-born painter.;;(Williem) de Kooning
;;This book argues that the death of Benjamin Strong was the crucial cause of a certain disaster, and the most controversial claim develoepd in this book was republished separately as The Great Contraction. It assumes a model of the real business cycle based on work of Mitchell and Burns. This book's major case studies include the effect of the 1937 doubling of the (*) reserve ratio and the fact that the World War I period saw more inflation than World War II despite costing less. Peter Temin is among the many critics of this book's argument that the Great Depression was largely caused by the Fed contracting the money supply. For 10 points, name this work of Anna J. Schwartz and Milton Friedman that discussed the influence of money supply changes on major American economic events.;;(A) Monetary History of the United States(,) (1867(-)1960)
;;In this author's only play, George Hell attempts to buy a mask to make himself look like a saint and changes his name to George Heaven in order to impress Jenny. In addition to The Happy Hypocrite, this author described Keith Tantalus's speculation about his sister's Christmas stocking in "The Mote in the Middle Distance," a parody of (*) Henry James. After eating with the painter Will Rothenstein, one of this man's title characters makes a deal with the Devil to learn of his future literary reputation. He also described Nokes and the Duke of Dorset, students at Oxford, killing themselves out of love. For 10 points, name this author of "Enoch Soames" and Zuleika Dobson.;;(Henry) (Maximilian) (Max) Beerbohm
;;This justice wrote the majority opinion in a case ruling that states cannot issue writs of habeas corpus directed at federal prisoners in Ableman v. Booth.  This justice declared that states cannot institute an immigration tax in the Passenger Cases, and ruled against the Fugitive Slave Law in Prigg v. Pennsylvania.  Hilariously, his opinion on whether Kentucky or Ohio law held for traveling (*) slaves in Strader v. Graham was rendered moot when everyone in question escaped to Canada.  This man's court made perhaps the only legal invocation of Pinckney's treaty in a Joseph Story opinion in a case argued by John Quincy Adams, and he declared that the president and congress must enforce the Guarantee Clause in Luther v. Borden, a case sparked by Dorr's Rebellion.  One major decision by this justice declared that the construction of a certain edifice did not violate the constitution's ban on ex post facto laws.  FTP, identify this chief justice who presided over Charles River Bridge as well as the racist classic, Dred Scott v. Sanford.;;(Roger) (Brooke) Taney
;;One character in this work is tied to a tree, but upon being freed is hanged because he cannot get Marfisa's sword back, while another character puts on a ring to protect himself, then uses his shield to blind a monster of the isle Ebuda. This work features a hallucinogenic trip to the moon and a character who is pushed into a cave by Count Pinabel before encountering the seer (*) Melissa. The title character strips naked before wandering bestially around in the forest, and dreams an evil dream about his mistress. This poem contains the King of Circassia Sacripant, and it ends with Bradamant's marriage. Angelica is the love interest of the title character of, FTP, what continuation of Matteo Boiardo's work about a knight of Charlemagne, written by Ludovico Ariosto?.;;Orlando Furioso
;;Francis Poulenc wrote a sonata for this instrument whose second movement Scherzo has portions that resemble the Cuban rumba and a calm third movement known as Deploration. "The Arrival of the Queen of Sheba" from Handel's opera, Solomon features a duet for this instrument and Ralph Vaughan Williams arranged ten poems by William Blake for this instrument and a tenor. Benjamin Britten wrote a suite of (*) six solo pieces for this instrument involving Phaeton, Niobe and other Greek figures, Six Metamorphoses after Ovid. Camille Saint-Saens wrote a concerto for this instrument and piano in D minor while Mozart wrote one in C major and this instrument represents the duck in Prokofiev's Peter and the Wolf. Descended from the shawm, FTP, identify this double-reeded woodwind instrument that was once referred to as the 'hautbois.'.;;oboe
;;Don Marcial lives his life in reverse and ends up with a very disconcerting trip to his mother's womb in this author's Journey to the Source.  He compared the Trojan War to more recent events in his "Like the Night," and imagined Handel and Scarlatti inspiring Vivaldi's opera Motezuma in Concierto Barroco.  A musicologist is inexplicably frustrated when his mistress Mouche has an affair with his wife Ruth in The Lost Steps, while this author was unable to match the domestic popularity of his (*) dictator novel Reasons of State with his final major work, The Consecration of Spring.  The orphans Esteban and Sofia bear witness to an assault on Guadeloupe led by revolutionary Victor Hugues in one work, while in another Ti Noel is horrified by the very unpleasant activities of Damballah, the Snake God, who connects the lives of Dutty Boukman, Francois Mackandal, and Henri Christophe.  This author of Explosion in a Cathedral and is best-known for work about the Haitian revolution, The Kingdom of This World.  FTP, identify this Cuban author whose use of the term "real marvilloso" inspired the term "magical realism.".;;(Alejo) Carpentier
;;Kleppner and Ramsey used a similar apparatus as this experiment to achieve population inversion in MASERS, and similar results were determined for ground-state hydrogen by Phipps and Taylor five years after this experiment. The phenomenon observed was due to torque effects causing precession in (*) dipoles which produced two spots on a photographic plate, rather than the classically predicted spread. The apparatus in this experiment consisted of a furnace of boiling silver, from which atoms were directed through a magnetic field before the silver beam split in two. FTP, identify this experiment conducted by and named for two Germans, in which the quantization of electron spin was confirmed.;;Stern(-)Gerlach experiment
;;This man's essays were compiled posthumously into "The Psychology of Culture," and Leonard Bloomfield updated his major work.  He questioned the "complete elimination of the pebular influence of individuals" put forth by Kroeber's analysis of social force in "Do We Need a Superorganic?" and classified evidence as inferential and direct and argued the importance of geographic distribution of  (*) linguistics in ethnography in Time Perspective in Aboriginal American Culture. This thinker pushed for an auxiliary language free of ambiguities and analyzed the title phenomenon as a historical product in Language, but remains best-known for work with a student that posited the importance of language in how various cultures experience the world.  FTP, identify this American linguist, namesake of a famous hypothesis with Benjamin Whorf.;;(Edward) Sapir
;;One work by this artist depicts a man resting on a sword over a sarcophagus, from which flowers sprout below some flighty angels, while he surprised contemporaries with the action of the subject as the title figure battles a dragon when depicting Saint George.  His most famous altarpiece depicts a circular building far in the background while a marriage ceremony is performed in the foreground, while in an early work St. Jerome looks on as angels catch some dripping Jesus blood.  In addition to The Wedding of the Virgin and The (*) Mond Crucifixion, this painter never finished his Transfiguration but did manage to depict a creation of Pygmalion riding some dolphins in Galatea.  Apollo sits enthroned, and a group of scholars debate transubstantion, in the two paintings which flank his most famous work in the Stanza della Signatura, Parnassus and La Disputa.  A student of Perugino from Urbino, FTP, identify this renaissance painter and rival of Michaelangelo, responsible for The School of Athens.;;Raphael Sanzio (either) (name)
;;One method for producing these compounds involves using a mercury trifluoroacetate catalyst to electrophilically add alcohols to alkenes. Another method that creates aryl versions of these compounds utilizes the coupling of phenol with a halide and is called the (*) Ullmann condensation. A more common method of creating them involves the reaction of an alkyl halide and an alkoxide ion. One class of these molecules has high affinity for cations and is thus useful in phase transfer catalysis; these molecules are cyclic and referred to as the 'crown' variety. Defined by a structure in which an oxygen atom is bound between to alkyl or aryl groups, FTP, identify this class of organic compound that can be produced in a synthesis named after Williamson and has a diethyl type which can be used as an anesthetic.;;ethers
;;This author wrote about a visit to Buchenwalde in the memoir A Kind of Magic, and documented the experiences of True Baldwin during the Stock Market Crash in a novel about Ondi Olszak's marriage to Temmie Oaks. Another work by this author notes that the title food is "safe, and sane and sure," when a "menu or morals are before you." In addition to (*) American Beauty and Roast Beef, Medium, this author penned The Royal Family with a frequent collaborator. In another novel, Selina and Pervis's child Dirk is the source of the titular response, while Julie and Steve's marriage is revealed to be one of miscongenation in a novel whose titular craft is piloted by Windy McClain and Andy Hawks. FTP, name this collaborator with George Kaufman, the author of Cimarron, So Big! and Showboat.;;(Edna) Ferber
;;The Blue-White screen uses this process to detect the success of ligase operations in X-gal, and one major medical application of this process are HEK 239 cells.  This subject of Axel Patents is often facilitated by rubidium chloride, and was shown to be unaffected by trypsin in an experiment examining its namesake principle, named for Avery, MacLeod, and McCarty.  The presence of one organism's protective polysacchiride capsule was key in an experiment that used dead (*) mice to confirm this process, Griffith's experiment, while proficiency conducting this action - usually driven by Type IV pili - is referred to as "Competence."  Chilling cells in a solution of divalent cations and electroporation are methods of artificially enhancing this action, since they create holes in cellular membranes. An analogue of the viral transduction process, FTP, identify this process in which foreign genetic information is incorporated into a cell, seen most clearly in bacteria, which should not be confused with conjugation.;;Transformation
;;In Aboriginal myth, Ngariman was an anthropomorphic one of these animals who was drowned in a torrent of an earth goddess' breast milk for killing the Creator Twins. The Burmese goddess of souls, Tsun-Kyanske, has these animals as her attendants and in Japanese folklore, the raiju can take the form of a weasel or this animal and is said to leave scars on trees during thunderstorms. The Hindu goddess of birth, Shashti, (*) rides one of these animals while in a Greek myth, Galenthias transforms into one to serve Hecate.  In a Chinese legend, this animal did not receive an invitation to the Jade Emperor's council due to the laziness of the Rat and was left off of the Zodiac while two giant gray ones pull the chariot of Freya in Norse myth. FTP, identify these animals that lend their appearance to the Egyptian goddess Bast and, when black, are associated with witchcraft.;;cats
;;One of this poet's early anthologies contains a fragment from another work, in which Nathaniel is mocked for reading that poem without apostrophes.  Another work sees the claim "my parts had power to charm a sacred nun" made by a man who would "new pervert a reconciled maid" and tells of a scorned woman throwing objects into a river,  while a third poem describes the sun's face as "purple-colour'd" and sees one title figure curse love after she throws herself at the other, who is killed by a (*) boar.  In addition to A Lover's Complaint and Venus and Adonis, this author used the line "for these dead birds sigh a prayer" to close another poem, and told of the "chaste" title figure who must endure the "lust-breathed" intentions of Tarqin.  The author of The Phoenix and the Turtle and The Rape of Lucrece, FTP, identify this author whose other poetry includes a work beginning "Shall I compare thee to a summer's day," one of his sonnets.;;(William) Shakespeare
;;A minister's son and his chaffuer Ambrosio meet at a dog pound and end up conversing at the titular bar in one of his works, while novel by this author of the memoir A Fish in the Water tells the stories of characters like the Turk, who turns himself in only to be tortured and executed by Ramfis, and a girl whose father was complicit in her rape by the title character; that work begins as Urania Cabral returns home to (*) Santo Domingo. In addition to The Feast of the Goat, he wrote about "the Circle," a group composed of four cadets at the Leoncio Prado Academy, and another novel in which one title character eats little more than eggs and mint-and-verbena tea as he produces a staggering number of half-hour serials, though Pedro Camacho decides to kill off his characters at the end of each one. FTP, identify this Peruvian author who wrote The Time of the Hero and Aunt Julia and the Scriptwriter.;;(Jorge) (Mario) (Pedro) Vargas Llosa
;;The greatest king of this polity became so paranoid about assassination that he accidentally killed off all potential male heirs, spoiling an impressive legacy that saw him reorganize the army under English advisors Robert and Anthony Sherley and expel the Portuguese from Bahrain.  Its first leader took advantage of a revolt led by Shah Kulu to invade a neighbor, defeating the "White Sheep" and Sinan Pasha with his (*) Qizilbash force, having, earlier established a capital at Tabriz, and claimed the title Shah of Azerbaijan. This polity signed a treaty at Qasr-i Shirin after a defeat at the hands of Murad IV and fought a war against the Uzbeks under Shah Abbas. Wary of the spread of its Shia faith, Selim I attacked this dynasty, defeating Ismail I at Chaldiran. FTP, identify this dynasty that ruled Persia until 1722.;;Safavid (Dynasty)
;;This piece was created following a friendly rivalry over the composer's Morning Papers and another man's Evening Papers, and draws inspiration from the German farce Das Gefangnis and vaudeville Le Reveillon.  A key scene in this work revolves around the theft of a pocket watch by a character (*) dressed as a Hungarian countess, who had earlier been serenaded with "dove that has escaped" by Alfred.  The source of the various plots in this work is revealed through the terzette "a strange adventure," sung by Alfred, Rosalinde, and Eisenstein.  Prince Orlofsky, the host of the central ball, has helped organize an elaborate revenge plot by Falke, who was left drunk in the city square dressed as the title creature.  FTP, name this operetta by Johann Strauss, named for a flying mammal.;;(Die) Fledermaus|(The) Bat
;;Finch used this to model the diffuse reflection of X-rays by crystal lattices, while Galwey and Brown object to the overzealous application of the Arrhenius equation to solid-state reactions because it cannot always apply.  The Dulong-Petit fails at low temperatures because of a reliance on it, while the Rayleigh-Jeans law incorrectly assumed that it extended to (*) blackbody radiation.  The Sackur-Tetrode equation applies precisely when its eponymous statistics do, which are the limit of Fermi-Dirac and Bose-Einstein statistics at high temperature or low concentration. Mathematically, it describes the length of a three-vector with components are normally distributed around zero. FTP, identify this doubly-eponymous probability distribution, most often applied to the speeds of a large number of frequently colliding, non-interacting particles.;;Maxwell(-)Boltzmann (distribution)
;;In The Birds, this figure is selected as the envoy to beg Pisthetaerus to resume worshipping the gods. He fathered the spirit of modesty, Aidos, as well as Hellen and a son fathered with Pronoia who married Pyrrha and became the last of the Bronze race.  His mother is referred to as "neat-ankled" by Hesiod, who cites her as (*) Clymene, while his father is linked with Noah's son Japheth and is called Iapetus.  His less-intelligent brother, whose name fittingly indicates "afterthought," joined this figure in sitting out during the Titanomachy but later married Pandora.  This father of Deucalion and brother of Epimetheus famously tricked Zeus into accepting cattle bones as a sacrifice, leading to his chaining on Mt. Caucasus and daily liver surgery conducted by a eagle.  FTP, identify this Titan who liked watching over man so much that he pissed everyone off by giving them fire.;;Prometheus
;;A highly-charged scene in this work sees the main character deride the naked body of a man who had raged about tobacco cutting procedure, leading to a standoff that prompts Phoeby to speculate about the protagonist's murderous intentions.  Another character has some drunken brawls with Dick Sterrett and Coodemay, and promptly (*) beats the main character when Mrs. Turner's brother comes to visit.  Despite leaving in a blue satin dress with that husband, the protagonist returns in overalls after losing him to rabies during a hurricane, completing a series of ill-fated marriages to Logan Killicks, Jody Stark, and Tea  Cake.  Set centrally in the author's hometown of Eatonville, FTP, identify this story of Janie Crawford, a novel by Zora Neale Hurston.;;Their Eyes Were Watching God
;;Given some line, a nonintersecting oriented curve constitutes this kind of meander, while in game theory, this kind of "-loop model" assumes that players cannot remember their opponents' play, and in functional analysis the Banach-Schauder theorem refers to surjective continuous linear transformations. Invariance of domain holds that any locally injective continuous function between two manifolds must be this kind of (*) map. In a metric space, this adjective applies to every set such that for all points in that set, there exists a neighborhood around that point contained in the set. Denoted for an interval with parentheses, rather than square brackets, FTP, identify this term describing a set that does not contain its boundary, also the complement of a closed set.;;open
