;;One sect of this religion was founded by Prince Emanuel Edwards.The Twenty-One Points served as the foundation for the Routinization of this religion, whose early leaders included Joseph Hibbert, Archibald Dunkley, and Leonard Howell. Members of this religion do not use the words "me" and "you;" instead they use "I and I." This religion propounds a salt and condiment-free diet, part of its I-tal code which regards the body as a temple. It rejects the concept of a European Jesus, claiming that since Solomon was black, so was the Christ. For 10 points, name this religion that regards Haile Selassie as an incarnation of God, which is popular in Jamaica.;;Rastafarianism
;;The protagonist of this work meets with a chaplain who tells him the fable of the doorkeeper after an Italian businessman fails to show up at the cathedral. Earlier, this work's protagonist meets the tradesman Block, a pathetic figure dominated by the lawyer Huld. A nurse named Leni offers to become the lover of the protagonist of this work. As the main character of this novel is abducted by two men in black, he sees Fraulein Burstner. The protagonist of this novel eventually submits to dying "like a dog." For 10 points, a bank clerk is arrested on his thirtieth birthday and executed on his thirty-first in what novel about Josef K by Franz Kafka?.;;(The) Trial or (Der) Prozess
;;This man proposed the Koryo Confederation which would have resulted in a loose merger between two nations, and agents from his nation attempted to assassinate Chun Doo Hwan in Burma in 1983. He died prior to attending an unprecedented summit with Kim Young Sam. This man ordered a failed attack on the Blue House of a neighboring country. He agreed to the release of the crew of the Pueblo at Pammujan in 1968. This man became chairman of the KWP in 1949, and he instituted the Juche self-reliance principles in his nation. For 10 points, name this man who led North Korea from 1948 to 1994, the father of Kim Jong Il.;;Kim Il Sung or Kim Song Ju
;;Modifications to this law have been presented by Paynter and Sassaroli, and those modifications include an additive term G and a multiplier called the DPF. It is used in calculating the amount of bilirubin in blood plasma, and monochromatic incident radiation is required for this law to hold. The absorption coefficient alpha and ratio of the intensities of incident and transmitted light are factors in this law, which also includes the molar absorptivity of the sample concerned. For 10 points, name this law that linearly relates the absorbance of a sample and the concentration of that sample.;;Beer(-)Lambert (law)
;;George Pugh and Edson Olds wanted this group to hold an alternative convention in Cincinnati. One member of this group, Marcus Pomeroy, wrote that the president was "the fungus from the corrupt womb of bigotry and fanaticism." Members were sometimes also known as Butternuts. A speech by their most prominent leader provoked the sitting president to describe this group as "the fire in the rear." That leader was Clement Vallandigham. Sherman's capture of Atlanta crushed their chances of winning the 1864 presidential election. For 10 points, name these conservative, anti-war Democrats who called for Washington to give in to Confederate demands.;;Copperheads|Peace Democrats(;)|Butternuts early
;;This composer controversially used winds and a female choir to voice Christ on the road to Damascus in his oratorio St. Paul. Another of his works includes a "series of interlocking tritones" representing a drought and includes the hymn "Baal, we cry to thee." This composer quoted the "Dresden Amen" throughout his fifth symphony, whose fourth movement is based on the hymn "A Mighty Fortress is Our God." In 1829, this composer conducted a revival of Bach's St. Matthew Passion. This composer of the oratorio Elijah was inspired by the anniversary of the Augsburg Confession to write his Reformation Symphony. For 10 points, name this German composer of the Scottish Symphony who wrote a memorable Wedding March for his incidental music to A Midsummer Night's Dream .;;(Felix) Mendelssohn
;;The inner section of this region contains objects with Tisserand parameter less than three that are dominated by interactions with Jupiter. The original estimate of the size of this system was obtained by setting its semi-major axis to the average maximum distance of a set of 19 known orbits. A secondary structure that exchanges matter with this one is named for Hill. A hypothetical object that would traverse this location with a period of approximately 30 million years is Nemesis. Hypothesized as a reservoir necessary because icy objects cannot reside long near the sun, this structure is currently thought to begin at about 50,000 astronomical units. For 10 points, name this structure past that defines the gravitational outer edge of the solar system, the source of long-period comets.;;(the) Oort cloud
;;This document claimed that the person to whom it was addressed had refused a golden crown in favor of a phrygium. The creator of this document claims to have served as that addressee's groom and to have met with the addressee while accompanied by his high ranking satraps. The namesake of this document claims to be moving to the east and leaving his lands to its addressee, Sylvester I. This document's veracity was attacked by Nicolas of Cusa and Lorenzo Valla. For 10 points, name this forgery in which the first Christian Roman emperor allegedly gave land in Italy and other authority to the pope and Catholic Church.;;Donation of Constantine|Donatio Constantini(;)|Constitutum Constantini
;;The speaker of this poem asks "Can storied urn or animated bust / Back to its mansion call the fleeting breath?" and imagines "Hands, that the rod of empire might have sway'd," whose "noble rage" was repressed by "chill penury." This poem ends with its speaker envisioning a "hoary-headed swain" leading a "kindred spirit" to his epitaph, which describes how the speaker's merits and frailties repose in "the bosom of his Father and his God." This poem imagines a "village-Hampden" and a "mute inglorious Milton" lying in the title location after claiming "Full many a flower is born to blush unseen." This poem declares that "the paths of glory lead but to the grave," and begins as "The curfew tolls the knell of parting day." For 10 points, name this poem by Thomas Gray about a rural graveyard.;;Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard
;;In one section of this work, the reason for asking what the value of a Roman penny was is given as an example of an "unguided" as opposed to "regulated" train of thought. Another part of this work discusses "virtues intellectual" as having a "natural" and "acquired" type, the former being partially made up of the "celerity of imagining." This work claims the change in the mind of an image once it is no longer seen is man's "decaying sense" in the section "Of Imagination." For 10 points, name this work with sections "Of Man" and "Of Commonwealth" that says life in a state of nature is "nasty, brutish, and short," and which was written by Thomas Hobbes.;;(The) Leviathan or (the) (Matter(,)) (Forme(,)) (and) (Power) (of) (a) (Common) (Wealth) (Ecclesiasticall) (and) (Civil)
;;Just outside of this city one can find the Miramar castle, used by Emperor Maximilian I. The Friulian language can be heard among residents of this city. In this city, one can find the Risiera di San Sabba, a German concentration camp, along with Richard's arch, so named because it was once crossed by Richard the Lionhearted. This city was the subject of the Treaty of Osimo and was divided by the Morgan Line. Those treaties occurred after World War Two, which saw this city made into an international zone, with the eastern half eventually going to the former Yugoslavia. For 10 points, name this port that lies on Italy's eastern border with Slovenia.;;Trieste
;;This character examines his racial prejudices after meeting Oliver Marchand and briefly joins his rival Angus Duer at Rouncefield. He opposes the crass materialism of A. DeWitt Tubbs and Rippleton Holabird, who pressure him to publish before he is ready. At the end of the novel in which he appears, this character leaves his second wife Joyce Lanyon and retreats to Birdie's Nest to work with his friend Terry Wickett. He voyages to St. Hubert to combat a plague, although the deaths of Gustaf Sondelius and his wife Leora cause him to abandon his experiment. This disciple of Max Gottlieb works at the McGurk Institute, where he successfully isolates a bacteriophage. For 10 points, name this bacteriologist, the title character of a 1925 novel about medicine by Sinclair Lewis.;;Martin Arrowsmith|(Martin) Arrowsmith
;;This god failed to burn a boy and his reed after boastfully claiming he could engulf everything. This deity's mount had the ability to separate mixtures of milk and water, and he himself was said to have developed five heads by gazing at Shatarupa. When enlisted to partake in the yajna fire-sacrifice, this deity was too entranced by the music-playing of his wife to notice Bhrigu, who cursed him to never be worshiped. This creator of the progenitor prajapatis took a second consort named Gayatri, rode the swan Hamsa, and emerged from a lotus in the naval of Vishnu. For 10 points, name this husband of Saraswati, the creator god of the Hindu Trimurti.;;Brahma
;;One type of these constructs named for Paul Spahn makes use of a "crawling peg" to identify and prevent abuse of currency markets. That type is an updated version of one of these proposed by James Tobin after the collapse of the Bretton Woods system. Henry George advocated eliminating all of these that were not based on the value of land. Assessment is important in the "ad valorem" type, and a type of these that corrects for negative externalities is named for Arthur Pigou. The "excess burden" of this phenomenon can lead to deadweight loss. For 10 points, name these economic constructs which can be regressive or progressive and which come in sales and income varieties.;;taxes|taxation
;;This artist wrote "As I Can" in Greek across the top of one of his frames. In the background of one painting by this artist, a man in a turban stands next to a man bent over a balcony looking down at a river. In that painting, an angel holds a crown above the title figure's head while the baby in her lap holds an orb with a cross. This painter of Madonna of Chancellor Rolin also painted a work in which scenes from the Passion are on ten medallions set around a mirror and a cherry tree is visible through a window. For 10 points, name this painter of Man in a Red Turban, who also depicted a single lit candle in a chandelier and a small dog in his painting of a couple in their bedchamber, The Arnolfini Wedding.;;(Jan) (van) Eyck
;;One of this artist's works depicts a streetcar driver watering down his horses in the title Harlem location. This artist of The Hand of Man and The Terminal produced a work which features a gangplank separating two levels of people, men on the top level and women on the bottom, as they stand aboard a ship. This man operated the gallery 291, which showcased many works of the artistic group that he co-founded, the "Photo-Secessionists." This creator of The Steerage often photographed the hands of his wife, who often painted cattle skulls and flowers. For 10 points, name this photographer who was married to Georgia O'Keeffe.;;(Alfred) Stieglitz
;;One character in this story describes how the aspiring chiropractor Harvey Hill successfully popped a sty on the neck of her daughter Glynese. The protagonist of this story enjoys wearing a yellow sweat shirt with a faded cowboy on it, and responds to a remark that "a smile never hurt anyone" by declaring "Malebranche was right: we are not our own light!" At the end of this story, a salesman exclaims "I been believing in nothing ever since I was born!" after taking a flask of whiskey, condoms, and obscene playing cards from a hollow Bible. The climax of this story occurs in the loft of a barn, where the wooden leg of Hulga Hopewell is stolen by Manley Pointer. For 10 points, name this Flannery O'Connor short story whose ironic three-word title refers to the quality of rural individuals.;;Good Country People
;;One key component of these structures is recognized by TLR5, and the slender-body and resistive-force theories explain their function. In humans this and similar structures use tektin B1. Preparation of these in archaea use a prepilin peptidase homologue and are similar to type IV pilus systems. Bacterial ones are similar to type III secretion systems. They have C and MS rings and their action comes from MotA and B proteins. Consisting of a hook, rod, filament, and motor, and the parts located in and near the cell membrane are known as the basal body. They can work by rotating or moving back and forth. For 10 points, name these structures that allow microbes to move that are also present on sperm.;;flagellum or flagella
;;This man closed the Black Chamber, of which he said "gentlemen do not read other gentlemen's mail." He lost to John Alden Dix in the 1910 New York gubernatorial election and served as the chair of the U.S. delegation to the London Naval Conference in 1930. He succeeded Leonard Wood as Governor-General of the Philippines and named a statement that said the United States will not recognize any territorial change brought about from aggressive action. For 10 points, name this man who named a U.S. foreign policy doctrine issued after the Japanese invasion of Manchuria and served as Franklin Roosevelt's secretary of war during World War Two.;;(Henry) (Lewis) Stimson
;;This man threatened the amir Ibrahim with burning down Kilwa, and he formed alliances with the rulers of Cochin and Cannanore to combar the Zamorin of Calicut. This man was honored with the founding of the Jeronimos monastery in Belem, and this man ordered the Sao Rafael to be burned near Malindi. He erected pillars known as padraos at locations such as the Rio dos Bons Sinais, and King Manuel I commissioned Pedro Alvares Cabral's expedition following this man's successes. This man was named viceroy in India in 1524. For 10 points, name this Portuguese explorer who opened trade routes from Western Europe to the East Indies via the Cape of Good Hope.;;(Vasco) da Gama
;;This mathematician proved the product sum identity for a real-number analogue of the Riemann zeta function and used its divergence at a value of one to show that there are infinitely many primes. As n goes to infinity, the difference between the nth harmonic number and the natural log of n goes to a constant of which he is the first namesake and that is symbolized gamma. For a polyhedron, the number of vertices minus number of edges plus number of faces is equal to his namesake characteristic, chi [rhymes with "eye"]. He inaugurated graph theory by solving the Seven Bridges of Konigsberg [KER-nigs-bairg] problem. For 10 points, name this prolific mathematician who discovered a constant equal to about 2.718, the usual symbol for which is his last initial.;;(Leonhard) (Paul) Euler OIL(-)er
;;One character in this poem builds an altar out of "twelve vast French Romances" and "all the trophies of his former love" which he lights on fire with a "billet-doux." In the fourth part of this poem, a "dusky melancholy Spright" is given a bag of sighs and a vial of sorrows from the Queen of Spleen. The main character of this poem triumphantly wins a game of ombre in its third canto, and is guarded by a group of spirits called Sylphs led by Ariel. It opens by observing "what mighty contests rise from trivial things," and was based on an incident between Lord Petre and Arabella Fermor. For 10 points, name this mock epic poem written in heroic couplets in which the Baron snips off a curl of Belinda's hair, written by Alexander Pope.;;(The) Rape of the Lock
;;This body has a dark region called Shangri-la, which is near a bright region called Xanadu. Its north pole is home to the Ligeia Mare. This body is in a four-to-three orbital resonance with Hyperion. Its Ganesa Macula is a strong candidate cryovolcano. It has an atmosphere that appears to contain tholins and other complex organic molecules. This moon has its own weather systems and is covered in an orange smog. It was discovered by Huygens, who co-names the Cassini-Huygens probe that discovered evidence of hydrocarbon lakes on it. For 10 points, name this largest moon of Saturn.;;Titan
;;The protagonist of this novel writes a will ordering that no flowers be planted on his grave and no man remember him. At one point in this novel, the protagonist is shamed by a "skimmity-ride" that parades effigies of him and his onetime lover Lucetta. While serving as a judge, the protagonist's past deeds are exposed by the furmity woman. Its title character hires a Scotsman who is able to salvage bad wheat, but fires him out of jealousy for holding a successful dance under a tent during a rainstorm. This novel's title character becomes the rival of Donald Farfrae, and sells Newson his wife Susan and his daughter Elizabeth-Jane for five guineas. For 10 points, name this novel about the downfall of Michael Henchard, written by Thomas Hardy.;;(The) Mayor of Casterbridge
;;James Sayers's cartoon depicting The Repeal of this act prominently features Theophilus Lindsey, Richard Price, and Joseph Priestley among the mob mischief-makers. Robert Walpole attempted to circumvent one part of this act by passing a yearly Act of Indemnity. John Dryden's "The Hind and the Panther" was thinly veiled support of James II's attempt to repeal this act. The Quebec Act replaced its most controversial provision with an oath of loyalty. It was amended by the Act of Toleration and finally repealed, along with the Corporation Act, in 1828, thus allowing Catholics to hold seats in Parliament. For 10 points, name this act that required the holders of all offices in the British government to be Anglican.;;Test Act
;;Many actors audition by reciting a monologue written by this author which begins "I always worry that maybe people aren't going to like me, when I go to a party." That monologue is spoken by the suicidal Jewish cadet Sammy in this author's play about the family of Reuben Flood. In another of this author's plays, Dr. Lyman reads the balcony scene from Romeo and Juliet with the waitress Elma, Grace slips upstairs to sleep with Carl, and Cherie is pursued by the cowboy Bo Decker. This author set many of his plays in small Midwest towns, such as a play in which Madge Owens falls in love with Hal Carter. For 10 points, name this American playwright of The Dark at the Top of the Stairs, Bus Stop, and Picnic.;;(William) Inge
;;In 1979, this nation saw violent demonstrations after it attempted to raise the price of rice. Those riots led to the downfall of this country's Tolbert administration in a coup orchestrated by a man who would later be tortured to death on television, Samuel Doe. One military figure in this nation was Joshua Blahyri, better known as General "Buck Naked," who believed he was invulnerable to bullets. This country's regime attempted to assassinate Kimmie Weeks, who exposed the usage of child soldiers during its devastating civil war. This country has recently issued war crimes indictments against former president Charles Taylor. For 10 points, name this African nation with capital at Monrovia that was founded by freed American slaves.;;Liberia
;;Quantum dots have the unusual property that changing their size alters this property, which is why their emitted wavelength is tunable. The increase of one in size with temperature change T is given by T squared times a constant alpha divided by T plus a constant beta according to Varshni's theorem. Chemically distorting a one-dimensional crystal can create additional ones in the Peierels distortion. This structure is the solid-state equivalent of the space between the LUMO and the HOMO. Materials that have an indirect one must emit a phonon during recombination, in which an electron moves from the top of it to the bottom. The Fermi level exists in the middle of it in doped materials. For 10 points, name this region which is prominent in insulators - a region forbidden to electrons, lying between the valence and conduction bands, the size of which determines many characteristics of semiconductors.;;(the) band gap region
;;Te-shan burned twenty years of commentary on this work after failing to understand its passages on the inability to attain the past, future, or present mind. According to legend, Hui-neng achieved enlightenment after hearing a monk chant this work's line "Let your mind function freely, without abiding anywhere or in anything." It begins with a dialog between the Buddha and Subhuti in Shravasti. This crown jewel of the "Perfection of Wisdom" genre is, along with the Heart Sutra, one of the two main texts in Zen Buddhism. For 10 points, name this major text of Mahayana Buddhism, named for a jewel that "cuts through illusion.".;;Diamond Sutra|(Vajracchedika) Prajnaparamitra Sutra
;;During the catalytic cycle of ribonucleotide reductase, cysteine-439 forms one of these, which is then transferred to the substrate and to a tyrosine residue. Potassium nitrosodisulfonate is a persistent example of one. N-bromosuccinimide is used in substitutions that have one of these as an intermediate, while a technique used to image them commonly uses TEMPO to trap them. Besides EPR, they are commonly created by hemolytic bond cleavage in species like peroxides. Reactive oxygen species are a subset of, for 10 points, these chemical species that contain an unpaired electron.;;(free) radicals
;;One of this author's short stories begins with an eccentric councillor building a house by first erecting the walls and then ordering workmen to smash out the door and windows. In that story by this author, the narrator learns that Krespel's daughter Antonia has a defect in her chest causing her to die from her beautiful singing. In another short story by this author, a student cries "circle of fire! Spin around" and attempts to kill his fiancee Clara after looking at her through glasses bought from the sinister Coppelius. Freud's essay "The Uncanny" analyzes this author's story about Nathaniel, who falls in love with Professor Spalanzani's daughter Olympia, but discovers that she is a mechanical doll. For 10 points, name this German author of Gothic short stories such as "The Sandman," which inspired Jacques Offenbach to write an opera about his "tales.".;;(Ernst) (Theodor) (Amadeus) Hoffman
;;July 5, 1934, was known as "Bloody Thursday" in this city. The Blythe-Zellerbach Committee oversaw part of the renewal of this city in the 1950s, which also included the repossession of its port and the destruction of Manilatown. Lamar Hunt attempted to place a giant spacecraft on one of this city's landmarks after it was taken over by AIM in 1969. That landmark was a prison from which no one successfully escaped until its close in 1963. In 1978, a politician from this city was assassinated by Dan White, who was only convicted of manslaughter after he used the "Twinkie Defense." For 10 points, name this California city that elected Harvey Milk and endured large earthquakes in 1906 and 1989.;;San Francisco
;;This author's extensive correspondence with Victoria Ocampo has been published as This America of Ours. This author described "two suffering little gems" "bruised all over by pebbles" in a poem about "a child's tiny feet." The narrator of another poem by this author "leave[s] singing my lovely revenge" after "lower[ing] your body to the sunny, poor earth" "from the icy niche where men placed you." This poet wrote "To him we cannot answer 'Tomorrow,' his name is today" in a poem influenced by her time as an educator, which caused her to be known as "the mother of the nation" in her home country. This poet's grief for the suicide of railway worker Romelio Ureta influenced the title of her collection Desolation. For 10 points, name this poet of the Sonnets of Death, a female poet from Chile.;;(Gabriela) Mistral or (Lucila) (de) (Maria) (del) (Perpetuo) (Socorro) (Godoy) Alcayaga
