;;In Perlesvaus, it is described as smaller than a fox and purely white and beautiful to behold. It was supposedly borne of a human woman who lusted after her brother, but the devil got her to accuse him of rape and their father ordered him torn apart by a pack of dogs, the sound of which now emanate from the creature's stomach. Also known as Glatisant, in the Post-Vulgate Prose Tristan, Sir Palamedes slays it after his conversion to Christianity with the help of Sir Percival and Galahad. With the head and neck of a serpent, body of a leopard, haunches of a lion and feet of a hart, FTP, identify this being pursued by King Pellinore.;;(The) Questing Beast|Beast Glatisant
;;In the second version of this painting, the figures face the other way and the head of the title figure is much whiter than the first version, where that head is black. Each version of this painting contains a glass vial and a red container sitting atop a night-table next to a bed. The central figure's head and arms hang over the edge of the bed, and that figure is dressed in white, while experiencing a "morbid oppression resembling the pressure of weight upon the chest." Featuring a disembodied horse's head and an incubus sitting atop a sleeping woman's chest, FTP, identify this painting by Henry Fuseli.;;(The) Nightmare
;;Slave Labor Graphics recently developed a comic book with the same name as this show, and it takes off from where it left off after its February 15, 1997 finale. It was created and produced by Greg Weisman, and it stands as an ambitious series for Disney, as it targets an older demographic and handles more adult themes. Keith David, the voice of the main character, provided a voice-over for the intro in the second season, which begins, "One thousand years ago, superstition and sword ruled." Known for its featuring the voices of numerous Star Trek cast members, FTP, name this cartoon about guardians of Manhattan who are stone by day, but winged fighters for justice by night.;;Gargoyles
;;When he was 18, he plotted to flee to England with Hans Hermann von Katte, and was forced to watch his friend's execution after their arrest. While serving a 1-year prison sentence for his crime, this prince befriended Gabriel Fredersdorf, whom he would later make chancellor of his kingdom. His expansionist policies led to his being the last ruler to hold the title "King in" instead of "King of" his country, as after his annexation of most of Royal Prussia from the First Partition of Poland in 1772.  FTP, named this enlightened monarch of Prussia who led his country to victory in the Silesian Wars.;;Frederick II|The Great
;;In one of his short stories, a group of children initiate a black boy into their practical joke-playing gang, while another of his short stories ends with a bird dying in Callisto's hands during a disorderly party given by Meatball Mulligan. Besides "The Secret Integration" and "Entropy," his first novel describes Benny Profane's attempt to reconnect with the Whole Sick Crew and Herbert Stencil's search for the title entity. In another of his novels, signs of the Tristero organization appear all over San Narciso to Oedipa Maas, while his most famous novel describes the construction of an enormous V-2 rocket and begins "A screaming comes across the sky." FTP, identify this reclusive author of V., The Crying of Lot 49, and Gravity's Rainbow.;;(Thomas) (Ruggles) Pynchon(,) (Jr(.))
;;Modern applications utilizing it include gamma spectroscopy and radiobiology, as its predictability is useful when considering high energy X-rays used in radiation therapy. Its observation in 1923 helped explain the particle component of the wave-particle duality of light, as the classical theory named after Thompson can not explain shifts in wavelength. The photoelectric effect is a result of, FTP, this type of scattering, the decrease in energy of an X- or gamma ray photon when it interacts with the electrons of an atom, whose discovery awarded its namesake the 1927 Nobel Prize in Physics.;;Compton (Effect/Scattering)
;;He wrote strongly pro-Union articles on the Civil War for the Vienna Presse, and edited the Rheinische Zeitung until that paper was shut down by the Prussian government. This author of the Economic and Philosophical Manuscripts criticized the line "Labor is the source of all wealth and all culture" from the founding document of the Social Democratic Party. Along with Grundrisse and Critique of the Gotha Programme, this former Young Hegelian criticized Proudhon in The Poverty of Philosophy, and developed the labor theory of value as well as the concepts of commodity fetishism and surplus value. FTP, name this theoretician whose historical materialism is best expressed in Das Kapital, who along with Friedrich Engels wrote The Communist Manifesto.;;(Karl) Marx
;;Much to the dismary of Christian Rakovsky, it was renamed the Pantelimon and destroyed in part due to chromium-rich Krupp armor, which expanded the weak explosions used on it by saboteurs. After action near Tendra Island with supporting ships such as Boat N267, its commander ironically considered heading to Theodosia prior to June 14th. When this pre-dreadnought received new rations, the crew refused maggot-ridden meat and set off a series of events which prompted Matyusenko to eventually seek harbor in Romania, after sailing into Odessa. FTP, identify this member of the Black Sea Fleet which saw a mutiny immortalized in a Sergei Eisenstein silent film.;;(Battleship) Potemkin
;;This play's three acts are titled "Morning," "Noon," and "Night." In Act 1, the main character is given the role of the Stranger in the dance of the traveler. In Act 3, Sadiku divulges the impotence of one of the title characters, who later appears in a wrestling match in his bedroom. That character, Baroka, is the chief of the village of Ilujinle, and later seduces the other title character by offering to print stamps with her image on them. In the opening scene, the leading male character offers to carry water for his intended bride to be, but is disappointed that Sidi still asks for a bride-price. Ending with Sidi's decision to marry Baroka instead of Lakunle, FTP, identify this comedy by Wole Soyinka.;;(The) Lion and The Jewel
;;He is often depicted as a bearded man holding a variety of things such as an axe, an oar, club, square rule or book, and nearly every image of him shows him wearing a medallion with a profile of Jesus, generally with a small flame over his head. He also either holds a pen or is at a writing location in reference to the canonical Epistle. The patronage for which he is most famous for is the result of early confusion between his name and that of another Apostle. A cousin of Jesus, FTP, identify this patron saint of hospitals and lost causes, the namesake of a Children's Cancer Research Hospital.;;(St(.)) Jude (Thaddaeus)
;;The legends of Hercules, Samson, Adam, and Lucifer are told in it, a collection of seventeen short stories all on the theme of tragedy. It is told after the tale of Melibee, while other narratives in it describe Pedro of Castile, Nero, Alexander the Great, and Zenobia. It is possible that the Knight stops it because he may have been part of the crusade in which Peter I of Cyprus's tragic story takes place rather than his declaration that the party has had enough sadness. FTP, identify this portion of The Canterbury Tales in which the teller claims to have a hundred such stories in his cell.;;(The) Monk's Tale|(The) Falls of Illustrious Men
;;His early pieces, such as Panqueca, originated in guitar improvisations, and he dedicated his Twelve Etudes for the guitar to Andres Segovia in 1928. In 1958, he was paid $25,000 for writing the music for the film Green Mansions, while 21 years earlier he published A Musica Nacionalista no Governo Getulio Vargas. He also composed an opera based on a play by Garcia Lorca, as well as nine suites in the style of J. S. Bach. The composer of the Pequena suite for cello and piano, the opera Yerma and the Bachianas brasileiras, FTP, name this Brazilian nationalist composer.;;(Heitor) Villa(-)Lobos
;;One of his most famous diplomatic actions was actually performed a year earlier by Australian George Whitlan, and in 1947 he was named one of the "ten most outstanding young men in America." A 1958 incident where he was nearly killed by a Communist mob in Venezuela is described in his book Six Crises, and he defeated Helen Gahagan Douglas for Senate after dubbing her "the Pink Lady" and broke the stalemate of the Alger Hiss spy case by his dogged investigation of Whittaker Chambers. In one speech, he appealed to "the great silent majority" of Americans, and in another defended himself from allegations he accepted eighteen thousand dollars in illegal campaign contributions. FTP, name this 36th Vice President of the United States, who would later resign from a higher office due to incidents at a hotel in the Foggy Bottom neighborhood of DC.;;(Richard) (Milhaus) Nixon
;;It was adapted from Harry Bates' "Farewell to the Master" by Edmund North, and featured a score by Bernard Hermann.  Although the protagonist is at first doubtful of an optimal visit to Washington, D.C., after Bobby, the son of Helen Benson, shows him the Lincoln Memorial, Professor Barnhardt is suggested as a great mind who could understand the visitor's message. Starring Patricia Neal as Helen, Lock Martin as Gort and Michael Rennie as Klaatu, FTP, name this 1951 Robert Wise film whose title refers to the "little demonstration" of power Klaatu arranges.;;(The) Day the Earth Stood Still
;;The victors had lost about a third of their men during the 260 mile march, mirrored by the enemy, leading up to this battle. The losing commander's effectiveness was limited by the rise of the Burgundian faction, which robbed him of credibility with his cavalry, and the specific forces credited with victory were actually just as critical when hacking with primitive clubs and hatchets.  Notable moments included the rescue of Humphrey his brother, the victorious commaner, and a third and final charge by Marle and Fauquembergues, blunted due to the use of palings, a strategy not implemented at Crecy or Poitiers. Leading to the Treaty of Troyes, FTP, identify this defeat for the forces of Charles VI under D'albret, a major victory for Henry V's longbowmen in the Hundred Years' War.;;(Battle) (of) Agincourt
;;The primary vehicle for the study of Proteomes, Richard Lewontin and Jack Hubby relied on it heavily in a publication concerning Drosophila and polymorphisms. Sodium Borate is preferable to Tris-acetate as a buffer for it, and it is the primary method for screening for sickle cell anemia. After this process, molecules are typically either stained or subjected to ultraviolet light, although an autoradiogram can be recorded if radioactive atoms are involved. When analyzing oligonucleotides, DNA, RNA or proteins, polyacrylamide is typically used as the medium whereas for larger nucleic acids purified agarose is used. FTP, identify this method of analyzing and purifying molecules by putting them in wells in a matrix of a crosslinked polymer and applying an electromotive force to separate them.;;Gel electrophoresis
;;Although this work's main character is compared to a closed fist, its third and fourth sections both end with his hands dangling open. At the beginning of its third section, a decadent old man cavorts with a group of young business clerks from Pola, while a character reminiscent of Charon ominously warns "You will pay." The protagonist is the author of the moralistic short story "A Miserable Man" and a prose epic about Frederick the Great, and later discovers that a deadly plague has infested the title city, but stays due to his Dionysian passion for a beautiful youth. Ending on a bleak beach where the Polish boy Tadzio views the death of Gustav van Aschenbach, FTP, name this novella by Thomas Mann.;;Death in Venice|(Der) Tod in Venedig
;;A festival in Euboea named for this figure was sacred to Hera, and he can be considered an analog of Seppo Ilmarinen. After the feat he is most famous for, his former patron found out he was at the court of King Cocalus by presenting a task involving a seashell. His sister sent her son Perdix to train with him, but after the child invented the saw and a pair of compasses, he grew jealous and pushed him off of a high tower. One of his more famous creations was designed so that Asterion, the son of Pasiphae and wife of Minos, could not escape. FTP, identify this architect of the labyrinth and designer of feather and wax wings, which resulted in the death of his son, Icarus.;;Daedalus
;;In the original ending of this novel, one of the earliest psychological thrillers, the main character goes mad after his accusations against his antagonist fail. The European adventures of that antagonist, including an incident involving Count Malvesi and Lady Lucretia Pisani, are told in the first volume by Mr. Collins. Following his discovery that the true murderer of Mr. Tyrrel was not Hawkins, the title character spends the rest of the novel trying to escape the false accusations of that murderer. FTP, identify this novel by William Godwin about the trials and tribulations of the servant of Mr. Falkland.;;(Things) (as) (They) (Are(,))|(the) (Adventures) (of) Caleb Williams
;;The Matsuoka group discovered the first soluble receptor for this class of compounds, and the DELLA proteins are critical in their signaling cascades. Synthesized through the mevalonic acid pathway, these diterpenoids are named for their common skeleton. By increasing the size and number of internodal cells, they function to increase stem length, and their effects on roots are controlled by auxins. They were first identified by researchers studying a fungal disease of rice known as "bakanae." FTP, name this class of plant hormones whose overexpression leads to "foolish seedling" disease.;;gibberellins
;;This man's nomination was opposed by the "immortal 306", convention delegates who refused to abandon Roscoe Conkling's candidate. His Supreme Court appointments included William Woods, as well as the lone dissenter in Plessy v Ferguson, John Harlan. Acting on the findings of the Jay Commission, he removed New York customs house officials Alonzo Cornell and Chester Arthur, but less successful was his overriden veto of the Bland-Allison Act. For ten points, name this man who defeated Samuel Tilden in the disputed election of 1876 and served as President between Grant and Garfield.;;(Rutherford) (Birchard) Hayes
;;This author of the plays Die Goldgreber and Yaknez authorized Pinus and Bermann to translate his story collection Children of the Pale and his novel Stempenyu, respectively. The title character of his last, unfinished novel mistakenly adds bleach to a barrel of homemade kvass. That novel begins in this author's fictitious shtetl of Kasrilevka, which became Anatevka in a musical adaptation of his stories about the father of Tzeitel, Hodel, and Chava. Often called the "Jewish Mark Twain," FTP name this author of The Adventures of Mottel the Cantor's Son and creator of Tevye the milkman.;;(Sholom) Aleichem|(Solomon) (Yakov) Rabinowitz
;;Its founder wrote of the Valley of Contentment and the Valley of True Poverty and Absolute Nothingness in his text The Seven Valleys, as well as 153 short utterances supposedly derived from the words of Gabriel to Fatimah. Worshippers gather at the "Dawning-place of the Mention of God." Its calendar is based on the number of early disciples called "letters of the living," and sets aside nineteen days in the month of Ala for fasting. Its religious laws are found in the Kitab-i-Aqdas, which was interpreted by Shoghi Effendi, its founder's great-grandson.  FTP identify this inclusive faith founded by Bahaullah.;;Baha'i