;;This man's early career was marked by official charges over brutality like his mass execution of insurgents to celebrate Good Friday in the wake of the Battle of Puruaran.  This man's opposition to the Pepa Constitution was cited in a document he provoked by dissolving the congress, proclaimed at Casa Mata.  This designer of his country's modern flag led the Army of the (*) Three Guarantees, which forced the Treaty of Cordoba and was named for the principles of religion, independence, and unity developed by this man and Vicente Guerrero in the Plan of Iguala.  Later facing a rebellion led by Santa Anna, FTP, identify this one-time nobleman who, after securing independence from Spain, made the not so great choice to become Emperor of Mexico in 1822.;;(Agustin) (Cosme) (Damian) (de) Iturbide (y) (Aramburu)
;;One character played by this actor complains about genetic modifications made upon a Pomeranian owned by Danica Talos, who had previously made that character her "little vampire cabana boy."  Besides playing a character whose nametag reads "Hello, my name is FUCK YOU," Hannibal King, he appeared a surgeon in Harold and Kumar Go to White Castle, which reunited him with Kal Penn, who played Taj, the protege of this actor's (*) Van Wilder.  Roles in Blade: Trinity, Smokin Aces, and the lead in Definitely, Maybe have helped this actor atone for his role as Richard on Two Guys and a Girl and flops like The Amityville Horror and Just Friends.  FTP, identify this actor who appeared with Dane Cook in Waiting..., also noted for breaking up with Alanis Morisette before marrying Scarlett Johansson.;;(Ryan) Reynolds
;;He addressed intellectual genre mixing in an essay subtitled "The Refiguration of Social Thought," the first essay in  Local Knowledge. He distinguished between frightening, possessing, familiar, place, and guardian spirits, addressed "Curing, Sorcery, and Magic," and analyzed "The Slametan Communal Feast as a Core Ritual," in his The Religion of (*) Java.   He uses the term"superorganism" and describes how "The Moon" is eaten by a priest after its defeat by "River-Walker" in another work, whose title was derived from Bentham to indicate the stakes of the central event. Emphasizing the need for anthropologists to appreciate context in "Deep Play: Notes on the Balinese Cockfight," FTP, identify this author of The Interpretation of Cultures.;;(Clifford) (James) Geertz
;;Citrate synthase operates via conducting a close analogue to this reaction between acetyl-CoA and oxaloacetic acid, while this reaction occurs on glyoxylate during pyruvate metabolism, giving S-malate, thanks to the enzyme malate synthase. A derivative of succinic acid reacts via a lactone intermediate in a modification of this reaction named for (*) Stobbe. Common base catalysts include alkoxide ions, to prevent transesterification. Crossed ones commonly employ ketones or nitriles, and an intramolecular variation of this reaction is named for Dieckmann. For 10 points, identify this reaction between an ester and an ester enolate, which yields a beta-ketoester and can be contrasted with aldol condensation.;;Claisen Condensation
;;News of this clash led to the abandonment of a plan to attack Ninety Six by Isaac Shelby and the Over Mountain Men, who won a skirmish days after at Musgrove Hill.  A series of well-timed bayonet charges by men under Lord Rawdon against troops led by Johan de Kalb along Flat Rock Creek prevented the near-reversal of this battle, which saw the capture of seven heavy guns at the Rugeley Property by (*) Tarleton's dragoons.  It set the stage for the operations of Francis Marion and Nathaniel Green's assumption of command after the losing general foolishly arrayed his militia together on his left flank.  Following the fall of Charleston, it marked the high point for Cornwalli's campaign.  FTP, identify this 1780 British victory in South Carolina, most famous for its immediate aftermath in which Horatio Gates outran the rest of his retreating force by over one hundred miles.;;(Battle) (of) Camden
;;The initial speaker in one of this man's poems accuses the titular character of writing verses which "give a chap the bellyache" and which are likened to "such tunes that killed the cow". The titular character then responds to his drunken friend by telling him that "ale's the stuff to drink for men whom it hurts to think" and with the story of a (*) king who builds up tolerance to poison. The narrator of another poem is told to "give guineas and rubies away, but keep your fancy free," advice to which his reaction changes during the titular phase in his life. Another titular character is carried "shoulder high" after he wins his town a race, a scene compared to when he is again carried "shoulder high" to the threshold of his home, this time at his death. FTP, identify this English poet of "Terence, This is Stupid Stuff", "When I Was One and Twenty", and "To An Athlete Dying Young," all of which come from his best known cycle of poems, A Shropshire Lad.;;(Alfred) (Edward) Housman
;;Crown gall disease arises when this action, enabled by the vir codon, causes affected cells to produce opines. A strain of one organism called FC40 is said to require this process due to its dependence on the genes called recA, B, and C, while Lederberg and Tatum first observed this process in another strain called K-12. This process takes place in (*) paramecium only under poor nutrient conditions. Its initiation in one typical case requires TraI, a relaxase, as well as the integrated host factor; generally, it requires an appendage called a pilus. A process beginning at the oriV and known as vegetative replication often follows this process, one canonical example of which, studied in E. coli, involves an episome called the F-factor. Contrasted with transduction and transformation, for 10 points, identify this process by which bacteria transfer genetic material through direct contact.;;conjugation
;;The major achievement of Polish diplomat Roman Dmowski occurred contemporaneously with this agreement.  Article 156 of this agreement prompted a famous stand by diplomat Wellington Koo, and prompted a call in one country for the withdrawal of the 21 demands and a solution to the Shandong Problem, eventually prompting the New Culture Movement.  In addition to provoking (*) China's May 4 movement, it created the Polish corridor and isolated East Prussia, and was later modified by plans named for Young and Dawes.  The most famous creation of this treaty was targeted by Henry Cabot Lodge, leading the US senate to vote against ratification, dooming the League of Nations.  Negotiated by Vittorio Orlando, Georges Clemenceau, David Lloyd George, and Woodrow Wilson, FTP, identify this treaty signed in the wake of World War I at a palace outside Paris.;;(Treaty) (of) Versailles
;;Mr. Philander observes the awkward greeting between Mr. Canler and this character, who notes the "strange earthen drums" within a natural amphitheater in which he later reburies a chest full of doubloons. He reflects on his victory over Horta in the chapter "The Fear-Phantom," though regrets his actions after seeing his cousin William Cecil.  Before learning French from Paul D'Arnot, this figure kills Tublat and Kerchak, with the latter's death giving him control of Kerchak's (*) tribe.  This man saves Esmerelda and another woman from Sabor's clutches in a cabin built by his father, whose picture books had first taught this character English.  More formally known as Lord Greystroke, FTP, name this admirer of Jane Porter and creation of Edgar Rice Burroughs, a man famous for growin up in the wild "of the Apes.".;;Tarzan of the Apes
;;Redington Pass runs between the Santa Catalina and Rincon mountains in this state, which includes the unfortunatelsy-named historical site of Homolovi.  The Mogollon Rim separates them from their Western neighbors, while its city of Two Guns lies on Diablo Canyon, which borders the Barringer Meteorite.  Cliff Dwellings abound in its Montezuma Castle and (*) Walnut Canyon parks, while Chile Formations can be seen in the Painted Desert region.   Also home to the Saguaro Petrified Forest National Parks, it is separated from Nevada by Lake Meade and Hoover Dam.  Home to cities like Glendale, Mesa, and Flagstaff, FTP, identify this Southwestern state whose cities also include Tempe and Tucson, as well as its capital, Phoenix.;;Arizona
;;He referred to articles and prepositions as "formal words," and he treated intersubjectivity, arguing that the ego was correlative to the world in his incomplete The Crisis of the European Sciences. In one of his works he relates the natural numbers to Brentano's descriptive psychology, while the first volume of another work proposes that the categorical intuition may bridge the material and eidetic (*) spheres, allowing us to associate a state of affairs with a situation of affairs.  This author of Philosophy of Arithmetic and Ideas suggested that knowledge of essences must be attained through a first-person description via bracketing, or epoche. He attacks psychologism in Prolegomena of Pure Logic, the first volume of a work that also covers mereology and intentionality. FTP, name this author of Logical Investigations, considered the father of phenomenology.;;(Edmund) (Gustav) (Albrecht) Husserl
;;This result was found to provide an alternative to Couchman and Jesser's thermodynamic methods in a study of tiny metal particles and of water molecules trapped between lipid bilayers, both mesoscopic systems. It may be generalized by applying a Margules function, though this statement only applies specifically to situations where chemical interactions between components are equal in strength to those within a (*) component, that is, in an ideal solution. Its formulation resembles Henry's law, and azeotropes are notable exceptions to it. FTP, identify this statement of phase chemistry that holds that the vapor pressure of the components, weighted by mole fraction, give an ideal solution's vapor pressure.;;Raoult's (law)
;;This character's guilt is discovered when a journalist finds an earring and bones in the stove. While on death row, the last person to whom this character speaks is Boris Max, a lawyer from the Communist party. Max is introduced to him by Jan Erlone, who this character attempts to frame for the (*) murder of Jan's girlfriend. However, it is the protagonist who murders Mary, accidentally smothering her with a pillow and then burning her body in a moment of panic. Despite fleeing from the scene, this character finally decides that the muder has given him a purpose in life. His rape and subsequent murder of his girlfriend, Bessie, is far overshadowed by the case of Mary Dalton. For 10 points, name this violent Richard Wright character, the protagonist of the novel Native Son.;;Bigger Thomas
;;This author wrote about the shoemaker Ben Dosa and Rudy the Red King in a novel in which Cybula becomes the God of death in his The King of the Fields. Besides having his conversations with Anthony Burgess transcribed in Rencontre au Sommet, he wrote of Rechele, who is visited by demons when she marries Reb Gedalia in 1666 in the titular (*) town. He wrote of the titular figure becoming "the penitent," after robbing Kazmierz and Magda Zabarski's suicide in a novel about Yasha Mazur. This author of Satan in Goray and The Magician of Lublin collected his stories in A Friend of Kafka and wrote about a man who is persuaded by the Spirit of Evil to urinate in some bread after marrying the prostitute Elka, who has six children with other men during their marriage.  FTP, name this author of Gimpel the Fool, the best-known American Yiddish author.;;(Isaac) (Beshevis) Singer
;;Several massive public elevators are located in this city's Seven Streets area, which comprise its Old City, and it earned the unfortunate nickname of "the hole" due to its position between Pagasarri and Artxanda Peaks. Home to the Rekalde and Abando districts, this city's Erandio and Sestao districts sit on its namesake estuary that also houses the Joaquin Rucoba-designed city hall. It is home to the Teatro Arriaga and the Moyua Square, which itself contains Chevarri Palace and Duesta University.  Santiago Cathedral and the Basilica of (*) Begona are found in this city, whose Zubizuri bridge spans the Nervion River. A gigantic dog made of flowers guards the best-known structure in this city, located on the Bay of Biscay.  FTP, identify this Spanish city, the largest in Basque country and home to a Frank Gehry-designed, very fish-like branch of the Guggenheim.;;Bilbao
;;This author of the terrible poem "Cape Cod" wrote about his admiration for the materialism of Lucretius in one work, and discussed the formation of primal wills by equating them with Newton 's Laws of Motion in a work that discusses the origin of liberty, Dominations and Powers. He examined the formalization of Calvinism in The Genteel Tradition at Bay and depicted the Stranger and Socrates discussing democratic governments in another work. He discussed the consequences of giving up (*) "passive intuition" and obtaining essence from experience in another major tract, while another text by this author of Dialogues of Limbo identifies spirit, truth, matter, and essence as the titular Realms of Being. FTP, identify this author of The Last Puritan and Skepticism and Animal Faith, who in The Life of Reason warned that those who cannot remember history are condemned to repeat it.;;(George) Santayana
;;This figure was the subject of a murder plot by Giampolo Baglioni, whom he deposed along with Giovanni Bentivoglio.  In his early career he was outmaneuvered by Ascanio Sforza and another man, prompting this figure to retaliate by convincing Charles VIII to invade Naples. He called on Duke Federigo to help subjugate Citta di Castello, while one effort to limit the power of this man saw a Synod at (*) Tours dictate that this ruler had no right to launch wars against foreign princes. Convening the Fifth Lateran Council, his best-known achievements occurred after negotiations with Louis XI and Maximillian, leading this successor of Pius III to acquire the territories of Rimini and Faenza from the Republic of Venice after forming the Holy League in the War of the League of Cambrai.  FTP, identify this opponent of Alexander VI, the "warrior pope" whose patronage of Bramante, Raphael, and Michelangelo saw the creation of works like the Sistine ceiling.;;Julius II|(Giuliano) Della Rovere
;;One character in this work sings "What all the world thinks impossible can be achieved by love" in the aria "Ich baue ganz auf deine Starke."  Gluck had to step in when this work wasn't finished in time for its commission, and it includes an unusual basset horn accompanying a real downer aria in the wake of an attempted rape. One character in this work drugs some people after they accuse him of being too happy, while another lies by saying that he is Lostados, but that backfires since the (*) owner of the titular structure was injured by his father. That ruler then decides to let Blonde and Pedrillo go free, angering Osmin, who had purchased them as slaves from pirates. FTP, identify this opera that ends with janissaries praising the Pasha Selim after Belmont 's ludicrous attempts to rescue Konstanze from the titular harem, written by Wolfgang Mozart.;;(The) Abduction from the Seraglio|(Die) Entfuhrung aus dem Serail
;;The word "wondr'ing" was replaced by "eagle" in the final draft of this work. One title figure is described as "deep brow," while the other title figure had earlier told of Cleanthes's ascension to the Egyptian throne in The Blind Beggar of Alexandria and Quicksilver's theft from Golding in (*) Eastward Ho. Its author speaks of a "pure serene" and an objecting "swim[ing] into his ken," a reference to Uranus, and was composed following a visit by Charles Cowden Clarke.  Men "[Look] at each other with a wild surmise" from a position on Darien in this poem, which notes the " Western islands " and "goodly states and kingdoms" encountered when the author "travell'd in the realms of gold."  FTP, identify this poem documenting the wonder of reading a translation of the author of The Odyssey, written by John Keats.;;On First Looking into Chapman's Homer
;;This man's early adventures in being horrible included extorting property away from the widow of a veteran of the Lincoln County Wars, while he later worked with Marcus Smith and Henry Ashurst to limit the right to expand Indian Reservations to Congress. This protege of Thomas Catron was accused of illegal campaigning by Summers Brukhart years after he successfully defended Jim Gilliland and Oliver Lee on charges of murdering Albert (*) Fountain.  Investigations by Gerald Nye and later led by Thomas Walsh uncovered this man's deal with Edward Denby to pass some land to Edward Doheny and Henry Sinclair, including land in the Elk Hills Reserves and in Wyoming. FTP, identify this Secretary of the Interior during the Harding administration who masterminded the Teapot Dome Scandal.;;(Albert) (Bacon) Fall
;;Only a palimpsest remains of his The Wallet, which resembles another work named for a wooden sword.  Tranio attempts to convince his master that the titular being haunts their house in The Ghost, while Daemones has a dream about fighting angry monkeys before his daughter escapes her pirate kidnappers in The Rope.  Cleostrata works to undermine several creeps who plot to corrupt Casina in another play, while the titular (*) slave of Strabax attempts to negotiate with one of this author's favorite subjects, whores, in Truculentus.  The title character of one work claims to have punched an elephant to death and killed 7,000 men in a day, though the lessons learned by Pyrgopolynices cannot be seen in an unfinished work about Euclio, who finds the titular wealth in the ground.  FTP, identify this author of Something Funny Happened on the Way to the Wedding, Miles Gloriosus, and Pot of Gold, a Roman comedian famous for stock characters.;;(Titus) (Maccius) Plautus
;;In the Septuagint, this book contains the apocryphal Book of Baruch which holds both a paean of wisdom and a prayer of mercy. One prophecy found in this book concerns punishment on nearby nations in the fourth year of Jehoiakim and is believed to correspond with the Battle of Carchemish. Another prophecy found in this book is a vision of two baskets of figs while another discusses the utterances of King (*) Zedekiah. After a failed reinstitution of Deuteronomic law, the titular prophet famously compares the inability for an evil human to attempt to do good to the inability of an Ethiopian to change his skin and a leopard his spots. FTP, identify this Old Testament book from a major prophet that chronicles the time period in which Judah fell after the Babylonians were the first to destroy Solomon's Temple.;;(Book) (of) Jeremiah
