;;At increasing depths, their structure is expected to follow what has been dubbed the "pasta-antipasta sequence," as particles group first into meatball-like clumps, then spaghetti-like strands, then lasagna-like sheets.  Their atmosphere is approximately one meter thick, below which is a predominantly iron crust.  Anomalies in their rotation speeds are called glitches and are thought to be caused by starquakes. Their existence, first predicted by Zwicky, had strong existence provided by the discovery of the first pulsar in by Jocelyn Bell and Anthony Hewish.  Predicted to form when a star's core mass exceeds the Chandrasekhar limit, but is less than about three solar masses, FTP name these rapidly spinning remains of supergiants.;;neutron stars
;;In the collection this story appears in, it precedes a story about a woman who decides not to leave for Buenos Aires with her lover Frank. The protagonist discovers copies of Walter Scott's The Abbot and The Memoirs of Vidocq, which he likes better because its pages are yellowed. The narrator becomes agitated at the visiting Mrs. Mercer and the delayed arrival of his uncle, who starts to recite The Arab's Farewell to his Steed before the narrator leaves for the title location. Ending with the narrator's eyes burning "with anguish and anger" upon seeing himself as "a creature driven and derided by vanity," this story features a failed expedition to the title bazaar in order to buy a gift for Mangan's sister. FTP, identify this short story from Dubliners.;;Araby
;;Hugh Henry Brackenridge attempted to serve as a moderator in this event, which took place in the fourth survey in a system set up by the primary cause of this event.  It was exacerbated by David Lenox delivering writs to those involved in it, and Albert Gallatin referred to his participation in it as his "only political sin".  One side in this conflict used the term "Watermelon Army" to mockingly refer to the other side, and that rebellious side was commanded by James McFarlane who was shot and killed by the defenders of John Neville. It involved the first use of the Militia Law of 1792, as George Washington had to personally send approximately thirteen thousand troops to Western Pennsylvania to put down the uprising. FTP name this 1794 rebellion in which poor farmers attacked tax collectors in protest of a high excise tax on the namesake beverage.;;Whiskey Rebellion|Whiskey Insurrection
;;One story related in this text involves the slaughtering of a fatted calf upon the reunification of two characters.  The Coptic Church holds that it was written for the 23rd Pope of Alexandria, while beginning with chapter three, this book tells of John the Baptist's preaching to the ministry in Galilee.  Starting at chapter nine, verse 51 this book discusses the Seventy Disciples and other events on the journey to Jerusalem.  The draught of fishes and Malchus' ear are two of the six miracles exclusive to this New Testament book, and the "friend at midnight" is one of its eighteen parables.  Prominent features of this book include the Sermon on the Plain and the story of the Prodigal Son.  Its namesake was is traditionally considered a Gentile physician and the author of Acts. Addressed to Theophilus, FTP name this third gospel of the New Testament, found between Mark and John.;;(The) (Gospel) (According) (to) Luke
;;Besides owning an equity stake in Equal, his clothing line is sold in a special section of Mervyn's.  An Amazon reviewer was surprised to find that he put out a "surprisingly passable album" with songs like With These Hands and Run to Me which eventually won him a Grammy nomination in 2000.  In his most famous venue, after promising his mother Cecilia a victory, he defeated the man he had bested him the 1991 World Championships, Marco Rudolph.  In the late '90s he suffered defeats at the hands of Felix Trinidad and Sugar Shane Mosely, although earlier he beat Wilfredo Rivera in the "Title Wave " fight in Atlantic City as part of his quest to win world titles in six different weight classes.  Most recently beating Ricardo Mayorga but not Floyd Mayweather, Jr., FTP, identify this only U.S. winner of a Gold Medal in boxing, a Mexican-American boxer nicknamed "Golden Boy".;;(Oscar) de la Hoya
;;In one of his paintings, two men in green and orange hold hats in one hand and staves in the other, while a bearded man in white carrying a backpack goes hiking.  Another of his paintings shows a storm raging as the titular animal takes an s-shaped curvature.  Other than The Meeting and The Fox in the Snow, this artist also painted a nude woman lying on a white cloth with her raised left arm holding the title creature in Woman with a Parrot.  The Shaded Stream and The Hammock are forest scenes reminiscent of his painting of a dead deer hung from a tree while a man plays a horn, The Quarry.  In addition to Les demoiselles de village, he also painted a hairy closeup of a woman's genitals in The Origin of the World, and a nude woman standing behind the painter himself working on a landscape in The Artist's Studio.  Known for painting a funeral in his hometown, FTP name this artist of Burial at Ornans.;;(Gustave) Courbet
;;The length of the three axes of Poinsot's ellipsoid is equal to half of the three values obtained by diagonalizaing the tensor representing this quantity.  Those three values, known as principle ones of these, also appear on the left hand side of the Euler equation.  Two of the three principle ones are equal in the case of a symmetrical top, and all three are equal for a spherical top.  The parallel axis theorem can be used to find one of these along a different axis, and in general, it is equal to the integral of the radius squared times the differential mass element.  FTP what is this quantity, the rotational analog of mass?.;;moment (of) inertia
;;One commander in this war referred to his subordinate, Rear Admiral Enkvist, as "Slutty Old Geezer" and during this war that same commander attempted to buy several cruisers from Argentina and Chile. The spy Garting's actions led to an incident involving a boat nicknamed the Lecherous Slut, and the deaf general Oskar Grippenberg led an inconclusive attack which originally surprised his opponents. Admiral Witgeft's defeat was seen as a tragedy for the losing side in this war, and Klado encouraged Admiral Nebogatov to use several old ships, after which 1,300 sailors were sent to detention camps for refusing to board the obsolete ships. Lesser known battles in this war included Shaho and Sandepu, while the fleet of Zinovy Rozhdestvensky famously fired on fishing ships on the Dogger Bank before being defeated by Togo Heihachiro at the Battle of Tsushima Straits. Ended by the Treaty of Portsmouth, FTP, name this war which saw the first defeat of a European power by an Asian one.;;Russo(-)Japanese (War)
;;At the end of this play's first scene, one character slaps her maid Flipotte and calls her a slut after defending the main character. Another character is incriminated by documents in Argas' strongbox, and is given a notice of eviction by the bailiff Monsieur Loyal, which finally sways Madame Pernelle's opinion. Throughout this play, Cleante and Damis warn about the protagonist's true nature, which is revealed by his pursuit of Elmire. In the second act, Mariane is ordered to marry the title character by Orgon, who took the title character into his house after being impressed by his loud prayers in church. FTP, name this play about a religious hypocrite, a work by Moliere.;;Tartuffe
;;He gave the story of an owner not being able to refuse his canoe when the community goes fishing as an example of what he calls "primitive communism" in a work that also discusses "The Rules of Law in Religious Acts" and "Reciprocity as the Basis of Social Structure."  He wrote of gardeners performing rituals in an attempt to increase production despite their superior knowledge of soil in a work blending the three title concepts.  In addition to Crime and Custom in Savage Society and Magic, Science and Religion, he differentiates between basic individual and broad communal needs in a work resulting from research of Mexican Indian villages, A Scientific Theory of Culture.  More famously, he described the Tewara and Sanaroa with regards to their exchange cycle where the islanders visit other islands to barter, known as a kula ring.  FTP name this author of Coral Gardens and Their Magic who studied the Trobriand Islanders in Argonauts of the Western Pacific, a Polish anthropologist.;;(Bronislaw) (Kaspar) Malinowski
;;He criticized a "ranting field orator" who believed that "the lion and the lamb will stray / And social, walk the woodland way" in his poem "The Millenium." Another of his poems states "let others...tell of climes that boast unfading light" / "I sing the horrors of the House of Night." This author of General Gage's Confession adopted the persona of Hezekiah Salem for poems such as "To a Honey-Bee," and lamented his treatment after the capture of the Aurora in "The British Prison Ship." FTP, identify this author of "The Wild Honey-suckle" and "The Indian Burying-Ground," known as the "Poet of the American Revolution".;;(Philip) Freneau
;;The revolt of Bel-Shimanni and Shamash-eriba were put down by the general Baghabukhsha in the early years of this king's rule, while a letter about Khnumemakhet hints at a revolt in Egypt put down by this king. The eunuch Aspamitres, in league with Megabyxus, assassinated this ruler in his bed chamber in favor of his eldest son, but that eldest son was killed by his younger brother. This man's forces captured statues of Harmodius and Aristogiton during one notable action, and Gelon defeated the Carthaginians at Himera simultaneous to this man's most famous battle. He famously created a canal across the Athos peninsula, and his forces were defeated at the battle of Mycale, and his successor offered exile and rule over Magnesia to his most famous rival. Leaving Mardonius to defend Plataea after watching his forces lose to those under Themistocles at Salamis, FTP, name this Achaemenid king and successor to Darius I.;;Xerxes (I)|Khshayar (Shah)
;;Its residual body can form a lipofuscin pigment granule, and proteins like AP1 and GAAT are necessary for its function.  An enlargement of it that causes damage to muscle cells is called Pompe (pom-PAY) disease, while a defect in sugar metabolism causes it to malfunction in Hurler's syndrome.  The home to V-class pumps, it takes in triskelion shaped clathrin-bound vesicles, and proteins tagged by mannose-6-phosphate are bound for it.  Critical for autolysis, FTP name this organelle that uses proton pumps to generate an acidic environment where its hydrolases can act to digest material.;;lysosome
;;The penultimate section of this work was written with the injunction that "had my mother cooked meat, I would have remained longer."  That piece is a combination of two folk songs, and is followed by a section said to be "da capo."  The 10th section starts in the bass until the main subject is given in soprano in bar 9, and is titled a "Fughetta."  Wanda Landowska produced the first recording of it, written in an attempt to soothe the insomnia of Count Kayserling.  Beginning and ending with a characteristic sarabande in 3/4 time, it contains a quodlibet in addition to the two arias.  Famously performed with humming by Glenn Gould, FTP name this collection of 30 works for harpsichord named for its first performer, some variations written by J. S. Bach.;;Goldberg (variations)
;;Features in this province include Split Lake, Playgreen Lake and Cross Lake, which are all connected by the Nelson River. The large plateau of Riding Mountain National park is in its southwestern corner and its highest point is the 2,726-foot high Baldy Mountain, part of this province's namesake escarpment left by Glacial Lake Agassiz. This province receives the Red River of the North and its southeast corner contains a small portion of the Lake of the Woods. Famous for polar bear gatherings at Churchill and bordering Nunavut, Saskatchewan, and Ontario, FTP, name this Canadian province whose cities include Portage la Prairie, Brandon and Winnipeg.;;Manitoba
;;Pasatieri's opera Black Widow is based on this author's work Two Mothers. This author of the unsuccessful Peace in War wrote a novel narrated by Angela Carballino, who reflects about the loss of faith of the title priest, and defended "faith in faith itself" in The Agony of Christianity. Another of his novels begins with a prologue by Victor Goti, and describes Augusto Perez, who is denied the right to commit suicide on the basis of his unreality. In addition to Saint Manuel Bueno, Martyr and Mist, he updated the story of Cain and Abel in Abel Sanchez and wrote about confronting the fact of mortality in The Tragic Sense of Life. FTP, name this Spanish philosopher and novelist, the leader of the Generation of '98.;;(Miguel) (de) Unamuno (y) (Jugo)
;;One way to prove it is to use the invertibility of the natural number group up to its order ensured by Bezout's identity, and apply Lagrange's theorem.  Another proof of it uses induction on the binomial theorem, and one of its corollaries can be stated in terms of a 2k factorial term in relation to minus one.  One of its consequences is Hannam's lemma, and a generalization of it using the totient function is known as Euler's theorem.  Its converse is Lehmer's theorem, and when a positive integer satisfies it for all choice of bases, that integer is called a Carmichael number.  Directly implying Wilson's theorem, FTP name this theorem originally stated without proof, which states that a to the p mod p equals a mod p, for prime p, the result of a French mathematician also known for his "last" theorem.;;Fermat's little (theorem)
;;This man's first expedition was preceded by several caravels searching for the "island of Brazil and the Seven Cities" and accounts of it were written by Peter Martyr and Ramusio, although it also found the "kingdom of the Grand Khan" according to Pasqualigo. One member of that expedition served as pilot-major in Spain from 1533 to 1547 and thus may have fabricated things like the Island of San Juan, and according to one account one territory discovered by this man was named for a worker from the Azores. One of his alleged discoveries is disputed between him and Gaspard Corte-Real. The Chronicon of Fabyan and the accounts of Stowe and Hakluyt dispute the leader of this man's second voyage, although it is noted that when he returned from his first voyage he found the land in the throes of the revolt of Perkin Warbeck. Sailing first with 18 men aboard the Matthew and commissioned by Henry VII, FTP, name this Italian explorer who may have sailed with his son Sebastian.;;(John) Cabot|(Giovanni) Cabotto|Gabotto
;;Commercial uses for these include uses in lasers and in sunglass lenses as they tend to reflect harmful UV radiation as well as several members of this group comprising significant portions of the alloy called Misch metal. Due to their electronic structures, members of this group tend to lose three electrons and are therefore find their most stable oxidation states as trivalent ions. Trends among this group include the filling up of the 4f atomic orbital and a decrease in the size of the ionic radius, the group's namesake 'contraction'. Containing three of the four elements named after the same town in Sweden, FTP, identify this group of 15 elements that includes Erbium, Samarium, Promethium and its namesake element whose name comes from the Greek word for "to lie hidden".;;Lanthanides
;;This person made a politically important marriage to Marcus Aemilius Scaurus's widow after he had led a successful invasion of Cimbri.  Fond of strangling people, he had the quaestor Granius strangled in his presence the day before he died.  After manipulating Bocchus of Mauretania into capturing a famous enemy of Rome, he served as propraetor of Cilicia and was eventually named consul.  Among the governmental reforms he initiated were significantly increasing the number of quaestiones perpetuae and setting one-year term limits for proconsuls.  After a successful war against Mithridates, Publius Rufus overruled the Senate and denied him power, acting in collaboration with Marius and his Populares.  A victor over the Samnites in the Social War and the capturer of Jugurtha, FTP, identify this leader of the aristocratic Optimates who served as Roman dictator from 82 to 79 BCE before quietly retiring to private life.;;(Lucius) (Cornelius) Sulla (Felix)
;;The synthesis of one of these can be prevented by 2-chloroethyl-trimethylammonium chloride, and involves conversion to a hydroxy acid after activation of mevalonate by MVA kinase to form a diterpene precursor, as detailed in papers by Bernard O. Phinney.  In addition to the aforementioned ent-Kaurene, they include those with a lactone ring, as well as one whose methyl ester was separated into free acids named A1, A2, and A3 by Sumuki.  They effect the attachment of ubiquitin to a DELLA protein, which is then destroyed by proteasomes, thereby relieving the repression of genes, causing stimulated flowering, senescence, conclusion of dormany, and seed germination.  FTP name these plant hormones discovered in the study of foolish seedling disease by Eichi Kurosawa, known to cause stem elongation.;;gibberellins
;;The ricercares and canzones are related to these. In the counter type of these, an inversion occurs during one of the middle episodes, and an example of the permutation type can be seen in the opening of Bach's Himmelskonig, sei willkommen. At any point during one of these, the subject may be started, but not completed, creating what is known as a false entry. Always beginning with the exposition, notable examples of these can be seen in the last section of Brahm's Variation on a Theme of Handel, and in J.S. Bach's Well-Tempered Clavier.  Leonard Bernstein wrote a "Cool" one as part of West Side Story. FTP, identify this form of musical composition, of which 95 were written by Pachebel, and which feature a subject which is then answered in a different voice.;;fugues
;;One character in this play attempts to defend himself by saying that his study of American history caused him to turn his mother into the police. Another character in this play begrudgingly steps outside to take "a walk around the ward," only to become frightened of an imaginary car. During the third act, Chuck Morello and Rocky Pioggi fight with Joe Mott, who dreams of running a gambling house. Ending with Don Parritt committing suicide after being ordered to by Larry Slade, this play's main character preaches that the other characters should forget their pipe dreams until he reveals that he killed his wife Evelyn. Set in Harry Hope's bar, FTP, name this play about Theodore "Hickey" Hickman, a work by Eugene O'Neill.;;(The) Iceman Cometh
;;An anecdote in Charles Colle's memoirs describes how Gabriel Doyen refused the commission for this painting. Its ultimate creator's posing of the central characters in this painting looks suspiciously like Adam and God in the Sistine Chapel ceiling, while the rake lying in the foreground is one of many euphemisms within. The man in the background is supposed to be a priest, and the marble statue on the left sits with a finger raised to its lips, watching a flying shoe. The man's doffed hat and women's frilly dress represents certain parts of the anatomy, and the man at the lower left has a good view of the dress's contents. FTP, identify this painting of a woman at the apex of her ride on the titular item, a rococo work of Jean Fragonard.;;(The) (Happy) (Accidents) (of) (the) Swing
;;A less commonly used algorithm for calculating one of these is the reverse-delete algorithm, and David Karger gave a randomized, expected linear-time algorithm in 1995.  Sollin is somewhat erroneously given credit for discovering an algorithm for finding them that does not optimize for components already added to a second graph.   One commonly implemented method for finding one can be greatly improved by using an adjacency list or a Fibonacci Heap to bring the running time down to Big O of E plus V Log V, although the fastest known algorithm was developed by Bernard Chazelle.  The first algorithm for finding one of these was discovered by Boruvka in 1926, but the two most famous ways to find them involves using the greedy algorithms named for Kruskal and Prim.  FTP, identify this non-cyclic subgraph that includes every vertex, connected by edges of the lowest total cost.;;(finding) (a) minimum spanning tree
;;In this novel, a man is able to purchase a house because the amount of money he puts on the table kills its owner; that character is later told by a woman that she could "have buttered him and eaten him alive." Victoria awakens the central character at 5:30, instead of sending her daughter, and during breakfast, she disembowels rabbits. At the start of this novel, the protagonist recounts a dream to his mother, and he is later identified as the source of Angela's dishonor. That dishonor causes her to be rejected by Bayardo San Roman, and leads Pedro and Pablo Vicario to perform the title event. FTP, identify this novel by Gabriel Garcia Marquez, whose title refers to the murder of Santiago Nasar.;;Chronicle of a Death Foretold
;;Along with Hubert, this man edited the religious sociology section of L'Anee Sociologique, and although he was working on manuscripts on money and prayer, they were destroyed in World War II. An early work by this man, also published with Hubert, deals with the research of William Smith and updates its interpretation to examine primitive cultures. Along with Sacrifice: Its Nature and Function, his most well-known work analyzes its title concept in Melanesia, Polynesia, and the American Northwest, as well as in the premodern Germanic, Roman, and Brahmanic Indian cultures. He posits that everything may linked to what he terms total presation in reference to its title concept. For ten points, identify this French sociologist and nephew of Emile Dukheim, perhaps best known for Primitive Classification and The Gift.;;(Marcel) Mauss
;;In one episode in this novel, the title character uses two bottles of claret to get a doctor drunk in France, and later, Lucy Darleton invites the title character's fiancee to London. When that fiancee attempts to break off her engagement, her father is too engrossed in his studies to help, although Crossjay takes her to the train station. Eventually, the Doctor decides that Vernon's scholarship is more attractive than the central character's wine. The title character of this novel returns from abroad and becomes engaged to Clara Middleton, much to the dismay of a woman who thinks that she loves him secretly, Laetitia Dale. FTP, identify this "Comedy in Narrative," a novel about Sir Willoughby Patterne by George Meredith whose title refers to a self-absorbed individual.;;(The) Egoist