;;He advocates the return of scrimshaw and good conversation, perhaps to make up for ruining "more young minds than syphilis and pinball combined." He distinguishes himself from "Charlie Bible Thumps" in a conversation with Birchibald Barlow and wins an election with the aid of Prudence Goodwyfe and Edgar Neubauer. In his best-known role, he reads The Man in the Iron Mask as the star of a "Cavalcade of Whimsy" after microwaving a burrito in a convenience store. Known for marrying a DMV employee who resolves to smoke only after meals and MacGyver for him, FTP, name this Yale educated madman voiced by Kelsey Grammer who continuously tries, and fails, to kills Bart Simpson.;;Sideshow Bob Robert (Underdunk) Terwilliger
;;His main contribution to biology was measuring a guinea pig's respiration with a calorimeter. He developed a theory in opposition to one of Georg Stahl partly through his studies of calcination reactions, and posited a theory for acid formation through the reaction of radicals. His Elementary Treatise of Chemistry lists elements and states the law of conservation of mass, which he verified through careful weight measurements. Responsible for naming compounds such as sulfates in his Method of Chemical Nomenclature, he also named hydrogen and oxygen, two elements he had studied extensively. FTP, name this French chemist who studied combustion and disproved the phlogiston theory.;;(Antoine) (Laurent) (de) Lavoisier
;;The results of Baron, Vandello, and Brunsman's eyewitness identification experiment demonstrated that this behavior strongly correlated with uncertainty. In one of the first experiments to study it, a group's interpretation of the autokinetic effect gradually converged to a final estimate. Besides that 1936 experiment by Muzafer Sherif, a more famous experiment resulted in only 24 percent of subjects being apparently unaffected by it after a room of confederates repeatedly disagreed with them over the length of a line. FTP, name this type of social influence studied by Solomon Asch, which causes individuals to change their attitudes or behavior in order to fit social norms.;;conformity
;;This man's only government position consisted of serving on the staff of Memmius, the Propraetor of Bithynia, an experience that inspired many of his poems. His only other involvement in politics was poetic invective directed against Mammura, an associate of Julius Caesar. This writer is generally thought to have had an affair with a woman attacked in Cicero's Pro Caelio. That identification is due in part to the metrical similarity of that woman's name to a name alluding to Sappho that appears frequently in his poetry. FTP, name this poet who may have loved Clodia, parts of whose Carmina describe the sparrow of his beloved Lesbia.;;(Gaius) (Valerius) Catullus
;;Their hieroglyphic writing system resembles that of the Vai people of West Africa, while scholars believe their language was of the Mixi-Zoquean family. Though later civilizations called them "Tamoanchan", researcher Marshall Seville adopted a name meaning "rubber people" in Nahuatl. Many of the relics of this culture were stone sculptures depicting squat helmet-headed people, with such monuments found at cultural sites like La Mojarra, La Venta and San Lorenzo. FTP, identify this Mesoamerican culture that dissipated in 400 BCE, pre-dating the Mayans and Aztecs.;;Olmecs
;;In ornithological circles, this region is known as the breeding ground of the Steller's Sea Eagle, and the waters offshore are populated by ribbon seals, walrus, and several cetaceous species. The Valley of the Geysers and one of the highest density of volcanoes in the world draw intrepid tourists to this region, but until recently it was inaccessible territory because a Korean Airlines passenger jet was shot down and crashed here in 1983 after drifting into forbidden airspace. In 1741, the explorer Vitus Bering died of scurvy in the Commander islands nearby. FTP, name this region, ringed on three sides by the Pacific Ocean, the Bering Sea, and the Sea of Okhotsk.;;Kamchatka Peninsula
;;One of the characters in this work uses a tie as a belt but is let off the hook by Mr. Patch-Withers. Brownie Perkins shares a room with another character with a face that is "all straight lines." That character, Brinker Hadley, differs markedly in character from the creator of a "Super Suicide Society," who aids the main character in training for the Olympics and becomes distant when "Leper" Lepellier enlists in the war. This book ends tragically when the central character's best friend dies after falling on marble steps and rebreaking his leg. FTP, identify this novel centering on the envy Gene Forrester has for his best friend Phineas, written by John Knowles.;;(A) Separate Peace
;;Diels-Alder reactions between dienes and these molecules can be catalyzed by ruthenium Lewis acids. Symmetrical ones can be cleaved with hot alkaline potassium permanganate, while Wittig reactions using this class of compounds are more likely to produce the E-isomer of the product. One method of producing them involves the production of a halohydrin, while they can also be generated by oxidizing secondary alcohols. Unlike a similar class of compounds, they do not produce a silver precipitate when treated with Tollens' reagent. FTP, name this class of carbonyl-containing compounds whose simplest member is acetone.;;ketones
;;In 1959 it was strengthened by the Landrum-Griffin Act, which established harsher penalties for its violations, but in 1965 the Supreme Court struck down one of its provisions, which required the filing of an affidavit, as a bill of attainder. The Supreme Court has also ruled that this act implicitly repealed part of the Norris-LaGuardia Act dealing with the power of courts to issue injunctions; but this successor to the Wagner Act more explicitly bans common situs picketing and closed shops while legalizing right-to-work laws. For ten points, name this labor relations act that was passed over the veto of Harry Truman.;;Taft(-)Hartley (Act)
;;Among his essays are "A Character of Sir Robert Walpole" and "That Politics May Be Reduced to a Science." This latter work was included in the collection Essays, Moral Political and Literary, which also included an essay that discussed the idea of the true judge, "On the Standard of Taste." His 1757 work A Dissertation on the Passions was published alongside his Natural History of Religion. Kant credited this philosopher with interrupting his "dogmatic slumber," referring to the challenge to causation that he first put forth in his 1737 work A Treatise of Human Nature. For 10 points, identify this Scottish philosopher who also wrote An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding.;;(David) Hume
;;In a book about this painting, Mary Hervey notes that the design of the floor is based on the sanctuary pavement of Westminster Abbey. In the upper left-hand corner, a crucifix is partially obscured by the green curtain that is draped behind the two major figures. Between the feet of these two figures lies an elongated skull that can only be recognized from an acute angle. Above this skull are two tables, on which lie a Lutheran hymnbook, a broken-stringed lute, and two globes. Jean de Dinteville and Georges de Selve are the namesake figures in, for 10 points, this Holbein painting, which depicts two emissaries to the English court from a foreign country.;;(The) Ambassadors|(The) French Ambassadors
;;His first play centers on a man torn between two women, his wife Aurelia, and the Vestal virgin Furia. Characters in his later works include Alfred Allmers, whose relationship with Rita breaks down after the title figure is lured to his death by the Rat Wife, and Ellida, who breaks from her obsession with a sailor and returns to her husband Dr. Wangel. In addition to writing Little Eyolf and The Lady from the Sea, he wrote of Irene Satow and Arnold Rubek, who are buried in an avalanche in his final work, When We Dead Awaken. He also wrote plays about the suicide of the wife of George Tesman and the awakening of Nora Helmer. FTP, name this author of Hedda Gabler and A Doll's House.;;(Henrik) Ibsen
;;After signing the Treaty of Stolbovo with Russia, he participated in a war that would be ended by the Truce of Altmark, a conflict in which this man, a brother-in-law of Transylvanian prince Gabor Bethlen, won the Battle of Gniew (pronounced "Niev"), besieged Orneta, was wounded at the Battle of Dirschau, and made an amphibious landing at Pillau. He annexed Stralsund after saving it from Imperial occupation, and at the Battle of Lech his forces killed the Count of Tilly after having earlier defeating him at Breitenfeld, but then this man died at the Battle of Lutzen. For ten points, name this employer of Axel Oxenstierna, a Swedish king who intervened in the Thirty Years's War.;;Gustavus Adolphus
;;Liudmilla Petrushevskaia described this figure's birth in the Crimea, while Stesichorus wrote a palinode about this figure after being blinded. Exiled by Megapenthes late in life, this person briefly lived with Aethra as a child after being kidnapped by Pirithous and Theseus. While Pausanias claims that Polyxo hanged this woman, most accounts say that this woman's husband spared her life and allowed her to return to her daughter Hermione in Sparta. Her stepsiblings, the children of Tyndareus, were Clytemnestra and Castor. FTP, name this daughter of Zeus and Leda over whom the Trojan War was fought.;;Helen (of) (Troy)
;;This man's namesake field is a massless Proca field. Highly viscous fluids are sometimes characterized by a shear stress damping time known as his relaxation time. He lends his name to several equalities involving second derivatives of thermodynamic potentials, and Boltzmann's H-theorem shows that a gas in thermal equilibrium is characterized by this man's namesake distribution function. In order to preserve charge, he added a term proportional to the time derivative of the electric field to Ampere's law. FTP, name this Scottish physicist whose 4 namesake equations unify electromagnetism.;;(James) (Clerk) Maxwell
;;Along with John Murray, this author was one of the founders of the Quarterly Review, and his contributions to it included reviews of Jane Austen's Emma and of his own series, Tales of My Landlord. His early narrative poetry includes The Bridal of Triermain, Marmion, and The Lady of the Lake, but he is better known for novels like Guy Mannering, which follows early British colonization of India. Another of his novels is set in motion by the storming of an Edinburgh prison, the titular Heart of Midlothian. Yet another novel follows the adventures of Francis Osbaldistone as he meets the titular Scottish outlaw, Rob Roy. For 10 points, identify this author, whose best known works include The Bride of Lammermoor and Ivanhoe.;;(Sir) (Walter) Scott
;;The fourth ruler of this entity faced a rebellion by his son Khusraw, and its second ruler was forced into exile in the Safavid court by the founder of the Suri dynasty, Sher Shah. The sixth ruler of this entity conquered Golconda and Bijapur, while the third ruler of this entity was tutored by the regent Bairam Khan. As it declined, its rulers' peacock throne was stolen by Nadir Shah, and it lost much territory to the Marathas. Originally founded after the defeat of the Lodis at the first battle of Panipat, for ten points name this Indian empire ruled by the likes of Shah Jahan, Aurenzgeb, and Ackbar.;;Mughal (Empire)
;;Zora Neale Hurston documented them in the case of Felicia Felix-Mentor, an investigation which prompted a scientific interest in Tetrodotoxin. The use of tetrodotoxin in "powder strike" was asserted as the vehicle for the creation of these entities in The Serpent and The Rainbow by ethnobotanist Wade Davis, whose subsequent experiments on rats with Leon Roizon led to the passage of a law prohibiting the creation of one of them in a certain country. Typically, a bokor performs the creation rite on a living subject, and only rarely are any of them actually dead. FTP, identify these creatures of Voudou myth, often unfairly accused of brain-eating.;;Zombie
;;This man expressed regret in fall 2006 that his website biography "reads like a propaganda piece" during a conversation with Jordan's Prime Minister Marouf Bakhit.  He received the Grand Decoration of Honor from Austria for work with the Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty Organization, though allegedly accidentally had dinner with a Holocaust denier, which led Danny Gillerman to hesitate early in support for him.  Though Vike Freiberga criticized his home nation of shameless promotion, Shashi Tharoor, the first runner up, refused to do so.  The first Asian to hold his new position since U Thant, FTP, identify this South Korean recently elected as the next UN Secretary General.;;Ban (Ki(-)Moon)
;;Moderator note:  Make sure to emphasize "Peripatric" as opposed to "Parapatric" 3. The price equation predicts it more accurately than the Fisher equation, one reason for the former's success in reformulating laws of variance.  Almost analogous with Peripatric Speciation, also proposed by Ernst Mayr, its long-term results can include optimal linkage disequilibrium.  It can result from the Bottleneck effect, leading to random genetic drift and low genetic variation, as in populations on certain islands.  FTP, identify this mode of speciation in which rapid genetic drift is caused by a small percentage of the original population establishing a new one.;;Founder Effect
;;It led to Sikh control of Lahore until the 1850s, as ill-advised cavalry charges on both sides crippled each force and left them unable to maintain a presence in the Haryana State.  That clash pitted the Duranni Empire's Ahmad Shah against the Marathas, and saw larger casualty figures than the battle between Adil Shah Suri and his minister Hemu and Bairam Khan, the minister of the third emperor of the Mughals.  Thirty years earlier, that Grandfather had routed the Delhi Sultanate at this site.  FTP, identify this location, the site of victories by Akbar and Babur which determined the fate of the Mughal Empire.;;(Third) (Battle) (of) Panipat
;;The histologist Kurt Yavitch believes that it has standardized all the beauty out of life. Its leading citizens include Dr. Dilling, Charles McKelvey, and William Washington Eathorne, while another of its citizens, Lowell Schmaltz, embarks on a journey to visit Calvin Coolidge. Lucas Prout defeats Seneca Doane to become its mayor, while Sam Dodsworth leaves it to go to Europe. The most populous city in the state of Winnemac, its best-known citizen has an affair with Tanis Judique after the death of Paul Riesling. The home of Tinka, Verona, Ted, Myra, and George Babbitt, FTP, identify this fictional Midwestern city created by Sinclair Lewis.;;Zenith
;;This work's creation was permitted by the political take down of Cavalier D'Arpino, the artist's former master, who had originally received the commission for the Contarelli Chapel. It lies next to two similarly titled works which show the central figure's death and visitation by an angel. In it, Levi, modeled almost exactly on a figure from the creator's The Cardsharps, sits at a table with four other figures, only some of whom find the barefoot figure at right more interesting than piles of coins.  FTP, name this Mannerist Caravaggio work which depicts Jesus's first interaction with a tax collector.;;(The) Calling of Saint Matthew
;;If predictions of some Grand Unified Theories are accurate, loops of superconducting wire a few inches in diameter should detect one of these about every year. Interest in them increased after February 14, 1982, when Blas Cabrera claimed he discovered one in an experiment that has yet to be reproduced. Inflationary Big Bang theory was proposed in part due to the lack of these, whose non-existence is supported by Gauss's law of magnetism. FTP, identify these theoretical particles with net magnetic charge.;;Magnetic monopoles
