;;Willa Cather's essay "148 Charles Street" describes her first meeting with this writer and her Boston-marriage partner, Annie Fields. One of this author's novels depicts the growing friendship between Helen Denis and Kate Lancaster, who visit the title town. Besides Deephaven, this author set her tale of Nan Prince's upbringing by the title character as an independent-minded young woman in the same state. However, A Country Doctor does not take place in this author's fictional town of Dunnet Landing, setting of many stories and her novel in which Mrs. Todd represents life on the land and Captain Littlepage life on the sea. Also author of a short story in which Sylvy refuses the hunter's bribe of ten dollars and a knife to provide the whereabouts of the title bird, for 10 points who is this author of The Country of Pointed Firs and "A White Heron"?.;;(Sarah) (Orne) Jewett
;;This clan's interpretation of biblical law led them to reject immortality of the soul and resurrection, and their rejection of the application of purity laws to anyone outside the Temple and its priests led their antagonists to consider their women menstrually impure. Closely allied with the Boethusians, their influence reached its peak under John Hyrcanus and Alexander Janneus, though their power in the Gerousia was eliminated in the reign of Queen Salome Alexandra, who supported their primary rivals. Their main dispute with those rivals was this clan's rejection of oral law and all practices not named in the Pentateuch. With a name perhaps derived from the Temple priest during Solomon's time, Zadok, for 10 points what was this aristocratic, priestly clan of Jerusalem, the rivals of the Pharisees?.;;Sadducees
;;One can show via the martingale convergence theorem that the proportions of different colored balls will approach a distribution named after this man for Polya's Urn. A certain kind of decomposition of a metric space, also known as a Voroni diagram is sometimes known as his tessellation. A proof that "a plus n times d" where a and d are coprimes contain an infinite number of primes is contained along with many of his other contributions to number theory in Dedekind's Lectures on Number Theory, and that result is his arithmetic progression theorem. The statement, "there does not exist an injective function on finite sets, whose codomain is smaller than its domain," is a formalization of, for 10 points, this French mathematician's articulation of the pigeonhole principle.;;(Johann) (Peter) (Gustav) (Lejeune) Dirichlet
;;The quasi-mythological progenitor of this historico-political entity was given the nickname "The Man on the Ass" by Ibn Khaldun; that father of the founders of this entity was said to be a prince from Iraq named Bayajida, or Abu Yazid. Folklore asserts that Bayajida legitimized his right to rule in the city of Daura by killing a snake called Sarki, leading that name to be applied to later rulers of this polity. This kingdom's birane, or walled cities, were described as surrounded by walls of 25-60 feet by Englishman Hugh Clapperton, who visited the remains of this polity in 1826 after it had been subsumed by the Sokoto Caliphate. Emerging in the tenth century, for 10 points what was this collection of seven city states in what is now Nigeria and Chad?.;;Hausa (States)
;;This artist collaborated with Giuseppe Meda on the gonfalone, or painted banner, of St. Ambrose of Milan. Gregorio Comanini describes this artist's creation of a musical notation system using colors instead of notes, which is lost. He created elaborate costume pageants for his best-known patron, including one in which that future monarch played an armored dwarf combating court members dressed as monsters and knights. He later created that monarch's wunderkammer, or cabinet of curiosities, as well as a portrait of that Habsburg Emperor based on an elegy written by Sextus Propertius. Best known for depicting Rudolf II as Vertumnus, for 10 points, who was this painter best known for composite portraits using vegetables, fruit, fish or other objects?.;;(Giuseppe) Arcimboldo|Archimboldo
;;The first four measures of this song are carried solo by the drums, with the hi-hat and ride cymbal interrupted between the second and third beats by an extra snare strike by drummer Joe Morello. A repetitive E-flat-minor piano vamp-figure played by the band's namesake leader enters in the fifth measure, with the bass of Eugene Wright entering in the song's eighth measure and playing only on the first, fourth, and fifth beats. The alto sax of the song's composer then comes in with the primary melody, a hummable riff which made this the first instrumental single to sell over a million copies. Written by Paul Desmond in 5/4 time, for 10 points what is this tune, the best-selling jazz single of all time, first recorded on the album Time Out by the Dave Brubeck Quartet?.;;Take Five
;;This formula includes a constant that is taken to be one and a half moles per kilogram to the one-half power according to the Bates-Guggenheim convention. The Pitzer equations can apply it to higher ionic strengths and Lars Onsager modified it to account for Brownian motion. Its extended version contains a B coefficient that is multiplied by the square root of ionic strength and is generally determined empirically. In order for it to be applicable, the solvent must be without structure and the solution must be dilute. According to this formula, counter ions cause electric potential to be screened at a distance greater than a length named for one of its formulators. For 10 points, name this doubly eponymous equation used to calculate activity coefficients.;;Debye(-)Huckel (equation)
;;The exploits of the Spanish heroes Rengo, Tucapel, and Lautaro are recounted by Alonso de Ercilla in this nation's founding epic, La Araucana. Creacionismo was a Modernist literary movement created in Paris by a poet from this country, Vicente Huidobro. A more recent novelist from this nation wrote the memoir The Boom in Spanish-American Literature: A Personal History, as well as a novel in which the narrator Humberto takes on various guises, including The Mute and El Imbunche, while ostensibly telling the story of the deformed Boy, whose father Jeronimo surrounds him with freaks so he'll seem normal. Along with the author of The Obscene Bird of Night, Jose Donoso, this nation also produced the author of Crepusculario and Residence on Earth, as well as a collection of poems that includes "Tonight I Can Write." For 10 points this is what nation, home to Pablo Neruda?.;;Chile
;;The decision in this case led to the abandonment of the so-called "Memoirs" test. Vagueness in this case's definition of its central focus led to challenges to its own namesake test by using worries over incitement to violence against women, though many city ordinances using this rationale were struck down by the decision in American Booksellers v. Hudnut in 1985. Its third prong was narrowed by the holding in Jenkins v. Georgia that the movie Carnal Knowledge could not be found patently offensive solely by the view of community standards regarding pornography. For 10 points, what was this 1973 case, the other two prongs of which stated that for a work to be obscene it had to be patently offensive and lack serious literary, artistic, political, or scientific value?.;;Miller (v(.)) (California)
;;Henry Guntrip introduced the concept of the repressed ego into this branch of psychology, coining the term "in and out" oscillation to refer to schizoid behaviors developed from inadequate development of this branch's namesake interactions. Guntrip synthesized the biological focus of D.W. Winnicott with the psychological focus of this one of this theory's central figures, Ronald Fairbairn. First developed by Karl Abraham, this theory's best-known advocate suggested the title interactions stemmed from an unconscious desire of an infant to transfer its death instinct to the external world, leading to "good" and "bad" forms of the title entities based on whether they give or withhold desires, such as milk. For 10 points what is this psychoanalytic theory most associated with Melanie Klein?.;;Object Relations (Theory)|ORT
;;Hinds disproved Hodgson's hypothesis that iodide ion could catalyze this reaction, which can be used to convert GABA into GHB. The observation that this reaction also produced polymers of acrylonitrile established that its mechanism, still not fully understood, used radicals. Discovered when its namesake tried to synthesize phenylacteylene from cuprous actelyide and a benzene compound, the Schiemann reaction is a subtype of it that uses fluoroborate ion. An example of this reaction is the synthesis of p-chlorotoluene from p-toluidine. Usually catalyzed by copper (I) compounds, for 10 points, name this reaction that utilizes a diazonium salt to substitute the amine group in a primary aromatic amine.;;Sandmeyer (reactions)
;;The reader is advised to "take the lively air" in this poem, as "Great Nature has another thing to do/To you and me." The speaker exclaims, "God bless the ground! I shall walk softly there," and he "hear[s] his being dance from ear to ear." A critical factor in one's interpretation of this poem is whether the repeated words "to sleep" are read as an infinitive or prepositional phrase. The poet breaks the rules of the villanelle form in the odd numbered stanzas by not exactly repeating the last line of the first stanza, "I learn by going where I have to go." What is this poem that titles a 1953 collection by its author, Theodore Roethke, for 10 points, in which the speaker "wake[s] to sleep" and takes the title action slow?.;;The Waking
;;This movie's score features zither music by Anton Karas, and its namesake theme achieved #1 status on the Billboard Chart in 1950. Its extensive use of Dutch-angle shots, as exemplified in the "magic lantern" montage in which Major Holly convinces the protagonist that the title character is responsible for harming children, won cinematographer Robert Krasker the film's only Oscar, despite it later being voted the greatest British film of the 20th century. In its most memorable scene, the title figure, after a ferris wheel ride with the protagonist, tries to justify his crimes by noting that Italy under the Borgias produced great artists like Michelangelo, while the Swiss, with "500 years of brotherly love," only produced the cuckoo clock. Featuring Joseph Cotton as Holly and directed by Carol Reed, for 10 points what is this Film Noir classic in which Orson Welles plays Harry Lime?.;;The Third Man
;;This race's contribution to the Greek attack on Troy was 40 ships commanded by Leontes and Polypoetes. Heracles, while allied with the Dorians, killed one general of this race, Coronus, in battle. Coronus's father was a famous member of this race who angered Zeus by insisting that mortals worship his spear. That mortal had been granted the wish of being changed into an invulnerable male after being raped by Poseidon. Being invulnerable, Caeneus had to be pounded into the ground during battle with their best-known enemies. Descendents of Ixion, for 10 points what is this race of Thessaly who, at the wedding of their king Pirithous, famously clashed with their cousins, the Centaurs?.;;Lapiths
;;This political organization elected Charles E. Dudley to fill the senate seat vacated by the organization's best-known figure when he took a governorship in 1829. John Adams Dix, Secretary of the Treasury under Lincoln, was prominent in this organization and its later conservative offshoot, the Hunkers. Much of this organization's leadership had originally been part of a faction called the Bucktails who opposed the building of the Erie Canal specifically and DeWitt Clinton in general. This group's power waned after its incumbent governor, William Marcy, was defeated in 1838 by the Whig William Seward. For 10 points name this political machine associated with Martin Van Buren which controlled Democratic politics in New York.;;Albany Regency
;;Ronald Santoni's 1996 work titled partly for this concept argues that its formulator and his commentators misguidedly opposed it to "authenticity." This concept's formulator repeatedly associates it with images of petrification, literally calling it a desire for the "permanence of rock," in his book Anti-Semite and Jew, stating that the anti-semite desires to be "a pitiless stone" because of his fear of his own liberty. This concept is described as a collusion of "flattery" between a certain Second Empire novelist and his audience in its formulator's book The Idiot of the Family, a study of Flaubert. Emanating from the anguish between the "dividedness" of the human situation between facticity and transcendence, for 10 points what two-word term names Sartre's conception of the human proclivity toward self-deception?.;;bad faith|mauvais foi
;;The namesake of this novel's second section symbolically sometimes touches and fantasizes over a small reproduction of the Statue of Liberty. Medics wager two packs of cigarettes on whether a physically and psychically dismembered infantryman will live; Godicke's parts miraculously do knit together, and he survives. 26 chapters in this novel's third section provide the interplay between a "ballad" narrated by Bertrand Muller about the ill-fated love affair between a Salvation Army girl and a Jewish man and an essay by Muller examining the effects on people living between vanishing and emerging ethical systems titled "The Disintegration of Values." With section titles: 1888, 1903, and 1918, as well as for Romanticism, Anarchy, and Realism, this is, for 10 points, what Modernist novel by Hermann Broch?.;;(The) Sleepwalkers
;;This document clarified the handling of disputes over frankalmoign by mandating jury determination of cases brought before the Assize of Ultram. Another provision moved the adjudication of advowsons from ecclesiastical to secular courts. Restricting the travel out of the country by bishops without the monarch's permission, its promulgator argued for this document's necessity by citing the laity's outrage at the behavior of "criminous clerks." Eight years after the signing of this document, its promulgator was confirmed as Lord of Ireland after humbling himself before Pope Alexander III for his role in the slaying of this document's most vocal opponent. For 10 points, the repudiation of his initial support for what 1164 set of laws enacted by Henry II led directly to the eventual assassination of Thomas a Becket?.;;Constitutions of Clarendon
;;This thinker critiqued the fanatical "ultra-materialist" view of the title time period as responsible for much of the horror of the 20th century in his book In Defence of the Enlightenment. He dedicated another book to the "memory of a Mayan woman devoured by dogs," whose body he describes as the site of double colonization in the book's final chapter, "Las Casas's Prophecy." That book, The Conquest of America, was followed by a work in which he challenged the idea that the gulags and concentration camps of the 20th century were places where man's essential virtues broke down. Author of Facing the Extreme, for 10 points, name this writer, a Bulgarian structuralist who examined the idea of the "uncanny" in The Fantastic: A Structural Approach to a Literary Genre.;;(Tzvetan) Todorov
;;This author outlines his theories of sexual warfare in the essay "On Psychic Murder," applications of which can be found in minor dramas like The Creditor and Pariah. One of this author's novels revolves around an idealistic civil servant whose experiences depict the author's own bohemian lifestyle as a member of a coterie of artists that met at the namesake restaurant. In one of his "chamber plays" for his so-called "tiny theatre" an Old Man assigns a student to attend a performance of "The Valkyrie." That student, Arkenholz passes by a building which contains a statue of a woman worshipped by a Mummy who lives inside. Author of The Red Room, Master Olof and A Dream Play, for 10 points, name this Swedish playwright of The Ghost Sonata.;;(August) Strindberg
;;The work De Administrando Imperio describes a man known as the "Unknown Archont" who led this people from their mythical homeland in the north during the reign of Emperor Heraclius and headed south, where they conquered the Avars before settling in Greece.  A man known as "Black George" led the First Uprising of this people against the ruling Dahis in 1804, precipitated by an incident known as the "Slaughter of the Knezes." Though their sovereignty was established at the Treaty of Berlin, a paramilitary organization of these people sought to reclaim lands taken during the 1908 Annexation Crisis, known as Narodna Odbrana. For 10 points, name this people, one of whose members assassinated an Austro-Hungarian archduke in Sarajevo which started WWI.;;Serbians (accept) Serbs
;;In the allegretto movement of this work, the placid C major opening is broken in one bar by the full ensemble entering forte in a minor mode, returning to the "civilized" C-major opening theme one minute later, which is later followed by a solo bugle call. One movement is derived from a section of an earlier work by the composer, the Concerto for Two Lire Organizzate, written for Ferdinand IV of Naples. This symphony's nickname derives from its second movement with its notable use of, cymbals, bass drums and a triangle in imitation of Turkish Janissary music, which one reviewer described as evoking "the hellish roar of war." In the key of G major, for 10 points, name this 8th member of the London Symphonies preceding the Clock Symphony by Joseph Haydn.;;Military (Symphony) (accept) (Symphony) (No(.)) 100 (in) (G) (major)
;;This psychologist utilizes Thomas Gabor's work Everybody Does It to describe the "inhibitive" and "proactive" modes of moral agency, the disengagement of which, via a network of supportive systems, can lead to the "Perpetration of Inhumanities." In studying those with snake phobias, he noticed a phenomenon in which self-referential thought could exercise control over such phobias, a phenomenon this psychologist would call "self-efficacy." This author of Human Agency in Social Cognitive Theory, in his most significant experiment, showed that patterns of behavior associated with adolescent aggression are gained through observation and imitation, which are forms of social learning. For 10 points, name this psychologist, conductor of the Bobo Doll experiment.;;(Albert) Bandura
;;One line from a Leon Damas poem, "the French of France, the Frenchman's French, French French," appears in this work's first section, which discusses the central figure and language. It cites Mannoni's work Prospero and Caliban in order motivate the nature of the central conflict. This work notes that Antilleans have no inherent values of their own and that Martinicans are greedy for security in a section entitled the, "Negro and Adler." It coins two important psychoanalytical processes which generate the pathologized title conditions, "epidermalization," and "lactification." Originally titled, "Essay for the Dis-Alienation of the Black," for 10 points, name this first major work of the author of The Wretched of the Earth, Franz Fanon.;;Black Skin(,) White Masks
;;An attendant named Lucy hears crowds of people outside the window yell "To Berlin, To Berlin," during this character's death. A journalist for Le Figaro, writes a long scathing article about this character titled "The Golden Fly," but Fauchery falls in love with her and is ruined financially. Georges Hugon stabs himself with her scissors after discovering he cannot possess her. In one novel, she first appears as Venus in an operetta at the Theatre des Varietes, whose singing is likened to that of a trombone.  The husband of the Countess Sabine, Count Muffat suffers humiliation when he finds her in bed with his father-in-law. For 10 points, name this titular character from the "Rougon-Macquart" series by Emile Zola, a demimonde who first appears in L'Assommoir.;;Nana (accept) Anna Coupeau
;;In an attempt to forestall this event, Andrew Peters appointed a Citizen's Committee chaired by the local reformer, James Storrow, to review the central dispute; however the hard line of Edwin Upton Curtis resulted in the prosecution of 19 individuals, 8 of whom who were indefinitely suspended from work. Beginning when the Social Club, an association founded in 1906, requested a charter from the AFL; in the aftermath of this event, the United Garment Workers union refused to sew uniforms for the new hires. This event prompted then Governor Calvin Coolidge to tersely conclude, "There is no right to strike against the public safety, anywhere, anytime," for 10 points, name this labor strike beginning on September 9th 1919 set in Massachusetts.;;Boston Police Strike
;;Alexander Glazunov's Oriental Rhapsody is dedicated to this artist of A Newspaper Vendor in Paris. A rejoicing couple dressed in blue is mystifyingly placed in the midst of crashing waves in What a Freedom!, and one of this man's paintings depicts a musician from Novgorod, who is the subject of a Rimsky-Korsakov opera "in the Underwater Kingdom." His self-designed estate is now the only memorial art museum on the Karelian Isthmus and is named after the Roman household deities, the Penates. Another of this man's works exploits the legend of Ivan Sirko's vulgar and invective laden written reply to a missive sent by Mehmed IV. Painter of the Reply of the Zaporozhian Cossacks, for 10 points, name this Ukrainian-born artist, a leading member of the Peredvizhniki or "Wanderers" and painter of Barge Haulers on the Volga.;;(Ilya) Repin
;;The line, "in this world, only the heart of man is vile," is quoted exactly four times in this novel, which is attributed to the Confucian thinker Xun Zi.  One of the central characters in this novel dies from an accidental overdose of aphrodisiac pills. Though it is not the Water Margin, in this novel, an eight-foot tall figure who is known for killing an attacking tiger with his bare hands avenges his brother Wu Da Lang's death and another similarity involves the seduction of Pan Jinlian. Taking its title from the three central female characters; it chronicles the downfall of the Ximen family during the Northern Song Dynasty.  Written under the pseudonym "The Scoffing Scholar of Lan-ling," for 10 points, name this rather sexually graphic Chinese Novel by Langling Xiaoxiao Sheng.;;(The) Plum in the Golden Vase|Jin Ping Mei (accept) (The) Golden Lotus