;;A paper by Whlean et al. found that it can be used more effectively than the Lopatin method with fast-reacting kerogens in defining the oil or gas production windows in sediments.  A similar equation that produces the same output can generate concave, convex, or linear like this equation, but has the advantage of being able to be applied to all mixed phase reactions and is known as the Eyring equation.  One component in it is related to the frequency of molecular collisions.  It can be modified in the case where the pre-exponential factor is proportional to T raised to a constant, an equation also modified by B, a temperature independent constant.  Originally discovered experimentally by J. J. Hood, FTP, identify this equation that relates how temperature affects the velocity of a chemical reaction, named for its Swedish formulator.;;Arrhenius (Equation)
;;A spokesman for Easton, he won two Memorial cups playing for Kamloops. He later won the Pearson award in 2002 and the Clancy award in 2004.  His only career trade saw him moved with Corey Millen for Joe Nieuwendyk, and this player scored twice for Canada in the gold medal game during the 2002 Winter Olympics.  Notably, he recorded a Gordie Howe hat trick in game three of the 2004 Stanley Cup Finals, fighting Vincent Lecavelier. The winner of the 2002 Art Ross and Maurice Richard awards and the 2004 Richard award shared with Rick Nash and Ilya Kovalchuk, he currently skates alongside teammates and assistant captains Cory Sarich and Dion Phaneuf.  FTP, name this Calgary Flames captain.;;(Jarome) (Arthur(-)Leigh) (Adekunle) (Tig) (Junior) (Elvis) Iginla
;;This act's constitutionality was upheld in Ableman v. Booth. Introduced by James Mason, this act was a response to state laws enacted in the aftermath of Prigg v. Pennsylvania. The Sims decision resulted from this act, which caused controversy when Judge Edward Loring ruled against Anthony Burns. It stipulated that any marshal who refused to assist a claimant would be fined one thousand dollars, and denied the right to a trial by jury. To protest this act, William Lloyd Garrison publicly burned a copy of the Constitution, and Thoreau delivered his speech "Slavery in Massachusetts." FTP, name this component of the Compromise of 1850 requiring all American citizens to help recapture escaped slaves.;;Fugitive Slave Act (of) (1850)|(the) Fugitive Slave Law (of) (1850)
;;Elaine Boney translated this work literally, and it has also been translated by Leishman and Spender. The fifth one was inspired by a Picasso painting depicting acrobats, Les Saltimbanques, while the fourth asks, "O trees of life, when are you wintering?" The first poem in this collection celebrates the death of Gaspara Stampa, and praises Samson as a hero. The ninth compares the life of a tree to a human's and posits that the tree is happier, and the tenth contrasts the City of Pain with Life-Death. Beginning "Who, if I cried, would hear me among the angelic orders?", FTP, identify this collection of ten poems, complemented by the Sonnets to Orpheus and written by Ranier Maria Rilke in the title location.;;Duino Elegies
;;One of his lesser works is an economic treatise discussing luxury goods and the wool trade, and asks "Whose fault is it if poor Ireland continues poor?" In addition to writing The Querist, he defended his political views in Passive Obedience, a collection of three sermons. He wrote a work subtitled "The Minute Philosopher" after repairing in disgust from England over the South Sea Bubble to Providence, Rhode Island. After his death, this author of Alciphron's philosophy of immaterialism was defended by his wife Anne. FTP, name this Anglican bishop from Ireland, who used fictitious Greeks to advance his views in Three Dialogues between Hylas and Philonous and Treatise Concerning the Principles of Human Knowledge--views which included the belief in total idealism, or the cessation of existence for objects that are not being observed.;;(George) (Asshat) Berkeley
;;One of this author's poems begins with the "sick-thoughted" first title character pursuing the second title character, who ends up gored to death by a bull. Another of his poems contains a "threnos" asking visitors to "sigh a prayer" over an urn containing the ashes of the title birds. One of his sonnets compares "that time of year thou mayst in me behold" to "bare ruin'd choirs, where late the sweet birds sang," and the title character of one of his plays frees Ventindius from debtor's prison. In addition to "Venus and Adonis" and "The Phoenix and the Turtle," he wrote about Collatine's wife, who kills herself after being assaulted by Tarquin, in "The Rape of Lucrece.". For ten points, identify this author of Measure for Measure, Cymbeline, and The Merchant of Venice.;;(William) Shakespeare
;;E.D. Barber encouraged this group to fight for what he called a "Second Independence," and among those opposed to this group were the so-called "Bucktails," who were frequently targets of its complaints. William Seward withdrew from a Congressional race after being nominated without his knowledge by this group, whose namesake Enquirer was published by Thurlow Weed. It nominated Amos Ellmaker for vice-president in the first national convention ever held, coalescing as a political force after the discovery of a corpse that was believed to be William Morgan. FTP, identify this American political party which in 1831 nominated William Wirth for president, and which was opposed to the alleged machinations of a certain secret society.;;Anti(-)Masonic (Party)
;;This enzyme is degraded by the actions of victorin and the DNA-binding aspartic acid peptidase CND41, but is forced into a proteolysis-resistant state by the binding of its inhibitor CA1P.  It is usually localized to to pyrenoids, and a lysine residue on it is carbamated by its namesake activase, which allows the positioning of a critical magnesium molecule.  Phosphoglycolate is a side product of this enzyme, whose slow speed and penchant for leading to photorespiration is counteracted by PEP carboxylase in some organisms.  FTP, name this enzyme, the most abundant protein on earth, that catalyzes a major step in the Calvin cycle by attaching a carbon dioxide molecule to Ribulose bisphosphate.;;Rubisco|Ribulose(-)1(,)5(-)Bisphosphate Carboxylase/Oxygenase
;;The Skaldskaparmal relates how Fulla, the handmaiden of this god's grandmother, was the recipient of a ring and other gifts from this man's mother following an unsuccessful quest by Hermod. According to the Gylfaginning, he bides "the full day through" in his home, where he "puts to sleep all suits," and that home is described as pillared with gold and "with silver thatched." A resident of Glitnir, according to one legend, he led the twelve Asegir who were compiling local laws to Heligoland, and his name has evolved into the modern Icelandic word for "president." None dare break a vow made before this god, and though he was respected as the patron of all judicial assemblies, he is seldom mentioned except in connection with his father Balder. FTP, identify this Norse god of truth and justice.;;Forseti
;;This author borrowed from the Anatomy of Melancholy the title for his early novel about William Atwater and Raymond Pringle, Afternoon Men. Infants of the Spring and The Strangers are All Gone are the first and last parts of his autobiography, To Keep the Ball Rolling, and he drew on Arthurian myth for his novel about Saul Henchman, a photographer maimed in World War II, The Fisher King. More famously, this author created the character of Nicholas Jenkins, who narrates the novels The Valley of Bones and A Question of Upbringing, parts of a work named for a Nicholas Poussin painting. FTP, identify this British author of A Dance to the Music of Time.;;(Anthony) Powell
;;The idea that "man is able to shape the world around him according to his wishes" is the title concept of this man's work The Fatal Conceit. This man's work Prices and Production contains his theory of monetary cycles, while he detailed the equilibrium between an economy's inputs and outputs in The Pure Theory of Capital. The section "Why I am Not a Conservative" serves as a postscript for this economist's work about freedom in the law and welfare state, The Constitution of Liberty. He is probably best remembered for a work which warns against collectivist states and their eventual turn to tyranny. Sharing the 1974 Nobel Prize in Economics with Gunnar Myrdal, this is, FTP, which Austrian School economist and author of The Road to Serfdom?.;;(Friedrich) (August) (von) Hayek
;;The conjugate of these objects can be found by simply inverting the sign between all four terms.  In computer graphics, Ken Shoemake formulated two ways for handling interpolation between them, one called Squad and another an adaptation of Bezier curves called a Slerp.  One way to create them is to use the Cayley-Dickson construction.  The cross product of these quantities is sometimes referred to as the odd product, while one mechanism to do non-commutative multiplication with them makes use of the Grassman product.  Unlike their matrix equivalents, they do not run into the problem of Gimbal Lock where a degree of freedom is lost.  Their formulator identified four rules that they must follow, such as the requirement that the individual square of the i, j, and k components all equal negative one.  FTP, identify these extensions to complex numbers formulated by William Rowan Hamilton that are useful in doing rotations.;;Quaternions
;;One man of this royal name was nicknamed "the chick-pea" while another was known as "the fat-bellied" or "benefactor," and divided his kingdom at his death by leaving Cyrene to his son Apion. The minister Sosibius dominated the reign of the fourth ruler of this name, known as "Philopator," while the most famous ruler of this name was the founder of the Lagid dynasty. The second ruler of this name married his sister, Arsinoe II, and fought the First Succession War while subsidizing Pyrrhus against Antigonus, while the fifth one, called "god manifest," fought the Fifth Syrian War against Antiochus III. The first was famously nicknamed "Soter" or "Savior", while the fifteenth one was the son of Caesar and Cleopatra, who had murdered her brother, the thirteenth ruler of this name, before allying with Mark Antony.  FTP, identify the name shared by these rulers, the first of whom was a member of the Diadochi and founded an Empire in Egypt following the death of Alexander the Great.;;Ptolemy
;;This idea titles a 1974 work by libertarian philosopher George Smith, and in Indian philosophy, the Purva Mimamsa and Carvaka schools can be considered exponents of this idea. In a work about the "trumpet of the last judgment," Bruno Bauer accused Hegel of being an adherent of this idea, while Ludwig Feuerbach wrote in The Essence of Christianity that a person destroys "the unity of... feeling" by recoiling from acknowledging the presence of this idea in one's heart. Alister McGrath has recently published a book about its "twilight." In a work in which he outlined three degrees of excitement, and for which he was expelled from Oxford, Percy Shelley advocated the "necessity" of this idea. Prominently advocated today by Daniel Dennet and Richard Dawkins, FTP, identify this idea which advocates a disbelief in gods.;;atheism
;;One play named for this character ends with Easy saying, "Cube." This character insults a former friend by saying "a knavish speech sleeps in a foolish ear," and in response to the question, "What do you read, my lord," he replies, "Words, words, words." When another character asks him "How is it that the clouds still hang so on you," he puns, "Not so, my lord, I am too much in the sun." He learns that his father died from poison poured in his ears while talking to a ghost who first appears to Marcellus and Horatio. FTP, name this character who is killed by Laertes and revenges himself on Claudius in a namesake Shakespeare play, who famously wonders "To be or not to be.".;;Hamlet
;;In this film, one character, who is once reminded by his store manager to double-bag, sends a card that says, "I doubt they'll give a big fuss about an old guy like me," after which he hangs himself. Another scene in this film sees "Sull'aria? Che soave zeffiretto," from Don Giovanni, played over the loudspeakers in defiance of Norton, who kills Tommy Williams and threatens another character if he does not continue to embezzle funds. That character later procures a rock hammer, which he hides in a Bible, and a poster of Rita Hayworth, both of which are instrumental in his escape from the title Maine penitentiary. Andy Dufresne is eventually joined in Mexico by Red, who is played by Morgan Freeman, at the end of, FTP, which 1994 film?.;;(The) Shawshank Redemption
;;One of this author's works describes the love of a cockroach for a butterfly that is temporarily stranded among other insects. This author wrote The Poet in New York while visiting the United States, while another of his poetry collections features images such as a Gypsy girl running away from a wind that wants to rape her, or a girl 'under the gypsy moon' with 'green flesh, her hair green. In addition to Gypsy Ballads, he also wrote a play about an old woman who locks her daughters in the title location and requires them to mourn for eight years, and a play in which Leonardo is killed by the Groom after running away with the Bride. FTP, name this Spanish author of The House of Bernarda Alba and Blood Wedding.;;(Federico) (Garcia) Lorca
;;A student of Antonio Badile and possibly of Gian Francesco Caroto, this man's first commissions involved frescoes and oils in the church and sacristy of St. Sebastiano, where he painted a sequence telling the story of Esther and Ahasuerus. His late decorations for the Sala Collegio of the Doge's Palace include such works as Mars and Neptune and Venus Enthroned with Peace and Justice, and he collaborated with Alessandro Vittoria and Andrea Palladio in his work on the Villa Barbara. More famous are this man's religious paintings, including one for San Giorgio Maggiore depicting The Marriage Feast at Cana, as well as another whose title was changed at the behest of the Inquisition after this man had depicted commoners in what was supposed to be an illustration of the Last Supper. FTP, identify this painter, most famous for his retitled Feast in the House of Levi.;;(Paolo) Veronese|(Paolo) Caliari
;;One modification of this reaction uses an active hydrogen compound with two strong electron-withdrawing groups in order to synthesize a conjugated enone and is named for Knoevanagel, and Evans used a chiral oxazolidinone auxiliary to make it stereoselective.  Many of its derivatives follow the Zimmerman-Traxler mechanism, with the exception of the version using a silyl enol ether known as the Mukiyama variation.  It also follows a Michael addition in the two-step Robinson annulation, and its base catalyzed variant creates an enolate nucleophile which then attacks a carbonyl.  FTP, name this condensation reaction whose namesake product is a beta-hydroxy ketone.;;aldol (Condensation)
;;The tide of this war turned when forces under Colonel Evelyn Wood won the Battle of Khambula. Caused by an ultimatum issued by Henry Bartle Frere, this war featured a battle where 150 British troops created a makeshift wall of biscuit boxes to successfully hold off an attacking force of 4500 soldiers. Its first major battle saw the British 24th foot surrounded and wiped out at the title hill, although the British would regain momentum after winning the Battle of Rorke's Drift. The son of Napoleon III died during this war's final battle, where the charge of the 17th lancers ensured the victory of Lord Chelmsford's forces over King Cetshwayo. Featuring the battles of Ulundi and Isandlwana, FTP, identify this 1879 war between the British and an African empire formerly led by Shaka.;;(the) Zulu War
;;One of this man's early works, which would later serve as an inspiration for one of his most famous pieces, was called Maiastra, and one of his first commissions was a depiction for a funeral monument of a kneeling girl performing the titular action. After creating The Prayer, this artists created the first of his many versions of the Sleeping Muse, which in turn inspired Modigliani, and among his works exhibited at the Armory Show was a bust of Mademoiselle Pogany. His trend toward geometrization was exemplified by his ovoid The Beginning of the World, while other works in marble include The Fish and the phallic Princess X. Best remembered for an abstract depiction of several mythological creatures flying, as well as for a war memorial in Tirgu Jiu, FTP, identify this sculptor of The Endless Column and Bird in Space.;;(Constantin) Brancusi
;;The Rammsauer-Townsend effect describes situations in which this occurs with unity probability.  The WKB approximation can be used to show that the probability of this occurring is exponentially dependent on twice the integral of the magnitude of the classical momentum over h-bar, although the classical momentum is imaginary in the relevant region.  This effect is the basis for a type of diode invented by Leo Esaki, while the Josephson effect depends on it occurring in an insulating oxide layer.  For a delta-function potential, its probability scales as the inverse of the quantity one plus the square of the wavelength of the incoming particle, while for finitely wide potentials, the probability of this happening drops off exponentially with the potential width.  First applied to alpha decay, FTP identify this quantum mechanical phenomenon in which particles may be spontaneously transmitted through a potential barrier.;;(quantum) tunneling
;;This man critiqued Husserl's phenomenology in a work entitled Against Epistemology, while another of this man's works was written for the fiftieth birthday of his most famous collaborator and consists of short paragraphs with such headings as "Savages are not more noble," and "Downwards, ever downwards." In addition to writing Minima Moralia, his collaboration with Nevitt Sanford at Berkeley led to the development of the F-scale in one of his famous works. One of this man's most famous works, subtitled Philosophical Fragments, contains a critique of "The Culture Industry," and he set forth his mature materialistic philosophy in 1966's Negative Dialectics. The co-author of The Authoritarian Personality, FTP, identify this famous collaborator of Max Horkheimer whose most famous work is Dialectic of Enlightenment.;;(Theodor) Adorno|(Theodor) (Ludwig) Wiesengrund
;;The penultimate section of this work includes a meditation on the eyes of the central character, including "eyes of Czechoslovakia attacked by robots," while in another section the work's central character demands to be taken to the crash site of the Graf Zeppelin. The author's brother Eugene is bemoaned as a "poor virgin," in another section of this work, which includes repeated references to Louis, who is revealed to have found another girl, and this work's last section, "Fugue," ends with the repeated refrain "Lord Lord Lord caw caw caw." Beginning with the line "Strange now to think of you, gone without corsets and eyes, while I walk on the sunny pavement of Greenwich Village," for ten points, identify this poem written in memory of Naomi, the mother of its poet Allen Ginsberg, which takes its name from the Jewish prayer for the dead.;;Kaddish
;;His son, Metiochos, was captured when he was fleeing with this man from the Chersonese.  Earlier he had successfully captured the islands of Imbros and Lemnos, and the uncle for whom he was named had given him a territory in the Thracian Chersonese as an inheritance.  He faced frequent rivalry with the Alcmaeonids, eventually succumbing to their influence and dying in jail after unsuccessfully leading a fleet against islands that had sided with Persia.  With his greatest victory coming in 490 BCE, FTP, identify this Athenian general who was victorious at Marathon.;;Miltiades the Younger
;;Joseph Cradock wrote an unused epilogue for this play meant to be spoken by one of the principal characters about his future with Bet Bouncer. That character's inability to read cramped handwriting and his cousin's failure to improvise a story about horse-racing odds leads to his mother discovering Hastings's plan to elope with Constance Neville. In furtherance of that plan, Tony Lumpkin steals his mother's jewels, but the protagonist ends up giving them back to her for safekeeping, thinking she is the wife of an innkeeper. Its title, an allusion to falconry, refers to Kate Hardcastle, who pretends to be a barmaid in order to get Charlie Marlow to admit his feelings for her. FTP, identify this comedy by Oliver Goldsmith.;;She Stoops to Conquer
;;An artifact found at land, Sweden was used to invoke this figure for protection and is known as the Kvinneby amulet. In one story, he breaks a pillar by throwing a goblet and disguises himself as a youth to get on a rowboat to catch some bait, but Hymir cuts his fishing line before he is able to unleash Sky-Bellower on his target.  In another, Utgarda-Loki tricks him into wrestling with Elli, the personification of old age, before turning a certain monster into a cat and convincing this character to try to lift him.  Tanngrisnir and Tanngnjostr are a pair of goats who draw this god's chariot, and he lives in the palace Bilskirnir. He is fated to take nine steps before dying from his adversary's poison after killing Jormungandr, the Midgard Serpent, at Ragnarok. FTP, name this Norse god, the owner of Megingjord, a belt which grants him strength, and Mjolnir, a war-hammer that causes lightning.;;Thor|Thunaer(,) Donar
;;This work discusses the tangible, external values of a life of faith in the section "Devout Observances." It also addresses the impact of man's predatory nature on the development of modern sport and later on gambling proclivity in the sections "Modern Survivals of Prowess" and "The Belief in Luck," respectively. It argues that the title concept arose out of conquering peoples who delegated menial jobs to the conquered, instead keeping more prestigious, but less essential, tasks for themselves. This work is most famous for introducing the concept of the "pecuniary struggle," or the pursuit of wealth in order to match the accomplishments of others, as well as a concept that involves the acquisition of wealth for the express purpose of displaying that wealth, "conspicuous consumption." FTP, name this work of Thorstein Veblen.;;(The) Theory of the Leisure Class
;;A viral marketing website set up for this game tells of the first two tiers of Cave Johnson's R&D plan, namely the "Heimlich Counter-Maneuver" and the "Take-A-Wish Foundation," and also offers a job application that asks questions such as "What is your favorite color?" and "Which pre-Christian mathematician is not correctly matched to his home city?"  Based partially on Narbacular Drop, quotes such as "Android Hell is a real place where you will be sent at the first sign of defiance," "You, (subject name here), must be the pride of (subject hometown here)," and "I'm going to kill you, and all the cake is gone" are offered by GLaDOS, the game's malevolent A.I. Probably best known for its ending song, "Still Alive," and for the cryptic clue "the cake is a lie," this computer game was released as part of the Orange Box. FTP, name this Valve game that involves solving puzzles by using the namesake transportation device.;;Portal