;;Modern theories link this body to the Rheic, perhaps through the Apulian plate. Though its first imagining was riddled with inconsistencies, including the idea that this body's "western" portion was entirely open, credit for its "discovery" is still given to Edward Suess. Its namesake trench was formed in a collision involving Cimmeria that likely accounts for its connection with the Caspian and Aral seas. Eventually closed by the fast movement of the Indo-Australian plate, FTP, identify this ancient body of water which existed between Gondwana and Laurasia during the mesozoic era, named after a Greek sea goddess.;;Tethys (Sea)|(Ocean)
;;It is thought with communion with this figure can be achieved through Haoma. He is unequivocally linked with atar, while his consort is linked with aban, principles embodied in shrines to this figure known as Fire Temples. He is the defender of Asha, and the model for the doctrine of "good thoughts, good words, good deeds" as iterated in the Gathas. Zurvanists consider this opposer of the daevas to be no greater than his rival, but he is clearly depicted better than Angra Mainyu in the Zend Avesta. FTP, identify this supreme deity of Zoroastrianism, the leader of the angelic Ahuras.;;Ahura Mazda|Auramazda|Hormazd
;;His first name is Georges-Antione, and he is the artist of a brilliant portrait of a blindfolded woman holding a torch against a dark background. He frightens the hell out of aptly-named characters like "the Swede," ironic considering all of Europe went into his making, and his fiance is told that his last words were a mention of her name. His pamphlet on African Civilization bears the scrawled note "Exterminate all the Brutes," a precursor to his fence of skulls and reversion to primitivism in the Belgian Congo. FTP, identify this Ivory Trader whose final words are "the horror, the horror," Marlow's quarry in Conrad's Heart of Darkness.;;(Georges(-)Antoine) Kurtz
;;Because only certain Bacteria and Archea can naturally produce it, it could not be synthesized until Robert Burns Woodward did it in 1973. It is absorbed primarily in the Ileum, and has only two major reaction roles within the body, including methyl group transfers between molecules. MUT and MTR are the only enzymes dependent on it, and Minot, Whipple, and Murphy found that in can be used to treat anemia after feeding liver to a group of dogs. Containing the only example of a carbon-metal bond in biology, FTP, identify this vitamin which is found in eggs and meat and contains cobalt.;;B(-)12|Cyanocobalamin
;;Notable segments include the passacaglia interlude, and the composer's revival of the mad scene for the final act. The story itself is derived from a George Crabbe poem, while the libretto is the work of Montagu Slater. The main part was written for the composer's lover, and the composer's home of Aldeburgh inspired the setting. In its prologue, Mr. Swallow, the lone supporter of the protagonist, advises him against seeking a replacement worker via Ned Keene. Though John actually slips and falls to his death, the appearance of his sweater and an earlier bruise on his neck prompt a mob led by Mrs. Sedley to pursue, FTP, the title character of what Benjamin Britten opera about a fisherman and his dead apprentices?.;;Peter Grimes
;;One of the main characters of this work tried to kill himself after reveling in the beauty of an outhouse and encountering the titular figure. It begins with an account of the title character's domination fetishes, and the destructive potential of the female characters is mirrored by a church sermon on the death of John the Baptist. Thoughts of opening a hotel on Lake Como are repeatedly dashed by the title character's feminism, her lover's sadism and class resentment, and Christine's horror at both of them. The entry of the count prompts Jean to command, FTP, what female protagonist of an August Strindberg play to commit suicide?.;;Miss Julie|Froken Julie(,) (if) (you're) (Swedish)
;;This man inspired Bateson's schismogenesis theory and differentiated between repressive and restitutive law, seeing crime as a reflection of a population's unconscious. He sought to identify common social origins of religious beliefs in (*) Elementary Forms of Religious Life, inspired by his family's devout Judaism. He attacked Weberian individualism by arguing that specialization was implied by the interdependence of a collective society in The Division of Labor in Society. More famously, he divided his best-known subject matter into egoistic, altruistic, fatalistic, and anomic varieties. FTP, identify this French sociologist and author of Suicide.;;(Emile) Durkheim
;;On a finite-dimensional complex inner product space, they define a self-adjoint operator. They are normal, so they can contain complex entries, but diagonalizing them with a unitary matrix results in only real entries. All of their eigenvalues must be real, and their corresponding eigenvectors are orthogonal. The entries on the main diagonal must always be real, and the special case in which all entries are real is a symmetric matrix. FTP, identify this type of matrix that is equal to its own conjugate transpose.;;Hermitian (matrix)
;;Because it ensured that its generals were always buffered from civil government, it required a council known as the Hundred and Four to oversee them. Its constitution strangely also buffered church and state, yet encouraged child sacrifice, as noted by Aristotle. It was first ruled by Soffets in an dual system much like its greatest rival, yet yielded to an oligarchy as ethnic requirements became less stringent, allowing individuals like Adherbal and Hanno to rise to power. Its geographic power center was the citadel Byrsa, though the palace's sea walls never needed to be very strong. FTP, identify this city whose naval power led it to dominate the pre-Roman Mediterranean, most famously led by various members of the Barca family.;;Carthage
;;Loes offered a genealogical variation on this, which is also the basis for MacGregor's Theory X and Theory Y. Its formulator defended it in 1987's Motivation and Personality, stating that psychologists must analyze individuals such as Einstein and Roosevelt rather than study the mentally ill. Kurt Goldstein coined the term for one of its major concepts, which encompasses resistance to denial, free creativity, and a strong moral code. That concept falls under the "B" category and not the "D" range, which denote "being" and "deficiency." FTP, self-actualization is at the pinnacle of what construct which states that basic, physiological needs must be fulfilled before growth can occur, created by Abraham Maslow.;;(Maslow's) Hierarchy of needs
;;In the upper left corner, smoke rises from the beard of a marble statue wearing a crucifix. Below it, a group of children stare into a giant lens, which appears next to a machine displaying the x-ray of a human skull. At the top of this painting, an army of soldiers wearing gas masks march rightward; that army faces a procession of workers carrying red banners to celebrate May Day. In the center, two propeller-like shapes appear; one depicts a microscope as well as cells from the human body, while the other depicts a series of swirling galaxies. Removed from the Rockefeller Center due to its favorable depiction of Lenin, it focuses on a worker operating a huge machine above a hand grasping a glowing dial. FTP, name this mural by Diego Rivera.;;Man at the Crossroads (Looking) (with) (Hope) (and) (High) (Vision) (to) (the) (Choosing) (of) (a) (New) (and) (Better) (Future)|Man(,) Controller of the Universe
;;In this novel's first section, the death of Mr. Honda leads Lieutenant Mamiya to describe his life-changing experience of being trapped in a Mongolian well by Boris the Manskinner. That story inspires the protagonist to team up with Cinnamon and Nutmeg Akasaka to buy the abandoned Miyawaki house, where he climbs down an empty well to reach Room 208. There, the protagonist searches for his missing wife before attacking a nameless man with a baseball bat, causing the malevolent politician Noboru Wataya to have a stroke. All of this action is precipitated by the search for a missing cat, foreshadowing the separation of Kumiko and Toru Okada in, FTP, this Haruki Murakami novel whose title refers to the noise an animal makes during significant historical moments.;;(The) Wind(-)Up Bird Chronicle|Nejimaki(-)dori Kuronikuru
;;It is neither a force nor an event, and it is often idealized as a step-function to make calculations simpler. It is measured in Huygens, which is equivalent to the Newton-second, and in the case of a time-varying force, it is the integral of that force with respect to time. In the case of a constant force, it is equal to the mass times the change in velocity, thus the force is equal to it divided by the change in time. FTP, identify this physical measure that is the product of the force and the time during which it acts, thus yielding a change in momentum.;;Impulse
;;This city became geographically united when Alexander the Great was forced to link the main island to the coastal section, Ushu, during a siege. In Rawlinson's History of its associated people, he asserted that its unique geography led to regional dominance over later rivals like Arwad and Byblos. Its pillars of Milqart may link its merchants to the pillars of Hercules, and it is the confirmed founder of the colonies Kition and Tartessus. Sanchunathion cites such rulers as Abdastratus and Hiram II, though better-known residents include Hiram's father Abibaal, Mattan I, and, after the murder of Sychaeus, Pygmalion. Likely the producer of the famed purple dye of the Phoenicians, FTP, identify this city in southern Lebanon between Acre and Sidon, famously fled by Dido and home to Pericles in a Shakespeare play.;;Tyre
;;In the background, a lone red flag flutters in a dark green sky. That flag sits on the end of a rectangular white building, which contains a series of small square windows as well as a parallel series of open entrances. The right side is dominated by a similar building, which stands in shadow next to an empty wooden van. Both buildings recede in a distorted perspective, creating a disquieting sensation heightened by the ominous shadow of a man approaching from behind the building on the right. However, the figure that most strongly evokes the two title concepts is the shadow of a girl rolling a hoop in the foreground. FTP, identify this surrealistic painting by Giorgio de Chirico.;;Melancholy and Mystery of a Street|Mystery and Melancholy of a Street
;;In one of his poems, God says "The world is as it used to be: All nations striving strong to make/ Red war yet redder" to inform corpses that they have been woken up by gunfire instead of Judgment Day. Besides "Channel Firing," he wrote "War's annals will crowd into night/ Ere their story die" in his poem "In Time of 'The Breaking of Nations'", and described Melia's rise from poverty to empty wealth and respectability in "The Ruined Maid". The speaker of another of his poems wishes that a "vengeful god" will tell him "Thou suffering thing!...Thy love's loss is my hate's profiting!", while he's better known for poems about the joyous song of an aged bird and the sinking of the Titanic. FTP, name this English poet of "Hap", "The Darkling Thrush", and "The Convergence of the Twain", who also wrote novels like The Mayor of Casterbridge and Return of the Native.;;(Thomas) Hardy
;;He is dressed in green and looks over Pythagoras' shoulder in The School of Athens. One of his works praises the Acquired Intellect, and unlike his predecessor, he held that the Active and Passive Intellects were separate from the individual soul. He wrote a notable work on the Maliki school of Fiqh as well as a two-part summary of the Almagest and a work on medicine translated in Latin as Colliget. He also wrote a response to a polemic against philosophy by al-Ghazali, and a series of interpretations of a notable Greek philosopher. Known for his extensive commentaries on Aristotle, FTP, name this medieval Islamic philosopher born in Spain, the author of The Incoherence of the Incoherence.;;Averroes|Ibn Rushd
;;It used to be prescribed for skin diseases despite its irritant properties. Its three major types include brown, also known as Amosite; blue, or Riebeckite; and white, which is mined from serpertine rocks and known as Chrysotile. Its name is derived from its use in lamp wicks, and its other practical uses have included electric oven and hotplate wiring for its electrical insular properties. FTP, identify this group of metamorphic and sometimes fibrous minerals that were formerly used in construction before their carcinogenic properties were realized.;;Asbestos
;;The twelfth chapter of this work describes the life of Alexander Crummell, while its thirteenth consists of a short story about the education and subsequent lynching of John Jones. In another chapter, "Of the Passing of the First-Born," its author describes the death of his infant son, which frees the dead child from growing up "choked and deformed within the Veil." Each chapter begins with bars of music from spirituals, or "Sorrow-Songs," while chapter three criticizes the Atlanta Compromise. Beginning with an explanation of the "double consciousness" of the title race and the sentence "the problem of the Twentieth Century is the problem of the color line," FTP, name this 1903 work by W.E.B. DuBois.;;(The) Souls of Black Folk
;;One of its members, Joe Angelo, had previously won the Distinguished Service Cross for saving the life of a soldier who would later attack it. Organized and led by Walter Waters, its main encampment contained many mock burials symbolic of the perceived governmental indifference towards its members. Its resistance to Attorney General William Mitchell's evacuation order caused soldiers including George Patton to attack it with tear gas, causing its members to retreat across the Anacostia River. Douglas MacArthur then set fire to its main camp after ignoring a direct order from Herbert Hoover. FTP, name this veterans organization that marched on Washington in 1932 to ask for monetary compensation.;;(the) Bonus Army|Bonus Expeditionary Force
;;After a fast section in F major, the opening theme is followed by a D minor theme set over a pedal point. This piece then returns to A minor for a rising chromatic arpeggio for the right hand, and concludes with a perfect cadence. It begins in a 3/8 time signature with the right hand playing the notes of E, E flat, and E, which may allude to the person named in its title. Also known as the Bagatelle in A minor, FTP, name this short piece for solo piano by Beethoven apocryphally named for one of his students.;;Fur Elise
;;Robert Dahl discussed "The Problem of Inclusion" and argued against anarchism in a work about this and its critics. A work about this and education argues that children should be taught to adapt to the future instead of being forced to reproduce the habits of the past, and was written by John Dewey. Another work whose title ends with this word envisages the death of capitalism and describes the process of "creative destruction," while a 19th-century book about this political system predicts a sectional conflict over slavery and discusses the tyranny of the majority. Joined with capitalism and socialism in the title of a book by Joseph Schumpeter and discussed "in America" by de Tocqueville, FTP, name this type of government.;;Democracy (the) (works) (are) (Democracy) (and) (Its) (Critics(,)) (Democracy) (and) (Education(,)) (Capitalism(,)) (Socialism(,)) (and) (Democracy(,)) (and) (Democracy) (in) (America(.))