;;The use of an ethanolic type of this compound is used at reflux as a part of the Ing-Manske procedure to cleave N-alkylated phthalimide derivatives for use in the Gabriel Synthesis. The original commercial process for producing this involves, in the first steps, the oxidation of ammonia to chloramine with sodium hypochlorite. This compound is involved in the transformation of the carbonyl group of a ketone or aldehyde into a methyl group in the Wolf-Kishner reduction. Under the code name "B-Stoff," a hydrated version of this compound was used to initiate combustion in the BV 143 during WWII and is used in the APUs of the International Space Station as a monopropellant. Produced in the Olin Raschig process, for 10 points, name this compound with formula N2H4.;;hydrazine
;;In a response to a statement by Giovanni Gentile, this thinker noted that for intellectuals to overstep their bounds in the public realm would lead to a confusion and contamination of politics. This thinker claimed to seek a middle path between transcendentalism and sensationalism and called it "immanentism." Utilizing Hegel, he claimed that all philosophy is "philosophy of spirit" and is thus inseparable from history and distinguished between absolute forms of idealism and historicism. This author of What is Living and What is Dead in the Philosophy of Hegel described the "intense feelings" of the "lyrical intuition" associated with the work of art. For 10 points, name this Anti-Fascist Italian philosopher, author of the The Essence of Aesthetic.;;(Benedetto) Croce
;;One chapter appearing only in the 1910 edition of this work notes that the phrase "mortal mind" is really a "solecism." The author notes in the follow-up to this work, Retrospection and Introspection, that the essay "The Science of Man," was converted into the final chapter of this work entitled, "Recapitulation," which should be the only one explained in the classroom. It discusses the findings of an 1837 committee which tested the claims of Monsieur Berna, a reputed clairvoyant, and the work of Mesmer in the chapter, "Animal Magneticism." It suggests that the most effective means to achieve speedy healing is to reach the patient through "divine Love" and "Chistly affection." For 10 points, name this primary text of Christian Science written by Mary Baker Eddy.;;Science and Health (with) (Key) (to) (the) (Scriptures)
;;One elegy in this work is dedicated to a noble knight who "wore the Crown of Bayes," and lived "When England did injoy her Halsion dayes," and was ultimately slain at the Seige of Zutphon. Anticipating the criticism this work would receive the author in the prologue notes, "I am obnoxious to each carping tongue/Who says my hand a needle better fits." The last commendatory verses include a set of anagrams of the author's name like "Artes bred neate An." The lines "Thou ill-form'd offspring of my feeble brain" appear in the second edition and the section "The Four Monarchies" was appended to the quaternions. Written "By a Gentlewoman in those Parts," for 10 points, name this collection, which contains such poems as "The Author to Her Book," written by Anne Bradstreet.;;(The) Tenth Muse(,) Lately Sprung Up in America
;;Forces could not stop Gellius Egnatius from advancing northward into Etruria during this series of conflicts, and indecisive results by L. Flamma at Volturnus allowed an important coalition to form. During one engagement in this series of conflicts, Gaius Pontius sent ten men dressed as shepherds to feed misinformation to the opposing side that Apulia was under siege, leading T. Veturius' and S. Postumius' forces to be caught in a narrow pass and forced to surrender. In the third of these conflicts, the namesake tribe allied with the Umbrians, Gauls and Etruscans but managed a disastrous defeat at the 295 B.C. Battle of Sentinum.  Including the Battle of the Caudine Forks, for 10 points, name this series of conflicts involving the early Roman Republic and a tribe of Apennine Highlanders.;;Samnite (Wars) (accept) Third Samnite (War) (until) (this) (series) (of) (conflicts) (is) (said)
;;While a member of the Semi-Colon club, a literary group in Cincinnati, this author did publish a number of short stories in Godey's Lady's Book. In one short-story by this author Giuletta is advised that "Eagles make bad work in dove-cots" regarding a certain cavalier with whom she flirts and Girolamo Savonarola is an important character in this author's "Agnes of Sorrento." Though this author is not Lillian Hellman, this author did write a work Little Foxes under the pen name Christopher Crowfield.  In one of this author's novels, Ophelia Sinclaire, the cousin of Augustine, takes her to task for defending a certain institution and the title character at one point tries to write based on the instructions he received from Mas'r George. For 10 points, name this American author whose little anti-slavery book started a war according to Abraham Lincoln.;;(Harriet) (Beecher) Stowe
;;One treaty signed here called for the mutual enforcement of the Treaties of Saint Germain and Trianon. Some of the issues that were resolved from the signing from the first treaty at this location included the question of Porto Baros and fishing rights off the coast of the Julian March and Dalmatia. Giovanni Gilotti did permit the first treaty at this location to set up Rijeka, also known as Fiume as a Free State. The second treaty signed here was done so at the Genoa Conference between Gregori Chicherin and his German counterpart Walter Rathenau, and that treaty was reaffirmed by the Treaty of Berlin. For 10 points, name these treaties the first of which was between Italy and Yugoslavia in 1920 and the second in 1922 which abrogated any further financial or territorial claims made by the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk between Germany and Bolshevik Russia.;;(Treaty) (of) Rapallo (Note(:)) (It) (wasn't) (actually) (called) (Yugoslavia) (until) (1929(,)) (but) (newspapers) (from) (the) (time) (of) (the) (treaty) (refer) (to) (the) (Kingdom) (of) (Serbia(,)) (Croatia) (and) (Slovenia) (as) (Jugoslavia)
;;This physicist co-developed an equation which defines the nonlinear generalization of electromagnetism, which is named after him and Infield. This physicist also co-names an equation that uses the electrostatic potential of an ionic lattice and a repulsive potential energy term, which has in its denominator the ion distance raised to his namesake exponent, which takes values between 5 and 12. The corresponding special relativistic equivalent of the classical rigid body is known as his eponymous rigidity. The statement in quantum mechanics that an observable corresponding to the Hermitian operator A with a discrete spectrum for a given wavefunction will have a measure equal to an eigenvalue of A is known as his rule. Sharing the Nobel Prize in physics with Walter Bothe in 1954, for 10 points, name this German who also has an approximation named after him and Oppenheimer.;;(Max) Born
;;This thinker described "what he saw when he was dead" in "The Undiscovered Country," and attempts to eviscerate Wittgenstein's private language argument in The Concept of a Person and Other Essays. Like Bertrand Russell, this thinker engaged the Jesuit priest Frederick Copelston in a series of BBC debates on the nature of religious language. In his magnum opus he obviates religious statements as meaningless since they are neither tautologies nor can they be empirically verified, which leads to him to a meta-ethical principle known as emotivism. For 10 points, name this British logical positivist philosopher, author of such works as The Problem of Knowledge and Language, Truth and Logic.;;(A(.)) (J(.)) Ayer
;;A section of music, the text of which is provided by Eichendorff, quotes a theme from this piece written 60 years earlier by the same composer. The later piece, "At Sunset" is from the composer's Last Four Songs. This piece begins in C minor and ends in C major, and the second movement, marked Allegro Molto Agitato, introduces a fortissimo "Determination" theme. The third section marked Meno Mosso introduces the "Childhood" theme descending a minor scale. Initially dedicated to Friedrich Rosch, after its composition, the composer asked Alexander Ritter to write a poem based on the description. For 10 points, name this tone poem in four sections, symbolizing some end-life visions by Richard Strauss.;;Death and Transfiguration|Tod und Verklarung
;;One of the central characters in this play claims that the other was "the Pope and the Holy Office and the Inquisition all rolled into one," when it came to their work. Throughout this play, the characters editorialize from the afterlife, and when one claims he suffered, Margrethe retorts "On your hands and knees? It's my husband who's on his hands and knees," referring to the fact that her husband had to be smuggled out to Sweden. The play ends noting "no more uncertainty, because there's no more knowledge" regarding the central event then one of the characters appropriately notes that there is always uncertainty. Written by the author of Democracy and Noises Off, for 10 points, name this 2000 Tony Award winning play by Michael Frayn about a 1941 meeting between Werner Heisenberg and Niels Bohr.;;Copenhagen
;;Relations prior to the first of this set of conflicts between the eponymous groups began to deteriorate when Christopher Newport attempted to find new trading partners. One engagement which triggered these conflicts involved the ransacking of the burial platforms of the wyroances in a raid led by John Martin. The first of these wars began when George Percy was sent to attack the Pasapahgegh capital. The arrival of the distressed "Third Supply" and the murder of John Ratliffe were the pretexts for the first of these conflicts and the storming and subsequent exile to Tangier Island of Chief Opechancanough's men by William Berkeley ended the second. Resolved by the Treaty of 1646, for 10 points, name this series of conflicts between settlers of the Virginia Colony and a local Indian tribe led by initially Wahunsunnacwah.;;Anglo(-)Powhatan (Wars) (accept) (things) (that) (suggest) (that) (it) (is) (a) (war) (between) (English) (settlers) (of) (Jamestown) (and) (the) (Powhatan) (Confederacy)
;;This theory replaces the dependence on the external potential, v of r, by a dependence on the density distribution from a straightforward generalization of the Legendre transform from the chemical potential to the number of particles. Considered the successor to the Thomas-Fermi model, this theory grew out of a 1964 paper, which stated that there is a unique relation between the external potential and the ground state electron density and reformulated the variational principle for electron densities. Those results are known as the Hohenberg-Kohn theories.  In this theory, one can use the Kohn-Sham equations to compute the molecular properties using the same algorithms used for Hartree-Fock methods. For 10 points, name this non-perturbation theory, an ab inito method for determining electron structure.;;density functional (theory) (accept) DFT
;;Alexius Comenus tasked Euthymius Zigabenus, a preparer of The Panoply, to refute the beliefs of this sect, who believed that the symbol of the cross is to be abhorred rather than venerated. Followers were divided into the slushateli, viarvashti and savarsheni. The earliest existing record of their theology comes in a work written in Staro-Slavic by St. Kozma and the name of this group means "Dear to God." This sect rejected a pessimistic form of Paulician dualism, holding that everything, save the human soul, was created by Satan, the elder brother of Jesus. The Eastern European precursors of the Cathars, for 10 points, name this Gnostic dualistic sect emerging in Bulgaria in the 10th century.;;Bogomils (accept) (variants) (like) Bogomillism
;;He describes the rejection of Duchamp's Fountain in a poem that raves "Artistswho have one hole for mouth and anus," titled "Medusa." After smashing a clock in his hotel room, dipping the pieces in ink and imprinting them with provocative inscriptions, he received a delegation from the Cabaret Voltaire, an incident related in his collected writings, I am a Beautiful Monster. Works like The Procession, Seville and Dances at the Spring mark his association with the Puteaux Group also known as the Section D'or. Publishing the work of Man Ray and Duchamp in his journal 391, for 10 points, name this French painter of Star Dancer on a Transatlantic Cruise and Machine Turn Quickly a founding member of Dada.;;(Francis) Picabia
;;One apocryphal forerunner of this found a partial solution to "squaring the circle" known as the Lune of Hipprocrates. The title of Thomas Chimes' retrospective at the Philadelphia Museum notes the influence of this, and one fictional practitioner whose eyes are described as "two golden spermatozoa like Danzig schnapps," is Dr. Faustroll. The motto of a college founded on this is "Eadem mutata resurgo." In 1990, the author of The Tricycle was elected a Transcendental Satrap of this group, held by such other members like Raymond Queneau and Jean Baudrillard. Defined as the "science of imaginary solutions," for 10 points, name this pseudophilosophic movement founded by the author of Ubi Roi, Alfred Jarry.;;'Pataphysics (accept) Pataphysics
;;The narrator in one work with this title notes that people were stealing shoe laces and polish out of each other's hand in the section "Looting is a lot of fun, but you have to know how to do it." In another work with this title, the speaker sees himself as Alfred Dreyfus and refers to his persecutors as "Philistines." In that work's the author imagines a relationship between Anne Frank and Peter van Pels. In the novel with this title, Dina Pronicheva, an actress with the Kiev Puppet Theatre, is forced to walk to a ravine, undress and then is shot but manages to survive. That novel is subtitled, "A Document in Novel Form." One work with this title was written by the author of Wild Berries and "Kazan University." For 10 points, name this title shared by an Alexander Kuznetsov novel, and a symphony by Dmitri Shostakovich based on a poem by Yevgeny Yevtushenko.;;Babi Yar
;;Residents at this site were relocated to a region now known as Black Creek Village. Important events at here included the building of the 99th St. school and the LaSalle Expressway. Michael Brown and Lois Gibbs were instrumental in revealing the problems here. It had originally planned to be a "Model City," the brainchild of the eponymous industrialist, whose plans went awry when the Panic of 1893 occurred and Tesla's introduction of AC no longer required local access to hydroelectric stations. The incidents here, which were perpetrated by a subsidiary of Occidental Petroleum, along with Times Beach, Missouri helped spur the passage of the CERCLA also known as Superfund.  Hooker Chemical buried 21,000 tons of chemical waste underneath, for 10 points, this site declared a state of Emergency by Jimmy Carter in 1979, a 15-acre neighborhood near Niagara Falls.;;Love Canal (Disaster)
;;A now lost epic, the Nostoi, was said to contain the theme for a narrative poem performed for this group by the bard Phemius. The sacrificial priest of this group, Leiodes, the son of Oenops, begs for his life, but is killed anyway after his murderer decides that Leiodes must have prayed for his death on their behalf. The plot to kill this group is hatched at Eumaeus' hut and leaders of this group are identified as Euymachus and Antinous. Another member, Ctesippus of Same, throws a heifer's foot at a disguised beggar, who turns out be their killer. Numbering 108 in total, for 10 points, name this group of prospective grooms killed by Odysseus on his return to Ithaka.;;(the) Proci (accept) (things) (like) (the) suitors (of) Penelope
;;Using the work of Kalecki and Fisher, this economist introduced limitations on the trade cycle model wherein the acceleration coefficient would decrease during booms. In works like Can it Happen Again and John Maynard Keynes, he describes a credit situation in which investors short-sell even good assets to resolve cash flow issues, and he suggests that business cycles fundamentally swing between robustness and fragility, which is dubbed the "financial instability hypothesis." The author of Stabilizing an Unstable Economy, for 10 points, name this post-Keynesian American economist of Belorussian extraction, whose namesake moment is said to have occurred at the start of the recent financial crisis.;;(Hyman) Minsky
;;When a central character in this work, a doctor, discovers that his rival will be marrying Helena, he notes in his diary that he feels as "if flames of ice were suffocating me," a pointed reference to Dante's Inferno. That character attempts to manipulate his rival's child into following his career path, a son also named after the doctor. One character play-acts the throttling of another, though this results in the immediate death of that character as he has a weak heart. This novella is often paired with two other stories "The Madness of Dr. Montarco" and "San Manuel the Good, Martyr." Criticisms of this work note that the two central characters' names invoke a biblical story of envy and at the end of the novel Joaquin offers his deathbed confession. Written by the author of Niebla, for 10 points, name this novel about the titular painter by Miguel Unamuno.;;Abel Sanchez
;;The victor here benefitted from the loser's dismissal of Greek mercenaries prior to this battle, as the loser had returned home from the winter after a previous inconclusive engagement at Pteria. The winner chose a square formation for his troops, and as the other side attempted to envelop the square, the winner used his unusually-mounted cavalry to scatter the other's horses. One leader was the son of Alyattes, and prior to this battle, the other commander had crossed the Tigris River at Arbela. The winning commander would also conquer the kingdom of Nabonidus. It saw the first use of a camel corps, and eventually the walls of Sardis were breached via they cliffs surrounding the city, thus leading to the capture of Croesus. For 10 points, name this 547BC battle, a victory for Cyrus that ended the Lydian empire.;;(Battle) (of) Thymbra
;;In this battle's run-up, the eventual loser attempted to anticipate the opposition's advance to the capitol but they were beaten by an all-night march through a shortcut near Tunja. General Anzoategui's move to split the Spanish rearguard and vanguard near Casa de Piedra proved decisive during this conflict. Along with General Santander, and arriving from Papia after a narrow victory at the Battle of Vargas Swamp, Bolivar was able to flank General Barerio's rearguard. After the Spanish forces fled, Coronel Juan Taira was left alone on a bridge, which now commemorates the victory. Beginning a series of victories for the Independentist armies culminating in Ayacucho, for 10 points, name this August 1819 battle fought in what was then New Grenada near Bogota, Columbia.;;(Battle) (of) Boyaca
;;This type of surface has a finite number of triangles in its triangulation, examples of which include a torus. A Hausdorff space is termed "para" this when each open cover possesses a finite open refinement. On a continuous set of functions, this property is possessed by a subset which is uniformly closed, equicontinuous, and pointwise bounded as a result of the Arzela-Ascoli Theorem. Further, it is possessed by any set for which there exists a finite subcover for every open cover or, in the real number case, when every sequence has a convergent subsequence according to the Bolzano-Weierstrass Theorem. For 10 points, name this property which, according to the Heine-Borel theorem, is possesses by any nice set that is closed and bounded.;;compact (accept) (word) (forms)
;;In Joan Didion's The White Album, her essay "In the Islands" relates the unavailability of this work at a local bookstore to the central character's existential situation. This book takes its title from Rudyard Kipling's poem "Gentleman Rankers." At the Hickam Field Stockade, Angelo Maggio is beaten, and the main character kills the sadistic "Fatso" Judson with a knife. Earlier in this work, Captain Holmes is upset that the main character refuses to join the boxing squad, and most of the events in this novel take place shortly before the attack on Pearl Harbor. The first novel in a loosely connected trilogy ending with the posthumously published Whistle and including The Thin Red Line, for 10 points, name this 1952 American novel by James Ramon Jones, also turned into a 1953 Award winning film starring Montgomery Clift as Private Prewitt.;;From Here to Eternity
;;Hiwen Thsang in the 5th century found an abandoned city near this city's location, which was then called Kusumapura. Diodoros claims that this city was founded by a Herakles-like figure, Bala-Rama, a brother of Krishna, though native sources attribute its founding to Raja Udayaswa or Ajata Satru.  Pliny mentions that it may have been sacked by the Graeco-Bactrians, but this is disputed. During the Mahajanapada period, it was the capital of the Magadha kingdom.  It was strategically placed on the south bank of the Ganges River, so the later Indian empires that used it as a capital and cultural center were able to effectively administer northern India. This was particularly useful for the Nanda, Mauryan and Gupta dynasties, which all used it as a capital. For 10 points, identify this Indian city, currently the capital of the state of Bihar.;;Pataliputra|Patna
;;The daughter of this god was to be married off by her brother to a foreign king, Mallolwch. However, the brother had to intervene when one of the sons of this deity's wife by Euroswydd, named Evnissyen, severely injured Mallolwch's horses. This god's epithet meant "half-tongue" or "foreign accent," Llediaith. This god's brood was a foil to the Children of Don, a rival deity who represented light. The husband to Penarddun and the father of Manawydan, Bran, and Branwen, for 10 points, name this Celtic deity of the sea and darkness and whose mythology is probably not related to a mythical king of the Britons, with three daughters.;;Llyr  (Note(:)) (King) (Lear) (of) (Shakespeare) (fame) (is) (derived) (from) (Leir) (of) (Britian(,)) (whose) (name) (is) (apparently) (not) (etymologically) (related) (to) (this) (deity)