;;During this modern-day country's colonial rule, a tax was established on huts and guns due to an agreement between the native kabakas and commissioner Harry Johnston.   Carl Peters signed an agreement with Mwanga, a king of a tribe in this country, although it was invalidated when Mwanga signed a different agreement with F. D. Lugard.  Democratization began in the early twentieth century under Daudi Chwa, and his son, Mutesa II, known in the foreign press as "King Freddy," later became the first president. A boycott of the first elections by the so-called "King's Friends" led to an unnaturally high turnout of the Roman Catholic supporters of the Democratic Party, or DP, and the election of Benedikto Kiwanuka as Chief Minister. However, a coalition between the Kabaka Yekka and the UPC resulted in Milton Obote being named Prime Minister. FTP, name this country which Obote ruled until a 1971 coupe led by a former member of the King's African Rifles, Idi Amin.;;Uganda
;;One chapter of this work notes that "He who attains his ideal, precisely thereby surpasses it" and "The great epochs of our life are at the points when we gain courage to rebaptize our badness as the best in us", while another analyzes the changing perception in the rank of philosophy and science. In addition to "Apophthegms and Interludes" and "We Scholars," other sections in this work include "The Free Spirit," "What is Noble?" and "Prejudices of Philosophy." This work ends with a song written by the author entitled "From the Heights" and begins with the famous quote "Supposing that Truth is a woman--what then?" Introducing the idea of master and slave-morality, which were further explored in its follow-up work On the Genealogy of Morals, this is, FTP, what work of Friedrich Nietzsche about transcending old ethical standards?.;;Beyond Good and Evil
;;Charles Louis got his land restored by it, and one nation was given three votes at the Council of Princes as a consequence of it.  It took into account the lack of legitimate children of John William, Duke of Juelich-Cleves-Berg by splitting his lands between Brandenburg and Neuburg.  The Spanish delegation led by Gaspar de Bracamonte recognized the sovereignty of the contingent led by Johann Rudolf Wettstein.  Fabio Chigi, a future pope, served as a mediator, while other delegates included Count Maximilian von Trautmansdorff, Henri II d'Orleans and Johan Oxenstierna.  Under its terms, France gained Alsace and parts of Strasbourg and Sweden gained Western Pomerania.  It provided for the end to the Edict of Restitution and a return to the terms of the Peace of Augsburg and the principle of "cuius regio, eius religio."  FTP, name this agreement that curtailed the power of Ferdinand III by giving equal rights in 1648 to Protestants and Catholics in the Holy Roman Empire, thus ending the Thirty Years' War.;;(Peace) (of) Westphalia
;;Kenneth Lincoln posited a connection to the trinity in this poem's image of three missing glass knobs. Helen Vendler created an explanatory prose narrative version arguing that the speaker feels disgust for the title figure's presence at a female neighbor's wake. That neighbor "embroidered fantails once" on a sheet that the speaker "spread as to cover her face." However, that woman's "horny feet protrude," revealing "how cold she is, and dumb." The first stanza commands "let the boys / Bring flowers in last month's newspapers" and "let be be finale of seem." Beginning "Call the roller of big cigars,/ The muscular one, and bid him whip / in kitchen cups concupiscent curds," FTP, name this Wallace Stevens poem whose title refers to a ruler of a certain dessert.;;(The) Emperor of Ice(-)Cream
;;This composer utilized the whip in several of his pieces, including a symphony that contains three movements taking their names from the Roman Catholic Mass for the Dead, his Sinfonia da Requiem, as well as a work that shares its name with a Schumann work, his Spring Symphony. On this Island, Ballad of Heroes, and Our Hunting Fathers are among this man's works that feature words by W. H. Auden. "Four Sea Interludes" are found in an opera inspired by "The Borough" by George Crabbe, this man's tale of the title fisherman, Peter Grimes. Better known is a piece set on a theme of Henry Purcell and a composition that juxtaposes traditional Latin texts with the poetry of Wilfred Owen. FTP, name this British composer of The Young Person's Guide to the Orchestra and War Requiem.;;(Benjamin) Britten
;;This man's father died at the Battle of Coronea after distinguishing himself in the Battle of Artemisium.  When he was wounded at Potidaea, his chum Socrates came to his aid.  Later, while this man was assisting Thrasybulus at Phocaea, Antiochus disobeyed his command to not attack, leading to the destruction of his fleet at Notium by Lysander and this man's subsequent self-imposed exile to Thrace.  He advocated prolonging the Peloponnesian War to Tissaphernes, a Persian satrap, and he argued against Nicias in favor of a war against Selinus in support of the Segestans.  However, he was recalled from the Sicilian Expedition to stand trial, but he escaped with his crew during the return voyage to Athens and instead joined the Spartan cause. FTP, name this Athenian general who switched allegiances a lot.;;Alcibiades
;;This author termed Kafka, Broch, Musil, and Gombrowicz the "pleiad" of Central Europe's great novelists in an interview about his book The Art of the Novel. He wrote about five days in the life of the jazz trumpeter Klima in The Farewell Waltz and satirized romanticism in a novel about the poet Jaromil, Life is Elsewhere. Better known are a novel in which a postcard containing the phrase "Long Live Trotsky!" gets Ludvik Jahn in trouble with the Communist Party and a novel about the lives of Franz, Sabina, Tereza, and the surgeon Tomas in the wake of the Prague Spring. FTP, name this Czech author of The Joke, The Book of Laughter and Forgetting, and The Unbearable Lightness of Being.;;(Milan) Kundera
;;A famous speech from this movie, delivered by the antagonist and written by actor who played him, offers $20,000 free of income tax to the protagonist for every "dot" he allows to stop, where the "dots" are humans seen from the top of a Ferris wheel. Beginning with the line "I never knew the old Vienna," the protagonist meets with Baron Kurtz and Dr. Winkel, but they turn out to be members of the antagonist's racket, involving the dilution of penicillin. The movie ends with Anna Schmidt and Holly Martins leaving the second funeral of Harry Lime, though this time he isn't faking his own death. Featuring a screenplay by Graham Greene and starring Joseph Cotton and Orson Welles, this is, FTP, what Carol Reed-directed film noir that takes its title from a person who may or may not have been present at Lime's first death?.;;(The) Third Man
;;A story about a rector who confuses the words husband and wife while performing a wedding is told to the patrons of the Rainbow by Mr. Macey in this novel. The protagonist's penknife is used to frame him for theft and force him to leave Lantern Yard, and later a vial containing black opium proves just as fateful, causing Molly Farren to collapse in the snow on her way to the Red Room. She had planned to interrupt the courtship of Nancy Lammeter by Godfrey Cass by shaming him with the daughter she bore to him. Instead, that child wanders into a nearby hut and is adopted by the title character under the name Eppie. FTP, name this novel about the village of Raveloe and its weaver, written by George Eliot.;;Silas Marner
;;This author concluded "Since all must judge you more unkind / I starve your body, you my mind," in his poem "The Fair Beggar." This poet wrote "Thus richer then untempted Kings are we / That asking nothing, nothing need" in an ode addressed to Charles Cotton, "The Grasshopper." More notably, he wrote "That joyes so ripe, so little keepe" in a song set to music by Henry Lewes, "To Amarantha; that she would dishevel her haire," and addressed a poem beginning "Tell me not (Sweet) I am unkind" to another woman. FTP, name this Cavalier poet, who wrote "Stone walls do not a prison make, Nor iron bars a cage" in "To Althea, from Prison.".;;(Richard) Lovelace
;;During his first year of reign he appointed Nebwenenef as the high priest of Anhur, while later on he had a statue of himself erected at Tunip after he conquered that region and Katna. In his most famous military engagement, he bought into false intelligence that the enemy had retreated to Aleppo and subsequently got ambushed on a road in the Orontes Valley.  Despite the losses, this pharaoh would boast about his accomplishments over Muwatallis.  One of his wives, Merneptah, became his successor after his death, while he was preceded by his father Seti I.  Also responsible for the building of the Abu Simbel temple, FTP, identify this Egyptian Pharaoh and husband of Nefertari, who fought at Kadesh and is considered by many scholars to be the pharaoh at the time of the Exodus.;;Ramses II|The Great
;;Chapters in it include "Intuitionism", "The Problem of Unity" and one discussing the problem of the titular concept between different generations.  Its Duty and Obligation section addresses things like "The Role of Civil Disobedience", and the revised edition's introduction notes the difference in the title concept in welfare states and property-owning democracies.  Martha Nussbaum's "Women and Human Development" is one of many direct responses to this book, with others by Amartya Sen and Michael Sandel, along with a famous refutation premised on Entitlement Theory meant to justify the minimal state.  Though mentioned, the concept of Public Reason isn't expanded until the author's clarification of this work, the similarly titled "Justice as Fairness", where the author re-explains the difference principle, the liberty principle and the Veil of Ignorance.  FTP, identify this philosophical classic, a 1971 work by John Rawls.;;Theory of Justice
;;It is employed by the new titanium based toothbrush called soladey, which combat plaque by neutralizing the substance's protons.  In one experiment involving it, a circular zinc plate is attached to a gold leaf electroscope exposed to burning magnesium.  In another experiment, the lengths of sparks generated by an induction coil were found to have become smaller in darkness.  In addition to the work of Wilhelm Hallwachs and Heinrich Hertz, it is demonstrated in experiments where no detectable time lag is found, and kinetic energy is seen to be independent of intensity.  The cut-off frequency times Planck's constant is used to calculate the minimum energy needed for an electron to escape the surface, the work function.  FTP, name this phenomenon where electrons are emitted from matter after the absorption of packets of electromagnetic radiation, famously explained by Albert Einstein.;;photoelectric (effect)
;;The most recent notable example of one of these was found in February 2007 in a remote region of Cambodia. Herodotus relates that the pharaoh Psammetichus I ordered that two of them be created in order to determine the original language of mankind. More well known examples include the girls Amala and Kamala found in India in 1920 and Victor of Aveyron, who became the subject of 1970 film by Francois Truffaut. Due to the fact that only about 100 reliable cases are known to exist, a good deal of excitement usually follows when new ones are found.  Although rare in real life, fiction is filled with them, some of the most famous being Kipling's Mowgli and Burrough's Tarzan.  FTP, name these people often raised by animals who, cut off from the rest of humanity, exhibit a high degree of psychogenic dwarfism.;;Feral Children|Wild Children|(equilvalents(.))
;;One essay by this author identifies Zeno's paradox of Achilles and the tortoise and Browning's poem "Fears and Scruples" as Kafka's precursors. Another of this author's essays attempts to present "A New Refutation of Time," while one of his short stories follows Nils Runeberg, a theologian who believes that God's human form was Judas. His other protagonists include John Vincent Moon, who receives a crescent-shaped scar after betraying a comrade, and Ireneo Funes, a paralyzed invalid with an infallible memory. In addition to "Three Versions of Judas" and "The Shape of the Sword," he wrote a story about Yu Tsun, a German spy who shoots Stephen Albert. FTP, name this author of "The Garden of Forking Paths" and "The Library of Babel.".;;(Jorge) (Luis) Borges
;;Early in his career, this actor played General Maximilian Harmon as a guest star on The Man from U.N.C.L.E., and one of his better known dramatic performances was as John J. Adams in 1956's Forbidden Planet.  His last serious role saw him starring alongside Barbara Streisand and Richard Dreyfus in the not-very-seriously-titled film Nuts.  Since then, he's starred in forgettable comedy roles like Santa Claus in Santa Who? and as Ryan Harrison in a film where he's framed by a man with one eye, arm and leg.  In his role as President Harris, he gave orders to beat people up on suspicion that they're aliens and to unleash an alien death ray on the UN in Scary Movie 3 and 4.  In addition to starring in the literal travesty that was 2001: A Space Travesty, he brought his Police Squad! role to the big screen in three films and also starred as Special Agent WD-40 in Spy Hard.  Also the star of "Dracula: Dead and Loving It", FTP, surely you can name this actor who played Dr. Rumack in "Airplane" and Lt. Frank Drebin in "The Naked Gun".;;(Leslie) (William) Nielsen (OC) (as) (in) (Order) (of) (Canada)
;;This painting's background shows two different floral patterns - one in the green drapes and another in the brown wall-paper. Jewelry visible in this painting includes a gold bracelet with a black tassel and a black ribbon with a small pendant, all of which, along with an orchid, lead to the painting's controversiality. A woman that stands in this painting's foreground wears a pink dress, contrasting sharply both with her own skin color and the pale skin of the nude title character, who is reclining on a bed. For ten points, identify this Eduoard Manet painting depicting a courtesan, her cat and her black female servant.;;Olympia
;;Corradini, Guerra, and Cavallo recently discovered homogenous and octahedral complexes that produce compounds with microstructures very similar to those produced while using this complex. Borate anion dissociates from the agostic complex, allowing polymerization to commence on the active site in another similar advancement and termination of their reactions is usually by Beta-Hydrogen elimination. Methylaluminooxane is sometimes often used as a co-catalyst, behaving like a Lewis acid to abstract a halide. Producing no branching in a stereoselective process that creates either the isotactic or syndiotactic form of the polymer, this describes, FTP, what organomettalic complex which often contains titanium and aluminum that is named after a German and an Italian Chemist, a namesake polymerization.;;Ziegler(-)Natta (catalyst)|(complex)
;;One character in this novel falls down a mine shaft on his way to prove himself innocent of a crime he allegedly committed with another character's mother, thought the real culprit was eventually spirited away on a steamship by circus employees. Another character is constantly hounded by Mrs. Sparsit, who discovers her affair with the politician Harthouse. The central character's two children were allegedly corrupted by Sissy Jupe, who grew up with Louisa and Tom. The dissolution of Louisa's marriage to Josiah Bounderby makes Thomas realize that his facts-based educational system may have been flawed in, FTP, what novel about the Gradgrinds by Charles Dickens?.;;Hard Times
;;One of the first songs in this opera contains instructions to "grind the wheelstone" to let it "spatter fire and blood."  One of the central characters is begged to reconsider his actions in the aria "Un giuramento atroce," while another character's allegiance to the old King of Tartary is explained in the first act by Timur. Three ministers in this opera sing "Ola, Peng!" while preparing for either a wedding or a funeral, and those characters, Ping, Pang and Pong, later try to discover the name of its male lead. After hearing a command ordering that no one sleep, Calaf sings its aria "Nessun Dorma." FTP, name this final, unfinished opera by Puccini, about a namesake Chinese princess.;;Turandot
;;The Farmer-Labor ticket of Parley P. Christensen and Maximillian Sebastian Hayes placed fourth in the popular vote in this election, while the sitting Secretary of the Treasury, Carter Glass, made an unsuccessful bid for one of the major party's nominations.  The victorious Vice Presidential candidate had gained national attention for his role in the Boston Police Strike while serving as the Governor of Massachusetts.  One of the third party candidates in this election was supported by a May Day parade and was the subject of a Supreme Court case very similar to Schenck v. U.S.  Notably featuring Franklin Roosevelt as a losing vice presidential candidate, FTP, identify this election where an imprisoned Eugene Debs and Democratic candidate James M. Cox lost to Warren G. Harding.;;(U(.)S(.)) (Presidential) (Election) (of) 1920
;;It regulates the expression of cis-Nat genes in Arabidopsis, and its failure is the cause of the FMR1 mutation in fragile X syndrome.  Drosha and Pasha are proteins that disrupt exportin-mediated transport involved in this process, which leaves behind subcomponents that bind to foreign molecules and targets them for the RDE-1 nuclease.  Dicer cuts out the stem and loop structure of the double strand precursor to create a single strand template used by the RISC complex to repress translation or destroy messenger templates.  Earning a Nobel prize for Andrew Fire and Craig Mello, FTP name this naturally occurring gene silencing process also used by biologists to inhibit gene expression, often using micro RNA or siRNA.;;(RNA) interference
;;A shirtless, mustachioed man stands behind a closed yellow book in this artist's painting The Child's Brain. Two artichokes lie on a table below a clock and a moving train in his painting The Conquest of the Philosopher. A square, red building appears behind two classical sculptures with rounded, wooden heads in his painting The Disturbing Muses, while two figures are dwarfed by a gigantic white tower in his painting The Nostalgia of the Infinite. Another of his paintings features an ominous shadow emerging behind the building on the right and a girl rolling a hoop in the foreground. FTP, name this 20th century Italian painter of Mystery and Melancholy of a Street.;;(Giorgio) de Chirico|Nepo
;;A pet mockingbird was probably kept in this building's Southeast Piazza or Greenhouse, which was surrounded by two Venetian Porches.  Octagons were used to great effect in this building, such as in the Cabinet Room, and at one point this site contained a nail making factory run by Smith George.  Eagles and stars decorated the ceiling of its entrance hall, which drew inspiration from Palladio and also contained a bust of Voltaire and a famous engraving by John Trumbull.  The estate itself was purchased by Uriah P. Levy from its architect and most famous resident in 1834.  The 6,000 or so books contained in its library were eventually donated after damage to the Library of Congress in the War of 1812.  Coming from the Italian for "little mountain", FTP, identify this mansion designed and built by the 3rd President of the United States, Thomas Jefferson.;;Monticello
;;This novel's narrator cites Stanzas on Sex Hygiene as an example of poetry that performs a state service, and walks through fog before having illegal sex inside the Ancient House. That narrator later joins the Mephi Society, and is disturbed by the square root of negative one. All of the chapters of this novel are called "records", and nearly all the time of characters in this novel is officially dictated by the Table of Hours. The narrator undergoes an operation to remove his imagination after being led into a rebellion against the Benefactor by I-330. Narrated by D-503, a member of the One State, FTP, identify this dystopian novel by Yevgeni Zamyatin.;;We|My
;;Due to their icy composition, some of these objects such as 60588 Echeclus can be classified as both asteroids and comets due to their exhibition of coma. Although they possess a wide variety of colors making the classification of surface composition difficult, they are usually classified into two major color groups: very red and blue-grey.  None have ever been imaged by spacecraft, but there is evidence that Saturn's moon Phoebe may be a captured object of this type. Orbiting between Jupiter and Neptune, FTP, what icy planetoids, the best known of which is Chiron, and are named after half-men, half-horses from Greek mythology.;;Centaurs
;;This man reportedly entered the house of Count Doenhoff and threw his infant child across a room, beating his wife. In the town of Kargala, he set up a court, where associates such as Ovchinnikov and Zarubin took names of contemporaneous court figures, such as Chernyshev, who was defeated by this man after Kar. This man caught Shcherbatov by surprise at Osa, which led to his taking of Kazan, which led some to suggest moving the capital to Riga. Earlier, he had been defeated by Bibikov at Tatishchevo, but it was only at Tsaritsyn under the able hands of General Suvorov that this man was finally defeated. Leading a mix of Bashkirs and Yaiks, he was spared being drawn and quartered by the woman whose dead husband, Peter III, this man pretended to be. FTP, name this man who lead a peasant rebellion from 1773-1775 in Russia against Catherine the Great.;;(Emelian)|(Yemelian) Pugachev
;;He advocated the approach of a dog hunting fleas in his paper "The Application of Thought to Textual Criticism," and claimed that "to transfuse emotion" is the function of the title art in his 1933 Leslie Stephen lecture, The Name and Nature of Poetry. He said of the title group that "What God abandoned, these defended" in his "Epitaph on an Army of Mercenaries." After meeting Charon at the River Styx, he recalls his time at Oxford with Moses Jackson in Stoppard's The Invention of Love. The thought that "Fifty springs are little roomto look at things in bloom" prompts him to go "see the cherry hung with snow" in his poem "Loveliest of Trees, the Cherry Now." FTP, name this author whose poems "Terence, This Is Stupid Stuff," "When I Was One and Twenty," and "To an Athlete Dying Young," are found in his collection A Shropshire Lad.;;(Alfred) (Edward) Housman