;;This artist depicted two girls embracing a knight who is handing gold to a kidnapper in his painting The Ransom. Charles Dickens wrote that the title figure of one of this man's works was "a hideous, wry-necked, blubbering, red-haired boy in a night gown." A rainbow appears in the background of a work by this man in which the title musician holds her sister. This painter of The Blind Girl and Christ in the House of His Parents made Elizabeth Siddal submerge herself in a freezing bath to pose as the title character of another of his paintings, in which the title figure is shown holding poppies, daisies, and pansies after drowning herself. For 10 points, name this English painter of Ophelia, a member of the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood.;;(John) (Everett) Millais
;;The founder of this field put forth a theory of ten relationships within it, which involve the "rheme," "dicent," and "delome," as well as a threefold classification of objects with resembling relationships, associating relationships, and conventional relationships. Julia Kristeva proposed that this field of study corresponds to the "maternal body" and is exemplified by rhythm and tone as opposed to the grammar and syntax of symbolic language. Charles Sanders Pierce attempted to distinguish this field from dynamic action and died while working on a book about logic "considered as" this. Ferdinand de Saussure identified the components of the items studied in this field as the signifier and the signified. For 10 points, Umberto Eco wrote "a theory of" what field, which studies linguistic and pictoral signs?.;;semiotics|semiology
;;The earliest phase of this conflict saw one army use flintlock muskets to ensure a victory at Mollwitz, and naval engagements during it included the Battle of Toulon. The First Carnatic War and King George's War were extensions of this conflict. George II led troops to confront an army marching from Aschaffenburg in the Battle of Dettingen, which took place shortly before the Peace of Abo. It was concluded in 1748 with the Treaty of Aix-la-Chappelle, and this war was initiated by the results of the Pragmatic Sanction. For 10 points, name this conflict that resulted from Maria Theresa's inheritance of the throne of a certain polity.;;(War) (of) (the) Austrian Succession
;;In one myth system, these animals were treated well for one year and eaten, causing them to be transported to the realm of Kim-un Kamui. After becoming a human by praying for 100 days, one of them mated with Hwanung to birth the first Korean emperor. Another encouraged Hanuman to fly across the ocean to find Sita in the Ramayana. In addition to Jambavantha and the one whose sinews were used to make Gleipnir, one was placed on an altar during a feast held by Lycaon before trying to kill his mother, a nymph of Artemis who became one after being seduced by Zeus. For 10 points, name this animal represented by Callisto, who was made into Ursa Major.;;bears
;;This country's popular folklore figures include Lazy John, who lays underneath the branches of a guava tree with his mouth open and waits for the fruit to fall into his mouth. Remy Presas founded this country's national martial art, which uses a twenty-eight inch rattan stick, and is called Modern Arnis. This country's folk dances include Carinosa and Tinikling, and a popular dessert in this country is halo-halo. This country is symbolized by Juan de la Cruz, who wears a wide-brimmed sakalot and a barong, which was introduced by its president Ramon Magsaysay. For 10 points, name this country whose natives speak Tagalog on the islands of Visayas, Mindanao, and Luzon.;;(the) (Republic) (of) (the) Philippines or (Republika) (ng) Pilipinas
;;Franz Liszt's pieces for this instrument include a "fantasy and fugue" on the motif B flat, A, C, and B natural. Francis Poulenc composed a concerto for this instrument, timpani, and strings. Johann Pachelbel composed seventy-two choral preludes for this instrument; later choral preludes for this instrument include the set of eighteen "Leipzig" ones by J. S. Bach, who walked on foot to Lubeck to hear Dieterich Buxtehude play it. Bach also composed the Toccata and Fugue in D Minor for this instrument, which is played using foot pedals and stops. For 10 points, name this keyboard instrument that produces sound through large pipes and is commonly played in churches.;;(pipe) organs
;;One pope of this name believed Conrad of Marburg's lies that the Cathars worshiped Satan, causing him to issue the papal ball Vox in Rama. The first pope of this name sent Augustine of Canterbury to convert the Anglo-Saxons in England to Christianity. The eighth pope of this name called for the Third Crusade in 1187. The death of the eleventh pope of this name sparked the Western Schism in 1378. The seventh pope of this name issued the papal bull Dictatus Papae banning secular leaders from appointing church officials, sparking the investiture controversy. For 10 points, identify this name shared by a pope who ordered that only years divisible by four hundred were leap years, resulting in the adoption of his namesake calendar.;;Gregory
;;During his time in a seminary, this character is mentored by Pirard, who later recommends this figure for a position which sees him deliver a memorized message to the Duke of Angouleme. This character receives pre-written romantic letters from Prince Korsakoff to help seduce a woman who compares him to her executed ancestor Boniface. After his death, this character's severed head is placed in a marbled cave by his lover. His relationship with Mathilde de la Mole is later derailed by the revelation of this character's affair with his student Mme. de Renal, whom this character is executed for shooting. For 10 points, name this overly ambitious protagonist of Stendhal's The Red and the Black.;;(Julien) Sorel or Julien Sorel
;;Depending on whether a system is isobaric or isothermal, there may exist invariant, univariant or divariant forms of this condition, a fact reflected in the Gibbs phase rule. In chemistry, ICE charts may be used to calculate property values for a reaction in this state. Statics is the study of a form of this condition in which the net moments and forces on a are both zero. The thermal form of this condition is transitive according to the zeroth law of thermodynamics. Chemical ones of these are stable as Le Chatelier's principle states that a system perturbed from this state will shift back toward it. For 10 points, name this condition in which, roughly speaking, a system will not change over time unless acted upon by outside forces.;;equilibrium
;;The highest point in this city is Mount Majura, which is part of a nature park containing such other peaks as Mount Ainslie and Mount Mugga Mugga. This city honors the founding of its major university in 1968 with a music festival called Stonefest. This city was officially "founded" on March 12, 1913, a national holiday in the country where this city was located. It contains a Georgian mansion called "The Lodge," which has seen such occupants as Hazel Hawke and Ethel Bruce, along with their more notable husbands. Designed by Walter Burley Griffin and his wife, Marion, this city features the "Parliamentary Triangle" and was constructed as a compromise choice to settle a political dispute between Melbourne and Sydney. For 10 points, name this capital of Australia.;;Canberra
;;This composer used a solo oboe to tell the stories of characters such as Arethusa, Niobe, and Narcissus in his Six Metamorphoses after Ovid. To commemmorate the twenty-six hundredth anniversary of Japan, the Japanese government commissioned a symphony by this composer in 1940, but rejected it because of its movements' Christian names. Arvo Part wrote a "Cantus in memory of" this composer of Sinfonia da Requiem, who collaborated with W. H. Auden to compose Hymn to St Cecilia and the opera Paul Bunyan. He adapted the Rondeau from Purcell's Abdelazar to compose a work for children, and used Wilfred Owen poems as the basis for his War Requiem. For 10 points, name this British composer of The Young Person's Guide to the Orchestra and Peter Grimes.;;(Benjamin) Britten
;;Deriving this equation in general requires the assumption that normal stresses sum to zero, which is a hypothesis named for one of this equation's namesakes; that hypothesis allows the usual right-hand side of this equation to be written as the divergence of the stress tensor. Including a magnetostatic body force term on the aforementioned right-hand side results in the MHD equations. In the high-deformability limit, this equation reduces to the Euler equation. Using the pi theorem on the usual form of this equation yields the Reynolds number. For 10 points, name this vector equation that governs the motion of continuous Newtonian fluids and that has solvability conditions that are an important open question in physics.;;(the) Navier(-)Stokes equations
;;The speaker of this poem yearns "to follow knowledge like a sinking star / Beyond the utmost bound of human thought" and observes that though "the long day wanes," "'Tis not too late to seek a newer world." In the opening lines of this poem, the speaker voices his frustration at living "By this still hearth / among these barren crags" and doling "Unequal laws unto a savage race." In the second stanza, the speaker introduces his son, who attempts to "by slow prudence to make mild / A rugged people." The final stanza of this poem calls for mariners to join the speaker in his quest to "sail beyond the sunset" in "One equal temper of heroic hearts." Ending with the speaker proclaiming that he is "strong in will / To strive, to seek, to find, and not to yield," for 10 points, name this Tennyson poem about an aged hero of a Greek epic.;;Ulysses
;;This man's Minister of the Interior was the opera singer Albert Hagelin. One stint by this two year defense minister for the Agrarian government was the rounding up of a thousand teachers. This man made a 7:32 PM broadcast in NRK just after phoning coastal batteries to stop hunting ships like the Blucher, which was sent to invade his country. These actions by this Nasjonal Samling leader led Haakon VII to rally opposition to him, culminating in his execution in front of Akershus Fortress in 1945. For 10 points, name this Norwegian Nazi collaborator and traitor.;;(Vidkun) (Abraham) (Lauritz) (Jonssn) Quisling
;;Comic characters in this poem include Maljo, an aspiring politician who is known as "Professor Static" because of his broken syntax during campaign speeches. In the final book of this poem, the title character renews the narrator's faith after guiding him to the Pool of Speculation. The second book of this poem describes how Afolabe is renamed because of his bravery at the Battle of the Saints. Throughout this poem, a character who drives a van called the Comet and a character who owns a boat with the misspelled motto "In God We Troust" fight for an arrogant maid who serves the Plunkett household. In the sixth book of this poem, Ma Kilman heals the wound of Philoctete, and Hector's death is mourned by Achille and Helen. For 10 points, name this epic poem which adapts the Iliad to the island of St. Lucia, written by Derek Walcott.;;Omeros
;;Erasmus was among the first to cast doubt on this figure's authorship of a set of commentaries on the Pauline epistles, but he did eulogize Satyrus in his sermon On the Death of a Brother. In response to the resistance posed by Symmachus, this figure wrote a letter outlining the hypocrisies of the pagan priesthood and his belief that voluntary virginity was the most honorable kind. This brother of Marcellina opposed the rebuilding of a synagogoue by Theodosius, whom he made perform penance after the massacre at Thessalonica. The spiritual predecessor to St. Augustine, for 10 points, identify this doctor of the Church and Bishop of Milan.;;(St(.)) Ambrose or (Aurelius) Ambrosius
;;One political cartoon about this man shows him "slaying the many headed monster," one head of which wears a top hat with the word "Penn." This president nominated John McLean to the Supreme Court, and the case Charles River Bridge v. Warren Bridge was heard during his administration. This man was accused of bigamy by opponents due to a misunderstanding about a divorce from Lewis Robards by this man's wife, Rachel. A deranged English housepainter named Richard Lawrence would have assassinated this president had both of Lawrence's pistols not misfired. He won his first term four years after losing to John Quincy Adams in the "corrupt bargain." For 10 points, name this seventh President of the United States.;;(Andrew) Jackson
;;A subset of a Polish space with this property has countably many isolated points by the Cantor-Bendixson theorem. A set with this property each of whose points is an accumulation point is called perfect; in general, sets with this property contain all of their accumulation points. Subsets of Euclidian space that are bounded and compact necessarily have this property by the Bolzano-Weierstrass theorem. A Set with this property contains all points with neighborhoods partly in the set, and so also contains points with neighborhoods partly inside and partly outside; such points are on the boundaries of the set. For 10 points, name this property exemplified by a range of real numbers including end values and possessed by sets whose complements are open.;;closed accept (word) (forms) (like) closure
;;This thinker argued that American Intellect inhabits the "colonial mansion," in his lecture "The Genteel Tradition in American Philosophy." One concept developed by this man stated that philosophy begins with the non-conscious creating beliefs "radically incapable of proof." A five-volume work by this man examines the title concept in Common Sense, Society, Religion, Art, and Science. He argued that philosophy begins "in medias res" at the beginning of a book that claims that while idealism is true, people live by the more pragmatic title concept. For 10 points, name this philosopher who wrote The Life of Reason and Skepticism and Animal Faith, and also penned the line "Those who cannot remember the past are condemned to repeat it.".;;(George) Santayana
;;The protagonist of a novel by this author has a vision of St. Francis transforming his wooden flower into a real one. In that novel by this author, Helen loses her virginity to the law student Nat Pearl and is raped by the protagonist after he saves her from Ward Minogue. In addition to writing a novel in which Frank Alpine works for a Jewish grocery, this author created a character who accepts thirty five thousand dollars from Judge Banner in order to marry Memo Paris. That character is shot by Harriet Bird after striking out the Whammer, and nearly leads the New York Knights to the pennant with his bat Wonderboy. For 10 points, name this author of The Assistant who wrote about the baseball player Roy Hobbs in The Natural.;;(Bernard) Malamud
;;Though he was not Brazilian, this composer used a notoriously untranslatable Portuguese word for a feeling of futile nostalgia in a set of twelve piano suites. Those "Saudades do Brasil" were written in collaboration with the French minister to Brazil, Paul Claudel, who also collaborated with this composer on a ballet that uses a whip and a whistle in the percussion section, the Amazon-set Man and His Desire. An encounter with the Billy Arnold Jazz Band led to another of his ballets, for which Fernand Leger designed the sets. In that ballet, Mzame, Mebere, and Nkwa emerge from a piano-and-drum hailstorm, and in the final tableau, "The Man and Woman Kiss." For 10 points, name this member of Les Six who used jazz forms and African myths for his ballet The Creation of the World.;;(Darius) Milhaud
;;One of these daughters of Thaumas and Electra gave birth to the immortal horses Bailus and Xanthus after sleeping with Zephyrus. They were driven to the Strophades by Calais and Zetes, who spared them because of pleas made by their sister Iris. These beings, whose members included Podarges, Aello, Ocypete, and Celaeno, were sent by Zeus to torment a figure with too much prophetic power, which they did by snatching and befouling his food before he finished eating. The Argonauts learned the location of the Sympaglades after freeing King Phineus from, for 10 points, what half women, half birds from Greek myth?.;;harpies or harpyiae
;;An example of this functionality used in buffers includes a methyl group trisubstituted with hydroxymethyl units and is commonly called "tris". The APUD system is used to create biogenic types of these compounds, which include substance P and epinephrine. A test for these compounds performed with sulfonyl chloride is named for Hinsberg. The exhaustive methylation of this functionality results in an elimination reaction and is named for Hofmann. Aromatic examples of this functional group include aniline, and alkyl versions often smell like fish. For 10 points, name this functionality that features three single bonds from nitrogen.;;amines
;;After it was published, this book was attacked by the pamphlet "The Desolate Year." This book argues that "the 'control of nature' is a phrase conceived in arrogance, born of the Neanderthal age of biology and philosophy" in its final chapter, "The Other Road." Its third chapter criticizes the makers of "elixirs of death," and its first chapter, "A Fable for Tomorrow," describes an idyllic town attacked by a "strange blight," resulting in the destruction of birds. Upon being published in 1962, this book touched off a storm of criticism from companies like Cyanamid and Monsanto. For 10 points, name this book which argued that DDT and other pesticides destroy the ecosystem, written by Rachel Carson.;;Silent Spring
;;In a play by this author, one character recalls sneaking into a "Turkish Pavillion" that turns out to be an outhouse, and nearly dying after falling asleep in some alder leaves. Another of his plays is partly set in Fingal's Cave, and includes a character who plays Bach's Toccata in Fugue after a prologue that sees Indra's daughter incarnated as Agnes. This author wrote another play in which an apparition of a Milkmaid appears to Arkenholz, who rejects the teachings of the sinister wheelchair bound Hummel. He also wrote a play in which the valet Jean brings a razor with which the title character intends to commit suicide. For 10 points, name this author of A Dream Play, The Ghost Sonata, and Miss Julie.;;(Johan) (August) Strindberg
;;Simon Petluria allied with Josef Pilsudski to attack this city in 1920. The history of a medieval kingdom named for this city is detailed in The Primary Chronicle. This city was the capital of a state ruled by Yaroslav the Wise and Vladimir the Great. On September 29th and 30th in 1941, the Nazis gunned down over thirty thousand members of this city's Jewish population in a ravine. The site of the Babi Yar massacre, this capital city was the center of a movement to overthrow Victor Yanukovych and elect Viktor Yuschenko, the Orange Revolution. For 10 points, name this city on the Dnieper River, the capital of Ukraine.;;Kiev
;;In one of this author's novels, a pastor takes a blind girl to a concert at Neuchatel to teach her about colors, but when that girl, Gertrude, recovers her vision, she commits suicide because the world is not as perfect as the title piece of music. In another of this author's novels, the protagonist joins Alcide in poaching from his estate, La Moriniere, after being encouraged to live in the moment by his friend Menalque. This author defended homosexuality in Corydon, and wrote a novel partially set in Biskra, where Michel suffers from tuberculosis and becomes fascinated by young Arab boys. For 10 points, name this French novelist of The Pastoral Symphony and The Immoralist.;;(Andre) Gide
;;One brief in this case argued that the government "has a right to safeguard a citizen against his own lack of knowledge." That brief by Julius Mayer was addressed in the majority opinion written by Rufus Peckham, which led to this case's name becoming a participle used to accuse justices of making up law. The argument that the Fourteenth Amendment does not "enact" Spencer's Social Statics was put forth in Holmes's dissent. Starting an "era" of cases that knocked down regulations on working conditions, this case dealt with a violation of the Bakeshop Act. For 10 points, name this 1905 case that centered on hours of the workday in New York.;;Lochner v(.) (New) (York) (accept) (either) (order)
;;This organism dodges the immune system by expressing Lewis blood group antigens, and the most common strains are J99 and 26685. Virulent strains encode a toxin that binds to VIP54 and creates large vacuoles, known as VacA. They encode a Type IV secretory system in the CagA pathogenicity island, which also activates the SH2 kinase. A urease breath test can be used to detect this microaerophile, and the inflammatory response to it induces the secretion of gastrin from G cells. Treating infection with this organism involves two antibiotics and a proton pump inhibitor, and it was studied by Barry Marshall, who notably drank a solution of it to prove that it causes gastritis. For 10 points, name this bacterium responsible for many ulcers.;;Helicobacter pylori
;;This city hosts free Shakespeare-in-the-park called the "Southern Shakespeare Festival." A defunct airport in this city was named for a casualty in a 1922 dirigible disaster, the crash of the Roma. Besides Dale Mabry Field, this city contains an administrative building from which the odd demand for 666 Dunkin's Donuts was issued from student protester Marshall Ledbetter in 1991. Near this city was the Battle of Natural Bridge during the Civil War, in which students from what would become a major state university prevented the Union from capturing a certain Confederate capital. That university included a president named Doak Campbell and has an athletic team called the Seminoles. For 10 points, name this capital of Florida.;;Tallahassee
;;The founders of this movement were all students of the man who showed that the horse Clever Hans could not do arithmetic. One of its founders observed that chimpanzees use insight learning to solve tests such as using two short bamboo sticks to reach a banana. This movement argues that the mind groups objects by their similarity and proximity, which are based on the principle of pragnanz. A psychologist who helped found it discovered that a series of slightly different stationary images create the illusion of movement, an illusion known as the phi phenomenon. For 10 points, name this school founded by Kurt Koffka, Wolfgang Kohler and Max Wertheimer, which studies how the whole is greater than the sum of its parts.;;Gestalt psychology
;;In the second stanza of this poem, its speaker longs for "a beaker full of the warm South" in order to "drink, and leave the world unseen." In this poem's third stanza, the speaker wishes to "fade far away, dissolve, and quite forget" the "weariness, and fever, and the fret" of the world. Its speaker resolves to fly to this poem's title being "on the viewless wings of Poesy," and begins this poem by lamenting "My heart aches, and a drowsy numbness pains my sense / As though of hemlock I had drunk." This poem ends with the word "forlorn" tolling the speaker back to reality after its speaker exclaims "Thou wast not born for death, immortal Bird!" For 10 points, name this ode to the song of the title bird, written by John Keats.;;Ode to a Nightingale
;;A quantity of this name for neutrons is multiplied by the macroscopic fission cross-section to give the fission reaction rate in a nuclear reactor. In a type-II superconductor, the usual version of this quantity is quantized for the H field when the applied field is between two critical values; the inverse of that quantum is the Josephson constant. For electromagnetic energy, this quantity is represented by the Poynting vector. Fick's first law states that this value for a given quantity is equal on net to minus the diffusion constant times the gradient of that quantity. For the electric field, this quantity through a closed surface is proportional to the enclosed charge according to Gauss's Law. For 10 points, name this quantity, equal to the rate at which some physical quantity passes through a location per unit area.;;flux accept (more) (specific) (answers) (such) (as) neutron flux(,) electric flux(,) magnetic flux(,) (etc(.))