;;The first internet web server came into use here, where it mainly functioned as a communications system between scientists in order to facilitate research. Its Gargamelle bubble chamber was responsible for the discovery of neutral currents in weak force interactions via neutrino detection. Nobel Prize winning members of this facility include Carlo Rubbia and Simon van der Meer for their discovery of the W and Z bosons. Located just outside Geneva, Switzerland, FTP, identify this European laboratory that contains the world's largest particle accelerator.;;CERN|Organisation europeenne pour la recherche nucleaire
;;The road that leads to it crosses a river of scorpions, a river of blood, and a river of pus. Its rulers enjoyed tricking people into sitting on an extremely hot stone, and one of its residents, Xquic [sh-QUIK], was impregnated by the severed head of Hun Hunahpu. This city features six houses full of treacherous trials, including the Bat House and the Razor House, as well as a massive ball court. Here, the hero twins Hunahpu and Xbalanque [sh-ball-an-kay] outwitted the Twelve Lords of this place by winning against them in their own ball game and sacrificing One and Seven Death. It is believed that a cavern in Cobal, Guatemala leads to, FTP, this underworld and land of the dead in Mayan mythology.;;Xibalba (shee(-)BAHL(-)bah)
;;Because of resonance stabilization of its conjugate base, the alpha-hydrogen in them is more acidic than in alkanes. Using the Nef reaction, pyridinium salts reacted with secondary amines followed by hydrolysos creates them, as does the Rosenmund reduction that reduces an acyl halide to one. They can be synthesized by reacting a primary alcohol with an oxidizing agent, and they used to be named after their corresponding alcohols. FTP, identify this functional group consisting of an atom of carbon bonded to a hydrogen atom and double-bonded with an oxygen atom, which contains a terminal carbonyl group.;;Aldehyde|formyl|methanoyl
;;This event negated years of effort by the controlling monarch which involved purchasing the rights to the Kingdom of Jerusalem, securing tribute from the emir of Tunis, and placing troops in Morea, all of which followed the awarding of the crown by Urban IV after the fall of Manfred in 1256. It was the basis of a Verdi opera, and although Amari insisted it was a spontaneous event, Michael Palaeologos almost certainly had a hand in it, perhaps through Pedro III, who later became Pedro I of its namesake territory. A confiscation of arms and the molestation of women are commonly believed to have ignited it, and by its conclusion over 8000 French inhabitants of the island lay massacred. FTP, identify this rising against Charles of Anjou, which is believed to have began on Easter Monday in Palermo.;;(War)|(Rebellion) (of) (the) Sicilian Vespers
;;It includes an exhortation to write curses on Mt. Ebal and blessings on Mt. Gezirim, and recounts rebellions at Teberah, Horeb, and Kadesh-barnea. It concludes with an account of a character who goes to Mt. Nebo to die; and largely consists of three discourses that character gives on the plains of Moab. The second discourse describes the Cities of Refuge and commands the celebration of the Feast of Weeks and the Feast of Booths, and proscribes a lengthy series of mitzvot, while the third discourse renews the divine covenant. Its Hebrew name is derived from its opening phrase, which roughly translates as "These are the words". FTP, identify this book of the Bible which follows Numbers, the fifth book of the Old Testament.;;Deuteronomy|Devarim
;;One of his plays centers on Uncle Simone's inability to impregnate his wife Mita, which leads to the title character impregnating her instead. In another of his plays, a group of wealthy gossips harasses Signora Frola and Ponza after they each give conflicting, but equally plausible, accounts of their strange behavior. Besides Liola and Right You Are! (If You Think You Are), Dr. Dionysius Genoni and Donna Matilda dress up as characters from the 11th century to meet the mad title character of another of his plays, who believes he is a king after falling off his horse. His best known play includes a scene at Madame Pace's establishment where the Father sleeps with the Step-Daughter, and begins with the title characters interrupting a rehearsal to request that their story be staged. FTP, name this playwright of Henry IV and Six Characters in Search of an Author.;;(Luigi) Pirandello
;;He recorded hundreds of pages of notes on Joffre's tactics in Taiwan, and observed Admiral Courbet in the same conflict.  Second in his class at the Thames Nautical Training College, he rose to fame following his defense of his sinking of the British Ship Kowshing. His first combat experience came after the death of Charles Richardson precipitated a war  between England and his region, and he was present at the Battle of Awa during the Boshin War. An opponent of the London Naval Treaty, he narrowly avoided disaster in his first action in his best-known post, scrutinizing Dewa's intelligence and protecting his capital ships, including the Mikasa. Eventually becoming Fleet Admiral of his nation's modernizing navy, FTP, identify this Japanese commander at the battles of Port Arthur and Tsushima.;;Togo (Heihachiro)
;;At one point in this movie, a dead bird is thrown at the protagonist, who is told that it is "a pigeon for a pigeon". After the murders of Kayo Dugan and Joey Doyle, that character repudiates the doctrine of "D and D," or "Deaf and Dumb," and testifies against corrupt union boss Johnny Friendly. In its most famous scene, Charley's comment about "that skunk we got you for a manager" causes an ex-boxer to complain about receiving "a one-way ticket to Palookaville" before lamenting "I coulda been somebody, instead of a bum, which is what I am." Directed by Elia Kazan, FTP, name this 1954 movie starring Marlon Brando as longshoreman Terry Malloy, best known for the line "I coulda been a contender.".;;On the Waterfront
;;This war was precipitated by the death of Joseph Ferdinand and the violation of the Second Partition Treaty. Its first battle saw the defeat of forces under Nicolas Catinat and the duke of Villeroi by an Austrian who was later defeated at the Battle of Cassano by Vendome. The Netherlands changed their allegiance to Charles III after the Duke of Marlborough's victory at the Battle of Ramillies, while the French forces were eventually driven back inside their borders after the Battles of Oudenarde and Malplaquet. Earlier, the French offensive was stopped by Eugene de Savoy's victory at the Battle of Blenheim. Caused by Leopold I and Louis XIV's disagreement over the heir of Charles II, FTP, name this war fought from 1701 to 1714 ended by the Treaty of Utrecht.;;(War) (of) (the) Spanish Succession
;;Charles LeBrun's lecture "Conference Sur L`expression" was largely based this man's theory that all emotions stem from combinations of wonder, love, hate, desire, joy, and sadness, a theory expressed in Passions of the Soul. In another work, this thinker argued that his ability to conceive of a "perfect being" proved the existence of God, and raised the possibility that he is constantly deceived by an omnipotent "evil genius". Those arguments appear in his Meditations on First Philosophy, while he described his program of hyperbolic doubt and his system of Cartesian coordinates in Discourse on Method. FTP, name this dualistic French philosopher best known for arguing "cogito ergo sum," or "I think, therefore, I am.".;;(Rene) Descartes
;;One character in this work evokes the image of breaking a pot to indicate her desire for anal sex. Its fourth section opens with another character presumably having anal sex with Jupien before seducing the violinist Charles Morel, who is later persuaded to leave that character, the Baron de Charlus, after talking to the vindictive Verdurins. Although the protagonist is briefly infatuated with the wealthy Duchesse de Guermantes, his anxiety over possible lesbian affairs going on without his knowledge leads him to force Albertine to live with him in its fifth section, The Captive. Its first section, Swann's Way, opens with a memory of the town of Combray evoked by the taste of a tea-soaked madeleine. FTP, identify this long novel by Marcel Proust.;;In Search of Lost Time|Remembrance of Things Past|(A) La Recherche du Temps Perdu
;;A rehearsal of this opera plays an important part in William Gaddis' novel JR. In its final scene, Donner sings "Heda, heda, hedo" after Erda warns another character to give up an all-powerful object in the aria "Wie alles war". That object is cursed in the aria "Bin ich nun frei" by a dwarf who uses the Tarnhelm to turn himself into a toad after being tricked by Loge. Its opening scene begins with a sustained E-flat chord that lasts for 136 measures, representing the title river, whose maidens reject the Nibelung Alberich, causing him to renounce love and steal the title object. FTP, name this Richard Wagner opera, the first of the Ring cycle.;;Das Rheingold|The Rhine Gold
;;In the Lorentz-Lorenz formula, the index of refraction is equal to the square root of one plus three times the molar refractivity times pressure divided by this constant times temperature. In the Nernst equation, this constant appears on the numerator of a fraction times temperature and divided by the Faraday constant. For simplicity in calculations, it is usually expressed in terms of units of energy per Kelvin per mole. FTP, identify this universal constant, usually denoted R, with a value equal to Boltzmann's constant times Avogadro's number, and which is a term of the ideal gas law.;;(Ideal/Universal) gas constant
;;In one story, he convinces a village that a corpse he bought in exchange for twelve sheep is the sleeping son of a god, causing the villagers to present him with a hundred slaves out of fear when the corpse never wakes up. He captures the hornets, the python Onini, and the leopard Osebo in order to buy all the tales in the world from Nyame, and makes an unsuccessful attempt to contain the entire world's wisdom in a calabash. He is also prevented from participating in a lavish underwater feast when he takes off his jacket, which he had filled with rocks. That feast is given in revenge for an earlier meal when he made Turtle wash his feet over and over again in order to eat all of his yams by himself. FTP, name this trickster from African mythology usually depicted as a spider.;;(Kweku) Anansi
;;William Davie warned that North Carolina would not sign the Constitution unless this was included. First proposed by Charles Pinckney, it became a sectional issue after Rufus King proposed compensating states in New England to offset its effects. Its final version linked it to direct taxes apportioned among the states, and was proposed by Pennsylvania delegate James Wilson. Federalists called Thomas Jefferson the "Negro President" due to this clause's role in electing him, while it was not voided until the passing of the Fourteenth Amendment. The most prominent reference to slavery in the Constitution, FTP, name this compromise which determined representation by counting slaves as a certain fraction of the white population.;;(the) three(-)fifths (compromise)|(clause)
;;Chloe symbolically kills Sir Plume in this poem's final section, which begins with a speech by Clarissa arguing that "charms strike the sight, but merit wins the soul." Its main character is awoken by her dog Shock, and deploys Spadillio, Manillio, and Basto, or the Ace of Spades, Two of Spades, and Ace of Clubs, against her antagonist in its third canto. After that game of ombre, the Baron performs the title action with a forfex despite the efforts of the Sylphs, led by Ariel, to protect the title object, which becomes a constellation at the end of the poem. Beginning by asking "What mighty contests rise from trivial things," FTP, name this mock epic by Alexander Pope about the cutting of a curl of Belinda's hair.;;(The) Rape of the Lock
;;According to Bill Simmons, the verisimilitude of American History X was ruined when Edward Norton's character did this. In the original 3 Ninjas movie, Rocky improbably does this to complete a 10-9 victory over a group of school bullies. In 2000, a notable one "of death" victimized Frederic Weis, while a mulleted Tom Chambers performed a famous one after coming into contact with Mark Jackson. In 2006, this action was performed twice against Army by Candace Parker, who had earlier performed one with her arm covering her eyes to win a competition over such luminaries as JR Smith and Rudy Gay. FTP, name this type of basketball move whose varieties include the windmill, tomahawk, and 360, and which most people in this tournament are unable to perform.;;(slam) dunk
;;This painting was originally exhibited along with a poem ending, "Hope, hope, fallacious hope! Where is thy market now?" The sky is bluish-white in the upper right, and yellow-orange in the center, where a hazy vertical white line represents the sun. In the lower right corner, five white birds hover over an aggressive group of fish, who are attracted by the pools of maroon blood coming from a drowning figure. The fettered leg of that figure sticks out above the water, along with the chains of other dying figures who were thrown off of the title object so that their owners could collect insurance money. FTP, name this J. M. W. Turner painting of a boat sailing the Middle Passage during a storm.;;(The) Slave Ship|Slavers throwing overboard the dead and dying(:) (Typhon) (coming) (on)
;;At standard temperature and pressure, it is a toxic and corrosive gas with a strong odor, and until the advent of haloalkanes like Freon, it was widely used as a refrigerant because it easily liquefies under pressure. Its liquid form is also a well-known non-aqueous ionizing solvent. Another of its important uses is in the production of nitric acid, which is then used in explosives and fertilizer. FTP, name this Hydrogen-Nitrogen compound usually formed when its two component gases are reacted over an iron catalyst, with aluminum oxide and potassium oxide promoters.;;Ammonia
;;In ancient times, people celebrated this holiday by swinging a live chicken around their head, killing it, and giving it to the poor. Adults observing it are prohibited from wearing leather shoes, bathing, and having sex, while the Seudah Ha-Mafseket is traditionally the final meal eaten before it begins. The Book of Jonah is read during its Mincha service, while its Musaf service includes a recitation of the Martyrology. Opening with the chanting of the Kol Nidre [Nid-RAY], its observers also recite the Ashamnu and the Al Chet [all KHATE] in order to gain forgiveness from God for the sins committed over the past year. Observed on the tenth day of Tishrei, FTP, name this Jewish day of atonement, which occurs nine days after Rosh Hashanah.;;Yom Kippur
;;This character is compared to "the wild air of the last waltz of Von Weber," and paints many abstract canvases, including a picture of a long subterranean tunnel lit with an unearthly white light. Also the author of the poem "The Haunted Palace," he suffers from a "morbid acuteness of the senses", which causes him to become aware that he has buried another character alive. He originally entombs that character in order to prevent her corpse from being dug up and used for medical research, and dies after she breaks free from her tomb and falls upon him. The occupant of a Gothic dwelling that crumbles and slides into a tarn, FTP, identify this brother of the lady Madeleine, the protagonist of Edgar Allan Poe's "The Fall of the House of Usher".;;Roderick (Usher)
;;This work's sixth chapter argues that dogs are valued for their "unquestioning subservience," while its last chapter criticizes "esoteric knowledge" and the survival of archaic rituals in academia. Another chapter analyzes the conservation of primitive traits like the belief in luck and the predatory instinct, a process which prevents society from evolving past wasteful barbarism. The second chapter describes the emergence of the title institution, which leads to the achievement of status through pecuniary emulation. Best known for analyzing the motivation behind wasteful and ostentatious displays of wealth, or "conspicuous consumption," FTP, identify this 1899 work by Thorstein Veblen.;;(The) Theory of the Leisure Class
;;After assuring that a new Robespierre will not emerge, its speaker cites Thomas Benton for a comparison between the Catiline conspiracy and the Bank of the United States. Later, it contrasts the "idle holders of idle capital" to "the struggling masses", before warning "destroy our farms and the grass will grow in the streets of every city in the country." Its speaker then notes that his party is supported by "the producing masses of this nation and the world", before arguing that an economic policy would place a "crown of thorns" upon the "brow of labor". Ending with an image of mankind crucified on the title object, FTP, identify this pro-silver speech delivered at the 1896 Democratic National Convention by William Jennings Bryan.;;(the) Cross of Gold (speech)
;;It is the location of the Escondida Mine, the largest open-pit copper mine in the world, and is the world's largest supply of sodium nitrate. The isolation and clarity of its skies make it home to a number of telescopic observatories including the Paranal Observatory. Its barren spaces and 'Mars' or 'Moon'-like soils have made it an ideal place for NASA to consider testing future Martian or lunar rovers. Suffering from a double rain shadow from the Corderilla Domeyko to the east and the Andes Mountains to the west, FTP, name this driest place on Earth, a 600 mile long desert in Chile.;;Atacama (Desert)