;;A distressed youth grabs a lifeless master in this artist's Giclee depiction of the death of Leonardo, and he showed a nude girl sensuously pouring the contents of a vase in The Source.  A red and white towel is wrapped around the hair of a nude figure in one work, while a nymph plays with the beard of a deity in another.  This artist of The Bather of Valpincon and (*) Jupiter and Thetis showed a hunched man talking to a winged beast in his Oedipus and the Sphinx and the titular woman chained to a rock in his Roger Rescuing Angelica. Naked women abound in his Turkish Bath while one figure plays an instrument and the other is just very nude in Odalisque and Slave.  Also depicting angels crowning the titular Greek poet, FTP, identify this French painter of The Apotheosis of Homer who added too many vertebrae to the reclining nude in La Grande Odalisque.;;(Jean) (Baptiste) (Dominique) Ingres
;;One work by this author is told from the perspective of the mother of Barry, Sallie, Laurie, and Jannie, and relates a series of vignettes about family life.  This author of Raising Demons wrote about the wake of Lionel Halloran's funeral in The Sundial, which features a structure similar to the one burned down by Constance and Merricat in another novel.  After Life Among the Savages, this author wrote of Charles's (*) demonic possession in We Have Always Lived in the Castle and about Luke Sanderson, Theodora, and Dr. Montague, who discover that the titular locale seems to be targeting Eleanor Vance.  In the best-known work by this author of The Haunting of Hill House, Mr. Summers and Mr. Graves participate in the titular 10 o'clock event in which little Dickie Delacroix helps stone Tessie Hutchinson to death.  FTP, identify this woman who wrote "The Lottery.".;;(Shirley) Jackson
;;20, This politician sought to end the torture implemented by Jacque Soustelle and as head of his party he succeeded the namesake of a plan to create a massive all-European army, Rene Pleven.  This figurehead of the 110 Propositions had earlier severed as Interior Minister under Mendes-France. He granted Joan Alanis's request for a constitution and had a highly publicized (*) affair with Anna Pingeot, producing his daughter Mazarine.  This man spared Antoine Guadino and Alain Mayot during the Urba Affair and dissolved the Cour-de-surete and removed the death penalty via the Badinter Act. FTP, identify this habitual parliament-dissolver, the longest-serving President of France's Fifth Republic and a notable socialist.;;(Francois) Mitterand
;;This composition's end was reworked into a fortissimo movement. The second part of the first movement of this piece is called "blasphemous and sardonic," and depicts the story of Francesca and Paola. After moving from Lento to Allegro frenetico, this work evokes a theme that is meant to represent the descent.  Like the (*) Unfinished Symphony, it lacks a third movement, because Wagner told its composer that no mortal could represent Paradise in music, so instead he opted for a woman's chorus of Magnificat to end the piece. For ten points name this Franz Liszt Symphony that sought to capture the essence of The Divine Comedy, named for that work's Italian author.;;Dante (Symphony)
;;One of the circumstances surrounding this man's death may have been linked to the winner at the battle at Ambato, Juan Jose Flores. This man sought asylum in the West Indies after Miranda surrendered at San Mateo and, earlier he had been in charge of the engineers of Margarita Island. This figure, who assisted Santiago Marino in an invasion, and who was wounded at Chiquisaca, warned General Paez that he was wrong in supporting this figure's biographer as President. This man evacuated a capital city and occupied Callao in preparation for General Canterac's attack, which led to the Marquis of Torre Tagle to be president of Peru. This loser at the battle of Huachi was most likely killed by Jose Maria Obando after winning the battles of liberated much of South America after winning Ayacucho. FTP, name this namesake of a capital of Bolivia.;;(Jose) (Antonion) (de) Sucre
;;Randjabar-Daemi found third and fifth inverse powers in the objects associated with this phenomenon when examining it in a six dimensional vortex. Julian Schwinger used the difference of the sums of bulk energy for the medium of a material and a vacuum to calculate a dynamic form of this phenomenon. The formula for this phenomenon includes a term for the product of 240 and the distance raised to the fourth power. The namesake force in this effect is sometimes named for Polder. Calculated by Steven Lamoreaux, and also calculated by analyzing the zero-point energy between the boundaries, for ten points, name this effect that shows the existence of a quantum vacuum by allowing only waves with half-integer wavelengths to appear between two plates, causing a net pressure to force them together, named for a Dutch scientist.;;Casimir (Effect)
;;This philosopher discussed various methods of Ratiocenation in a work in which he also discussed his theories on logic, The False Subtlety of the Four Syllogistic Figures, while he also rejected several ontological arguments in The Only Possible Argument in Support of a Demonstration of the Existence of God. In one work, this philosopher advocated a league of nations to prevent conflict and ensure universal liberal democracy. This philosopher discussed what he termed (*) "antimonies" in one work, while he also claimed that all pure truths must be free from reason in the same. The author of Groundwork for the Metaphysics of Morals, for ten points, identify this philosopher who advocated perpetual peace and performed several Critiques, including of Judgement and of Pure Reason, while also developing the categorical imperative.;;(Immanuel) Kant
;;Of the three churches designed by this person, Ariccia's Santa Maria Assunta and the Castelgandolfo San Tommaso da Villanova are dwarfed in reputation by the Pamphili-sponsored marble-and-stucco elliptical design for Sant'Andrea al Quirinale. This architect designed palazzi for the Chigi and Ludovisi, but is better known for collaborating with Borromini on the Palazzo (*) Barberini. Claude Perrault's design of the Louvre colonnade incorporated several of the features of his disfavored design for the same; he fell out of favor with another monarch when a planned series of facade campaniles began producing cracks in a building for which he would later produce the gilt-bronze Baldacchino for St. Peter's. For 10 points, name this architect of the Italian renaissance, better known for sculptural works like a facially emotive David and The Ecstasy of Saint Theresa.;;(Gian) (Lorenzo) Bernini
;;The hydride of this element were largely categorized by Alfred Stock, who suggested an incorrect ethane-like structure for one of the more interesting examples; that structure for a heterocycle consisting of two atoms of this element and six hydrogens was later corrected by the x-ray studies for which William Lipscomb won a Nobel Prize. Three-center-two-electron bonds, also known as (*) banana bonds, are present in the bridge of the aforementioned hydride of this atom. This element's simplest oxyacid is the most common chemical shim in fission reactors. This element's carbide and nitrate are among the hardest materials known. FTP, name this element, the most common p-type dopant in silicon semiconductor devices, whose chemical simple is b.;;Boron
;;He refuses to go along with his attorney's alibi that his right arm was in a sling; he goes so far as to brag about his marksmanship with both hands.  Unable to remove the tire chains from his own tires, he is mocked by a revolving hotel door. This figure, who is able to fix a complex machine with a fountain pen, is a close friend of (*) Theodore Roosevelt, and becomes embarrassed when he openly utters "puppy biscuit," prompting the suggestion that he visit Dr. Renshaw, because he is having one of his days.  While waiting in front of the drugstore, he puts himself in front of a firing squad.  FTP, identify this figure who has some weird dreams, the titular character of a short story by James Thurber that examines his "Secret Life.".;;Walter Mitty
;;One historical figure with this name barely escaped a wedding ambush in which his father was captured and killed by Petru Aron, and paid the debt of the Mount Athos monastery. That man, who defeated the Tatars at Lipnic and stopped an invasion by Matthias Corvinus with a victory at Baia, made his greatest stand against (*) Mehmed II at Vaslui, halting an Ottoman incursion. Besides that member of the House of Musat, another king with this name received a crown from Silvester II and defeated Koppany at Veszprem, after which he converted to Christianity. That son of Geza and member of the Arpad dynasty is credited with uniting the Magyar tribes. Shared by a Great Moldavian Prince and the first ruler of Hungary, FTP, identify this first name, also shared by the first Christian martyr.;;Stephen
;;This thinker advocated a constructivist view of childhood growth in a work co-written with Rheta DeVries, Programs of Early Education. This thinker collaborated with Anna Koly on a work in which he designed several impotant tests, The Measurement of Judgement, while he also wrote Education for a Society in Transition. This psychologist's most famous work was criticized as being too (*) phallocentric and ignorant of caring in the book In a Different Voice by Carol Gilligan. FTP, identify this psychologist who wrote The Psychology of Moral Development: The Nature and Validity of Moral Stages and used the example of Heinz to illustrate a six-stage theory of moral development.;;(Lawrence) Kohlberg
;;This disorder is manifested by the malfunction of a protein up-regulator of BDNF; that namesake protein of this disorder becomes unstable if it contains more than about forty terminal residues. This disease is caused by mutations in a gene formerly known as IT15 and ending in several repeats of a glutamine codon; the length of that (*) tri-nucleotide repeat on the short arm of chromosome four determines the severity of this disorder. Generally setting in during early adulthood, this disease has various unpredictably psychological symptoms, sometimes including compulsive gambling, but reliably produces shaking, or chorea. FTP, name this disease perhaps best known for being autosomal dominant; a neurogenetic disorder named for its American describer.;;Huntington's (disease)|Huntington's (chorea)
;;The central locale of this work triumphed in the Two Hundred Years' War, and among the artifacts featured in this story are piano music and wooden furniture.  The main character is disturbed by an X on the brow of another figure in this work, and that same figure is killed in the Gas Jar. The head of (*) state in this novel is elected for a fortieth term, and every aspect of life in the central location is determined using the Book of Hours.  The protagonist undergoes the Great Operation, after which he reaffirms his belief that "reason must prevail."  O-90 carries her unborn child beyond the Green Wall, and the Mephi, including I-330, fail to overthrow the Benefactor. FTP, identify this dystopian novel about the work of D-503, written by Yevgeny Zamyatin.;;We|My
;;An angel tumbles out of a cloud in a depiction of the martyrdom of this figure, who is also shown with another angel who seems to be teaching him to read. This figure is clad in purple and stands next to a friar kissing the foot of the infant Jesus in an Annibale Caracci painting of the Madonna (*) enthroned with this figure. This figure looks up at an angel enfolded in curving drapery and counting on its fingers in a painting of this man's "inspiration." In another painting, this man points to himself with his left hand while sitting at a table surrounded by four assistants counting money. That painting of this man is located in the Contarelli Chapel, and features Jesus holding out his arm towards him. FTP, name this disciple and Gospel author, featured in a Caravaggio painting depicting his "calling.".;;(St(.)) Matthew
;;In one poem by this author, one figure asks his mentor Abib to consider the notion of an "All Loving-God," and earlier put forth his main reason for writing as the story of Lazarus.  In another poem, two females "sank to their knees, transformed, transfixed," and "Man's wickedness and folly, flies the wind / And floats the cloud" in (*) Aristophanes' Apology.  "The rain set early in tonight, / The sullen wind was soon awake" opens this author's "Porphyria's Lover," while "Fra Pandolf's hands / Worked busily a day" in a poem centering on a "gift of a nine-hundred-years-old name."  FTP identify this author of Andrea del Sarto and Dramatis Personae, who also wrote "My Last Duchess" and received the Sonnets from the Portuguese from his wife, Elizabeth Barrett.;;Robert Browning
;;One exclave of this nation, the Musandam peninsula, sees the beginning of the Al-Hajar mountains, which further south divide this nation into 2 regions, called Al-Batinah, meaning "The Belly", and Ad-Dhahirah, meaning "The Back." Another of this nation's exclaves is Madha, which features an enclave of a neighboring nation called Nahwa. A major city in the Southern part of the country is (*) Salalah, located in the state of Dhofar, while major cities in the more populous north include Muttrah and Sur. This nation shares its name with a Gulf to its North which is bounded to the West by the Strait of Hormuz. FTP, name this Arabian peninsula nation, bordered by the UAE, Saudi Arabia, and Yemen, whose capital is Muscat.;;Oman
;;One of these countries defeated the other in the Battle of the Lines of Elvas and the Battle of Montes Claros to win the 17th century Acclamation War. These countries signed the Treaty of Badajoz to end the War of the Oranges, and settled territorial disputes with the 1761 Treaty of El Pardo and the first treaty of San Ildefonso. One of these countries (*) relinquished its claims to the Moluccas to the other in the Treaty of Zaragoza. In 1580, one of these countries invaded the other after a succession crisis caused by the death of King Sebastian. For 10 points, name these European countries that divided up the New World in the Treaty of Tordesillas, the two primary members of the sixty-year Iberian Union whose respective cities include Madrid and Lisbon.;;Spain (and) Portugal
;;One approximation employed in the derivation of this expression is the reduction to first-order of the inhomogeneous term in the Poisson-Boltzmann equation for a point charge in a charged medium. Another approximation used to derive this equation reduces the electronic Helmholtz free energy to one term and states that the temperature integral of the internal energy divided by the temperature squared. The first expression introduces a scale that measures the (*) thickness of a Helmholtz electrical double layer while the second approximation is equivalent solvent incompressibility under to solute electrical pressure. Combining those approximation results in this equation, which states that the charge state squared times the square root of the ionic strength is proportional to the logarithm of the activity coefficient. FTP, name this equation giving the activity of ionic species in solution and that is named for its two discoverers.;;(the) Debye(-)Huckel (equation)|Debye(-)Huckel (law)
;;One poem by this author, inspired by a car trip, features a "white cockerel" that "flew out of the dusk and smashed itself against my windscreen." In one of his works, one character's faults as a reformer are highlighted through linguistic register, and he later calls his rival a "greedy dog" and an "insatiate camel of a foolish, doting race." One of his plays features a Sergeant who runs off when women threaten to pull down his shorts, and in his autobiography, this author of (*) The Interpreters and The Strong Breed refers to his mother as "Wild Christian." Another of his works features a District Officer and his wife dancing in egungun costumes. That officer, Simon Pilkings, later commits sacrilege by taking steps to prevent Olunde's ritual suicide. FTP, identify this author of The Lion and the Jewel and Death and the King's Horseman, a Nigerian playwright.;;(Akinwande) (Oluwole) Soyinka
;;The Wormley House Agreement was made concerning this man's election. Congress overrode a veto by this man to pass a law that would later be replaced by the Sherman Silver Purchase Act, and he was engaged by Argentina to act as an arbitrator following the War of the Triple Alliance. Following this man's presidency, he campaigned vigorously for his army buddy (*) William McKinley in this man's home state of Ohio, and when this man died in 1893, his home became a state park in Fremont. After appointing the Justice who would decide, Plessy v. Furguson, this president ordered troops to fire upon participants of the Great Railroad Strike in 1877. For ten points, name this 19th president of the United States who narrowly defeated Samuel Tilden in the election of 1876.;;(Rutherford) (B(.)) Hayes
;;A large black mass is rising out of the lake in the background of this painting, and that lake also contains a ship whose front mast has broken. In front of that lake is a small house with a red roof outside which a crowd of people congregates, and on a hill in front of that house, a thin figure is hanging from some (*) gallows. On the left side of this painting, a boat with a crucifix mast is carrying away white robed figures, while two skeletons attempt to lift a large harp onto that ship. To the left of this painting, another couple of skeletons are driving a cart, which is spilling its cargo of human heads to the ground. For ten points, identify this depiction of certain events in the Apocalypse, which was painted by Pietr Brueghel the Elder.;;(The) Triumph (of) Death