;;One man of this surname attacked the Family Compact in the pages of his newspaper, the Colonial Advocate.  Another man of this surname used his connections with the editor of The Globe, George Brown, and the Pacific Scandal to come to power, wherein he established his country's Supreme Court.  The aforementioned Colonial Advocate editor wrote The Caroline Almanack while serving time in prison as for leading the northern portion of an 1837 rebellion also incited by Louis Joseph Papineau.  The first mayor of the city of Toronto shares this name with the second Prime Minister of Canada.  A failed expedition to find the Northwest Passage saw the discovery of "Disappointment River" by a third man of this surname.  FTP give this surname shared by William Lyon and Alexander, the namesake of Canada's longest river.;;Mackenzie
;;The title of one track on this album is a misspelling: "Kathy's Waltz" with a K is named after the bandleader's daughter, Cathy with a C.  Bill Clinton was purportedly inspired to pick up the saxophone by the alto player on this album, which was itself inspired by the band's trip of the Middle East and India.  The band's pianist/leader penned all but one of the tracks on this album, composing to make use of what he referred to as "all these sevens and nines."  Ironically, though, the most famous piece on the album was originally meant as a drum solo for Joe Morello; Paul Desmond, the piece's composer, ended up stealing the show with an alto sax solo in irregular time.  For 10 points, name this 1959 jazz recording by the Dave Brubeck Quartet, which includes such timeless pieces as "Blue Rondo a la Turk" and "Take Five.".;;Time Out
;;Among the languages spoken in this country is the language of Zaza, and sites that may be damaged by a notable project include Zeugma and Hasankeyf. Islands in this country include the Princes' Islands and Bozcaada (bose-jah-ah-dah), and the Sumela Monastery is located near the town of Macka (mahch-kah) in this country. Archaeological sites in this country include Ani, Aphrodisias, and Hierapolis, near the travertine cascades of Pamukkale. More famous are sites such as Mount Nemrut, Pergamum, and Mount Ararat. Home to cities such as Antalya, Izmir, and Istanbul, FTP, name this country with capital at Ankara.;;Turkey
;;The Shklovskii effect is a quadratic variant of this, and it produces a Gaussian spectral line profile through thermal broadening. The Ives-Stilwell experiment showed that the relativistic formula for this effect was correct, rather than the classical formula.  Hasselkamp, Mondry, and Scharmann's 1979 experiment was the first to directly test the transverse version of this effect, which classical predictions say should not exist.  First analyzed by Buys Ballot in the realm of the pitch of sound, FTP name this effect whose strength depends on the relative velocity between source and receiver, a namesake shift in the frequency of a wave as the source moves relative to the observer.;;Doppler (effect)|(shift)
;;This polity's institutions included required labor from artisans, and conscription or civil labor tied to holding certain lands, or the iskaru and ilku systems. The Scythian king Madyes helped raise a siege against its last ruler, Saracus, who allegedly set fire to himself and his capital.  Some 500 years earlier, its king reduced the kingdom of Hanigalbat to a province, founded the city of Calah and assumed the new name of Pulu when he defeated Ukin-zer.  One of its last rulers installed Psamtik as ruler of Egypt, and it suffered a reversal in its struggle against the Kassite rulers of a neighboring kingdom following the death of its ruler Tukulti-Ninurta I. It fell after the Babylonian king Nabopolassar and the Median king Cyaxares allied against it.  FTP, name this empire whose rulers included Sennacherib and Ashurbanipal, known for its capital of Nineveh.;;Neo(-)Assyrian (Empire)
;;His translation of the Hebrew Bible into German, an effort he referred to as "Germanification" because of its use of nonstandard phrasing, is still employed today by many German ministers because of its poetic language. Strongly influenced by the writings of Kant and Kierkegaard, particularly the latter's notion of "The Single One," he was a preeminent member of the cultural Zionist movement before he discovered Hasidim and devoted himself to translating Hasidic folktales. Name this modern Jewish philosopher, FTP, whom Martin Luther King Jr. cited in his "Letter from Birmingham Jail," relying heavily on this man's notion of "I-Thou.".;;(Martin) Buber
;;They include a boll weevil sex-attractant and the decalin beta-cadinene. Classified as mono-, sesqui-, and di- types according to the number of carbons ranging from 10 to 20, they are built from 2-methyl-1,3-butadiene units. Including the insecticide chrysanthemic acid, the peppermint oil menthol, norbornane camphor, and a Pacific yew tree derivative, taxol, which is used to treat cancer, they were first studied by Otto Wallach, whose impact on production of perfumes and flavors was recognized by a 1910 Nobel prize. Made up of isoprene units, FTP name these compounds present in plant oils.;;terpenes
;;The most famous ruler of this country won the Battle of Velbuzd in 1330 and married a princess of the nation defeated there, Helen. Theodore Metochites arranged the marriage of the five-year-old princess Simonis to one ruler of this country. One ruler of this country changed his title after capturing Serres, and a despot of Serres, John Ugljesa (oog-lye-sha), joined his brother in defeat at the battle of Chernomen. That leader, Vukashin, had a son who died at the battle of Rovine while allied with Mircea (meer-chuh) the Old of Wallachia. The most famous ruler of this land had the sobriquet "Silni," promulgated the Zakonik and allied with the Byzantine pretender John Cantacuzenus before conquering Albania and Macedonia. That king was succeeded by his son Urosh, and himself succeeded his father Milutin. Famously ruled by Stefan Dushan, under prince Lazar Hrebeljanovic it would suffer defeat by the Ottomans at the field of Kosovo. FTP, name this country whose modern day capital is Belgrade.;;Serbia
;;British musician Ian Clarke's writes primarily for this instrument - his "Zoom Tube" is notable for its use of nonstandard techniques such as multiphonics, quartertones, and actually singing into the instrument.  For fans of standard technique, one of the most important exercise books for this instrument was produced by Philippe Gaubert and Paul Taffanel. Two of these instruments play the opening of Smetana's "Die Moldau" from Ma Vlast, and one of these plays solo at the beginning of Debussy's Prelude to the Afternoon of a Faun. Treatises on this instrument were written by Boehm, who devised its modern fingering system, and by Quantz, a composer in the court of Frederick the Great. FTP, name this woodwind instrument whose modern practitioners include Jean-Pierre Rampal and James Galway.;;flute
;;The Knudsen relations and mixing diagrams are often used in determining nutrient budgets for these structures. Their magnification factors describe the effects of entrainment between their layers, and they exhibit non-geostrophic dynamics dominated by thermohaline forcing.  One type of them have a layer known as the halocline, while another type sees variance laterally thanks to the Coriolis effect.  They are categorized by circulation characteristics into classes including vertically homogeneous and salt wedge varieties.  They can form when a barrier island or sand bar builds up and provides partial shelter from the open sea, or when inundation of a former glacial valley produces a fjord. Mangrove colonies and salt marshes are typically associated with, FTP, these semi-enclosed structures that form where freshwater from a river mixes with seawater.;;estuary
;;One character in this work tells a story about the fictitious Charlie Walser, and is aggravated in an earlier scene by the sight of a carton of milk that is still sweating. Another character purchases a ten-foot backyard Per-Cola the morning after he checks into Charlie Goodnight's Del Rio Motor Court.  A third character in this work urges a gas station proprietor to treat a 1958 quarter with respect.  It sees Llewellyn Moss, played by Josh Brolin, try to protect himself and a satchel with two million dollars in it from the relentless Anton Chigurh.   A silenced shotgun and a compressed air cattle gun are also used in this film which takes its title from the first line of "Sailing to Byzantium".  Based on a Cormac McCarthy novel of the same name, FTP, name this 2007 film by the Coen Brothers, starring Javier Bardem.;;No Country for Old Men
;;One subplot in this novel concerns Old Grannis and Miss Baker, sixty-year-olds who only know of each other's existence through the wall separating their rooms. Another subplot focuses on Zerkow, an avaricious Jew who murders his Mexican wife Maria. The protagonist owns a concertina and a canary he keeps in a gold cage, and marries his wife after she wins five thousand dollars in a lottery. However, after Trina becomes covetous of her winnings, the title character beats her to death, although he ends up handcuffed to Marcus Schouler in Death Valley  Inspiring Erich von Stroheim's film Greed, FTP, name this novel about a San Francisco dentist, by Frank Norris.;;McTeague
;;This artist criticized the combined use of arches and columns, arguing that arches should instead be wall openings supported by piers.  He added a portico to Brunelleschi's Pazzi Chapel, while his work on the Saint Andrea church was not completed until the 18th century.  More famously, he took inspiration from San Miniato al Monte when designing the upper part of the Basilica di Santa Maria Novella, and for the same patron designed the Palazzo Rucellai.  His best known architectural work may be the Tempio Malatestiano, and he became known as the "Florentine Vitruvius" after he revived Roman principles on architecture in 1452's Ten Books on Architecture.  FTP, identify this Italian Renaissance architect who also wrote the influential 1436 work, On Painting.;;(Leone) (Battista) Alberti
;;One of them receives a book of spells from Logistilla and rides a horse which feeds on pure air and was born from wind and flame. One of them is executed after his nephew Pinabel is defeated in combat, widowing the Princess Bertha. One of them will shatter a marble table in the castle of Kronborg by pulling his beard free when he wakes from his magical slumber, while another dies when he sounds Oliphant and his head explodes. Duke Namo, the enchanter Maugris, and Archbishop Turpin are members of this group, together with the rider of the magic horse Bayard and the wielder of Durandal. Astolfo, Ogier the Dane and Rinaldo belong to, FTP, this group of 12 warriors in the court of Charlemagne.;;peers|paladins (of) (Charlemagne)
;;Dennis Kearny, as leader of a party named for one established by Robert Owen in 1829, pressed for passage of this act, though ironically his donut stand and the entire town of Mooneyville were destroyed two years after this act's passage. Three years after this act's successful passage, Isaiah Washington and fifteen others were arrested for their parts in the Rock Springs Massacre. In a case later cited in Afroyim v. Rusk and Plyler v. Doe, the court ruled that this act did not apply to a certain cook returning from a trip, despite the dissents of Chief Justice Fuller and Harlan. Criticized by George Frisbee Hoar, it was renewed by the Geary Act and repealed by the Magnuson Act, and encouraged by the Workingman's Party and the Supreme Order of Caucasians. FTP, name this act signed by Chester A. Arthur into law which sought to keep a certain ethnic group out of America.;;Chinese Exclusion Act (of) (1882)
;;The central character of this novel is comforted for a time by the ghost of a Native American woman named Morning Light. In one scene, a bunch of chickens disappear into a hole in the ground after attacking each other so furiously that they produce a tornado. The kindly Dr. John Brown rescues the central character from a dovecote on the central ranch after she has a breakdown. The central character's older sister Gertrudis flees from a shower and is swept up naked onto horseback by a soldier after eating a dish of quail in rose-petal sauce. A family tradition prohibiting the youngest de la Garza daughter from marrying keeps Pedro Muzquiz and Tita apart in, FTP, this novel whose chapters begin with recipes, written by Laura Esquivel.;;Like Water for Chocolate(:) (A) (Novel) (in) (Monthly) (Installments(,)) (with) (Recipes(,)) (Romances) (and) (Home) (Remedies)|Como agua para chocolate(:) (novela) (de) (entregas) (mensuales) (con) (recetas(,)) (amores(,)) (y) (remedios) (caseros)
;;This party once called for a "well-regulated currency", "protective tariff", and "single term for the president".  Willie Person Magnum and Hugh Lawson White were among the presidential candidates of this party who ran in a 1836 attempt to deny Martin Van Buren the presidency.  Later members of this party would oppose the Compromise of 1850, and in the Election of 1856, this party ran Millard Fillmore.  Their name came from a term associated with Americans who supported the Revolution, and they championed concepts like Congressional supremacy over the Executive Branch.  Formed in opposition to Andrew Jackson, FTP, identify this political party that elected Zachary Taylor and William Henry Harrison.;;Whig
;;The Duke of Hamilton manned river fortresses to allow this battle to take place, and it constituted the first real test for a reorganized force that featured four artillery pieces attached to each battalion.  The victorious general arrayed his troops with their backs to the Loberbach River and a treeline, having earlier marched from a beachhead at Peenemunde.  The impetus for the conflict was an effort to oust John George I, whose Saxon troops pussied out and caused the left flank of the eventual victors to be exposed.  Pappenheim's inability to make a dent with his cavalry allowed the hakkapelitta to capture the enemy's field guns, while the defending general used his reserves to repulse the flank and smash the advancing line of the Catholic League.  Seeing the massacre of most of Tilly's forces and preceding Lutzen and Lech, FTP, identify this 1631 clash which marked the rise of Gustavus Adolphus and the opening of the Swedish phase of the Thirty Years War.;;(Battle) (of) Breitenfeld
;;This artist depicted an adolescent wearing a brown chaperon in profile in Portrait of a Young Man, and portrayed a crowd gathering around a naked man kneeling on a white sheet next to several skulls in Resurrection of the Son of Theophilus. This painter of the Cascia Altarpiece took over from his teacher Masolino to paint a cycle of frescoes about St. Peter for the Brancacci Chapel. He also painted an angel clad in red brandishing a sword over two sorrowful naked figures, and a saint reaching into the mouth of a fish in order to pay a tax collector the title currency. FTP, name this artist of Expulsion from the Garden of Eden, The Holy Trinity, and The Tribute Money.;;Masaccio|(Tomasso) Cassai
;;In one short story by this author, a schizophrenic king becomes agitated when his palace turns into a giant ear, while in another, three characters are enraptured by an odor that turns out to be death. Those stories, "The King Listens" and "The Name, the Nose," appear in Under the Jaguar Sun, a collection structured similarly to this author's collection t zero. This author created an index divided into three numeric levels of experience in his novel Mr. Palomar, and used tarot cards to guide the narration of The Castle of Crossed Destinies. William Weaver has translated most of the works of this author, who also wrote a novel about the relationship between the Reader and the Other Reader interspersed with ten different opening chapters. FTP, identify this Italian author of If on a Winter's Night a Traveler.;;(Italo) Calvino
;;A figure paradoxically held to be the brother of both this figure and his grandson was driven into the sea by Wichama. This being is responsible for the destructive event known as ono pacakoti, after which the world was repopulated by the offspring of Inti, his son. This god, with a name meaning "sea foam," has servants known as suncasapa, or bearded ones. Aymara tradition holds that he walked away across the Pacific Ocean after seeing the plight of Manco Capac's descendents. FTP, name this sun and storm god, the supreme deity of the Inca pantheon.;;Viracocha
;;One character in this movie is reassigned to Pearl Harbor after decoding a message about a bet on the Preakness. Another character becomes suspicious when he learns of a mysterious military unit called eComCon located at a secret base in El Paso. A confession signed by Admiral Barnswell and the death of Paul Girard confirm Colonel Jiggs Casey's warning of a conspiracy against President Jordan Lyman, which is caused by the ratification of a nuclear disarmament treaty with the Soviet Union. Starring Kirk Douglas and Burt Lancaster, and with a screenplay by Rod Serling, FTP, identify this 1964 John Frankenheimer film in which General James Mattoon Scott attempts to lead a military coup to overthrow the US Government, named for a time period of a certain month.;;Seven Days in May
;;This character is fond of wearing a dressing gown of Persian cloth, and is entranced by the elbows of Agafya Pshenitzyn, who eventually marries him. He is continually cheated by Tarantyev, who offers to look over his estates only to pocket most of his money, and he marvels at the triple-bearded prowess of his servant Zakhar. This character changes his ways after falling in love with Olga, but after he returns to his old lifestyle, she marries his more energetic friend Andrei Shtolts. At the beginning of the novel named for him, this character resolves to get out of bed, only to spend the next one hundred pages lying in it. FTP, identify this Russian aristocrat whose inactivity is chronicled in a novel by Ivan Goncharov.;;(Il'ia) (Il'ich) Oblomov
;;This person composed his first opera, The Revoke, under the influence of his teacher Charles Stanford. At the age of eighteen, he composed the two-act operetta Lansdown Castle, and his late works include Hammersmith and The Dream City. He commemorated William Morris in the second movement of his Cotswold Symphony, and his operas Sita and Satrivi were inspired by his interest in Hindu lore. After finishing his Hymn to Dionysus and St. Paul's Suite, he began a work beginning with a dissonant march in 5/4 time, which contains sections subtitled "The Magician" and "The Mystic." FTP, name this composer of a seven-movement suite including "Mars, the Bringer of War," The Planets.;;(Gustav) Holst
;;In his autobiography, I Wonder as I Wander, this man recounted meeting Arthur Koestler in Turkmenistan, where they discussed his poem "A New Song." Arnold Rampersad won a Pulitzer for his biography of this author, who was investigated by the House Un-American Activities Committee for his poem "Goodbye Christ." This author of "Let America Be America Again" wrote "kill him, and let his soul run wild" in his poem "Genius Child," and created the comic character Jesse B. Semple. Other poems by this author describe the sound of a "drowsy, syncopated tune," and wonder if a certain entity "stink[s] like rotten meat" or "drie[s] up like a raisin in the sun." FTP, identify this Harlem Renaissance poet of "The Weary Blues" and "The Negro Speaks of Rivers.".;;(Langston) Hughes
;;A relation between covering and the number of generators for a specific type of this object containing cosets is Abhyankar's Conjecture. Sometimes defined as invertible monids, these structures are called topological if they have the Hausdorff topology and are continuous. Their character, sometimes known as the trace, is equal for ones in the same conjugacy class. The order of one contained in another must divide the order of the containing one according to Lagrange's lemma. These are named for Lie [LEE] when their operation is smooth.  They're not rings, but when they commute, they are called Abelian.  FTP, name these mathematical structures, sets of elements and operations that are closed and associative and have an identity and inverses.;;groups
;;In one scene in this novel, the narrator imagines having a seizure after seeing a massive group of fish become stuck near the shore at night. A commentary on this work's composition makes up a significant part of its author's memoir The Names. The protagonist meets Reverend John in this novel's second section, The Priest of the Sun, along with Milly and Ben Benally after arriving in Los Angeles following a prison stint for stabbing an albino. Ending with the burial of the protagonist's grandfather Francisco, it focuses on Abel, a Kiowa Indian who returns to New Mexico after World War II. FTP, identify this work of Native American literature, a novel by N. Scott Momaday.;;House Made of Dawn
;;A work by Gunter Grass depicts Bertolt Brecht preparing an adaptation of this play. One major female character declares that anger is her meat, while a scene on a highway features a dialogue between Adrian and Nicanor. In one scene, the protagonist draws his sword in order to face an angry mob by himself, but is persuaded to change his mind and go home. While his wife Virgilia waits at home, the protagonist is persuaded by Volumnia, his mother, to call off his assault with Aufidius the Volscian. Ending with the death of the titular Roman Caius Marcius, FTP, identify this play about a Roman General.;;Coriolanus
;;A battle named after this body essentially ended its nation's war of independence, and it is the second oldest in the world.  Prolific eutrophication in the form of duckweed poses significant threat to its ecosystem, unique for the small saline percentage of this body due to a narrow strait to the north.  Its primary outlet is spanned by the Rafael Urdaneta bridge, and it is primarily fed by the Catatumbo River.  A poorly-made dike was constructed to prevent damage due to this lake sinking significantly, a result of massive amounts of oil being removed.  With a basin accounting for two thirds of its nation's oil supply, FTP, identify this largest lake of South America, located in Venezuela.;;(Lake) Maracaibo
;;The lobby of this building is decorated with gold tesserae, and includes a painting of a man counting dimes and allegories of commerce and labor. The Romanesque lobby may be contrasted with the terracotta exteriors and gargoyles that made it a pioneer of the Gothic Revival style. Alfred Mullett's downtown post office building once stood across from this structure, which nows faces City Hall Park. Specifically ordered to surpass the height of the Metropolitan Life Tower, it became known as the "Cathedral of Commerce." This building extends from Barclay Street to Park Place along Broadway, and was designed by Cass Gilbert. FTP, name this onetime world's tallest building, the New York headquarters of a discount-retail magnate that went bankrupt in the 1990s.;;(the) Woolworth Building