;;In the third movement of this symphony, a bassoon attempts to accompany a theme played by the oboe, but can only play the two notes F and C. At the end of its second movement, an oboe, a flute, and a clarinet respectively imitate the calls of a quail, a nightingale, and a cuckoo. In its fourth movement, a five-note passage for the cellos is played along a similar four-note passage for the double basses, creating an ominous rumbling before the entrance of timpani imitating the sound of thunder during a furious storm. This symphony's five movements include ones titled "By the Brook," "A merry gathering of country folk," and "Cheerful impressions awakened by arrival in the country." Premiered in 1808 along with its composer's C minor fifth symphony, for 10 points, name this Beethoven symphony that portrays rural life and nature.;;Pastoral (Symphony)|(Ludwig) (van) Beethoven's Symphony No(.) 6
;;One character in this play asks "What crotchet has that swaggering booby got in his numbskull?," referring to a traitor whose cronies include Razmann and Schufterle. The villain of this play meets with Pastor Moser before killing himself to avoid facing punishment. The protagonist of this play gives a speech about striking a "generation of vipers to the quick" and is later betrayed by Spielgelberg. Near the end of this play, the protagonist slays his beloved Amelia and turns himself into the law. This occurs shortly after the death of his father, who was tricked into rejecting the protagonist by his other son, Franz. For 10 points, name this play about the tragic Karl Moor, who becomes the captain of the title band of thieves, a work by Friedrich Schiller.;;(The) Robbers or (Die) Rauber
;;One future queen of this country named Victoria served as page-turner for Franz Liszt when he visited the Karlsruhe opera, and as king, her husband permitted the German Englebrecht division to pass through this country during World War II. It participated in a war that saw France lose the Franche-Comte as part of an alliance with England and the Dutch Republic.It was united under Margaret I with Norway and Denmark in the Kalmar Union, and members of its royal Vasa family included Charles IX and Christina. For 10 points, identify this country that was once led by Gustavus Adolphus.;;Sweden
;;In gas chromatography, this word describes a product obtained when silyl groups are added to a molecule of interest to reduce polarity. In multi-variable calculus, one operator with this name is the dot product of a unit vector with the gradient, known as the directional this. In biochemistry, this term refers to a molecule that is synthesized by slightly modifying a given compound, usually by adding a named group - for example, aniline is an amino one of these of benzene. In single-variable calculus, the nth of these of a given function appears in the nth coefficient of the Taylor series of that function. For 10 points, give this common word the one of which from calculus can be used on both dividends of an apparently indeterminate limit according to l'Hospital's [low-pee-TALZ] rule.;;derivative
;;This author wrote pro-French satirical letters under a pseudonym he described as "One of the Swinish Multitude," Robert Slender. This author described being taken to "A slaughter-house, yet hospital in name" in a poem about the torturous conditions of the "piles for slaughter, floating on the floods," which was inspired by the capture of the Aurora. A poem by this author laments that "Unpitying frosts and Autumn's power" will leave no vestige of the title object, which is described as a "fair flower, which dost comely grow." The speaker of another of his poems imagines a place where "the hunter still the deer pursues" alongside "the painted chief, and pointed spear." For 10 points, name this early American poet of "The British Prison Ship," "The Wild Honey Suckle," and "The Indian Burying Ground," who is often called the "poet of the American Revolution.".;;(Philip) (Morin) Freneau
;;The twenty-ninth section of this book compares believers in other gods to the fragile web created by a spider. This book's ninety-sixth section asserts that God created mankind from a clot of blood. This book's twenty-fourth section compares God to a shining lamp lit from a blessed tree in its "Verse of Light." The ninety-ninth section of this book describes an earthquake on the day of judgment, and almost every section of this book begins with the Bismillah. This book's "Sword verse" exhorts believers to "find and slay pagans," and sections of this book are divided into verses called ayat. Beginning with a section called "the opening," for 10 points, name this book divided into suras, which was revealed in the seventh century by the angel Gibreel to Muhammad.;;Qu'ran or Koran
;;Bernard Stiegler argues that this philosopher first explained the use of clothing and tools as "the naturalized character of prostheses." One of his works contrasts the role of the windmill in pre-industrial states with the construction of a hydroelectric plant on the Rhine to argue that technology has reframed Being. He argued that the title creations as part of the "world" and not the "earth," because they are within the ready-to-hand, in a work that analyzes Vincent Van Gogh's A Pair of Shoes. This author of The Question Concerning Technology and The Origin of the Work of Art discussed ontological hermeneutics and coined the term dasein in his best-known work. For 10 points, name this philosopher who wrote Being and Time.;;(Martin) Heidegger
;;According to U.S. Marshal Ward Lamon, an arrest warrant was issued for this man but never acted upon. This man withdrew government money from the Second Bank of the United States, in favor of the pet bsnks, while serving as Levi Woodbury's predecessor as Secretary of the Treasury. This man dealt with a Maryland man accused of burning bridges during the Civil War named John Merryman. He famously handed down the majority opinion in a case that ruled that the national government could not prohibit slavery in the territories and that slaves could not lodge lawsuits. For 10 points, name this fifth Supreme Court Chief Justice who presided over Dred Scott v. Sandford.;;(Roger) Taney
;;One statue commissioned for this building was rejected by its patrons for having an overlarge head, but was accepted once it was placed unchanged in its final location. Donatello's Saint Louis of Toulouse was intended for this building, but it was replaced by a Verrocchio work in which Christ touches Thomas's head. A semicircular arrangement of Four Crowned Martyrs was sculpted for this building by Nanni di Banco. This building also houses Ghiberti's Saint John the Baptist and Donatello's Saint Mark. The trade guilds that patronized this church filled its fourteen exterior niches with various bronze and stone statues. For 10 points, name this Florentine church whose name translates as the "Kitchen Garden of Saint Michael.".;;(the) Orsanmichele
;;In his autobiography, this ruler described how he swam across every river he encountered, including the Ganges. After this ruler was asked to invade a neighboring kingdom by Daulat Khan, he won a decisive battle due to artillery commanded by his generals Mustafa and Ustad Ali. This Timurid prince briefly controlled Samarkand, but was driven from it by Shaibani Khan. He defeated the Rajputs commanded by Rana Sanga at the Battle of Khanwa, giving him control over north India. That victory occurred after he smashed the forces of Ibrahim Lodi at the First Battle of Panipat. After his death in 1530, he was succeeded by his son Humayun. For 10 points, name this founder of the Mughal Empire, the grandfather of Akbar.;;(Zahir) (ud(-)din(-)Mahommed) Babur
;;A common method of reducing these compounds involves using a catalyst containing 3 P-Ph-3 groups and one chlorine atom bound to ruthenium, a method which has largely been replaced by Crabtree's catalyst. Reacting them with carbenes is a common method of producing cyclopropanes. A series of these compounds alternating on a long side chain serves as a chromophore in retinal. When they are reacted with osmium tetraoxide, diols are formed. Acid halides add to these compounds such that the halide adds to the more substituted carbon, a rule named for Markovnikov. For 10 points, identify this class of compounds that can be either cis or trans and are characterized by carbon-carbon double bonds.;;alkenes|olefins
;;In one work by this painter, an oriental rug is draped across the table at right, upon which rests a jug, and a downward-facing mirror reflects the central woman and some square tiles. Another work by this artist shows a painting of Moses on the wall, while the title character is clad in a green kimono and inspects a globe. He produced a painting that shows a bread-filled table on which rests a container that the title servant fills. Another of his paintings shows a woman wearing a blue turban, turning towards the viewer to expose the title piece of jewelry. For 10 points, name this painter of The Music Lesson, The Astronomer, The Milkmaid and Girl with the Pearl Earring, who also depicted the Dutch city where he was born in his landscape View of Delft.;;(Johannes) (Jan) Vermeer
;;In the fourth chapter of this novel's second section, the protagonist stumbles upon an abandoned house and successfully fights a crippled dog over the scraps of meat on a bone. The protagonist of this novel eats a lump of sugar placed by the mouth of a dead Indian boy in a cemetery, and travels to Carmen after discovering his illegitimate daughter Brigitta. The main plot of this novel is juxtaposed with scenes of a mother telling stories about an unrealistically perfect martyr named Juan to her son Luis. The protagonist of this novel crosses the border to hear the dying confessions of the Gringo, although he knows that the mestizo will betray him to the Lieutenant. For 10 points, name this novel about a "whiskey" priest pursued by anti-Catholic authorities in Mexico, written by Graham Greene.;;(The) Power and the Glory
;;While holding this position, one man survived an assassination attempt by Jean-Baptiste Sipido and became involved in the Tranby Croft Scandal. This position was officially created by the Treaty of Montgomery. The only native to officially hold this position was known as "the Last," and married the daughter of Simon de Montfort; Edmund Mortimer married the daughter of a later native who claimed this position. The motto of this position is "Ich dien." A person who held this position for only five months later sparked "the Fifteen," and another man could not be elevated to this position until it was certain that Arthur Tudor had not gotten his wife, Catherine of Aragon, pregnant. For 10 points, name this position that is traditionally held by the heir apparent to the throne of England and is currently occupied by Charles, son of Queen Elizabeth II.;;Prince of Wales
;;One character in this play tells a story about paying ten dollars a month for fifteen years to buy furniture on credit from the devil. In the final scene of this play, two children pay tribute to their dead father by singing about a dog named Blue. The main character of this play warns his son by saying "strike one," "strike two," and "Don't you strike out" before that son attempts to assault him with a baseball bat. At the climax of this play, the protagonist's wife decides to raise Raynell after learning that her husband cheated on her with Alberta. The protagonist refuses to allow his son Cory to play college football, and creates this play's title structures for his wife Rose. For 10 points, name this play set in the 1950s, which focuses on Pittsburgh garbageman Troy Maxson and was written by August Wilson.;;Fences
;;This structure is found immediately ventral to the pouch of Douglas. Scarring in this organ can lead to Asherman's syndrome, and Gartner's ducts may remain in the broad ligament of this organ rather than vanishing during gestation. Agenesis of this organ occurs in MRKH syndrome, and this organ can also be bicornate or unicornate in other malformations. This organ's lining, the endometrium, is sloughed off during menstruation, and when zygotes implant outside of it, ectopic pregnancy occurs. For 10 points, name this organ of the female reproductive system in which gestation occurs.;;uterus
;;One of these figures has a name translating to "Mother Whose Children are the Fish," as her progeny are uncountable. Another of these figures once walked through a town wearing a half-red, half-black hat to confuse villagers. Devotees of the religion that venerates these figures stand on their toes or rise up at the mention of one of them, who presides over the drumming ceremonies during which these figures may mount priests. In addition to Yemaya and the one who shares lightning and fire with Oya, Shango, these figures that are venerated in Umbanda and Candomble. For 10 points, identify these emissaries of Olodumare that are revered in Santeria.;;Orishas|Orixas
;;In this novel, Pervading Fragrance performs the play of cloud and rain, and the Bottle-gourd Temple is burned down by a careless monk. Much of this novel is set at pleasure grounds known as the Takuanyuan. Madame Shih is the matriarch of the central family of this novel, which is ruined by the greed of Phoenix. At the beginning of this novel, a flower is reincarnated as Black Jade, who dies of grief after its main character is tricked into marrying Precious Virtue. This novel describes the interactions of the twelve beuatiful women of Jinling with Pao-yu, who is born with a jade tablet in his mouth. One of the four great Chinese classical novels, for 10 points, name this novel by Cao Xuequin about the decline of the Jia family.;;Dream of the Red Chamber or (The) Story of the Stone(;)|Hongloumeng
;;One leader of this uprising was arrested after shooting William Horsfall in the groin. Another leader was investigated by Oliver the Spy, who stopped its Pentrich Revolution. Like the Swing Riots, this movement was inspired by a mythological king or general. Centered on Nottingham, this movement that arose during the economic strain of the Napoleonic wars died after its leaders were deported to Australia or executed under the Frame Breaking Act. For 10 points, name this movement of British textile workers who probably didn't hate all technology.;;Luddites
;;A short story by this author is narrated by an algebra teacher whose daughter, Grace, has just died of polio. That narrator's drug addict brother, the title character, comes to stay with him and plays in Creole's jazz band. Another short story by this author ends with Jesse only being able to have sex with his wife Grace by remembering seeing a man's testicles cut off and his body burnt at a lynching. This author of "Sonny's Blues" and "Going to Meet the Man" wrote a novel whose protagonist wrestles with a handsome teenager named Elisha. That novel tells of the spiritual encounter of young Harlem resident John, whose abusive father is a church deacon named Gabriel. For 10 points, name this African-American author of Go Tell It on the Mountain.;;(James) Baldwin
;;This book was published in response to the success of a similar book by John Evelyn. The narrator of this book explicitly describes his affair with Deborah Willet, and is married to Elizabeth St. Michel. It was written in a system developed by Thomas Shelton, and describes General Harrison "looking as cheerful as any man could look" after being hanged, drawn, and quartered. This book details its author's time on the Navy Board during the Second Anglo-Dutch War, and contains firsthand accounts of the Great Plague and Great Fire of London. For 10 points, name this account of the years 1660 to 1669, the primary personal journal about daily life during the English Restoration.;;(the) diary of (Samuel) Pepys PEEPS
;;One battle at this site saw the losing commander court-martial Fitz John Porter for disobedience, after which the loser at a battle here was reassigned to fight the Dakota War in Minnesota. A representative from New York, Alfred Ely, was a civilian captured at a battle at this site. One battle here saw Bernard Bee coin a famous nickname. The retreat after the first battle of this site engulfed a group of Washington, D.C., civilians who had been picnicking while watching the battle. For 10 points, name this location in Virginia where the first major battle of the Civil War was fought and which the Confederates dubbed First Manassas.;;Bull Run or Manassas early
;;Sudden changes in these phenomena can result from seiches created by raising or lowering of atmospheric pressure. A sudden increase in them can be caused by propagation of a bore. During still periods, they are known as slack. Increased speeds are seen in their Perigean variety. Stronger and weaker versions of these phenomena are called spring and neap, respectively. One zone created by changes in them is called the littoral zone. For 10 points, name these phenomena caused by the Sun's and the Moon's gravitational forces on the Earth's oceans: changes in height of a body of water.;;tides
;;This location's namesake is credited with coining the phrase "Every man is the architect of his own fortune" and with inventing the letter Z, as well as having an epithet meaning "blind." In 1776, Gavin Hamilton excavated a building on this site, discovering the "Braschi Venus" sculpture, among others. The need for this landmark was demonstrated after the Battle of Caudine Forks during the Second Samnite War, which revealed the difficulty a certain republic had in transferring supplies and personnel. The crucifixion of Spartacus and his followers occurred at this location. Referred to by Statius as "the queen of the long roads," for 10 points, name this landmark which stretched from Rome to Apulia, the most important Roman road.;;Appian Way or Via Appia(;) (accept) Aqua Appia until (second) (sentence)
;;The roof of this structure has grass growing in the widely spaced joints created by sand covered with concrete. The aqua-tiled bath tub in this structure's master bedroom stands in contrast to the utilitarian simplicity of its kitchen. This structure's window-lined facade is separated from its load-bearing columns, called pilotes. This structure's sun room overlooks a ramp that provides ventilation. Its reinforced-concrete construction enables its "free plan," which was crucial to its designer's concept of a "Machine for Living." It exemplifies the "Five Points" of its designer, who placed this structure in Poissy, France. For 10 points, name this International Style residence, designed by Le Corbusier.;;(the) Villa Savoye
;;One argument in this work contends that Western philosophy is a sort of "metaphysics of presence." Later, this work notes that the sound of "bat" is different from the sound of "cat," after a discussion of the "transcendental signified" in the work of Saussure. Translated into English by Gayatri Spivak, this work notes that in binary opposites like day and night, the first is always the better, and applies that to the binary of speech and writing. Introducing the notion of differance, for 10 points, name this magnum opus of Jacques Derrida.;;Of Grammatology or De la Grammatologie
;;The speaker of this poem warns that "The lights must never go out, the music must always play," else we risk revealing that we are "Children afraid of the night." In its second stanza, the speaker claims that like the schoolchildren, he knows the source of the "psychopathic god," because "those to whom evil is done do evil in return." This poem's eighth stanza, which was restored posthumously after being removed by its author, states "All I have is a voice" and concludes "We must love one another or die." In its opening lines, "the clever hopes expire of a low and dishonest decade" as the speaker sits "in one of the dives on Fifty-second Street." For 10 points, name this W. H. Auden poem named for the date of the German invasion of Poland.;;September 1(,) 1939
;;The world's largest factory for barrel cheese is located in this state, in the city of Gooding. The highest peak in this state contains a portion named the "Chickenout Ridge" and is located in the Lost River Range. One story about this state's name says that it was coined by a lobbyist named George Willing, who claimed it to be a Shoshone word. This state saw the first ever chairlift at a ski resort, installed at the Sun Valley resort. That resort is near a city where Ernest Hemingway shot himself, Ketchum. This state is home to Borah Peak and its capital may have been named by a Frenchman's exuberant exclamation "The woods! The woods!" For 10 points, name this "Gem State" with capital at Boise.;;Idaho
;;A.C. Pigou attacked this book's lack of distinction between "directing particular people" and "determining numbers of people." This work argues that propaganda tries to destroy morals because they are the basis of truth in its chapter "The End of Truth." One of its chapters distinguishes between the limited and absolute kinds of security, and this book's chapter "Who, Whom" attacks vague definitions of "fairness." Its chapter "The Great Utopia" analyzes socialism in France as part of its thesis that fascism developed at least partially from socialism. For 10 points, name this work which argues that central planning inevitably leads to loss of freedom, a work of Friedrich Hayek.;;The Road to Serfdom
;;The aconite plant was formed after this figure's saliva hit rocky ground. In the Aeneid, the Cumaean Sybil threw this creature a cake laced with drugs, enabling Aeneas to visit Anchises. Auxiliary features of this creature included a snake's tail and a mane of serpents. King Eurystheus cowered inside a jar upon seeing this brother of Orthrus, who could not pierce the skin of the Nemean Lion, enabling the hero wearing that skin to subdue it with his bare hands. The twelfth labor of Heracles was to capture this creature alive. For 10 points, name this guardian of the underworld in Greek and Roman mythology, a dog usually depicted with three heads.;;Cerberus
;;Proteins targeted to this structure have a serine-lysine-leucine sequence on their C-terminus, and they are absent in rhizomelic chondrodysplasia punctata. One disease caused by problems in this structure occurs after an accumulation of phytanic acid in myelin sheaths. Another biogenesis disorder caused by problems with this structure comes from defects in the gene PEX5 and results in the build up of very-long-chain fatty acids. Those disorders are Refsum's disease and Zellweger syndrome. For 10 points, name this organelle that uses catalase to convert hydrogen peroxide into water.;;peroxisomes
;;At one time, this group was thought to have been bankrolled by MGM Studios. One part of this group was known as the "Khaki Shirts." Charles Coughlin donated five thousand dollars to this group with the stipulation that it "keep clear of all communist leaders." Pelham Glassford twice reinstated Walter Waters as the leader of this group, which Gladwin Bland described as "an immense hobo jungle." This group was evicted from tents in Anacostia Flats by forces under Douglas MacArthur. For 10 points, name this group that marched on Washington in 1931 demanding immediate payment of insurance certificates issued for their service in World War I.;;Bonus Army or Bonus Expeditionary Force
;;The artist of this painting relied on a chronicle by Hartmann Schedel, causing this painting to portray the island of Cyprus next to the Nile delta. This painting's sky symbolically includes both a crescent moon in the upper left corner and a rising sun in the right background. One of its figures retreats on a chariot pulled by three horses, and is pursued by the main figure on horseback carrying a long lance. The top half of this painting depicts a swirling sky, while the bottom half depicts a huge crowd of soldiers holding spears. This painting identifies the title event with a description in Latin on an enormous banner in the sky. For 10 points, name this massive painting that portrays a victory for Alexander the Great over Darius III, created by Albrecht Altdorfer.;;(The) Battle of Issus or (The) Battle of Alexander at (Issus(;))|(The) Battle at Issus
;;This pope issued a bull that forbade Latin clergy to ordain Greek clergy or pray with Greek clergy and in Greek churches. He reopened the Fifth Lateran Council in order to complete the Pisan schism, and he formed alliances with both Francis I and Ferdinand II. He summoned a certain Protestant theologian to appear before the papal court, and he radically increased the sale of indulgences to raise funds for a new St. Peter's Basilica. For 10 points, name this pope who objected to Martin Luther posting his 95 Theses.;;(Pope) Leo X or Giovanni di (Lorenzo) (di) Medici
;;One work by this author is narrated by Fulvius, who describes its title figures' quest to build the City of the Sun under the command of Spartacus. Another work by this author ends with Peter parachuting into his home country after leaving Neutralia. In addition to The Gladiators and Arrival and Departure, this author wrote a work includes prisoners nicknamed Hare-Lip and Rip van Winkle and a party boss known only as Number 1. The protagonist of that novel recalls his betrayal of his secretary Arlova during his interrogation by Gletkin. For 10 points, name this author who described Rubashov, a former Russian revolutionary betrayed by the Soviet Union, in Darkness at Noon.;;(Arthur) Koestler
;;Uniquely, this associative multilinear operation commutes with similarity transforms and with both parts of Hermitian conjugation. A set of homogeneous, linear alegbraic equations can have a non-trivial solution only if the one of these corresponding to the coefficients is zero. Ratios of these give the solutions to inhomogeneous linear alegbraic equations through Cramer's rule. If this object is zero, its associated array is singular. This operation maps the square matrices over a set of numbers onto that set, returning an alternating sum of products of the matrix entries. For 10 points, name this operation given for a square matrix a, b, c, d as ad minus bc.;;(the) determinant
;;A so-called bulk or second variety of this property exists, but is unimportant in the incompressible case. This property can decrease over time in response to applied shear, a phenomenon known as thixotropy. This quantity appears multiplying the axial length and volumentric flow rate in the usual form of Poiseuille's equation. The effects of this property dominate at low Reynolds' numbers as this quantity is the denominator of the Reynolds number. This quantity appears as the constant of proportionality between the sheer stress and perpendicular velocity gradient for a Newtonian fluid. This property increases with temperature for gases but decreases for liquids; relatedly, for a superfluid below the lambda point, this property has a value of zero. For 10 points, name this measure of a fluid's internal resistance to flow.;;viscosity
;;One figure in this painting wears a hat with red and white triangles and a necklace of beads with a cross. A face can be seen in front of a church at the top of this painting. A line connects the eyes of the two largest figures in this painting, one of whom feeds a flower to the other. Other figures in this work include a woman milking a goat and a man with a scythe next to a woman who, like two of the houses in this painting, is upside-down. The two largest figures in this work are a green man and a goat that loom over much of the canvass, which may depict the town of Vitebsk, Belarus. For 10 points, name this painting by Marc Chagall.;;I and the Village
;;Miguel Landivar spread rumors that this figure was an escaped convict to support Agostino Mainardi, who accused this person of heresy. This person had a vision of God telling him "I will be propitious to you at Rome" before he experienced an awakening while praying in a cave near Manresa. This mentor of Peter Faber and Diego Lainez expressed his belief that obedience was the pre-eminent virtue in his "Letter on Obedience." Francis Xavier was a follower of this leader, who created a program of prayer and contemplation divided into four weeks in his Spiritual Exercises. For 10 points, name this founder of the Jesuits, a Spanish saint from Loyola.;;(Saint) Ignatius of (Loyola)
;;Strabo describes how an expedition of this people under Brennus supposedly plundered cursed gold from Delphi which was later inherited by Marcus Junius Brutus, after which they settled a namesake region of north central Turkey. An empire named after this people was founded by Postumus and conquered by the Emperor Aurelian in 274 AD. Members of this variant of the La Tene culture killed 46 centurions at Cergovia before being defeated at the Siege of Alesia while under the leadership of Vercingetorix. For 10 points, name this group of people whose defeat was narrated in a series of namesake commentaries written by Julius Caesar.;;Gauls