;;One class within this phylum, the Pycogonids, possess such a small size that their muscles consist of a single cell covered in connective tissue, while another class is characterized by a long caudal spine or telson projecting from the posterior, the Xiphosura. The diversity of feeding mechanisms among these creatures has resulted in a namesake (*) "Head Problem" in determining their evolutionary history, although most scientists now classify them in the superphylum Ecdysozoa along with the Nematodes. Terrestrial members of this phylum have their size limited due to the inability of book lungs or tracheal respiratory systems to effectively circulate oxygen. The bodies of these creatures are coated in a protein matrix of alpha-chitin through marine species are usually found with an exoskeleton of calcium carbonate. FTP, identify this phylum whose named means 'joint-legged' and includes barnacles, scorpions and beetles.;;Arthropoda
;;One character in this work dances 'Prenez garde a Chou-Chin-Chou' and later complains that a sofa is green instead of yellow with floral decorations. Another character in this play justifies his questionable actions by using the term "Demon of Experiment" and is later offended by the word 'illusion' claiming that the word is "cruel, really cruel" and "particularly painful for" his kind. (*) Rosetta dies by drowning in a fountain at the end of this play while simultaneously, a young boy who refuses to talk in the presence of his half-brother shoots himself with a revolver behind a tree. The second act is primarily set in the dress shop of a character who appears after hats and scarves are placed on racks and speaks "Half-Italian, Half-English", Madame Pace. FTP, identify this play that features a boy, child, son, step-daughter, mother and father looking for their titular creator; a 1921 play by Luigi Pirandello.;;Six Characters in Search of an Author
;;Although this polity primarily practiced emperor worship as its main religion, it also worshiped the Bida'a; a large serpent that lived in a nearby river. This polity came into being when several groups of Soninke peoples joined under the rule of Majan Dyabe Cisse. This empire was dissolved under the occupation by the Anti-Islamic (*) Sosso peoples, but before that it was dealt a major blow when it was conquered by Almoravid general, Abu-Bakr Ibn-Umar. The capital of this empire is actually a twin city separated by a six mile road with one of the cities, Al-Ghaba being the administrative center and location of this empire's namesake rulers. With a capital at Koumbi Saleh, FTP, identify this medieval African empire that lends its name to a modern day country with its capital at Accra.;;Ghana (empire)|Wagadou (empire)
;;In one of this man's works, a clown can be seen in the lower right corner, while the three titular objects can be seen to the left of a couple embracing next to a falling putti. At the bottom right corner of another one of this man's paintings, a man gestures to a bright red animal while at the left of the painting a naked woman grows from a tree bearing red fruit. Another painting from this man sees a figure in pink and green clothing sitting in a chair with a white bird perched on his shoulder as he plays the titular instrument. In addition to (*) The Three Candles, La Branche, and The Blue Violinist, another of this man's paintings, a dying Christ is shown above a candelabra and is surrounded by burning buildings to the left and an incinerator to the right. In what is probably his most famous work he shows the head of a green-skinned man looking into the eyes of sheep. FTP, identify this 20th century Jewish Russian painter of The White Crucifixion and I and the Village.;;(Marc) Chagall
;;One short story by this man involves a young boy who allows a 'snow sister' to come to life with his rosy cheeks while another concludes with the newlyweds, Matthew and Hannah deciding that the titular object is too bright for their humble home. Another short story from this man revisits the locations mentioned in Bunyan's The Pilgrim's Progress from the safety of a (*) train powered by Christian's former enemy, Apollyon. In addition to The Snow Image, The Great Carbuncle, and The Celestial Railroad, this author writes about Mr. Melbourne, Colonel Killgrew and two others who are temporarily restored to youth by their old friend, Dr. Heidegger. The writer of some "Tangled" and "Twice-Told Tales", FTP, identify this 18th century American writer best well known for his stories such as The Minister's Black Veil and Young Goodman Brown.;;(Nathaniel) Hawthorne
;;On an exterior algebra in a finite dimensional inner product space, this construct can be expressed as a combination of an exterior derivative and the Hodge star operator.   By the Helmholtz decomposition theorem, this construct is found in the numerator of an integral over 3-space for the irrotational part of a stationary flux. In a special case of Stokes' theorem, a surface integral of a vector field dotted with its normal vector can be expressed as a (*) volume integral of this operation on that vector field. According to Gauss' Law for Magnetism, this operation applied to a magnetic field always results in zero as does performing this operation on the curl of a vector field. Defined as the sum of the respective partial derivatives of a vector's components, FTP, identify this vector operation that gives the magnitude of the source or sink of a vector field and is analogous to a dot product for vector fields.;;divergence
;;According to Clausewitz's On War, one commander at this engagement was said to be 'in a trance' and the recent death of that commander's Master of Artillery left their cannons mostly useless on the surrounding hills. One particularly awesome event of this battle involved the general of the 57th brigade having his horse shot out from under him and was reported dead; leading General Rapp to replace him only to find the fallen general charging ahead. After one side of this battle captured the namesake village, they posted General (*) Delzons to prevent it from being retaken and continued to pursue the opposing side who was then withdrawing to the Raevsky Redoubt. The Russians under Mikhail Kutuzov lacked terrain advantages and so constructed a series of four arrow-shaped earthworks known as Bagration's fleches in front of the Kolocha river. The bloodiest single-day engagement of the Napoleonic Wars, FTP, identify this decisive 1812 battle; a French victory that was also the last offensive action fought by French troops in Russia.;;(Battle) (of) Borodino
;;In one scene of this opera, a group of sailors relate highlights of their journeys which include a magic squirrel, 33 warriors and the magic city, Tmutakarakan which rose mysteriously from the sea. The soprano aria "Tsarevna Lebed" is sung by the Swan-Princess as other characters raise a toast to celebrate her (*) marriage. At the outset of this work, an altered message claims that the title character's son, Guidon will be born a monster and is ordered to be sealed in a barrel. A frantic violin tune plays in the third act to represent the blinding of Babarikha by Guidon in the form of a certain insect, which is thereafter banned from the palace of the titular character. Based on a Pushkin poem of the same name, FTP, identify this 1900 four-act opera by Rimsky-Korsakov; probably best known for its use of "Flight of the Bumblebee".;;The Tale of Tsar Saltan
;;The cosmology of this faith contains a 'middle world' with oceans of sugar and buttermilk while the lowest world which inhabits the foulest of all beings is called the Nigoda. Every half-cycle of this religion's concept of time is marked by the appearance of 63 Illustrious Men. One sect in this religion advocates prayer in an empty room due to the idea that their God has (*) no form and are known for wearing a white square cloth over the mouth known as a muhapatti. Monks from another sect differing from the aforementioned Sthanakvasi carry only a peacock feather broom and a water gourd and abstain from wearing any clothing. That sect, the Digambara follow Lord Mahavira, who along with figures such as Adinath and Parshva have ascended to a special status within this faith. Demanding a vow of strict nonviolence called 'ahimsa', FTP, name this Indian religion that believes in 24 role-model figures called Tirthankaras; special versions of enlightened souls or jinas.;;Jainism|Jain Dharma|Shraman Dharma
;;Scenes in the music video for this song include a man drinking out of a flower vase, a man beating drumsticks on a series of beer bottles and another man sitting on a branch while playing a flute. The speaker in this song asks a man in an opium den if he is being tempted and later buys bread from a man that is 'six-foot-four and full of muscles'.  In the first verse, the singer meets a (*) strange lady who makes him nervous, but then takes him in for breakfast. The instrumental interlude between verses is based on the children's song "Kookaburra" and on an episode of Family Guy, Peter jumbles the lyrics to "Look at me with a brand new Hyundai".  With a chorus that describes the title location as having "women who glow and men that plunder", FTP, identify this 1982 hit from Men at Work that tells of the singer's world travels where he is repeatedly identified as an Australian.;;Down Under
;;This man sent three divisions of the Roman army against the Adiabene peoples of Northern Mesopotamia and also conquered the city of Nisibis where he established his main headquarters. An avid military campaigner, this man increased the number of legions to 33, increased the annual salary of solders from 300 to 500 denarii and even disassembled the Praetorian Guard into his own defense, the (*) Pannonian Legions. Early on in his reign, he waged a war with the Parthian Empire which was quickly ended during the sack of their capital, Ctesiphon. This man was able to defeat Pescennius Niger at Issus in 194AD in the Roman Civil War during the reign of this man's predeccessor, Didius Julianus who has earlier claimed Rome after the death of Pertinax. Born in the city of Leptis Magna in modern-day Libya, FTP, identify this father of Geta and Caracalla; Roman emperor from the years of 193 to 211 AD and founder of a namesake dynasty.;;(Lucius) Septimius Severus|Severus I
;;One figure in this work possesses the ability to strike a falling willow leaf from at distance of over 100 paces with his archery skills while another character was a 9-foot-tall man who was sentenced to exile at Shamen Island but was rescued by his servant who is called "The Wanderer". Another episode within this work involves a character with a large blue birthmark selling his (*) sword for money after he went broke bribing officials. In addition to the stories of Hua Rong, Lu Junyi and Yang Zhi, this work relates an episode involving the use of drugged wine to distract the guards of a convoy of birthday presents at Yellow Earth Ridge. Another character who is nicknamed "The Black Whirlwind" oft fights drunken and naked on the battlefield while Song Jiang is the chief of the 36 Heavenly Stars. Often attributed to Shi Naian, FTP, identify this work of classical Chinese literature following the adventures and struggles of the 108 titular bandits.;;Water Margin|Outlaws of the Marsh|The 108 Stars of Destiny|All Men are Brothers|The Marshes of Mount Liang|Shuihu Zhuan|Suikoden
;;One island belonging to this nation is Cheduba which is known for peculiar mud-shaped cones which emit sulfurous fumes or steam.  A massive gold-covered stupa is found in this nation's capital while the central region of this nation is home to thousands of temples built by the (*) Bagan Dynasty. To the north lies the state of Kachin which is home to Lake Indawygi and this nation's highest peak, Hkakabo Razi, while the Mon state lies to the nation's south. Major rivers found within this country include the Salween which flows southerly along the east side of the nation into the Andaman Sea and the Chindwin which forms a major tributary with the nation's largest river, the Irrawaddy. Bordering China and Thailand to the east and India and Bangladesh to the west, FTP, identify this Southeast Asian nation, home to the city of Mandalay and its capital, Yangon.;;Burma|Myanmar
;;During this man's term. he attempted to acquire Cuba for the price of 100 million dollars though Spain denied the offer to this man's ambassador, Romulus Saunders. This man once proposed expanding the Missouri Compromise out to the Pacific below 36'30 and toward the end of his term established the Department of the (*) Interior. Legislation passed during this man's term included a bill that established the bonding warehouse system in the US, the aptly-named Warehousing Act and also a bill that reversed the high rates caused by the Whig-supported "Black Tariff", the Walker Tariff. This man avoided war with Great Britain by settling the Oregon boundary dispute at the 49th parallel and served as the Commander-in-Chief during the Mexican-American war. Given the nicknames "Young Hickory" and "Napoleon of the Stump", FTP, identify this dark horse candidate in the election of 1844, the eleventh president of the United States.;;(James) (K(.)) Polk
;;A parody of this poem was published in an 1878 issue of the satirical Punch magazine after an Australian cricket team managed to beat MCC and contained the line "And Grace after dinner did not get a run". One line in this poem calls the breath of an injured horse as "cold as the spray of the rock-beating surf" while another line in this poem describes the "sheen of spears like stars on the sea". The second stanza of this poem compares the (*) title figure to the 'leaves of the forest' in both summer and autumn referring to how "the Angel of Death...breathed in [his] face as he passed" despite powerfully coming "down like the wolf on the fold". First published in the song collection Hebrew Melodies, FTP, identify this 1815 poem by Lord Byron whose anapestic tetrameter mimics the sound of hoof beats as the titular Assyrian king rides to attack Jerusalem.;;(The) (Destruction) (of) Sennacherib
;;During World War II this man made contributions in the field of ballistics and published a report entitled On the Decay of Plane Shock Waves. Most recently, he explained the geometry of Newton's Principia using arguments from elementary calculus in his 1995 book, (*) Newton's Principia for the Common Reader while in the 1980s this man was key in developing the theory of the collisions of gravitational waves. A dimensionless number that bears the name of this man is equal to the square of the Hartmann number and is defined by the ratio of the Lorentz force to the viscosity of a hydromagnetodynamic system. This scientist arrived at his most famous contribution by using a 3-polytrope solution to the Lane-Emden equations for stellar structure in order to model a highly electron degenerate star. FTP, identify this 20th century Indian-born astrophysicist whose namesake limit gives the 1.4 solar mass upper limit on the mass of white dwarfs.;;(Subrahmanyan) Chandrasekhar
;;In the middle of this piece, the string section plays a quiet version of the main theme while the harp plays arpeggiated triplets beneath that line. In contrast, the piece opens with the harp playing a D note 12 times while being supported by chords from the strings. This piece was originally accompanied with a poem by Henri Cazalis that repeats the phrase (*) "Zig, zig, zag" several times, but was later expanded into a symphonic poem with a solo violin deliberately tuned to an E-flat rather than an E replacing the vocals. The end of this piece uses the oboe to create the image of a crowing rooster at dawn. Similar to the motif found in the composer's earlier work, "Fossils", this piece uses the xylophone to create the image of rattling bones. Notably using E-flat and A chords to produce the "Devil's tritone" to symbolize Death's fiddle, FTP, identify this tone poem by Camille Saint-Saens, based on the "dance of death" from medieval folklore.;;Danse Macabre
;;A cartoon by James Gillray titled "Charon's Boat" lampooned the break up of this entity, which governed for just more than a year. It was succeeded by a government headed by William Cavendish-Bentinck after it fell apart over the issue of Catholic emancipation. It met with opposition from George (*) Canning, but its organizer did succeed in attracting both Charles Grey and Henry Addington to join this entity. It successfully abolished the slave trade in Great Britain, but did not achieve peace with France. FTP, name this national unity government formed by William Wyndham after the death of William Pitt the Younger as an attempt at ending war with Napoleon.;;(the) Ministry of All the Talents
;;Several characters in this play insultingly refer to the protagonist as an "eater of left-overs." The fourth scene of this play takes place at a Masque where two characters discuss a captain who sacrificed his life to blow up a dangerous ship. In its second scene, Amusa is frightened by the (*) egungun mask worn by his superior, who orders the arrest of the title character. In its final scene, the title character is visited by Iyaloja and the Praise-Singer, and strangles himself with a chain after seeing the dead body of his son Olunde. For 10 points, name this play where Simon Pilkings tries to prevent the chief Elesin from committing ritual suicide, written by Wole Soyinka.;;Death and the King's Horseman
;;In optical luminescence dating, these minerals are exposed to bright infrared light to determine when they were  last exposed to natural sunlight. Minerals of this type that contain barium are monoclinic and examples include celsian and hyalophane. Triclinic examples of this mineral include bytownite and (*) labradorite while the more common alkali type is exemplified by perthite. This type of mineral forms the last group before the branch fork in Bowen's reaction series and anorthosite denotes rocks formed entirely of the plagioclase variety of it. Also existing in an orthoclase variety, FTP, identify this type of silicate mineral known for forming white or pink crystals white a Mohs hardness of 6.;;feldspars
;;His first eight opuses were collections of art-songs including Tristesse, Ici-bas [ee-see-bah], and Apres un reve, and his most often performed choral work, beginning with the line "Verbe-egal au tres-haut," is his Opus 11, Cantique de Jean Racine.  His "Dolly Suite" for four-handed piano is named after the daughter of his mistress Emma Bardac, and he wrote his Opus 24, an Elegie for cello, upon the death of cellist Jules (*) Loeb. His own 1887 Pavane in F-sharp minor inspired some of his students' work, including a movement of Debussy's Suite bergamesque and Ravel's Pavane for a Dead Infanta.  FTP, name this French composer, a student of Saint-Saens and the composer of Masques and Bergamesques, the opera Penelope, and a famous D minor Requiem.;;(Gabriel) Faure