;;A particularly graphic example of his diplomatic ineptitude occurred when this man interrupted a diplomatic meeting to urinate on Lunodi, Shanyu of the Xiongnu, and he also forced his son to commit suicide after that son accidentally killed a servant.  His Confucian background led him to use an albino chicken to get himself made Duke of Anhan, and he also utilized the Heavenly Stems system and unpopularly renamed China's geography.  His enforcement of the Sloth tax prompted the rebellion of Mother Lu and Fan Chong, who joined in the Chimei or Red Eyebrow revolt.  Famous for populist reforms like reintroducing the Well Fields system and his imposition of an income tax, he rose to power by manipulating child emperors of the Liu family before being supplanted by Emperor Guangwu, who kept his head in a vault.  FTP, identify this royal usurper whose creation of the Xin dynasty in 9 AD interrupted the rule of the Han.;;Wang (Mang)|Jujun
;;This body is largely redundant as approximately one tenth of its volume can adequately serve its function, a fact exploited by Whipple's operation. Abnormal stomach parietal cell activity may be symptomatic of Zollinger-Ellison syndrome, a disfunction of cells in this organ. Cholecystokinin is actually a form of its namesake hormone. The grape-like clustering of its secretory cells leads to their being called acinar cells.  It empties via the ducts of Santorini of Wirsung into the duodenum.  FTP, name this endocrine organ perhaps best known as the sites of the islets of Langerhans, which produce glucagon and insulin.;;(the) pancreas
;;Johan Jongkind was inspired by his experiences with this event to write a treatise on bridges. Emile Zola described it in The Masterpiece, which includes accounts of Guillaumin's Sunset at Ivry and a work by Fantin-Latour. Spurred by the obstinacy of the Hanging Committee, this event included a depiction of Joanna Hiffernan, The White Girl, and was fully funded by Napoleon III. A venue for artists like Whistler and Manet, it served as the premiere for Luncheon on the Grass. FTP, identify this 1863 exhibition named for the Paris Salon's dismissal of paintings it deemed objectionable.;;(1863) Salon de Refuses|Salon of the Rejected|(anything) (that) (implies) (people) (got) (rejected)
;;One work written in reaction to this novel centers around the conflict between Captain Porgy and the more mercenary Colonel Moncrieff and McKewn. Another work written in reaction to this book focuses on Eulalia Hastings, whose views are changed after marrying Mr. Moreland. In addition to The Sword and the Distaff and The Planter's Northern Bride, another novel opposing this work describes the title character's sufferings in Buffalo and Canada, and is titled this novel "as it is." Its author later wrote "a key to" this novel, which ends with the family of George Harris moving to Liberia and George Shelby freeing his slaves. Based on the autobiography of Josiah Henson, FTP, name this anti-slavery novel by Harriet Beecher Stowe.;;Uncle Tom's Cabin
;;Al Gore reportedly made him settle for the position of Undersecretary of International Affairs rather than Chairman of the White House Council of Economic Advisers when Clinton took office, although he'd later take on a higher position vacated by his mentor.  This man got into trouble by signing off on a document leaked to the Economist that argued because people in "LDC's" had a shorter lifespan anyway, it would be to the benefit of developing countries to take on pollution of richer countries.  That "Let Them Eat Pollution" memo did him in at the World Bank, while in another position he was hurt for allegedly showing favoritism to Andrei Shleifer and for criticizing African-American professor Cornel West.  Also the successor to Robert Rubin as Treasury Secretary, he was replaced by Drew Gilpin Faust after asserting that, in the fields of science and engineering, there was inherent inequality between the sexes.  FTP, name this ex-president of Harvard University.;;(Lawrence) (Henry) (Larry) Summers
;;A recent work by Deepak Lal is titled "reviving" this concept, and a paper by E. K. Hunt and Ralph D'Arge posited a similar concept leading people who attempt to maximize their utility to impose externalities on society. This concept was first used to criticize polytheists who ascribe the "irregular events of nature" to gods like Jupiter in The History of Astronomy. In Making Globalization Work, Joseph Stiglitz argues for the nonexistence of this concept, which notably appeared in another work's section "Of Systems of Political Economy." That section describes an individual who "intends only his own security" by supporting domestic over foreign industry, and is led by this concept to "promote an end which was no part of his intention." FTP, name this concept that individuals promote the good of the market by pursuing their own interests, introduced in The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith.;;(the) invisible hand
;;The Kompaneets equation describes the time evolution of the energy distribution of particles that have participated in this process. The y-parameter was introduced by Sunyaev and Zeldovich, who studied the inverse type of this phenomenon in the cosmic microwave background. The Klein-Nishina formula calculates the differential cross section for this phenomenon, which reduces to a Thomson process in the limit of low photon energies. The change in wavelength that occurs in this process depends as the cosine of the angular change of the affected photon's direction.  FTP identify this process in which a photon collides with an electron, resulting in a decrease in its energy.;;Compton (effect)|(scattering)
;;The Annals, one of the main sources for this battle, record that some 1900 cattle as well as 2 gold and 892 regular chariots were taken from the loser at the conclusion of the siege following this battle.  13 years later, in the 33rd year of his reign, the victorious commander would expand on his success at this battle by directly attacking the kingdom of Mitanni.  While marching the 250 miles to the Qina valley before this battle, the attacking commander dangerously led his army in a single column through the middle, surprise route of Aruna.  It was precipitated by revolt resulting from the weak rule of Hatshepsut, the pharaoh proceeding the commander who launched the attack.  Commemorated on the walls a Temple devoted to Amon, FTP, identify this earliest recorded battle in history, a victory in modern day Syria of Thutmose III which shares its name with where King Josiah was killed by Necho II and where the Battle of Armageddon will supposedly be fought.;;(Battle)|(Siege) (of) Megiddo
;;Warning: First and last name required.  One author with this first and last name wrote Cynarctomachy, or Battle Between Bear and Dogs, and satirized Sir Paul Neale in his poem "The Elephant on the Moon." That author was influenced by Paul Scarron's Virgile travesti to write a mock-heroic poem satirizing Presbyterians and independents, which originated a namesake style of verse. Anther author with this first and last name attacked Darwin's theory of evolution in Life and Habit and Luck or Cunning?, and wrote a bildungsroman about Ernest Pontifex. That author also wrote a satirical novel about Higgs, who discovers a utopian society in New Zealand. FTP, identify this first and last name of the 17th century author of Hudibras and the Victorian author of The Way of All Flesh and Erewhon.;;Samuel Butler
;;A gating theory of this was given by Melzack and Wall, who implicate the dorsolateral tract of Lissauer between spinal segments of Rexed lamina V.  It is lost in Brown-Sequard syndrome, and potentiated by the action of bradykinin on TRP channels.   The perception of it is inhibited by the action of periaqueductal gray, and a study by Liem et. al. claims that redheads are more susceptible to the thermal type.  The fast acute type travels via A-delta fibers toward the dorsal horn, while the dull slow type travels via C fibers.  Divided into cutaneous, visceral, somatic, or neuropathic forms, it results from stimulation of nociceptors.  This is, FTP what sensation defined as an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with tissue damage or injury?.;;pain
;;One song by this band notes that "America spells competition, join us in our blind ambition / Get yourself a brand new motor car" and begins by welcoming the listener to "The Grand Illusion." One of their albums focuses on Jonathan Chance's quest to save rock and roll from the oppression of Dr. Righteous, and includes the single "Don't Let it End." The vocalist on one of their songs sees a "gathering of angels" appear above his head before climbing "aboard their starship and heading to the skies," while the singer of another of their songs exclaims "The time has come at last, to throw away this mask," after thanking the title automaton in Japanese. Led by Dennis DeYoung, FTP, name this band behind "Come Sail Away" and "Mr. Roboto," named for a river from the Greek underworld.;;Styx
;;In Sudanese mythology, a son of the supreme deity Gurian Tunggal takes the form of a black one of these creatures to protect a princess. In the Popol Vuh, the half-brothers of Xbalanque and Hunapu are transformed into these creatures after getting stuck in a tree. One of these creatures always gains half the strength of his enemy in a fight and is supplanted as ruler of Kishkindha by his brother Sugriva. Another of these creatures tries to eat the sun and has his tail set on fire by Ravana. Another one of them knows the ways of seventy-two transformations and spitefully eats peaches of immortality; he is forced to repent by helping a monk obtain Buddhist scriptures in a Chinese epic.  FTP, identify these creatures, examples of which include Hanuman and Journey to the West's Sun Wukong.;;monkeys|(apes(,)) (I) (guess)
;;He wrote about Nidia and Luci, sisters in the twilight of their lives, in his novel Tropical Night Falling. He wrote about Josemar, who fantasizes about being a perpetual adolescent, in Blood of Requited Love, and portrayed a series of conversations between Larry and Ramirez in New York City in Eternal Curse on the Reader of These Pages. This author went into permanent exile from his home country after writing The Buenos Aires Affair, and also wrote a novel about Toto, a boy who escapes reality through Hollywood films, and a novel about the relationship between the prisoners Molina and Valentin. FTP, name this author of Betrayed by Rita Hayworth and Kiss of the Spider Woman.;;(Manuel) Puig
;;The victorious forces in this battle were probably positioned along the woods of Nouaille during the first day of fighting here, and a pivotal moment came at Champ Alexandre following an unsuccessful charge by the losing commander.  Denis Morbeke was one of two men who claimed to have captured that commander, and near the Moisson river at this site, the Earl of Warwick was able to execute his own capture of Arnold d'Audrehem.  The lack of success of the Dauphin's infantry led the Duke of Orleans to flee from this battle.  Four years after this battle, vast regions of territory were surrendered including Rouergue and Gascony by Treaty of Bretigny, and it came on the heels of a similar loss at Crecy.  Seeing Edward the Black Prince defeat and capture King John II, FTP, identify this early defeat for the French in the Hundred Years War, made possible by the longbow.;;(Battle) (of) Poitiers
;;This name is given to a song cycle for tenor, seven obbligato instruments, and string orchestra by Benjamin Britten. Poulenc wrote a set of eight of these, of which the last is a "coda to the cycle" and for which titles include "Dance of the Girls" and "The Bells of Malines." Samuel Barber wrote one for solo piano in homage to the Irish composer credited with creating this musical form. This name is also given to a set of three orchestral pieces, including one that depicts the "unchangeable appearance of the sky" and another that features a wordless female chorus, written by Debussy. Chopin wrote 21 of these pieces for solo piano soon after they were first composed by John Field. FTP, identify this musical form which evokes the tranquil mood of the evening.;;nocturnes
;;This event includes a discussion of a wicked character who asks "what does all this mean to you?" This event concludes with the Nirtzah, and its most popular part is usually the Shulchan Orekh. Participants in this event use their fingertips to remove ten drops of wine from their cups, and the youngest person at this event sings the Four Questions, also known as Mah Nishtanah. This event is associated with symbols like karpas, charoset, and maror, and features the reading of the Hagaddah, and the hiding of the Afikomen, which means "dessert," but is only a piece of matzah. Commemorating the exodus of the Jews from Egypt, FTP, name this meal eaten on the first and second days of Passover.;;(the) (Passover) Seder
;;This period saw the once dominant armored placoderm replaced with a wide diversity of sharks.  During this period, Gondwana collided with Laurussia while southern Gondwanaland was glaciated, although that glaciation may have been a holdover from an earlier time.  It saw the development of the amnoite egg, which allowed for extended dominance over land by some tetrapods.  Trilobites were rare during this period but crinoids and gastropods were numerous and there were also many species of Eurypterids flourishing.  It saw the appearance of bark-bearing trees and an overabundance of plants made the oxygen levels significantly higher allowing the evolution of giant-sized insects.  Divided into the Pennsylvanian and Mississippian, FTP identify this last period of the Paleozoic Era, which started about 359.2 million years ago and which was named for the large amount of coals beds dating to that period.;;Carboniferous (period)
;;This composer parodied a sonatina by Clementi in his Sonatine bureaucratique, and composed the ballet Uspud in his early Rosicrucian period. John Cage's 4'33'' was inspired by a piece by this composer requiring 840 repetitions of a single theme, Vexations. He incorporated parts of Symposium, Phaedrus, and Phaedo in his three-act symphonic drama Socrate, and directed the pianist to "be clairvoyant" and play "with amazement" in a set of pieces named for an ancient Greek dance. FTP, name this French composer of Flabby Preludes For a Dog and Desiccated Embryos as well as seven Gnossiennes and three Gymnopedies.;;(Erik) Satie
;;Their probable ancestors, natively referred to as Hisatsinom, are divided by contemporary scholars into three different Lake Basketmaker periods.  The first European to make contact with them was probably Juan de Padilla while serving on Coronado's 1540 expedition.  Along with a neighboring tribe, they'd come into conflict with the Peabody Coal Company in the 20th century.  Many of their religious ceremonies take place inside deep caves called kivas, and they also celebrate with dolls called katchinas.  Following the arrival of the Spaniards, they faced increased tensions with their neighbors the Navajo.  Their settlement of Old Oraibi was founded in 1100 CE, making it the oldest continuously occupied settlement in the United States.  One of the Pueblo People and descendants of the Anasazi, FTP, identify this Native American tribe famous for their cultivation of short eared corn in places like Black Mesa, Arizona.;;Hopi (Indians)
;;In one of this author's works, Alfredo Traps hangs himself after four retired officials accuse him of murdering his boss. He wrote about the suppression of the Anabaptists in his first play, It is Written, and described a choice faced by the last Roman emperor in Romulus the Great. This member of the Gruppe Olten wrote novels like The Judge and His Hangman, as well as a play about patients in a sanatorium run by Mathilde von Zahnd who believe themselves to be Newton, Einstein, and Mobius. In another of his plays, Claire Zachanassian bribes the town of Gullen into murdering Alfred Ill. FTP, identify this Swiss playwright of The Physicists and The Visit.;;(Friedrich) Durrenmatt
;;This painting was commissioned by Jonathan Sturges, and its name comes from the last line of a Keats sonnet beginning "O solitude! if I must with thee dwell." One figure in this painting wears a light brown hat and coat, holds a red book, and points to the background, while another figure holds his hat in his hands and leans on a cane. Those figures stand under the branch of a tree on the left, while the background depicts water rushing through a rocky gorge. Painted in 1849, it portrays two of the artist's friends standing on a ledge in the Catskills. FTP, name this landscape painting depicting William Cullen Bryant and Thomas Cole, a work by Asher Durand.;;Kindred Spirits
;;A ligand containing it as its central atom dissociates from rhodium(I) ["rhodium-one"] in the catalytic mechanism of Wilkinson's catalyst. It is found in a four-membered ring with sulfur in Lawesson's reagent, and this element nucleophilically attacks nitrogen in the Staudinger reaction and the Mitsunobu reaction.  It was discovered in 1669 by German alchemist Hennig Brand where is was prepared through a sample of his own urine.  Existing as both red and white allotropes, FTP, identify this nonmetallic element that is found below nitrogen as element number 15 on the periodic table.;;phosphorus|P
;;At one point in this work, a woman asks the protagonist for his name, and he replies that "it doesn't matter."  They subsequently meet in a garden inhabited by frozen people in suits, then meet again in a drawing room where a card game is frozen, where the woman comments that "you never seemed to be waiting for me but we kept meeting each other at each turn."  Ending with one character losing herself completely in leaving the titular place with the protagonist, it is based on The Invention of Morel by Adolfo Bioy Casares.  This film begins with X asking A if she remembers the affair they may or may not have had at some time and place, but she does not, and they are interrupted by M, a man who might be A's husband.  Starring Delphine Seyreg, this is, FTP which dreamlike French New Wave film written by Alain Robes-Grillet and directed by Alain Resnais, whose protagonist claims to have seen his lover previously in the gardens of Frederiksbad?.;;Last Year at Marienbad|L'annee derniere a Marienbad
;;One character's body mysteriously disappears and his clothes ask to be left alone in this work, while another character sees his head chopped off and joined back again to his body. Another character witnesses the sixth proof of God's existence when Berlioz's head is chopped off by a trolley, and is taken to an insane asylum after hilariously chasing some people. Azazello, Koroviev, Behemoth and others play more tricks on Moscow residents as Ivan Nikolaevich Bedzomny meets one of the title characters, who aspired to write a book about the death of Yeshua Ha-Nozri at the hands of Pontius Pilate. That story is initially narrated by Woland, who is actually Satan in disguise. FTP, identify this novel in which the title woman sells her soul to be with the other nameless title character, a work by Mikhail Bulgakov.;;(The) Master and Margarita|Master i Margarita
;;Meso versions of these compounds yield beta-amino alcohols in the presence of Antimony (III) Chloride catalysts when reacted with aromatic amines, while Jung and Murphy studied the use of Tungsten hexachloride to form trans-vicinal dichlorides from them. A dimethyloxosulfonium methylide is used to synthesize these compounds from carbonyl compounds via the Johnson-Corey-Chaykovsky reaction, and they can be produced enantioselectively from allylic alcohols through the Sharpless reaction. Alkenes react with mCPBA to form these compounds via a "butterfly mechanism," but they can be more commonly synthesized by an intramolecular SN2 reaction in a halohydrin. The high bond-angle strain in these compounds makes them susceptible to ring opening under strong acidic or basic conditions. For 10 points, identify this class of ethers which feature 3-member rings.;;epoxides|oxiranes
;;One ruler of this name, known as "The Wealthy," took Crestonia and Bisaltia, along with the silver mines of Mt. Dysorus in the 5th century BC. Another ruler of this name had a son Antiochus VI, for whom Tryphon posed as a regent, married Cleopatra Thea, daughter of Ptolemy VI of Egypt, and appointed Jonathan Maccabeus high priest of Judah. That man was defeated by Demetrius II Nicator, and had claimed to be the son of Antiochus IV Epiphanes, was also known as Balas. Another ruler of this name attempted to live up to his namesake but failed in a campaign and was called back to fight against the Alemanni, where he died. That man was dominated by his grandmother, Julia Maesa, and was succeeded by Maximinus Thrax. Another ruler of this name saw his rival killed by men including Nabarzanes, Barsaentes, and Oxyarthes, and lived through a mutiny at Opis and the treachery of his treasurer Harpalos, also sending Nearchus on an expedition into the Persian Gulf. FTP, name this name held most famously by a victor at the Hydaspes and Gaugamela, who defeated Darius III and earned the epithet "the Great.".;;Alexander
;;He once complained to his lord that, like the star Sirius, he was not worshipped by name, which led to Sirius getting whipped by the demon Apaosha. His companion Verethragna once helped him to kill a boar, and other companions included Rashnu and Ashi, who guided this deity's chariot. Georges Bataille's essay about him provided some inspiration for the hat-wearing figure in Pablo Picasso's Crucifixion. His namesake festival was said to be founded after the hero-king Freton used a club to kill the dragon Azhdahak and was the only day of the year the king of his land was permitted to be inebriated. He was believed to have sprung from the Cosmic Egg holding the Sword of Truth and the Torch of Light at Housesteads on Hadrian's Wall by his ascetic Roman followers, who obtained their beliefs from their trade with the Persians. For 10 points, identify this Iranian god of the sun, whose followers often worshiped in caves and included many Roman soldiers.;;Mithras
;;This man attempted to replace Smith Thompson with a man who had served as special prosecutor during the murder case of William Morgan and whose son was executed for his role in the Somers mutiny, which occurred during this president's time in office. He envisioned a tripartite treaty which would have ceded San Francisco and Monterey to the US and Caleb Cushing helped to negotiate the Treaty of Wangxia during his presidency. Edward Everett, his minister to Britain, helped keep the British out of the Sandwich Islands, though the deaths of David Gardiner, Thomas Gilmer, and Abel Upshur happened in a notable tragedy during this man's presidency, the USS Princeton incident. Governor Samuel King was able to put down the revolt of Thomas Dorr and the Webster-Ashburton Treaty was the crowning achievement of Secretary of State Daniel Webster during this man's presidency. Most famous for signing the bill annexing Texas, FTP, name this "accidental" Virginian president who succeeded the late William Henry Harrison and served from 1841-1845.;;(John) Tyler(,) (Jr(.))