;;In a monologue, this character declares "deeper than did ever plummet sound / I'll drown my book." This character accepts responsibility for a servant by saying "this thing of darkness / I acknowledge mine" in a speech revealing his true identity. That servant had earlier complained that this character "taught me language, and my profit on't / Is, I know how to curse." Stephano and Trinculo plot against this character, but are foiled by a being this character freed from a cloven pine. This character says "We are such stuff / As dreams are made on, and our little life / Is rounded with a sleep" in a speech that begins "Our revels are now ended." For 10 points, name this character who allows Ferdinand to marry his daughter Miranda, a former Duke of Milan who uses magic to control Ariel and Caliban in Shakespeare's The Tempest.;;Prospero
;;In one myth, this deity's mother fasted for a year so he could be born, but he did not assume his present form until Shani looked at him. This deity slashed the face of the moon after it laughed at him for using a serpent to bandage up his sweet-filled stomach. In similar myths, this figure was consoled by Narada, became the commander of the celestial armies, and outsmarted his brother Skanda in a contest to circumnavigate the world three times. This figure did not allow Shiva to enter his house, and so Shiva decapitated him. For 10 points, name this remover of obstacles in Hinduism, a god whose decapitated head was replaced by that of an elephant.;;Ganesha|Ganapati(;)|Vinayaka(;)|Pillaiyar(;)|Vighnesha(;)|Vighneshvara
;;In his final years, this composer completed his Opus 73, a set of seven "moods" for piano that includes the pieces "Homage to Chopin" and "Night Ride." This composer adapted the melody of the halling for many of the twenty-five folksongs and dances that make up his Opus 17. Simon Barere died while performing this composer's only piano concerto, which imitates the beginning of Schumann's piano concerto and is in A minor. This composer included his works "Arietta," "March of the Dwarfs," and "Wedding Day at Troldhaugen, in his collection of sixty-six short Lyric pieces. This composer depicted the rising of the sun over the Sahara desert in "Morning Mood," part of his incidental music to Peer Gynt. For 10 points, name this composer of "In the Hall of the Mountain King," a Romantic composer from Norway.;;(Edvard) Grieg
;;One person nominated by this group was known for his longtime feud with Secretary of the Navy Gideon Welles. That man was John P. Hale. The political cartoon "Shooting the Christmas Turkey" shows another candidate from this party as a fox grabbing the turkey while two candidates from other parties bicker. This group's slogan was coined by Salmon Chase and they nominated one candidate at Lafayette Square, Buffalo. Conscience Whigs and Barnburners were the major factions of this group. In 1848, they nominated Martin Van Buren for the presidency. For 10 points, name this 19th century American political party that opposed the expansion of slavery.;;Free Soil Party
;;A 1931 conflict regarding this river dealt with the construction of a new toll bridge, which angered Governor Ross Sterling. Forks in this river include Prairie Dog Town Fork. General Lucius D. Clay managed the construction of the Denison Dam on this river. This river was once jammed by a collection of fallen trees running over 150 miles until Captain Henry Miller Shreve cleared the "Great Raft" jamming this river and its distributary, the Atchafalaya, in Louisiana. While also flowing through Arkansas, it once separated U.S. and Spanish territory as declared in the Adams-Onis Treaty. For 10 points, name this colorfully named river, a tributary of the Mississippi, which forms the boundary between Texas and Oklahoma.;;Red River
;;One story by this author is punctuated by the sound of corks popping out of bottles placed next to a fire, and ends with Crofton approving a poem recited by Joe Hynes. In another story by this author, Maria loses a plum cake on a tram and sings "I Dreamt That I Dwelt in Marble Halls" after touching a "soft wet substance" while blindfolded. This author described the sudden revelations that strike many of his characters as "epiphanies." In another of this author's stories, Bartell D'Arcy's song "The Lass of Aughrim" causes the protagonist's wife Gretta to remember her young lover Michael Furey. For 10 points, name this author of "Clay," "Ivy Day in the Committee Room," and "The Dead," which appear in his collection Dubliners.;;(James) Joyce
;;Thirty brief interludes about this figure, some of which are meetings with Michele Besso, appear in a book of this man's "Dreams" by Alan Lightman. John Statchel and Martin Klein edited several volumes of this man's writings for his namesake "Papers Project." Along with Bertrand Russel, this man drafted a manifesto that predicated the Pugwash Conferences and calls for people to "Remember [their] humanity, and forget the rest" to avert the "utter disaster" of nuclear war. Another document written by this man and Leo Szilard called on FDR to begin work on an atomic bomb before Nazi Germany could. For 10 points, name this former patent clerk and anti-nuclear activist, a legendarily intelligent German physicist who developed the theory of relativity.;;(Albert) Einstein
;;This author described his longtime inability to write about his adopted home of California in the introduction to "Christ Walked Down Market Street." In one of his novels, the hitman Albert Cluveau is hired to kill the black political leader Ned; in another novel by this author, the gift of a radio allows the teacher Grant Wiggins to connect with his student, who has been compared to a hog by his attorney. He claimed that classical music cannot describe the Louisiana State Penitentiary as well as the blues in his collection Mozart and Leadbelly, and wrote about a character who leads a march to Bayonne to protest a segregated water fountain at the age of one hundred and ten. For 10 points, name this author who wrote about the falsely convicted Jefferson in his tales of black life in Louisiana, which include The Autobiography of Miss Jane Pittman and A Lesson Before Dying.;;(Ernest) (James) Gaines
;;In 1947, political dissidents in this nation were massacred in what is known as the 228 incident. European explorers encountered the Ami and Atayal indigenous tribes while settling this modern nation and the western portion of this nation contains the strategically important Pescadores Islands. This nation was the home to the Dutch Fort Zeelandia, although it was eventually captured following a long siege led by Koxinga. Later, this nation became one of the Asian Economic Tigers and during the Cold War it was controlled tightly by the KMT party. For 10 points, name this island nation once known as Formosa.;;Taiwan or Formosa early
;;One of this novel's narrators is infuriated at the sound of an adze going "one lick less," and imagines protecting his mother by climbing up a hill and throwing rocks at other people's faces. At the end of this novel, another character repeats the words "Yes yes yes yes yes" while being taken to an insane asylum for setting fire to Gillespie's barn. A carpenter in this novel has cement poured on his broken leg at Mottson after his father trades for a new team of mules from Flem Snopes. The central family of this novel includes the illegitimate son of Reverend Whitfield, a boy who narrates a chapter consisting of the sentence "My mother is a fish," and a father who finally procures false teeth after arriving in Jefferson. For 10 points, name this novel about Vardaman, Dewey Dell, Cash, Darl, and Anse Bundren's journey to bury their matriarch Addie, written by William Faulkner.;;As I Lay Dying
;;Two models of this action are the zipper and sinking hypotheses. Lactoferrin stimulates this activity and sometimes can be found in an organelle resulting from this. C3b is one element that can cause opsonization to better allow for this process to occur. Like related processes, it is triggered by Fc receptors. Microglia, neutrophils and monocytes are cells that perform this action. Some protists use this process to acquire food, but its also used as immune response against bacteria. For 10 points, name this form of endocytosis where a cell engulfs a particle or other cell.;;phagocytosis
;;The Repertory Grid is a theory of this phenomenon which was devised by George Kelly and uses factor analysis to determine it. One person to study this posited the "lexical hypothesis" which created broad classifications of cardinal, central, and secondary traits. Gordon Allport was an early researcher of "trait theory" in this field, and Raymond Cattell developed a 16 factor model of it. One model of this phenomenon was promulgated by Lewis Goldberg, is remembered with the OCEAN mnemonic, and includes the divisions Openness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, and Neuroticism. Those are known as the Big Five factors of this concept. For 10 points, name this psychological phenomenon which is measured by a Minnesota Multiphasic Inventory.;;personality
;;In the early fifteenth century, supporters of the Count of Armagnac fought a civil war against supporters of the ruler of this territory. The Cistercian order was founded in this territory's Citeaux monastery. Claus Sluter sculpted the Well of Moses for this territory's monastery Charteuse de Champmol. The monastery of Cluny was founded in this territory. The wars named for this territory effectively ended after the Battle of Nancy, which resulted in the death of this region's ruler Charles the Bold. For 10 points, name this French territory ruled by Philip the Good, whose capital was Dijon.;;(Duchy) (of) Burgundy
;;In this novel, the grocer Greff hangs himself in an ingenious manner that involves a counterweight of potatoes and a cacophony of noise. The protagonist is arrested after Gottfried von Vittlar's testimony, and one character in this novel dies because he falls in love with a ship's figurehead named Niobe. Another character dies by choking when he swallows a party pin. The protagonist's lovers include Sister Dorothea, whose severed finger he later finds, and Maria, who gives birth to his son Kurt. The protagonist of this novel can shatter glass with his voice and stops growing at the age of three. For 10 points, name this novel about Oskar Matzerath [MAHT-zer-aht] by Gunter Grass.;;(The) Tin Drum or (Die) Blechtrommel
;;Sufferers of this disease are unable to produce hypothiocyanate, and eighty percent of patients with this disease eventually harbor P. aeruginosa by age 18. Sufferers also have congenital absence of the vas deferens, and screening for this disease involves measuring an elevated level of immunoreactive trypsinogen followed by a sweat test. The gene mutated in this disease produces an functional protein that does not fold perfectly due to a delta-508 deletion; that gene is a chloride channel. For 10 points, name this genetic disease which results in the buildup of thick mucus in the lungs.;;cystic fibrosis or CF
;;The son of this structure's architect used a similar style to design the John Sowden House. Two long wings connect via breezeways to the central part of this structure, whose roofs are designed to look like pyramids. Oya stone was used in this building's construction to amplify the effect of the Maya Revival Style. When it was demolished in 1968 due to its sinking foundation, its facade and reflecting pool were moved to a museum nearly 250 miles away. Its copper roof, cantilevered floors, and suspended piping allowed it to survive a great disaster in 1923. For 10 points, name this structure that withstood the Great Kanto Earthquake, a lodging for travelers designed by Frank Lloyd Wright and located in Tokyo.;;Imperial Hotel in (Tokyo)|(Tokyo) Imperial Hotel
;;One of this politician's campaign slogans came from General Edward Bragg's speech declaring "they love him most for the enemies he has made." This candidate ran on the motto "Public office is a public trust." He won a key state after his opponent dined with multimillionaires at Delmonico's the week before the election. Prohibition candidate John St. John took votes that helped this Democrat win New York by a small margin. This man was politically damaged when his relationship with Maria Halpin was publicized. For 10 points, name this Democrat supported by the Mugwumps, who survived a scandal about his illegitimate son to defeat James G. Blaine in 1884.;;(Stephen) (Grover) Cleveland
;;The prologue of one of this author's novels declares "The future belongs to crowds." In that novel by this author, whose sections are separated by photographs of people pressed against a chain-link fence and Iranians demonstrating under the face of the Ayatollah Khomeini, the kidnapping of Jean-Claude Julien inspires a reclusive author to travel to Beirut. One of this author's protagonists becomes exposed to the chemical Nyodene D, and learns that Willie Mink is having sex with his wife Babette in exchange for the drug Dylar. This author fictionalized the life of Lee Harvey Oswald in Libra, and wrote about the death of Bill Gray in Mao II. For 10 points, name this American novelist who wrote about the death fears of Professor Jack Gladney in his 1985 novel White Noise.;;(Don) DeLillo
;;This daughter of King Iasos gave birth to Parthenopaios, one of the Seven Against Thebes. This woman killed two centaurs named Rhoecus and Hylaeus. After a man killed her uncles Plexippus and Toxeus, he died when his mother burned the stick that was tied to his life. In another story, this woman and her lover made love in a temple of Cybele's, prompting her to turn them into lions. This woman joined Meleager in the Calydonian boar hunt, and only married after Hippomenes begged Aphrodite to help him beat her at a contest. For 10 points, name this huntress who married Hippomenes after he beat her in a footrace with the help of golden apples.;;Atalanta accept Atlanta
;;It was first organized at a tournament hosted by Thibaut of Champagne, although it had earlier been preached for by Fulk of Neuilly. Geoffrey de Villehardoin chronicled about this event, the aftermath of which saw the establishment of the Empire of Nicaea and the Despotate of Epirus. It was at the court of Philip of Swabia that the course of this event changed, although Enrico Dandolo was responsible for the plunder of Zara, a port under Hungarian control. Baldwin of Flanders, the ruler of the most important polity that emerged from it, was humiliated by the Bulgarians at the Battle of Adrianople in 1205. Its participants under Boniface of Montferrat gathered at Venice and originally intended to attack Egypt, but when Alexius Angelus sought help, their objective changed. For 10 points, what Crusade ended in a savage sacking of Constantinople?.;;(the) Fourth Crusade
;;One of this man's song cycles includes pieces about a child's encounter with a beetle and a cat named "Sailor" trying to eat a canary. Another of this composer's song cycles consists of four songs, including "Lullaby," about a mother cradling her sickly child, and "Trepak," about a drunken peasant freezing in a blizzard. This composer of The Nursery and Songs and Dances of Death wrote a tone poem which ends with the sound of church bells dispelling dancing witches on St. John's Eve. A piano suite by this author includes the movements "Bydlo" and "The Hut on Fowl's Legs," and begins with a "Promenade" depicting the composer walking to view the works of Viktor Hartmann. For 10 points, name this Russian composer of Night on Bald Mountain and Pictures at an Exhibition.;;(Modest) (Petrovich) Mussorgsky
;;One province in this nation is Podlasie, which is home to one of the last patches of Europe's primeval forest, Bialowieza Forest, home to some of Europe's last wisent. Sites in this country bordered on the east by the Bug River include the Masurian Lakes as well as the town once known as the "Jewish Oxford," Lublin. This nation is south of the exclave of Kaliningrad Oblast, and this nation's principal seaport is Gdansk, a city in this nation's region of Pomerania. Rivers in this country include the Oder and Neisse on its western border and the Vistula which flows through its city of Krakow. For 10 points, name this Eastern European nation south of the Baltic and west of Belarus with capital at Warsaw.;;(Republic) (of) Poland
;;This thinker noted the inefficacy of declarations of human rights that are not incorporated into positive law in On Revolution. This philosopher described how the Western philosophical tradition has subordinated the life of action and appearance to that of contemplation in The Human Condition. However, this thinker is better known for a work about a figure defined by stock phrases and cliches who is brought to the House of Justice. This author also wrote another work about a governmental system promoted by the superfluous masses which analyzed the rise of Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union. For 10 points, name this German Jewish author of a work on the "banality of evil," Eichmann in Jerusalem, as well as On the Origins of Totalitarianism.;;(Hannah) Arendt
;;This ruler adopted a banner depicting eiraku coins and used an official seal labeled "rule the empire by force." This ruler promoted commerce by abolishing toll barriers and establishing a policy of free markets and open guilds in Kano. This ruler constructed the fortress of Azuchi Castle, ordered the massacre of the warrior monks at Mount Hiei, and defeated Imagawa Yoshimoto at the Battle of Okehazuma. He allied with Tokugawa Ieyasu to win the Battle of Nagashino, but was killed by Akechi Mitsuhide in 1582. For 10 points, name this daimyo whose goal of unifying all of Japan was achieved by his successor Toyotomi Hideyoshi.;;(Oda) Nobunaga or (Oda) Kipposhi
;;This author wrote an essay in which he removes the entire contents of a hotel fridge in an attempt to store a smoked salmon. Another of his works features the title figure's partnership with the monopod Gavagai, and Roberto della Griva becomes obsessed with his evil twin after being shipwrecked near the International Date Line in his The Island of the Day Before. Three editors' use of Abulafia to create the Plan leads to Belbo's hanging on the title object in one of his works, and this author wrote about a series of mysterious deaths in a monastery in a novel narrated by Adso of Melk. For 10 points, name this Italian author of Foucault's Pendulum and The Name of the Rose.;;(Umberto) Eco
;;Dichotic listening tests provided evidence in support of Broadbent's filter model of this process. The dominant model of this phenomenon posits that people integrate separate feature maps into a saliency map. The cocktail party effect is an example of the ability of the auditory system to direct this phenomenon. A mental disorder in which people demonstrate impairment in this process as well as hyperactive behavior is commonly treated with stimulants such as Ritalin. For 10 points, name this ability to selectively concentrate on something, whose deficit causes a common disorder in young children.;;attention
;;In one of this author's plays, the protagonist calls himself a "poet and poltroon, poltroon and poet" and quotes Shelley's line "Ah me! Alas, pain, pain ever, for ever!" after learning that soldiers killed a woman who bravely hid Mr. Maguire's bag of bombs. Another play by this author ends with a character asserting that "the world's in a terrible state of chassis!" This author wrote a play in which Minnie Powell sacrifices herself to protect the cowardly poet Donal Davoren, as well as a play about a family that becomes unable to collect a legacy because of the incompetence of Charles Bentham. In that play by this author, Joxer Daly constantly drinks with Captain Boyle, the strutting husband of the first title character. For 10 points, name this Irish playwright of The Shadow of a Gunman and Juno and the Paycock.;;(Sean) O'Casey
;;Kevlar and Nomex consist of repeating units of this molecule crosslinked by amide groups. Hafner and Fisher created a sandwich compound consisting of two of these atoms flanking a chromium atom. When this molecule changes hapticity from six to four, it folds along one axis of symmetry. This molecule can be reacted with propylene to yield cumene, and another derivative of it is used with chloroform in DNA extraction. That derivative, which is distinguished by the presence of an attached hydroxide ion, is phenol. For 10 points, name this compound that obeys Huckel's rule, an aromatic ring-shaped molecule with formula C6H6.;;benzene
;;The state of Niyata Micchaaditthi, or permanent skepticism, is one of the garuka kinds of this concept. Kameesu and Paanaatipaata are examples of the ten akusala kinds of this concept, which is also divided into upabidaka, or obstructive, and upaghataka, or destructive types. According to Jainism, this concept causes tiny particles of dirt to impart le'sya, or color, to people's souls. This concept is mainly caused by avijja, or ignorance, and results in vipaka. Arhats do not accumulate new kinds of this concept, but are affected by past kinds. For 10 points, name this concept from Hinduism and Buddhism, the idea that people's intentional actions influence their future lives.;;karma or kamma
;;In one work by this painter, a man in white stares at his extended index finger while a man in blue holds a musket over his shoulder and stares at the viewer. In that painting, this artist showed a massive blue-and-white checked flag behind a horse baring its buttocks to the viewer. He painted two men doffing their caps while one places his right hand on the other's shoulder in that painting, in which pikes and battle-axes dominate the skyline. He painted a picture of Justin of Nassau handing the key to a city to Ambrosio Spinola, a painting sometimes called The Lances. For 10 points, name this painter who executed the Surrender at Breda and also depicted the Infanta Margarita in his Las Meninas.;;(Diego) Velazquez accept (Diego) (Rodriguez) (de) (Silva) (y) Velazquez
;;In one of this author's novels, Selina Redwood rescues a Schiaparelli dress from a collapsing house instead of Joanna Childe, causing Nicholas Farrington to convert to Catholicism. In addition to writing a novel about the women who inhabit the May of Teck Club, this author created a character who attempts to manipulate Rose into sleeping with Mr. Lloyd and victimizes Mary Macgregor. In a novel by this author, the title character advises Joyce Emily to fight for Franco during the Spanish Civil War, but is forced to resign after her special student, Sandy Stranger, accuses her of being a fascist. For 10 points, name this Scottish novelist of The Girls of Slender Means who wrote about a teacher at the Marcia Blaine School for Girls in The Prime of Miss Jean Brodie.;;(Muriel) Spark
;;The name of a modern-day country stems from the "ten arrows" alliance that this people joined. This group reversed a loss dealt by Margrave Luitpold at the Battle of Pressburg, similar to a defeat they dealt to Louis the Child near Augsburg. Although they raided settlements up to Otranto and the Pyrenees and extracted a tribute from the Byzantines, this group was defeated at Lechfeld by Otto the Great, after which their ruler Geza adopted Christianity and this tribe formed a kingdom first led by Stephen I. For 10 points, name this tribe that settled and formed the Kingdom of Hungary.;;Magyars or Hungarians (until) (Hungary) (is) (mentioned)
;;The son of this film's director claims that Charlie Chaplin's Chinese projectionist would faint every time he showed this movie. A scene set "eight years later" in this film shows a man with a metal box strapped around his neck bicycling down the street dressed in a nun's habit. An androgynous woman pokes at a severed hand with a cane in this film, only to be hit by a car; one of the two figures watching her from an upstairs window then drags two pianos filled with decaying dead donkeys across the room. The most recognizable scene in this film shows a woman's eyeball slowly cut by a razor blade. For 10 points, name this surrealist 1921 film, a collaboration between Salvador Dali and Luis Bunuel.;;(Un) chien andalou or (An) Andalusian Dog
;;One island in this body of water is Lord Howe's Island. Cities on its eastern side include Greymouth and New Plymouth, while cities on its western side include Newcastle and Wollongong [WOOL-ung-gong]. Norfolk Island lies in its northern part, near its border with the Coral Sea. Its namesake also gives his name to an island whose capital is Hobart and which is separated by the Bass Strait from mainland Australia. For 10 points, name this body of water between Australia and New Zealand.;;Tasman Sea
;;Paul Theroux detailed this author's monomaniacal behavior in a book named for this writer's "shadow." Derek Walcott called this author "a rodent in old age" in "The Mongoose," a poem written in retaliation for this author's dismissal of Walcott in the first chapter of A Writer's People. This author wrote "The world is what it is; men who are nothing, who allow themselves to become nothing, have no place in it" as the opening line of a novel about a dictator who imprisons the Indian narrator Salim. This author described his journeys to the Islamic world in Beyond Belief and Among the Believers, and gained renown for a novel about Mohun's quest to own a home. For 10 points, name this author of A Bend in the River and A House for Mr. Biswas.;;(Sir) (Vidiadhar) (Surajprasad) Naipaul
;;The frequency of creation of these entities from a long circular cylinder is governed by the Strouhal number. One of these named for Rankine consists of a free one surrounding a forced one. Van Karman names a process of shedding of so-called streets of these - one instance of that process created the resonant force that destroyed the Tacoma Narrows Bridge. They are similar to eddies except they contain no voids in their centers. Usually occurring in regions where the circulation per unit area is non-zero, for 10 points, identify these entities found in fluids; local regions of circulatory flow exemplified by cyclones and tornadoes.;;vortex or vortices
;;The speaker of one poem in this collection promises to "strike you without anger," like Moses struck the rock. One poem in this collection declares "no, there's no bow that plays upon my heart, that perfect instrument," and describes a creature that can scarcely be heard when it mews. This collection contains the poem "The Self-Torturer," as well as a poem that repeats "There is all order and beauty" and another that describes a past-time involving a "weak and gauche" bird that amuses several crewmen. Poems such as "Invitation to a Voyage" and "The Albatross" are found in this collection which was censored for its reference to Satan as "thrice great" and divided into sections like "Wine," and "Spleen and Ideal." For 10 points, name this work of symbolist poetry by Charles Baudelaire.;;(Les) Fleurs du Mal or (The) Flowers of Evil
;;Lucian describes how this figure erected a temple in Northern Syria, where pilgrims carried vessels of sea water bi-annually. One son of this figure deposed Cranaus and formed the Amphictyonic League, which was overthrown by Erichthonius, another king of Athens. After visiting an oracle of Themis, this figure interpreted the "mother" to be Gaia, and her "bones" to be rocks, which he and his wife threw over their shoulders to create people. This was made necessary after Lycaon sacrificed a child to Zeus, who brought a flood, forcing this man and his wife Pyrrha to construct an Ark. For 10 points, name this son of Prometheus and Noah-like figure.;;Deucalion
;;The speaker of W. S. Merwin's poem "Looking for Mushrooms at Sunrise" encounters "chanterelles" of this color, which "pushed through a sleep that was not mine." A Communist who took this color as his surname published an article calling Gertrude Stein "a literary idiot" and wrote the novel Jews Without Money. In "Thirteen Ways of Looking at a Blackbird," Wallace Stevens asks the "thin men of Haddam" why they imagine birds of this color. The speaker of "Sailing to Byzantium" commands sages in a mosaic of this color to be the "singing-masters" of his soul. A poem named for this color declares "Then leaf subsides to leaf / So Eden sank to grief," and begins by claiming that "Nature's first green" is this color. For 10 points, name this color central to a Robert Frost poem whose title claims that nothing of this color can stay.;;gold accept golden on (the) (clue) (about) (Thirteen) (Ways) (of) (Looking) (at) (a) (Blackbird)