;;Because of the intermittent high pressure in it, it can develop pockets known as diverticulli in its walls, which while not necessarily harmful can become infected. In mammals, it consists of four parts - the ascending, transverse, descending and sigmoid regions, and pH in it varies between 5.5 and 7. Located between the cecum and rectum, identify, FTP, this part of the large intestine that absorbs vitamin K and extracts the remaining water from chyme and mixes it with gut flora, creating feces.;;Colon
;;His only surviving opera ends with "A Real Slow Drag" after the title character is rescued from the conjurer Zodzetrick. In the same year that he composed The Favorite and The Sycamore, he used a series of rising arpeggios to simulate the sound of a waterfall in his 1904 piece commissioned by the World's Fair, The Cascades. Awarded a posthumous Pulitzer Prize for Treemonisha, nearly all of his works, such as The Easy Winners and Elite Syncopations, include the warning "Not Fast". Repopularized in the 1970s by Marvin Hamlisch, who used his pieces for the score of The Sting, FTP, identify this American composer of The Entertainer and The Maple Leaf Rag known today as the "king of ragtime".;;(Scott) Joplin
;;In a self-referential play by this author, three men named Bartholomeus criticize him for not writing plays in a scientific manner. In another of his plays, the entrance of a headless character causes an announcer to say "What's he need a head for when he's got genius!" Besides Improvisation and The Leader, he also wrote a play about a character who drowns people in a "radiant city," The Killer, and a play ending with a deaf and dumb man writing the word ANGELFOOD on a blackboard in a room filled with empty furniture. In his most famous play, Berenger watches Jean and Daisy turn into the title creatures before ultimately refusing to turn into one himself. FTP, name this absurdist playwright of The Chairs and Rhinoceros.;;(Eugene) Ionesco
;;It was preceded by an indecisive engagement in the harbor of Marseilles, forcing one general to flee from Iberia and Tarraconnensis, but the victor made a foolish attempt to surprise his enemy's forces at Dyrrhachium. That man, who had hoped to renew a ten-year old alliance with his opponent, had his Equestris, Fulminata, and Gallica legions cornered in Thessaly, and badly outnumbered. At last Marc Antony crossed the Adriatic with 3 legions of reinforcements for Caesar, carrying the day. FTP identify this 48 BC battle, subject of an eponymous epic by Lucan in Greece at which the forces of Julius Caesar decisively defeated the coalition army of Cnaeus Ahenobarbus, Cato the Younger, and Pompey Magnus.;;(Battle) (of) Pharsalus
;;His essay in literary theory, "Remember the Heroic Dead," defends his hetrodox claim that history's two most evocative poets were Rilke and Oscar Wilde. At age 20 he published the one-act play which he called a "tragicomic ecstasy", "Madame de Sade," which won the Kishida Prize. Better-known works include several gay confessional novels such as "Decay of Angels," the final volume of his "Sea of Fertility" cycle. More notably, he and his lover Shinji Morita, with some student activists, broke into the High Commandant's Tokyo office, briefly held him hostage, and called for news reporters in order to commit seppuku on national TV. FTP, identify this author of The Temple of the Golden Pavilion most famed for his first novel, Confessions of a Mask.;;(Yukio) Mishima|(Mishima) Yukio
;;It plays a double role in the reinforcement of local temperatures, since a high value both is caused by snow, and results in cooling of the land. Among cities on earth, Fairbanks, Alaska exhibits the greatest dichotomy in it, causing a 7F difference in average annual temperature over a difference of 2km. Among bodies in the solar system, Iapetus has the greatest such dichotomy; its dark side has .04 and its light side .28. FTP, identify this value, calculated as the percent of incident light reflected by a landscape.;;albedo
;;Supposedly intended as "primarily as a spiritual book" in which the author had "nothing to say about analysis, " all but two of its chapters in fact take the form of analytic propositional calculus. The first chapter, concerning ontological metaphysics, begins with the proposition "The world is all that is the case." In chapter 6, the 2nd to-last concludes that we cannot discuss anything except tautologies, and the last chapter consists solely of the infamous grim Proposition 7.0:  "All that about which we cannot speak we must pass over in silence." With an introduction by Rabindranath Tagore, this is, FTP, what philosophical text, the best-known work of Ludwig Wittgenstein?.;;Tractatus Logico(-)Philosophicus
;;Selections from it appear in the lyrics to the Doors' hit single, "Show Me the Way to the Next Whisky Bar." One character is sentenced to death by Tiger Brown despite being his best friend, although that character is suddenly pardoned on the gallows and made a baron in a deliberate parody of a happy ending. Its opening scene introduces Jonathan Peacham, who controls all the beggars of London, and another scene describes the proletarian despair of an abused tavern waitress who styles herself "Pirate Jenny" in her wild, vengeful daydreams. Its songs include "Pirate Jenny's Revenge Song" and "The Ballad of Sexual Obsession," while its plot centers around the relationship between Polly and Mack the Knife. For 10 points, identify this opera written by Bertolt Brecht and set to music by Kurt Weill, an adaptation of John Gay's The Beggar's Opera.;;(The) Threepenny Opera
;;Its name was revived 25 years later as an advisory council for a new government, and it is the background for Turgenev's "Rudin." Many of its operations involved the use of a red flag, and though it saw a one-hundred percent inheritance tax and debt forgiveness, some of its less-enlightened members tried to throw Renoir into a river for looking at them wrong. The Marquis de Gallifet and General Thiers tried to abolish it at its outset, leading to the infamous massacre called "Semaine Sanglante," which saw the common people rise up to riot alongside the intelligentsia, giving the revolutionaries almost a year of power. FTP, identify this colloquium of radical university students which dethroned Napoleon III.;;Paris Commune (of) (1871)
;;Virginia Woolf claimed in 1929 that she never had and never would lay flowers on any grave except the grave of this writer. Love letters, some poetic and others merely prurient, were exchanged by this author and the Queen Consort, Catherine Stuart, on whose allegedly "pornographic" basis this writer was denied burial in Westminster Abbey alongside another of her paramours, Sir Richard Lovelace, who may have addressed her in the "Lucasta" poems. Her roman-a-clef trilogy, "Love Letters between a Nobleman and His Sister" was published under the code-name "Astrea," assigned to her when she was a spy for Charles II, but she is better known for her comedy The Rover. FTP, identify this Suriname-born authoress of Oroonoko, one of the earliest English novelists.;;(Aphra) Behn
;;He shares his name with one of Pericles' greatest admirals, and also with the patron saint of Avignon. Present in Homer's famous depiction of Elysium, his death was announced by Antilochus. His mother is cited variously as Zeuxippe and as Philomena, but his father is King Menoetius of Erytheia. He is much discussed in Book IX of Plato's "Symposium," wherein Callimachus expounds on the specific reason he was rejected as a suitor for Helen of Troy. The killer of Cebriones and Sarpedon in the Iliad, he was only defeated when Apollo charmed the spear of Hector. FTP, identify this figure in the Iliad who donned his lover's armor to lead the Myrmidons into battle, a companion of Achilles.;;Patroclus
;;Its first section offers a paraphrase of Gottlob Frege, explaining the difference between a priori, a posteriori, synthetic, and analytic truths. This is followed by a lengthy lemma in epistemology which tries to demonstrate that mathematical objects exist, more or less, as Platonic forms. Its final section confesses that the rules given earlier contradict themselves and expresses hope for the resolution, in a perfect axiom set, of one of its coauthors' eponymous semantic paradoxes of self-reference. FTP, name this seminal text in formal logic and early set-theory, authored by Alfred N. Whitehead and Bertrand Russell.;;Principia Mathematica
;;Though the overall command belonged to Gottfried de Bouillogne, anointed at the Council of Clermont, he remained in Antioch after taking Dorylaeum. Their forces were taken over by Cardinal Adhemar de le Puy, and by the Prince Tancred of Taranto, whom the poet Torquatto Tasso made the hero of a verse epic concerning this battle. Only 9 days of battle took place, making it the shortest siege in its campaign, lasting from the 6th to the 15th of July, whereupon the Byzantine tetrarch, Taticius, and Princess Clorinda of Christian Ethiopia both arrived on the same morning with reinforcements, prompting the city's Fatimid viceroy, Ifikar Al-dinno, to flee. FTP, identify this climactic battle of the First Crusade.;;(Siege) (of) Jerusalem (of) (1099)
;;Though their first 3 albums were largely unsuccessful, their next 3 albums, "Infinity," "Evolution," and "Escape," each sold a million copies within a year. Formed in 1973 by two ex-members of Santana, Gregg Rolie and Neal Schon, their top-100 hits in the late 1970s included "Only the Young," "Remember Me," and "Who's Cryin' Now?", although their 1st number-1 hit was 1983's "Separate Ways." FTP, identify this rock group, fronted by Steve Perry and best-known for "After the Fall", "Boat on the River", and "Don't Stop Believin'.".;;Journey
;;It attempted to model the density of standing electromagnetic waves in a closed cavity at equilibrium with its environment, as its precision depends on the wavelengths being very long. It is based on the assumption that each such wave generates KT energy, as suggested by equipartition theory. However, it was inaccurate because Bose-Einstein statistics, and not Maxwell-Boltzmann statistics, govern a certain type of radiation. FTP, identify this inaccurate precursor to Planck's and Wiens' laws for measuring blackbody radiation density.;;Rayleigh(-)Jeans (Law)
;;Oswald Spengler failed his thesis on this man, who discussed the "Bow and the Lyre" as an example of his idea of Unity-in-Difference. A favorite of Nietzsche, he was heir to the archonate of his city but abdicated because he would not rule over "fools and wretches." The concept of subtle impermanence is central to his belief concerning the interrelation of ideas and the inhernet order of the universe, termed Logos. He used an analogy of simple monetary exchange to illustrate his best-known idea, which actually relied more heavily on flux. FTP, identify this resident of Ephesus who believed that the world was constantly changing, and thus the basis for all things was fire.;;Heraclitus (of) (Ephesus)
;;None of this play's principal characters even appear in its first act, which consists of King Mycetes of Persia ordering Theridamas to kill the title character. In Act II, however, the protagonist convinces Theridamas to switch his allegiance, and proceeds to kill Mycetes as well as defeat and lock in a hanging iron cage the Sultan of Egypt, whose daughter and the hero are deeply in love. After giving his famous "sweet fruition of an earthly crown" speech, the hero wages war on and dethrones the mighty Emperor Bajazeth of Asia, then marries his love Zenocrate. Finally, destroyed by his growing hunger for power, the protagonist kills his Zenocrate and their son, and drinks himself to death. FTP, identify this tragedy in two parts by Christopher Marlowe about a 14th century Mongol warlord who conquered most of Asia.;;Tamburlaine (the) (Great)
;;Its first movement, the "Liturgy of Crystal," is dominated by a clarinet solo which imitates the song of a blackbird, prefiguring its later "Abyss of Birds" movement. In its sixth, climactic "Dance of Fury for the Seven Trumpets" movement, no trumpets are employed, but their sound is imitated by the cello and clarinet, representing the armies of light and darkness gathered on the plains of Armageddon. The concluding "Mingling of Rainbows" movement laments the abrupt curtailment of human history. FTP, identify this piece of chamber music composed in 1931 by Olivier Messiaen.;;Quartet for the End of Time
;;Norman Mailer called it "the first truly existentialist work, and the only text on existentialist theology." Though the other two books attributed to its author, written earlier, express exuberant religiosity - one describes the dance of David before the Ark - this text is predominantly despairing in tone. It decries, "All rivers run unto the sea, and there is no new thing under the sun. Vanity of Vanities - All is vanity, and even Vanity is but vanity." Duns Scotus believed that it was written when its alleged author, King Solomon, was nearing death. FTP, identify this Book of the Bible which more famously exhorts, "There is a time for love, and a time for war," followed by the Song of Songs and preceded by the Book of Proverbs.;;Ecclesiastes
;;Its genesis partially occurred in Soledad Prison, where the ideas of Regis Debray and the Tupamaros movement appaeled to men like Joseph Remiro and Russel Little. Its leader, who spent time at the Peking House with Willie Wolfe, was inspired after reading an essay by John Quincy Adams regarding Sengo Bieh. Its symbol was a poorly-chosen seven-headed Sri Lankan figure meant to represent Kwanzaa, and its earlier actions include the murder of Marcus Foster, a school superintendent. They eventually shifted to demands regarding food distribution on advice of Patricia Soltysik, as detailed in every secret thing. Led by Donald Defreeze, also known as "Field Marshall Cinque," FTP, identify this group who famously robbed a San Francisco bank with kidnapped heiress Patty Hearst.;;Symbionese Liberation Army
;;They were hypothesized in December of 1930 in the course of a series of experiments investigating the loss of more energy than explained by entropy in the angular momentum of particles emitted in beta decay, but their existence went unproven to 1956 and none were actually observed until 1969. They remained somewhat mysterious until 1998 since their existence could not be fully accounted for without postulating that material proton decay, a quantized phenomenon, occurs with predictable regularity. However, shortly before it imploded, the Super K facility provided data that these particles are, as theorized, uncharged, but that they are not actually massless, only very tiny. FTP, identify this kind of lepton, emitted during proton decay, and classified into such flavors as muon and tau.;;neutrino
;;The novel is broken into five parts, each with a different narrator recounting his or her memories of the title figure. The first, and most notable, part is narrated by an old Cossack merchant traveling the Caucasus, who met the protagonist when he traded his horse for the beautiful Magyar slave-girl, Bela. Bela's brother Cherin tries to steal her back, and the protagonist kills him, causing Bela to pine to death for several months. However, this is of no consequence to the hero, Grigry Pechorin, who has grown bored of her. FTP, identify this novel by Mikhail Lermontov.;;(A) Hero of Our Time|Arxhadyen Nashoi Vryemntkov
;;Near the bottom, a group of white sheep clusters around a shepherd leaning on a stick. Large rocky outcroppings appear on both sides of the background, while the canvas' center features a three-masted caravel modeled after the Astyanax. A peasant plowing a terrace dominates the painting's left side, while an enormous area of yellow in the background references the cause of the title event. The title figure occupies only a tiny space in the bottom left corner, and is ignored by the other characters. For 10 points, identify this Brueghel painting in which the title character has fallen from the sky to drown after the sun melts his wax wings.;;(Landscape) (with) (the) Fall of Icarus
;;When the footage of the protagonist's death is eventually shown on national television, his mentally retarded mother Hazel can't understand it, and his father George is distracted by a loud buzzing in his ear. The title character kisses the ceiling after proclaiming himself Emperor and selecting a ballerina as his Empress, as his personal glory causes the two of them to rise magically into the air while dancing. However, the title character is then shot by Diana Moon Glampers, the Handicapper General, because "the year was 2081, and everybody was finally equal." FTP, identify this dystopian short story by Kurt Vonnegut.;;Harrison Bergeron
;;To arrive at this place, the priests dipped their feet in the river to bring the water flowing to the Sea of the Arabah to a standstill. The house of Rahab was protected by a scarlet cord, because the prostitute had hidden the two spies from Shittim when pursuers from this town followed her false tip down the road to the fords of the Jordan River. Because no one came out, the son of Nun ordered the priests to march on a circuit of the city with the Ark of the Covenant once a day for six days, and seven times on the seventh day. FTP, name this city captured by Joshua following the destruction of its walls.;;Jericho
;;An essay by Lee Benson claimed that the ideas behind this man's best known work were borrowed from Achille Loria. One of his essays argued that the West's "forces of democracy" were personified in Andrew Jackson, while he wrote that regions of the US, not states, determined national policy in The Significance of Sections in American History. In another essay, he argued that American individualism evolved because successive waves of American settlers moved to "areas of free land" and cited the census of 1890 to mark the end of "the first period in American history." FTP, name this historian who argued that Westward expansion was a democratizing influence on the United States in his landmark essay "The Significance of the Frontier in American History.".;;(Frederick) (Jackson) Turner