;;He wrote, "How willingly we turn us then/Away from this cold earth,/And look into thy azure breast" in the poem "The Skies," while his uneventful later years saw the publication of "The Little People of the Snow." This author of the long poem "The Flood of Years" declared in the introduction to A Library of Poetry and Song his thesis  that (*) America must create a distinct poet voice.  He wonders about the "solitary way" of the title figure of one work, while this author of "The Ages" and "To the Fringed Gentian" created a "Hymn to Death" that recalled his most famous work, which begins "to him who in the love of nature holds/Communion with her visible forms." FTP, identify this American poet, the author of "To a Waterfowl" and "Thanatopsis.".;;(William) (Cullen) Bryant
;;In one position this man was advised by the Second Camarilla, which included Otto Meissner and Kurt Schleicher, to utilize the 25/48/53 plan of Presidential Government. That position had been won after the urging of von Tirptiz prompted this man to run against the Otto Braun-backed Wilhelm Marx. Testimony given by this man originated the "Dagger Stab" legend, and was delivered after he had been given command of the Eight Army and defeated the Russians at (*) Masurian Lakes at Second Tannenberg. Creating a "silent dictatorship" with Erich Ludendorff, he became President of Weimar Germany, a tenure that saw him sign the Enabling Act, handing power to a man who convinced this politician to sign the Reichstag Fire Decree. FTP, name this German President and field marshal whose death paved the way for Adolf Hitler to declare himself Fuhrer, whose namesake zeppelin met a bad fate in New Jersey in 1937.;;(Paul) (von) Hindenburg
;;Cathepsin L has been shown to be responsible for proteolytically processing the N-terminal tail of one type of these structures. The PRMT4 pathway governs the activation and inactivation of these proteins while modification of the tails of these proteins is hypothesized to follow their namesake (*) "code." They are rich in both lysine and arginine residues and can bind with each other to form a molecular "handshake motif." The 1 and 5 varieties of these proteins are known as Linkers while 2 through 4 are called the Core type for their role in forming the base of the nucleosome. Discovered by Albrecht Kossel, FTP, name these proteins, designated H1 through H5, which act as the spindles around which DNA bundles into chromatin fibers.;;histones
;;One response to it involves the refutation of Maxwell's equations and centers on a light source, while another relies on tenets of evolutionary theory and prompted a criticism of this conceptualization as a certain kind of "pump." Those replies by Churchland and Dennett centered on its reworked version, which expanded on the concept of intuition and causal connection, discussed symbol manipulation , and declared that (*) syntax alone cannot constitute semantics. Designed to illustrate the requirements for Strong AI, this thought experiment argues that a person provided proper materials can pass a Turing test as well as a computer faced with translating a certain language. Developed by John Searle, FTP, identify this thought experiment named for a space in which the titular Asian language is translated.;;Chinese Room (Experiment)
;;The speaker of a W.S. Merwin poem says that "Neither my mother nor my father knew the names of" these objects "where I was born."  The speaker of one John Ashbery poem about "Some" of these objects says that they "try to tell us what we are:/That their merely being there/Means something," while the speaker wonders about them in a Frost poem named for the (*) "Sound of" these objects. They "seem to say/Begin afresh, afresh, afresh" in a Philip Larkin poem, while e e cummings thanks God for their "leaping greenly spirits." "Only God can [make]" these title objects of a Joyce Kilmer collection, one of which ensnares a "foe oustreatched beneath" it in a William Blake poem named for a poison one. FTP, identify these natural objects, varieties of which also appear in poems like "Birches" and "After Apple Picking.".;;Trees
;;One structure by this name, upon which is etched thousands of lines of Thulth script, was built by the ruler of Kara Koyunlu, while this term is also applied to a structure in Mazari Sharif that supposedly holds the remains of Ali. Iznik tile work adorns the most famous one, which houses 260 stained glass windows and has a courtyard facing the (*) At Meydani. Visitors to this site pass under a symbolic chain, while the grandeur of this site prompted anger from religious officials, who demanded another site in Mecca be improved as well. Four massive elephant foot pillars hold up its central dome, which surrounds the four half domes of this structure designed by Mehmet Aga. Built to rival the Hagia Sophia, FTP, identify this mosque in Istanbul named for the color of its interior tiles.;;Blue Mosque|Sultan Ahmet Camii
;;The Ijen Crater on the eastern end of this island is an important site for sulfur mining, and the Ujung Kulon National Park is found on this island's western tip. The Madiun and Brantas are tributaries of its longest river, which flows through the Sewu Mountains in Banten province. In this island's center, the Borobudur (*) temple is an important pilgrimage site, while the Prambanan temple is located just east of Yogyakarta. More famous perhaps are this island's volcanoes, which include Mount Semeru and Mount Merapi. Located northeast of Christmas Island, south of Borneo, and east of Krakatoa, FTP, name this Indonesian island which includes the capital, Jakarta, and lies between Bali and Sumatra, also famous for its coffee production.;;Java
;;Mistakes made by this politician include the exile of Jose Limantour, leader of the Cientificos, and including a "no re-elections" slogan in his opposition to Lerdo de Tejada, which became the Plan of Tuxtepec and was issued from Oaxaca. Advocating "bread or stick" governing, this target of the Plan of San Luis Patosi served in the War of the (*) Reform and used the rurales to push Hacienda owners to modernization after coming to power by battling against Jaurez. He lost power following an offhand mark to James Creelman of Pearson's Magazine, after which his exiling of Bernardo Reyes and forged election results against Francisco Madero sparked the Mexican Revolution.  FTP, identify this man who was overthrown as President of Mexico in 1911 after first assuming office in 1876.;;(Jose) (de) (la) (Cruz) (Porfirio) Diaz (Mori)
;;In one of this author's fables, a boy's name is written in green on a girl's breast and that girl's name is written "in a trembling patch of red" on the boy's waist, while in another, a foundling adopted by a couple running a clothing shop seeks to find her long-lost twin in the title locale. In addition to The Grasshopper and the Bell Cricket and The Old Capital, he also wrote a serialized account of vice and pleasure in the title entertainment district, The Scarlet Gang of (*) Asakusa. One of his characters is attacked for "sealed play" after continually checking his watch, while in another novel Fusako is abused, Shuichi cheats on his wife with Kinuko, and another character has a secret abortion. The Master of Go and The Sound of the Mountain are both works of, FTP, which Japanese author of The Dancing Girl of Izu, Thousand Cranes, and Snow Country?.;;Kawabata (Yasunari)
;;Girolama Seripando was the representative of the Augustinian order at this meeting, where Marcello Cervini served as the secretary. The Peace of Crespy was key in securing this meeting, which saw controversy over the phrase "church universal." It abandoned the task of updating a document was later updated by Leo XIII and abolished Paul VI, the List of (*) Prohibited Books, and saw early debate centering around the Smalcald Articles. It declared that good works were necessary for Justification, rather than mere faith alone, and confirmed clerical celibacy and the veneration of relics. The seven sacraments and the Nicene Creed were discussed at length at this council, which lent its name to the Tridentine Mass. Called by Paul III and ended by Pius IV, FTP, identify this 16th century church council which responded to Martin Luther and promoted the Counter-Reformation.;;(Council) (of) Trent
;;Molecules of this type can be reacted with alkenes to form five-membered rings in the Huisgen Reaction. Carboxylic ones can be converted into isocyanates via the Curtius Rearrangement and they can be reacted with triphenylphosphine and converted to amines in the Staudinger Reaction. Along with sulfuric acid, one is a reactant in the Schmidt Reaction, and an (*) acyl one can be formed in that reaction if a carboxylic acid is used. The sodium one is an explosive commonly used in airbags and their ions form the conjugate base of hydrazoic acid. FTP, name this type of compound which has a linear structure of three nitrogen atoms linked by double bonds.;;azides
;;One of this man's works depicts a seen from Revelations in which archangels do battle with the titular creatures. In another of this man's works, a cart of skulls drawn by a skeleton upon a horse is seen in the lower-left hand corner, while another skeleton attacks people with a scythe. In addition to The Fall of the Rebel Angels and (*) The Triumph of Death, this man depicted a scene in which a giant sea creature is cut open, revealing numerous smaller such creatures, while another visually describes phrases such as "One shears sheep, the other shears pigs," and "There is more in it than an empty herring." Both Big Fish Eat Little Fish and Netherlandish Proverbs are paintings of, FTP, what Northern Renaissance painter of The Peasant Wedding, Landscape with the Fall of Icarus, the Tower of Babel, Hunters in the Snow?.;;(Pieter) Bruegel (the) (Elder)
;;In one of her starring film roles, she plays a young disenchanted British woman who takes her young daughters to live in a low-rent Marrakesh Hotel, and in another, she plays a woman who is sucked into a religious cult and must slowly be deprogrammed by an exit counselor, played by Harvey Keitel.  In addition to her roles in Hideous Kinky and Holy Smoke!, she played Sue Bridehead in Michael Winterbottom's Jude and Bitsey Bloom in (*) The Life of David Gale.  Roles as Sarah Pierce in Little Children, Marianne Dashwood in Sense and Sensibility, a younger version of Judi Dench's character in Iris, and Clementine Kruczynski in Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind all garnered Oscar nominations for, FTP, what actress currently nominated for The Reader, who starred alongside Leonardo DiCaprio in Revolutionary Road and Titanic?.;;(Kate) Winslet
;;He supported the policy of "political non-partisanship" to get support for his organization's agenda, and published a document with John Mitchell that led to a case against him by Buck's Stove and Range Co. This figure, who held off a brief challenged from John McBride, helped back a 1924 bill also known as the Johnson-Reed Act, and was appointed to the Council of National Defense during WWI, leading him to attend the (*) Versailles Conference. He famously called the Sherman Antitrust Act the "magna carta of  labor" and was elected president of the Local 144 of the Cigar Makers' International Union in New York City in 1875. He later helped to establish the Federation of Organized Trades and Labor Unions, which would later reorganize as another organization. FTP, this man succeeded by William Green, the first president of the AFL.;;(Samuel) Gompers
;;Along with 'mottness' the order of this property is necessary to describe a Mott insulator and materials with this property have an energy function that is the product of consecutive spins under the Ising model. An effect known as exchange bias occurs when the 'hard' behavior from this property causes a shift in the (*) 'soft' behavior of materials with a similar property. Materials that exhibit it include metals such as chromium as well as manganese oxide. Reverting to paramagnetism above the Neel Point, this is, FTP, which property resulting from a pattern of alternating or spiraling alignments of magnetic moments in a material, the opposite of a certain form of magnetism displayed in iron?.;;antiferromagnetism
;;In the author's sequel to this work, the main character notes that the spreading of the "I'm as good as you" attitude was systematically destroying the middle class and the education system. In this work, the main character notes that the "materialism, secularism and hatred" rising in the second half of the 19th century had benefited him in his pursuits as a (*) Tempter. The work opens with the main character lecturing on the benefit of using jargon as opposed to arguments when working with the Patient, who later dies in an air raid during World War II. FTP, name this work, a series of communications between Wormwood and the title character, a satire on Christianity and demons dedicated to J.R.R. Tolkien by author C.S. Lewis.;;(The) Screwtape Letters
;;In some traditions, the duties of this brother of Bia and Tano extend to deciding the extent of flooding and using rain to quench fires. One story about this deity tells of how he tried to hoard the world's wisdom, but seeing the futility of his goal, released it back to the world. A (*) calabash appears in another story about this figure in which he uses it to trap a group of hornets after convincing them that their nest was being rained upon as part of one of the tasks given to him by his father, which also included tying a python down to a branch and capturing an invisible fairy using a doll covered in tar. The son of Nyame and Asase Ya, FTP, identify this trickster god from West African myth, traditionally depicted as a spider.;;Anansi
;;At the end of one of this man's works Jim and Ella say, "Honey, Honey, I'll play right up to the gates of heaven with you", while in another Richard realizes he was a fool for hanging with "fast women" in a play about Tommy and Arthur Miller.  In addition to (*) All God's Chillun Got Wings and Ah! Wilderness, he wrote about how the trader Henry Smithers warns the titular character that Lem is going to kill him with a silver bullet. The creator of the Mannon and Tyrone families, for 10 points name this playwright, the prolific author of Emperor Jones, Mourning Becomes Electra and Long Day's Journey into Night.;;(Eugene) O'Neill
;;Joao de Barros described this structure in the chronicle Da Asia, and its acropolis or hill complex is considered to have been a royal palace.  After its initial discovery, it was thought to have been built by (*) Solomon and the Queen of Sheba in the land of Ophir mentioned in the Book of Kings. However, carbon-14 dating has placed its habitation to the 11th through 15th centuries by the Shona people.  Its population may have exceeded 10,000, but the area was later abandoned due to the exhaustion of the hinterlands.  Rediscovered in 1868 by Adam Renders and Karl Mauch, for 10 points, name these ruins meaning "stone houses" a cultural landmark located in the namesake modern-day African country.;;Great Zimbabwe
;;A silver spoon rests on a cloth surrounded by a flannel bag and a metal pot on the left side of this painting. Dark cliffs travel across the top of this painting to its top right corner where bright blue sky and tan cliffs shows that the scene is depicted in a valley.  One of the two figures in this painting is wearing a shirt (*) ripped in three places, striped pants, and only one suspender, while the other figure is wearing a tan hat and holding a long tool.  There are two large wicker baskets, but only the one being carried is full of rocks.  Destroyed during the firebombing of Dresden, for 10 points, name this Gustave Corbet painting depicting the titular workers, usually found in a quarry.;;(The) Stone Breakers
;;In one of his sonnets he claims "No God, no Demon of severe response" will answer the question "Why did I laugh tonight?" Another sonnet claims "The poetry of earth is never dead" and speaks of "The Cricket's song, in warmth increasing over." The day goes by "like the passage of an angel's tear" for "one who has been long in city pent" in another work, and he claims "I saw the (*) sweetest flower wild nature yields" in a poem "To a Friend who sent me some Roses." One sonnet mentions "high cloudy symbols of high romance" and of those times "When I have fears that I may cease to be." Another poem is addressed to "Thou still unravish'd bride of quietness" and another begins "My heart aches, and a drowsy numbness pains." FTP, name this British Romantic poet who wrote "The Eve of St. Agnes" and "Endymion," as well as "Ode on a Grecian Urn" and "Ode to a Nightingale.".;;(John) Keats
;;He give his name to the radius of a sphere which diffuses at the same rate as a given molecule, and his namesake law gives the frictional force on a spherical objects with small Reynolds numbers. A three-dimensional flow with axisymmetry can be modeled with his (*) stream function and this man gives his name to the difference between the average Lagrangian flow velocity and the average Eulerian flow velocity, which describes his namesake drift. A set of four parameters relating polarization and intensity is named for him, and a theorem relating the surface integral of the curl to the line integral of a vector field over its boundary is named for him and Kelvin. FTP, name this British physicist, the second namesake of a set of nonlinear partial differential equations describing the flow of a viscous incompressible fluid along with Navier.;;(George) (Gabriel) Stokes
;;This man's later works include essays "On the Nature and Uses of Sabotage" as well as "The Modern Point of View and the New Order." He criticized Eugene Bohm-Bawerk in an essay on that man's "Definition of Capital and the Source of Wages" and another essay discusses "The Instinct of Workmanship and the Irksomeness of Labor." This man also argued that economics was not an (*) evolutionary science, and chapters such as "The Cultural Incidence of Machine Process" appear in his Theory of Business Enterprise. This author of The Higher Learning in America and The Engineers and the Price System also wrote a book with chapters such as "The Conservation of Archaic Traits", "Industrial Exemption and Conservatism", and that book discusses "The Belief in Luck" as well as coining the term "conspicuous consumption." For 10 points, name this author of The Theory of the Leisure Class.;;(Thorstein) Veblen