;;The Metropolitan Kirill probably commissioned this man's biography, and this man defeated Earl Birger in a battle that gave this man his sobriquet. This man exposed his brother Andrew's conspiracy to Sartak, and his son Daniel founded the House of Moscow. This man collaborated with Batu Khan and the Golden Horde, and he was commissioned by Pope Gregory IX to Christianize the Baltic. A saint of the Russian Orthodox Church, an order named for this man was created by Catherine the Great and revived by the Soviet Union in 1942. For 10 points, name this prince of Novgorod and Kiev who defeated the Teutonic Knights at the Massacre on the Ice in 1242.;;(Alexander) Nevsky or (Aleksandr) Nevsky(;)|(Aleksandr) Yaroslavich
;;In one story by this author, the Italian orphan Tina spurns the chaplain of Cheverel Manor for Anthony Wybrow. That work, "Mr. Gilfil's Love Story," is set near her fictional town of Milby along with her story "Janet's Repentence." In one of her novels, Harold Transome's electioneering results in a riot at which the title character accidentally kills a constable, forcing him to serve prison time before marrying Esther Lyon. Another of her protagonists falls in love with the Methodist preacher Dinah Morris and the dairy farmer Hetty Sorrell. This author of Scenes of Clerical Life and Felix Holt, the Radical also wrote of a weaver from Raveloe who adopts Eppie and hides a stash of gold. For 10 points, name this British author of Adam Bede and Silas Marner.;;(George) Eliot or (Mary) (Ann) Evans
;;Anthony Cheng published a work subtitled after the "myth" of this man decrying the attributed impact of his most famous experiment. While on vacation, this man discovered pure nickel. This teacher of Adolphe Kolbe also purified aluminum, an endeavor at which Davy, Oerstedt, and Berzelius had failed. He is better known for heating a mixture of potassium cyanate and ammonium chloride "without needing a kidney, whether of man or dog" and thus disproving vitalism. For 10 points, name this German chemist who became the first to make an organic molecule from inorganic materials with his synthesis of urea.;;(Fredrich) Wohler
;;This man's son became a paraplegic after being tortured and thrown out of a window, leading him to establish a welfare fund for the disabled. This man did not care if a cat was white or black as long as it caught mice, emblematic of his "seeking truth from facts." This creator of the "one country, two systems" policy attracted foreign investment in the Special Economic Zones and was demoted to one post in favor of Hua Guofeng. The spiritual successor to Zhou Enlai and actual successor to Mao, for 10 points, identify this Chinese chairman whose reign saw the Tiananmen Square protests, and who ruled in the 1980s.;;Deng Xiaoping
;;The beginning of this man's term as Prime Minister saw a standoff between Britain and Spain over control of the Falkand Islands. He became Home Secretary in a coalition with Charles Fox and was succeeded by the Marquess of Rockingham as prime minister. He succeeded Charles Townshend as Chancellor of the Exchequer, was prime minister during the Gordon Riots, and was forced to resign after his country was defeated at the Battle of Yorktown. For 10 points, name this British Prime Minister during the Revolutionary War.;;(Lord) (Frederick) North(,) (Earl) (of) (Guilford)
;;The fourth section of this book begins by comparing people to fish living in a sea of "sensible facts" who are only briefly able to come in contact with the air of abstract ideas above them. The second section of this book argues that belief in an Absolute Mind allows a person to take "a moral holiday." The sixth section of this book critiques the correspondence theory of truth, and claims that truths are "made" by being verified by experience. This book's opening section, "The Present Dilemma in Philosophy," attempts to reconcile the rationalist and empiricist mindsets. It argues that ideas should be judged based on their "cash-value," meaning their practical consequences. For 10 points, name this 1907 book which outlined a new kind of American philosophy, written by William James.;;Pragmatism(:) (A) (New) (Name) (for) (Some) (Old) (Ways) (of) (Thinking)
;;The colony-forming unit CFU-E is central to the differentiation of these cells. As these cells differentiate, they switch from staining basophilic to staining acidophilic. A protein found in these cells is switched by the transcription factor GATA1 from an infant to an adult form. The hormone EPO regulates the production of these cells, which can be produced in an "extramedullary" manner in the spleen and liver. These biconcave cells lack a nucleus. For 10 points, name these that can be "sickle" shaped in a type of anemia, and carry oxygen using hemoglobin.;;red blood cells (accept) RBCs(;)|erythrocytes(;)|erythroid cells(;)|haematids
;;This work contains a chapter opening with "My child, you are not yet a brave and wise lover." Its third section consists of dialogues between a disciple and the voice of the title figure, and is called "Internal Consolation." This work was influenced by the Brethren of the Common Life, and the larger trend of devotio moderna. From the invention of the printing press until the early twentieth century, this book trailed only the Bible in the number of copies in circulation. For 10 points, name this work about spiritual living, which was written sometime around 1400 and is often attributed to Thomas a Kempis.;;(The) Imitation of Christ or Imitatio Christi
;;A statement made by Gustaf Ramstedt, among others, says that the most prevalent of these should actually not be classified as one of them. That statement is the Altaic hypothesis, which concerns a language which includes seven "speech levels" and is written in Hangul. One of these languages is controversially thought to be the reason a nearby tongue saw initial /f/ become initial /h/; that ergative-absolutive language contains the word ezker, which is known to be the source of a Spanish root for "left." For 10 points, give this term, applying to Basque and Korean, which refers to languages that do not have any clear genetic relationship to others.;;language isolates accept isolates after (language)
;;The artist of this painting is said to have repainted its background in richer colors after seeing John Constable's The Haywain, which debuted in the same Salon. In the background of this work, a series of white buildings on a hill give way to the sea under an orange sky. On the right of this painting's foreground, a standing woman obscures her face with her right arm while grappling with the ropes that bind her. Behind the main figures of this painting, a turbaned gunman stands in the shadows and a soldier on a rearing horse draws his saber. It was its artist's second submission to the salon, after The Barque of Dante. For 10 points, name this painting that depicts the slaughter of Greek residents of the namesake island by Turkish oppressors, by Eugene Delacroix.;;(Scenes) (from) (the) Massacre of Chios or (Scenes) (from) (the) Massacre at Chios(,)|(Scene) (des) massacres de Scio
;;One character in this play fires the tutor Weinhold for disagreeing with him and plays a game of whist with Pastor Kittelhaus. Another character is forced to kill his pet dog for food but it unable to keep it down, having not eaten meat for two years. A policeman warns against the singing of a song taught to the central characters of this play by the soldier Moritz Jaeger. This play is subtitled "a drama of the forties" and ends as the elderly Hilse is killed by a stray bullet. The industrialist Dreissiger barely escapes with his family after Becker is freed from police custody and leads an angry mob against his house. For 10 points, name this dramatization of a Silesian wage riot of the title workers, a work of Gerhardt Hauptmann.;;(The) Weavers or (Die) Weber
;;A test symbolized by this letter was developed by William Pugh to determine whether integer solutions exist to a given set of linear equations and inequalities. This letter denotes the density parameter found in the Friedman equation. This letter describes compounds like docosahexaenoic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid, where it indicates the position of the final double bond. Whereas upper asymptotic bounds of functions are denoted with big-O notation, lower asymptotic bounds are denoted this letter writ big. One quantity symbolized by this letter is equal to the inverse of the square root of the inductance times the capacitance in an LC circuit. For 10 points, name this Greek letter a capital one of which is used to denote a quantity equal to the projection of a surface from a point onto the unit sphere, the solid angle.;;omega
;;One character in this story warns its main character that her "imaginative power and habit of story-making" will only aggravate her nervousness. This short story's narrator is dissuaded from visiting Cousin Henry and Julia, and hides the text of this story from her housekeeper, Jennie. The title object's "strangled heads and bulbous eyes and waddling fungus growths" provoke the narrator to free the woman creeping behind it by tearing it away. This short story criticizes the "rest cure" prescribed by doctors such as Silas Weir Mitchell by portraying the breakdown of a woman's mind through her reaction to the title object. For 10 points, name this short story by Charlotte Perkins Gilman set in a room decorated with a hideously colored pattern.;;(The) Yellow Wall(-)Paper
;;This man's namesake angle is defined by the intersection of the nasobasilar and nasosubnasal lines. In encephalitis, the spaces named for him and Robin around the brain's blood vessels become apparent. He names a triad consisting of venous stasis, trauma, and hypercoagulability that predispose a patient to venous thrombosis. This anatomy teacher to Franz Boas was a major opponent of Semmelweiss' hand-washing regime. He added the "functio lasa" condition to classic descriptions of inflammation. This father of pathology may be most famous for the idea that he stated "omnis cellula e cellula", expanding on the work of Theodor Schwann. For 10 points, name this German doctor who elucidated the idea that every cell comes from another cell, thus completing cell theory.;;(Rudolf) Virchow
;;The second movement of this composer's fourth violin sonata depicts boys throwing rocks into a creek in a section marked Allegro conslugarocko. He mocked James Henderson's book What is Good Music? by writing his Three Page Sonata. One of this composer's works includes movements about a boy who falls asleep and dreams about encountering soldiers and a statue commemorating the soldiers of the 54th Massachusetts regiment; those movements are titled "Putnam's Camp" and "The St. Gaudens' in Boston Common." This composer's second piano sonata is divided into movements called "Emerson," "Hawthorne," "The Alcotts," and "Thoreau." For 10 points, name this American modernist composer of Three Places in New England and the Concord Sonata.;;(Charles) Ives
;;In the eighth chapter of this novel, Ayesha leads Mishal and other pilgrims on a march into the Arabian Sea, causing them to drown. Out of jealousy, the protagonist of this novel kills S. S. Sisodia and Allie Cone. The protagonist is haunted by a former lover who committed suicide by jumping off Everest Vilas, Rekha Merchant, and dreams the other main plots of this novel, which describe the fanaticism of the Imam and the rise to power of Mahound. This novel begins with the explosion of an airplane over the English Channel, causing the two main characters to fall and transform into an angel and a devil. For 10 points, name this novel about Saladin Chamcha and Gibreel Farishta, which caused its author, Salman Rushie, to be targeted by a fatwa issued by the Ayatollah Khomeini.;;(The) Satanic Verses
;;This man once declared himself the only heterosexual on the planet, and gave propagandist rants during the so-called "white nights." He was opposed by the Concerned Relatives. A 76-year-old woman named Hyacinth Thrash was the only survivor discovered at the site of this man's worst atrocities, which occurred the same day that his "Red Brigade" shot up the Port Kaituma airstrip, killing Leo Ryan and four others. In those atrocities, over nine hundred people either voluntarily or unwillingly drank valium- and cyanide-laced Flavor-Aid. For 10 points, name this leader of the People's Temple who ordered a 1978 mass suicide in a namesake town in Guyana.;;(Jim) Jones or (James) (Warren) Jones
;;An alloy of iron, neodymium and this element forms a tetrahedral structure in strongest permanent magnet known. A reagent containing this element has two atoms of it flanked by two cyclooctadine rings, and a class of reducing agents incorporating it have it bonded to 3 sec-butyl groups with a lithium counterion. Besides 9-BBN and the selectrides, this atom is also bonded to four hydride atoms with a sodium counterion in a gentler alternative to lithium aluminum hydride. One class of derivatives of this element are given prefixes like closo- and arachno-; many of those compounds dimerize via three-center two-electron bonds to satisfy the octet rule. A common anti-Markovnikov reaction uses this element, which has isotopes of atomic weight 10 and 11. For 10 points, name this element with atomic number five.;;boron or B
;;One battle in this war included Von Bredow's surprisingly successful cavalry charge, dubbed the "Death Ride," and is the textbook example of a "meeting engagement." In addition to the Battle of Mars-la-Tour, this war saw one side led by Marshal Achille Bazaine inflict heavy casualties at the Battle of Gravelotte, which led to the Siege of Metz. One side in this war, though equipped with the chassepot rifle, was nevertheless defeated by troops led by Helmuth von Moltke, who overwhelmed soldiers led by Patrice MacMahon. The losing side in this war was accused of sending the Ems Dispatch, and its leader was was captured during this war's Battle of Sedan. For 10 points, name this conflict orchestrated by Otto von Bismarck, which pitted a confederation of German states against the Second Empire led by Napoleon III.;;Franco(-)Prussian War|Franco(-)German War(;)|1870 War
;;The son of one woman of this name was a Trojan warrior loved by Sarpedon and named Atymnius. In addition to King Phoenix's wife, the more famous figure of this name was associated with both a crown and a throne, as she was upside-down for half of eternity. Some accounts say that her country was destroyed by a flood, but all accounts agree that her words upset the fifty daughters of Doris and Nereus, resulting more famously in the whale-like Cetus ravaging the shores of Ethiopia. After consulting an oracle with her husband Cepheus, this figure chained up her daughter as a sacrifice to the sea monster. For 10 points, name this mother of Andromeda.;;Cassiopeia
;;This air force captured and transported an enemy P-12 radar in Operation Rooster during the so-called War of Attrition that took place after the failure of the Jarring Mission. One of its early casualties was the American volunteer Bob Vickman and this air force succeeded in destroying over four hundred of its opponent's grounded craft in Operation Focus. This force bombed a nuclear reactor at Osirak during Operation Opera. It destroyed eleven Ugandan aircraft and transported Special Forces enroute to freeing over two hundred hostages in a raid on Entebbe. For 10 points, name this air force which has distinguished itself during the Six Day War and Yom Kippur War.;;Israeli (Air) (Force)
;;This artist opened a school in Grunewald whose six star pupils included Lisa Milker, Anna Denzler, and Irma Erich-Grimme, who later adapted her last name. The Delsarte technique inspired this artist to crusade against restrictive corsets and toe shoes, which she believed unnaturally restricted the force of gravity. She thought that the soul existed in the solar plexus, which she considered the source of bodily movements. Her admiration for ancient Greek culture led her to break from the artificiality of classical ballet and dance in a loose, natural style in free-flowing costumes and bare feet. For 10 points, name this American dancer, a leading pioneer of modern dance, who died of a broken neck in 1927 when her long, flowing scarf became caught in the wheel of a car.;;(Isadora) Duncan
;;In one scene in this story, a character goes to visit a baptism, saying "It is good to pray sometimes" when asked if it was an amusing ceremony. In another scene, nuns tell the title character about their mission to help soldiers afflicted with small pox. At the end of this story, Cornudet begins to ferociously whistle the "Marseillaise." While the title character shares her picnic basket with others, she receives none of their food at the end of this story. The title character, whose real name is Elizabeth Rousset, ultimately gives in to her fellow travelers' pressures and sleeps with a Prussian officer so that the carriage may proceed. For 10 points, name this Guy de Maupassant story about the titular rotund French prostitute.;;Boule de Suif|Ball of Fat
;;Kenneth Iverson argued that this concept applied to computer algorithms. The Kennenberg and Brown critique of this idea centers on the fact that its proposers never proved a causal relationship, and examines the distinction between blue and green. The discovery of eleven "color foci" by Paul Kay and Brent Berlin helped discredit this idea, and James Cooke Brown developed Loglan to test it. Geoffrey Pullum attempted to discredit this idea in an essay about an "Eskimo vocabulary hoax." This principle, which was described using an analogy of a canoe on a beach, was created to explain why the Hopi have a radically different concept of time than English speakers. For 10 points, name this statement that asserts that one's language determines one's thoughts and perceptions, a hypothesis named after two linguists.;;Sapir(-)Whorf hypothesis|linguistic relativity
;;This man proposed multiple realizability in his arguments against brain state theory. He countered many of his previous ideas in Representation and Reality. This thinker argued for the reality of mathematics in an indispensability thesis named for him and Quine. In the 1950s, he compared minds to computers in his theories on functionalism. XYZ replaces H2O in a thought experiment formulated by this man. He argued that we cannot be brains in a vat and argued against linguistic internalism and for externalism, which he illustrated by creating a thought experiment in which two worlds are exactly the same except for one minute difference. For 10 points, name this American philosopher known for his Twin Earth thought experiment.;;(Hilary) (Whitehall) Putnam
;;The speaker of one of this author's poems resolves to lie down in "the foul rag and bone shop of the heart" after he "sought a theme and sought for it in vain." One of this author's title characters declares "Love has pitched his mansion in / The place of excrement" upon being told to "Live in a heavenly mansion, not in some foul sty." This author of "The Circus Animals' Desertion" and "Crazy Jane Talks With the Bishop" wrote a poem whose title character feels "a lonely impulse of delight" and asserts "I know that I shall meet my fate / Somewhere among the clouds above." His theory that history was a revolving series of gyres inspired him to write a poem that asks "what rough beast" "Slouches towards Bethlehem to be born?" For 10 points, name this poet of "An Irish Airman foresees his Death" and "The Second Coming.".;;(William) (Butler) Yeats
;;Members of this group use an acronym called "SPICES" to reflect "Simplicity" and "Stewardship." Some members of this group drafted a statement of faith called the "Richmond Declaration." Elias Hicks' faction sparred with the more "Orthodox" members of this group. Typically, worship services held by this group are "unprogrammed," with long stretches of silence between every speaker. This group believes that believers have an "inner light" reflecting God's presence. For 10 points, name this order founded by George Fox, whose notable members included William Penn and whose colloquial name refers to their so-called habit of "trembling" before God.;;Quakers or (Religious) Society of Friends
;;This painter depicted a string holding up a central clock in a painting that depicts a two-faced man, a vase of flowers, and a meeting of aquatic creatures. This painter of Fish Magic showed a group of tan and yellow arch-like structures in his painting Viaducts Break Rank. Walter Benjamin (ben-ya-MEEN) owned this painter's Angelus Novus, which Benjamin claimed represented the "angel of history." He also painted four stick-like animals opening their beaks atop a crank-driven apparatus. For 10 points, name this longtime teacher at the Bauhaus who painted the Twittering Machine.;;(Paul) Klee clay
;;In one short story by this author, a doctor is reminded that he would scream loudly if his fingers were slammed in a door before despairing at the sight of flames from a bone mill. In that story by this author, Dr. Ragin runs a mental institution that houses the paranoid Gromov. This author also penned a story in which Nikolai is content to grow stunted fruits on his estate. In another of his short stories, Gurov romances Anna Sergeevna, a woman he meets in Yalta while she is walking her pet. For 10 points, name this author of "Ward Number Six," "The Lady with the Lapdog," and "Gooseberries," who also wrote plays like The Cherry Orchard.;;(Anton) (Pavlovich) Chekhov
;;This ruler was opposed by John Deydras and Humphrey de Bohun and his advisors included Aymer de Valence. This man was forced to sign concessions to the Ordainers and showed much favor in his late life to Hugh Despenser the Younger. He married Isabella of France, the daughter of Philip the Fair, although historians have noted his strong relationship with Piers Gaveston. He was deposed following an invasion led by Roger Mortimer and his army had earlier been defeated by the troops of Robert Bruce at the Battle of Bannockburn in 1314. For 10 points, name this English king who succeeded Edward Longshanks.;;Edward II of (England)
;;A nuclear isoform of this protein's Class I co-localizes with RNA polymerase II and is required for transcription initiation. This protein's Class VI is absent in the Snell's waltzer mutant; that class, class VII, and class XV are missing or malformed in a variety of nonsyndromic hearing impairments including Usher's syndrome. Class II of this protein contains two regulatory light chains, two essential light chains, and two heavy chains. That class is found in the A band of a sarcomere, is connected to titin at the M line, and makes up most of the "thick filaments." For 10 points, name this protein slides along actin to produce muscle contraction.;;myosin
;;Most of the sheep farming in this region occurs in the cool zone between Mar del Plata and Tandil. Heavy Italian immigration helped settle this region's Cordoba, Santa Fe, and Mendoza provinces. At its north, this region abuts the desert known as the Gran Chaco, while its south runs into the semi-arid plateau Patagonia. It is the setting for a characteristic romantic literature about the duels of honor fought by the gauchos. For 10 points, identify this region which is home to Buenos Aires and comprises the open plains of Argentina.;;(the) Pampas|(La) Pampa
;;The winning side in this war withdrew from a city it had occupied during the war to prevent conflict with the British, who owned a license to the nickel mines in that city, Petsamo. The losing side in this war had built part of the Enckell Line, which was superseded by the Mannerheim Line. In a follow-up to the conflict called the Continuation War, the losing side attacked the Soviet Union concurrently with Germany's Operation Barbarossa and briefly regained Karelia and parts of Lake Ladoga. For 10 points, name this          5. Huitzilopochtli threw one of these objects belonging to Copil into Lake Texcoco. People were buried squatting and carrying a jade bead, which represented them, in the seventh trial on the journey to Mictlan. When people questioned Hanuman's reverence for Rama and Sita, he showed them that they resided in this object of his. Birds warned Sigurd of Regin's arrival after the former ate the one belonging to Fafnir. Ammit devoured the ones heavier than the feather of Ma'at. As a sacrifice to the sun gods, Aztec priests extracted these objects from living victims. For 10 points, name these organs through which a stake must be pushed to kill a vampire.;;hearts
;;One work by this artist inspired a Sylvia Plath poem in which a mother keeps ill-bred aunts and disfigured cousins away from the speaker's christening. In another of this artist's paintings, a train is in the background while pineapples, bananas and a Greek sculpture are in the foreground. One work by this artist of La Reve Transforme contains a painting-within-a-painting of an industrial complex. Another of his works shows dummies among an empty urban square. This artist of Metaphysical Interior with Large Factory and The Disquieting Muses painted a work that shows a menacing shadow in the back, an open wagon on the right, and a girl rolling a hoop up a road. For 10 points, name this Greek-Italian painter of Melancholy and Mystery of a Street.;;(Giorgio) (de) Chirico
;;A play by this author ends with the protagonist's wife Sarah urging him to "blow on the coal of the heart." In a poem by this author, the speaker describes darkness rising over Ecbatan, Kermanshah, Baghdad, and Palmyra, and imagines lying "face downward in the sun" and feeling "how swift how secretly / the shadow of the night comes on." Another of this author's poems recommends that a work of art be "wordless as the flight of birds" and "palpable and mute / as a globed fruit." This author wrote a play in which Nickles and Mr. Zuss put on the masks of Satan and God and watch the title character react to calamities originally visited upon Job. For 10 points, name this author of "You, Andrew Marvell" and J. B., an American poet who wrote "a poem should not mean but be" in "Ars Poetica.".;;(Archibald) MacLeish
;;The ratio of the rate of emission of these particles to Auger ionization is proportional to the third power of atomic number. Dust particles lose momentum after interaction with these particles in Poynting-Robertson drag. Pair production generates an electron and positron from one of these particles. One cross-section for scattering of these particles by charges is given by eight pi over three times the square of the classical particle radius, that being the Thompson cross-section; another such cross-section is the Klein-Nishina formula. The energy of one of these is equal to Planck's constant times its frequency. For 10 points, name these particles that carry the electromagnetic force and travel at the speed of light because they are the quanta of light.;;photons
;;This poet described his work as "the roll, the rise, the carol, the creation" in his "To R.B," which was addressed to the compiler and popularizer of his work, Robert Bridges. He wrote of a man who suffered from "Fatal four disorders" and concludes that "seeing the sick endears them to us, us too it endears" in a poem about the death of a farrier. This poet praised "the achieve of; the mastery of the thing!" in a poem dedicated "to Christ our Lord" which describes the flight of a "dapple-dawn-drawn Falcon." He wrote of his appreciation for "All things counter, original, spare, strange" in a poem which opens "Glory be to God for dappled things." For 10 points, name this Catholic priest and poet of "Felix Randal," "The Windhover," and "Pied Beauty.".;;(Gerard) (Manley) Hopkins
;;This philosopher explains his inability to understand interactions from sense-data, ending an essay that tackles skepticism by claiming the absolute certainty of a few beliefs. This philosopher argues that goodness is non-natural and indefinable in terms of other properties. This author invites the reader to substitute "pleasant" for anything in the sentence "Is it good that x is pleasant?" to argue that value cannot be analyzed in the open-question argument. That question is further examined by this philosopher for his refutation of the "naturalistic fallacy." For 10 points, name this British philosopher who wrote Principia Ethica.;;(George) (Edward) Moore