;;In a poem titled "The Beggars" that appears in this collection, the author says that "our wisdom is to trample them under, to harry the breed in sties of contempt", while the second poem in the collection set in "the twilight of the iguana" describes activities of "Some Beasts" of the jungle. Another poem states that the titular entity "reserved for itself" "the heartlands and coasts of America," and established the "tyrannical reign of the flies." That poem, "The United Fruit Co.," appears along with "Standard Oil Co." in "The Sand Betrayed," while its most famous section addresses an Incan ruin and is called "The Heights of Machu Picchu." FTP, identify this collection of poetry which discusses the essence of South America, a work by Pablo Neruda.;;Canto General
;;Gerhard Ritter wrote a Critique of a Myth about this in 1956, while Hermann Stegemann's contemporary chronicle made no mention of it.  Instead, it was brought into the popular psyche by histories written by men like Wolfgang Forester and Hermann von Kuhl.  It was correctly anticipated by Yuri Danilov who proposed, under pressure from his allies, to use not only fortifications but expeditions of some 19 corps of his troops to counteract it.  Ferdinand Foch devised one of its principle counterparts, which foolishly relied on the "elan" and resulted in the unsuccessful attempt to take Alsace and Lorraine in a campaign later dubbed the Battle of the Frontiers.  It was effectively ended after General Moltke isolated his troops from the front line and the Race to the Sea proved indecisive.  Calling for a quick offensive through Belgium into northern France and foiled in part by the quick mobilization of Russian forces and a French victory at the Battle of the Marne, FTP, identify this German strategy for winning World War I, named for a German field marshal.;;(von) Schlieffen Plan
;;This phenomenon is responsible for constraints such as relaxation enhancements in determining the solution structures of molecules that exhibit it, and Commoner et al. used it to detect free radicals in biological systems by employing its namesake refinement strategy.  The weakest form of this effect, named after Pauli, occurs when electrons are delocalized throughout the solid, and it follows Weiss's law, which includes an interaction term that is attenuated by thermal motion.  It occurs in elements with unpaired electrons, and liquid oxygen is a well known material exhibiting this property.  Occuring in ferromagnets below the Curie point, FTP identify this phenomenon that occurs when a material becomes temporarily magnetized in parallel with a magnetic field, and is contrasted from diamagnetism.;;paramagnetism
;;The title song of this album begins after a man claims "and disciplinary remains mercifully" and a woman wonders "Yes, now what would you take of this star nonsense?", while that track begins with a man sighing and clearing his throat.  Fred Durst and Wes Borland covered that title track for the America: A Tribute to Heroes post-9/11 performance, while a nine part song in the vein of the earlier "Atom Heart Mother" begins and ends this album.  Another song on this album describes a man who "always ate in the Steak Bar" and "loved to drive his Jaguar," and the cover of this album features a businessman shaking hands with his doppelganger, who is on fire.  It contains the songs "Shine On You Crazy Diamond," "Welcome to the Machine," and "Have a Cigar."  FTP, name this album whose title track claims "we're just two lost souls swimming in a fish bowl, year after year," an album critical of the music industry by Pink Floyd, released between Dark Side of the Moon and Animals.;;Wish You Were Here
;;Quotes from a work of Henry Callaway are placed between the chapters in this novel. The protagonist puzzles over the placement of some chestnut trees and takes a redeye flight on which he sexually assaults a passive Portuguese girl. This work's protagonist has trouble understanding his gay son Terry, whose fashion sweaters he gives to his employees, including Jacobus. The title character discusses the poet Roy Campbell with his lover, Antonia, who leaves the country after being detained by the police. A flood disinters the body of a "city slicker" buried on the farm by police, terrifying the protagonist, the industrialist Mehring. FTP, name this Booker Prize-winning novel by Nadine Gordimer whose title refers to a person who really likes the environment.;;(The) Conservationist
;;One of them has a conserved gag, and is analogous to copia in Drosophila.  Another of them requires att-L and att-R sites, and relies on the formation of a Holiday junction.  Both the BARE-1 type of Hordeum vulgare L. and the A and B types of the Mu phage possess constructs with U5 and U3 binding sites for tRNA, not found in LINEs and SINEs.  Another type is useful in signature tagged mutagenesis of Drosophila, and is called the P-element.  The Alu repeat is common in humans, and they are generally divided into two varieties, depending on the presence of LTRs and the use of a reverse transcriptase mechanism.  FTP name these entities responsible for the colors of corn kernels, discovered by Barbara McClintock, also known as jumping genes.;;transposons|transposable elements
;;Jenny and George who rent a house, only to find a baby's carcass in the basement well and a woman's skeleton in the cellar in this author's short story "The Giant Wistaria." This author of gothic short stories like "The Rocking Chair" and "The Unwatched Door" also wrote a novel about the patronizing Jeff Margrave, the sociologist Vandyck Jennings, and the misogynistic Terry Nicholson. That novel also tells of Ellador, Celis, and Alima, three women who are dedicated to becoming Conscious Makers of People. One of her stories attacks the methods of Weir Mitchell, and features the narrator's husband John and his sister Jennie, who care for the depressive narrator in an attic surrounded by a "sickly sulfur tint." FTP, name this author of Herland and "The Yellow Wallpaper.".;;(Charlotte) (Perkins) Gilman
;;His experiments with positive reinforcement showed that animals eventually adopt a "win-stay, lose-shift" strategy to picking the "correct" object, which led him to devise his theory of cognition that he dubbed "learning to learn."  He published a 1958 paper that was contemporaneous with a similar study by John Bowlby, pioneering work in a field notably studied by Mary Ainsworth.  He invented a device also known as the "Vertical Chamber," into which were placed six-month-old individuals, who usually emerged psychotic.  This "Rape Rack" and "Pit of Despair" deviser also conducted an experiment using surrogate mothers made of wire and terrycloth.  For 10 points, name this Wisconsin-Madison psychologist whose experiments usually involved monkey-torturing.;;(Harry) (Frederick) Harlow
;;The application of this process to electron-poor heteroaromatic hydrocarbons yields a Shapiro-type reaction product, and it may be used in stereospecific deuterium labeling.  In a potassium decylate system, the addition of crown ethers accelerates the rate of this reaction.  A variation of this reaction that gives rise to allylic alcohols is known as the Wharton reaction, while a one-pot variation of this reaction in ethylene glycol is known as the Huang-Minlon modification.  Under strongly acidic conditions, its counterpart the Clemmenson reaction proceeds.  FTP name this reaction with a hydrazone intermediate which reduces a carbonyl to an alkane by boiling it in a basic solution, named for two chemists.;;Wolff(-)Kishner (reduction)|Wolff(-)Kishner (reaction)
;;The most precise measurement for this quantity has come from the magnetic moment of the electron. For an electromagnetic interaction with n vertices, the amplitude for the interaction is proportional to this constant to the nth power. The square of this number is the ratio of the Hartree energy to the rest mass of the electron, and it is the ratio of the classical velocity in the ground state of the Hydrogen atom to the speed of light. The probability of a mechanism of an electromagnetic interaction involving n virtual photons is proportional to this constant to the 2n power, which in Quantum Electrodynamics indicates that this is the coupling constant for electromagnetic interactions. For 10 points, name this dimensionless constant in quantum mechanics, famously miscalculated by a numerological argument by Eddington, which is approximately one over 137.;;Fine Structure (Constant)
;;L-655,708 is a selective inverse agonist for this molecule's receptor, and an extracellular application of this molecule decreases the power of gamma oscillations, but not in alpha-5 knock-outs.  Metabolically, succinyl-semialdehyde is involved in its namesake shunt, which forms succinate from 2-ketoglutarate, but its transport can be blocked by TBOA.  THIP is selective for the benzodiazepine-sensitive delta subunit of this molecule's receptor, which can be antagonized by picrotoxin and bicuculline.  Serving a physiological role similar to glycine in the nervous system, its competitive agonists like muscimol serve as anxiolytics.  FTP name this molecule synthesized from glutamate, a common inhibitory neurotransmitter that has a four-letter acronym.;;GABA|gamma(-)aminobutyric acid
;;Vivian Bearing quotes these works throughout Margaret Edson's play Wit, and Herbert Grierson argued that they were "separate ejaculations" instead of a sequence. One of these poems contrasts Jacob's theft of Esau's birthright with God clothing "himself in vile man's flesh that so / He might be weak enough to suffer woe." Another of these poems begins "I am a little world made cunningly," while yet another asks if "poisonous minerals," "lecherous goats," and "serpents envious" "cannot be damned," "why should I be?" The tenth one begins "Batter my heart, three-personed God," and the sixth asserts that "One short sleep past, we wake eternally / And death shall be no more; death thou shalt die." Including "Death, be not proud," FTP, name this set of nineteen sonnets by John Donne.;;(the) Holy Sonnets
;;A king of this land defeated Tefnakhte, a Saite king of Libyan origin and founder of the 24th dynasty, and the second king of the 24th dynasty was burned alive by Shabaka of this land. Kashta, the successor to Alara, conquered the remnants of the 23rd dynasty and Piankhi or Piye, his son, was buried in Mount Barkal. The cousin of Shebitku, supported Judaean resistance to Sennacherib, and was kicked out of Memphis by Esarhaddon. That king Taharka was finally defeated by Ashurbanipal and retreated south towards Nuri, where he died. With its capital originally at a city sacked by Psamtik II in 590 BC, Napata, it moved its capital further south to Merowe, which fell to Aksumites under Ella-Amida. FTP, name this kingdom which held sway over Nubia and ruled Egypt as the 25th dynasty.;;Kush
;;You probably didn't play the ZX Spectrum game of this name with the subtitle The Battle of the Wizards, nor have you yet seen the direct to video film starring Wesley Snipes and Jason Statham with this name about Snipes' character trying to rob a bank.  It's more likely you've seen a character of this name appearing as an esper in Final Fantasy XII, carrying the title "Walker of the Wheel".  It modifies the name of a 2003 SNK vs. Capcom sequel, and in Sonic Adventure, a creature by this name destroyed the Echidna civilization, and they form seven namesake emeralds in most Sonic games.  A Splinter Cell sequel was based on the theory of this word, a branch of mathematics sort of related to the Butterfly Effect.  FTP, give the common name for these entities, which implies their uncontrollable natures.;;Chaos
;;The twenty-first chapter of this work's first section presents a "general theory of relations," and its introduction argues that its ideas are "more abstract than those familiarly considered in language." This work distinguishes between propositional functions and descriptive functions, and attempts to develop a theory of types. Its first volume defines the idea of number as the set of all sets equal to the same size, and postulates the axioms of infinity and reducability, in order to avoid a paradox named for one of the authors. Attempting to reduce the title discipline to pure logic, FTP, name this work by Alfred North Whitehead and Bertrand Russell.;;Principia Mathematica
;;One character in this play asserts that his swollen veins are a sign of virility, and emphasizes the need to go beyond moral standards. In the final act, the protagonist learns that his coworker's last words were "we must move with the times" after arguing about a decision by Mr. Papillon. Another argument is caused when a housewife's cat is run over in the first act. The sight of a straw hat belonging to the Logician convinces Dudard to join the growing majority, whose ranks are augmented in the third act by the protagonist's friend Jean. In its last scene, Daisy is enthralled by the music of the title creatures and joins them, although Berenger clings to his humanity. FTP, name this play by Ionesco in which lots of people turn into the title animal.;;Rhinoceros
;;One work in this series depicts a line of blue-clad soldiers carrying red guns, while another depicts workers cutting a giant piece of lumber. Women gather water near a waterwheel in another of these works, while yet another depicts a cooper making a barrel, which frames the title object. The title object appears red in the second one, which depicts it "in clear weather," while the third work of this series features orange lightning in the lower right corner, and is titled "A Shower Below the Summit." The first work in this series depicts three boats being dwarfed by a giant wave, and is known as The Great Wave off Kanagawa. FTP, name this series of ukiyo-e prints by Hokusai about the tallest Japanese mountain.;;Thirty(-)Six Views of Mount Fuji|Fugaku Sanju Rokkei
;;Thanks to an education at the Royal College of Defence Studies in the UK, this man was awarded the Imtiaz-i-Sanad award for his valor as an artillery lieutenant before moving on to serve in his country's Commandos unit.  After he came to power, this ruler banned the BLA, and he was rumored to be overthrown when a blackout occurred in his country when he was getting medical care abroad.  The Legal Framework Order and the Dual-Office Bill were two means that this ruler used to extend his term of office.  Those serving in the political position directly below his have included a former executive of Citibank as well as  Zafarullah Khan Jamali, and he gained prominence fighting in the Kargil War.  He dismissed and then reinstated Iftikhar Muhammad Chaudhry after that Supreme Court Justice tried to make him step down.  Recently resigning his role as Chief of Army Staff, FTP, name this leader implicated as being behind the assassination of Benazir Bhutto, the current president of Pakistan.;;(Pervez) Musharraf
;;He wrote such works as "In Nomine" and "Three Fantasias in Four Parts" for the archaic instrument known as the viol. This man also composed incidental music for the play King Arthur, and wrote the semi-opera The Indian Queen. He may have used an opera by his contemporary John Blow as the model for another work. One of his operas includes the chorus "Now joyn your warbling voices all" and was based on a Shakespeare play, but is entitled The Faerie Queen. This man's most famous opera features one of the title characters singing the aria "When I am laid in the Earth" and includes a libretto from future poet laureate Nahum Tate. For ten points, name this early British composer of the opera is Dido and Aeneas.;;(Henry) Purcell
;;The ancestor of one character in this novel became the king of the Ahatchwhoops by defeating Attonce in an eating contest. The protagonist is forced to marry Susan Warren, who is really the prostitute Joan Toast, after signing away his estate Malden to William Smith, who may be an agent of John Coode. This novel features a secret diary of John Smith, and its protagonist, a "virgin poet" tutored by Henry Burlingame III, is commissioned by Charles Calvert to write a Marylandiad, but ends up writing the title satire instead. FTP, identify this 1960 novel about the poet Ebenezer Cooke, a novel by John Barth whose name refers to an agent for tobacco.;;(The) Sot(-)Weed Factor
;;This constellation contains the binary with the highest proper motion, which led to its being the first star whose distance from Earth was calculated, a calculation carried out by Friedrich Wilhem Bessel, who sometimes lends his name to it. This constellation has contains a variable "P" star that gives its name to a profile exhibiting emission and absorption of the same line, indicating a gas envelop that is expanding away from the star. This constellation contains the most powerful radio source in the night sky, which is designated "A", and this constellation has one of the first black hole systems identified, which is designated X-1. With beta star Albireo and alpha star Deneb, for 10 points, name this constellation, which contains the "Northern Cross", whose name is Latin for "Swan".;;Cygnus
;;In this man's most famous work, he developed the idea of "Eupsychia" and a concept he called "Theory Z." He incorporated an idea from the book The Organism by Kurt Goldstein into his model, that is divided into "D" and "B" portions, and he emphasized that "reality-centered" and "problem-centered" persons underwent "peak experiences," a concept discussed in his later work The Farther Reaches of Human Nature. In Toward a Psychology of Being, he put forth a five-part model with self-actualization at the top. FTP, name this man who created a "hierarchy of needs.".;;(Abraham) Maslow
;;This god, depicted as the son of Aphrodite by Dionysus, Hermes, Zeus or Pan in different tales, was cursed by Hera with ugliness and another malady while still in the womb as revenge for the judgment of Paris.  In one story about him, he attempts to rape a nymph, Lotis, but an ass brays to wake her.  She runs from him, and his physique hinders him from catching her.  The gods take pity on her and turn her into a lotus tree.  Because of this, he sanctioned the killing of asses in his honor.  FTP, name this Greek deity of fertility and the male genitalia known for his permanent and massive erection that frequently hindered him in the chase.;;Priapus
;;The Dogger Bank forms a shallow area near the center of this body of water, which contains the islands of Sylt [SOOLT], Texel, and Helgoland, and receives water from rivers like the Ems, Glomma, and Humber. Ports around it include Cuxhaven, Great Yarmouth, Kristiansand, and Dundee, and it is connected to another body of water by the Kiel Canal, as well as the Skagerrak and Kattegat. Having lost a small amount of surface area to land reclamation along its southern shore, it remains a major center of offshore oil drilling most heavily exploited by the United Kingdom and Norway. FTP, name this body of water surrounded by Great Britain, Scandinavia, Jutland, and mainland Europe.;;North (Sea)
;;This goddess was often depicted in the lids of the sarcophagi of the dead, and her main sanctuary was located at Heliopolis. She was sometimes portrayed with a vase on her head or with her hands and feet touching the ground so that her body formed a semicircle. In some images she is seen as a naked woman covered in painted stars and her fingers and toes touching the four cardinal points. Chapter fifty-nine of the Book of the Dead mentions the sycamore tree that was one of her symbols. Her father, Shu, was said to have held her up. Some myths suggest that Ra entered her body in the evening and was reborn through her vulva every morning. She was the mother of Osiris, Isis, Seth, and Nephtys. FTP, name the wife of Geb, the Egyptian sky goddess who was the mother of heavenly bodies.;;Nut
;;Trained as a doctor in Manchuria, he declined to follow his father into the profession, starting a Marxist-surrealist literary group shortly after graduation and winning the Akutagawa prize three years later for his short story The Crime of S. Karuma. His early work was Kafkaesque science fiction, but he soon split his time between novels and the theater, writing and directing plays like Friends and The Suitcase. Existentialist issues in his novels include the mask that enables its wearer to function socially in The Face of Another; the titular "guide to life" in The Ruined Map; and the titular way of life in The Box Man. His interest in entomology led to the extended metaphors comparing human characters to dung-eating beetles in The Ark Sakura, and to social insects in the novel that he adopted for Hiroshi Teshigahara's 1964 film that received an Oscar nomination for Best Foreign Language Film. FTP name this Japanese writer who died in 1993, the author of Woman in the Dunes.;;Kobo Abe|Abe Kobo
;;The Schaffer-Bergman form of this phenomenon is caused by light interacting with sound propagating through a medium.  In transmission electron microscopy, accelerated electrons undergo this phenomenon, resulting in a reflection of the sample crystal's reciprocal lattice.  In optics, it leads to the appearance of an Airy disc, which determines the Rayleigh criterion for the focusing power of telescopes.  Bragg's law specifies the geometry required for this type of interaction of x-rays with a crystal lattice.  A more familiar display of this property involves a laser beam passing through a thin slit.  FTP, name this wave phenomenon that describes the interference of waves upon interaction with a barrier, taking its name from the Latin for "to break into pieces".;;diffraction
;;He wrote pieces of music like "Before a Southern Convent" and "Landsighting" based on the works of the 1903 winner of the Nobel Literature Prize, as "Twelve Melodies for the Poetry of A.O. Vinje [VIN-yeh], which reflects his use of both Romanticism and the music of his native country. From his home near Hardanger [HAR-dan-gher], he composed the Holberg Suite, and later gained recognition for his 66 Lyrical Pieces, but is best remembered for his Piano Concerto in A Minor and incidental music to a play about a young rake written by Henrik Ibsen. FTP, name this Norwegian composer famous for "Morning" and "In the Hall of the Mountain King" from Peer Gynt.;;(Edvard) (Hagerup) Grieg
;;This man's namesake charitable organization has sponsored a Las Vegas charter school, while his father boxed men like Juan Venegas in the 1948 and 1952 Olympics while representing Iran and would later bang a hammer on the fence at his son's matches.  With teammates like Rick Leach and Jim Pugh on the doubles team, he helped claim a victory in the Davis Cup with a win over Richard Fromberg in six games in the finals.  His defeat of Sergi Bruguera in three sets won him a Gold Medal in Singles in Atlanta, while his Grand Slam wins include a 1999 victory over Andrei Medvedev to capture his only French Open victory.  He four times placed second at the US Open, although he did persevere twice over Michael Stich and Todd Martin at that tournament.  His last professional match was against Benjamin Becker, who defeated this sciatica sufferer in the third round of the 2006 US Open.  The onetime beau of Barbara Streisand and Brooks Shields, FTP, name this US Tennis Player, a constant rival of Pete Sampras who was once known for his long hair.;;(Andre) (Kirk) Agassi
;;Before the second conflict of this name was fought, the aggressor unsuccessfully offered to repeal Ship Money in exchange for support.  An army consisting mainly of "trained bands" of soldiers retreated in the face of Covenanting forces in the first conflict of this name, while the second one saw an invading army march pass defenses on the River Tweed and win a famous victory thanks to General Leslie at another battle.  The first one was ended by the Pacification of Berwick which contained an agreement that the Episcopacy would be abolished, and a later peace settlement was reached by the Treaty of Ripon.  One of the most famous battles fought during these conflicts was the Battle of Newburn.  Because they would not give the monarch the funds he desired to fight the second one, the Short Parliament was dissolved, but a lack of military success resulted in the calling of the Long Parliament.  FTP, name these conflicts that Charles I of England fought against the Scots, named for an office in the church.;;Bishops' Wars
;;Characters from this play appear in W.H. Auden's poem "The Sea and the Mirror" and a Robert Browning poem features the slave of the protagonist meditating "UponSetebos." Possibly inspired by William Strachey's experiences in Bermuda, it includes singing by the spirits Juno and Ceres, and a drunken encounter between Stephano and Trinculo with the son of Sycorax , who is carrying wood for a sorcerer who has recently stranded his brother and the King of Naples on an island while trying to arrange a match between Ferdinand and his daughter Miranda. FTP, name this drama, which includes characters like Caliban, Ariel, andProspero, written by William Shakespeare.;;(The) Tempest
;;Geographical features of this body include the Conamara Chaos which is thought to have formed from interconnecting domes and pits called lenticulae. The surface of it is relatively crater-free, while darker streaks of iron and silicate mineral deposits are much more common. Recent research has been conducted at Antarctica's Lake Vostok centered on NASA's "cryobot" in hopes of developing better probes to study this solar body. Although it has a surface temperature of a mere 110 Kelvin, its eccentric orbit and gravitational interactions with its companions creates tidal heating in its core; these phenomena along with data obtained from flybys of the Galileo probe suggest potential for a life-bearing ocean beneath the moon's remarkably undisturbed, smooth, icy surface. For ten points, name this fourth largest moon of Jupiter, but smallest of the four Galilean satellites.;;Europa