;;One of this author's poems tells its addressee to foster justice instead of violence after describing a fable about a hawk carrying a nightingale in its talons. A poem by Alcidamas ends with judges awarding a victory to this author, whose Catelogues of Women is no longer extant. In a poem addressed to Perses, this author argued that men passed through (*) ages of gold, silver, bronze, and heroes before the current age of iron. This author included a hymn to Hecate in his longest poem, which describes Aphrodite's birth from the semen of the castrated Uranus. For 10 points, name this ancient Greek poet of Works and Days and Theogony.;;Hesiod
;;Sakazaki compared the efficiency of this technique to a related one involving yellow or colorless paper. The form of this technique widely used today involves the Hucker modification, and Ryu developed a related technique using KOH or H2SO4. (*) Iodine serves as a mordant in this procedure, and an anionic compound, nigrosin, can be used in place of this technique to increase background contrast. The final step of this procedure involves the application of safranin or basic fuchsin, which binds to organisms not already reacted with crystal violet. FTP, identify this visualization technique which colors positive bacteria purple based on cell wall composition, a certain stain named for its Danish discoverer.;;Gram (staining)
;;Dinaburg and Bowen improved on Adler, Konheim, and McAndrew's introduction of a topological variety of this quantity, and a measure theoretic quantity for dynamical systems by this name is named for Kolmogorov and Sinai. The relative type of this quantity is equivalent to the Kullback-Leibler divergence, and Landauer's principle posits that lost (*) information corresponds to an increase in this quantity. In information theory, a version of it is named for Claude Shannon, and the change in this quantity is equal to the change in the heat over the change in the temperature. It is multiplied by the temperature and subtracted from the enthalpy in the definition of Gibbs free energy. FTP, name this quantity, symbolized S, which is a measure of a system's disorder.;;Entropy
;;He was appointed to one position despite the "Eternal Edict," in direct response to his nation's "disaster year" and that position would again be temporarily abolished at his death.  This appointment would lead to the murder of Cornelius and Johan de Witt by his supporters. A separate position would see him subject to the Triennial Act and reliant on the fighting of his (*) Blue Guards.  This man's accomplishments while in his most famous position include fighting the War of the Grand Alliance, ending in the Treaty of Ryswick, and he attained that position after accepting the "Declaration of Rights" from Parliament in 1689.  FTP, name this English king who came to power following the Glorious Revolution and co-ruled with Queen Mary.;;William III|William of Orange
;;The narrator constantly reminds himself to "be as stupid as you can be" in this author's short story "The Simplest Thing in the World," which was included with remarks on an introduction to Hugo's Ninety Three in a collection that also includes "Art and Cognition."  Another work centers on a man who becomes Prometheus after falling in love with (*) Liberty and leaving the City, a character known as Equality-2521.  This author of The Romantic Manifesto also wrote about a woman who has affairs with Ragnar, Hank Rearden, and Francisco, Dagny Taggart, in a work that asks the question "Who is John Galt?"  The author of Anthem and creator of the architects Peter Keating and Howard Roark, FTP, identify this whacked-out founder of Objectivism who wrote Atlas Shrugged and The Fountainhead.;;(Ayn) Rand
;;He disguised himself as a captive and traveled to Iolcus to kill Acastus' sons when he heard of his grandfather's banishment. The suitors of Penelope appointed this man to cast judgment on Odysseus, while his children included Pergamus, Pielus, Amphialus, and Molossos. This son of Deidameia sacrificed Polyxena to his (*) father's spirit. He gained one of his names in the court of Lycomedes, and that name was taken from his father's alias when he was disguised as a woman. He also attempted to take the daughter of Menelaus and Helen, Hermione, prompting Orestes to kill him, and in the aftermath of the Trojan War, he took Andromache as his concubine. FTP, name this killer of Priam and Astyanax, the son of Achilles.;;Neoptolemus|Pyrrhus
;;Its main entrance features six Corinthian columns, and it replaced the Royal Porcelain Manufactory upon completion, when it was erected on the grounds of Raczynski Palace according to Paul Wallot's designs.  Paul Baumgarten worked on this building, whose recent additions aroused controversy when Santiago Calatrava accused the architect of stealing his ideas, and that man also contributed its "fat hen", really an (*) eagle. Wrapped by Christo in 1995, it may be most notable for the aforementioned Norman Foster addition, a glass dome that allows visitors to view the governmental business of its main chamber from above. FTP, name this building which suffered a famous fire at the hands of the Nazis, home of the German parliament or Bundestag.;;Reichstag
;;The title of this work is alluded to in Richard Wilbur's "A Chronic Condition".  It contends that the idea of "same" has both a philosophical and a vulgar sense and includes the claim that "I do not pretend to be a setter-up of new notions", as well discussion of a (*) "tree in the quad".  The first section of this begins with the assertion that heat is no different than pleasure or pain, and it concludes with one adversary reluctantly conceding that only "skeptics and atheists" require the existence of matter. Published three years after its author's The Principles Of Human Knowledge, FTP, name this set of discussions between the two titular Greek figures, the latter of which argues the idealist position of its author, George Berkeley.;;Three Dialogues Between Hylas And Philonous
;;In this novel, a hypocritical poet named Leonard Upjohn becomes famous after writing a review about the dead poet Cronshaw. This novel's protagonist attempts to befriend the starving artist Fanny Price, but is unable to prevent her from hanging herself. Its protagonist loses his virginity to Miss Wilkinson, and moves to (*) Paris to study painting, before being saved from poverty by Thorpe Athelney. The protagonist is betrayed by Harry Griffiths, who has an affair with the horrible Mildred Rogers, before deciding to become a doctor, in part because of his deformity. FTP, name this autobiographical novel about the club-footed Philip Carey, written by W. Somerset Maugham.;;Of Human Bondage
;;The Wronskian of homogenous solutions of a second order differential equation are related to the coefficients of the differential equation in his namesake identity. For one dimensional functions, applying the Hankel transform is the same as applying this man's transform followed by a Fourier transform.  Projective algebraic varieties that are algebraic (*) groups are known as his varieties, and categories with all pullbacks and pushouts, zero object, and all normal epimorphisms and monomorphisms are named for him. The lack of general solutions for polynomials of degree five and higher is described in a theorem named for Ruffini and this man. FTP, name this Norwegian mathematician, who also gives an alternate name to commutative groups.;;(Niels) (Henrik) Abel take Abelian
;;The Survivor's Society was formed to achieve one of these actions, which was necessary to achieving Kokutai according to Kita Ikki and Okawa Shumei.  That proposed action was discredited when the League of Blood and Cherry Blossom Society started identifying this word as a goal.  A more successful incarnation of this action was doomed by a failure to pay soldiers and by the rise of Morinaga, and was supported by Takauji.  That action was driven by (*) Go-Daigo and bridged the gap between the Kamakura and Muromachi periods, and was known as the Kemmu.  The most famous of these actions was secured with the help of Saigo Takamori through the Boshin War, implemented the Charter Oath, and ended the Tokugawa period.  FTP, identify these periods in which the Emperor  was placed back in control of Japan, whose most famous example is the Meiji.;;(Imperial) (Japanese) Restorations
;;In 2007 this polity passed Measure 49, which modified and overturned parts of a controversial 2004 initiative which expanded the definition of "regulatory taking", Measure 37.  That measure was opposed by this state's 1000 Friends organization, who sought to preserve Governor Tom McCall's 1973 land-use ordinance, the first in the nation to mandate urban growth boundaries.  This state's only light-rail system, (*) TriMet, extends to Gresham in the east and Hillsborough, running through Beaverton, in the west; that system serves this state's largest city, which is part of an elected regional metropolitan government encompassing the counties of Washington, Clackamas, and Multnomah.  FTP, name this state bordered on the north by the Columbia River, whose Wilamette Valley includes the cities of Eugene and Portland.;;Oregon
;;His religious works include a work whose left side features a building with exposed roof beams, the Oberreid Altarpiece, as well as another work in which the titular bearded figure has an extended middle finger and open mouth symptomatic of rigor mortis, The Body of Dead Christ In The Tomb.  His many portraits include the red-sleeved merchant George Gisze, (*) Christina of Denmark, and several works featuring the humanist philosopher Erasmus. Another of this painter's works, which includes a torquetum, a lute with the neck facing the viewer, and two globes, is famous for the anamorphis of its elongated skull, found on the floor in between the two titular figures. FTP, name this official painter to Henry VIII of England who created The Ambassadors.;;(Hans) Holbein (the) (Younger)
;;One of this man's works likens Alcine's seduction of Ruggiero to Lord Palmerston's prominence in England. He refuted Karl Heinzen in his  essay "Moralizing Criticism and Critical Morality", and this author of the Grundrisse noted that Hegel forgot to mention that history repeats itself the first time as farce, the second as tragedy at the begnning of another work. This author of Critique of (*) Hegel's Philosophy of Right and The 18th Brumaire of Louis Napoleon also wrote a response to Bruno Bauer, On the Jewish Question, as well as a set of eleven theses criticizing Ludwig Feuerbach. Also the author of The Poverty of Philosophy, he claimed that "Religon... is the opium of the people." FTP, name this man, who wrote Das Kapital and collaborated with Friedrich Engels on The Communist Manifesto.;;(Karl) Marx
;;One character in this work is enticed by the offers of "hot tips", an "abdomen belt", and "baby powder" from another character. In the opening of Act II, the main character is bombarded with questions like "why did the chicken cross the road?", this following his receipt of a toy drum which he beats loudly as though "savage and possessed". That character continues to be victimized until he attempts to (*) strangle Meg and rape Lulu following a game of blind man's bluff in which his glasses are broken by Goldberg and McCann, who have come to reek havoc at Meg's seaside house during the title occasion. FTP, name this work in which Stanley Webber is the subject of the title celebration, a play by Harold Pinter.;;(The) Birthday Party
;;In this work, a group of children and sailors praise one character's beauty in the aria "Dove guardi splendono raggi" and that character kisses her lover before they sing "Gia nella notte densa", a duet that marks the entrance of the bacio theme. Evidence of betrayal is posited in "Questa e una ragna" and a corresponding oath of vengeance is put forth in "Si, pel ciel marmoreo giuro." The title character sends his lover away before singing "Dio! mi potevi scagliar tutti I mali", and the lead baritone proclaims "Credo in un Dio crudel." The female lead sings the Ave Maria prayer shortly after the (*) "Willow Song" in this work, which opens with the title character defeating the Turks and coming to Cyprus. Roderigo reveals the antagonist's plan after he is mortally wounded by Cassio. FTP, name this opera based on a Shakespeare play, which features characters such as Iago and Desdemona, a work of Giuseppe Verdi.;;Otello
;;Darier's sign is observed when tumors consisting of these cells form, and some diseases caused by their proliferation involve a mutation of c-kit cells and are divided into systemic and cutaneous types, such as urticaria pigmentosa. These cells, which are stabilized with cromoglicate, secrete (*) serine proteases such as tryptase and the FC epsilon RI receptor binds these cells strongly to the IgE antibody.  Vasodilation due to degranulation of these cells can lead to anaphylaxis, though they are not found in the blood stream, unlike basophils. Also implicated in various allergic reactions, for 10 points, name these cells which release heparin and histamine.;;Mast (cells)
;;This monarch attempted to fine all Englishmen for missing his coronation, and John Hampden famously opposed one of his monetary schemes, which collected ship tax during peace time.  His enactment of a Forced Loan program eventually prompted the Five Knights case, which prompted a backlash against his troop quartering policies that eventually became the (*) Petition of Right.  This king was embarrassed at the Treaty of Ripon ending the Second Bishops' War, while the death of George Villiers prompted a period known as "personal rule" which ended shortly before the passing of the Triennial Act and the Grand Remonstrance.  His reign saw the Short Parliament, which was dissolved by this husband of Henrietta Maria who was aided by Prince Rupert of the Rhine at the Battle of Naseby.  FTP, identify this Stuart monarch who was defeated by Oliver Cromwell during the English Civil War, the successor of James I.;;Charles I
;;This work wonders about the "tangles of Naera's hair" after imagining a figure whose "goary visage" was sent "Down the swift Hebrus to the Lesbian shore."  Earlier, the speaker describes the "self-same hill" upon which "we were nurst," while this poem's second part sees a precession including a herald, the god Camus, and St. Peter, who in "Mitred locks" expresses anger at the clergy.  This poem describes its subject as the (*) "genius of the shore" and commands him to "melt with ruth," and closes with a reference to "fresh woods, and pastures new," referencing the shepherd poet who begins by lamenting "yet once more, O ye laurels."  Also including the line "look homeward, angel," FTP, identify this elegy for the death by drowning of Edward King, written by John Milton.;;Lycidas
;;At one point in this work, the owner of an exclusive restaurant ducks into his pantry and grabs smoked sturgeon before racing out of a burning building. In one episode, an empty suit is observed furiously writing memos and in another a minor housing official is arrested for possessing American dollars. Minor characters include Ratkiller, a burly centurion, and Anoushka, who causes the death of the head of MASSOLIT on charges of atheism. The creepy redhead Hella facilitates the hilarious beheading and re-heading of a participant in the show (*) "Black Magic Revealed," while another work within this novel examines Pontius Pilate's efforts to spare the life of Yeshua.  This work includes writers like Berlioz and Bezdommy, who is fascinated with a talking cat named Behemoth.  One title character is introduced hosting a ball on Walpurgis Night, while the author is a jailed writer.  Satan visits Moscow under the guise of Woland in, FTP, what most famous novel  by Mikhail Bulgakov?.;;(The) Master and Margarita|Mactep n Maprapnta
;;One of these individuals, a general who composed the song "Rivers and Mountains of the South Nation," twice defeated Song invasions of Vietnam, while another was targeted by Donglin Society.  Besides Ly Thuong Kiet and Wei Zhongxian, a group of them led by Zhang Rang were known as the Ten Attendants and kidnapped Yuan Shao, prompting the rise of Dong Zhuo. The Li Ling affair led to the author of Shiji (*) becoming one of these individuals, who are popularly blamed for the fall of the Ming dynasty. Including Sima Qian and Cai Lun, who invented paper, the influence of these individuals during the Han dynasty contributed to discord of the Three Kingdoms Period.  The most famous one, a Muslim who made seven great voyages, was named Zheng He.  FTP, identify this kind of individual whose habit of ruining Chinese politics by sapping power from the emperor might be attributed to anger over having no balls.;;Eunuchs
;;Its cumulative distribution function is the ratio of two gamma distributions, the upper of which is an integral from zero to x over 2.  An extra factor of one-half is multiplied before squaring in its namesake statistic, a method named for Yates.  The quotient of two of these lead to the F distribution used in ANOVA, and the product of (*) row and column totals over the grand total for a contingency table is used in a test using it invented by Pearson.  Defined as the sum of the squares of k normal random variables with unit variance, FTP, name this distribution whose statistic is used for a goodness-of-fit test, a certain exponentiation of a Greek letter.;;chi(-)square
;;In Sinclair Lewis's It Can't Happen Here, this figure authors a "lively pamphlet" where he identifies key politicians as "Liars [who] Have Refused to Accept My Freely Offered Advice" after being appointed Ambassador to England. A pair of lovers turn anything they touch into ivy in his Springtime and Harvest, while he examines eighty-five historical artists in Mammonart, one of his (*) "Dead Hand" works. A series of works by this author of They Call Me Carpenter includes Wide is the Gate and World's End and centers on Lanny Budd, while another work tells of James Arnold Ross, whose son Bunny likes socialism. FTP, identify this author of Dragon's Teeth and Oil, best known for writing about Lithuanians like Jurgis Rudkus who endure the horrors of the Chicago stockyards in The Jungle.;;(Upton) (Beall) Sinclair(,) (Jr(.))