;;This author attempted a definition of "genius" in his essay about street performers, "The Indian Jugglers." His work subtitled "The New Pygmalion," a thinly veiled description of his attempts to seduce Sarah Walker, provoked much outrage. That book, Liber Amoris, preceded another scandalous work, an essay in first person depicting this author's visit to an illegal bare-knuckles boxing match titled "The Fight." That essay was collected with other pieces, including the essay in which he describes reading Lyrical Ballads in manuscript, "My First Acquaintance with the Poets," and his "On the Pleasure of Hating," in the collection Table Talk. Known for his personal and casual style, in contrast to his friend Charles Lamb, for 10 points who was this Romantic-era author of The Spirit of the Age?.;;(William) Hazlitt
;;A speech given by Omer Talon presaged the first phase of this event. The title of a tract by Pierre Scarron attacking the title figure lends its name to the torrent of abusive publications accompanying this event, sometimes considered the first mass use of the printing press for propaganda. The agreement to nullify the king's letters of cachet as well as the July and October declarations of parliament ended the first phase in the Peace of Rueil. That first phase began in earnest with the arrest of Pierre Broussel for leading anti-tax legislation, leading to the second Day of the Barricades in Paris. Followed by a second phase involving intrigues against the regency of the young king, for 10 points what is this uprising against the policies of Cardinal Mazarin from 1648-53?.;;Fronde
;;One of this author's poems notes, "Necessity makes people err, And hunger drives the wolf from the woods." Two lines from one of this man's poems were adapted in a Berthold Brecht poem set to music by Hans Eisler and Kurt Weil for the work, The Roundheads and the Pointedheads. In that poem, "Nannas Lied" Brecht kept this author's interrogative but changed the time frame. The lines by this author written while he awaited his execution, "Brothers, men who live after us, Let not your hearts be hardened against us," are used to open Truman Capote's In Cold Blood. Author of "Ballad of the Hanged Men," for 10 points, name this medieval French poet who wonders, "Where are the snows of yesteryear?" in "Ballad of the Dead Ladies," and wrote The Great Testament.;;(Francois) Villon
;;The author of this work is sensitive to a piece of terminology that invites the spurious problem of "transworld identification," and thus to avoid Weltangst the author suggests one can replace "possible worlds" with modal talk. This work uses the phrase "The table is made of wood" and the statement of Goldbach's conjecture as examples of non-contingent a posteriori statements to clear up a confusion between a priori vs. necessary statements. Fundamentally, this works draws an explicit distinction between "giving the meaning" and "fixing the referent," which is essentially a critique of Frege's use of sense, in order to establish a theory of non-rigid and rigid designators. For 10 points, name this work, originally a set of three lectures, which attempts to rehabilitate a Millian theory of names by Saul Kripke.;;Naming and Necessity
;;In one section of this novel, "His Life until the Age of 12" relates the wrongful arrest of his father for the theft of Murray's heifer and an odd accusation of tranvestism made against the central character. Though fictional, the author of this work attempted to mimic the writing style of its central character as evinced by Jerilderie Letter, and thus outside the frame narrative "S.C," the novel proper contains no commas. Consisting of 13 sections, each ostensibly written by the central character, after that character and his love Mary Hearn rob two banks successfully, she emigrates to San Francisco, while he and the title group are betrayed by Thomas Curnow and are cornered in Glenrowan located in Victoria. For 10 points, name this Booker-prize winning historical novel about an Australian bushranger and outlaw, written by Peter Carey.;;True History of the Kelly Gang (accept) (any) (leading) (article) (like) (A)|(The)
;;The prelude to this battle saw an aiding army make significant progress, outmaneuvering Publius Scipio in Hispania, and arriving in Gaul later that year. Claudius Nero and Marcus Livius were sent to engage the armies later that spring. Initially cautious, the interception and foiling of the plot to merge the armies together set the stage for the main conflict. Realizing that the two consuls had merged themselves, Hasdrubal had prepared to retreat, yet his guides betrayed him and he was left to search futilely along the banks of the namesake river for an exit. Forced to face the consuls in battle, Hasdrubal held ground until Marcus Livius crashed and broke the Iberian flank. For 10 points, name this 207 BC battle a decisive Roman victory in the Second Punic War, in which Hasdrubal Barca met his inglorious and headless end.;;(Battle) (of) (the) Metaurus (River)
;;In one of these paintings, an open book can be seen on top of a fallen chair, and a dog puts his front legs on a foot stool. Another of these paintings shows playing cards by a man's feet, and a man on the left is playing the flute. A third painting shows a man staring out a window watching children run around, while at the bottom left, two dogs are linked together by the same collar. The last painting shows a starving dog trying to eat, while a woman is holding a child who is kissing the title figure. The first painting shows many portraits on the wall and shows a man with a bandaged foot. Containing paintings like The Marriage Settlement and The Lady's Death, for 10 points, name this series by William Hogarth.;;Marriage a(-)la(-)mode
;;This author's latest work examines such sermons as John Cotton's "God's Promise to his Plantation" as well as John Winthrop's "A Model of Christian Charity" to seek out the source of American exceptionalism. On the Board of Directors for 826NYC, this author, in addition to writing The Wordy Shipmates, describes an obsession with Frank Sinatra's death in "Ixnay on My Way," found in this author's essay collection, Take the Cannoli. An entire 1998 episode of This American Life follows this journalist and her twin sister's journey along the Trail of Tears. The twin sister of Amy, in one work, she describes her ambivalent relationship to American history and citizenship in The Partly-Cloudy Patriot. One of the original contributors to McSweeny's, for 10 points, name this social observer and author of Assassination Vacation.;;(Sarah) Vowell
;;After obtaining his first major commission, this architect brought along Rafael Guastavino, who introduced the "Catalan vault" to American architecture. After building the Beaux-Arts inspired, Minnesota State Capitol, this architect aesthetically broke with his influences to construct the red brick, Italian Gothic Realty Company Warehouse.  He utilized the Spanish Renaissance style for Battle and Sutton Halls on UT-Austin's campus. Much of his lasting contribution can be seen in such works as the West Street and New York Life Buildings, where he used neo-gothic ornamentation to stylize a rectilinear skyline. For 10 points, name this turn of the 20th century American architect and pioneer of the skyscraper, designer of the U.S Supreme Court and Woolworth buildings.;;(Cass) Gilbert
;;One of this man's plays features Mother, John and Kitty Vockerat at the time of Anna Mahr's arrival into their lives, to whom John attaches himself, thinking that she understands his innermost feelings. This man also wrote a work, which focuses on the title girl who experiences an illness and an "assumption" and is subtitled a "dream-poem." In addition to Lonely Lives and Hannele, this playwright wrote a work featuring Magda and Rautendelein, the two love interests of Heinrich, who is attempting to construct a flawless bell. In addition to The Sunken Bell, one of this man's most famous works has a "mob" for its protagonist and includes such characters as Ansorge, Mother Baumert and Jaeger, who starts a rebellion with the titular group. For 10 points, name this pioneer of German naturalism and author of The Weavers.;;(Gerhart) Hauptmann
;;After the defeat of the Meccan army at Badr, this man vowed to give up fried foods until the defeat was avenged. He led soldiers of the Kuraish tribe to victory at Uhud against the Muslim armies of Medina. After Mohammed married his daughter, Umm Habiba, he reluctantly converted in 628. Originally a merchant, he found himself in charge of Mecca's conversion to Islam, in which the Muslims armies smashed Meccan idols at the Kaba. Mohammed placed this man, his third cousin, in charge of Mecca and showered him with gifts from his personal treasury. For 10 points, name this early Muslim leader, who originally opposed the spread of Islam, whose descendants ruled over Islam in the Umayyad Dynasty.;;Abu Sufyan (ibn) (Harb)|Sakhr ibn Harb
;;The 8-Br variety of this molecule is a brominated derivative of it, and is therefore longer lasting. In the slime mold Dictyostelium discoideum, this molecule acts as an acrasin by regulating the process of aggregation. After determining the role of epinephrine in the liver, Earl Sutherland discovered this molecule. By permanently activating a G-protein, cholera increases the amount of this molecule produced. It binds to the catabolite activator protein in the lac operon when glucose levels are low. This molecule's production is catalyzed by adenyl cyclase, while its inactivation is performed by phosphodiesterase. It usually functions by activating protein kinase A. For 10 points, name this second messenger derived from ATP.;;cyclic AMP|cAMP(;)|cyclic adenosine monophosphate
;;The choral work Chant Sacre contained the first use of this instrument in an arrangement conducted by its composer in 1844, the same year that this instrument was exhibited at the Paris Industrial Exhibition.  This instrument was used in Georges Bizet's L'Arlesienne suites 1 and 2. Hector Berlioz was a good friend of the creator of this instrument, and described it in an 1842 magazine article.   Played by such figures as Andres Lundegarde and Eugene Rousseau; Benjamin Vereecken wrote a book about the Foundation of playing this instrument, which was also notably featured in Charles Ives' Symphony No. 4 and Sergei Prokofiev's Lieutenant Kije and Larsiene suites.  For 10 points, name this namesake single-reed woodwind instrument, which plays a famous solo in Bolero.;;saxophone
;;One poem by this author discusses "watching tired housewives" who try "to fight off/their beer-maddened husbands." Another poem by him mentions "a tomb of a room/without cigarettes." In addition to "And The Moon And The Stars And The World" and "Poem For My 43rd Birthday," Ecco Publishing has released a number of new volumes by this poet including The Flash of Lightning Behind the Mountain. He castigates poets, poetry and himself in "B as in Bullshit," and a novel by him is about a man who searches Los Angeles for a job. In addition to Pulp, another work follows the same protagonist and his love Jane Conney Baker, known as "Betty." For 10 points, name this author who included Henry Chinaski in works like Post Office, Factotum and Ham on Rye.;;(Charles) Bukowski
;;One of this leader's concerns was whether a bridge or a tunnel was best for connecting Oakland and San Francisco. This man fired the governor of Virginia, Henry Wise, following the hanging of John Brown, and decided that John Breckinridge should take his place. Edward Jump drew a rendering for the magazine The Wasp, the subject of which was the funeral of this man's pet dog, Lazarus, which was purportedly run over by a fire truck. According to one of his famous decrees, Congress was no longer allowed to meet in Washington and some of the political bodies that he disbanded or dissolved during his reign include the Democratic and Republican parties and the United States as a whole. For 10 points, name this prominent San Franciscan, a self-proclaimed ruler of the US.;;(Joshua) (A(.)) Norton (I(,)) (Emperor) (of) (the) (United) (States) (and) (Protector) (of) (Mexico)
;;One section of this work claims that Cain, Abel, and the hunchback of Notre Dame are the only characters in this work not expecting rain or making love.  Another character in this work moans, "You belong to me, I believe", before being told that is in the wrong place and had better leave.  Ezra Pound and T.S. Eliot are seen in this song fighting in the captain's tower, and a 22 year-old maid stares at Noah's great rainbow in another section of this song.  Another character is described as "the perfect image of a priest" before shouting to skinny girls that "Cassanova is just being punished for going to" the title location.  The last section begins, "Yes, I received your letter yesterday about the time the doorknob broke", and this song begins by claiming, "They're selling postcards of the hanging".  For 10 points, name this song from the album, Highway 61 Revisited, by Bob Dylan.;;Desolation Row
;;Mossbauer spectroscopy involves the observation of phenomena including isomer shifts and this.  An equation describing it contains an electron spin g-factor of approximately two. It was first observed by its namesake in the D lines of sodium and its anomalous variety occurs when electron spin contributes to this phenomenon. A potential energy associated with it is proportional to the Bohr magneton, the Lande g-factor, and the z component of the total momentum. This is the magnetic analog to the Stark effect, and in strong fields it becomes the Paschen-Back effect. The inverse type of it considers absorption lines as opposed to spectral lines. For 10 points, name this splitting of spectral lines in a magnetic field.;;Zeeman (Effect)
;;He wrote about the effect that a convert had on the local villagers in one novel, while the real-estate investor Boris' Upper West Side party is attended by a number of academics including Professor Shrage and Halperin, whose moustache made him look like Nietzsche. In addition to Shadows on the Hudson, his interest in vegetarianism can be seen in works like The Slaughterer, and he wrote another novel in which the title character is the daughter of Bashele and Zelig and is loved by a writer named Aaron Gredinger, who is nicknamed Tsutsik, and is titled Shosha. This author's first published novel focuses on two characters who commit adultery on the eve of Yom Kippur.  For 10 points, name this author of Satan in Goray and The Family Moskat, a Yiddish-language Nobel laureate from Poland.;;(Isaac) (Bashevis) Singer
;;The losing commander at this battle had just taken control of his country after a viceroy who had previously failed to subdue the Kebbi and quell the Katsina revolt.  The winning commander at this battle was able to maneuver his arquebusiers into place against the opposing forces' cavalry, and the noise of the gunfire and cannon sparked a stampede by the cattle that the losing commander at this battle had hoped to use to as a screening force for his infantry.  The winning side captured the salt mines of Taghaza before advancing to this battle's site just north of the capital of its losing side, Gao.  For 10 points, name this battle, in which Askia Ishaq II was defeated by Judar Pasha, a 1591 battle that eventually resulted in the destruction of the Songhai Empire.;;(Battle) (of) Tondibi
;;Christian Erich Hermann von Meyer described one of the initial discoveries of a fossil of this animal, and its first skeleton was found near Langenaltheim, Germany before being given to Karl Haberlein.  This species features a notable hyperextendable second toe, sometimes referred to as a "killing toe" and John Ostrom found that this species was similar to the family Dromaeosauridae.  The least complete skeleton of this animal is currently located at the Teylers Museum, and the most complete specimen of this animal was discovered by Jakob Niemeyer before being traded for a cow.  The Haarlem and Berlin Specimens are examples of, for 10 points, what animal, whose fossils were found in the limestone deposits of Solhnofen, Germany, a primitive species of bird?.;;Archaeopteryx
;;Her breasts are depicted as soft and flaccid from nursing, and this goddess wears a necklace made of human hearts, hands, and skulls, and a skirt of snakes.  One child of this goddess was depicted as a dog-headed monster and accompanied the dead on their journey to Mictlan.  This mother of Xolotl was killed by another child of hers who led the Centzonuitznaua against her and whose head was thrown into the night sky to become the moon after being killed by another child of this goddess.  That child was the patron of Tenochtitlan and had a messenger named Paynal.  For 10 points, name this goddess, the patron of women who die in childbirth and who gave birth to Coyolxauhqui and Huitzilopochtli after being impregnated by a ball of feathers.;;Coatlicue
;;The tenth section of this work ends with the lines, "a sense death-like of treacherous desertion, felt in the last place of refuge, my soul".  The sixth section of this work is subtitled "Human Nature Seeming Born Again" and also discusses crossing Simplon Pass with the lines "That very day, from a bare ridge we also first beheld unveiled the summit of Mont Blanc".  This work begins with the line, "O there is blessing in this gentle breeze", and its first section is entitled "Introduction, Childhood, and School-time".  For 10 points, name this work, subtitled "Growth of a Poet's Mind", an autobiographical poem in blank verse by William Wordsworth.;;(The) Prelude(;) (or(,)) (Growth) (of) (a) (Poet's) (Mind)
;;This city's medieval archbishop Ariberto lead its brief rebellion against Holy Roman Emperor Conrad II from 1036 to 1038.  The Swiss drove Louis XII from this city in the Battle of Novara, but Francis I recovered it for the French in the Battle of Marignano. Maximian made this his capital after Diocletian established the tetrarchy. In 1848, republican forces here expelled the Austrians under Josef Radetzky during a rebellion known as the "five days" of this city. Its first duke, Gian Galeazzo, almost captured the entire Po valley, and was a member of the house that ruled it before the Renaissance, the Visconti. Another ruler, known as "il Moro" brought Leonardo da Vinci to work there; that ruler, Ludovico, was a member of its Sforza family. For 10 points, name this Italian city where Constantine proclaimed a 313 CE edict tolerating the practice of Christianity in the Roman Empire.;;Milano
;;A formal nucleophilic substitution at enantiopure 1 when catalyzed by titanium(IV) chromate can be classified as anti-this rule, and that term also describes hydroboration.    This rule occurs because of induction and hyperconjugation, and because of the formation of a stable carbocation during an addition process.  This rule is also illustrated by the reaction of propene with hydroboric acid. This rule was stated after its namesake observed the reaction between hydrogen iodide with vinyl bromide, and it was based on another rule. For 10 points, name this rule, which states that when a protic acid is added to an alkene, the hydrogen atom gets attached to the carbon atom with the greatest number of hydrogens.;;Markovnikov's (rule)
;;This work claims that "the anxiety of mankind to interfere in behalf of nature, for feat lest nature should not suceed in effecting its purpose, is an altogether unnecessary solicitude", and this work also claims that "the unspeakable ignorance and inattention of mankind in respect to the influences which form human character" is the greatest "of all difficulties which impede the process of thought".  This work's author wrote that his purpose in writing this work was to explain that "the principle which regulates the existing social relations between the two sexes...is wrong in itself", and it ends by asserting that women have been left with a Hobson's choice between being an odalisque or a domestic servant.  For 10 points, name this early feminist essay by John Stuart Mill.;;(The) Subjection of Women
;;One of this band's earlier works talks about "destroy[ing] the spineless" and to "break the silence/'cause I'm drifting away." Another song tells listeners to "look through a faithless eye" and asks "are you afraid to die?" Showbiz was the group's debut album and was released in 1999. Many of the songs share a theme of revolution, conspiracy, corruption, and love. With such albums as The Origin of Symmetry, this group is known for their symphonic atmospherics, such as the use of a pipe organ in the song "Megalomania" and an orchestra in the three part "Exogenesis." For 10 points, name this British rock group that features Matthew Bellamy as its singer and lead guitarist with such albums as Black Holes and Revelations and Resistance.;;Muse
;;Norbert Elias critiqued this model for its over reliance on the concept of the nation-state and its use of social-context free "pattern variables." Its formulator associated a "symbolic medium of exchange" to each function, they include: money, power, influence and commitment. Its functional scheme can be divided into external and internal problems, as well as long and short intervals. A central function in this model is carried out by institutions such as religion and the media, and is called Integration. Outlined in its developer's work The Social System, for 10 points, name this sociological paradigm of structural functionalism, some of whose core functions include Adaptation and Latency, developed by Robert Merton and Talcott Parsons, it is typically known by its four-letter acronym.;;AGIL (paradigm)
;;Flowery wreaths hang over a stone statue with two faces on the left side of this painting, just above a baby who is blowing bubbles through a golden pipe while sitting on an orange cloth.  In the top of this painting, a naked angel holds a large bronze ring while being pulled in an ornate gold chariot being pulled by two brown horses, a white horse, and a black horse, which follows a female angel in a shining robe dropping flower petals on the central figures of this painting.  Another baby on the right side of this painting holds a small hourglass next to a naked bearded man with gray wings, who plays the lyre while watching Poverty, Labour, Wealth and Pleasure hold hands and frolic in a circle.  For 10 points, name this painting by Nicholas Poussin.;;(A) Dance to the Music of Time
;;In the sixth section of this poem, the speaker comforts the reader by saying "the dark threw its patches down upon me also," and in the fifth section, the speaker admits that the "curious abrupt questionings stir within me." This poem includes four consecutive lines that begin with the word "Just," including "Just as any of you is one of a living crowd, I was one of a crowd." That section also describes some seagulls, whom the speaker saw "high in the air / floating with motionless wings, oscillating their bodies." Originally published as "Sun-Down Poem" in the second edition of Leaves of Grass, this poem begins "Flood-tide below me! I see you face to face." For 10 points, name this poem by Walt Whitman that describes his thoughts while going "from shore to shore" on a boat.;;Crossing Brooklyn Ferry