;;In one of its works, an artist falls in love with a castrato, while in another, an heir finds his lover dead by the hand of his half-sister, also her lover. In addition to Sarrasine and The Girl with the Golden Eyes, this collection includes "philosophical Studies" like "Melmoth Reconciled" and "The Magic Skin" and "Scenes from Military Life" such as "The Chouans". Raoul Nathan, Joseph Bridau, Horace Bianchon, Emile Blondet, and Eugene de Rastignac are recurring characters, while characters named in some of its titles include Country Doctor, Cousin Bette, and Pere Goriot. Including some scenes from Parisian life and encompassing over 2500 characters, FTP, name this collection of more than 100 works by Honore de Balzac.;;(The) Human Comedy(;)|(La) comedie humaine
;;It was first known by the Native Americans as Talol, and the first European to see it did so in 1792. Most of its climbers utilize Camp Muir on its southwest flank and Camp Schurman on the northeast, the latter of which requires ascension of Emmons Glacier. In 1899, President McKinley established a national park named after it. Its topographic prominence is greater than that of K2, and it takes about two to three days to climb. The Nisqually and Puyallup rivers began at eponymous glaciers on it. FTP, name this largest mountain of the Cascade Range that lies fifty miles southeast of Seattle.;;(Mount) Rainier
;;Though they are normally only composed of sp2 hybrid orbitals between bonds, conditions of high pressure can merge them together into long strands by swapping some of these into sp3 orbitals. Their detected presence within Damascus steel explains why swords made of this material attain their quality in durability and sharpness. The enormous tensile strength of these molecules has made them key materials in proposals for the development of space elevators. FTP, identify these tiny molecules formed from a cylindrical atom-thick sheet of graphite.;;Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs)
;;One character in this play often declaims "the days grow hot, O Babylon! 'Tis cool beneath thy willow trees!", and is still an anarchist, unlike a more cynical character who compares a celebration in the second act to a "second feast of Belshazzar". That character, known as "Old Cemetery," is Larry Slade, who becomes the title character's only "convert to death" after ordering Don Parritt to commit suicide by jumping off a fire escape in the final act. Set in Harry Hope's bar, the main action of the play begins when a traveling salesman arrives and tries to convince the other characters to discard their pipe dreams. Ending with Hickey's revelation that he murdered his wife Evelyn out of hate, FTP, identify this 1940 play by Eugene O'Neill.;;(The) Iceman Cometh
;;The Phaestos one has a spiral band, while the Palamedes one contains the alphabetical secret. Marked by strife and valor, it perhaps derived from the chastity tunic worn by Libyan girls. It was used by Apollo to protect Hector from defacement of the flesh when Achilles dragged him after his death, and it is fashioned from the goat skin of Amaltheia. In the Neithian games, Pallas's attack on Athena was thwarted by Zeus's use of it, and Athena obtained it to wear on her breastplate. Containing the head of the Gorgon Medusa, FTP, name this magical shield of Zeus.;;aegis
;;He may have created St. Francis Giving His Mantle to a Poor Man and other frescoes of Upper Church at Assisi. The first painter to be appointed head of Florence Cathedral workshop, he created the frescos on St. Francis, St. John the Baptist and St. John the Evangelist at Santa Croce of Florence, and also the throned Ognissanti Madonna. Producing rounded, solid figures in depthless backgrounds, he is best known for the frescoes Christ Entering Jerusalem, Ascension, and Lamentation found in a chapel in Padua. The architect of the Duomo Campanile, FTP, name this student of Cimabue who worked on the Arena Chapel.;;(ANSWER) Giotto (di) (Bondone)
;;It gained credence after the discovery of the Talgai cranium. According to Robert Parsons, it derailed the careers of Arthur Keith, Grafton Elliot Smith, and Arthur Smith Woodward, and helped obscure Raymond Dart's discovery of early Australopithecines. Discovered by Charles Dawson, its two molars formed a non-uniform biting surface and showed evidence of artificial abrasion, arousing the doubts of Joseph Weiner and Wilfred Le Gros Clark. Consisting of the jawbone of an orangutan and the skull of a modern human, FTP, name these forged bone fragments found in a namesake English town, at one time believed to be the missing link.;;Piltdown Man
;;The brainchild of Mark Shuttleworth, a South African entrepreneur also known for being the second tourist in space, it was first released for download in October 2004. Since then it has skyrocketed in popularity and attention and is currently on version 6.10. A triumph of the open source community, it was originally released as a fork of Debian, has new releases every six months, and is praised for its frequent updates and dedicated online community. FTP, name this Linux distribution, the current version of which is codenamed "Edgy Eft" and whose name comes from the Zulu and Xhosa concept roughly translated as "humanity toward others.".;;Ubuntu (Linux)
;;This poem's fourth stanza mentions a "green altar" where a "mysterious priest" leads a heifer to be sacrificed. Its second stanza gives a command to "pipe to the spirit ditties of no tone" because "heard melodies are sweet, but those unheard/ Are sweeter." To the fair youth beneath the trees who cannot leave her song, the "happy melodist" "for ever piping songs for ever new," the poet ascribes "more happy, happy love!" Its opening stanza asks "what leaf-fringed legend haunts about thy shape," and refers to the title object as a "sylvan historian" and a "still unravished bride of quietness." FTP, name this poem ending with the lines "'beauty is truth, truth beauty' - that is all ye know on earth, and all ye need to know," an ode by John Keats.;;Ode on a Grecian Urn
;;His conception of existence as opposition is described in Heidegger's Off the Beaten Track in a section on this thinker's sayings. Although a crater on the moon is named after him, he has a reputation based mainly on his work in cosmology.  Plutarch's reminiscences about this Presocratic include the notion that "in the beginning humans were born from other kinds of animals." Best-known for his assertion that the original substance consisted of the amorphous apeiron, FTP, name this second philosopher of the Milesian school, pupil of the first philosopher in the Western tradition, Thales.;;Anaximander
;;Although the Union commander in this battle came up with a sophisticated plan, he uncharacteristically committed a costly hesitatation on May 1st, saying "for the first time, [he] lost confidence in" himself. Sedgewick's VI Corps was supposed to provide a diversion near Fredricksburg, but Jubal Early's division was able to hold them back from joining the attack. The Union XI Corps bore the brunt of Stonewall Jackson's assault after he successfully marched around to the Union left, allowing Lee to escape the Wilderness with a victory despite being outnumbered two to one. FTP, what is this April 30 to May 6, 1863 battle, in which Lee's victory came at a terrible cost, as Jackson was felled by friendly fire during the battle?.;;(battle) (of) Chancellorsville
;;If this quantity exists, then the Leibnitz rule will work on the Poisson bracket. Noether's theorem can be extended to this quantity by stating that the group of transformations infinitesimally generated by a constant of the motion will leave it invariant. The Poisson bracket of this quantity with a function will yield that function's time derivative, so if the Poisson bracket is zero, that function is conserved. Obtained by performing a Legendre transform on the Lagrangian, FTP, what is this quantity which in quantum mechanics is the observable representing the total energy of a system?.;;Hamiltonian
;;He described a party at Delmonico's that leads to an attack on Henry Bradin's socialist newspaper as well as the suicide of Gordon Sterret in his short story "May Day". This author wrote "The snow of '29 wasn't real snow. If you didn't want it to be snow, you just paid some money" in a short story describing Charlie Wales' attempt to gain custody of his daughter Honoria. In his best-known short story, Braddock Washington attempts to bribe God by offering to construct a cathedral out of the title gemstone, which is described to John T. Unger as being larger than a hotel. FTP, identify this American author of "Babylon Revisited" and "The Diamond as Big as the Ritz" who also wrote novels about Dick Diver, Amory Blaine, and Nick Carraway.;;(F(.)) (Scott) Fitzgerald
;;He wrote a work for hurdy-gurdy for the King of Naples, and his version of the Orpheus myth, L'anima del filosofo, was arranged on a sponsorship from J. P. Salomon. In addition to Lo speziale and Il mondo della luna, he composed some 1,200 works in every genre, creating the Coronation Mass and The Seven Last Words of Christ for voice. Belonging both to the Baroque and the Classical periods, he wrote pieces labeled "Hornsignal," "Maria Teresa," and "Mercury," as well as the oratorio "The Creation." Patronized by the Esterhazy court, FTP, name this Austrian composer of some 108 symphonies including the London, Surprise, and Farewell.;;(Franz) (Joseph) Haydn
;;A man named Dryas was killed by a woman of this name on their wedding night. According to Pausanias, a woman of this name is the wife of Acrisius and mother of Danae. In Apollodorus' Library, one woman by this name was the mother of Laomedon by Ilus, and another who was released from Hades by Persephone after hearing the laments of her husband, but only on one condition. FTP, name this woman who never made it to the surface before Orpheus looked back at her.;;Eurydice
;;The protagonist of this novel reads part of Eugenie Grandet in a cafe, and has an epiphany while listening to the jazz song "some of these Days". Another character devotes himself to reading all the books in the Bouville library in alphabetical order until he is accused of inappropriately touching a young boy. Before meeting his ex-girlfriend Anny, the protagonist realizes that "the essential thing is contingency" while viewing the roots of a chestnut tree. That protagonist is in the middle of writing a history of the Marquis de Rollebon, but abandons it after many bouts of the title condition, which first manifests itself when he is unable to pick up a piece of paper. FTP, name this novel consisting of the diary of Antoine Roquentin, a work by Jean-Paul Sartre.;;Nausea|(La) Nausea
;;Nicholas Patler wrote about Jim Crow in this president's administration, which provoked strong protests from the William Monroe Trotter-led National Independent Political League after it resegregated the civil service. He appointed John Clarke and James McReynolds to the Supreme Court, as well as a man known for his landmark brief in Muller v. Oregon. His administration saw the passage of the Underwood Tariff, while other laws passed include the Espionage Act, which encouraged the Palmer Raids, and the Federal Reserve Act. FTP, name this New Jersey Democrat, the successor to Taft, who was president during World War I.;;(Thomas) (Woodrow) Wilson
;;In two cases arising out of this state, the Supreme Court found that mitigating factors must be considered when imposing a death sentence, in the cases of plaintiffs Bell and Lockett. The Court ruled that white defendants may object to the exclusion of black jurors in Powers versus this state, and that Louis Malle's film Les Amants is not obscene in Jacobellis versus this state. The Court also said "mere advocacy" of violence could not be criminalized in Brandenburg versus this state and that police officers do not need probable cause to frisk suspects in Terry versus this state. Another case involving this state overturned Wolf v. Colorado and incorporated Weeks v. U.S. to the state level. For 10 points, name this state which was involved in the case establishing the exclusionary rule, brought by a certain Ms. Mapp.;;Ohio
;;The Selly Oak colleges and Aston University are found in this city. Its religious centers include the Catholic St. Chad's Cathedral and the Anglican St. Philip's, while its architectural highlight may be the Post and Mail building. The first city in England to initiate town planning, one-way traffic, and a municipal airport, it also was home to the Boulton and Fothergill firm, which produced leading examples of this city's namesake enamelware. It extends into Staffordshire and Worcestershire, but the center of the city is found in County Warwickshire. For 10 points, name this largest city of the West Midlands, which is found in the geographic center of England, is the second most populous city in the United Kingdom, and is the namesake of a city in Alabama.;;Birmingham
;;This school defeated Nebraska in 2005 to win the women's volleyball title. Coach Tippy Dye and center Bob Houbregs led its basketball team to its only Final Four appearance in 1953, and they have sent such players as Detlef Schrempf and Nate Robinson to the NBA. Once known as the Sun Dodgers, this school has found more success in football, where from 1908 to 1914, under Gil Dobie, they racked up 58 wins and 3 ties with no losses. The 2001 Rose Bowl winner, they split the national title with Miami in 1991. Jim Mora, Jr. stupidly mused that coaching here is his "dream job," though the position of head coach is currently occupied by Ty Willingham. For 10 points, name this school which plays as the Huskies.;;(University) (of) Washington (Huskies)
;;He started a fad for Greek sources with his play Joseph, and John Milton spoke highly of his play Adam in Exile. His religious works include The Truth of the Christian Religion and Notes on the Books of the Gospels, and he also defended the seizure of the Santa Catarina in another book. His political activities got him imprisoned in Loevestein by Maurice of Nassau, but he escaped by hiding in a trunk of books and was able to write a work based on the ideas of Alberico Gentili. In that book, he explained the modern ideas of eminent domain, freedom of the seas, and extraterritoriality. For 10 points, name this writer who listed allowable reasons for war in On the Law of War and Peace, earning him the epithet "father of international law.".;;(Hugo) Grotius|(Huigh) (de) Groot
;;He shrieks at the touch of a razor to his leg, which provokes the ire of Mrs. Turner, though another woman responds by bringing him a sal volatile and a glass of neat brandy. At a cafe down the street from the Convent of the Sacred Heart, he drops a woman in a Spanish cape from his lap while hanging out with prostitutes. He later realizes that "life is death" while chatting with Dusty and Doris. He is often considered identical with the Jewish stereotype Bleistein, who appears opposite a certain Burbank in one poem, and is described as "pink from nape to base" and "broadbottomed" as well as "apenecked" and "zebra-striped" around his jaw. For 10 points, name this character found "Erect," and "among the Nightingales" in two poems and as "Agonistes" in a play, all by T.S. Eliot.;;Sweeney
;;This painter of a mural series about religion for the Boston Public Library showed a bearded man in a straw hat leaning a canvas against a fishing rod, and another man in a long blue coat ignoring a yellow-hatted woman, in paintings of Paul Helleu and Claude Monet at work. This creator of the anti-war painting Gassed showed a woman in a white dress reading over the shoulder of another in black in The Misses Vickers, and two children with paper lanterns in a flower garden in Carnation, Lily, Lily, Rose. For 10 points, name this artist who depicted a pale Virginie Gautreau in a black dress under the name Madame X.;;(John) (Singer) Sargent
;;Despite being very annoying in other ways, this band has ignited Matt Weiner's passion for songs whose titles form complete sentences, with "I Never Told You What I Do For a Living" and "Vampires Will Never Hurt You." Named after the subtitle of Irvine Welsh's novella collection Ecstasy, their second album, Three Cheers for Sweet Revenge, produced the singles "The Ghost of You" and "Helena." Their followup to Life on the Murder Scene was a 2006 album, whose namesake hit single includes lyrics about a "weary widow" who "marches on" after an opening vocal-and-piano section about seeing a marching band. For 10 points, name this Gerard Wray-led band behind the concept album Welcome to The Black Parade.;;My Chemical Romance
;;Joseph McNeil and David Richmond were among the first people to prominently perform one of these, and another occurred at McKormick Theological Seminary in 1969 under the auspices of the Young Lords. Ella Baker organized a conference at Shaw University for those who had participated in this activity, which originally targeted S.H. Kress and Woolworth stores. The organizers of these became the founders of the SNCC. For 10 points, name this tactic of the civil rights movement which North Carolina A&T students used in Greensboro in 1960 at a Woolworth's lunch counter.;;sit ins