;;It opens with an argument between Virtu and Fortuna in the prologue, a conflict another goddess then enters. The final scene of this opera contains the contrasting of two sopranos with one mezzo-soprano, as well as a duet whose authorship has been disputed. As part of the first Act, Ottone attempts to win back the main character, but seeing the futility in this effort, instead decides to court (*) Drusilla. Seneca attempts to show that Ottavia cannot be pushed aside, and is rewarded with an order to kill himself. With a libretto by Busenello and an historical basis from the Annals of Tacitus, this is, FTP, what opera about the main character's rise to the position of Nero's Empress, the final opera of Claudio Monteverdi?.;;(The) Coronation of Poppea or L'incoronazione di Poppea
;;A lone figure stands on a gold and black pentagon in this artist's Dog, while three birds hunch on a branch in Owls. He depicted a nurse from Battleship Potemkin, and figures on a rail dominate his "study after Muybridge." He painted a triptych showing himself flanked by George Dyer and Lucian Freud and created a Sphinx Portrait of Muriel Belcher.  Bizarre red arrows often dot landscapes by this painter, who showed something vaguely purple in a red bowl in Lying Figure with (*) Hypodermic Syringe. Mutilated figures against a red background comprise his Three Studies for Figures at the Base of a Crucifixion, while his best-known work was inspired by a portrait by Diego Velazquez.  FTP, identify this painter who liked painting slabs of meat and allegedly depicted Innocent X in his Screaming Pope series, the descendant of an English philosopher.;;(Francis) Bacon
;;One character in this film angrily yells "I have people skills. . . What the hell is wrong with you people?" after earlier revealing his plan for the "Jump to Conclusions" mat.  Todd Duffey earns the ire of the protagonist for his enthusiasm for Extreme Fajitas, who is earlier disgusted when Lawrence tells him to change the television to a program about conducting breast exams. The Geto Boys's "Still" plays while a character who complains about a (*) "no talent ass clown" brutally attacks an object to the lyrics "Die motherfuckers die" in one scene, before he worries about ending up in "pound me in the ass prison" over an embezzling scheme.  Several memorable exchanges about TPS reports occur in this film, which sees a deus ex machina when stapler theft prompts Milton to burn down Initech.  Starring Gary Cole as Bill Lumbergh and Ron Livingston as Peter, FTP, identify this Mike Judge film about the horrors of cubicle life.;;Office Space
;;One story involving this figure, who disappears at the end of Dvapara Yuga, involves him making his friend rich by magically replacing rice with flakes of gold, while in another account he saves his home town from an invasion by enacting a mass migration. Early in his life, he tamed the serpent Kaliya. Other exploits attributed to this figure include killing the demoness (*) Putana and his uncle Kamsa, and defying Indra by banning his town's yearly ritual. This possessor of a famous conch was smuggled as an infant from a prison by his adoptive parents, Yasoda and Nanda, despite his royal birth to Devaki and Vasudeva. FTP, name this Hindu figure, the eighth avatar of Vishnu, who in his most famous role counseled the Pandava prince Arjuna in the Bhagvada Gita.;;Krishna
;;In 2007, Fisher et al discovered that when stimulated by sunlight, the gene that codes for this molecule begins the process by which skin tans. HPV produces a protein known as E6 which inhibits the production of this molecule, while people who only possess one function gene for coding this protein are diagnosed with Li-Fraumeri syndrome. This protein's structure consists on an N-terminal TAD known as (*) activation domain 1 and a region rich in purine residues which is important in regulating apoptosis. This protein is usually found inactive and bound to the protein Mdm2 but can be activated by damage to DNA or the expression of oncogenes. Named for its apparent weight in kilodaltons, FTP, identify this tumor-suppressing protein that regulates the cell cycle, often heralded as the 'guardian angel of the cell.'.;;(tumor) protein 53
;;Its western area contains Mount Gessi and Portal Peaks, as well as a national park named for Elizabeth. The Kidepo River Valley lies in the north of this country, which is home to a city that contains the Rubaga cathedral and connects to Port Bell to its south. Cities like Lira and Soroti lie close to its lake Kyoga, while the Kabalega falls downstream connects that lake to Lake (*) Albert, which along with Lake Edward forms its western border. Margherita  Peak on the Eastern face of Mount Stanley lies in this country, whose Western border shares the Ruwenzori range with the DRC. Also bordering Rwanda, Sudan, and Kenya, FTP, name this country whose cities include Entebbe and Kampala, an African country once ruled by Idi Amin.;;Uganda
;;In one work by this author, the protagonist observes a gangly man who believes himself to be a horse as well as a patient who dies and comes back to life multiple times each day.  That character, who embarks on a surreal journey after his wife disappears into an ambulance, recalls an earlier protagonist, a hobo who lives in the titular construct.  Besides writing Secret Rendezvous and A Box Man, this author of a play cycle ending with The Man who Turned into a Stick wrote about a patient in Hell Valley who is strapped to a hospital bed after discovering (*) radishes erupting from his legs in Kangaroo Notebook. A scientist designing a synthetic mask and an alcoholic detective are the protagonists of his The Fact of Another and The Ruined Map, while creepy kids with gills emerge in the post-apocalyptic Inter Ice Age 4.  Best known for a work in which some crazy villagers use a sand pit to trap Niki Junpei with the title figure, FTP, identify this Japanese author of Woman in the Dunes.;;Abe (Kobo)|Abe (Kimifusa)
;;Simmel wrote a work pairing this thinker with Schopenhauer, while his fear of water is revealed during an interrogation conducted by Luce Irigary in a work titled for his "Marine Lover." In an early essay by this man, he argues against universal constants, stating that truth is just "a mobile army of metaphors, metonyms, and anthropomorphisms. Though that essay, "On (*) Truth and Lies in an Nonmoral Sense," was not published, he wrote on pleasure and pain while referring to the organic and physiological constitutions of individuals in a series of aphorisms published as Human, All-Too-Human. In a more famous work, he posited that the feeling of guilt or "bad conscience" arise from Christian morality denying man's natural instincts, while in another work, he described that living beings exercise a "will to power." FTP, name this philosopher and author of On the Genealogy of Morals and Beyond Good and Evil, a German thinker who also wrote Thus Spoke Zarathustra.;;(Friedrich) Nietzsche
;;When the title character of this play arrives with a withered branch as an offering, the king commends him, and notes that "opinion's but a fool, that makes us scan the outward habit by the inward man." One character would never kill a mouse, nor "trod upon a worm against [her] will," so she's very confused when Leonine tries to murder her. Luckily, she is sold by (*) pirates to a brothel, where her puritanism attracts the attention of Lysimachus. A riddle that begins "I am no viper, yet I feed on mother's flesh which did me breed" is solved by the hero, who, afraid of Antiochus's revenge, wanders to Tarsus. FTP name this Shakespeare play about the "prince of Tyre.".;;Pericles(,) (Prince) (of) (Tyre)
;;One ruler of this nation defeated Bonifacio Ondo Edu in a 1968 presidential election, then jailed him for "political crimes;"  after being deposed, his execution was performed by Moroccan troops since no one in this country was willing to test his claim of having magic powers.  A state radio station claimed in 2003 that its current leader could "decide to killwithout going to hell," and that man has been accused of eating the testicles of his opponents.  A bizarre 2004 attempt to overthrow this country's government was stopped when Simon Mann was arrested in Zimbabwe; that plot allegedly involved several wealthy (*) Britons including Mark Thatcher.  For 10 points, name this country once ruled by Francisco Macias Nguema and now ruled by Teodoro Obiang Nguema, a tiny African country that used to be Spanish colony Rio Muni and which, as its name implies, is located around zero degrees latitude.;;Equatorial Guinea
;;He gave up his sister Jacqueline's inheritance following a self-described "worldly period" from 1648-1654, and consigned himself to poverty, becoming what T. S. Eliot described as "a man of the world among ascetics, and an ascetic among men of the world." He was influenced by Antoine Arnauld's Moral Theology of the Jesuits to insist upon the necessity of suffering and Augustinian lack of free will, anticipating existentialism. He articulated a position so close to Calvinism that his fellow Catholics at the Sorbonne rejected his plea on behalf of his (*) Jansenism, and Louis XIV banned one of his most famous works. He declared that "the heart has its reasons only the heart can understand," and in keeping with the skepticism of Montaigne argued that grace is irresistible and given with an inexplicable, a priori necessity. For 10 points, name this French mathematician and theologian whose Provincial Letters defied the pope, known for his triangle and a wager explaining why we should worship God.;;(Blaise) Pascal
;;Conrad Aiken wrote a "Brownstone" version of this collection, whose more famous incarnation caught the attention of Maecenas.  In one part of this collection, Palaemon decides a singing contest between Damoetas and Menalcas, and in the sixth part, the Muses award a reed pipe to Gallus. Maliboeus laments his status as a dispossessed exile following an (*) assassination in the first one, and the eighth is addressed to the consul Pollio. The fifth is a pastoral elegy, and the most famous part of this collection prophesies the birth of a child that will lead to a new golden age, supposedly representing Octavian. Written prior to the Georgics and the Aeneid, FTP, identify this group of pastoral poems by Virgil.;;Eclogues|Bucolics
;;This work speaks favorably of William Tuke and begins with the image of a vast, empty room, later proposing the doctrine of "bio-technico power." In this work, the author describes unreason as being "reason dazzled", and claimed that the voice of one of the title concepts was liberated by the Renaissance. The chapter of this work entitled "The Great Fear" examines Diderot's novel Rameau's Nephew, and the author's treatment of Descartes in this work led to a rift between the author and (*) Jacques Derrida. This work claimed that the Narrenschiff, or Ship of Fools, emerged with the vanishing of leprosy, while the author cites the Hospital General in Paris as the beginning of the Great Confinement. FTP, name this work that examines the place of the insane in society, a work of Michel Foucault.;;Madness and Civilization
;;The Montgomery-Odlyzko Law relates this function to the distribution of eigenvalue spacings in a GUE operator, and the limit of this function applied to s minus one over quantity s minus one yields the Euler-Mascheroni constant. The Dirichlet eta function, sometimes referred to as its (*) "alternating" form, is equal to this function of s times quantity one minus two to the quantity one minus s, and Euler's gamma function can be defined using a power series with nth coefficients defined as this function of n. Most famous for its relevance to the distribution of prime numbers and the prime number theorem, FTP, name this function associated with a German mathematician defined as the infinite series one over k to the nth power for k equals one to infinity, whose zeros are the subject of a namesake conjecture.;;Riemann zeta (function)
;;Racist policies by border governors serving this empire culminated in the Battle of the Nobles, which came in the wake of Hisham's loss to Leo II at Akroinon and triggered the Berber revolt. Al-Mukhtar's revolt was another blemish on this polity, whose biggest disgrace was the damage to the Kabba under Yazid I during the second fitna.  Language and currency were unified by an opponent of Justinian II, (*) Abd al-Malik, who also constructed the Dome of the Rock.  Ethnic strife with Sogdians and other non-Arab Muslims plagued this state, ruled at times by the Marwanids, which fell after a victory at the Battle of the Zab by Abu Muslim. Failing to expand into Europe after falling to Charles Martel at Tours, FTP, identify this Islamic empire whose final ruler fled to Iberia after the capture of its capital Damascus, the predecessor of the Abbassid Caliphate.;;Umayyad (Caliphate)|(Banu) Umayyah
;;In this poem, one character tells another to "Cleanse the earth from all that harms it/Clear the fishing grounds and rivers/Slay all monsters and magicians." Written in unrhymed trochaic tetrameter,  this poem compares a man and woman to a bow and cord, stating that, "Though she bends him, she obeys him/Though she draws him, yet she follows," and concludes "Useless each without the other." One character dies of "famine and fever" near some namesake (*) falls, while the title figure defeats Mondamin in a wrestling match and buries him, creating a corn sprout. The final section notes the arrival of a canoe "Broader than the Gitche-Gumee.," where the title character is born in Nokomis's wigwam. FTP, name this poem about Minehaha and the title Indian hero, a work of Henry Wadsworth Longfellow.;;(The) (Song) (of) Hiawatha
;;The Arndt-Eistert synthesis uses a silver catalyst and diazomethane to produce homologated versions of these compounds, which are synthesized from primary nitroalkanes undergoing the Nef reaction. The Cannizaro reaction uses base catalysis to produce alcohols and these compounds from aldehydes, and Jones' oxidation of a primary (*) alcohol will produce them, rather than the ketone produced from a secondary alcohol. Reflux of these and alcohols is a key step in Fischer esterification, and reacting a Grignard reagent with carbon dioxide produces them. FTP, identify these acids characterized by the presence of a functional group with a carbon bonded to a hydroxyl and double bonded to an oxygen, a carboxyl group.;;carboxylic acids
;;Angels flutter overhead while an outstretched man is brutally tortured in his Martyrdom of St. Erasmus, which ruined his career as a public painter, while women weep at right as spear-wielding soldiers discover the titular event in his Death of Germanicus. A baby is handed to one figure as a boat attempts to rescue stranded men in Winter: the Deluge, while a sickly man is attended in Extreme Unction, which joins Ordination as part of his (*) Seven Sacraments series. His Plague of Ashdod is a large action scene separated by columns, much like his depiction of Romans committing the titular crime. He showed the internment of an Athenian stateseman in Burial of Phocion and depicted twirling figures holding hands in Dance to the Music of Time. Also noted for his Rape of the Sabine Women, FTP, name this French painter responsible for a work showing some shepherds around a sarcophagus, Et in Arcadia ego.;;(Nicolas) Poussin
;;This man's early career was promoted based on his actions during an obscure skirmish near the Black Sea, which would later become the subject of required reading in schools. This man persecuted journalist Yuri Daniel in his most famous post, and declared that only "clean hands" would construct the BAM railroad. He had thousands of Romanians deported while serving as the first communist secretary in (*) Moldavia before serving in Kazakhstan. In 1956 he aided his his superior against the Anti-Party Group led by Malenkov Molotov during his time in charge of heavy industry and the space program.  Although he signed SALT I and II and the Helsinki Accords, he ordered troops to crush the Prague Spring in 1968 under his namesake Doctrine.  Succeeded by Yuri Andropov, FTP, identify this man who followed Nikita Khrushchev as head of the Soviet Union.;;(Leonid) Brezhnev
;;One function named for this man can be used to generate an ideal sampler and thus prove the Nyquist-Shannon theorem, and is a periodic Schwarz distribution sometimes known as an Impulse Train. The Rarita-Schwinger equation is a generalization of an equation bearing this man's name for particles of spin three-halves, and this namesake of a certain comb also names an equation that is a (*) relativistic generalization of the Schrodinger equation for spin one-half particles. In addition to prediction and description of antimatter as a negative energy state, he found that magnetic monopoles could explain the quantization of electric charge. Sharing credit for a doubly-eponymous statistical distribution with Enrico Fermi, FTP, name this British theoretical physicist whose namesake delta function is defined as infinity at a point on the x-axis and zero everywhere else.;;(Paul) Dirac
;;One of these is frequently depicted riding a white elephant with twelve tusks and established a set of ten vows. Another one holds a thunder scepter and a lasso used the hunt demons as well as a necklace made of serpents and protects his tradition's most important figure. Those two, Samantabhadra and Vajrapani, are frequently depicted alongside one of the best known of these who was given eleven heads, so that he could better hear the cries of the suffering, and a thousand arms with which to help them, and is also the narrator of the (*) Heart Sutra. In Theravada this is the term used for the stage a person reaches before becoming an Arhat, and they are seen as unnecessary since full Buddhas can also assist mankind. FTP, identify these enlightened figures central to Mahayana belief, who put off achieving Nirvana in order to save others.;;Bodhisattva
;;The protagonist of this work hallucinates a pastoral Greek landscape after being stranded on skis in a snowstorm, and also becomes fascinated with the glass doors of a central dining room. The elderly Miss Robinson and suicidal Albin appear in this work, whose other characters include one who writes for the International League for the Organization of Progress and Adriatica von (*) Mylendonk. Another character pines for Marusja, while the protagonist has an affair with Chauchat, who ends up with Mynheer Peeperkorn. Krokowski and Behrens supervise the philosophical ramblings of Leo Naphta and Settembrini in this work, which begins when the protagonist visits his cousin Joachim at a Sanitorium, where he ends up staying for seven years.  FTP, identify this novel about Hans Castorp's time on the titular geographic feature, written by Thomas Mann.;;(The) Magic Mountain|(Der) Zauberberg
;;Tseng et al attempted to coat it with platinum nanoparticles, and this agent was the subject of one of the first biological experiments using optical tweasers. In 1971, observations by Butler and Klug of this agent established that a 20S protein aggregate nucleated the interaction of its coat protein, while Caspar first described its stacked (*) disk structure. It is the namesake of carboxylates which play a key role in its disassembly, while Rosalind  Franklin showed that its RNA was embedded in its protein, expanding on Watson's research. Wendell Stanley discovered the lyotropic liquid crystallization of, FTP, what first virus to be discovered, notable for its infection of family solanaceae, which includes tobacco plants?.;;tobacco mosaic (virus)
;;In this work, the title character and a cook named Missouri help a trapped bird escape, and an argument over the ownership of a breadboard occurs near the end of this work. The title character reconstructs her mother Becky's childhood in West Virginia by looking through her letters, while the Texas native and gold digger (*) Wanda Fay Chisom and her family disrupt an event centered on a character who is given the titular description by Dr. Courtland. The title character reads Dickens to that character, whose surgery for a detached retina leads to his death. Centering on Judge McKelva's funeral, FTP, name this novel about Laurel McKelva Hand's return to Mount Salus, Mississippi, a work by Eudora Welty.;;(The) Optimist's Daughter
;;One part of this work uses the metaphor of the boundary between the water of an aquarium and the air above it to represent the interaction between the "world of sensible facts" and the "world of abstract ideas." That section goes on to agree with pluralism of the universe as opposed to monism and is entitled "The One and the Many." The second section includes the famous analysis of the uselessness of debating whether a man going around a (*) tree is going around a squirrel also circling that tree, while the first divides philosophers into Tender-minded and Tough-minded and is called "The Present Dilemma in Philosophy". The final section analyzes the title system and religion, ideas that would be further developed in the same author's The Varieties of Religious Experience. FTP, name this collection of lectures named for a philosophy espoused by John Dewey and C.S. Peirce, delivered by William James.;;Pragmatism