;;Oscar Kambona was thought to be this man's most likely successor after he calmed an army mutiny that forced this man and his vice-president Rashid Kawawa into hiding. This man was replaced by Nelson Mandela as chief mediator in the Burundi conflict. The name of his most famous policy meant 'familyhood' and was involved some people being forced into rural communes. He famously invaded Uganda to oust Idi Amin and restore power to Milton Obote. This man promoted ujamaa in the Arusha Declaration of 1967 and remained chair of the Chama Cha Mapinduzi after he was succeeded by Ali Hassan Mwinyi and Benjamin Mkapa. For 10 points, identify this pan-Africanist who formed the Tanganyika African National Union and became Tanzania's first president.;;(Julius) (Kambarage) Nyerere
;;The Codri Hills lie in the central portion of this nation, and the Prut River forms the border with its western nation. The Sfatul Tarii council declared this nation's independence after World War I, but it was soon subsumed into another nation, under which Tiraspol served as this nation's predecessor's capital until 1940. This region's Bugeac Plain is home to most of its Gagauz population, and a Russian-majority breakaway region centered at Tiraspol is nominally in this nation. The Agrarian Democratic Party now controls this nation, which was the first former Soviet republic to revert to Communist Party rule after independence. For 10 points, name this nation located between Romania and Ukraine whose capital is Chisinau.;;Moldova
;;The beginning of this letter notes that "in these last days [God] has spoken to us through his son by whom He also made the worlds." This book written from Italy says that hope is a sure and steadfast anchor for the soul. This book of the New Testament asserts that Christ is a priest in the order of Melchisidec. Christians are urged to "fix [their] eyes on Jesus" based on being "surrounded by such a great cloud of witnesses." In chapter eleven, it contains a large section which recounts the trials that many heroes of the Old Testament went through. Containing the "Hall of Faith," it makes known that there is still no reason to convert back to Judaism. For 10 points, identify this book of the Bible with a decidedly anonymous author that is addressed to the chosen people of God.;;(Epistle) (to) (the) Hebrews
;;In this work, some believe that their lost things go to Norfolk. Some characters set off from the Kingsfield to see a beached boat and the "tokens controversy" arises when some characters demand remuneration for artwork that is meant to see if students have souls. Another character looks at the faces in porn magazines because she believes she is "modeled on trash." This novel's title comes from a Judy Bridgewater song the narrator is singing when Madame catches her dancing with a pillow. "Completing" is a euphemism for death in this work. Hailsham is the setting for much of this work that speaks of Ruth and Tommy's donations. Kathy H. is a "carer" in this novel about clones used for organ donation. For ten points, identify this novel by Kazuo Ishiguro.;;Never Let Me Go
;;Aymer de Valence served as mediator between this monarch and his powerful usurping cousin. This victor of the Battle of Boroughbridge had that aforementioned cousin executed soon afterward. This man's wife Isabella had an affair with Roger Mortimer, who eventually overthrew him. He gave exceptional powers to his favorite Hugh de Despenser, who took the place of another favorite exiled by the Ordinances forced on him by his barons; that favorite was Piers Gaveston. This king struggled for power with Thomas of Lancaster during much of his reign and lost to Robert the Bruce at the Battle of Bannockburn. The first Prince of Wales, for 10 points, name this king of England from 1307 to 1327 the successor to Edward Longshanks.;;Edward II
;;In a David Wagoner poem, this man's "white-on-white shirt and tie were luminous" and his trousers were "creased like knives to the tops of his shoes." This man was given kangaroo-tendon cheekbones in an operation performed by Wilhelm Loeser, and he once escaped from jail using a wooden gun blackened with shoe polish. Billie Frechette was the girlfriend of this man, who was the subject of a meeting between a Hungarian brothel owner known as the Woman in Red, and Melvin Purvis, an FBI agent. After watching the movie Manhattan Melodrama, this gangster was killed outside the Biograph Theater in Chicago in 1934. For 10 points, name this bank robber who was played by Johnny Depp in the 2009 film Public Enemies.;;(John) Dillinger
;;This man once received twenty-five dollars from an American, "five for bread and twenty for lead," and he suggested Captain Charles Boycott should be "isolated from his kind as if he were a leper." This man was arrested under the Coercion Act along with John Dillon and others, but was released in 1892 as a result of the Kilmainham Treaty. His use of obstruction in Parliament was described by Isaac Butt as "simply revolutionary." Richard Piggott sold The Times a forged letter ascribed to this man that approved the killing of Frederick Cavendish and Thomas Henry Burke, which was known as the Phoenix Park murders. This man was later ruined politically as a result of his relationship with the married woman Kitty O'Shea. For 10 points, name this Irish nationalist who led the Home Rule movement.;;(Charles) (Stewart) Parnell
;;This man deduced the structure of stipitatic acid, an aromaic compound containing a seven-membered ring, and he coined the term tropolone. In the field of computational chemistry, this man developed semi-empirical methods including modified NDDO and Austin method 1. Identifying transition states as either aromatic or anti-aromatic can be done using rules named for Zimmerman and this chemist. The bonding of an alkene to a transition metal complex is described in a model named for this chemist along with  Chatt and Duncanson. For 10 points, identify this man who shares his surname with a Scottish chemist who invented a flask that was the predecessor of the Thermos.;;(Michael) (J(.)) (S(.)) Dewar
;;One of this author's poems says "the [blues waves] dance and tremble" and "the mast bends." In another poem, he describes seafoam rolling like "white pearls of desire" down the cheeks of a girl "born to the King of the Tide," though her fishy tail bakes in the sun. This poet of "The Sail" relates a theme of "The Princess of the Tide" to a work in which a young Circassian boy flees from a monastery. Another one of his poems describes a fight between the oprichnik Kirbeevich and the titular man. This author of "The Novice" and "The Song of the Merchant Kalashnikov" is probably best known for a work which contains the section "Princess Mary." For 10 points, identify this author who wrote about the Byronic Pechorin in A Hero of Our Time.;;(Mikhail) Lermontov
;;In a battle won by this man, whose 3,000 troops and two elephants were vastly outnumbered, bells and urns were melted in order to make guns.  He cut three fingers off gamblers without an occupation, but only one finger for those with an occupation.  His advisor wrote a slogan using a stylus moistened with animal fat that was eaten by ants, which left just leaves displaying a phrase that was declared prophetic. He intended to restore the Tran dynasty, but instead founded a namesake dynasty, whose fourth emperor promulgated the 721 article Hong Duc code. One possession of this man was grabbed out of his hand by a turtle that plunged to the bottom of a lake. For 10 points, name this man who owned the sword Heaven's Will, and drove the Ming dynasty out of Vietnam in 1427.;;Le Loi|Le Thai To
;;The discovery of this effect was announced in a paper in which Michael Pepper and Gerhard Dorda were two of the three authors. The topological nature of this effect can be understood in terms of Fredholm indices and Chern numbers. The only known physical objects that can be considered anyons exhibit one form of this effect. That same form of this effect was discovered by Tsui and Stormer, and is seen at the electron Landau level filling fractions. This effect is used to define a standard of resistance as well as to give a very accurate determination of the fine-structure constant. This effect was first identified in the inversion layer of a MOSFET by a man who noticed that a plot of voltage versus magnetic field strength showed several plateaus. For 10 points, name this effect that was discovered by Klaus von Klitzing.;;quantum Hall (effect)|quantized Hall (effect(;))|QHE
;;Hamilton Harty used the "Serenade" version of one of this composer's most famous pieces in a suite named after this man, and this composer's Quintet in A Flat Major uses the Allegretto movement of Beethoven's Sonata in C sharp minor. The music of this student of Muzio Clementi was championed by Franz Liszt, and his biographer Patrick Piggott discovered one of his unpublished pieces in 2007. Another well known piece by this man was adapted from his earlier Romance in C minor. Also known for his Piano Concerto No. 2 in A flat major, for 10 points, name this Irish composer who greatly influenced Chopin and is considered the inventor of the nocturne.;;(John) Field
;;One participant in this experiment heard the demand "Come on you motherfuckers, out of bed," and another observed a woman unbuttoning her uniform to adjust her bra. One part of this experiment compared self-initiated contact by participants with other people, who asked "Could you direct me to Encina Hall." The participants in this 1973 experiment engaged in continual note-taking after initially complaining of hearing voices that said "empty," "hollow," and "thud." For 10 points, name this experiment in which eight people were admitted to psychiatric hospitals by faking symptoms of schizophrenia.;;Rosenhan (experiment)|On Being Sane in Insane Places
;;This artist depicted a journalist exiled to New Caledonia in Escape of Rochefort.  He once cut a painting that was criticized for faulty perspective into two pieces; the larger piece became The Dead Toreador. This artist depicted his wife Suzanne reading a book in his painting On the Beach. Taught by Thomas Couture, this man depicted his future sister-in-law, painter of Chasing Butterflies, sitting in the foreground of his painting The Balcony. A trapeze artist appears in the top left corner of one painting that includes a large mirror located behind a waitress. Another work by this artist includes two men and two women, one of whom is naked and modeled on Victorine Meurent, enjoying a picnic. For 10 points, name this French painter of A Bar at the Folies-Bergere and Luncheon on the Grass.;;(Edouard) Manet
;;An article by Geoffrey Pullum exposed one piece of "evidence" used to support this result, and David Bohm's Wholeness and the Implicate Order took one worldview implied by it and attempted to impose it on English by increasing the use of verbs. James Cooke Brown developed Loglan for the purpose of testing this hypothesis, whose original form contrasts the SAE view of time and continuity with that of the Hopi. Pullum's "The Great Eskimo Vocabulary Hoax" demonstrates that Arctic peoples do not have significantly many more words for snow than other languages, weakening support for this statement. For 10 points, name this hypothesis named after two American linguists that states that one's language determines one's thought processes.;;Sapir(-)Whorf hypothesis
;;This god was once forced to consume a porridge that was enough for fifty men. One of this god's sons, who always had four birds hovering above his head, identified his future wife among 150 swans. This god was able to conceive that son by sending Elcmar on a nine-month journey, which enabled him to seduce Boann. Possessions of this god included a magical harp, an inexhaustible cauldron, and a club that could be used to both kill enemies and restore the dead to life. This lover of Morrigan and father of Aonghus was leader of the group that defeated the Fomorii at the Second Battle of Magh Tuireadh. For 10 points, name this figure from Celtic myth who led the Tuatha De Danann, and was known as "the good god.".;;(The) Dagda|Dagodeiwos(;)|Dag Dia(;)|Eochaid Ollathair
;;In one of this man's ironically titled short stories, a woman accidently falls off a step ladder while carrying an unborn child named Crispin, whose father had died.  In addition to "Life Doesn't Take Itself Very Seriously," another story by this author, which is narrated by the sibling of Tacha, describes the loss of a cow during a flood. That story along with "No Dogs Bark" and "Tell them Not to Kill Me" appear in a collection, whose titular story depicts the violent yet respected Pedro Zamora. In one of this man's works, a young man is sent by Abundio to the home of Dona Eduviges to find out about the title character. Written by the author of The Golden Cock and Other Film Scripts, that highly-fragmented novel describes Juan Precadio's journey to Comala, a ghost town. For 10 points, name this Mexican author of The Burning Plain and Other Stories and Pedro Paramo.;;(Juan) Rulfo
;;This piece elaborates upon the style first seen in a ballet by its composer, which was again elaborated upon in a namesake set of variations. Richard Strauss's Metamorphosen was based on the second movement of this work. In the first movement of this symphony, the solo horn enters with four bars before the actual recapitulation. The second movement of this piece was used to commemorate the death of Franklin Roosevelt. The first movement of this work is an Allegro con brio while the third is a scherzo with Allegro Vivace. That second movement, an Adagio Assai in C minor, is a funeral march and perhaps the most famous movement of this work. For 10 points, identify this symphony, double the length of Haydn's or Mozart's, which inaugurated the Romantic period in classical music and was originally titled Bonaparte.;;Eroica(,)|Beethoven's Third (Symphony)
;;Survivors of this battle are the protagonists of Jean Larteguy's historical novel The Centurions. This battle was preceded by the evacuation of Lai Chau in Operation Pollux as well as an attack by Marcel Bigeard's battalion in Operation Castor. The "Paratrooper Mafia" under Pierre Langlais took effective command of the army defeated at this battle after the defeat of a battalion on Strongpoint Gabrielle, after which Christian de Castries ceded command. This battle which saw the failure of the Navarre Plan after the victorious army dug guns into the sides of a valley.  For 10 points, name this battle which saw Colonial and Foreign Legion troops defeated by Vo Nguyen Giap, ending French rule of Indochina.;;(Battle) (of) Dien Bien Phu
;;[Note to the editor: The Centurions is usually read today for its historical value in describing the experiences of French POWs after Dien Bien Phu and in Algeria, hence why I think the clue is appropriate in a history tossup]  4. A scheme by the title character of this work involves getting some nobles drunk and tricking them into signing an oath of loyalty to him. The title character's demise is eventually engineered by Colonel Butler, after which the title character's daughter, Thekla, flees Egra, where the murder occurs. An investigation into the loyalty of this work's title character is begun by the commissioner Von Questenburg, and this work's title character at one point negotiates for the Hungarian crown. At the end of this play, Max Piccolomini is killed while fighting the Swedes, while his father, Octavio Piccolomini, is elevated to the princehood by the emperor, who had feared the military supremacy of the title character. Consisting of three plays, for 10 points, identify this historical drama in which the titular duke of Friedland is assassinated despite his success in prosecuting the Thirty Years' War, written by Friedrich Schiller.;;Wallenstein
;;One variety of this type of device works because quantum mechanical tunneling causes an increase in voltage to result in a decrease in current. That variety is noteworthy for the small size of its key component, which is often about one hundred angstroms wide, and is known as the tunnel variety. Another type of this device works by being reversed biased, thus keeping the voltage close to a namesake voltage. That variety often used as a shunt voltage regulator is named after an American physicist who also has a namesake pinning. One common type of these devices uses materials with a direct band gap, and like all of these devices, consists of a semiconducting chip doped with impurities to create a P-N junction. Including Zener varieties, for 10 points, name this device which conducts electric current in one direction, the most famous type of which emits light.;;Diode
;;This colony was the site of the Knights of the Golden Horseshoe Expedition which, under its Governor Alexander Spotswood, was believed by some to have reached the Continental Divide. It saw the first strike in the thirteen colonies by the Polish community within in this colony's first town, which was aided in its founding by the help of Admiral George Somers as well as Thomas West, better known as Baron De La Warr. This colony also saw an uprising which resulted in the death of fourteen Susquehannock Indians and the ouster of Governor William Berkeley, as well as new elections to its legislative assembly, one of the first in the colonies.  For 10 points, name this colony which was the site of Bacon's Rebellion and the House of Burgesses.;;Virginia
;;One incarnation of this goddess was the sister of Rukmi, who opposed her marriage to a man her father, Bhishmaka, her fiance's elder brother Balarama supported. That tale is described in the Bhagavad Purana. Another avatar of this goddess who also marries that fiance has a relationship with him, which features both svakiya-rasa and prakiya-rasa, or married and mental love.  Another avatar of this goddess is rescued by the sage Valmiki while in exile and is the mother of Kusha and Lava before finding sanctuary with the Goddess Mother Earth Bhumnidevi. For 10 points, name this Hindu goddess whose avatars include Radha and Rukimi, who marry Krishna, as well as Sita, the Hindu goddess of beauty and light.;;Lakshmi
;;In one section of this work, "Paul's Church," is said to not be more safe than "Paul's Churchyard," from "Bookful blockhead... with loads of learned lumber in his head." One line in this poem describes nature as "unerring," and "still divinely bright," and claims that "rules of old... are nature methodized," while in another section, "young Maro" finds that Nature and Homer are the same. In this work, practitioners of the title discipline are enjoined to "be silent always when you doubt your sense." This poem opens with the line "'Tis hard to say if greater want of skill/ Appear in writing or in judging ill," and contains the famous commandment to "drink deep or taste not the Pierian Spring," because "A little Learning is a dang'rous thing." For 10 points, identify this didactic poem about evaluating art, written by Alexander Pope.;;Essay on Criticism
;;Primary sources for this battle include the letters of Albert A. Batchelor, who was twice wounded here. General Daniel Sickles lost his leg at this battle and it was preceded by the Battle of Brandy Station, the largest majority-cavalry battle on American soil. Prior to this engagement, a dispute over the Harpers Ferry garrison, led to Joseph Hooker's resignation giving the pretext Lincoln and Henry Halleck needed to appoint the eventual commander here. One crucial defensive position at this battle was defended by the 2nd Corps of General Winfield Scott Hancock and included a location called "the angle." Culp's Hill, Cemetery Ridge, and Little Round Top were all unsuccessfully assaulted by the Confederates and held by the Union army of General Meade. For 10 points, name this July 1863 battle in Pennsylvania, also the site of a Presidential address.;;(Battle) (of) Gettysburg
;;Jean Paul Richter noted that one work by this painter features a noblewoman kneeling as the head of the title grouping before her sons and nephews, who play Alexander the Great and his friend Hephaiston. Richter explains that it promotes the lesson of magnanimity expressed that work by this painter, The Family of Darius. In addition to that work, this artist painted a work in which the title occurrence is dwarfed by three large arches and notably includes dogs, Huns, and drunken revelers; that work resulted in this paitner being accused of irreverence. This artist also created a work where a lamb is being butchered on a classical balcony where revelers party around a haloed figure staring at the observer. For 10 points, name this Venetian painter of The Feast in the House of Levi and Wedding at Cana.;;(Paolo) Veronese
;;This experimental technique yields a measurement of two functions which are related to each other by the Callan-Gross relation. When this technique utilizes polarized particles, its results are analyzed using the Ellis-Jaffe sum rules, which yield a result sometimes known as the "proton spin crisis," and in this technique, the rate of J/psi production can be used to infer the gluon energy distribution. In the high energy limit, the structure functions probed through this technique depend only on the ratio of energy transferred to the square of the four-momentum, a phenomenon known as Bjorken scaling. Performed by firing high energy leptons at hadronic targets, for ten points, identify this experimental technique which provides experimental evidence for the idea that hadrons are made up of quarks.;;deep inelastic (scattering)
;;Simon Foucher was one of the first who criticized this philosophical position in Critique of the Search for Truth, and its central concept may have originated with Louis de la Forge. It was advanced by Johann Clauberg in his treatise, "On the Joining of the Body and the Soul in Man," and a version of this philosophy was advanced in a work entitled True Metaphysics by Arnold Geulincx, who also built an ethical theory from it. Descartes explicitly rejected this philosophy in his Meditations quipping, "I am not only lodged in my body as a pilot in a vessel," and its most famous advocate advanced it in works like 14 Dialogues on Metaphysics and On Religion and Search After Truth. For 10 points, identify this philosophy which claims God is the only efficient cause for all events, most famously expounded by Nicholas Malebranche.;;occasionalism