;;In one work by this author, a committee uses garbage trucks to create a huge traffic jam to assist the title character in paying her debts before the arrival of a bailiff. The title character of another novel by this author has a father named Alfons who retires from running a coal company to become a consummate talk show guest. The former Hitler Youth leader Herbert Kalick is hit by the performer Hans Schnier in that book by this man, who also wrote a novel in which the Faehmel family reconciles over a cake designed as a replica of St. Anthony's Abbey. For 10 points, name this German author of Group Portrait with a Lady, The Clown, and Billiards at Half-Past Nine.;;(Heinrich) Boll
;;The eighth chapter of this novel introduces a storyline about Federico Tellez Unzategui, who becomes obsessed with exterminating rats after rats eat his baby sister. Its sixth chapter describes the trial of Gumercindo Tello, who offers to castrate himself in court to prove that he did not rape Sarita Salaverria. One of this novel's title characters is based on Raul Salmon, and is hired by Genaro Jr., although his hatred of Argentina causes friction with his employer, Radio Panamerica. The even chapters of this novel contain screenplays that become confused with one another and resemble the love affair between the narrator and the first title character. For 10 points, name this novel that interweaves radio soap operas by Pedro Camacho and the romance of Mario Varguitas, written by Mario Vargas Llosa.;;Aunt Julia and the Scriptwriter or (La) tia Julia y el escribidor
;;Followed by "beautiful," this word refers to a turn of the century movement which resulted in the McMillan Plan and sought to improve way of life through the construction of imposing monuments. The New Zealander Charles Reade worked with Ebenezer Howard to design the "garden" type of these, which were inspired by Edward Bellamy's Looking Backward. Joel Garreau posited "Boomers," "Greenfields," and "Uptowns" as the edge varieties of these. Ernest Burgess described them with the concentric zone model. The metaphors of these entities as "containers" and "magnets" is central to a Lewis Mumford work that documents them "in history." For 10 points, name these population centers that are surrounded by suburbs.;;cities or city
;;In polymer chemistry, an equation that includes the free volume fraction, the Doolittle Equation, better describes the temperature dependence of viscosity than this equation. The development of transition state theory led to the creation of an equation for more complex situations than this equation can handle; that equation is named for Polanyi and Eyring. In collision theory, the leading coefficient of this equation is replaced with the collision frequency, Z, and the steric factor, p. The right hand side of this equation more commonly contains a pre-exponential factor labeled A. For 10 points, name this equation that relates temperature and the rate constant.;;Arrhenius Equation
;;This ruler replaced the Third Department with a secret police force called the Okhrana which was headed by his interior minister Loris Melikof. This ruler banned the use of the Ukranian language with the Ems Ukaz and banned Polish after he put down the January Uprising. He signed the Aigun Treaty with Qing China and initiated the Zemstvo system. After winning battles at Pleven and Shipka Pass, he signed the Treaty of San Stefano with the Ottoman Empire. This man was assassinated by the terrorist group People's Will after his Emancipation Reform of 1861freed the serfs. For 10 points, name this Russian tsar who reigned from 1855 to 1881.;;Alexander II
;;This composer commemmorated Joseph de Marliave by writing a toccata that begins with sixteen consecutive E's. Marliave's wife Marguerite Long performed the premiere of this composer's Piano Concerto in G major, which begins with a whip crack. Inspired by Schubert to compose a suite of eight Noble and Sentimental Waltzes, this composer was commissioned by Paul Wittgenstein to write his D major Piano Concerto for the Left Hand. This composer's nostalgia for Spanish culture inspired him to produce both his Rapsodie espagnole and his Pavane for a Dead Princess. Another of his pieces was originally commissioned as a ballet by Ida Rubinstein, and repeats a single theme over a ostinato rhythm played on a snare drum. For 10 points, name this French composer of Bolero.;;(Maurice) Ravel
;;During one battle in these conflicts, the life of a commander was saved after a sailor named Reuben James took a sword wound for his superior. One of these conflicts saw Tobias Lear sent as a peace envoy following a decisive victory at the Battle of Derne. Another began with the capture of the Meshuda at the Battle of Cape Gata after a declaration of war by Umar ben Muhammed. One of these conflicts led to a British bombardment of Algiers and another saw the U.S.S. Philadelphia set ablaze following the actions of Stephen Decatur. For 10 points, name this series of wars fought between the United States and North African pirates.;;Barbary Wars
;;A chorus of shepherds in this opera sing "Emily, Emily, Michael, Bartholomew / How are your children and how are your sheep" before presenting gifts such as olives and quinces. One of its characters is comically hard of hearing, and offers black licorice to this opera's protagonist in the aria "This is my box." This opera's female lead sings "All that gold!" and attempts to steal it before being caught by the Page and pardoned by King Melchior. At the end of this opera, the title character gives his crutch to the Christ child, causing his leg to miraculously heal. Its original performance took place on Christmas Eve, 1951, and was broadcast by NBC. For 10 points, name this opera about a crippled boy's encounter with the Magi, composed for television by Gian-Carlo Menotti.;;Amahl and the Night Visitors
;;An N-acetyl derivative of this amino acid is used in over-the-counter expectorants, and TGF-beta has a characteristic group of nine of these residues, eight of which form a namesake knot. The catalytic site of caspases contains histidine and this amino acid, and along with histidine, it coordinates with zinc ions in zinc finger motifs. This amino acid is present in high concentrations in keratin and thus in human hair. For 10 points, name this amino acid that can form disulfide bonds, unlike methionine, and is symbolized C.;;cysteine
;;One character in this novel ponders choosing between "the woman from the bulrush basket or the woman from Plato's myth," and that character abides by the "rule of threes" in his relationships with women. While in Geneva, one character in this novel falls in love with the university professor Franz, who is obsessed with the kitsch he finds in the movement called "The Great March." The protagonist's favorite mistress is the painter Sabina, who ends up in California at this work's end. Its protagonist has a son named Simon and dies with Tereza in a car accident. For 10 points, Tomas's life just before the Prague Spring is chronicled in what Milan Kundera novel?.;;(The) Unbearable Lightness of Being or Nesnesitelna Lekhost Byti(;)|L'Insoutenable Legerite de l'tre
;;Late in his life, this artist produced prints like The Knife Thrower and The Snail, known as his "cutouts." He painted a figure with an unnaturally twisted buttock in a work subtitled "Souvenir de Biskra," as well as a portrait of his wife with her face split in two by a "green line." This painter of Blue Nude depicted the title color bleeding from the floor to the wallpaper in his painting The Red Room. He used a half-blue and half-green landscape to display five red figures in a circle in another painting, a scene reimagined in this artist's The Joy of Life. For 10 points, name this painter of The Dance, the leader of Fauvism.;;(Henri) Matisse
;;As a result of this event, Henricus Vos and Johannes van den Esschen were executed. A meeting in Speyer temporarily retracted the central result of this event, which resulted in a proclamation authored by Girolamo Aleandro. The Archbishop of Trier, Johann Eck, spoke for the emperor who convened it. Frederick the Wise guaranteed that one man would have safe passage to and from this meeting. It took place the year after Pope Leo X issued the papal bull Exurge Domine, which demanded that a man retract forty-one errors in his writings. Instead of retracting his errors, that man allegedly stated at this meeting "Here I stand; I can do no other." For 10 points, name this 1521 meeting whose namesake edict outlawed Martin Luther as a heretic.;;Diet of Worms or Reichstag zu Worms
;;After the grandmother of this novel's narrator dies, his mother begins obsessively reading the letters of Madame Sevigne. This novel's narrator joins a salon consisting of the "faithful," whose members include the polish sculptor Ski, Dr. Cottard, and the author Bergotte. In the fifth section of this novel, the narrator's jealousy that his lover may be secretly having lesbian affairs causes him to attempt to keep that lover, Albertine, in his room. This novel's third volume describes the narrator's disenchantment with the Duchess of Guermantes. In its opening volume, the narrator recalls his childhood in Combray after tasting a madeleine. For 10 points, name this novel whose sections include Sodom and Gomorrah, Time Regained, and Swann's Way, the masterpiece of Marcel Proust.;;In Search of Lost Time or Remembrance of Things Past(;)|(A) la Recherche du Temps Perdu
;;An apocryphal story describes this figure harvesting a hundred bushels from a single grain. In one speech, he attacked people who "hold on to the traditions of men," and his description of the end times is sometimes called the Olivet discourse. Abraham Lincoln quoted this man's assertion that "a house divided cannot stand," and he withered a fig tree when it failed to provide him with fruit. One selection of this man's teachings is known as the Great Commission, and he gave a speech in the Upper Room. This man aided in the catching of 153 fish and was spotted on the Road to Emmaus after his death. For 10 points, name this religious figure who walked on water and was crucified.;;Jesus
;;The volunteer "four-minute men" gave speeches supporting this war. During this war, the American Protective League conducted illegal raids on supposed "slackers." Propaganda supporting this war was disseminated by a committee led by George Creel. The Nye Committee's investigation into the profits munitions companies made from this war helped lead to policy of isolationism embodied in three Neutrality Acts. The speech entering the United States into this war declared that "the world must be made safe for democracy." For 10 points, name this war that prompted the creation of the League of Nations and took place during the presidency of Woodrow Wilson.;;World War I or (the) Great War
;;This man's government hosted the World People's Conference of Climate Change as a follow up of the Copenhagen conference. He supports the Red Ponchos movement and most recently he defeated rival Manfred Reyes Villa in an election. He was elected president following a series of protests regarding his country's production of natural gas. The party he heads led rallies in 2000 protesting water privatization in Cochabamba. He succeeded Eduardo Rodriguez in his current post, where he leads the Movement for Socialism party and advocates policies like the teaching of Quechua in classrooms and the legalization of coca farming. For 10 points, name this indigenous President of Bolivia.;;(Evo) Morales
;;One incident in this conflict was Operation Praying Mantis, which occurred after the near destruction of the Samuel B. Roberts. The United States carried out Operations Earnest Will and Prime Chance during this conflict to protect ships during the "Tanker War" phase. The U.S. supplied "dump bombs" to one side in this conflict, although thanks to an illegal arms deal involving the Contras, it was also indirectly supplying the other side as well. During the waning days of this conflict, one side inflicted the Halabja poison gas attack on its Kurdish population. For 10 points, name this war that lasted between 1980 and 1988 and saw two Middle Eastern nations fight each other under the leadership of the Ayatollah Khomeini and Saddam Hussein.;;Iran(-)Iraq War (order) (does) (not) (matter(,)) (accept) Imposed War(,) Holy Defense(,) (and) Saddam's Qadisiyyah
;;The Heilbronn Problem is to find the set of points on the edge of a unit-area shape that maximizes the area of the smallest of these thus formed. The construction of one of these objects is the subject of a problem posed by Lemoine whose solution is the Kiepert hyperbola. These objects have two points defined by a certain angle all three of which are named for Brocard. Whether or not three lines in these objects will be concurrent can be determined using Ceva's theorem. One method of finding the area of these objects uses the semiperimeter and side lengths and is called Hero's formula. For 10 points, name these planar figures, the area of one of which is half its base times its height.;;triangles
;;The magnitude of this effect and the sheet resistivity can be measured simultaneously in the four-contact van der Pauw method. The constant characterizing the process underlying this effect can then be written as one over the quantity fundamental charge times sheet density times sheet resistance - that quantity is the constant of proportionality between the charge drift velocity and applied electric field and is known as the mobility. This effect can be explained by considering the Lorentz force on a drifting charge carrier, so its sign determines the majority carrier in semiconductors. The magnitude of this effect scales with applied magnetic field, so it can be used to make sensitive magnetometers. For 10 points, name this electromagnetic effect, the creation of a voltage gradient perpendicular to an applied current in a magnetized material.;;(the) Hall effect
;;The NAIRU model for this phenomenon is advocated by Milton Friedman and proposes a baseline for it. Edmund Phelps's investigations into it yielded an expectations-augmented form of one model of it. Causes of this include sectoral shift, which has frictional and structural forms. Arthur Okun proposed that economic output decreases by two to three percentage points for every one percentage point this rate increases. Excluding changes from business cycles yields the natural rate of this phenomenon, and William Phillips observed a correlation between an increase in wages with a decrease in this. For 10 points, name phenomena in which willing people are unable to find jobs.;;unemployment
;;This man had the nickname "Stone Arse," although he liked to note a more accurate nickname was "Iron Arse." This man's pilot, Endel Puusepp, was honored for a dangerous flight transporting this man to Washington D.C. His Jewish wife, Polina, was put in a labor camp on suspicion of treason, but was later freed after the leader this man worked for died. While working for that leader, he earlier imposed harsh penalties on peasants caught "gleaning" the harvest with the Law of Spikelets. This man co-names a treaty which was broken when his country was invaded in Operation Barbarossa. That treaty was a non-aggression pact co-signed with German Foreign Minister von Ribbentrop. For 10 points, name this Commissar for Foreign Affairs in the Soviet Union under Stalin.;;(Vyacheslav) (Mikhailovich) Molotov or (Vyacheslav) (Mikhailovich) Scriabin
;;In one of this author's poems, the speaker laments that his sins "pass the Jews' impiety" because he crucifies Jesus not once, but "daily, being now glorified." In another of this author's poems, the speaker asks God "like Adamant to draw" his "iron heart" after imploring "Thou hast made me, and shall thy work decay?" A third poem by this author pleads "That I may rise, and stand, o'erthrow me, and bend / Your force to break, blow, burn, and make me new" after the speaker asks "three-person'd God" to "batter" his heart. For 10 points, name this British poet who wrote "death shall be no more; death, thou shalt die" in the tenth of his Holy Sonnets, which begins "Death, be not proud.".;;(John) Donne
;;This composer responded to the death of his four year old daughter by writing his opus fifteen piano trio in G minor. This composer's first string quartet ends with a movement whose coda includes a sustained high E natural, representing high-pitched tones ringing in his ears. He composed a symphonic poem depicting the massacre of Ctirad's men by Sarka, as well as a symphonic poem depicting the St. John Rapids, which begins with two flutes representing the two sources of the title river. This composer of a string quartet subtitled "From My Life" wrote a cycle of six nationalistic tone poems about his home country, beginning with one named for the fortress of Vysehrad. For 10 points, name this nineteenth century Czech composer of Ma Vlast, which includes his tone poem "The Moldau.".;;(Bedrich) Smetana
;;This quantity is given by square root of h over two pi square root of c times reduced mass times the microwave spectrum line spacing in the rigid rotor approximation. Aromaticity was discovered upon finding via x-ray crystallography that benzene possesses only two values for this quantity. This quantity decreases as the p-character decreases, and it decreases as bond order increases. For 10 points, name this quantity, the average distance between two atoms that share electrons in a molecule, which can vary for carbon-carbon bonds from one hundred twenty to one hundred fifty-four nanometers.;;bond length
;;Upon hearing that a god does not know the word "alas," this character exclaims "Time in its aging course teaches all things." In a monologue, this character describes how he was the first to yoke animals and his discovery bronze, iron, silver, and gold. Oceanus counsels him to submit, although this character prophecies to Io that Zeus will be overthrown. At the end of the play named for this character, a bolt of lightning causes him to sink into an abyss. At the beginning of that play, this character is carried onstage by Kratos and Bia, and placed in chains by Haephestus. For 10 points, name this Titan, the title character of an Aeschylus play in which he is bound.;;Prometheus
;;One performer of this instrument co-founded Quintette du Hot Club de France along with the violinist Stephane Grappelli, and developed a new fingering system for this instrument after losing mobility in his left ring and pinky fingers. Another performer of this instrument appeared regularly with organist Melvin Rhyne and composed the tunes "Four on Six" and "West Coast Blues." A third performer of this instrument collaborated with his wife and a saxophonist to produce the seminal album of bossa nova, Getz/Gilberto. This instrument was played by Django Reinhardt, Wes Montgomery, and Charlie Christian, who demonstrated the viability of this instrument's electric version as a solo instrument. For 10 points, name this stringed instrument played by blues musicians such as Blind Lemon Jefferson and B. B. King.;;guitar
;;This work describes a process by which individuality manifests itself in cellular, genetic, organic, and combinatory ways. One place examined in this text is located in Mettray. This work opens by discussing the treatment of Robert-Francois Damiens. A central concept in this work is the "unequal gaze," which allows the observers to watch without those being watched to know about it. This work argues that the central institutions create "docile bodies" through observation, which is exemplified by Jeremy Bentham's "Panopticon." For 10 points, name this work subtitled "The Birth of the Prison," by Michel Foucault.;;Discipline and Punish(:) (The) (Birth) (of) (the) (Prison)|Surveiller et punir(:) (Naissance) (de) (la) (Prison)
;;One character in this novel invents the story of Leni, a French cabaret singer who is forced to spy on the Nazi officer Werner. In its ninth and tenth chapters, that character describes an island where black workers who rebel against banana plantations are turned into zombies by a witch doctor. One of its main characters loves the waiter Gabriel, and retells I Walked With a Zombie and Cat People to a Marxist revolutionary. At the end of this novel, Molina is shot to death by the police, while Valentin is left in an idyllic stream of consciousness after being brutally tortured. For 10 points, name this 1976 novel about an Argentinean political prisoner listening to his gay cellmate tell movie plots, written by Manuel Puig.;;Kiss of the Spider Woman or (El) beso de la mujer arana
;;This author's great grandniece wrote a historical novel about Gustav III called The King with Two Faces as well as the poems "The White Women" and "The Other Side of a Mirror." This author wrote a poem celebrating "the one Life within us and abroad, which meets all motion and becomes its soul," which is addressed to "My pensive Sara!" This poet's eight "Conversation poems" include a poem whose speaker feels "A grief without a pang, void, dark, and drear," as well as "The Aeolian Harp." Another of this author's poems declares "He prayeth best who loveth best, all things both great and small" and is narrated by a Wedding Guest who "stoppeth one of three." For 10 points, name this Romantic poet of "Dejection: An Ode," who wrote about a sailor who shoots an albatross with a crossbow in "The Rime of the Ancient Mariner.".;;(Samuel) (Taylor) Coleridge
;;One example of this type of biome is the relatively flat hamada, or reg [REHJ], which is contrasted with the less flat erg. In the Koppen classification system, this biome is given the classifications BWh and BWk. Clay, iron, and manganese oxide collect on rocks in this biome in a process known as its namesake varnishing. Flat, smooth areas in this biome are known as its namesake pavement. Because of Hadley cell circulation, these biomes are often found near latitudes of thirty degrees north and south. They are often found near mountain ranges because of the rain shadow effect. For 10 points, name this biome which is defined by its lack of precipitation.;;deserts
;;One daughter of this woman eloped with the King of Dulichium while married to the King of Arcadia. This woman's husband helped Odysseus court his niece Penelope. The role that this mother of Phoebe, Philonoe, and Timandra played is sometimes also filled by Nemesis, and involves her lover coming to her arms to seek protection from an eagle. This woman slept with her husband Tyndareus, resulting in two eggs containing Clytemnestra, Helen, Castor, and Pollux. For 10 points, name this queen of Sparta who bore those children after Zeus impregnated her in the form of a swan.;;Leda
;;One of these objects has a Turkish name meaning "grey falcon" and can be found in the Fatih quarter of Istanbul. Another of these objects contains a statue of St. Stephen and formerly contained a statue of Hercules, who is said to be the founder of the city where it is located. Besides the Valens and Segovia examples, another of these objects was designed by William Mulholland and was accused of "raping" the Owens Valley. That structure runs from the Eastern Sierra Nevadas to Los Angeles. In ancient times, these structures were described in the writings of Frontinus and in Book Eight of Vitruvius' De Architectura. For 10 points, name these structures used in ancient Rome which serve as conduits to transport water.;;Aqueducts
;;In the third act of this opera, characters watch a ballet in which people dressed as Spanish gypsies sing about a matador named Piquillo. The male lead in this opera confesses his love for the female lead in the duet "Un di felice eterea," although he later humiliates her by throwing his gambling winnings at her feet. The first act of this opera ends with the title character singing "Sempre libera," and is set at a party whose guests sing "Libiamo, libiamo, ne' lieti calici," this opera's brindisi, or drinking song. Germont convinces this opera's title character to return to Paris and abandon her lover Alfredo, causing her to die of tuberculosis. For 10 points, name this Verdi opera about Violetta, the title courtesan.;;(La) Traviata
;;Following the withdrawal of United States troops in 1926, this country was plunged into the Constitutionalist War. This country was once led by Adolfo Diaz who angered the United States by negotiating with Germany and Japan over the proposed canal which was the subject of a treaty between William Jennings Bryan and its Chamorro family. In 1856, William Walker appointed himself president of this country. It was ruled for four decades by the Somoza family, until a 1979 rebellion replaced them by a junta led by Daniel Ortega. For 10 points, name this Central American country which is home to the Sandinistas.;;(Republic) (of) Nicaragua
;;Enthalpy, entropy, heat capacity, and the coefficient of this quantity are the subjects of the four Lee-Kesler tables. An analogue of Raoult's law that instead invokes this quantity is named for this quantity's originator and Merle Randall. One definition of activity gives it as the ratio of this quantity in the actual to steady state. The chemical potential may be given as Boltzmann's constant times temperature times the natural log of this quantity. This quantity's dimensionless coefficient is the ratio of it to pressure and measures a gas's degree of non-ideality. Introduced by Gilbert Lewis, for 10 points, name this measure of adjusted pressure that gives a substance's tendency to escape a given phase.;;fugacity
;;One character in this play determines which of his nephews to leave his fortune to by alternately posing as the broker Mr. Premium and the poor relation Mr. Stanley. In the fourth act of this play, one character's hypocrisy is exposed when a screen in his house is drawn up, revealing the wife of Sir Peter. Mrs. Candour encourages this play's main vice, which is personified by Snake, who encourages Maria to marry the seemingly moral Joseph by spreading lies about Charles Surface. At the end of this play, Lady Teazle resolves to stop spreading ill-natured gossip and leaves the circle of Lady Sneerwell. For 10 points, name this Richard Brinsley Sheridan play about a group of rumormongerers.;;(The) School for Scandal
;;One of this artist's pieces shows his assistant Paulette Goddard holding "the tree of life and love." Another of his paintings features a microscopic view of cells running through the middle, while a hand grasps a glowing dial and the title figure worriedly operates controls. That painting outraged Nelson Rockefeller because it depicted Vladimir Lenin, and survives today as a piece that depicts man as the "controller of the universe." He also painted laborers at the River Rouge plant of the Ford Company. This artist of Detroit Industry and Man at the Crossroads was married to the artist of Self-Portrait with Monkey. For 10 points, name this the one-time husband of Frida Kahlo, a Mexican muralist.;;(Diego) Rivera or (Diego) (Maria) (de) (la) (Concepcion) (Juan) (Nepomuceno) (Estanislao) (de) (la) Rivera y (Barrientos) (Acosta) (y) (Rodriguez)
;;The Cavalli-Sforza chord distance method assumes this is the only force at work, and the A-type Extinction Vortex occurs when this force becomes too powerful. For a single locus, the ability of this force to change frequencies is equal to one over two N. The amount of time needed for a new neutral allele to achieve a fixed frequency via this force is equal to four times the population size. In Kimura's neutral theory, this is the major force driving evolution. The founder effect and bottleneck effect are examples of this effect, which is more likely to occur with small population sizes. For 10 points, name this random change in allele frequencies.;;genetic drift
;;This holiday is often celebrated with comic plays and puppet shows called its namesake "speils." This holiday can also involve singing the song "Shoshanat Yaakov" and eating Fazuelos. Many celebrants of this holiday also share gift baskets called "Misloach manot." Another custom of this holiday is shaking a gragger during the reading of a story that includes the demotion of Vashti and the construction of giant gallows. This holiday, which is held on the fourteenth of Adar, celebrates the heroism of Mordecai and the death of the evil Haman. For 10 points, name this Jewish holiday which and celebrates the story of Esther.;;Purim