;;In the chapter of this work entitled "Poor-laws," the author states that a government cannot educate all "but can only educate some by uneducating others, and in this work work, the author differentiates between military societies, in which cooperation is secured by force, and industrial societies, which are characterized by voluntary and spontaneous cooperation. In the chapter entitled The Evanesence of (*) Evil, the author writes that, "All evil results from the non-adaptation of constitution to conditions," and that the creation of the ideal man is inevitable. The author quotes Coleridge in formulating a theory of individuation, and this work was referenced unfavorably by Justice Holmes in his dissent in Lochner v. New York. The constitution does not exist to enact, FTP, what work influence by Lamarck and advocating Social Darwinism, written by Herbert Spencer.;;Social Statics
;;He described as "null and void" laws whose ends are thought to justify their means in The Farmer Refuted, and lamented his difficulty working with Robert Yates and John Lansing in No Jacobin.  This author of the Pacificus Letters has been the subject of ghost-writing speculation regarding the phrase "cherish public (*) credit" in another man's work that also condemns the formation of political parties.  His adventures in election tampering led him to reach a deal with John Bayard after earlier failing to rouse support for Thomas Pinckney.  The author of Report on the Public Credit, his later career was marked by defeat against the Madison-Jefferson coalition over attacks on his policies, which included the formation of a National Bank.  The majority author of the Federalist Papers, FTP, identify this New Yorker who served as the first Treasury Secretary before being capped in a duel by Aaron Burr.;;(Alexander) Hamilton
;;This man's only piano sonata has two movements entitled "Presentiment" and "Death" and was originally entitled From the Street. Chocholka, the hen, Mrs. Paskova, and the namesake Bystrouska are all featured in The Cunning Little Vixen, the final scene of which was performed at his funeral. His nationalistic Sinfonietta is subtitled Sokol festival, and the flirtatious relationship between Baron Adolf and Poluska is depicted in the opera The Beginning of a Romance. Emilia searches for an alchemical formula in his The (*) Makropoulos Affair, while Dostoevsky inspired his From the House of the Dead. His best-known opera centers on the mutilated title character, whose baby is murdered by her stepmother to allow her to marry Laca.  FTP, identify this composer of Jenufa, who joins Smetana and Dvorak among famous Czech composers.;;(Leos) Janacek
;;Recent mapping by Schenk and Zahnle revealed around one-hundred probable impact craters wider than five kilometers in diameter here, and, like Phobos, this body is spiraling in towards the planet it orbits. Notable landforms on its surface include the Tuonela and Ryugu plains, while its craters include the Landvik, Kurma, and its largest, Mazomba. Other features on its surface include the Hili and Mahilani (*) geysers and its characteristic cantaloupe terrain. Cryovolcanism is rampant on this body, where Voyager 2 notably discovered an ice cap of nitrogen and methane on its southern pole. Known for its retrograde orbit and extremely cold temperatures, FTP, identify this largest moon of Neptune, named after a son of Poseidon.;;Triton
;;This man campaigned against the Brigantes under Cerialis who had replaced Marcus Vettius Bolanus. His mother was killed by Otho's fleet which explains his support for Vespasian during the year of the four emperors. Although his biography does not mention it, he probably participated in the war against (*) Boudica while serving under Gaius Suetonius Paulinus. He was appointed governor of Galla Aquitania in 77 but it was in his most famous post that he conquered the Ordovices of Wales and defeated Calgalus at the Battle of Mons Graupius. Most of what is known about this man comes from the biography written by his son in law, the historian Tacitus. FTP, name this longtime Roman governor responsible for much of the conquest of Britain.;;(Gnaeus) (Julius) Agricola
;;This object serves as the symbol of the neo-pagan religion Asatru. It became slightly distorted when a creature bit the eyelid of its smith causing him to turn off the flames for a short time. That (*) fly was actually the changed form of a being who bet his own head against that of Brokkr, that Brokkr's brother couldn't beat a certain group of dwarves in a smithing contest. That being would later help steal this object prompting its owner to dress as a woman and travel to the hall of Thrymr in order to retrieve it, and when its owner did retrieved it he used it to kill Thrymr and his two daughters. FTP, name this object created by Etri along with Draupnir and Gullinbursti that has been used to kill countless other frost giants, the hammer of Thor.;;Mjolnir
;;This politician faced a crisis precipitated by Chin Peng's murder of Henry Gurney, a situation that would lead to the Baling Talks and was known as the Malayan Emergency.  Although more a reflection of the polices of Herbert Samuel, this man's post of Secretary of State for the Colonies led to his name being appended to a document which clarified the Hussein-McMahon Correspondence and backtracked on the Balfour Declaration, and was dubbed this man's (*) "White Paper."  He had earlier clashed bitterly with John Fisher as First Lord of the Admiralty, leading to a demotion in the wake of the Gallipoli campaign.  Succeeded at various times by Anthony Eden and Clement Atlee, FTP, identify this figure who vowed to "fight them on the beaches" as British Prime Minister during World War II.;;(Winston) Churchill
;;On figure looks down at a cherub holding the hilt of a sword at his feet while his companion contemplates a translucent face above her head in this artist's Allegory of Wisdom and Strength and a host of saints implore the Virgin to intervene in the battle against Turkish vessels below in Allegory of the Battle of Lepanto. In another of this artist's works, the bride and groom sit at opposite (*) ends of the central table while the Venetian populace mixes with biblical figures as the artist along with Bassano and Titian provide musical entertainment. FTP, the inclusion of dogs, midgets, and drunker revelers forced what artist of The Wedding at Cana to change the name of his Last Supper to Feast in the House of Levi.;;(Paolo) Veronese|(Paolo) Caliari
;;This thinker distinguished "the suicide which springs merely from a morbid intensification of innate gloom" and "the suicide of the healthy and cheerful man" in The Wisdom of Life.  This author of the logical treatise The Art of Being Right lost a lawsuit stemming from a shoving match with a seamstress, whose death certificate he later vandalized, and called Euclid "perverted" for ignoring (*) perception.  He discusses how the titular figures will attach themselves to lovers or priests because they cannot manage independence in On Woman.  This author of Studies in Pessimism and Parerga and Parlipomena describes one title concept as a conduit to achieve the thing-in-itself in his major work, which has chapters on ontology, ethics, and aesthetics.  FTP, identify this thinker behind The World as Will and Representation.;;(Arthur) Schopenhauer
;;Euler's proof of Fermat's Last Theorem for the n equals 3 case involved extending integer arithmetic to one of these structures, which contain numbers of the form a plus b times the square root of negative 3. Dedekind defined an ideal complex number based upon a property related to these structures and Hilbert utilized (*) polynomial ones to solve his Basis Theorem. The advent of quaternion algebra and the extension of the axioms of this structure to square matrices led to the formulation of its non-commutative theory and the first single theory of the abstract commutative variety of these structures was proposed by Noether. FTP, what are these mathematical objects defined as a set containing two operators that satisfy a collection of axioms.;;ring
;;At the end of this play one character claims she heard harps in the air. Both the protagonist and his wife confide in the physician Dr. Herdal and one character in this play is ashamed of mourning the destruction of her doll collection more than the death of her two sons after a fire. Knut (*) Brovnik and his son Ragnar are two characters who are held back by the protagonist who, ten years before the events of the play, had placed a wreath at the top of a church tower, which Hilda Wangel demands he do again. FTP, name this play in which the architect Halvard Solness falls to his death, a work of Henrik Ibsen.;;The Master Builder|(Bygmester) (Solness)
;;In one song from this group, everyone gets some gum except Ashurbanipal who says the singer's hairut looks like a mohenjo-daro. Another song says to "make a hole with a gun perpendicular / to the name of this town in a desk-top globe" and was supposedly inspired by the large numbers of the titular Vietnamese name in a New York phonebook. In addition to "The (*) Mesopotamians" and "Ana Ng," the narrator of one song claims that it would be fired "After killing Jason off and countless screaming Argonauts." They sang a version of a song which states that even "old New York was once New Amsterdam" and that the title city's name change is nobody's business but the Turk's".  Also providing the opening theme for Malcolm in the Middle, FTP, name this alternative rock band who covered "Istanbul (Not Constantinople)" and recorded "Birdhouse in Your Soul.".;;They Might be Giants
;;One of this figure's works imagines appointing William Borah as Secretary of State, Herbert Hoover as Commerce Secretary, and the current president as Secretary of the Navy.  This politician earned a victory over Mayor Walmsley and the "Old Regular" political machine and later faced insurrection from Paul Cyr.  This author of My First Days in the White House had attracted Milo Reno and the radical Father Charles (*) Coughlin to form a party he planned to have deliberately lose an upcoming election.  His attempts as governor to gerrymander Judge Benjamin Pavy out of his job triggered action by the Square Deal Association, which included Pavy's son-in-law, Carl Weiss.  FTP, name this man who sought to make "every man a king" in his Share Our Wealth program, an assassinated Louisiana politician nicknamed "Kingfish" and subject of Robert Penn Warren's All the King's Men.;;(Huey) (Pierce) Long
;;Son of the "Lord and Lady of Duality," this deity, one of the four "active" gods, is associated with the color white. He was pursued by a pack of quails along with his twin brother after the "Lord of the Sojourn of the Dead" was irked at his attempts to create a new race,  and he had earlier helped his one-time (*) rival capture Cipactli, who bit off that rival's foot.  The brother of the god of magicians, the psychopomp Xolotl, this god sprayed some bones with blood from his penis, creating humanity, whom he provided with a calendar and maize. A rival of Tezcatlipoca, FTP, identify this god, for whom Hernan Cortes was once mistaken, a feathered serpent deity supremely venerated by the Aztecs.;;Quetzalcoatl
;;Minor characters in this novel include Brendan Boyle, who hosts the protagonist in his shack in Jildra and Dugald who tears up some letters entrusted to him by the protagonist. Albert Judd is a former convict who cures the ornithologist Palfreyman and Frank le Mesurier is a poet who eventually commits suicide. Mercy is the illegitimate daughter of Rose (*) Portion and is adopted by the protagonist's love interest Laura Trevelyen, who becomes a school teacher after the protagonist fails to return. That man, a German immigrant, is killed by his own knife which he had given to Jackie, an aboriginal guide. FTP, name this work in which the title character leads an expedition into the Outback, a novel by Australian author Patrick White.;;Voss
;;Saul Kripke paired the linguistic variety of this concept with the "social character of naming," while Adorno argues that it must be applied to thought in his Why Still Philosophy?  It is defined as proportional to the moral density of society by an author who argued that crime provides an indirect utility to this concept in "On the Normality of Crime" and that repressive punishment against crime represents (*) mechanical solidarity, as opposed to the organic solidarity between individuals that this phenomenon generates.  It was viewed from a sociological perspective by Durkheim and in The Wealth of Nations, Adam Smith illustrates it occurring in a pin factory. In "Principles of Communism" Marx argues that class struggle originated from this phenomenon. FTP, what is this economic principle of industrial societies, in which production factors such as workers are grouped to maximize efficiency?.;;division of labor
;;This man's son and successor was killed by an anarchist who employed a method called "propaganda by the deed" in response to that man's support for the Bava Beccaris Massacre.  Despite personally negotiating with Joseph Radetzky following the Battle of Novara, this man's own chamber of advisers vetoed a favorable treaty, prompting his furious firing of de Launay. He was excommunicated after a victory in which 60,000 of his own troops defeated 10,000 (*) papal troops, the Battle of Castelfidardo.  This monarch inspired another man to defeat Francis II at the Battle of Volturno, a victory over the Kingdom of Two Sicilies for the Expedition of a Thousand, led by Red Shirt enthusiast Giuseppe Garibaldi.  Aided by his appointment to prime minister of Camillo di Cavour, FTP, identify this father of Umberto I, who became the first king of a unified Italy.;;Victor Emanuel II|Vittorio Emanuele II
;;The work opens with a theme in cellos and basses that borrows from the composer's discarded overture Rob-Roy, and an alternating semitone interval with the lower or upper note is found throughout the work. Concluding with Orgy of the Brigands, the composer imitated the wandering pifferari in the work's second movement, "Serenade of a mountaineer of the (*) Abruzzi to his mistress." First created to allow the composer Nicolo Paganini to showcase his newly acquired Stradivari viola, FTP, name this Berlioz work, which features the viola as a melancholy dreamer from a Byron work who travels through a certain Mediterranean nation.;;Harold in Italy|Op(.) 16 (;)|(Berlioz) second symphony
;;He wrote a non-fiction account of three centuries of navigation in the title country in The Portugal Story and told of two travelers walking from to Toledo to Madrid in Rosinante to the Road Again. A successful New York actress named Ellen Thatcher is the central character of one of his novels, and Dan Fuseli, Chrisfield, and Andy are the (*) title characters of his World War I novel Three Soldiers. This author also wrote a series interspersed with Biography, Camera Eye and Newsreel, which focuses on World War I and the Sacco and Venzetti Trials. FTP, name this American novelist and critic who included 1919, 42nd Parallel and The Big Money in his U.S.A. Trilogy.;;(John) Dos Pasos
;;Along with quark interaction energy considered as a perturbation, it accounts for a portion of hadron masses in the bag model.  It can be extended to dialectic bodies using Lifshitz's theory of retarded dispersion forces and its (*) dynamic form has been proposed as an explanation for sonolumninescence. The energy it generates can be obtained through the determination of the vacuum expectation value using Green's function and it can also occur due to fluctuations in a Dirac fermionic field. FTP, name this effect in which zero-point fluctuations in electromagnetic fields generate an attractive force between two parallel conducting plates.;;Casimir(-)Polder (effect)|Casimir (energy)
;;One of this figure's greatest domestic challenges was a man who took on the title "Dom Justo" and eventually prompted this individual to conduct the Kirishitan massacre.  Another domestic initiative resulted in the creation of a giant Buddha statute created from raw materials obtained in the second great sword hunt.  Under this ruler, who used the Golden Gourd standard in battle, Sen no Rikyu oversaw the rise of a new artistic style centered around the tea ceremony.  The (*) Momoyama period ended under this man, who defeated Katsuie at Shizugatake and Akechi Mistuhide at Yamazaki, avenging the death of his predecessor at Honnoji.  Known for a disastrous naval loss at Noryang Point to Admiral Yi that ended his invasions of Korea, FTP, identify this commoner who ruled between Oda Nobunaga and Tokugawa as the second of Japan's great unifiers.;;Toyotomi (Hideyoshi)
;;He paid a $25,000 fine for his namesake company's failure to carry worker's compensation insurance in 2005, and three years later he was forced to pay over $70,000 in back income taxes across 17 states.  He faced heavy criticism from primary opponents Mike Cerisi and Jack Nelson-Pallmeyer, who cited letters sent to prominent officials soliciting information on when they had refrained from (*) sexual activity as evidence that this founder of Midwest Values PAC would have trouble in an upcoming election that also included Charles Aldrich and Dean Barkley.  That election, for a seat once held by this man's friend Paul Wellstone, was checkered by this man's authorship of the Playboy article "Porn-O-Rama" but remains contested after a lawsuit filed by Norm Coleman.  FTP, identify this former Air America host and recent Minnesota Senate candidate, the author of Lies and the Lying Liars who Tell Them.;;(Al) Franken
;;This deity's titles include "foremost of the westerners" and he was often depicted as standing triumphant over nine warriors in his role as the ruler of the "Nine Bows."  Early texts name Kebechet as his daughter, and in the Ogdoad cosmology he has a female counterpart known as Input.  The Coffin Texts confound the chronology of this god's worship, suggesting he may be a son of Set or of Re and Nephthys, or of the cow goddess (*) Hesat.  His role as a guide through Duat is likely responsible for his connection with Hermes, and he was responsible for weighing the heart and judging the dead.  FTP, identify this jackal-headed god who oversaw mummification in the mythology of Ancient Egypt.;;Anubis or Ienpw|Inpu|Anupu
;;The narrator tells the title figure that it is blessed compared to him because while the present is all that touches the title figure, the narrator must cast his eye backward. The narrator calls that title figure an "earth born companion" and "fellow mortal" and claims that he's "truly sorry man's dominion / has broken (*) nature's social union." The title figure thought to dwell "cozie here, beneath the blast" until the narrator accidentally leaves it "a sleekit, cowrin, tim'rous beastie". FTP, "the best laid schemes o' mice an' men Gang aft agley" in this work subtitled "On turning her up in her nest with the plough," a poem by Robert Burns addressed to a titular rodent.;;To a Mouse
;;The mountain on which is rests is called As-Sabba in Arabic, meaning "The Accursed" and it was excavated by Yigael Yadin. It can be accessed via the Snake Path or White Rock and was constructed by a ruler of the Hasmonean dynasty, Alexander Jannaeus. The Parthian appointment of Mattathias Antigonus caused(*)  Herod the Great to flee to this location in 40 BC.  It was occupied by the Roman legion X Fretensis led by Flavius Silva and captured by forces under Manahem during the first Jewish revolt in 66 AD. For 10 points, after the destruction of the Second Temple, Eleazar ben Jair led a group of Zealots in their defense against a Roman siege of this mountaintop citadel.;;Masada
;;The Borda method fails to satisfy this theorem and when multiple alternatives are available, a cyclic majority can be overcome by Condorcet preferences.  It can be weakened but not entirely overcome for instances governed by Gibbard's theorem where the application of a quasi-transitive, weakly Paretian aggregation rule produces an (*) oligarchy.  For 10 points a universal domain, independence from irrelevant alternatives, non-dictatorship, and Pareto efficiency are not all simultaneously attainable in a voting system according to what theorem of social choice theory.;;Arrow's impossibility theorem
;;In the work's background are a hazy dome and tower set behind a triumphal arch, while in the foreground lays the partially decomposed remains of a dog. Said to be inspired by the death of the artist's pet, the title is inscribed in a torn section of the work's wooden frame. One figure is seen balancing atop a closed (*) house and clutching a baby while reaching for a plastic alarm bell, and another figure stands next to a red wooden gate and wields a knife while staring up at the small titular animal. For 10 points each, name this surrealist work depicting the menacing actions of a small bird by Max Ernst.;;Two Children are Threatened by a Nightingale