;;One story by this author features a woman who lives with her brother and knits continuously, causing clothing to pile up around the house. That story also sees the title event, which causes the protagonists to seal off rooms until they are left on the street. This author also wrote a story which sees a wealthy man read about a murder plot between a woman and her paramour, who turn out to be the man's wife and her lover. This author also wrote about a man recovering from a motorcycle accident who dreams he is a Motecan Indian pursued by Aztec warriors, only to realize that the dream is reality. For 10 points, name this author of "The House Taken Over," "Continuity of Parks," and "The Night Face Up" who included such stories in his collections The End of the Game and Bestiary.;;(Julio) Cortazar
;;The worst disaster to ever occur in this port came in 1978, when the Greek tanker Spyros exploded while docked at this port. This port can be defended from the air via the Tengah Air Base, and in 1961 this city was devastated by the so-called "squatter fire", a result of the highly flammable shelters that this port's homeless population used. Early in its history, this port was embroiled in a scandal over government sponsorship of gambling, which resulted in the dismissal of its second governor, Major Farquhar. Tengku Hussein, the Sultan of Johor, ceded the land on which this port was built. This port was founded to compete with Dutch-held Malacca by Sir Stamford Raffles. For ten points, name this independent city-state at the tip of the Malay Peninsula.;;Singapore
;;Arabic does not have distinct forms for this noun case, but instead uses the prefix "li". In Classical Greek, this noun case can serve five different functions, including indicating the possessor of an object or the purpose of an action. In Latin third declension i-stem nouns, this case is marked by a long i, and its Latin third person reflexive pronoun was "sibi". This noun case is one of two that has distinct forms in German but not in English. Romance languages like Spanish exhibit separate forms for this case only in pronouns, while in English this case is marked by the preposition "to" in front of a noun. For ten points, name this noun case used for indirect objects.;;dative (case)
;;Ryan Lucero has written of how Italian Saint John Bosco described this city as the Promised Land in the 1800s. This city's central avenue is the Monumental Axis, which is the highway with the widest median in the world. It features a bridge suspended under diagonal archways crossing an artificial lake in this city's southeast, Lake Paranoa. This city is shaped like an airplane, with the neighborhoods of Asa Norte and Asa Sul serving as its wings, That bridge is named after the president who ordered the construction of this city, Juscelino Kubitschek, and this city has been criticized for being a "fantasy island" in contrast to the squalor of the surrounding province of Goias. For 10 points, name this city designed by Lucio Costa and Oscar Niemayer to be the capital of Brazil.;;Brasilia
;;This event was recently depicted in sculpture by Harry Weber, though the most famous depiction of this event is due to Ray Lussier. The man against whom this action was taken was a replacement for Jacques Plante, and this action was made possible partly by the fact that the man who carried it out had blocked a chip by Larry Keenan. This action was made possible when the man who committed it made contact with Noel Picard after the former had beaten goalie Glen Hall, and it occurred 40 seconds into the first overtime period of the fourth game in the Stanley Cup finals. Committed against the St. Louis Blues, for ten points, identify this action which enabled a sweep of the Blues by the Bruins and which was committed in iconic fashion by a Bruins defenceman.;;(Bobby) Orr's flying goal (accept) Orr's goal against the St(.) Louis Blues|(similar) (until) (they) (are) (named)
;;This character is described as always "sowing broadcast the dragon's teeth" in creating imaginary enemies "against whom she rushed to battle." One scene sees this chracter pointing across a brook while her reflection does the same is noted by Anne Marie McNamara in her work about this figure, which is entitled The Character of Flame That incident also sees this character wash off a kiss in that brook and later note how strange that another figure talks with her mother while sitting on a heap of moss in the deep forest, but pretends not to know them among all of the people. One incident sees this child hold hands with her parents while they stand on the town scaffold and watch a comet blaze across the sky. For 10 points, name this embodiment of an object worn by Hester Prynne, her daughter.;;Pearl
;;Skansa Beacon Inc. and this architect were being sued for design and construction flaws related to moisture buildup for a recent addition to the MIT campus. He entered the public conscious with corrugated cardboard furniture such as his Easy Edges Wiggle Side Chair. He designed the successor to the Dorothy Chandler Pavilion in Los Angeles, $147 million over budget, but it received praise despite heating adjacent sidewalks to over 140 degrees with its stainless steel exterior walls. One building designed by this architect circumvented legal restriction on building height by being classified as a work or art, that building is the Jay Pritzker Pavilion. His most famous deconstructivist work utilized seemingly random curves to catch the light and sits above the Nervion River. For 10 points, name this Canadian-American Pritzker prize winning architect of the Guggenheim Bilbao.;;(Frank) (Owen) Gehry (accept) (Ephraim) (Owen) Goldberg
;;A character in this work gets fake papers, which describes him as a dealer of barometers. After a character in this work is betrayed to the Austrian police, his banishment decree was modified by the Baron Binder, which demanded that he eschew all reading material written after 1720 except for the novels of Sir Walter Scott. After being arrested, the jailer's wife is able to conceal that character and provide him with the belongings of a soldier who had been arrested for stealing a cow and some silver spoons. Aunt Gina and Count Mosca try to assist the main character in this novel by sending him to seminary in Naples. The central character, an ardent admirer of Napoleon who grew up near Lake Como, ends up fighting at Waterloo. For 10 points, name this novel about the life and adventures of Fabrice del Dongo, who ends up becoming a monk in the title establishment by Stendhal.;;Charterhouse of Parma
;;After the greatest naval victory of this people and one of its allies, Diodorus claimed that they stoned to death the prisoners at the city at which this culture erected its Sarcophagus of the Spouses. Dionysisus of Halicarnassus relates that these victors at the Battle of Alalia saw their army of half a million repulsed by forces led by Aristodemus at Cumae, losing their control of Campania. Aristodemus also defeated an army of these people led by Arruns, at Arcia. Arruns's father had earlier been so impressed by a youth who stoically put his left hand into a fire after being captured by these people that he lifted his siege of Rome. Lars Porsena was a leader of, for 10 points, what civilization which provided many early Kings of Rome, including Tarquin the Proud, a predecessor of Roman culture eventually absorbed into Rome?.;;Etruscans
;;Though it's not The Maids, a wind-up clock in this work allows characters to act out imaginary events, and one character claims he "can wrap up in the smell of" another when he dons his overcoat. One character in this play soaks his feet nightly in bath salts because he has footsore from his job as a gatekeeper at the zoo, and at the climax, that character spends his life savings on a suit instead of saving to buy a farm. One scene sees two characters play roles in apartheid and nearly come to blows. Those two characters invite a white pen pal to Port Elizabeth, but that woman, Ethel Lange, gets married and never visits. For 10 points, name this play about light-skinned Morris and dark-skinned Zachariah by Athol Fugard in which the title object is the bond between brothers.;;(The) Blood Knot
;;This composer wrote the song "You Are My Heart's Delight," which was popularized by Richard Tauber. One work by this composer features grace notes on the second and third beats of its first theme, which also features a triangle and arpeggios by the harp. That work, which includes a coda in its sixth motif featuring ascending trumpet arpeggios as a parody of Wagner is often included in this composer's best known work. That work by this composer features a subplot where Camille attempts to seduce Valencienne with a fan with the words "I love you" written on it." That work also sees the bar Maxim's replicated by the singer of the Vilja Song, Hanna, who seeks to marry Danilo. For 10 points, name this composer of "Gold and Silver Waltz," which is often incorporated in his The Merry Widow.;;(Franz) Lehar|Lehar (Ferenc)
;;The Arisaig Sea Cliffs date from this geologic period, during which eurypterids or sea scorpions first developed. The monograptus forms a useful zone fossil for this period, which is associated with limestone because of an explosion in coral reefs notably populated by brachiopods and crinoids. The supercontinent Laurasia began to form at the end of this period, which began with the Llandovery epoch and ended with the Pridoli. Both freshwater fish and jawed fish first appeared at the end of this period, as did cooksonia, the first vascular plants. This period was marked by stabilized, warm climates, and it was named by Sir Roderick Murchison while studying fossils in South Wales. For 10 points, name this period of the Paleozoic following the Ordovician and preceding the Devonian.;;Silurian (Period)
;;At this church council, a resolution was passed affirming that Antioch had no jurisdiction over Cyprus. Acacius of Mitylene defended another figure by quoting him as saying "We must not say that God is two or three months old." The emperor and Count Candidian supported the heretic denounced at this council, which was confirmed by St. Sixtus III. In the fifth session, John of Antioch was excommunicated, and the sixth session declared that one should not make any creed beyond the Nicene Creed. St Cyril accused the principle defendant of heresy at, for 10 points, what third ecumenical council of 431 that condemned Nestorianism?.;;(Council) (of) Ephesus
;;This modern country is home to the ruins of Naletale, a site occupied by the Torwa, which are not far from the much larger ruins of Dhlo Dhlo, which was the home base of the Rozwi people. A historically questionable leader named Nyatsimba Motota left the area in what is now this modern nation to establish the city of Zvongombe in an area now part of this modern nation's northern neighbor while looking for salt. The above-named tribes were all Shona states, the predecessors of whom were creators of namesake birds carved from soapstone which were found in the ruins of the Great Enclosure of this nation's most famous site. For 10 points these peoples populated the plateau named for what modern nation in which Ian Smith was forced out when it was known as Rhodesia?.;;Zimbabwe
;;He discussed the First World War in his work The Hope of the Great Community, and the potential for the namesake institution to promote peace in War and Insurance. This thinker propounded that the "central and essential postulate" of every religion is that "man needs to be saved," which was in direct reply to William James's The Varieties of Religious Experience, found in this thinker's The Sources of Religious Insight. In another work, instead of an Absolute mind, he posited the world as a universe of signs interpreted by a community of minds and guided by spirit of truth seeking. For 10 points, name this American absolute idealist who wrote The Problem of Christianity, The Philosophy of Loyalty, and The World and the Individual.;;(Josiah) Royce
;;Its central weapon system, slated to replace the Sineva, carries the NATO designation SS-NX-30. That system, however, has suffered at least seven failures in thirteen tests since 2004, the last occurring in December 2009, when that system fell victim to a possible third stage malfunction, which generated a much-photographed death spiral in the atmosphere over Norway. That system is called the Bulava. This class of vessel is meant to replace a class made famous by The Hunt for Red October, the Typhoon. For 10 points, name this forthcoming class of Russian ballistic missile submarine, sometimes referred to by the name of the first boat in the class, which is named after the Russian prince credited with founding Moscow.;;(Yuri) Dolgorukiy (accept) Borey (class)
;;This thinker describes as "useful inefficiencies" the tendency of politicians to shelter interest groups from globalization. He claims in one work that the attraction of hard currency is too great for all but the most resolute despots to ignore, and cites the example of European indecisiveness in Yugoslavia to explain why there must be a power broadly acceptable to as a leader. This man co-developed the concept of "complex interdependence" in Power and Interdependence and he attacks foreign policy decisions that promote arrogance, unilateralism, and parochialism in his book Paradox of American Power. His most important theory suggests that the ability of a polity to attract others is through the legitimacy of its policies and the values that underlie them. For 10 points, name this co-founder, along with Robert Keohane, of neoliberalism and proponent of soft power.;;(Joseph) (S(.)) Nye (Jr(.))
;;The introduction to the latest Random House edition of this text was written by the recently deceased critic Frank Kermode. One character in this work named her horse Beelzebub because "if you can ride the devil, you can ride anything." A search for Effie at the Old Hundredth lands "Boy" Mulcaster in jail, and he is bailed out by the Canadian Rex Mottram, Julia's fiance. Julia's brother first met the protagonist one night at Oxford by throwing up in his window, a precursor to his severe alcoholism later on. The novel opens as that protagonist, an architectural painter and soldier, unexpectedly catches sight of the titular estate. For 10 points, name this work narrated by Charles Ryder, a novel by Evelyn Waugh.;;Brideshead Revisited(,) (The) (Sacred) (and) (Profane) (Memories) (of) (Captain) (Charles) (Ryder)
;;Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease is caused by a mutation in a gene coding for a molecule associated with these. The drug Taxol prevents their depolymerization, as does nonhydrolyzable GTP, but Colchicine, colcemid, and nocadazol inhibit their polymerization. Tau proteins form these molecules into bundles, and MAPs bind to them. Kinesins and Dyenins move toward the plus and minus end respectively of these structures, and they form a nine plus two pattern in flagella. They form linear filaments from alpha and beta tubulin dimers, and are formed at the aster, though in animal cells they originate from a centrosome. For 10 points, name these components of the cytoskeleton along with actin fibers and intermediate fibers, molecular fibers that form spindle fibers during mitosis.;;Microtubules (accept) tubulin (until) (depolymerization)
;;One legislative response to this action was passed only after the Scottish parliament threatened to withhold needed funding and troops for Marlborough's forces in the War of Spanish Succession. That threat forced Royal Assent for the Act of Security, which briefly removed Scotland from the effects of this earlier legislation. One mandate of this legislation was the elimination of the monarch's power to appoint and dismiss judges, instead giving judges the right to serve until the monarch's death, with 1761 revision providing for lifetime tenure. Its provisions were finally extended to Scotland after the signing of the Treaty of Union. Fears of the accession to the throne of the "Old Pretender," James Stuart, drove, for 10 points, the passage of what British act, which selected Sophia, Electress of Hanover, as successor and mandated that English monarchs not be or be married to Catholics, passed in 1701?.;;(Act) (of) Settlement(,) (1701)
;;A Peter Taylor short story about the Dorset couple shares its title with this painting. One figure represented by a bald old man whose arm extends through most the top of this painting. An old woman pulling at her hair in the background of this painting is said to represent either Jealousy, or the effects of syphilis. Two discarded masks, in the right foreground, mirror the mask-like face of Oblivion in the background, who is trying to wrest a curtain from one of the title figures. In front of the curtain, a girl with a honeycomb and a snake's body peeks out from behind a putto throwing flower petals. One of the central nude figures appears to be slipping her tongue into her son's mouth as he gropes her breast. For 10 points, name this ambiguous allegorical painting by Bronzino.;;Venus(,) Cupid(,) Folly(,) (and) Time (accept) (An) Allegory of Venus and Cupid (and) (A) Triumph of Venus
;;Some accused the author of this poem of plagiarizing part of Lydia Sigourney's poem "Musing Thoughts" published in her collection The Token. The "kingly halls" and "Babylon-like walls" are not lit by "rays from the holy heaven" and the "wilderness of glass" gives no hint that "each idol's damned eye" is bejeweled, though "a stir is in the air" that resembles "no earthly moans" suggest a "void within the filmy Heaven." The "wreathed friezes" contain "the viol, the violet, and the vine" but the "shrines and palaces and towers" "resemble nothing that is ours." The poem ends with "waves" that "now have a redder glow" and "Hell, rising from a thousand thrones" and it opens with the observation that "Lo! Death has reared himself a throne." For 10 points, name this Edgar Allen Poe poem about the titular underwater town.;;(The) City in the Sea (accept) (The) Doomed City|(The) City of Sin
;;This parameter is varied in Hartree-Fock methods to improve numerical stability, at first increased and then slowly reduced to its correct values as orbitals begin to converge. A set of equations used to correct this quantity were motivated by the trial wavefunction psi proportional to the negative exponential of an effective value for this quantity minus s. That set of equations were semi-empirically derived by Slater and can be used to find these values for use in the Allred-Rochow form of electronegativity, which assumes that this value decreases due to the shielding effect. For 10 points, name this value which, via Coloumb's law, determines how strongly electrons are bound to an atom.;;(Effective) Nuclear Charge (accept) kernal charge(,) (accept) Z|Z(-)eff|Z(-)effective(,) (accept) (shielding) (constant) (until) (this) (quantity) (minus) (s)
;;This man's lesser known inventions included a precursor to the inhaler which used pine vapor as well as the modern mousetrap. He's not Joseph Swan, but did claim to invent the light bulb before Edison. This man then began work on a device that would be first used in the First Matabele War by the British. His namesake device was sold primarily by Basil Zarahoff after it was mass produced. Because of overheating problems, this man improved his device by adding a cylindrical water filled case that went around the barrel. That gun could fire at 600 rounds per minute because of a spring system that utilized the guns recoil in order to empty and reload the breech. For 10 points, name this American born, British inventor whose namesake machine gun was the basis of the Vickers guns used by the great powers in World War I.;;(Sir) (Hiram) (Stevens) Maxim
;;One of this man's works was inspired by an incident where two priests murdered a London Justice named Sir Edmondsbury Godfrey. That work focuses on two girls ditching their squire fiances and getting married to Yorkshire gentlemen, while the corrupt titular priest performs a fake exorcism on Sir Edward Hartford. In addition to writing The Amorous Bigot, another work by this author sees a supposedly virtuous character brag about all the love letters and gifts she acquires as a prostitute. Mrs. Jilt, ends up marrying the Clodplate, the protagonist of Epsom Wells. He appears as the King of Nonsense in The Dunciad, and as the character Og in Absalom and Acitophel. For 10 points, name this English author who was presented as a "True Blue Protestant Poet" in Mac Flecknoe.;;(Thomas) Shadwell
;;Cecilia and Sergei Gaposchkin found that a more symmetric subset of these stars found in the Magellanic Clouds are systematically brighter than predicted, and the Baade-Wesselink Method can be used to find their size. The shortest known period of one of these stars in a binary system is 507 days in S Muscae, leading to the theory that most observed examples are on their second or high crossing of the instability strip. Metal-poor examples of these stars are called W. Virginis. A shark-fin curve represents their most distinction feature, which is caused He-plus ionizing to He-two-plus, leading to a pressure gradient and subsequent expansion. For 10 points, name this class of variable star with period longer than RR Lyrae that is often used as standard candles.;;Cepheid (Variables)
;;In Australian Dreamtime legends, a race of these creatures called Indjbena were notorious for their arrogance while in Maori tales, spirits of the dead were thought to transform into a small variety of this animal known as Tutumairekurai. In Amazonian myth, these creatures transform into men to impregnate women and are known as botos. A Hindu depiction of one these creatures is emblazoned on the flag of Kama, called Makara, and is more often depicted as the mount of the god, Varuna. A group of these creatures rescued the Greek lyre-player Arion after an attempted escape from a band of knife-wielding sailors and the people of Crete were led to the mainland by Apollo in the form of one of these creatures. For 10 points, identify these aquatic animals which in Greek myth were created upon the jumping into the sea of Dionysus' pirate captors.;;dolphins