;;One of these items can invoke Chenrezig, and they sometimes depict a lightning bolt known as a vajra. Their use reflects the way in which one worships around a chortens, or relic, and it is partly designed to symbolize the start of Shakyamuni's preaching. They usually are imprinted with "hail the jewel in the lotus," and attached to one or two weights with cords. They are believed to automatically recite mantras, and large ones can be turned by windmills or waterwheels. For 10 points, a metal cylinder mounted around a handle and containing a sacred text forms what device used in Tibetan Buddhism?.;;prayer wheel|mani chos kor(;)|korlo
;;In the opening scene of this opera, "Sull'orlo dei Tetti" is interrupted by a chiming clock. The racconto "Condotta Ell'era in Ceppi" discusses the background to the story, involving a witch who was burned for giving the evil eye to the infant Garzia. Based on a play by Antonio Gutierrez, its libretto was finished by Leone Bardare after the death of Salvatore Cammarano, expanding the part of Ines Leonora in order to counterbalance the secondary male lead, the Count di Luna. Its highlight comes just before "Stride la Vampa," when a group of Gypsies sings about work in "Chi del gitano i giorni abbella?", better known as the Anvil Chorus. For 10 points, name this Verdi opera whose title refers to Manrico, a courtly singer.;;(Il) Trovatore|(The) Troubadour
;;Its major advantage over previous attempts at the same standard is the use of a filter bank created by a discrete cosine transform, which increases the resolution by 18 times. It takes advantage of the Fletcher-Munson threshold and the forward and backward masking effects when making 576 independent passes of each frequency band. Huffman coding is used to reduce the size of the final data set, which is first minimized via the byte reservoir, joint stereo techniques, and other psychoacoustic technologies. For 10 points, the Fraunhofer institute claims a patent on what technology standard, which filters out imperceptible variations in sound files in order to create smaller but acoustically identical files that might be acquired from Kazaa, Soulseek, or a CD ripping program?.;;MP3|Moving Picture Experts Group(-)1(,) (Layer) 3
;;During Reconstruction, he deposed corrupt Georgia governor Charles Jenkins and garnered a reputation for just administration as commander of the 3rd Military District. During the reshuffling of the Union army in the wake of the Fredericksburg fiasco, this man became commander of the V Corps. The namesake of an army fort mere spitting distance from this tournament, in Laurel, Maryland, this man replaced Joseph Hooker at the head of the Army of the Potomac. In his greatest success, he arranged his army in the form of a fishhook extending to Culp's Hill after joining up with Abner Doubleday's troops at Cemetery Ridge, and his forces successfully staved off Pickett's Charge. For 10 points, name this commander who thus defeated Lee at Gettysburg.;;(George) (Gordon) Meade
;;Dixon's Paradox can be refuted by this equation, developed around 1840. It can be derived from an equation that calculates heat loss due to friction, which is known as the Darcy-Weisbach equation. Wilberforce extended it to turbulent flow and Washburn applied it for fluid motion in a circular tube. Analogous to Ohm's law for electrical circuits, this hydraulics equation is sometimes named for Gotthilf Hagen. It was originally developed by a French physiologist to model flow in blood vessels. For 10 points, name this equation which states flow rate is directly proportional to change in pressure, tube length and viscosity, and inversely proportional to the radius of the tube to the fourth power.;;Hagen(-)Poiseuille (Equation/Law)
;;In this poem's latter sections, two civil wars arrive when Dankwart kills Gelfrat and Bloedel, shortly after Ortlieb is given as a hostage to keep the peace, and Flavius Aetius destroys Burgundy at the Battle of Worms. Queen Uta interprets a dream about two eagles killing a falcon near the start of this poem, whose first half shows the brother of Giselher and Gernot defeating the forces of King Ludger in order to win a bride and protect a treasure described as so big that a hundred wagons could not haul it away. The hero's widow remarries to Etzel after Hagen kills that warrior, who had married Kriemhild at the same time that Gunther married Brunhild. For 10 points, name this Germanic epic about the exploits of Siegfried, which lends much of its plot to Wagner's Ring Cycle.;;(the) Nibelungenlied|(the) Song of the Nibelungs
;;He punished a revolt in Babylon by melting a gold statue of Marduk. Upon hearing of this man's death, Inaros attempted to re-establish the independence of Egypt. He ordered the building of a 1.5-mile long canal through the Akti promontory so that his fleet could avoid the rough seas around the Khalkidhiki Peninsula, and he later arranged 676 ships in two parallel rows to create a pontoon bridge that allowed his army to cross the Hellespont. He worshipped at the wondrous Temple of Artemis on the way back from a loss later finalized by the Peace of Callias. His army lost that war due to defeats at Mycale, Plataea, Salamis, and Thermopylae. For 10 points, name this successor to Darius I who launched the unsuccessful Persian invasion of Greece.;;Xerxes (I)
;;They appear in Group III of the PUREX raffinate and can form complexes with cryptands. One of these with EDTMP can form a complex to treat pain when cancer has spread to the bone. With three triflate ions, they make a Lewis acid sometimes used in Friedel-Crafts reactions. In steel making, a mixture of these called a mischmetal is used to remove carbon impurities, and they have a silvery appearance and a melting point above 800 degrees. The decrease in atomic size caused by poor shielding of the increasing nuclear charge by f electrons is known as their namesake contraction, which can be seen in members such as promethium and erbium. For 10 points, name these inner transitional elements with atomic numbers 57-71.;;lanthanides (elements)|lanthanoids (elements)
;;In one of his short stories, the fictitious director Jean Luc Vidal visits the star of the film Les Fauves Nous Attendant. In another, the sheriff's deputy Jesse has to roleplay as an interracial rapist in order to perform sexually for his wife Grace. In addition to "This Morning, This Evening, So Soon" and "Going to Meet the Man," he wrote a play about Lyle Britten's trial for the murder of Richard Henry and a novel which ends in a section entitled "The Threshing Floor" and follows the call to ministry of John Grimes. He also wrote the essays on race relations Notes of a Native Son and The Fire Next Time. For 10 points, name this author of Blues for Mister Charlie, Giovanni's Room, and Go Tell it On the Mountain.;;(James) Baldwin
;;His work on the philosophy of mathematics was the only completed portion of a planned analysis of what he identified as the seven lower sciences, called the Subjective Synthesis. It is believed that the death from tuberculosis of his lover Clotilde de Vaux influenced his thoughts on the role of women in his ideal society, in which the Catholic Church was to be transformed into the "religion of humanity." He outlined theological and metaphysical precursors to modernity in his law of the three stages of intellectual development, and he created the distinction between social dynamics and social statics as branches of the new field whose name he coined, sociology. For 10 points, name this author of Course of Positive Philosophy and founder of positivism.;;(Isidore) (Auguste) (Marie) (Francois) (Xavier) Comte
;;Antonio Maceo and Calixto Garcia began "La Guerra Chiquita" in what is now this country, immediately after the Convention of Zanjon ended another independence movement. That movement was sparked by the Grito de Yara, led by Carlos de Cespedes, and known as the Ten Years War. An earlier attempt at separating this country from Spain was led by filibuster Narciso Lopez. Shortly after the deprivations of Valeriano Weyler in the 1890s, this country found itself under another occupation led by John Brooke and Leonard Wood, who achieved what Maximo Gomez and Jose Marti could not. For 10 points, name this island country later ruled by Fulgencio Batista and Fidel Castro.;;Cuba
;;One scene in this novel is a dance at the Pump Room, and another is a semantic quarrel over the precise meaning of "nice." The protagonist is thrown out of a general's home, more for her lack of money than for attempting to prove that the general murdered his wife, but eventually is engaged to a man who wooed her by mocking the upper class of Bath. After declining an invitation to visit Blaize Castle with Isabella Thorpe, that main character reunites with Henry Tilney in this novel, in which such books as The Romance of the Forest, The Italian, and The Mysteries of Udolpho, by Ann Radcliffe, are parodied. For 10 points, name this book about Catherine Morland, written by Jane Austen.;;Northanger Abbey
;;Bennett and Faulkes have published research on this condition in members of the family Bathyergidae. The only crustaceans with this condition are some snapping shrimp of genus Synalpheus. It is partly explained in Hymenoptera with haplodiploidy, meaning that females are more closely related to their sisters than their own offspring, although it is more common in organisms that build nests. Inbreeding causes it in mole rats, and generally, it is characterized by specialized castes of nonreproductive individuals, cooperative broodcare, and a overlap in generations between parents and offspring. For 10 points, name this altruistic social system commonly found in insects.;;eusociality
;;He was killed for the same reason that Toxeus met death at the hands of Oeneus of Calydon. This man was taken hostage by his biological grandfather during a dispute over stolen cattle, and took the opportunity to sow revolt within Alba Longa. He was buried with his adopted uncle Pleistinus and adopted father Faustulus, after a brief civil war sparked by his seeing only six vultures compared to his brother's twelve. That led to his death at the hands of either Celer or this figure's brother as punishment for leaping over a wall. For 10 points, name this son of Mars and Rhea Silvia, the unfortunate twin brother of Romulus.;;Remus
;;One unintended benefit of it was the creation of the OECD, which served as its bookkeeper. Charles Boehlen authored its primary goals, and Bevin and Bidault were responsible for presenting it to its major objector. While some revisionists argue that its purpose was to forestall depression in the U.S. by bolstering the market for capital goods exports, its stated purposed was solidifying the region and rendering future involvement unnecessary, while Europeans perceived it as a means of ensuring their independence. Proposed by its namesake in his 1947 Harvard commencement address, FTP, name this bulwark against Soviet expansion that sought to strengthen Europe by allocating $13 billion for reconstruction.;;Marshall Plan|European Recovery Program
;;His three novels include Wilson: A consideration of Sources and The Old Religion.  His 1972 work about two Jewish men discussing topics about which they lack knowledge, Duck Variations helped cement his reputation as an exponent of new realism, a style with natural language and a limited number of characters.  His more recent plays, such as The Cryptogram and The Old Neighborhood, touch on semiautobiographical themes, and he criticized capitalism by portraying the action around a Chicago junk store and its unethical business in American Buffalo. The 1984 Pulitzer Prize winner for a drama about real estate agents, FTP, identify the author of Glengarry Glen Ross.;;(David) Mamet
;;The Qaraqum canal's inefficiency has caused partially recession of this body, whose surrounding hands were once home to Khwarezm.  Once home to more than 1000 islands, this "Sea of Islands" consists of three separate bodies water, including a "Greater" and "Lesser" one.  On its eastern edge lies the Ustyurt Plateau, while its southern shore holds the Amu Darya delta.  Once the fourth largest inland lake, the diversion of the Amu Darya and Syr Darya into Soviet irrigation and hydroelectric power projects have caused its waters to recede, leaving a large desert in its wake.  FTP, name this Eurasian saltwater lake shared by Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan.;;Aral (Sea)
;;Its carbon arc, created between graphite electrodes, is used to harvest Fullerene.  Nuclear fusion of it remains unworkable because the Lawson criterion remains unfilled, meaning that the confinement time multiplied by its density is less than 1014 since ordinary materials are unable to hold it.  Magnetic confinement of it has proved fruitless, although Sakharov's tokamak offered initially positive results.  Although it appears artificially in neon lamps, it only occurs naturally on Earth via lightning.  FTP, name this collection of neutral particles, including positively charged ions and negative electrons, the fourth state of matter.;;Plasma
;;He depicted a seated figure surrounded by gold in his The Jewish Bride and a Roman leader astride his horse in victory in The Justice of Trajan. He emulated Rubens in a work depicting naked bodies grasping up at the titular figure and virgil in his Barque of Dante, and painted a double portrait of his friends Chopin and George Sand. This painter of Arab Horses Fighting in a Stable and The Lion Hunt had his life changed after breaking into a harem in Africa, which led to works like Women of Algiers. Best known for works depicting an Assyrian King ordering the death of his cadre, Turks slaughtering Greek civilians, and the tricolor being carried over a corpse, FTP, identify this romantic artist of The Death of Sardanapalus, Massacre at Chios, and Liberty Leading the People.;;(Eugene) Delacroix
;;This creator of the torso of Durga killed his father when the latter took the form of a red bull that breathed thunder. Following the death of Dyaus Pita, he received the eye-like symbols that cover his body as a result of a curse, causing him to be known as the 'thousand-eyed one.' Paired with Varuna in the Rig-Veda, despite his earlier popularity for feats like defeating the dragon Vritra, this rider of Airivata soon became a less popular figure compared to the Trimurti and was often criticized for his overindulgent ways like drinking way too much soma, a divine drink of sacrifice. FTP, name this Vedic god of battle and storms who fathered Arjuna and carried the thunderbolt.;;Indra
;;Maimonides may have served as this man's physician, and one story claims that this man was unable to afford a funeral because of excessive charitable giving. He lost nine tenths of his army at the battle of Montgisard, and was on his way to fight his nominal overlord, the son of Imad Zengi, when the latter died. This signer of the treaty of Arsuf unsuccessfully besieged Tyre twice and was defeated at Arsuf by Richard I, but personally executed Raynald de Chatillon after his most famous victory. The Founder of the Ayyubid Caliphate, FTP identify this victor of the battle of Hattin, who reconquered Jerusalem and became famous in the west for his chivalry.;;Saladin|Salah al(-)Din
;;He hypothesized that sickle cell anemia's genetic nature as well as its different charge from normal cells. As a chemist, his research concerned the importance of quantum mechanics in molecular attraction to determine the lengths and angular of atomic and molecular structure by using electron diffraction, which relied on how electrons pass through molecules. More importantly, his work on electronegativity developed the scale by which we determine ease of election attraction and how electrons interact via covalent bonding. FTP, name this Nobel Laureate with the unique distinction of winning prizes in Chemistry and Peace.;;(Linus) Pauling
;;In the beginning of this novel, people in an auditorium listen to the "wild" music of Scriabin as an example of primitive irrationality. Set in an indeterminate future after the Two Hundred Years' War, this novel also describes a riot caused by thousands of people casting dissenting votes during the Day of Unanimity. Its protagonist, a mathematician in charge of building the spaceship Integral, writes "For Reason must prevail" after he undergoes a forced operation to remove his imagination, which causes him to betray his revolutionary friends to the Benefactor. Written as the diary of D-503, one of the many "Numbers" that make up the One State, FTP, identify this dystopian novel by Yevgeny Zamiatin.;;We|My
;;Published one year before its companion essay "Churches and Sects in North America", this work's first part describes Martin Luther's introduction of the German word "Beruf" into his translation of the New Testament. Its second part begins by discussing the inner loneliness and anxiety caused by the doctrine of predestination, leading individuals to seek external signs of their election through "tireless labor in a calling". The author then argues that this religious motivation for constant hard work led to the development of the modern economic system, trapping society in a "shell as hard as steel". FTP, identify this essay linking Calvinist beliefs to the growth of capitalism by Max Weber.;;(The) Protestant Ethic (and) (the) (Spirit) (of) (Capitalism)
;;Herbert Brown won the 1979 Nobel for use of this element, important in the Suzuki reaction.  First purely produced by Weintraub in 1909, this nontoxic element has two allotropes, a powder and a black crystal.  It was first isolated in 1808 by Thenard and Gay-Lussac in France, though Humphrey Davy had discovered it a year earlier.  Commonly used in fiberglass production and semiconductors, the ability of the enriched isotope to absorb thermal neutrons has also led to its use in radiation shielding.  For ten points, name this metalloid with atomic weight 10.811 a.m.u. and atomic number 5.;;Boron