;;This philosopher's thirty-page essay A Brief Account of Aristotle's Logic originally appeared in Kames' Sketches of the History of Man. He wrote an essay titled "An Essay on Quantity" in response to Hutcheson's Inquiry into the Origin of Our Ideas of Beauty and Virtue. "Of The Will" and "Of the Liberty of Moral Agents" are two of the sections that make up his Essays on the Active Powers of Man. In his most famous work he explored how humans achieve knowledge of the world with the five senses, and many of the ideas he developed in that area appeared in his Essays on the Intellectual Powers of Man. FTP, name the contemporary of David Hume, a Scottish philosopher whose best known work was An Inquiry Into the Human Mind on the Principles of Common Sense.;;(Thomas) Reid
;;Its main musical adherent was Jakob von Domselaer, whose minimalist works were called Experiments in Artistic Style; and its magazine's first cover was designed by Vilmos Huszar. Although its ideas were often publicized by Mies van der Rohe, the only building to entirely follow this movement's principles was Gerrit Rietveld's Schroder House in Utrecht. Inspired by the philosophy of Nieuwe Beelding or neoplasticism, as well as neoplatonic notions of perfect forms, this movement's adherents included other architects such as J.J.P. Oud as well as visual artists like Theo van Doesburg, who published its eponymous journal from 1917 until his death, which led to the fragmentation of the movement in 1931. FTP name this largely Dutch art movement which Piet Mondrian rejected after other members' use of overly dynamic diagonal, rather than vertical and horizontal, lines.;;De Stijl
;;A key development of its early history was the discovery of an optical illusion in which two still images, flashed at an appropriate interval, would appear to a viewer to be in motion. This phi phenomenon was one of the first discoveries that led this school's founders to oppose previous atomistic views of perception. Its proponents' later work led to the formulation of several "laws" of organization that noted that humans tend to group items by proximity and similarity, fill in gaps in incomplete figures, and perceive multiple items in as simple a way as possible. Founded by Wertheimer, Kohler and Koffka, FTP, name this school of psychology characterized by emphasis on the whole rather the sum of parts.;;Gestalt
;;The Gaussian type are more computationally efficient due to the theorem that overlapping Gaussian functions can be treated as a single function centered on the internuclear axis.  The Slater type differ from the hydrogenic type by accounting for shielding effects of adjacent electrons.  Mixing in higher excited states of appropriate symmetry can create polarized ones, while linear combinations of the atomic type create the molecular type.  All types consist of both radial and angular portions and are, FTP, what mathematical functions that identify the probability of finding an electron in a given region?.;;orbital
;;Prominent adherents of it included Auxentius and Eusebius of Nicomedia, and its founder, a student of Lucian of Antioch, found his most formidable opponent in Athanasius of Alexandria, who criticized their distinction between the "unbegotten" and the "only-begotten." Adopted by some Gothic tribes, it drew widespread opposition from bishops skeptical of its rejection of the doctrine of the trinity based on its notion of the subordinate position of the Son to the Father. FTP, name this theological school, named for its founder and declared heretical in 325 at the Council of Nicaea.;;Arianism
;;Her works include a children's book, The It-Doesn't Matter Suit, and a collection of short stories called Johnny Panic and the Bible of Dreams. Her poems, controversial for their frequent use of Holocaust imagery to describe her relationship with her father, include "Tulips" and "Lady Lazarus," both of which appeared in her second book of poetry, which appeared after The Colossus and her 1963 suicide. She appears as Esther Greenwood in her most famous work, which was written during her tumultuous relationship with Ted Hughes. FTP, name this author of Ariel and The Bell Jar.;;(Sylvia) Plath
;;This axiom implies that all sets of real numbers are Lebesgue [la-bayg] measurable; and if it is consistent, it implies an infinity of inaccessible cardinal numbers. Incompatible with the Axiom of Choice, this axiom of set theory also implies the consistency of the Zermelo-Fraenkel axioms.  Applying to infinite two-player games of length omega where players choose integers, it states that one of the two players has a winning strategy. Introduced by Polish mathematicians Mycielski and Steinhaus, name this axiom expressible by a tautology in an infinitary logic, and which, FTP, helps prove that many games are determined.;;Axiom of Determinacy|AD
;;One of the participants in this conflict had fighters flown by Walter Gwynn and Vladimir Porfenenko. That side also used White Russian tactics, as they received help from Russian generals named Belaieff and Ern. The other side was heavily advised by Czech mercenaries and the General Hands Kundt. The Italians provided a new machinegun carrier called the CV33 tankette, but it proved to be useless in the terrain. The greatest soldier of this war is generally regarded as the French-trained strategist, Marshal Jose Felix Estigarribia. President Ayala and Estigarribia were overthrown in a military coup and their country became a police state under General Stroessner. A ceasefire signed in 1935 eventually led to the signing of a treaty in 1938 in Buenos Aires. FTP, name the War that was fought by Bolivia and Paraguay over the namesake region that was believed to be rich in oil.;;Chaco War
;;His prose works included the novel The Red Robins; 1000 Avant-Garde Plays; and three books about teaching poetry writing in schools and nursing homes. Known for his exuberant style, his popular poems included the book-length ottava rima Ko, about a baseball player, and other sustained variations on themes, such as "Sleeping With Women", "The Boiling Water", and the relentlessly nonsensical "When The Sun Tries To Go On". His pastiches include the mock-heroic dramas Bertha and Washington Crossing the Delaware; the Raymond Roussel imitation The Railway Stationery; and a parody of William Carlos Williams's "This is Just to Say" in which the speaker regrets that he "chopped down the house that you had been saving to live in next summer." FTP name this member of the early-1960s "New York School" of poets, a professor at Columbia University for 40 years, whose selected poems were collected in On the Great Atlantic Rainway.;;Kenneth Koch
;;Deposed from the cabinet in 1918, he was later court-martialed and condemned to death following the Armistice of Mudros. His lack of organizational skill had led his forces to be commanded by Germans like Liman von Sanders for most of the First World War, after his Third Army's disastrous defeat at Sarykamysh in the winter of 1914-15. He returned to the Caucasus in 1918, and successfully conquered Baku from the defending British, although this had little effect on the momentum of the war as a whole. During his later exile he attempted to get the Bolshevik government to accept his help in raising an Islamic army to fight the British, but after this and other diplomatic failures he resorted to leading local Turkic revolts against the Bolsheviks in Central Asia. FTP name this man who was killed by Russian forces in Tajikistan in 1922, only a decade after he had been a founder of the Young Turks and the last military commander of the Ottoman Empire.;;Enver (Pasha)|Enver (Pasa)|Enver (Bey)|(Ismail) Enver
;;One character in this play is nearly killed by a general, but is saved when he realizes that she is wearing his sword. In the final scene, the protagonist decrees that that character will marry Astolfo, and declares that he will marry Estrella. The protagonist is rescued by the Muscovite Rosaura after a prophecy causes him to be fastened to a ring in a tower guarded by Clotaldo. A successful revolt against King Basilio allows the protagonist, Prince Segismundo, to become the King of Poland, although he is unsure whether he exists in reality or an illusion. FTP, identify this 17th century Spanish play, a work by Pedro Calderon de la Barca.;;Life is a Dream|La Vida es Sueno
;;The first of them noted that their personalities transferred, "as one lamp lights another." The eighth, known as the "child", died young of smallpox, but not before proclaiming that the ninth would be found in the village of Bakala, where the future martyr Tegh Bahadur was indeed found. The fifth was Arjun, who built the Harimandir; before him was his father Ram Das, who founded the city of Amritsar, and the most recent was Gobind Singh. With their power now considered to be vested in the Adi Granth, for 10 points, give this collective name for the first ten leaders of Sikhism, the first of whom was Nanak.;;(Sikh) Gurus
;;This actor played Danny Foley on whatever the hell USA's Freshman Dorm was, and he is slated to play Racer X in the upcoming Speed Racer movie.  An early character played by this actor was a cancer survivor who fathered Diana, named after his mom, with Daphne Jablonsky.  After that show was canceled, he moved on to play Frank Taylor on Haunted, and will soon be attempting to protect president in Vantage Point.  An Internet meme has developed around the face of one of his characters, the popularity of which probably helped him land the part of a character who sees himself reported as presumably dead in a November 15, 1970 newspaper, Marshal's coach Red Dawson.  Finding early stardom by playing Charlie Salinger on Party of Five, FTP, identify this actor probably best known for playing Dr. Jack Shepard on Lost.;;(Matthew) Fox
;;Robert Walmsley's boisterousness wins over Alicia Van Der Pool in an O. Henry short story about "the defeat of" this. Tim Hazard grows up to become a composer in a Walter Van Tilburg Clark novel about one "of trembling leaves," and the town of Galloway is contrasted with one in the title of the first novel of Jack Kerouac. Daniel Quinn loses his identity in a Paul Auster novel about one "of glass," and fictional ones include Zobeide, Armilla, and Diomira, which are described to Kublai Khan by Marco Polo in an Italo Calvino novel about "invisible" ones. In Pilgrim's Progress, Christian journeys to the Celestial one, and a novel about Charles Darnay and Sydney Carton is alternately set in two of them. FTP, name this locale featured in a Dickens novel titled a "tale of" two of them.;;(the) city|cities
;;Rubinstein-Taybi syndrome can be a result of microdeletions in these elements, while the U6 element is one type that is responsible siRNA production. Those that associate with bHLH elements have an E-box, while the ChIP-on-CHIP assay can be used to find them globally.  Potassium permanganate footprinting was used to find the very strong T7 bacterial one, and when activated they form a bubble called the open complex.  In prokaryotes, they contain the Pribnow box at the -10 site, and the sigma factor recognizes it.  FTP, name these sequences in DNA which in eurkaryotes often contain TATA boxes and are recognized by transcription factors, and by RNA polymerase in prokaryotes, resulting in gene transcription.;;Promoter
;;Hauptmann's story of the love of the elf girl Rautendelein and the bell maker Enrico is the topic of his opera "La Campana sommersa."  Originally a violin player, this composer was skilled enough as a pianist to perform his "Concerto in modo misolidio" in concert.  He also notably arranged Rossini's "La Boutique Fantastique" for Diaghlev. He is most famous, however, for his symphonic poems, including the never-completed Brazilian Impressions.  Born and raised in Bologna, it was his 1913 move to Rome that inspired his most famous works.  FTP, name this Italian impressionist, composer of three suites of Ancient Airs and Dances as well as Roman Festivals and the Pines and Fountains of Rome.;;(Ottorino) Resphigi
;;The FabH enzyme catalyzes this reaction between malonyl-ACP and acetyl CoA in E. Coli.  A variation of it using weaker reagents on a succinic acid derivative is named after Stobbe.  Because of the formation of a doubly alpha position, it mandates that a base in a stochiometric amount must be used, and this base is not regenerated by the reaction.  This neutralization of the base also allows the addition of acid at the end of the reaction without competition from the reverse reaction.  An intramolecular version of this reaction, which is possible with diesters, is known as the Diekmann condensation.  FTP, identify this carbon-carbon bond forming reaction which creates a beta-keto ester or beta diketone.;;Claisen (Condensation)
;;In the 1870s, Miguel Garcia Granados ceded the presidency of this country to his co-revolutionary, a man known as the Reformer who was killed at the Battle of Chalchuapa.  It gained autonomy thanks to a revolt started here by Rafael Carrera that resulted in the collapse of the United Provinces.  The Revolutionary Party of this country was brought to power by Julio Cesar Mendez Montenegro, a man whose regime would be succeeded by the anti-guerrilla fighter, Arana Osorio.  Justo Rufino Barrios was an early president of this country, and  after a later land redistribution scheme was orchestrated by the successor of Juan Jose Arevalo, the CIA notoriously stepped in to overthrow Jacobo Arbenz and protect the interests of the United Fruit Company.  FTP, identify this Central American country that borders Belize, Honduras and El Salvador.;;(Republic) (of) Guatemala|(Repubica) (de) Guatemala
;;In Hindu myth the creator god, Brahma sleeps on a gigantic often called either Ananta or Shesha which is actually part of the god Vishnu. In Aboriginal myth, a rainbow one of these creatures is featured in their Dreamtime stories, functions as a creator figure and may be the source of the legendary creature, the bunyip. In Greek myth, the legendary king and founder of Athens, Cecrops, is said to have the lower body of one of these animals, and Hera sent two of them to try and kill the infant Hercules. The Aztec god Quetzacoatl is described as being a winged one, FTP, identify these creatures that entwine the Cauduceus of Hermes and helped get Adam and Eve kicked out of Eden.;;snakes|serpents
;;At the start of this battle, an advance guard approached a brook near Ceriolo Castle under the command of Andreas O'Reilly.  Across the Fontanone was Gaspard Gardanne, who eventually gave way and forced the ultimate victors of this battle to retreat to San Giuliano, where Franz Lattermann's grenadiers fell to Kellermann's calvary and allowed Anton Zach to be captured.  Earlier, Zach had been given overall command after Michael von Melas was wounded here and delegated what seemed to have been a complete victory. Also killed in the battle was Louis Desaix, who had led the counterattack.  An early success for the French First Consul, FTP, name this victory of Napoleon in 1800 over the Austrians near Piedmont which drove them out of Northern Italy.;;(Battle) (of) Marengo
;;The Abrikosov vortices form in one type of them, and one example of asymptotic freedom in substances with this is called the Kondo effect, while .  The "ideally hard" type would have infinite pinning force.  One theory to explain it combines Lev Landau's theory of second-order phase transitions with a Schroedinger wave-equation.  Materials with this property exhibit a form of superdiamagnetism described by the London equation, an effect named for Oschenfeld and Meissner.  Occuring when electrons bind together to form Cooper pairs as explained by the BCS theory, For 10 points, name this physical property usually achieved by cooling a material to near absolute zero temperatures, when a material exhibits zero electrical resistance.;;Superconductivity
;;This author reprimanded critics who used his phrase "the weasel under the cocktail cabinet" to explain his plays. Albert Stokes lashes out at a prostitute after striking his mother with a clock in his play A Night Out. Teddy's wife Ruth decides to become a prostitute for his brothers Lenny and Joey in his play The Homecoming, and in another of his plays, the tramp Davies is invited to take the title position, only to be evicted by Mick and Aston. He also wrote a play in which Goldberg and McCann take Stanley Webber away from Meg and Petey Boles, and a play ending with Ben being given orders to kill Gus through the title device. FTP, name this British playwright of The Caretaker, The Birthday Party, and The Dumb Waiter.;;(Harold) Pinter
;;Mark Liberman has pointed out a game involving this man's assertion "difference is never in itself a sensible plenitude," which asks his fans to determine whether he actually wrote that "different is always a sensible plenitude." His work Glas is an experimental work in two columns, one column about Hegel and one about Jean Genet, while he tackled psychoanalysis in The Post Card: From Socrates to Freud and Beyond. Plato is a subject of Dissemination, while Hegel, along with Heidegger and Husserl, comes up again in 1972's Margins of Philosophy. His treatment of writing in western philosophy is Writing and Difference, and he analyzes Saussure and Rousseau in a 1967 work which founded school of literary criticism, Of Grammatology. For 10 points, name this French philosopher, most associated with deconstruction.;;(Jacques) Derrida
;;In one of this artist's canvases, models for his most famous painting are shown dressing in front of that painting.  For other, he replaced his own self-portrait with a pot of flowers in the background of a painting of his mistress, Madeliene Knoblock.  This painter of  "Poseuses" and "Young Woman Powdering Herself" was educated at the cole des Beaux-Arts, but helped to form the Society of Independent Artists after panels from his "Bathing at Asnieres" were rejected by the Paris Salon.  His most famous style was developed with the artist of "The Port of Saint-Tropez," Paul Signac; he eventually used this style to depict Parisians, along with a monkey and two dogs, relaxing in a riverfront park.  Name this Neo-Impressionist artist known for his use of pointillism in his masterpiece, "A Sunday Afternoon on the Island of La Grande Jatte.".;;(Georges(-)Pierre) Seurat
;;He was attacked by some newspapers for being led by "nursie", and this member of the Committee on Revision of the Laws in the 47th Congress served for two extra months in the House of Representatives before it was revealed that he had actually lost to Jonathan Wallace.  This onetime Chairman of the Ways and Means Committee beat Lawrence Neal and James Campbell to become Governor of his home state.  Later, he convoked a Court of Inquiry led by William T. Sampson, and his Treasury Secretary Lyman J. Gage was instrumental in fixing the currency to one standard.  Legislation passed during his presidency included the Teller Amendment, and his first Vice-President, Garret Hobart, died in office.  Elected in part thanks to a campaign run by Mark Hanna and ultimately winding up on the wrong side of an encounter with Leon Czolgosz, FTP, name this president who initiated the Spanish American War, the predecessor of Theodore Roosevelt.;;(William) McKinley(,) (Jr(.))
;;Victims are special types of these that store entries that were removed from the general type of them.  Ones with a no-write allocation policy do not need to worry about the decision to write-through or write-back.   Misses in them include compulsory misses, which generally must occur on the first request, as well as conflict misses that result from an entry once in them having been evicted.  In cases where data can be placed in exactly one place in them they are known as direct mapped, while the set associative type provides a compromise in locations between direct mapping and fully associative.  FTP, identify this term which names a type of memory faster than the RAM accessed by the CPU, as well as for data your web browser stores locally on your hard drive.;;Cache
;;William Gaddis incorporated every line of this poem into the text of The Recognitions. The last section describes a meeting with "the first-met stranger in the fallen dusk" who says that "last year's words belong to last year's language / And next's year's words await another voice." The second section opens with the line "In my beginning is my end" and is named for a location in Somerset. The first section begins "Time present and time past / Are both perhaps present in time future," and is named for a manor in Gloucestershire, while the final section is named for a Cambridgeshire village. Comprised of "Burnt Norton," "East Coker," "The Dry Salvages," and "Little Gidding," FTP, name this poem by T. S. Eliot.;;Four Quartets
;;He sarcastically celebrated the role of crypto-servants called wives in a chapter on "Concept of a Household" in his Economics and the Public Purpose.  As deputy head of the Office of Price Administration, he worked to counter US inflation during World War II.  He attacked investment trusts in a chapter called "In Goldman, Sachs we Trust!" in his 1955 work, The Great Crash, 1929.  Another of his works addresses the "countervailing power" of firms, unions, and governments to affect prices, while his most famous work coined the term "conventional wisdom" and addressed the prosperity of post-World War II America.  Author of an economic trilogy including American Capitalism and The New Industrial State, FTP, name this economist of The Affluent Society.;;(John) (Kenneth) Galbraith
;;The narrator of this novel visits a giant phallic tombstone inscribed with the word "mother," and discusses the search for scientific truth with the secretary Miss Faust. Minor characters in this novel include Ambassador Hinton, who gives a speech commemorating the "Hundred Martyrs of Democracy," and Dr. van Koenigswald, a former physician atoning for his service at Auschwitz by working for Philip Castle. A picture of Mona Aamons Monanzo inspires the protagonist to fly to the island of San Lorenzo, where he discovers the religion of Bokononism. That narrator begins this novel intending to write a book about Felix Hoenikker, the father of the atomic bomb, called The Day the World Ended. FTP, name this novel by Kurt Vonnegut that ends with the world's water turned into ice-nine, which is named for a game played with string.;;Cat's Cradle
;;The one stated under von Neumann definition of the ordinals is expressed as an order type associated with each well-ordering, and is named for Burali-Forti. A reparametrization of conditional probability density functions to show the lack of invariance under transformations lies behind the one named for Borel and Kolmogorov. The congruence of measures for subsets and unions of subsets is one of these stated by Hausdorff, while the another one of these assumes that a set of infinities exists, and hence must be infinite, as stated by Cantor. A ball dissected into six pieces and reassembled to form two balls identical to the original is a statement of this type named for Banach and Tarski. FTP a set containing sets which are not members of themselves leads to one of these named for Russell, a statement of mathematical contradiction.;;paradoxes
;;The Merseberg Incantations tell the story of his ride into a forest where his horse sprains its leg, only to be magically healed by Wodan.  In one story, his wife sends a ring to his mother-in-law Fulla, while his son is renowned for settling disputes.  At a ceremony in his honor, the dwarf Litr is randomly burned to death, and the aid of the giantess Hyrokkin is enlisted.  Due to the machinations of Thokk, he is forced to remain in the realm of Hel, but manages to send Draupnir back to his father Odin.  Joined by his wife Nanna on his funeral pyre, FTP name this most loved of all the gods who was killed by his blind brother Hodr by a spear of mistletoe at the behest of Loki.;;Balder
;;Snoop Dogg remixed one of this artist's most ubiquitous singles as a promotion for this artist's appearance in Signs.  His first solo album contained songs like Let's Take a Ride and Never Again, the latter of which was not a comment on the Holocaust but instead about a girl who "lied straight to my face".  His second album, where he can be seen in a suit stomping on a disco ball has spawned an unbelievable six singles, the latest of which sometimes features Beyonce on duet and is called Until the End of Time.  When he cameoed on the Simpsons, he proclaimed that "I can't believe I'm meeting Milhouse!" in reference to that character being part of the Party Posse.  FTP, identify this artist best known for being on the giving end of a Super Bowl 38 wardrobe malfunction and for bringing sexy back, probably through a dick in a box.;;(Justin) (Randall) Timberlake
;;According to Arthur Kinney, this poem's line about "the dreadful martyrdom" refers to The Massacre of the Innocents. This poem describes an "untidy spot" where "the torturer's horse / Scratches its innocent behind against a tree" and argues that for every "miraculous birth, there always must be / Children who did not specially want it to happen, skating / on a pond at the edge of a wood." Its last lines describe an "expensive delicate ship" that "had somewhere to get to and sailed calmly on" despite seeing "a boy falling out of the sky." Beginning "About suffering they were never wrong / The Old Masters," and inspired by Breughel's Landscape With the Fall of Icarus, FTP, identify this poem by W. H. Auden named for a museum in Brussels.;;Musee des Beaux Arts
;;The Montonen-Olive duality corresponds to an N=4 Yang-Mills theory for the symmetry of Maxwell's equations for these by replacing the gauge coupling constant with its reciprocal.  The Nambu-Goto action and the Polyakov action lead to equations of motion for them, the latter used for quantization.  Different theories of them involve group symmetries such as E8 by E8 or SO(32), and some allow open versions corresponding to the photon, or closed versions corresponding to the graviton.  It was first introduced to correct for a 1919 theory that applied an extra dimension to unify electromagnetism and gravity, a theory named after Kaluza and Klein.  Early theories introduced the tachyon, while more modern theories have eliminated that particle and call for a total of 10 spatial dimensions. Often mathematically referred to as 1-branes, FTP identify these fundamental one-dimensional structures that are theorized to compose all matter.;;strings