;;This man propounded the belief that even ugly brides should be told they are beautiful on their wedding day, as well as the idea that a man should be able to divorce his wife for any reason, instead of just adultery. This man's grandson shared his name, and is credited with creating the modern version of a calendar that contains the months Iyyar and Kislev. He is attributed with the aphorism, "If I am not for me, who will be," and a challenge to this scholar to recite the entirety of a certain text while standing on one foot led him to recite the Golden Rule. This man's namesake school's disagreements with the school of Shammai include the regulations for lighting certain candles, while this man's namesake sandwich is made from bitter herbs and matzah. For 10 points, name this Jewish sage who also lends his name to a Jewish foundation found on many college campuses.;;Hillel (the) (Elder)
;;One suite, by this composer for viola, small chorus, and orchestra consists of six movements each labeled with a verse from the Song of Solomon, and takes its title from the Latin for "flower of the field." In addition to Flos Campi, this composer stayed in the port town of King's Lynn for nearly three months collecting folk songs he later used in his Norfolk Rhapsody. The last movement of his third symphony opens with a pentatonic recitative for wordless soprano voice with muted percussion, and his second symphony opens with the harp sounding the chimes of Westminster. He wrote the score for the 1948 biopic, Scott in the Antarctic, much of which he reused in his seventh symphony, Sinfonia Antartica. For 10 points, name this English composer of The Lark Ascending and a Fantasia on Greensleeves.;;(Ralph) Vaughn Williams
;;One character has a tradition of giving chocolate to the girl's pool, and another claims to be dumber than an eight year old because she doesn't know what a charlatan is. The crazy Knowles operates the mayonnaise elevator number five. Hazels' obsession with Hoosiers is an example of a false karass, while the ambassador Horlick and his wife Claire represented a duprass; Horlick was later fired for his comments regarding Americans. Frank, who stages bug fights and was known as secret agent X-9, and Newt, who is shorter than an umbrella stand, are the sons of Dr. Hoenikker, whose central invention of the novel was originally developed for marines. Featuring the banana republic of San Lorenzo and the religion of Bokononism, for 10 points, name this Vonnegut novel about ice-nine, which takes its name from a string game played by Dr. Hoenikker.;;Cat's Cradle
;;This work calls the medium of plenipotentiaries through which the two central groups communicate "The Glass Plate." The sixth section of this text's introduction offers a warning to the reader, which notes that the search for scientific knowledge depends on valuations as well as facts. It cites George Washington Cable in order to show the predominance of the "static assumption." It notes that the central paradox presented by the "American Creed," is partially resolved once a distinction is drawn between equality and equal opportunity, and this work articulates a vicious cycle of oppression and blame on the subtitular group described as the "principle of cumulation." Cited in Brown vs. Board of Education and funded by the Carnegie Foundation, for 10 points, name this sociological analysis of US race relations written by Swedish economist Gunnar Myrdal.;;(An) American Dilemma(:) (The) (Negro) (Problem) (and) (Modern) (Democracy)
;;Russell Arundel paid this politician twenty thousand dollars to lobby for an end to postwar sugar rationing, causing this politician to be mockingly known as "the Pepsi-Cola Kid." He pandered to German-Americans in his home state by defending S.S. men who massacred American soldiers at Malmedy. His attack on Cedric Parker, the editor of the Capitol Times, contradicts the myth that his conversation with Father Walsh led him to the issue that revived his career. He posed the question "Who promoted Peress?" during his ridicule of Ralph Zwicker, which led the Army to conduct hearings in which Joseph Welch asked him "Have you no sense of decency," helping to destroy his reputation in 1954. For 10 points, name this Wisconsin senator who gained prominence in the early 1950s by alleging that various numbers of Communists had infiltrated the US government.;;(Joseph) McCarthy
;;One test for this disease screens for the proteins ESAT-6 and CFP-10 emitted by the bacteria that cause disease; that method is the QuantiFERON Gold test. Drugs used in treating this disease include one which inhibits autorepressors by attaching to RNA polymerase holoenzyme and one which binds to a protein reductase known as InhA, thus blocking synthesis of mycolic acid and preventing the creation of the cell wall. Those drugs,  rifampicin and isoniazid, are part of the Directly Observed Therapy, Short Course, or DOTS, which is prescribed to treat this disease . One type of infection by this disease sees bacteria invade the circulatory system, creating seed like spots on the lungs; that version is known as the miliary form. For 10 points, name this disease caused by a mycobacterium which infects the lungs.;;Tuberculosis
;;In a translation of this poem, J.B. Leishman included the line "His gaze...is so misted with tiredness," though he is sometimes contrasted with a more plodding translator Edward Snow who described one figure in this poem with the line "his gaze...holds nothing anymore." A translation by Leonard Cottrell describes "a noble will that stands there numb" and describes that prisoner with the line "along a nerve, awareness darts - arriving in his heart, it dies." The translation by Robert Bly describes the exhibit as "bars, a hundred thousand bars, and behind the bars, nothing." Composed at Rodin's advice after a trip to the Jardin des Plantes, for 10 points, name this Rilke poem about a big cat.;;(The) Panther
;;Eggertsson and Woodford showed that this phenomenon can be caused by central bank adherence to a Taylor Rule. The government can address this phenomenon with a 'rules vs. discretion' dichotomy and making announcements, because this phenomenon is caused by consumers' future expectations. It can lead to deflationary pressure and in this situation consumers avoid bonds because they believe interest rates will rise. Friedman offered a solution to this problem involving helicopters, and according to the Keynesian theory, the effective interest rate of zero makes monetary policy ineffective, but this condition can be addressed by issuing debt, a process called quantitative easing. For 10 points, name this situation during the Great Depression as well as modern Japan in which institutions hoard money.;;Liquidity Trap
;;One essay by this thinker uses the hypothetical philosophers McX and Wyman to respond to the problem of nonbeing, and also employs the example of a "round square cupola" to critique a Russellian analysis of names. This thinker defines such words as "Creation" and "Anomaly" in his "Intermittently Philosphical Dictonary" titled Quiddities. In addition to writing "On What There Is," this thinker used the example of a native uttering a foreign word "gavagai" upon seeing a rabbit to expound upon his idea of the indeterminacy of translation, a concept discussed in both Ontological Relativity and Word and Object. For 10 points, name this philosopher who aimed to eliminate the distinction between analytic and synthetic truths of logical positivism in his "Two Dogmas of Empiricism.".;;(Willard) (Van) (Orman) Quine
;;A formulation of this quantity due to Kolmogorov is derived by dividing phase space into infinitesimal hypercubes and is equal to an integral of the Lyapunov exponent over possible trajectories. By relaxing the requirement of additivity, Renyi generalized one form of this quantity using a parameter alpha. Von Neumann's formulation of this quantity sets it proportional to the trace of the density matrix times the natural log of the density matrix, though this quantity is more commonly understood in a Gibbs state and in a form named for Shannon, where it measures the amount of information needed to encode a state. In equilibrium thermodynamics, the Gibbs free energy is equal to the enthalpy minus the temperature times this quantity. For 10 points, name this quantity which, according to the second law of thermodynamics, always rises.;;Entropy (accept) S
;;Samuel Kline Cohn argues that the inefficiencies of a fiscally bureaucratic state and lingering effects of a previous famine were the impetus of this event. One chronicler of this event wrote about an attempt to pass constitutional reforms to the monarchy, called the Grand Ordinance. That bill was primarily backed by the head of the Third Estate, Etienne Marcel, who took over Paris with a peasant army that would eventually lose when besieging the fortress at Meaux. The leader of this event was tortured and murdered at a peace conference at Mello, which resulted in the now leaderless army being massacred in the subsequent battle. That leader was Guillaume Cale. For 10 points, name this popular revolt that was sparked by high taxes and the capture of King John II of France at the Battle of Poitiers, which has its name taken from its leader's nickname Jacques Bonhomme.;;Jacquerie
;;These compounds are converted to an iminium salt using tin II chloride and hydrochloric acid, and then quenched with water in the Stephen aldehyde synthesis, while they combine with an alcohol by nucleophilic addition in the Pinner Reaction. They self-react to form enamines in the Thorpe reaction, while in muscles a chemical of this type reacts with sarcosine to form creatine. They can be reduced to primary amines by lithium tetrahydridoaluminate(III). This functional group can be created by dehydration of amides with phosphorus V oxide or by reacting an alkyl halide with hydrogen cyanide in a synthesis named for Kolbe. For 10 points, name this functional group which contains a nitrogen triple bonded to a carbon.;;Nitriles (accept) cyanides (until) (mentioned)
;;The Swiss-born American painter and designer of Meditation Boxes, Sonja Sekula, studied with this painter before enrolling in Sarah Lawrence College. He named a set of satirical nativist lithographs, which were drawings of oafish political figures, after a translation of "Nobiscum Deus." His Dadaist influences can be seen in a painting, which shows two aristocratic faceless robots, one in a bowler hat, holding a German flag in Republican Automatons, and he dedicated another painting, depicting an expressionist procession led by a drinking Grim Reaper, dedicated to the playwright of Liebeskonzil. For 10 points, name this German artist of The Pillars of Society, and The Funeral who along with Otto Dix was a central figure in the New Objectivity movement.;;(George) Grosz
;;The Knights Hospitallers tried to set up outposts in what would become this polity after being given land belonging to Johannes and Farcas, two prominent knezes, though that attempt by King Bela IV failed. One ruler here fought frequently with Bogdan the Blind, and, eventually, was succeeded by Mihnea. A man known only as Radu Negru unified several areas to form this region, and he shared a name with a later ruler of this region, Radu the Great. Another ruler of this region signed a short-lived peace treaty with Mehmed I the Ottomans. In addition to Mircea the Great, one ruler of this polity, Prince Gheorghe Bibescu, was overthrown in a revolution in 1848. After that revolution, Alexander John Cuza was instrumental in helping this region unify with several others in becoming part of its present day country. For 10 points, name this region, home to Vlad Tepes, part of Romania.;;Wallachia
;;One author from this country wrote a story about a girl forced into prostitution because a storm washed away her cow, titled Because We Are So Poor. Another author from this country wrote a novel in which the protagonist breaks a curse imposed by her tyrannical mother preventing her from marrying; that work is divided into 12 chapters each beginning with a recipe. Yet another author from this country is studied in The Traps of Faith and wrote a play in which Human Nature allegorizes Christ as the title figure. In addition to being the home of the authors of those works, Like Water for Chocolate and The Divine Narcissus, a famous collection of essays about this country includes "The Sons of La Malinche" and "The Pachuco and other Extremes." For 10 points, name this country whose national character is described in The Labyrinth of Solitude, a work by Octavio Paz.;;Mexico
;;In 1811, this work was copied in bronze at the request of the Righetti brothers and was put in the courtyard of the Palazzo Brera in Milan. When finished, Vivant Denon advised that it should be the centerpiece of the titular patron's museum instead of the statue of Laocoon. At the base of this statue, a cloth is tied around a stump which actually supports the statue itself and seems to support the titular man's sword. He also has a toga draped over his left arm which is supported by his contraposto pose. The titular figure holds a long staff as well as an orb on which a gilded depiction of Nike stands. The archenemy of the titular apotheosized figure acquired this sculpture after purchasing a lot of art from the looting after Waterloo. For 10 points, name this sculpture by Antonio Canova featuring a French Emperor as a God of War in a seemingly contradictory role.;;Napoleon as Mars the Peacemaker
;;In one of his poems, the speaker describes "Short days./Short nights. / Short years" before being swallowed up by Leviathan. This author of "So Little" wrote of how life goes on normally and there is no thunder or lightning when the apocalypse comes, and his collections include Facing the River and The Light of Day. Many of his poems have been translated into English by his son Anthony, such as "A Song on the End of the World," although his "To Raja Rao" was written originally in English. He also wrote an anti-Stalinist work containing chapters on people named Alpha, Beta, Gamma, and Delta, which considers the state of the Eastern European intellectual in post-WWII Europe. For 10 points, name this Polish author of The Captive Mind.;;(Czeslaw) Milosz (chess(-)wav) (mee(-)losh)
;;A joint Spanish-Italian invasion of this place ended in a massacre at the Golden Fort, eighty-five years after its parliament was subdued by Poynings's Law.  An early battle in this country's history was won by Murchad, on behalf of Murchad's elderly father, who was hacked to death by spiteful Norsemen fleeing the battlefield. This location of the Battle of the Diamond later was the site of the sack of Wexford and the massacre of Drogheda by the same occupier whose agents Cavendish and Burke were murdered by the Invincibles in its Phoenix Park. For 10 points, identify this island whose autonomy was advocated by Charles Parnell and ultimately secured by Eamon de Valera and Michael Collins.;;Ireland
;;The pyridyl nitrogen of one inhibitor of this class of molecules forms a hydrogen bond with the main chain amido nitrogen of residue 109, which is found in the ATP pocket. That inhibitor is pyridine-imidazole, and these enzymes are activated by dual phosphorylation of conserved threonine and tyrosine residues in the activation loop. In 2003, the pyridol-pyrimidine class of these molecule's inhibitors were shown to have a previously unseen degree of specificity for the alpha isoform of one class of this molecule, which is activated by lipopolysaccharide. For 10 points, name this enzyme whose JNK and p38 classes respond to stress stimuli, and which has a namesake cascade.;;MAP Kinases|Mitogen(-)Activated Protein Kinases
;;One of this man's works for organ opens with all the stops pulled out and one key on every manual depressed, which furthered the development of his idea of "movable clusters." He included a series of "microconcerti" in his 10 Pieces for Wind Quintet, and this composer of Volumina called for tuned motor horns and belching in his only opera, while one of his piano works features a passage marked with eight f's. This composer of the "Rainbow," "Galamb Borong" and "Devil's Staircase" etudes also wrote a work containing a 48-voice mirror canon. He included a love scene betweeen Spermando and Clitoria in the aforementioned opera, which centers on the character Nekrotzar, or Death and is called Le Grande Macabre. For 10 points, name this Hungarian composer whose Atmospheres features in 2001: A Space Odyssey.;;(Gyorgy) Ligeti
;;One play whose English title ends with this word features a pastor who is constantly followed around by his twelve daughters and is named Straw Man. That play, whose title ends with this word, is about a pair that decides not to get married in order to avoid spoiling a perfect romance. A trilogy whose title ends with this word concludes with Fleur being saved from an art gallery fire and was followed by The End of the Chapter. In addition to a play about Falk and Svanhild entitled "love's" this, by Henrik Ibsen, and the "modern" follow-up trilogy to The Forsyte Saga by John Galsworthy, this word describes a play in which the merchant Aegeon is ransomed from a death sentence and two servants named Dromio are confused. For 10 points, give this word that describes a Shakespeare play about a meeting in Ephesus between a pair of twins named Antipholus, which leads to many "errors.".;;comedy
;;The main coordinator of this action lived in a house where hams hung from the ceiling, because he followed an alternative medical regime under which he ate nothing but ham. It was resolved partially due to the efforts of Australian advisor W.H. Donald, and it was a direct protest of the extension of the Encirclement Campaign for "bandit suppression." Culminating in the formation of the second United Front, it involved the capture of a man who fled to the hills in his pajamas, and was perpetrated by two men who were dismayed by orders to attack Yenan in order to rout survivors of the Long March. Those generals, Yang Hucheng and Zhang Xueliang, wished an end to the policy known as "domestic pacification before external resistance," and thus kidnapped Chiang Kai-Shek in, for 10 points, what 1936 event marking the beginning of Nationalist-Communist collaboration against Japan's occupation of China?.;;Xian (shee(-)an) (incident)
;;This man drafted a project along with Elia Zenghelis which would have provided London with a ceremonial strip and was to be called "Exodus." One of his buildings, designed in collaboration with Ole Scheeren, lies in the Beijing central business district and consists of two towers leaning towards each other and merging in a bent cantilever. This creator of the CCTV headquarters also designed a multifaceted concert hall for the National Orchestra of Porto, and this architect of the Casa da Musica was also the head editor of the anthology S, M, L, XL. He also wrote a work which evaluated the "culture of congestion" in the title city and is subtitled A Manifesto for Manhattan. For 10 points, name this founder of O.M.A, an architect who designed the Seattle Central Library and wrote Delirious New York, who hails from the Netherlands.;;(Remmet) (Rem) Koolhaas
;;In Susan Sontag's final book, At the Same Time, one can find her introduction to the New York Review Books publication of this work. After his expulsion from the Communist Party and prior to his imprisonment during the Stalinist Regime the author of this work, born in Brussels-the child of Russian emigres, was the editor for the Communist International and wrote other novels such as Men in Prison and The Birth of Our Power. This work, tracing the degeneration of the Soviet Union into a bureaucratic and corrupt Stalinist state is based on actual historical events, namely the assassination of Leningrad Party secretary Sergei Kirov, the purges and subsequent Moscow Show Trials. For 10 points, name this novel beginning with the mysterious killing of the title bureaucrat and the nearly futile attempts to find the killer the best known work of Victor Serge.;;The Case for (Comrade) Tulayev
;;Two political cartoons depict this candidate dancing for eels in a Charleston market and charming snakes in front of his supporter John Forney. Known as the "steam engine in britches" for his boundless energy, he was roundly mocked for declaring that he had to travel from Chicago to visit his sick mother in Clifton Springs, New York, only to spend a month giving stump speeches in other states. His chances at winning were destroyed when a faction of his party left to organize a separate convention in Baltimore, which nominated John Breckenridge, although he lost much Southern support after elucidating the Freeport Doctrine. For 10 points, name this Democratic nominee for president in 1860 who was known as the "Little Giant" and participated in a series of debates with Abraham Lincoln.;;(Stephen) Douglass
;;This present-day country saw German hunting parties take two of three wild Equus przhevalskii from this country's Askanya Nova Natural Reserve during World War II. This country's Kakhovka Reservoir, which is located within the Kherson Oblast, created a deep water route that allowed ships to sail up its major river. This country contains steppes commonly referred to as Tavriya. This country's town of Henischesk is the northern border of the Arabat Spit, which also separates Syvash, or the Rotten Sea, from the Sea of Azov. This country is the home to the largest section of the Dnieiper River and is separated from Romania by the landlocked country of Moldova. For 10 points, name this second largest country in Eastern Europe, with some historical steps at Odessa.;;Ukraine
;;Problems in translating these two texts include the meaning of the term "katechon," which means either "the power that restrains lawlessness" or "an agent of Satan." That term appears near a passage that reminds listeners that the end of the world will not come until after the "lawless man" is revealed. Both John Smith and Vladimir Lenin used as a slogan a passage from one of these texts, "He who does not work, neither shall he eat." The first of these texts also condemns the mourning of the dead, because the dead will be resurrected. Usually placed between Colossians and First Timothy, this pair of texts is notable for the lengthy thanksgivings which open each one. For 10 points, identify these New Testament epistles, addressed to converts made by Paul in Macedonia.;;(First) (and) (Second) Thessalonians