;;Dositheus and Menander were leading pagan exponents of it, and it is debated whether Apelles and Marcion should grouped with its adherents. Cerinthus, Epiphanes and Carpocrates were noted Christian exponents along with Isidore and his father Basilides. Tatian founded the Encratite variety, and the oriental school of Theodotus, Harmonius, and Bardesanes and the Italian school of Ptolemy, Heracleon, and Florinus both stemmed from the school of Valentinus. Most famously represented by Simon Magus, FTP identify the collective name of this group of Pagan and early Christian heresies, famous for their authorship of the Gospel of Thomas, whose name derives from the Greek for "knowledge.".;;Gnosticism
;;One rumor about his early years has him stealing headstones from graveyards and selling them in different villages in Antioquia. He was nearly finished in 1976, but the case was dropped when he had the arresting officers killed. His organization became so successful during the 1980s that in 1989, Forbes Magazine listed him as the seventh richest man in the world. His short stint in a self-built prison ended in escape, as he feared extradition to the U.S. He was gunned down during a battle with the Search Bloc, a U.S.-trained force of Colombian police, in a barrio in Medellin (Med-ai-YEEN) on December 2, 1993. FTP, name this Colombian drug lord and founder of El Cartel de Medellin, subject of a movie in the TV show Entourage and the Gabriel Garcia Marquez novel News of a Kidnapping.;;(Pablo) Escobar
;;The protagonist of this man's first novel encounters Maloney the Aeropagite and reads the writings of Beagle Darwin after entering the "Anus Mirabilus" of the Trojan Horse. Besides The Dream Life of Balso Snell, this author parodied the style of Horatio Alger in a 1936 novel about the "dismantling" of Lemuel Pitkin, A Cool Million. Another of his novels ends with the cripple Peter Doyle shooting the title character, an advice columnist searching for a sincere response to Sick-of-it-all, Desperate, and Broken-Hearted, while the protagonist of his most famous novel imitates a siren during a riot outside Kahn's Persian Palace Theatre in Hollywood. FTP, name this author of Miss Lonelyhearts who wrote of Homer Simpson, Faye Greener, and Tod Hackett in The Day of the Locust.;;(Nathanael) West|(Nathan) Weinstein
;;Alexander Wendt's article "Anarchy is what states make of it" popularized this perspective of international relations, which argues that social identities shape state behavior. Lev Vygotsky's theory of the Zone of Proximal Development helped lay the basis for this school of learning theory, which believes that learners actively create meaning through experience. In art, this school's principles were expounded in the Realistic Manifesto, which was co-written by Antoine Pevsner and the sculptor of Column, Naum Gabo. Those principles inspired a proposed tower twice the size of the Empire State Building shaped like an upward diagonal helix, Vladimir Tatlin's Monument to the Third International. FTP, name this term that refers to a Russian artistic movement based on the use of industrial materials and simple geometric forms.;;Constructivism
;;It was the first film to be released with a PG-13 rating, and it appeared in the Guinness Book of World records at the time as the most violent film ever, averaging 2.23 acts of violence per minute. Peter Griffin sang in a musical version of it, and the inscription in its closing shot reveals it took place at the outbreak of World War III. Jennifer Grey's character is killed during extended combat between resistance fighters called wolverines and soldiers commanded by a South American officer. FTP, identify the 1984 film starring C. Thomas Howell and Patrick Swayze, in which high school kids fight off a Soviet invasion of the United States.;;Red Dawn
;;He learned military strategy from a book in the library at St. Paul's School in London after the English Civil War. His father's loyalty to Charles II gained him an appointment in the home of James, Duke of York. He saw his first combat action came at the siege of Maastricht, and he served under Marshal Turenne during the Anglo-Dutch Wars. In 1674, he married Sarah Jennings, who represented him at court while he fought abroad. FTP, name this English general, made the Marquess of Blandford for his victories at Venlo and Roermond, a badass who took names during the War of the Spanish Succession and won the battles of Malplaquet and Blenheim.;;(John) Churchill(,) (First) (Duke) (of) Marlboroughb
;;The light of the Pleiades constellation creates a brilliant blue reflection type of them which have their light polarized due to magnetic interactions with nickel and iron particles. Swedenborg proposed a hypothesis named after them, stating that the solar system is formed from the accretion disks of the solar type of them after its subjection to gravitational collapse. Most of them form from the leftover remnants supernovae or debris expelled during the transformation into a white dwarf. The birthplace of stars, FTP, identify these astronomical bodies that have such names as North America, Crab and Horsehead.;;Nebulae
;;Notable leaders in their history include Walid Jumblatt and Tariq I-Hakim, who went into occultation and will return at the end times as the Qa'im or ariser. They believe in reincarnation, and are they are permitted to practice taqiyya, or 'dissimulation' about their religion and so do not reveal many of the tenets of their faith. Although they are not Salafis or Wahhabis they call themselves the Muwahhidun or the People of Monotheism. They believe in five cosmic principles represented by a five colored star. This is, FTP, what Middle Eastern religion with a large Lebanese population, which does not accept converts or intermarriage.;;Druz|Druze|Druse|Derzi|Durzi|Duruz|Druzim
;;After the death of the papal legate, Pierre de Castelnau, Pope Innocent III issued a bull against Languedoc. The resulting conflict pitted the nobles of northern and southern France against each other, as Innocent promised the lands of the heretics to whichever nobles could conquer them. The campaign started in earnest in July of 1209 with a massacre of Cathars at Beziers, where as many as 20,000 may have been killed, though only about 500 Cathars were in the town. Though the movement saw success in it's early stages, it met with resistance and was soon slowed. FTP, name this so-called crusade, named for the town in southern France that was the site of a Church conference that declared Catharism heretical.;;Albigensian (Crusade)
;;His works are quoted in J.D. Salinger's short story "Teddy" and in Ian Fleming's You Only Live Twice. He took his pseudonym from the name of the place where he retired to, which translates to "Cottage of the Plantain Tree." One of the works often attributed to him describing the beauty of Matsushima Bay was actually written by Tawarabo. His Oku no Hosomichi, or The Narrow Road to the Deep North, describes local sights in both prose and the poetry form with which he is most associated. FTP, identify this Japanese master of the haiki no renga and haiku forms of poetry.;;Basho (Matsuo)|Munefusa (Matsuo)
;;The first treaty of this name returned the cities of Cambrai, Aire, and Saint-Omer to Spain, and ended the War of Devolution. The second one returned the Duchy of Modena and the Republic of Genoa to their pre-war status, gave Silesia and Glatz to Prussia, and renewed Great Britain's right to send an annual vessel to the Spanish colonies, which had been guaranteed by Spain in the earlier Treaty of Utrecht. The French populace began declaring things to be "as stupid as the peace" due to resentment at this treaty's return of their gains in the Netherlands. Confirming the pragmatic sanction, and generally returning things to the way they were before the war, FTP, name this 1748 treaty signed in Aachen that ended the War of Austrian Succession.;;(Treaty) (of) Aix(-)la(-)Chapelle
;;Its pure form is silvery white, fairly soft and has one of the highest melting points of any pure element. It is important in nutrition, as it is found at the active site of many enzymes, including xanthine oxidase. This transition metal's name is derived from the Greek for "leadlike," and in small quantities it is effective for use in hardening other metals like steel, thus about two thirds of its use is in alloys. With the exception of a single grain discovered by the Luna 24 mission, it is not found free in nature. FTP, identify this metal found in minerals like wulfenite and powellite, with atomic number 42.;;Molybdenum
;;Usually considered a daughter of Anzu, her Akkadian name means "lady of heaven" and is related to the Syrian Astarte and biblical Asharoth. She is the subject of a cycle of texts describing her tragic love affair with the one who becomes god of the vegetation cycle, as she gets him to replace her in the underworld after she tries to usurp rule of the underworld from her sister Ereshkigal. FTP, identify this Mesopotamian love of Tammuz, the goddess of love, sex and war.;;Ishtar|Innana|Mylitta
;;At the end of this novel, the narrator attempts to raise funds to capture members of the ten lost tribes of Israel in order to convert them to Christianity. Mr. Thims takes the narrator on a tour of the Colleges of Unreason after he visits the Musical Banks, a parody of the Church of England. After reaching the title place, the narrator becomes the guest of Mr. Nosnibor, who is being treated for a bout of embezzlement, and learns that illness and poverty are treated as crimes, while children are blamed for being born. Based on its author's earlier essay "Darwin Among the Machines," it begins with the narrator's discovery of the title society. FTP, name this utopian novel by Samuel Butler.;;Erewhon
;;In the second scene, the title figure is surrounded by a tailor, a jockey, a dancing-master, and a music teacher possibly based on Handel. In a later scene, two bailiffs arrest that figure for debt, causing him to marry a wealthy one-eyed widow for her money. The final three scenes take place in a fiery gaming house, a debtors' prison, and Bedlam, where the now insane and penniless title character is visited by Sarah Young, the only person who doesn't take advantage of him. The first scene, "The Heir," portrays a young Englishman who inherits a fortune, while the later scenes display his self-destruction through vice, including a depiction of an orgy. FTP, name this series of paintings about the decline of Tom Rakewell, a work by William Hogarth.;;(The) Rake's Progress|(A) Rake's Progress
;;The execution of his agriculture minister Yan Yi was a sign of his later reign's paranoia, which included witch hunts led by Jiang Chong. His first empress, Chen Jiao, was deposed after she failed to produce a male heir; his second empress, Wei Zifu, committed suicide after the rebellion of her son, Crown Prince Ju. During his reign, his armies conquered Nanyue to the south and Joseon to the northeast, but most importantly neutralized the threat of the Xiongnu to the north. His reign lasted 54 years, setting a length record that wasn't broken until the Kangxi Emperor. Ruling between 141 and 87BC, FTP, name this seventh Han Emperor who greatly expanded China's territory.;;(Han) Wu(-)ti|Liu Che
;;He described himself as a fallen god called a daimon in a work addressed to the citizens of Acragas. That work, the Purifications, also details his successive reincarnations through the different elements of nature into his perfect human form. In his cosmogony, the world begins as a perfect sphere, while animals and plants begin as individual limbs that randomly combine into their current forms, the first theory of natural selection. He believed that all matter is alternately brought together and separated by the forces of Love and Strife, and divided matter into four roots: earth, water, air, and fire. Legendarily dying by jumping into an active volcano, FTP, name this Pre-Socratic philosopher best known for writing On Nature.;;Empedocles
;;This country contains Voronya Cave, the world's deepest. The Rioni River flows through its second largest city, Kutaisi, while the ancient land of Colchis was located within its borders.  Its autonomous republics include Adjara and Abkhazia, which is separated from the rest of the country by the Kodori Valley. Its highest peaks are Skhara, Janga, and Kazbek, all part of the Kokh range in the Caucasus Mountains. Forming the southern border of Chechnya as well as the northern border of Turkey, Armenia, and Azerbaijan, FTP, name this country whose capital is Tbilisi which shares its name with a U.S. state.;;Georgia
;;The name itself was officially first bestowed by Altan Khan on Sonam in 1578, even though he became known as the third one. While not the oldest example of a tulku, as the Karmapas date to the twelfth century, the first one, Gedun Drub, lived during the late fifteenth century and founded the Tashilhumpo monastery. There have been a total of thirteen of these Gelugs who are officially lower in rank than the Ganden Tripa and reside in Potala Palace, although the present one is in exile. Believed to be the incarnation of the bodhisattva of compassion, FTP, Tenzin Gyatso is the current incarnation of what spiritual leader of Tibetan Buddhism?.;;Dalai Lama
;;The first direct experimental evidence of their existence occurred when three-jet events were observed at PETRA in Hamburg in 1979, although deep inelastic scattering at the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center had earlier established their existence. They have negative intrinsic parity, zero isospin, and also lack charge and mass, although they do have color. Confined within hadrons and using mesons as force mediators, they are not directly involved in nuclear forces. For ten points, name these subatomic particles that cause quarks to interact and indirectly make protons and neutrons bind together in nuclei.;;Gluons
;;It was partly convened due to the disaffection of the Essex Junto. It suggested several Constitutional amendments, including limiting Presidents to one term, requiring that a President be from a different state than his predecessor, and prohibiting trade embargoes longer than sixty days. Presided over by George Cabot, its representatives to Washington arrived in the aftermath of the Battle of New Orleans, but quickly returned home without any results, save the death of the Federalist Party. Best known for discussing and rejecting the secession of New England from the Union, for 10 points, name this 1814 meeting that took place in a namesake Connecticut city.;;Hartford (Convention)
;;One of its chapters critiques the eighteenth-century theory of the "Great American Public", arguing that America is now an example of "the mass society". Its last chapter, "The Higher Immorality," states that political corruption is a symptom of lowered moral standards that have been institutionalized by the title group. Its first chapter discusses ordinary men circumscribed by external forces, and contrasts them with the increasingly centralized power of the "higher circles". Arguing that America is controlled by powerful corporate, military, and political leaders, FTP, name this book by C. Wright Mills.;;(The) Power Elite
;;Besides being involved in the creation of lysosomes, they are able to modify substances through glycosylation. The cis face of it fuses with vesicles from the endoplasmic reticulum and bring them through the medial region and back out through the trans face. There are usually about half a dozen of them in each cell, and they are composed of a stack of cisternae, which are flattened membrane-bound sacs. FTP, identify this cell organelle that processes macromolecules like proteins and lipids synthesized by the cell, named after the Italian physician who identified it.;;Golgi (Body/Apparatus)
;;Ferruccio Busoni wrote a sonatina for piano based on this composer's final opera. Trained by composer Jacques Halevy at the Paris Conservatory, he used Alfred de Musset's poem "Namouna" for the basis of his opera Djamileh. In another of his operas, Zurga sings the duet "Au fond du temple saint" with Nadir after being elected chief of a group of fishermen in Ceylon. His most famous work would later influence the realistic verismo school of dramatic opera, and includes a "seguidilla" in which the title character seduces a young corporal, as well as the Toreador Song and Habanera. FTP, name this French composer of The Pearl Fishers best known for an opera about a Spanish gypsy, Carmen.;;(Georges) Bizet
;;One chapter of this work describes Wash Williams, a telegraph operator who hates women due to the infidelity of his ex-wife, while in another chapter, Standard Oil employee Joe Welling successfully courts Sarah King. Besides "Respectability" and "A Man of Ideas," Presbyterian minister Curtis Hartman is inspired to break a window after seeing schoolteacher Kate Swift praying naked in the chapter "The Strength of God". Adolph Meyers changes his name to Wing Biddlebaum and moves to the title location after being accused of molesting young boys in its first story, "Hands," while an old bedridden writer is featured in its first section, "The Book of the Grotesque". Ending with the departure of George Willard from the title Midwestern city, FTP, name this short story collection by Sherwood Anderson.;;Winesburg(,) Ohio
;;In an attempt to annex the Ogaden region from one of its neighbors, during the Cold War it switched its support from the Soviet Union to the United States. Because of its devout Muslim population and 14 years of isolation caused by its civil war, it has one of the lowest rates of HIV infection in Sub-Saharan Africa, around 2% of its adult population. Recently, the Islamic Courts Union, with Eritrean support, has been in conflict with the transitional government located in Baidoa. FTP, name this country on the Horn of Africa which has recently been having issues with its western neighbor Ethiopia.;;Somalia