;;This artist depicted a winged woman sitting with her foot on a sphere in his sculpture Truth. He sculpted a man with unkempt wavy hair shrieking in agony, Damned Soul, and used an oval design for the church of Sant' Andrea al Quirinale. Another of his works is located in the Piazza Navona and consists of figures personifying the Nile, Ganges, Danube, and Rio della Plata, while one of his sculptures shows a mythological figure turning into a laurel tree. This sculptor of the Fountain of the Four Rivers and Apollo and Daphne designed the piazza and colonnades of St. Peter's, and depicted a saint about to be pierced by an angel's spear in a sculpture created for the Cornaro Chapel. FTP, name this Baroque Italian sculptor of Ecstasy of St. Theresa.;;(Gianlorenzo) Bernini
;;Sofonisba Anguissola painted one of these with a cryptogram inside a circle. Egon Schiele painted one "with Chinese lanterns," while Leon Spilliaert depicted several using black crayon. Jean Fouquet painted one of the first examples in 1450; other notable examples of them include ones "between clock and bed" and "with [a] skeletal arm" painted by Edvard Munch and one "with seven fingers" painted by Marc Chagall. Parmigianino painted one of these "in a convex mirror," and in one of these by Albrecht Durer, the subject wears a fur coat and looks like Jesus. FTP, name these paintings, examples of which include a depiction of a subject with a bandaged ear by Van Gogh.;;self(-)portraits
;;She tells one character she would like to drink from his skull and eat his roasted heart when he suggests she is faint at the sight of blood.  She whipped her dog Diana for disobedience, and claimed to have "run away" with her memories.  Before the events of the play she calls off her engagement after an event involving her fiance and a riding crop, leading her to flirt with a servant. That character, her father's valet, tries to convince her that they must run away and start a hotel in Switzerland after she returns from a barn dance and seduces him. Eventually, Jean gives her a razor and tells her to kill herself. FTP name this titular protagonist of an August Strindberg play.;;(Froken) Julie|(Miss) Julie
;;One of this artist's final works consists of a massive wooden door with two peepholes showing a naked woman sprawling on a bed of twigs. This artist's early paintings include Portrait of Dr. Dumouchel and Young Man and Girl in Spring, and he painted shadows of his earlier works on his 1917 canvas Tu m'. His sculptures include a ball of twine enclosing a mysterious object, a typewriter cover with nothing underneath it, and a bicycle wheel fastened to a stool. Another of his works features a chocolate grinder powered by a waterwheel and nine malic moulds, and partially shattered after its first public exhibition. FTP, name this French artist of The Bride Stripped Bare By Her Bachelors, Even, who also created readymades like Fountain and painted Nude Descending a Staircase.;;(Marcel) Duchamp
;;This thinker posited that people arrange ideas using synthetic heaps and complexes before developing concepts. This psychologist collaborated with Alexander Luria and Alexei Leontiev to produce a body of research known as his eponymous approach. He criticized Piaget's theory that egocentric speech fades with time, and instead argued that it forms the basis for adult thinking, in his major work, Thought and Language. He also theorized that children have a range of potential for learning, which is shaped by their environment. A pioneer of social constructivism, FTP, name this Russian developmental psychologist who formulated the Zone of Proximal Development.;;(Lev) (Semenovich) Vygotsky
;;One type of this uses potassium permanganate to stain molecules with functional groups sensitive to oxidation, while another type relies on a partition based on a range of distribution coefficients.  Described in a classic text by Braithwaite and Smith, they include reversed-phase and countercurrent varieties, and the study of them usually begin with rate theory and plate theory.  A Long wave UV lamp is used in the type that utilizes a silica gel stationary phase, while a so-called high performance type uses higher pressure and a long column.  First demonstrated by Mikhail Tsvet to German botanists, they include gel filtration, ion exchange, as well as liquid and gas mobile phase varieties.  FTP name this class of general analytical methods used for separating the components of a mixture, exemplified by paper and thin-layer versions.;;chromatography
;;A group of their soldiers known as Epiha's Vanguard helped them achieve victory at a battle site that, despite what its common name suggests, took place on Onukukaitara Hill.  One of their leaders, Kawiti, was known for his ingenious designs of defense fortifications, especially to protect his personal rangatiratanga, and these people believed that their ancestors arrived in their current home mainly thanks to a great fleet coming from Hawaiki.  A Christian subsection of them led by Te Ua and known as the Hauhau fought in the "white man's anger" campaign of the late 1860s, and many of their pas were besieged during conflicts such as the Waikato War.  Te Wherowhero, also known as Potatu I, was made monarch as part of the King Movement of these people to resist colonization, culminating in their namesake wars against the British.  Signers of the 1840 Treaty of Waitangi, FTP, name these people who were the original settlers of New Zealand.;;Maori
;;Antonio Negri's book The Savage Anomaly describes the power of this thinker's "metaphysics and politics." This philosopher died before he could complete his Treatise on the Emandation of the Intellect, and his major work built on his essays Short Treatise and On the Improvement of the Understanding. Another of his works argues that the state should have authority over religious members of the clergy. This philosopher distinguished between "Nature naturing" and "Nature natured," and argued that God is nature in a work composed of essays "in geometrical order." FTP, identify this philosopher, the author of Tractatus Theologico-Politicus and Ethics.;;(Baruch) Spinoza
;;All the musical themes in this work are introduced in the first 14 measures, which begins in B flat, modulates downward, and returns to B flat abruptly.  The inspiration for two paintings by Arthur Dove, it was premiered in a concert that also featured compositions by Zez Confrey and Four Serenades by Victor Herbert, taking place in Aeolian Hall.  The use of rubato throughout this work is especially prominent in the so-called "train theme," and it was notably played in the introduction to Woody Allen's Manhattan.  This work was orchestrated by the composer of the Grand Canyon Suite, and its success caused Walter Damrosch to commission its composer's Concerto in F. Inspired by the rhythmic noises of a train ride to Boston, its signature opening was tailored for Russ Gorman, a member of Paul Whiteman's band. Beginning with a wailing clarinet glissando and scored for jazz band and piano, FTP, identify this 1924 composition originally titled American Rhapsody, a work by George Gershwin named for a certain color.;;Rhapsody in Blue
;;A father cuts his son's wife out of a photograph, but feels remorse when he learns of his grandchildren, in this author's short story "Marriage is a Private Affair." Another of this author's short stories is set in a town run by the tyrant Kitikpa, and focuses on Julius, a clerk who accidentally steps on a sacrificial egg. This author of the children's book How the Leopard Got Its Spots also wrote novels about Ikem Osodi, who is sentenced to death by Sam, the dictator of Kangan, and Obi, who is imprisoned for bribery after returning from England to the village of Umuofia. The author of Anthills of the Savannah and No Longer at Ease, FTP, name this Nigerian novelist who wrote about Okonkwo in Things Fall Apart.;;(Chinua) Achebe|(Albert) (Chinualumogu) Achebe
;;Akt mediated release of NF-kappa-B leads to its inhibition, which begins with SHC adaptor activation of PI-3 kinase.  It can lead to formation of the Apaf-1 complex and activation of SMAC proteins, and is mediated by Bim and JNKs (junks).  It is effected by the release of inhibition on Bcl-2, which allows Bax to move to the mitochondria, releasing cytochrome C, which induces caspase activity.  P75 and p53 are initiators of this process, which is useful for getting rid of diseased cells so that the affliction does not spread to nearby cells.  An alternative to necrosis, FTP identify this process of programmed cell death.;;apoptosis
;;The conflict arose due to a dispute over relative position on the Hill Parnassus. One side sent ambassadors with a demand of removal to Summity or the threat of the use of Mattocks. The assaulting force numbered Fifty thousand and consisted of light Horse, heavy-armed Foot, and Mercenaries which were commanded by Tasso, Cowly, and Cambden respectively. Before the decisive engagement, Fame alerted Jove who called an emergency Senate meeting where Momus and Pallas argued for their respective sides. During the hostilities, an errant arrow fired by Aristotle missed its intended mark of Bacon but instead wounds Des-Cartes. Bentley leads the final assault in FTP, what conflict between the Ancients and the Moderns in St. James's Library which is recounted in a satire by Jonathan Swift.;;(The) Battle of the Books (A) (Full) (and) (True) (Account) (of) (the) Battel (Fought) (last) (FRIDAY(,)) (Between) (the) (Ancient) (and) (the) (Modern) Books (in) (St(.)) (James's) (Library)
;;This battle began with simultaneous attacks on Bazeilles, Givonne and La Moncelle, though the decisive moment may have been the series of futile charges of Generals Margueritte and Gallifet near the village of Illy. In a comic incident near the end of the battle, general De Wimpffen arrived from Algeria to relieve the command, and tore down the white truce flag several times before the final surrender. The battle broke out following the minor Battle of Beaumont, during an attempt to relieve Metz by generals Ducrot and Macmahon, who were encircled and crushed by Moltke's forces. FTP, name this 1870 battle, a defeat for France that virtually ended the Franco-Prussian War.;;(Battle) (of) Sedan
;;One player with this surname turned a record nine triple plays during his career as a Tigers shortstop from 1908 to 1921, and also managed the 1927 Pirates. Another player with this surname was selected first overall by the Padres in the 2004 draft. A pitcher with this surname played two seasons with the Blue Jays before being traded along with Zach Johnson and Gabe Gross to the Brewers for Lyle Overbay. In addition to Donie, Matt, and Dave, another player with this surname caught an 88-yard touchdown pass in the 2006 NFC Championship Game, won the 2005 Heisman trophy, and was drafted second overall behind Mario Williams. FTP, identify this surname shared by Saints running back Reggie and the president who defeated Michael Dukakis in the 1988 election.;;Bush
;;A paper by Bamberg relates this theorem to the crystallographic restriction theorem, and it is classified as a Schinzel hypothesis H-sub-n in analytic number theory. Major steps in solving it may be Chen's theorem, which uses the Selberg Sieve, and a result by Schnirelmann that uses a Brun sieve. Hardy and Littlewood showed that its weak form holds true if the Riemann Hypothesis is true, and Vinogradov determined a sufficiently large odd number for its weak form to hold true. Its simplicity has led cranks such as G. Spencer-Brown and H.A. Pogorzelski to claim proofs of it. Its current formulation was stated by Euler, though it is still named for a teacher of his.  FTP, identify this unproven mathematical theorem which states that every even integer greater than 2 can be written as the sum of two prime numbers.;;Goldbach (conjecture)
;;Dr. Azzeccagabugli, known as the Tangle-Weaver, is a minor character in this work who briefly represents the main character as his lawyer until he learns that he is not a bandit. The heroine passes time under the care of various noblemen, some benevolent, such as Cardinal Boromeo and Fra Cristoforo, and others malevolent, such as the bandit prince known as "The Unnamed," who is eventually converted by the Cardinal. When Don Abbondio refuses to marry the two main characters, they flee along with Agnese Mondella and travel throughout war-torn northern Italy as they attempt to escape from Don Rodrigo, who wishes to marry Lucia himself. FTP, Lucia and Renzo are eventually reunited and marry in, FTP, what novel by Alessandro Manzoni?.;;(The) Betrothed|I Promessi Sposi
;;The idea for this first occurred to both of its formulators after reading of Louis Dunoyer's work on sodium.  One component in this experiment had to be aligned to less than 0.1 nanometer precision, leading to numerous failures, while other failures resulted from not having a proper way to detect the results.  The latter problem was remedied thanks to cigar smoke in the air serendipitously caused a deposit of sulfur to form on the detector.  In its final form the circular slit was replaced by a rectangular one, leading to results that confirmed Bohr's atomic model, though it could not explain the anomalous Zeeman Effect until the work of Goudsmit and Uhlenbeck.  An effusion was heated to 1,000 degrees Celsius to produce the outgoing particles, and I. I. Rabi would work further on this experiment.  FTP, identify this experiment where the deflection into two discrete, quantized angles caused by silver atoms passing through a magnetic fieldled its two German namesakes to hypothesize the theory of electron spin.;;Stern(-)Gerlach (experiment)
;;The first design for this building was offered by Luckman and Pereira, but the patron's daughter, Phyllis Lambert, rejected it. It is often stylistically grouped with Skidmore Owings & Merrill's Lever House, which sits across the street. Its interior contains many other works of modern art, such as a sculpture by Richard Lippold and a backdrop for performance of The Three-Cornered Hat painted by Picasso, and paintings by Rothko were intended to be displayed in the building's Four Seasons restaurant before that project fell through. Located at 375 Park Avenue in Midtown Manhattan, FTP identify this modernist skyscraper designed mainly by Mies van der Rohe and Philip Johnson for a brewing company.;;Seagram (Building)
;;Among this man's early verse were the collections The Happy Marriage and the Eliot-influenced Pot of Earth, and his most severe critics,Yvor Winters and Morton Zabel, preferred 1928's Streets in the Moon to his later work. The story of Cain and Abel was the basis for his first play, Nobodaddy, as well as his second one, Panic. He had many successes in long form verse, such as Einstein and Actfive, though he is also well known for short poems like "The End of the World", "You, Andrew Marvell" and a poem that ends "A poem should not mean / but be", "Ars Poetica". FTP, identify this American poet and playwright who described the destruction of the Aztec empire in Conquistador and retold the story of Job in his verse drama J.B.;;(Archibald) MacLeish
;;Brian Titley writes about the "political odyssey" of this ruler in a book entitled Dark Age. Overthrown by Operation Barracuda, he decreed that all girls should wear expensive blue school uniforms manufactured at a factory conveniently owned by his wife, which led to a student riot. He ascended as the head of the MESAN party and was implicated in the Diamonds Affair, which created scandal for the government of Valery Giscard d'Estaing. He briefly converted to Islam to court the support of Muammar Qadhafi, after taking power by overthrowing David Dacko, and later held a lavish ceremony in homage to Napoleon which declared himself emperor. FTP, name this alleged cannibal who ruled the Central African Republic from 1966 to 1979.;;(Jean(-)Bedel) (Emperor) Bokassa (I)
;;In a story about this deity, he tosses his headdress on the ground and it turns into a bunch of grapes and then he removes a comb from his hair and tosses that on the ground. Sometimes described as the son of Inn and Yo, he ripped his son into three pieces and cast him into the wind after that son Kagutsuchi burned off the genitals of a woman emerging from her womb. He was entrusted with the jeweled spear Amanonuhoku and famously traveled to Yomi but made the mistake of viewing his wife's undead corpse and was forced to flee the underworld. After that, he bathed his children in a spring and, during the cleansing process, he birthed children of his own from his left eye, right eye, and nose. FTP, name this father of Amaterasu and husband of Izanami.;;Izanagi (not) (Izanami(,)) (of) (course(,)) (as) (should) (be) (painfully) (clear) (to) (anyone) (who) (says) (that)
;;Recent studies on these psychological phenomena include one by Talarico and Rubin, arguing that they differ only in a phenomenological sense, and a 2000 study by Schmolck, Buffalo, and Squire. Ulrich Neisser and Nicole Harsch argued against a special mechanism, responding to the original study on these by Roger Brown and James Kulick in 1977. John Bohannon wrote about the "confidence, consistency, and quantity" of these, while "consequentiality" has also been suggested as key to understanding them; they supposedly activate a "Now Print!" mechanism in the brain. First postulated when 80 Americans were asked to recall the JFK assassination, FTP, name these types of memories formed during shocking events which allegedly have camera-like accuracy.;;flashbulb (memories)
;;The earliest origins of this opera were discovered by J.G. Grasse in a book titled Materials Toward a History of Witchcraft, though a more well-known version appears in Johann Apel's Book of Ghosts. Minor characters include Kilian, a rival to the main character who sings "Let him gaze on me as king", and Annchen, who sings the duet "Rogue, hold fast, I will teach you" with her companion, the main character's love, Agathe. The main plot concerns Kaspar's attempts to rid himself of the curse placed on him by Samael, the devil, by passing it on to his friend, the lovestruck Max, by means of a contest wherein six bullets will find their targets perfectly but the seventh nearly kills Agathe. FTP, identify this three-act opera about a marksman by Carl Maria von Weber.;;(Der) Freischutz (The) Freeshooter|(The) Marskman
;;Two general equations for this process were developed by Tanford and Pace, and the Tanford beta value is a measure of the relative degree of exposure of the transition state which occurs during this process. The m-value is proportional to the surface area exposed by it; Privalov composed the definitive work on the cold version of this process, which is thought to be attributable to a weakening of the hydrophobic effect. The experiments of Christian Anfinsen demonstrated that it may be reversible. It can be caused by agents like guanidinium hydrochloride, dimethylsulfoxide, and urea, and may result in the loss of beta-pleated sheets, alpha-helices, and other repeating structural patterns. FTP, name this process by which the bonds holding a protein in three-dimensional form are disrupted.;;denaturation
;;In one of this novel's final scenes, a female character allows the repulsive Bagster to sleep with her immediately after the death of her lover. One memorable episode involves the killing of cockroaches by Harris, the roommate of Wilson, who is investigating the protagonist. The driving events of the plot are the suicide of an inspector, Pemberton; the discovery of a letter on the Portuguese vessel Esperanca, and the death of the protagonist's servant Ali at the hands of dock thugs. The protagonist involves himself with the blackmarketer Yusef in order to support his wife, Louise; this and an affair with the shipwreck survivor Helen Rolt eventually leads to his suicide. FTP, identify this novel that forms a "Catholic trilogy" along with Brighton Rock and Power and the Glory and tells the story of Henry Scobie, a work of Graham Greene.;;(The) Heart of the Matter
;;The crystallization of flakes of these minerals inside of a quartzite matrix results in green aventurine quartz. They include the chromium-rich fuchsite and the typically green-tinted clinochlore. One type of them is sometimes known as isinglass while the most common is composed of ferromagnesian potassium hydrous aluminum silicate. That type crystallizes from cooling magma after amphiboles, as can be seen on the discontinuous branch of Bowen's reaction series. Noted for having perfect basal cleavage, these monoclinic minerals are named for their typically shiny luster and feature lamellar sheet-like arrangements of atoms. FTP, name this class of minerals which includes muscovite and biotite.;;mica
;;This man's thought is the subject of a study by Ronald Laing and David Cooper entitled Reason and Violence. He describes the "city of ends" in his posthumously published Notebooks for an Ethics, and during his life failed to complete a massive project called The Psyche, a part of which was released in his Sketch for a Theory of the Emotions. His first major work of philosophy, The Transcendence of the Ego, was followed by works like The Psychology of Imagination and his discussion of "writing for our time" in What is Literature?. But he's more famous for an "Essay in Phenomenological Ontology" which discusses the notion of "bad faith," entitled Being and Nothingness. FTP, name this French existentialist philosopher and author of Roads to Freedom.;;(Jean(-)Paul) Sartre
;;This nation, which includes the towns of Louri and Samtse, is heavily forested in its central region featuring the Black Mountains, which act as a watershed between the Mo and Drangme Rivers. The far south is home to the fertile and subtropical Duars Plain and in the east is the town of Paro, home to its only airport and the Tiger's Nest monastery. The flag of this nation has a diagonal yellow and orange pattern with the middle prominently featuring the Druk, a white Thunder Dragon. To its west is the state of Sikkim, near this country's capital Thimpu, and that state separates it from Nepal. FTP, name this Himalayan nation sandwiched between China and India.;;Bhutan
;;His Creation and Expulsion and Stations of the Cross both hang in the Green Cloister of Santa Maria Novella, and he often lived in cloisters, once painting a Lives of the Church Fathers with garish colors at San Miniato as a protest against the poor meals he received there. He painted figures on the Duomo's clock and also a memorial to the mercenary John Hawkwood there. His last painting, The Hunt in the Forest, resides in the Ashmolean, and he is well known for a painting finished by Justus van Ghent, The Miracle of the Profaned Host, a work with anti-Semitic elements, though he is best known for a work depicting Niccolo da Tolentino. FTP, name this painter best known for a triptych depicting a 1432 struggle between Florence and Siena, the Battle of San Romano.;;(Paolo) Uccello () (Paolo) (di) Dono
;;This man was patronized both by Charles VIII, until the treaty of Etaples, and Margaret, duchess of Burgundy, and he held a place of honor at the funeral of Frederick III of Germany.  The townspeople of Cork, seeing his fancy clothes, decreed that he must have royal blood in him.  His first expedition was a failure after the Earl of Desmond refused to help him at Munster, and he then fled to Scotland, where he was married to the daughter of the earl of Huntly.  His last stand was at Exeter, another failure, and he fled to the Beaulieu monastery, where he was captured by the forces of Henry VII.  His true identity may have been a Flemish boatman's son from Tournai, Piers Osbeck, but he was pretending to be one of the "princes in the tower".  FTP, name this man who was hanged in 1499 for claiming to be Richard of Shrewsbury, the illegitimate son of Edward IV.;;(Perkin) Warbeck
;;One of the male leads in this play carries around a "Shorter Companion Dictionary", insisting that the "Longer" version will arrive soon, and often speaks in long strings of synonyms. The narcissism of the female lead in this work is demonstrated when she fawns over a photo spread of herself in a magazine, and again when she sees a stamp-making machine and fantasizes about her face appearing on thousands of pieces of mail. The play opens at noontime with a traditional dance depicting an English photographer's journey through the jungle and feast with the Bale of Ilujinle. Sadiku, the chief's wife, is only one of four named characters, along with the main love triangle of the Westernized schoolteacher Lakunle, the supposedly impotent chief Baroka, and the village belle, Sidi. FTP, identify this early play of Wole Soyinka, whose title comes from the comparison of Baroka to the hindquarters of a certain animal.;;(The) Lion and the Jewel
;;Spencer Klaw wrote a book about the "life and death" of this group, which was rebelled against in its later years by William Towner and William Hinds. Important members included Mary Cragin and especially Sewell Newhouse, who invented a miraculous steel trap. Its leader detailed his views in a book called The Berean, believed in something he called "stirpiculture," and edited The Circular along with the mother of his son Pierrepont. He first established the Putney Community before being chased out of Vermont and espoused ideas like ascending fellowship, mutual criticism, and free love. FTP, name this group of Bible communists led by John Humphrey Noyes who founded a utopian society in New York and later produced some silverware.;;Oneida (Community)
;;One part of this work discusses a greengrocer who has a clever parrot that chats with customers; the parrot was often left in charge of his shop and one day accidentally knocked over a bottle of rose oil. Another story is of a man eating a bitter watermelon, but upon being scolded, he says that it is not bitter since he is eating it with love in his heart. Reynold A. Nicholson was the first to translate all six books of this work into English, while James Redhouse earlier translated Book One. The earliest known version is called the "Konya manuscript" after the home of the author, who supposedly composed it after meeting a sweetmeats vendor and earlier composing the Divan of Shams of Tabriz. FTP, name this extensive didactic masterpiece of the Sufi poet Rumi.;;Spiritual Couplets|Masnavi|(Masnavi(-)e) (Manavi)|(Mathnawi)|(Mesnevi(,)) (etc(.))