;;The first dated Bombay lithograph of this work was published in June 1893, in the hand of the calligrapher Mishkin-Qalam. Split into two parts, the second engages in theological proofs and contains the popular, "Tablet of the True Seeker." Composed in two days and  nights, the first part deals with the foundational tenets regarding the progressive and interrelated nature of revelation manifested in the other Abrahamic traditions as evinced by the verse, "Muhammed, Himself, declared: I am Jesus." Written as a response to the questions posed by the maternal uncle, a Muslim, of Siyyid Ali Muhammed Shiraz, also known as el-Bab or "The Gate," regarding the ontological validity and final causes of the Bab, for 10 points, name this chiefly theological work written by Mizra Husain-Ali, or Baha'u'llah the founder of Baha'i.;;(The) Book of Certitude|Kitab(-)i(-)Iqan
;;In one step of this process the hemiacetal hydroxyl group located on carbon 1 of the glucose 6-phosphate is converted into a carbonyl group via dehydrogenation, which then generates a lactone and a NADPH. Also in that same phase, oxidative decarboxylation occurs, wherein a NADP+ becomes an electron acceptor, producing another molecule of NADPH, CO2, and ribulose 5-phosphate. The primary rate controlling enzyme in this process is glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase. In plants, it is suggested that this process is used primarily to produce intermediates for new plant constituents such as ribose for RNA and erythrose 4-phosphate. Consisting of an oxidative and non-oxidative phase, for 10 points, name this alternative pathway to glycolysis, which occurs in the cytosol and creates 5-carbon sugars.;;pentose phosphate (pathway) (accept) phosphogluconate (pathway)|hexose monophosphate shunt
;;The author of this work initially presents descriptions of Gnosticism and Neo-Platonism, as they represent two opposing visions of one of his title subjects. In a later section of this work he presents a succinct summary of the "nature of poem," and presents the religious, organic, rhetorical and metaphysical illusions that are present within poetry. This text presents his concept of the "dialectic of revisionism" and clarifies its function for strong poets and strong critics, a topic he has taken up in other works such as The Anxiety of Influence. Relying on the scholarly studies of Gershom Schloem and Isaac Luria's "misreading" to the trace the evolution of the title subject from the medieval book of Zohar, for 10 points, name this work of literary criticism which examines the mystical Jewish tradition written by Harold Bloom.;;Kabbalah and Criticism
;;When asked about her subjects this artist noted, "Beauty is itself an aberration, a burden, a mystery, even to itself." This artist studied at the New School under Lisette Model. Norman Mailer suggested that putting a camera in this artist's hand was like putting a live grenade in the hands of a child, a direct reference to a photograph taken by this artist, which was used for a 1984 album cover by the Canadian post-punk band SNFU. Another of this artist's photos features a rather milquetoast look fellow with an American flag and a "Bomb Hanoi" button and ne of this artist's most recognizable photographs is of Eddie Carmel, known as the "Jewish Giant" at home with his parents. For 10 points, name this American photographer often depicting marginalized or deviant subjects such as dwarfs, giants and transvestites.;;(Diane) Arbus
;;Experiments in this field include Lawrence Sherman's Minneapolis research as well as the product of research into six hundred events in Philadelphia by Marvin Wolfgang. The first person to use a statistical approach in this field was Adolphe Quetelet, who noted the "astonishing constancy" of the male/female ratio. Its other luminaries included a man who wrote a namesake textbook, Edwin Sutherland, the inventor of "atavism," Cesare Lombroso, and a figure who wrote of the disconnect between social goals and available means causing "strain," Robert K. Merton. Samuel Romilly was one of the first people to put ideas of this field into practice, having been influenced by the work of Cesare Beccaria. For 10 points, identify this field which studies people such as Richard Speck, Bernie Madoff, and John Gotti.;;criminology
;;For this statistical approach, even if the parametric space usually labeled omega is zero, and thus a singleton, hypothesis testing can still proceed if one assigns a positive probability to pi sub naught, for the simple hypothesis. In this statistics, one can choose a prior density giving equal weight to all possible values of theta, in the case where little information can be obtained regarding past events, which are known as non-informative priors. The central feature of this statistical approach is the synthesis of the prior distribution and current sample data into a posterior probability distribution. Utilizing its namesake's theorem, which relates the conditional probability and its inverse, and first discussed in the 1763 essay "Towards Solving a Problem in the Doctrine of Chances," for 10 points, name this statistical method named after an English Presbyterian minister.;;Bayesian (statistics)
;;A Married Man's Story was unfinished at the point of the author's death. This author identified with the dying singing canary of her last work whereas at the end of another work, a dove's cry is mirrored in the shouts of the name Reggie as he leaves Anne. One of this writer's story concerns an older fat stranger who remarks that Lelia's pretty arms will eventually turn into "little short fat ones" during Her First Ball. Frau Brechenmacher Attends a Wedding and The Sister of the Baroness are some stories in the New Age that would be published in 1911 in her first collection In a German Pension. For 10 points, name this writer from New Zealand who wrote The Fly, Miss Brill, and The Garden Party.;;(Katherine) Mansfield (Beauchamp) (Murry)
;;One member of this family debated Theodore Beza at the colloquy at Poissy in 1561. Another member of this family formed a triumvirate with the Marshal de Saint-Andre and Anne de Montmorency and fought at the Battle of Dreux. The Prince de Conde and La Renaudie were unsuccessful in their attempt to attack this family in the Conspiracy of Amboise. One member of this family was known as "The Scarred" and led the Holy League. This family was largely responsible for the attempted assassination of Gaspar de Coligny, which triggered the St. Bartholomew's Day massacre. Including such members as the mother of Mary, Queen of Scots, Claude and Henry, for 10 points, name this family prominent during the French Wars of Religion.;;Guise
;;This temporary process is triggered when MMPs from stroma cells activate latent growth factors like TGF-beta 1 from the extracellular matrix. In monolayer cultures, this process involves vimentin, fibronectin, and N-cadherin being expressed rather than the normal expression of cytokeratins and E-cadherin. Addition of metalloproteinase-3 stimulates this process to cause the regular polygonal shape of certain cells to become more fibroblastic.  During healing of a wound, this change allows some cells to become motile and invasive because they could then move into the wound site to fill in the gap. Name this change in which cells from one type of germ line lose their anchoring connections to neighboring cells so that they resemble another type of cells from mesodermal origins, a shift in contrast to MET.;;Epithelial(-)Mesenchymal Transition|EMT
;;A temple to this deity as Limnatis was the site of the first battle between Messenians and Spartans, when the latter attacked the temple with ephebes dressed as women. Kallimakhos tells that this deity was worshipped as Hegemone in Ambrakia after she slew Phalaikos, using a lion cub, and an Athenian myth says that this deity was appeased at Brauron by teen girls "playing the bear". This deity was worshipped as Laphria, complete with holocausts of wild animals, after Oineus refused to make offerings to her, causing this Potnia Thauron, or Mistress of Beasts, to dispatch the Kalydonian Boar. Another myth explains that this goddess helps women in childbirth, just as she aided her own mother with the birth of her brother. For 10 points, name this daughter of Leto and sister of Apollo.;;Artemis
;;This man argued against Hobbes' "all against all" view of social struggle, and instead argued that social life is similar to a game in which the rules are only understood by the privileged few. With Jean-Claude Passeron, this man wrote The Inheritors, which looked at the relationship between French students' social origins and academic achievement and concluded that education operates to legitimize division among classes. The subject of the film Sociology is a Combat Sport, this man also theorized that class fractions influence differences in aesthetic preferences in his book Distinction: A Social Critique of the Judgment of Taste. For 10 points, name this French sociologist, the author of Outline of a Theory of Practice.;;(Pierre) Bourdieu
;;In his most recent work of fiction one of the protagonists enlarges one of his breasts in order to sell a breast enlargement product and loses his supposedly secure job at a state run factory. This author of Leaving Home at 18 wrote the story of a man, named Xu Sanguan, who makes money by selling his blood during the Cultural Revolution in Chronicle of a Blood Merchant. He also wrote a novel dealing with Xu Fugul who lost his family fortune and is forced to become a peasant in Communist China. That work was made into a film, and won the Cannes Film Festival Grand Jury Prize, for which the Chinese government forbade the director, Zhang Yimou, from producing films for two years. For 10 points, name this author of the novels Brothers and To Live.;;Yu (Hua)
;;His early reign was dominated by Peter des Roches and Peter des Rivaux; those men came to power after this man dismissed Hubert de Burgh. This man was threatened with excommunication by Innocent IV after this man failed to meet a financial agreement in which this king's infant son Edmund would receive the Sicilian crown if this king funded papal wars there. One agreement agreed to by this man provided for a 15-member baronial council and the appointment of a justiciar. That agreement that this man agreed to was eventual overturned by the Mise of Amiens and the Dictum of Kenilworth. For 10 points name this king of England who was forced to sign the Provisions of Oxford.;;Henry III
;;The Su-Schrieffer-Heeger Hamiltonian is frequently used to consider electron interactions with these particles in conjugated polymers. Anharmonic forces between these particles can produce thermal resistance in nonmetals in what is termed a flip-over or Umklapp process. The contribution of these particles to the specific heat of a solid was treated by Debye by considering their density of states in an atomic lattice. Ionic crystals typically exhibit both their acoustic and optical forms, and BCS theory predicts these particles' interaction with electrons to yield superconductivity. For 10 points, name these bosons used to quantize the vibrational modes of a lattice.;;phonons
;;He composed the Concert Champetre for harpsichord and orchestra which he dedicated to his lover Richard Chanlaire, although this composer tended to focus on more religious works including his Stabat Mater and Gloria after visiting the shrine of the Black Virgin of Rocamadour.  This composer's piano work Perpetual Motion No. 1 was used in the Hitchcock film Rope. One of his operas is based on play about a woman who is interrupted while on a phone call with her lover, written by Jean Cocteau. This composer's piano works include Concerto for Two Pianos and The Embarkation for Cythera, as well as setting the story of Babar the Elephant.  For 10 points, name this French composer and member of Les Six who wrote The Human Voice and the Breasts of Tiresias.;;(Francis) Poulenc
;;In The Megalithic Builders, Euan MacKie identified this site, as well as Durrington Walls, as home to a sacred elite due to no evidence of game animals and its fine pottery. That pottery, Grooved Ware, is shared by this site with sites like Rinyo on Rousay and differs from the contemporary Unstan Ware found at Knap of Howar. The smashing of stones produced this site's characteristic discoidal knife, which was named by Gordon Childe for the bay on which this site lies, the Skaill Knife. House 7 here is the only one associated with human burial and had a door which could be locked from without, but shared the characteristic thick midden-filled walls of the other houses here. Consisting of the remains of ten houses, this is, for 10 points, what late Neolithic site on Mainland Orkney, the best preserved Stone Age site in Europe?.;;Skara Brae
;;In this novel, one character's claim that Rousseau formulated the concept that sovereignty reverts to the people was challenged by another character who claimed that concept was invented by the Jesuit theologian Francisco Suarez. In one episode from this work, a character's speech to an Indian audience is not understood because the Indians did not speak Spanish. The narrator of this work received a letter from Aureliano Garcia from Barranquilla about Bolivar; that narrator is the printer Manuel Varela. This novel opens with Baltasar Bustos' kidnapping of the child of Ofelia Salamanca and the replacing of that child with the son of a black prostitute. For 10 points, name this Carlos Fuentes novel about Latin America's revolution against Spain.;;(The) Campaign
;;According to several works by Leonard Carlson, this act was detrimental to farming activity among populations not previously accustomed to the activity. David Jerome served as the head of one commission created by the Springer Bill to enforce this act, and the Supreme Court ruled in one case stemming from this act's passage that Congress's plenary power allows it to abrogate federal treaty requirements. That case was Lone Wolf v. Hitchcock. Though this act was repealed by the 1934 Wheeler-Howard Act, the 1906 Burke Act increased the number of forced fee patents issued under this act for the homesteads it provided in order to encourage greater acculturation. For 10 points, name this 1887 law, named for a Massachusetts senator, which broke up tribally owned reservations into 160-acre plots for individual Native Americans.;;Dawes (General) (Allotment) (Act)|General Allotment (Act)|Dawes (Severalty) (Act)
;;A predicted super-partner for this particle would be a weak iso-doublet and have a hypercharge of one half. It is suspected that this super-partner, if combined with binos and winos would create the lightest possible super-symmetric particle, which would possibly be stable, and hence is a candidate for dark matter. This particle itself could not be more than 1.4 TeV in mass because otherwise it would be possible for certain probabilities not to sum up to one in scattering process. Current predictions for its mass are between 115 GeV and 150 GeV while its spin is anticipated to be zero. For 10 points, name this currently hypothetical particle, the carrier particle of its namesake field, responsible for the symmetry breaking that leads to particles gaining mass, the target of a high profile search at the Large Hadron Collider.;;Higgs (Boson)
;;Selina Hines recently published a biography on "the secret lives" of this author. The author's lovers Alan Searle and Gerald Haxton probably disapproved of the statement that, "the homosexual has small power of invention, but a wonderful gift for delightful embroidery." One of this author's short stories, the basis of the silent film Sadie Thompson, tells of a missionary's attempt to save a fallen woman who has moved to Pago Pago.  He reused elements from that short story "Rain," in a novel about the painter Charles Strickland who becomes blinded by leprosy after he moves to Tahiti. The collection The Casuarina Tree includes such stories as the "Before the Party" and "P and O." For 10 points, name this author of The Moon and Sixpence and Of Human Bondage.;;(William) (Somerset) Maugham
;;This protein is responsible for the activation of the endothelial isoform of nitric oxide synthase in a pathway that includes Akt by acting as a ligand for GHSR, a growth hormone receptor. When found in the hippocampus this hormone contributes to neurotrophy, and its active form has a notable octanoylated form.  Patients with Prader-Willi disease are found to have increased levels of this hormone. Produced by P/D1 cells, it was first discovered by Kojima et al. in 1999. One function of this hormone features the suppression of fat utilization in adipose tissue. Antagonistic to leptin, for ten points, name this hormone also found in the epsilon cells of the Islets of Langerhans that is produced in the stomach and stimulates appetite as its main function.;;ghrelin
;;One character in this play gives three soliloquies extolling truth and choice and concluding "Man is superior to his belly!" Another character claims he is a pilgrim and sings of how the "road is lost in darkness," a theme taken up in a song about life as a prison sung by Krivoi Zoba and Bubnoff. The Qu'ran is championed by the Tartar, and Klescht occupies himself with a perpetually broken lock while his wife Anna dies despite the comforting words of Luka, whose well-intentioned chicanery incites the ire of Sahtin.  Natasha turns on her lover Pepel when he kills Kostilioff, who owned the title location, which is a large underground lodging house. For 10 points, name this play, the most famous of Maxim Gorky.;;(The) Lower Depths|Na dne
;;This work draws on Wilhelm von Humboldt's The Limits of State Action in formulating the community of humankind that extends across time. This work formulates a "four-stage" sequence for the flow of knowledge and one chapter considers the connection between excellences, shame, and the primary good of self-respect. It permits an "excusable general envy" in one chapter, while the first chapter discusses the point where principles and judgment meet, called "reflective equilibrium." It introduces the liberty principle and difference principle as part of the title concept "as fairness," though it also introduces the "original position." For 10 points, name this work of moral and political philosophy by John Rawls.;;(A) Theory of Justice
;;The eighth of these works shows a mauve-and-black circle with a light red halo in the top left, while the last has an uncharacteristic black background. The fourth was reprinted in an essay on Scriabin, and that work depicts a castle on a mountain and violet sabers brandished by battling Cossacks at the top left. One shows a thick, curving black line across the canvas as barely discernable angels blow their trumpets in the top right. The sixth uses a rosy pink and white vortex at left as one of its three centers, another of which is marked by the use of parallel lines to indicate rain. Including works called Resurrection and Deluge, for 10 points, name this painting series with a musical name, a group by Wassily Kandinsky.;;(Kandinsky's) Compositions
;;The allylation of nucleophiles with allylic halides is one example of the Tsuji-Trost reactions catalyzed by this element. Eaborn discovered that it can catalyze the reaction of aryl halides with hexa-n-butyldistannane, and more broadly it underlies the reaction of vinylic and aromatic systems with organostannanes in the Kosugi-Migita-Stille coupling. Also used for the coupling of alkenes and either halides or pseudohalides in the Mizoroki-Heck reactions, this element's chloride is reduced by calcium carbonate before lead acetate is added in the creation of a catalyst which is named for Lindlar. For 10 points, name this element, the least dense of the platinum group metals.;;Palladium
;;One convention prior to this election saw the capitulation of New Jersey Governor George Silzer. One major dispute during that convention arose from Forney Johnston's attempt to have his party condemn a violent organization. Frank Lowden declined the vice presidential nomination at one convention, while at the other Lena Spring was a candidate for vice president and Jim Brandon repeatedly stated "Alabama casts 24 votes for Underwood." The latter convention saw both William McAdoo and Al Smith give up, leading to the nomination of Charles Wayland Brian and John Davis after 103 ballots. Marked by the "Klanbake," for 10 points, name this election won by Calvin Coolidge.;;(Election) (of) 1924
;;This novel has a dialogue wherein "The Voice" explains to "Beauty" that she will spend fifteen years as a "susciety girl." The protagonist tells a tale of the imaginary Chevalier O'Keefe to his fling Geraldine Burke, and also carries on an affair with Dorothy Raycroft before failing out of officer's training camp. That protagonist is beaten up by Joseph Black, who had changed his name from Joseph Bloeckman, while this novel sees Maury Noble end up wealthy and Dick Caramel end as a successful though hack writer. Despite being disinherited for his drunken parties, the protagonist ends the novel quite wealthy along with his wife Gloria. For 10 points, name this novel about Anthony Patch by F. Scott Fitzgerald.;;(The) Beautiful and Damned
;;Pseudo-Apollodorus relates a story in which this man was killed for assaulting the Hyperborean virgin Upis. Two of his daughters were taught to weave by Athena and sacrificed themselves to end a plague, for which they were turned into comets. Besides fathering Menippe and Metioche, another story suggests he pined for his first wife Side. This son of Hyrieus was guided by the sound of hammers and the boy on his shoulders, Cedalion, to reach Helios, who healed the wounds inflicted on this man for his assault of Merope. Though Oenopion blinded him, many tales state it was a huge scorpion that killed him because he boasted of being able to kill all beasts. For 10 points, name this giant mythological huntsman.;;Orion
;;Besides his work with Igor Stravinsky, Robert Craft is also known for trying to record all of this man's works, including a collection that features the pieces "Ausdrucksweise" and "Landsknechte" though it closes with the more homophonic "Verbundenheit." Besides his Opus 35 6 Pieces for Male Chorus, this man's Opus 13 is his Friede auf Erden, while his second string quartet ends with a setting for soprano of the poem "Entruckung." Another work follows an orchestral interlude with the "Voice of the Wood Dove" and has voices representing Waldemar and Tove, characters drawn from the poems of Jens Peter Jacobsen. For 10 points, name this occasionally tonal composer of the Gurrelieder and Pierrot Lunaire.;;(Arnold) Schoenberg