;;The narrator of this book decides to become a writer after borrowing Falk's library card to check out H. L. Mencken's collection Prejudices. While working for an optical company, this book's narrator is tricked by Olin into fighting with his coworker Harrison. Near the end of this book, the narrator leaves the Communist Party after witnessing the trial of his friend Ross. This book's second section, "The Horror and the Glory," describes the narrator's encounters with racial prejudice in Chicago, and was originally published separately as American Hunger. Its first section, "Southern Night," begins with its author relating how he accidentally burned down his family's house in Mississippi. For 10 points, name this autobiography by Richard Wright.;;Black Boy
;;In the liquid drop model, this idea is responsible for the asymmetry energy. This rule is the reason that, at absolute zero, Fermi gases has greater energy ideal gases. Because its nuclei obey this rule, helium-3 has two superfluid phases rather than one. The Hartree-Fock method includes this statement implicitly by assuming the wavefunction is a Slater determinant. This law is a consequence of having a system with a wavefunction that is antisymmetric with respect to interchanging coordinates. It is responsible for the degeneracy pressure seen in white dwarfs and neutron stars. For 10 points, name this requirement that Fermions in the same location must have different quantum numbers, a principle most often applied to the electrons in an atom.;;(the) (Pauli) exclusion principle
;;This man's father formed a "Gang of Four" with politicians like Percy Sutton and once ran on a gubernatorial ticket with Arthur Goldberg. A state Court of Appeals had to overturn the appellate division and say that this man had the legal right to appoint Richard Ravitch to a certain position. After a series of controversies, including reports of domestic abuse and improperly obtaining World Series tickets, this man said he will not run for reelection, opening the way for an Andrew Cuomo campaign. This man assumed his current position after sex-fueled controversies forced his predecessor, Elliot Spitzer, to resign. For 10 points, name this partially blind politician who serves as the governor of New York.;;(David) Paterson
;;This thinker introduced a complex geometric figure called the "totemic operator" to demonstrate the path from one member of a pair of binary opposites to the other. He alleged that the reciprocal exchange of women is the sole basis of kinship, and broke down myths into units called mythemes in order to classify them. One of his series ends with the volume The Naked Man, and synthesizes the beliefs of several small New World tribes, including the Brazilian Bororo, whom he had earlier discussed in his memoir Tristes Tropiques. For 10 points, name this French structural anthropologist, whose The Raw and the Cooked began his tetralogy Mythologiques.;;(Claude) Levi(-)Strauss
;;After talking to a lifeguard, the protagonist of this novel decides not to back up a request made by Cheswick, causing Cheswick to become stuck in a pool and drown. At the end of this novel's second part, the protagonist resumes his rebellion by smashing his hand through a glass panel to reach for a pack of cigarettes. This novel is narrated by a six foot seven tall character who describes the collective forms of authority as "The Combine." Its protagonist arranges for the prostitute Candy Starr to sleep with Billy Bibbit, takes other Acutes on a fishing trip, and is smothered out of mercy by Chief Bromden after being lobotomized. Set in an Oregon mental hospital, for 10 points, name this novel about Randle Patrick McMurphy's rebellion against Nurse Ratched, written by Ken Kesey.;;One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest
;;Following this battle, one side attempted a disastrous offensive known as the Mud March. During it, the Confederate soldier Richard Rowland Kirkland aided wounded Union soldiers and became known as the Angel of one location. That location was the site of a failed assault by Edwin Sumner that was repulsed by the First Corps of James Longstreet. A fight for Marye's Heights took place during this battle, which saw Union engineers build numerous pontoon bridges to cross the Franklin River of Northern Virginia. For 10 points, name this lopsided Confederate victory of the Civil War, in which Robert E. Lee crushed Union forces under Ambrose Burnside.;;(Battle) (of) Fredericksburg
;;This composer used magnetic tape playing pre-recorded music to accompany the singing of nine Sybils, nine Anchorites, and Lucifer in a musical play about the end of time. This composer developed namesake percussion instruments with removable tone bars for a system of musical instruction he pioneered along with Gunild Keetman. Along with developing his namesake "Schulwerk" to teach music education to children, this composer wrote the songs "Veni, veni, venias" and "In trutina" for a piece based on manuscripts from a monestary in Benedictburen. That cantata includes the movements "On the Lawn" and "In the Tavern," and begins with a piece complaining about the Roman goddess of fate. For 10 points, name this German composer whose song "O Fortuna" opens his cantata Carmina Burana.;;(Carl) Orff
;;The city of 'Aydhab was destroyed by a leader of this group, Barsbay. Later leaders of this group were annihilated by Albanian troops in the massacre of the Citadel. This group defeated the Franks led by Louis IX at the Battle of Al Mansurah. This group was divided into the Bahris and the Burjis, and its sultan Qutuz allied with Baibars to win the Battle of Ayn Jalut. This group established a sultanate that led Egypt and Syria from 1250 to 1517, and was destroyed by Muhammad Ali in 1811. For 10 points, name this military caste consisting of slaves who converted to Islam.;;mamluks
;;This book's third section attacks the "despotism of custom," and approvingly cites Wilhelm von Humboldt's Sphere and Duties of Government to insist on the importance of the diversity of human development. Its second section argues that a belief becomes a dead "hereditary creed" if it is no longer vigorously discussed, and that anyone who compels an opinion to silence erroneously assumes infallibility. Its fourth section claims that only a violation of "a distinct and assignable obligation to any other person" legitimately allows society to exercise authority over the individual. Published in 1859, this book argues that the state should only punish people for actions that harm others. For 10 points, name this book which presents a utilitarian defense of personal freedom, written by John Stuart Mill.;;On Liberty
;;This group released the film Operation Abolition, which used television footage of protesting California college students being dragged down marble steps. One member of this group, Joe Starnes, had unkind words for "Mr. Euripides" and Christopher Marlowe when arguing with Hallie Flanagan. The precursor to this entity investigated the fascist Business Plot. This committee lost all its prestige when it subpoenaed Abbie Hoffman, and it gained notoriety for the Hollywood blacklists and the trial of Alger Hiss. For 10 points, name this committee run by United States Representatives that investigated "subversive" activities.;;HUAC or House Committee on Un(-)American Activities
;;In one novel by this author, the protagonist engages in a night of drunken debauchery, which includes watching Love's Crucifixion at a cinema and meeting the call girl Olga Sologrub at the Miki Bar. In addition to writing a novel about Eugene Hilliot's promotion to the engine room of the steamer Oedipus Tyrannus, this author wrote a novel which climaxes with the protagonist's wife being run over by a horse with the number seven branded on its rump. That novel begins with Jacques Laruelle remembering the protagonist, an alcoholic consul whose wife Yvonne runs away with his half-brother Hugh on the Day of the Dead in Mexico. For 10 points, name this British author of Ultramarine who wrote about the death of Geoffrey Firmin in Under the Volcano.;;(Malcolm) Lowry
;;A recent large shakeup of this language added keyword-only arguments, differentiated between bytes and strings, and made "print" a function. Mutable default arguments can be a problem in this language because defaults are evaluated at function declaration time. It has metatyping and uses duck typing. The "xrange" type from this language can be used for iteration. This language has list comprehension syntax and a "dict" data type. Almost uniquely, instead of braces to mark blocks, this language uses whitespace. For 10 points, name this programming language commonly used for scripts, especially on web servers.;;Python
;;This politician survived a vote of no confidence brought on by the defection of Herbert Hupka only because secret police from a neighboring nation bribed Julius Steiner and Leo Wagner. This politician formally recognized the Oder-Neisse line during his term in office. He disguised himself as a Norwegian student named Gunnar Gaasland during World War II to escape the Nazis. He was succeeded in office by Helmut Schmidt after it was revealed that his assistant Gunter Guillaume was a spy. He superseded the the Hallstein Doctrine by championing a policy of "Change through Rapprochement" that sought to normalize his country's relationship with its eastern neighbor. For 10 points, name this former mayor of Berlin and chancellor of West Germany, known for his policy of Ostpolitik.;;(Willy) Brandt or (Herbert) (Ernst) (Karl) Frahm
;;This play ends with a character using his bus fare to listen to a jukebox playing "Little Man You've Had a Busy Day." After receiving a phone call from a hospital, the protagonist of this play mocks his father by imagining cripples competing for a chamberpot filled to the brim with piss. That phone call interrupts a waiter who compares violence to collisions on a dance floor while describing a waltz competition to the title schoolboy. The climax of this play occurs when its only white character demands to be called by the title honorific after spitting in the face of a black employee of the St. George's Park Tea Room in South Africa. For 10 points, name this autobiographical play about a conversation between Sam, Willie, and the young Hally, written by Athol Fugard.;;Master Harold(.)(.)(.)And The Boys
;;This essay calls travelling a "superstition" caused by a "want of self-culture" because travellers merely carry "ruins to ruins." The author of this essay recalls hearing a "valued advisor" warn that his "impulses may be from below, not from above," causing the author to assert "if I am the Devil's child, I will live then from the Devil." This essay claims that "Society everywhere is in conspiracy against the manhood of every one of its members," and calls "A foolish consistency" the "hobgoblin of little minds." This essay argues that "Nothing is at last sacred but the integrity of your own mind," and asserts "Whoso would be a man must be a nonconformist." For 10 points, name this essay which urges readers to trust their intuition and common sense, written by Ralph Waldo Emerson.;;Self(-)Reliance
;;Devices making use of this behavior can often be modeled as Butterworth-van Dyke equivalent circuits. Temperature-dependent resonant frequencies are a hallmark of resonators made out of materials with this property. It has direct and converse forms, the latter of which Langevin used in his sonar devices and the former of which is used in the quartz crystal microbalance. All ferroelectric materials have both pyroelectricity and this property. Crystals with this property, such as Rochelle salts, necessarily lack a center of symmetry. Discovered by Pierre and Jacques Curie, for 10 points, name this property in which voltage is generated by mechanical stress on a crystal.;;piezoelectricity|piezoelectric effect
;;This period was the subject of negotiations at Cierna. Those who fomented this period were angry over the lingering effects of the Slansky trials of sixteen years prior. It was preceded by the fourth congress of the Writers Union and it saw the publication of "The Two Thousand Words." Events during this period included the self-immolation of Jan Palach and the creation of the Action Program. The beginning of this period saw the replacement of Antonin Novotny. It was followed by a period of "normalization" under Gustav Husak. This period saw the introduction of programs based around "socialism with a human face" and it was ended by a Soviet invasion. For 10 points, name this time period sparked by the 1968 reforms of Alexander Dub?ek in the Czechoslovak capital.;;Prague Spring or Prazske jaro(;)|Prazska jar
;;One pathway for the production of these compounds contains the intermediates methyl erythritol phosphate, which is upstream of ent-Kaurene. Placobutrazol and ancymidol both work by inhibiting these compounds, which operate by triggering the degradation of the DELLA repressors. They stimulate production of alpha-amylase in aleurone cells and they are used in the production of Thomson Seedless Grapes. All of them are diterpenes, and the first one was identified by Eiichi Kurosawa after studying bakanae, a condition that causes foolish seedling disease in rice. For 10 points, name this class of plant hormones that stimulates stem elongation.;;gibberellins accept GA
;;This man destroyed the Pittsburgh Crawfords by recruiting all of its best players, starting with Satchel Paige, to play for his personal baseball team. Morris Ernst defended this man in his trial for the kidnapping and murder of Jesus Maria Galindez, a Columbia University professor who spoke out against this dictator's regime. Popular support for this dictator waned after the murder of the Mirabal sisters by his secret police, the SIM. The June 14 movement attempted to overthrow his government with the help of the newly-formed Castro regime; this led to CIA involvement in the plot that ultimately assassinated him. This man attempted to "whiten" his country by inviting Jewish Holocaust refugees and instituting the doctrine of antihaitianismo, culminating in the 1937 massacre of people who could not pronounce the Spanish word for "parsley." For 10 points, name this dictator of the Dominican Republic from 1930 to 1961.;;(Rafael) (Leonidas) Trujillo Molina
;;This figure, who dropped boulders on some Amazons, had Poseidon flood the plain of Xanthus while he fought the pirate Cheirmarrhus, whose women lifted their robes up in retreat. He was offered the hand of Philonoe in marriage and spent his last days as a blind cripple on the Aleion Plain. Earlier, this possible murderer of Deliades was falsely accused of trying to romance Stheneboea, the wife of Proteus, who sent him to Lycia to await the judgment of King Iobates. Instead, he slew the Chimera with the aid of a mount that would later throw him when he attempted to reach the top of Olympus. For 10 points, identify this Greek hero who rode Pegasus.;;Bellerophontes
;;This artist painted three green goblets below dogs drinking from a pot of water in Still Life with Three Puppies. This artist vowed to commit suicide after finishing a painting whose bottom right portrays a white bird holding a lizard in its claws to represent the "futility of words." His self portraits include one with his head in the form of a jug and one with a halo in front of a red and yellow background. He painted a yellow child in a white loincloth reaching up to pluck a fruit in a painting that is divided into three sections, and depicts a blue idol in its tropical background. He painted many pictures of praying Breton women, including The Vision After the Sermon and The Yellow Christ. For 10 points, name this French Post-Impressionist who painted Where do we come from? What are we? Where are we going? after moving to Tahiti.;;(Eugene) (Henri) (Paul) Gauguin
;;The sixth of these works follows an English horn lament with a xylophone-led scherzo and a "sarcastic march" in the saxophones. The last of these works uses a flugelhorn theme to depict the arrest of Tess of the D'Urbervilles at Stonehenge in its andante sostenuto second movement. The second of these works features harps and clarinets playing the recurrent Westminister Chimes theme. The first one sets the Walt Whitman poems "Passage to India" and "On the Beach at Night Alone," was originally titled The Ocean, and features a third movement scherzo depicting the crashing of waves. For 10 points, name this group of nine works, which includes A London Symphony and A Sea Symphony and were written by the twentieth-century British composer of Fantasia on a Theme of Thomas Tallis.;;(the) symphonies of (Ralph) (Vaughn) Williams
;;In a novella by this author, Stumpy McPherson and the Rainey twins witness the protagonist fight a barroom brawl against her gas station robbing ex-husband Marvin Macy. One of this author's characters attempts, but fails, to compose a song called "This Thing I Want, I Know Not What," and fashions a violin out of a cracked ukelele. This author wrote a novella set in an unnamed mill town, where Miss Amelia Evans falls in love with the hunchbacked dwarf Cousin Lymon Willis and reopens the title institution. In a novel by this author, Dr. Coleman, Jake Blount, and Biff Brannon confide in a deaf-mute who commits suicide after learning of the death of Spiros Antonapoulos, John Singer. For 10 points, name this American author of The Ballad of the Sad Cafe and The Heart is a Lonely Hunter.;;(Carson) McCullers
;;While campaigning in Castlecomer, this man had quicklime thrown in his eyes. He was cleared in a criminal investigation when evidence turned out to have been the work of forger Richard Piggott. His radical views caused him to clash with Isaac Butt. While in jail, this man negotiated a land reform agreement entitled the Kilmainham Treaty. His political career took a hit amid allegations that he had illegitimately fathered several of "Kitty" O'Shea's children. Despite condemning it, he was accused of being involved in the deaths of Frederick Cavendish and T.H. Burke in the Phoenix Park murders. For 10 points, name this nineteenth-century land reform and Home Rule activist who founded the Irish Parliamentary Party.;;(Charles) (Stewart) Parnell
;;This ballet's conceit was expanded from a programmatic piano concerto into a full story by Alexander Benois. Benois abandoned its original conception as a duel provoked by an arpeggio fan, who goads an exhausted orchestra into a series of trumpet blasts. In its final tableau, a clarinet and tuba depict "the peasant and the bear" and other set-pieces such as "the dance of the coachmen and grooms" animating a Shrovetide fair. The title figure's frustration is represented by two clarinets simultaneously playing in C major and F sharp major, creating this ballet's namesake chord. At the end, the title character's ghost condemns the magician who has allowed a Moor to kill him, as his body leaks sawdust below. For 10 points, name this ballet about a puppet who is brought to life, which was composed by Igor Stravinsky.;;Petrushka
;;In a charge-transfer complex, the energy of a transition is proportional to the difference between the optical value of this quantity for the metal and the ligand. Electrons distribute themselves to equalize this quantity according to Sandersen, while a y-intercept of .744 appears in the equation for the Allred-Rochow scale of it. Common methods of measuring this quantity include the mean of the first ionization energy and the electron affinity. For 10 points, name this quantity which is high for fluorine and has scales named for Mulliken and Pauling, the tendency of an atom to pull electrons toward it in a covalent bond.;;electronegativity
;;One character in this novel takes a book of poetry out of the hands of another and replaces it with a copy of Stoff und Kraft. That latter character is overheard and laughed at for playing Schubert's Die Erwartung on a cello. Sitnikoff introduces two characters to Madame Odintsoff. Frogs are collected for dissection by one character in this work, who ends up dying after cutting himself during an autopsy on a typhus-infected corpse. At the end of this novel, the characters Katya and Fenichka are married to Arkady and Kirsanoff. For 10 points, name this Russian work that features the nihilist Bazaroff and was written by Ivan Turgenev.;;Fathers and Sons or Otsy i Deti
;;The removal of the Fort Edward dam in 1973 released contaminated sediment into this river. Once known as the Mauritius, this river possesses a "Wind Gate" formed by Storm King Mountain and Breakneck Ridge, and the Appalachian Trail crosses it on the Bear Mountain Bridge. Its official source is located on Mount Marcy at Lake Tear-of-the-Clouds while the Mohawk is a major tributary. This river widens at Tappan Zee where it is flanked by the Palisades. Crossed by the Holland Tunnel, for 10 points, identify this river that flows through Albany and New York City.;;Hudson River
;;In one work, this thinker wrote about watching Tarzan in an audience full of white people. He borrowed the term "lumpenproletariat" for an essay which discusses relations between revolutionaries and the lower classes and the strength and weaknesses of spontaneity. He used case studies from his work in an Algerian hospital to inform his chapter "Colonial War and Mental Disorders." One work by this thinker features an introduction by Jean-Paul Sartre and argues in the chapter "Concerning Violence" that only through complete annihilation of colonialism can those oppressed hope to become "new people." For 10 points, name this writer of Black Skin, White Masks and The Wretched of the Earth.;;(Frantz) Fanon
;;An interpretation of one clause of this amendment was handed down in the cases Elk v. Wilkins and U.S. v. Wong Kim Ark, which refuted one tenet of the Chinese Exclusion Act. Its fourth section discusses the assumption of debts by federal and state governments. This amendment was invoked by a dissenting judge who wrote that "the Constitution is color-blind" in the case Plessy v. Ferguson. This amendment expressly requires states to guarantee individual rights in its due process clause. For 10 points, name this 1868 amendment that includes the equal protection clause and granted rights to former slaves.;;fourteenth amendment
;;While searching for the founder of the Organization of the Apocryphal Power, the protagonist of this novel becomes embroiled in a revolution in Ataguitania. In this novel, Professor Uzzi-Tuzii gets involved in a debate over whether a certain book is Cimbrian or Cimmerian, which leads the narrator to the forger and antagonist Ermes Marana. Lotaria seeks a device which will convert a novel into its constituent numbers and is the sister of the protagonist's love interest Ludmilla. It contains fragments of fictional books like Outside the Town of Malbork, and its plot is driven by a search for the remainders of those novels. For 10 points, name this novel written partially in the second person that centers on "The Reader," written by Italo Calvino.;;If on a Winter's Night a Traveler or Se una notte d'inverno un viaggiatore
;;Ukkonen found efficient constructions for suffix-based ones of these. Prefix ones are useful in lexicographic applications. One family of them uses zig and zag operations; another imposes five rules to maintain balance. Traversing one can be done preorder, inorder, or postorder, the last of which can be used to implement a depth-first search. An important special type of these is associated with a connected graph and can be found by using Kruskal's algorithm. In the simplest form of this organizing tool, the keys of all the nodes in the left subsection are less than the one at the top, and those on the right are greater - that applies to the binary search variety of them. For 10 points, name these connected, acyclic graphs that are topped by a root node which is connected by edges to branches of nodes known as leaves.;;trees
;;One character in this play has a hallucination of a book whose pages contain a great flaming Aleph. That character is treated by a nurse named Belize, who joins several of its main characters at the Bethesda Fountain in its epilogue. A being known as the Continental Principality informs one character in this play that God left heaven in 1908 and orders humanity to stop changing. In the second part of this play, Ethel Rosenberg sings the Kaddish along with Louis Ironson, and Joe Pitt reveals that he is gay to his mentor Roy Cohn, who becomes God's attorney after dying of AIDS. For 10 points, name this play divided into parts called Millennium Approaches and Perestroika and written by Tony Kushner.;;Angels in America
;;In April of 2009, a political leader of this country was shot by gunmen while his car was at a petrol station, with the shooting potentially blamed on this country's military. In that same month, this country saw mass anti-government protests which disrupted this country's New Year celebrations. It currently sees a political struggle between groups known as the "red shirts" and "yellow shirts." It earlier saw the People's Power Party opposed by the People's Alliance for Democracy, while now the United Front of Democracy Against Dictatorship opposes the government of its current prime minister, Abhisit Vejjajiva. For 10 points, name this Southeast Asian country ruled by the House of Chakri which has its capital at Bangkok.;;Thailand
;;A quantum electrodynamical vacuum can change this property through the spontaneous creation of virtual electron-positron pairs. The magnitude of change in this due to traversing a diamagnetic material is given by the path length times the magnetic field times the Verdet constant; that change in the angle of this is known as Faraday rotation. This property is described by the Jones calculus. The transmission coefficient for an item that imparts this property is equal to the cosine squared of a characteristic angle according to Malus' law. The simplest types of this are circular and linear. For 10 points, name this property of light waves that describes the direction that fields comprising the light oscillate in and that can be imparted a filer.;;polarization accept (word) (forms) (like) polarized or polarizing
;;This case overturned an earlier decision concerning a Colorado man who was illegally performing abortions. That case was Wolf v. Colorado. Justice Clark wrote the majority opinion for this case, which was argued for by attorney A. L. Kearns. This case was prompted when Carl Delau received a tip from Don King. That tip led to a woman being suspected of harboring a bombing fugitive, resulting in a raid by members of the Cleveland Police Department. That raid instead found "lewd and lascivious books, pictures, and photographs." For 10 points, name this 1961 Supreme Court case concerning the use of illegally obtained evidence in criminal trials.;;Mapp v(.) (Ohio) (accept) (either) (order)
;;The protagonist of this play is mortally wounded by an object dropped from a roof on the way to one of his weekly visits to a nunnery. It opens at the Hotel de Burgundy Theatre where the actor Montfleury is ordered to get off the stage. In one subplot of this play, a central character convinces a friar that a letter from the wicked Count de Guiche is ordering him to marry her to her lover. That lover dies fighting the Spanish on the battlefield and is rendered mute during a balcony scene with the female lead. This play ends as its title character recites a letter from memory, forcing Roxanne to realize that the shy, ineloquent Christian had enlisted him into writing her love letters. For 10 points, name this Edmond Rostand play about a poet and soldier with a large nose.;;Cyrano de Bergerac
;;A cult of the dead in this present-day nation left behind an underground burial chamber at Hal Saflieni. Its population asked for authority over it be transferred to the British in protest of the provisions of the Treaty of Amiens. This polity was awarded the George Cross, Britain's highest civilian decoration, due to its people's bravery in the face of Axis bombings in World War II, and the Italian fleet surrendered to the Allies in its capial in 1943. This country was ceded by Charles V to the Knights of Rhodes, and the building of its capital was commissioned by Jean Parisot de la Valette. For 10 points, name this Mediterranean island nation that sucessfully withstood a 1565 Ottoman siege.;;Malta
;;One section of this work imagines those "healthy-minded" individuals who cannot understand how those who appear to suffer from "folk diseases" see them as corpselike. This work analyzes the etymology of a word that stems from "goat-song" in order to claim that a certain body was originally composed of satyrs. This work was reissued with the subtitle "Or: Hellenism and Pessimism," and its author appended an "Attempt at Self-Criticism" to it. It argues that Socrates issued in the Apollonian age, but that the music of Richard Wagner hails back to the earlier Dionysian spirit. For 10 points, name this work that analyzes a Greek dramatic form, an early philosophical book by Friedrich Nietzsche.;;(The) Birth of Tragedy from (the) (Spirit) (of) (Music)|(Die) Geburt der Tragodie aus (dem) (Geiste) (der) (Musik)