;;This dynasty's reign saw the oft-drunk Bishop Cautinus try to bury the priest Anastasius alive, and the poet Venantius Fortunatus served one queen of this dynasty. Their rule saw the populace rebel against the tax collector Parthenius as well as an uprising by the reprobate prince Chramn. Christianized by men like St. Columbanus, their decline began when judges began to be appointed only within their own regions after the Edict of Paris. Their princesses like Bathilde and Burgundofara often become abbesses and this dynasty ended when Pope Zachary deposed Childeric III, who was replaced by Pepin the Short. For 10 points, name this Frankish dynasty that spawned Clovis and was replaced by the Carolingians.;;Merovingians
;;The speaker reads in a "light Mosaick" and mentions "strange prophecies my Phancy weaves/And in one History consumes." After "retiring from the Flood," this work's speaker lets himself "imbark/in this yet green, and growing Ark" and it ends with the "salmon-fishers" as "rational Amphibii." It describes a girl who desires "Heaven's dialect" named Maria as well as some nuns whose "loudw'st cannon were their lungs" when Isabel Thwaites is rescued from the convent. She goes on to father a hero who "laid these gardens out in sport/In the just figure of a Fort."  Opening "Within this sober Frame expect/Work of no Forrain Architect," for 10 points, name this poem about the home of Thomas Fairfax by Andrew Marvell.;;Upon Appleton House
;;This man described a "releasement towards being" in On Detachment and, contra Aquinas, argued God was pure intelligence in his Parisian Questions. He argued that we distinguish between God and Godhead "so that we may grasp and eternally enjoy the truth where the highest angel and the fly and the soul are equal" in "Blessed are the Poor," his famous fifty-second sermon, one of the many in vernacular German. Through such students as Johannes Tauer, he influenced pietism and the Brethren of the Pure Spirit. His Benedictus contains his Book of Divine Consolation, and he never completed his Opus Tripartatum. For 10 points, name this Rhineland mystic who proposed the "spark" of the soul.;;(Meister) Eckhart
;;His first album with Verve Records closes with a song in memory of Susan Portlynn Romeo called "Black Swan," while "Adventures Aboard the Golden Mean" and "Capricorn 2" respectively appear on 2005 and 2003 albums recorded with a group featuring Danilo Perez and John Pattitucci. Besides his work with the Footprints quartet on Beyond the Sound Barrier and Alegria, he collaborated with Milton Nascimento on Native Dancer. Another album features "House of Jade" and "Mahjong," though his best known effort opens with a song whose melody is mostly perfect fourths, "Witch Hunt." Known for JuJu and Speak No Evil, for 10 points, name this saxophonist, who, with Joe Zawinul, led Weather Report.;;(Wayne) Shorter
;;The presence of beta-2 transferrin is a method used to differentiate this substance, whose electrophoresis in MS patients uniquely displays gamma region spikes known as oligoclonal bands. A study linked violent crime with abnormally elevated levels of a certain protein in this substance while its primary synthesis occurs in the choroid plexus. It enters the bloodstream through the venous sinuses, where specialized villi indent the dura mater from the arachnoid and allow this substance's secretion. Analyzed in a serum albumin ratio test, it is separated from the circulatory system by the blood-brain barrier. For 10 points, identify this fluid extracted during a lumbar puncture that cushions the brain.;;CSF|Cerebrospinal fluid (or(,)) (apparently(,)) Liquor cerebrospinalis(,) (worst) (martini) (variant) (ever)
;;In late life this man became known as the "Hermit of Turin." He promulgated the April Laws and, after defeats such as one to Alfred I of Windisch-Grats at the Battle of Schwechat, he released a letter calling his successor Artur Gorgey a "Judas." This author of the "Cassandra" letter created a stir with Queen Victoria and Lord Palmerston in England with speeches inspired by his love of Shakespeare. Jealously hated by Bertalan Szemare, he was a minister in Count Batthyani's government, and appealed to Archduke Franz Joseph of Austria before taking over his country in a fit of Magyar nationalism. For 10 points, name this Hungarian journalist who briefly led his nation during the Revolutions of 1848.;;(Lajos) Kossuth
;;One of this man's works repeats the lines "Rome burns/and our slavery begins." This man described how "it is the cloud that curls to hide the eagle it is the ripple of the stream from bamboo" in "Flutes" and "how the old man's hands are alligator/skins" in "Duke Playing Piano at 70." One collection uses the Voodoo prayer "Attibon Legba/ Ouvri bayi pou'moi" as a refrain, while in another collection Sonny Rollins makes "bridges of sound curve" in "Jah." The latter collection contains a "Limbo" section containing the poem "The Cracked Mother," and Islands was the last collection in a trilogy including Masks and Rights of Passage. For 10 points, name this author of X/Self and The Arrivants Trilogy who hails from Barbados.;;(Edward) (Kamau) Braithwaite
;;Eloy Burga's return to this nation sparked conflict with the Pizarro-Rubia casta, partially caused by the discontent Antero Aspillaga, who was cast down by the Partido Civil in favor of Guillermo Billinghurst. Billinghurst was in turn overthrown by the coup of Manuel Prado and Oscar Benavides, and major political parties in this nation's history include the AP of Fernando Belaunde Terry and Victor Raul Haya de la Torre's APRA. This nation was home to the La Cantuta Massacre under a leader who also instituted anti-terrorist policies against the followers of a man calling himself President Gonzalo. For 10 points, name this country, home to the human rights abuses of both the Shining Path and Alberto Fujimori.;;Peru
;;A correction to the Prandtl-Glauert factor for calculating the critical pressure coefficient is named for him and Tsien. A result partially named for this man approximates solutions for the general momentum integral using a fourth degree polynomial and the Pohlhuasen parameter. He also names a formula preferred to the Blasius formula for Reynolds numbers greater than 10 to the fifth; that formula was extended by Nikuradse and relates a coefficient of .4 or .41 to the skin friction coefficient. He also names the continuous shedding of eddies by the cylinder around which a fluid flows, which is his vortex street. For 10 points, name this Hungarian who also names the boundary between the atmosphere and space.;;(Theodore) (von) Karman
;;This work's title concept is described as the "purest example of the tool." It also notes that the title concept "the historical symbol of the relative character of existence," and that  "rhythm or symmetry of the contents of life" is one determinant of the "Style of Life." Divided into "analytic" and "synthetic" halves, it claims the title concept is the "autonomous manifestation of the exchange relation" and that economic activity establishes distance and overcomes it. Written by the author of the essay "The Stranger" and The Metropolis and Mental Life, for 10 points, name this 1907 work of economic sociology by Georg Simmel.;;Philosophy of Money
;;This novel's protagonist refuses to sell his romance The Archer of Charles IX to Doguereau. While working for Finot and Lousteau he earns the Cenacle's enmity for writing an article against his friend Daniel d'Arthez and he also bankrupts his lover, Coralie. This work also sees the lawyer Petit-Claud scheme with the Cointets, and after the protagonist's clothes cause a scandal with Marquise d'Espard, his rival Chatelet marries his former lover Louise Bargeton. A Spanish priest who is actually Vautrin prevents the protagonist's suicide and gives him money he sends to his sister Eve and old friend David Sechard. For 10 points, name this novel about the poet Lucien de Rebompre, a work of Honore de Balzac.;;Lost Illusions
;;A Sumatran inscription mentioning the merchant guild Nanadesa Tisaiyayirattu Ainnutruvar attests to this polity's trade with Srivijaya. Their artistic productions included the frescoes at Brihadisvara Temple, as well as their lost sculptures and the Airavateswarar Temple. Durings its reign, Kamban wrote the Ramavatharam, and this polity was known for its port city Poompuhar, a center of the powerful navy that allowed them to defeat the Pandya. They overthrew the Pallava and saw the coexistence of Shaivism and Vaishnavism under the rulers who conquered the Kalinga and built temples at Thanjavur, namely, Rajendra and his father Rajaraja. For 10 points, name this Tamil dynasty that united South India.;;Chola (dynasty)
;;In one of this man's poems, the smell of the title substance reminds a man of "the big/house he visited when he was eight," but "the mallet slipped long since from the handsthat are not the hands of a child." This author of "Soap Suds" wrote, "Let them not make me a stone and let them not spill me/otherwise kill me" in a poem that begins "I am not yet born; O hear me." One of this man's comic poems begins by asserting, "It's no go the merry-go-round, it's no go the rickshaw." For 10 points, name this author of "Prayer Before Birth" and "Bagpipe Music," an Irish poet who was friends with W.H. Auden and Stephen Spender.;;(Louis) MacNeice
;;This god absorbed attributes from the earlier god Coniraya and from Tutujanawin. Chasca is his attendant and he is served by Cuichu, a rainbow god who is associated with a site important in his worship. He imparted power to people through lines known as ceques and acllas were maidens that were sacrificed to him. The raymi, or festival, dedicated to this god sees him symbolically tied to a post and is held in June.  He is the father of the Ayar brothers, and in one story he sends his children to Earth to help people and tells them to plant a golden rod in the ground to start a city.  He was the primary god worshiped in the Coricancha, where mummies surround a depiction of him consisting of a golden disk.  For 10 points, name this husband of Pachamama and son of Viracocha, the Incan sun god.;;Inti
;;This man never wrote more than one movement for his first attempt at a symphony entitled, Symphonic Rhapsody for Orchestra. This composer included "Dance of the Prisoners", "The Festival March", and "The Marketplace at Isaphan" in his Aladdin Suite. During this man's psychological period he composed the cantata Hymnus amoris and the opera Saul and David.  He adapted a work of Holberg for his other opera, Maskarade.  After the sinking of the Titanic, this man composed a Paraphrase on Nearer my God to Thee, while his 3rd symphony begins with an allegro espansivo movement. This man's 6th and 2nd symphonies are entitled Semplice and The Four Temperaments respectively. For 10 points, name this Danish composer of The Inextinguishable.;;(Carl) Nielsen
;;The actual pressure coefficient is equal to the low velocity pressure coefficient divided by the square root of one minus this value squared according to the Prandtl-Glauert rule. When the local value of this approaches unity, the freestream value of it, is termed critical. When this number is equal to one at a nozzle, choked flow can occur and when it's less than 0.3, the flow is considered incompressible. This is equal to the velocity of the flow divided by the square root of the product of RT and the ratio of the specific heats at constant pressure and volume respectively. That denominator simplifies to the speed of sound in the medium, meaning this value is the ratio of velocity to the speed of sound. For 10 points, name this number that is greater than one for supersonic velocities.;;Mach (number)
;;Considering the social contract, this man proposed the Staatsburgervertag as a worldly manifestation of the Rechtslehre, or "doctrine of right.' This thinker argued that man discovers his own limitations in his conception of the Anstoss, or "check." This man proposed that the system of philosophy one chooses depends on the type of person one is in distinguishing between his own philosophy and dogmatism. This thinker proposed the "self-positing of the I" as the foundation of his worldview, the Wissenschaftslehre. In another work, this man argued that laws contrary to morality cannot be the creations of a divine being; that work was published without his name, leading it to be attributed to Kant. For 10 points, name this author of An Attempt at a Critique of All Revelation, a German idealist.;;(Johann) (Gottlieb) Fichte
;;The narrator of this novel receives a postcard decorated with a Little Red Riding Hood cartoon. After a forehead injury, the main character has experiences of appearing to be dead but then would come back to life after peeing; he later suffers from amnesia and daydreams about murder.  He remembers the night-soil man, the Joan of Arc picture book, the odor of sweat, and the carrying of the shrine. That character has a sexual encounter with a painting of St. Sebastian and becomes fixated with the armpits of Omi.  He almost marries Sonoko and goes to a brothel whereupon he hopes to die in a B-29 bombing raid. For 10 points, name this novel in which Kochan metaphorically hides behind the titular item, written by Yukio Mishima.;;Confessions of a Mask|Kamen no kokuhaku
;;A political cartoon from this election depicts one person who failed to become Republican nominee as a giant magnet attracting items including leaches, which represent political machines. A campaign manager, named Wharton Barker, was told to arrange a spontaneous ovation every time he entered the assembly. One of the conventions took 36 ballots and Thomas Bayard was second at the DNC in Cleveland.  One major party candidate was attacked in the general election by the forged Morrey letter and 3rd party candidates included Neal Dow of the Prohibition Party and the Greenback's James Weaver. William English was the Dems' V.P. Candidate and Chester Arthur was the Republican's. For 10 points, identify this election where Winfield Hancock lost to James Garfield.;;(United) (States) (Presidential) (Election) (of) 1880
;;One character in this novel dreams about an organ "like a golden city upon the side of a mountain" and is told that "it is Handel." Later, that character is involved in a balloon crash, but is rescued by captain Giovanni Gianni. That character runs into problems marrying his love, because her elder daughter Zulora must marry first. A watch is confiscated because the people who have seemingly swapped the ideas of illness and crime also believe that machines would evolve and take over. The main character marries the daughter of Nosnibor, Arowhena after escaping over the mountains from the land he set off with Chowbok. For 10 points, name this Samuel Butler novel centering on Higgs's travels to the titular satire of Victorian England.;;Erewhon
;;One period of this polity's history is known as the Prince Regent Years because Prince Luitpold was forced into power by the madness of his nephew Otto. This polity was restored by the Treaty of Baden after Maximilian II Emanuel's decision to join the French at Blenheim led to its elimination in the Treaty of Ilbersheim. In this region, Anton Arco-Valley assassinated Kurt Eisner, who had set up a republic here in 1918. After Charles Theodore allowed Austria to annex much of this state, Frederick the Great of Prussia forced a return to the status quo at the Treaty of Teschen. Its first king named Ludwig had a dalliance with Lola Montez and its second Ludwig built the castle Neuschwanstein and patronized Wagner. For 10 points, name this German state which hosted the Beer Hall Putsch in its capital Munich.;;Bavaria
;;With Jackson Beatty, this psychologist discovered that when students listened to numbers they had to memorize, their pupils dilated, and contracted when reciting the digits. Along with a common co-author he proposed a problem testing people's understanding of Bayes theorem called the cab problem, and explored the occurrence of people giving special weight to a particular probability called the certainty effect.  This lead to his most famous theory, which is expanded upon in Choice, Values, and Frames. It comes out of the Allais paradox and says that decisions have editing and evaluation phases. That theory supersedes expected utility theory and predicts that people will be risk seeking during losses.  For 10 points, name this man who with Amos Tversky proposed prospect theory.;;(Daniel) Kahneman
;;An important dance from this country, the moutya, is related to a music and dance style more common in its part of the world, the sega. It is home to jellyfish trees and the Coco de Mer species of palm tree. Esmerelda, possibly the world's oldest tortoise, is a member of this nation's Aldabra giant tortoise. Pirate Jean Francois Hodoul is said to have buried a treasure on this country's Silhouette Island. This nation's first president was James R. Mancham, and the Vallee de Mai nature reserve is located on the island of Praslin. This nation's people speak a creole called Seselwa and its largest island is Mahe. For 10 points, name this island nation with a capital of Victoria, located in the Indian Ocean-north of Madagascar.;;(Republic) (of) Seychelles
;;In one of this author's stories, the titular girl is inspired and later disillusioned by the charismatic King Barlo. This author wrote about a "dynamic atom aggregate" in an 835-line poem ending, "Let the big light in!" In another of this man's short stories, Bob Stone carries on an affair with Louisa, but finds him with Tom Burwell, who kills him and is lynched. This man wrote a play in which Ralph returns from New York to teach in the South, but needs help from Fred Halsey and the former slave Father John.  This author collected "Blood-Burning Moon" and "Kabnis" in a volume of African-American poetry, stories, and plays. For 10 points, name this Harlem Renaissance author of Cane.;;Jean Toomer
;;Oscar Niemeyer, Arne Jacobsen, and Alvar Aalto, helped to design an experimental housing project in this city for a 1957 Building Exhibition. In addition to the Interbau this city is home to and the namesake of a sculpture by Brigitte and Martin Matschinsky which depicts a giant stainless steel broken chain. This city's tallest building appears to display a cross when hit directly by the sun, a phenomenon known as the "Pope's Revenge." One monument here consists of a concrete slab for each page of the Talmud, titled "Memorial to the Murdered Jews of Europe." It also contains a zigzag shaped Jewish museum designed by Daniel Libeskind and a government building here had a glass dome added by Norman Foster. For 10 points, name this home of the Brandenburg Gate and the Reichstag.;;Berlin
;;The failures of one treaty at this location caused the Treaty of Bucharest to be negotiated only three months later after another war broke out. That treaty declared Albania an independent state and ended the First Balkan War. An 1841 convention negotiated in this location closed the Dardanelles and the Bosporus to all warships. An 1867 treaty signed here called for the destruction of the fortifications of the so called "Gibraltar of the North" and solved the Luxembourg Crisis. A charter here provided the legal basis for the Nuremberg trials, and an 1839 treaty named for this city commanded all its signatories to guard the newly independent Belgium. This city also names a 1930 follow-up to the Washington Naval Conference. For 10 points, name this treaty hub and English city.;;(Treaty) (of) London
;;In this work, two characters discuss Constance, who was called "old" by a Portuguese man, but thought he meant "pretty." At the end of this work, the title character is served a dish of tarantulas and vipers with wine made of vinegar and ice. The title character of this work puts on the cape of the Marques de la Mota and takes the places of Batricio and Don Octavio. Accompanied by his reluctant servant Catalinon, the title character betrays the lower-class women Tisbea and Aminta. At this play's climax, Don Gonzalo punishes the title character for his deceptions by dragging him to hell. For 10 points, name this drama about the playboy Don Juan, written by Tirso de Molina.;;(The) Trickster of Seville
;;The Master of Hohenfurth's depiction of this scene shows an angel holding a replica of gothic church in the lower right and two servants pouring water into a bucket at the bottom. Geertgen tot Sint Jans is best known for painting a miniscule hovering angel in his version of this scene "at night." Many versions of this scene contain the characters Zelomi and Salome, who were banned by the Council of Trent. This scene is at the center of Rogier van der Weyden's Middelburg Altarpiece. The church of this name contains the "Door of Humility" and the Chapel of St. Jerome. Botticelli depicted a choir of twelve angels dangling crowns over it in his "mystical" version. For 10 points, name this scene which is often paired with the "Adoration of the Magi" and generally includes a manger.;;nativity
;;This man's prolonged bitterness at being replaced at the head of his party was called "the longest sulk in history." He presided over the decimalization of the currency and replaced the "selective employment tax" of his predecessor with the "value added tax" that survives today. As opposition leader, it was he who sacked Enoch Powell from the shadow government. He asked "Who governs Britain?" and called for a snap election attacking Joe Gormley of the National Union of Mineworkers for a strike which had forced him to implement the Three-Day Week. He defeated his eventual successor Harold Wilson in a surprise election, and this leader brought the UK into the European Community in 1973. For 10 points, name this Conservative Prime Minister.;;(Sir) (Edward) (Richard) (George) (Ted) Heath
;;In this game, finding Attila's Armor allows you to complete combos uninterrupted even if enemies block them. The "Poetry in Motion" achievement can be won by executing a combo worth 666. At one point, the protagonist of this game fights his obese father who wields a giant metal cross, and winning that fight earns one of the thirty-one relics that can be found. Bosses in this game include Semiramis, Francesco, and a tag team of Cleopatra and Marc Antony. This game follows a crusader who sews a cross shaped tapestry onto his chest and takes a scythe from Death before travelling through nine circles of hell to reclaim the soul of his lover, Beatrice Portinari. For 10 points, name this 2010 game named for the first section of the Divine Comedy.;;Dante's Inferno