;;Fernando Sor's opus nine consists of variations for guitar of a theme by this composer. Another theme by this composer provided the basis for the variations and fugue by Max Reger. He wrote his clarinet concerto in A major for Anton Stadler, and composed a fugue based on five themes in the fourth movement of his last symphony. Tchaikovsky's fourth orchestral suite is based on works of this composer, including his setting of the Ave verum corpus. According to legend, he transcribed Giorgio Allegri's Miserere from memory at age twelve, and his works are categorized by Kochel numbers. For 10 points, name this composer of the Jupiter symphony and Eine Kleine Nachtmusik.;;(Wolfgang) (Amadeus) Mozart
;;This author wrote a satirical poem accusing rhyming poetry of "wresting words from their true calling" and "propping verse for fear of falling." This author of "A fit of rhyme against rhyme" wrote a play that ends with its characters being invited to dinner by Adam Overdo, who visits the title event along with Winwife and Littlewit. One of this playwright's title characters jumps out of his bed and attempts to seduce the wife of Corvino by singing "Come, my Celia, let us prove / While we may, the sports of love." In another of this author's plays, characters like Abel Drugger and Sir Epicure Mammon are cheated by the team of Dol Common, Subtle, and Face. For 10 points, name this Elizabethan playwright of Bartholomew Fair, Volpone, and The Alchemist.;;(Ben) Jonson
;;A preface to this book claims that it is worth memorizing and consuming daily, like the "daily bread of the soul." This book contains verses on "patient continuance in well-doing" and those who "worketh not, but believeth," a central conflict to the Sola gratia versus Sola fide controversy. One theologian states that its usage of "ho alazon" does not imply a denunciation of hypocritical Jews. This book's author claims not to be "ashamed" and advances the idea that Jews and Gentiles are equal before God in the "dual-covenant." For 10 points, name this Pauline epistle, the first one in order, in which Paul addresses a church in Italy.;;(Paul's) (Epistle) (to) (the) Romans accept (word) (order) (variants) (including) Romans
;;This character is forced to resign from the board of the Providential Premium Reassurance Society in a scandal over Elderson's corrupt investments in the German mark and the firing of Butterfield. Earlier, he hires Philip Bossiney to build an estate at Robin Hill in order to please his wife Irene. He is ultimately killed by a falling painting while saving his daughter Fleur from a house fire in Swan Song. Earlier, he had arrived at his uncle Old Jolyon's estate upon hearing of the engagement of his niece June. For 10 points, name this "man of property," the protagonist of a John Galsworthy "saga.".;;(Soames) Forsyte or Soames Forsyte
;;Deutsch and Gerard showed that this action is performed more often at higher degrees of uncertainty. Stanley Milgram found that the French do this less often than Norwegians, and Whittaker and Meade found that this occurs more often among the Bantu, which have sanctions against not doing it, than among Lebanese. The two major types of this behavior are conversion and compliance. The most famous experiment involving this action told participants it was actually a vision test, and pressured subjects to assert that an incorrect line was closer in length to another line after a group of confederates also identified the wrong line. For 10 points, name this action studied by Solomon Asch, in which a person subjugates his private attitudes in the face of implied social norms.;;conforming|(word) (forms) (such) (as) conformity
;;The missing arm of a work by this sculptor may have clutched a bunch of grapes. Two works attributed to this artist are the disembodied Leconfield Head and Aberdeen Head. He depicted a goddess draping a robe over an urn with her left hand while covering her genitals with her right. Another work by this sculptor depicts an animal on a tree-trunk, about to be smote by a god's outstretched right hand. This sculptor of the bathing Aphrodite of Cnidos (NYE-dus) and lizard-killing Apollo Sauroktonos created a sculpture of the messenger of the gods holding a young god. For 10 points, name this Greek sculptor of Hermes Bearing the Infant Dionysus.;;Praxiteles
;;The protagonist of this story hears several whispers in a language he doesn't recognize after seeing some unfamiliar stars in strange constellations. That protagonist is distracted from thinking about his wife and children by "a sharp, distinct, metallic percussion" that turns out to be the ticking of his watch. One character in this story tells of a great quantity of driftwood that would easily burn; that character is given water by the protagonist's wife and later revealed to be a Federal scout. The protagonist of this story imagines meeting his wife on his veranda after swimming through some rapids and dodging the bullets of Union soldiers. For 10 points, name this short story in which Peyton Fahrquhar imagines his escape after being hung from the title structure, a work of Ambrose Bierce.;;(An) Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge
;;One story about this man says that he killed his half-brother with a bow and arrow after that man, Bekhter, stole his hunting spoils. He was served by a general known as the "Arrow," who led this man's military campaign against the Kara-Khitan region. One of his greatest accomplishments was winning the Battle of the Badger Mouth, while another victory saw him ferociously smash the Khwarezmi empire and destroy their capitals of Urgench and Samarkand. Another story says that he ordered that his son Jochi be poisoned to allow the more reliable son Ogedei to serve as successor. For 10 points, name this man who had the real name of Temujin, the founder of the Mongol Empire who was later succeeded by grandson Kublai.;;Genghis Khan (accept) Temujin until (mentioned)
;;During one part of his career, this officer worked with the British admiral Thomas Cochrane to create a new navy. This man also defeated forces under Mariano de Asorio at the Battle of Maipu. He was appointed chief general of the Army of the Andes after he helped organize that group, and shortly afterward he led his forces to victory at the Battle of Chacabuco. He was voted Protector of Peru after his army's victory obtained that country's freedom. For 10 points, name this Argentine general, who fought to liberate Argentina and other parts of South America from Spain.;;(Jose) (de) San Martin
;;One novel by this author sees a Chinese prostitute get beaten up at Alphaville, and begins at Denny's, where a trombone player studying law meets the protagonist Mari. Another novel by this author alternates between a fantasy world about a man who reads dreams from unicorn skulls and a science fiction world about a calcutec who is able to use his subconscious to "shuffle" data. In a 1987 novel by this author, the narrator remembers his suicidal friend Kizuki and the girls Midori and Naoko after hearing the title Beatles song. For 10 points, name this Japanese author of After Dark, Hard-Boiled Wonderland and the End of the World, and Norwegian Wood.;;(Haruki) Murakami
;;Along with Chandler Owen, this man was a leader in the "Garvey Must Go" campaign and a founder of The Messenger magazine. From 1960 to 1966, he was president of the Negro American Labor Council, which fought discrimination in the AFL-CIO. Franklin Roosevelt's Executive Order 8802, which banned racial discrimination in the defense industry, was a result of this man's threat to lead a march on Washington. This man became the first president of a union in 1925 in part because he was not a Pullman employee. For 10 points, name this organizer of the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters who was also the director of the 1963 March on Washington.;;(Asa) (Philip) Randolph
;;This element is added to nitrogen and oxygen to form trimix. A dimer of this element has the weakest known chemical bond, though that dimer shouldn't exist according to molecular orbital theory due to two electrons in the sigma sub 1s star orbital. The nuclei of one isotope of this element can form Cooper pairs at low temperatures in a mechanism described by Lee and Osherroff; this was an early example of superfluidity. Because it is produced by the proton-proton chain, it is the second most abundant element in the universe. For 10 points, name this element with atomic number two.;;helium or He
;;One critique of this thinker notes that he is not satisfied with "abstract thinking," and instead wants "sensuous contemplation." In that critique, this philosopher's work is used as a springboard to claim that "philosophers have hitherto only interpreted the world in various ways; the point is to change it." This philosopher's major work breaks down God into various aspects, like a being who can be understood or as pure love. In that work, this man claimed that, in an attempt to understand the infinite, "the conscious subject has for its object the infinity of his own nature." He thus defined the title religion as the process of finding one's self in God. For 10 points, name this author of The Essence of Christianity, a philosopher about whom Karl Marx wrote eleven "Theses.".;;(Ludwig) (Andreas) (von) Feuerbach
;;The poet Mirabai wrote songs about her love for this god. This god drained the life out of Putana, who attempted to poison him with her breast milk. This god tamed and danced on Kaliya, a naga who poisoned the Yamuna River, and infuriated Indra by teaching the natives of Vrindavana to take care of their land. This god opened his mouth and showed his mother the entire universe after she accused him of stealing butter. Kamsa sent several demons to attack this husband of Radha, one of the gopi maidens he seduced. For 10 points, name this eighth avatar of Vishnu and charioteer of Arjuna in the Bhagavad-Gita.;;Krishna
;;Factions of this party include the 1992 Committee and the Cornerstone Group, and it has a controversial association with the Monday Club. This party passed the Sunningdale Agreement and instituted a three day work week during coal shortages under Edward Heath. One leader of this party came to power after its opposition suffered the Winter of Discontent. One member of this party cited an old woman who refused to lease to immigrants in his Rivers of Blood speech. This party of Enoch Powell was led by a politician whose unpopular poll tax led to John Major's ascendance and who invaded the Falklands Island. For 10 points, name this British political party which opposes Labor.;;Conservative Party|Tory
;;One character in this story astonishes the narrator by tracing his train of thought from a fruiterer to street stones, stereotonomy, Epicurus, Orion, and the cobbler Chantilly. This story begins by asserting that excellence at chess merely requires calculation, while excellence at whist and checkers requires analysis. The central character of this short story observes the peculiarity of testimony by people of diverse nationalities, who all describe hearing a gruff voice in a language they do not understand. This locked room mystery describes the seemingly impossible deaths of Madame L'Espanaye and her daughter, who is found stuffed up a chimney. For 10 points, name this Edgar Allan Poe short story in which C. Auguste Dupin proves that the title double homicide was committed by an orangutang.;;(The) Murders in the Rue Morgue
;;One figure in this work cranes his neck down and to the right while looking beyond his outstretched right hand. Another man in this work leans forward while placing both of his hands on his head in agony. Though its artist produced a nude version of this work, its figures are depicted in loose robes. Many of the bare-footed men in this work have ropes around their necks. Featured in this work are Eustache de Saint-Pierre and five other prominent citizens who faced presumptive execution to spare the rest of their city. For 10 points, name this work by Auguste Rodin depicting a scene from the Hundred Years' War.;;(The) Burghers of Calais or Les Bourgeois de Calais
;;Calvert Watkins wrote about the poetics of this family in How to Kill a Dragon. An isogloss which divides this family into two groups is named for the words for "one hundred" in two of its languages. The Kurgan hypothesis is one of the theories of the origins of its "proto" ancestor. Basque and Finnish are among the few European languages which do not belong to this family, which includes Celtic and Germanic branches. For 10 points, name this large language family which includes Punjabi and English.;;Indo(-)European language (family)
;;The narrator of this novel remembers the title character sitting on a landing and smelling an araucaria plant in this novel's frame story, in which a landlady's nephew finds the protagonist's notes. The title character falls asleep at a bar called the Black Eagle after attending a dinner party where he insults a portrait of Goethe. In this novel's final section, the protagonist is appalled to see Wolfgang Mozart use a radio and passes through doors labeled "ALL GIRLS ARE YOURS" and "HOW ONE KILLS FOR LOVE." That occurs in a horseshoe shaped building designated "For Madmen Only" where the protagonist talks with Pablo and stabs Hermine. For 10 points, name this novel which concludes in the Magic Theatre and centers on Harry Haller, a work of Hermann Hesse.;;Steppenwolf
;;This character collects an ephah of barley after asking a foreman in a field if she can glean behind a group of harvesters. One man who helps this character takes off his sandal as part of finalizing a deal to marry her. The first husband of this character is the brother of Kilion, the death of whom causes this character's sister-in-law Orpah to leave. This mother of Obed is given six measures of barley from a man after she lays down by that man and uncovers his feet. That action follows the instruction of this character's mother-in-law Naomi. For 10 points, name this woman of the Old Testament who is redeemed by Boaz.;;Ruth
;;In Howard's End , Helen Schlegel imagines these creatures "marching across the universe" during a performance of Beethoven's Fifth Symphony. Tamoren is the chief of these creatures, who frighten the kingdom of Francelia, in a play by John Suckling. A poem about these creatures describes them with the lines "One had a cat's face, / One whisked a tail, / One tramped at a rat's pace, / One crawled like a snail." In that poem, a dying girl is brought back to health by kissing and sucking the juices from her sister's lips, after their cry "Come buy, come buy" entices a girl to trade a lock of golden hair for their tantalizing fruit. For 10 points, name these mischievous creatures that tempt the sisters Laura and Lizzie by running a market in a poem by Christina Rosetti.;;goblins
;;In Sir Arthur Conan Doyle's The Sign of the Four, Jonathan Small admits to having escaped from a penal colony on this island chain. To its east lies a group containing Henry Lawrence Island known as Ritchie's Archipelago. To its north lies the politically important Coco Islands and its principal town is Port Blair. They name a sea that lies to west of the Isthmus of Kra and they lie about 200 miles south of Myanmar. For 10 points, name this island group in the Indian Ocean that forms a political territory with the nearby Nicobar Islands.;;Andaman Islands
;;This painting nearly caused its artist to be expelled from a group of artists known as Les Vignt. One group in this painting is labeled the "Noisy Wagner Army," and it also includes an advertisement for Coleman's Mustard. It depicts atheist reformer Emile Littre holding a drum-major's baton while wearing bishop's garments. A banner reading "Vive la Sociale" hangs above the title procession in this work, a march that includes a host of skeletons and people wearing carnival masks. This massive painting depicts the title figure's reception during a modern Palm Sunday procession in the title Belgian city. For 10 points, name this painting by James Ensor.;;Christ's Entry into Brussels or (The) Entry of Christ into Brussels(;)|L'Entree de Christ a Bruxelles(;)|(reasonable) (translations) (thereof)
;;Kings of this place, including Amalric, accepted Christian refugees from Saladin's conquest of Jerusalem for settlement here. In 688, a treaty regarding this place, between Byzantine emperor Justinian II and caliph Abd al-Malik, made it a neutral territory. Byzantine rebel Isaac Comnenus was the governor of this place and lost it in a battle with Richard the Lion-Hearted, who then sold it to Guy of Lusignan. A convention about this place was signed between Britain and its Turkish rulers in 1878, but later, the Attila Line separated its Turkish population from the majority group on this island, who had demanded "enosis" under the leadership of Archbishop Makarios. For 10 points, name this island which is currently divided into Turkish and Greek sectors and has not achieved its planned union with mainland Greece.;;Cyprus or Kipriaki Dhimokratia(;)|Kibris Cumhuriyeti
;;This character willfully violates a superstition by naming her son after her husband, causing his death in the eyes of the public. She is sent to Nonneseter Abbey after Bentein tries to rape her, and she dies treating plague victims in at Rein Abbey. This character wears a ceremonial golden wreath representing virginity despite being pregnant at her wedding, which is watched with chagrin by Simon Darre. She moves to the estate of Husaby with her impulsive and irresponsible husband Erlend. For 10 points, name this heroine of the novels The Cross, The Wife and The Wreath, the subject of an eponymous trilogy by Sigrid Undset.;;Kristin Lavransdatter accept (either)
;;Reactions of nitric oxide are often treated as if they were of this order. This is the highest power of volume in the Redlich-Kwong equation of state. Apery's constant is the value of the Riemann zeta function at this number. According to the Debye [duh-BYE] model, specific heat is proportional to this power of the temperature. The asteroid denoted by this number is Juno. Algebraic equations of this order may be solved using the Tartaglia-Cardano formula. Monocots have a multiple of this number of petals. Platyhelminthes is the most primitive phylum to contain a mesoderm and, therefore, to possess this many germ layers. For 10 points, give this number that is also the number of nitrogen dioxide substituents on TNT.;;three accept (word) (forms) (like) third
;;Alternatives to the most common method for producing this element include one developed by REC that converts 3 atoms of its tetrachloride to one atom of its pure form. Different kinds of that pure form include upgraded metallurgical-grade and solar-grade. This element is reacted with methyl chloride to create precursors to synthetic polymers in the Muller-Rochow process. Those precursors contain this element and oxygen as their backbone and include PDMS. The photoactive region of most charge-coupled devices consists of a layer of this element. After oxygen, it is the second most abundant element in Earth's crust, and quartz is composed of its dioxide. For 10 points, name this element found directly below carbon on the periodic table, which is most commonly used in semiconductor devices such as microchips.;;silicon or Si
;;This deity touched the four cardinal points with her fingers and was held up by her father, whom she arched over. Depictions of this deity included a vase above her head and were located on the inside lids of sarcophagi, where she would watch over the deceased. On the three unlucky, one lucky, and one ambiguous days of the calendar, she gave birth to her children, one of whom entered her mouth in the evening and exited her vulva in the morning, and was thus born every day. This sky goddess had skin scattered with stars and she was the daughter of Shu and Tefnut. For 10 points, identify this mother of Isis and Osiris, the consort of Geb.;;Nut
;;The far left of this painting is dominated by the profile of a man wearing a top hat, whose face is framed by one of the two windows at left that light the scene. Its artist's signature can be seen in the lower right, written on a crate that supports a black hat. Four people are in the foreground, and directly behind them is a group of men wearing black top hats with their backs facing the viewer. From right to left, the foreground of this painting depicts a young child sleeping, an old woman carrying a basket, and a young woman breastfeeding her baby. For 10 points, name this painting that depicts the huddled poor masses on a train, a work by Honore Daumier.;;(The) Third(-)Class Carriage or (Le) Wagon de troisieme classe
;;This poet wrote about the self-mutilation of the frenzied Attis, a priest of Cybele, in a poem written in the rare galliambic meter. This poet claimed that the words of a woman should be written on the wind and running water in one poem, and he began one of his elegiac couplets with the phrase "I hate and I love." His works were preserved in the manuscript Codex Romanus and are collected in the Carminia. In another poem he references a night of never ending sleep before asking for a thousand kisses, then a hundred, then another thousand. He vulgarly assaulted his critics in his censored "Carmen 16" and coined the phrase ave atque vale in a poem written after the death of his brother. For 10 points, name this elegiac Roman poet of many poems to Lesbia.;;Catullus
;;Under one position, this man issued a license to the funeral directors association in his state to manage a trust fund and alleged Ponzi scheme, according to an ongoing lawsuit against that body. This man dismissed Mary Kenney's memo identifying errors in the investigation of death row prisoner Rolando Cruz, although George Ryan pardoned that man and declared a moratorium on death penalties. Under Senate Rule 2, Nancy Erikson declared invalid a move by Rod Blagojevich to fill this man into a certain position. For 10 points, name this junior senator from Illinois.;;(Roland) (Wallace) Burris
;;In one scene in this work, Eunice describes an investigator who helps the protagonist track down a woman he is infatuated with. That investigator, Chilo, is horrified when he discovers an acquaintance burning to death. In one of the final scenes in this work, Chilo has his tongue torn out and is killed by a bear. Another character is served by a giant named Ursus and is herself the daughter of a barbarian king. This novel tells of the love affair between the soldier Marcus Vinicius and the beautiful Christian Ligia, who are ultimately persecuted by Poppaea and Nero. For 10 points, name this historical novel set in Roman times, the best known work of Henryk Sienkiewicz.;;Quo Vadis(:) (A) (Narrative) (of) (the) (Time) (of) (Nero)
;;A Senate Subcommittee investigated how the D.C.-based Riggs Bank helped this man illegally launder his money. One of his political opponents, Ricardo Lagos, went on TV in 1987 to denounce him with the so-called "finger" speech. This leader was also opposed by the group FPMR, a patriotic front named for Manuel Rodriguez. The Rettig Report investigated this man's involvement with the "Caravan of Death" and for establishing a torture center at the Villa Grimaldi. This man presided over what Milton Friedman called an economic "miracle" with the help of his advisers, the "Chicago Boys," who reversed the Marxist policies of his predecessor. For 10 points, name this man who overthrew Salvador Allende in 1973 and until 1998 served as a brutal dictator of Chile.;;(Augusto) Pinochet Ugarte
;;The eighth and ninth chapters of this book argue that the evolution of society is impeded by the conservation of socially archaic traits. This book's second chapter describes how the perceived difference between the drudgery of women's work and the exploit of men's work led to the development of the central institution, which preserves the predatory instinct instead of the instinct of workmanship. This book argues that invidious distinctions motivate people to demonstrate status by deliberately wasting money, thereby showing that they are part of the title institution, whose members are exempt from hard labor. For 10 points, name this 1899 book by Thorstein Veblen.;;(The) Theory of the Leisure Class
;;The protagonist of this novel becomes physically sick after learning that the name of a prostitute he had visited is Sarah. The servant Sam Farrow betrays the protagonist by not delivering a letter, ensuring himself the maid Mary's hand in marriage and a job in a department store. The narrator of this novel turns back his watch fifteen minutes to reveal a different ending, in which the protagonist doesn't have a daughter named Lalage and doesn't reconcile with his lover. Its protagonist is an amateur paleontologist who ignores the warnings of Dr. Grogan and breaks off his engagement with Ernestina Freeman after meeting the title character on a wharf. For 10 points, name this novel by John Fowles in which Charles Smithson falls in love with the title character, Sarah Woodruff.;;(The) French Lieutenant's Woman
;;The second to last section of this piece includes timpani representing the pulse of a ship's engines and clarinets quoting Mendelssohn's overture Calm Sea and Prosperous Voyage. Another section of this piece uses woodwinds to depict a woman's characteristic stutter, and is named for the sister of Fiordiligi in Cosi fan tutte. This piece uses trills played by the oboe to represent the laugh of Winifred Norbury, and depicts the barking of a bulldog who jumped in the Wye River in its section "G.R.S." Its sections are based on a hidden theme that some have identified as "Rule, Britannica," and include a tribute to August Jaeger titled "Nimrod." For 10 points, name this orchestral work which depicts the close friends of its composer, written by Edward Elgar.;;Enigma Variations or Variations on an Original Theme(;)|(Elgar's) Op(.)36
;;Among the members of this group were William Trautmann and Benjamin Fletcher. This group's tactic of "Free Speech Fights" led to the Everett Massacre. A man executed in Salt Lake City on flimsy evidence who was a part of this group was nicknamed the "troubadour of discontent." That member was Joe Hill. Another prominent member was accused of murdering former Idaho governor Frank Steunenberg. That member helped organize the Paterson Silk Strike and the 1912 Lawrence Textile Strike. For 10 points, name this international labor union prominent early in the twentieth century that was once led by Bill Haywood and whose members are referred to as Wobblies.;;Industrial Workers of the World or IWW(;)|Wobblies early
;;This author opened one collection with the line "Omissions are not accidents." She accused "You crush all the particles down into close conformity, and then walk back and forth on them" in her poem "To a Steam Roller." She wrote about the relationship between a "turquoise sea of bodies" and a seaside cliff in a poem about animals who "wade / like black jade," which shares a title with a poem by this author's friend Elizabeth Bishop. This author of "The Fish" called for works that present "imaginary gardens with real toads in them" in a poem that claims "there are things that are important beyond all this fiddle," although the title genre has "a place for the genuine." For 10 points, name this American poet who claimed "I too, dislike it" in her poem "Poetry.".;;(Marianne) Moore
;;An entity modeled after this organization was established in Shanghai in 1967, and its commander in chief was a Polish man named Jaroslaw Dabrowski. It saw the establishment of a "Women's Union for Defense and the Care of the Injured," and after this polity's fall thousands of participants were shot against a certain wall in the Pere Lachaise cemetery. It saw the adoption of the Red Flag and the Republican Calendar. Defended by the Marquis de Galliffet and destroyed by Marshall MacMahon during the Semaine Sanglante, it was led by Louis-Auguste Blanqui. For 10 points, name this socialist government that from March to May of 1871 controlled the capital of France.;;Paris Commune
;;This event saw the arrest of such individuals as Leopold Figl and Franz Olah. Cardinal Theodore Innitzer was noted for his cooperation during this event which violated terms set in the Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye. Prior to this event, President Wilhelm Milkas opposed the appointment of Arthur Seyss-Inquart as Minister of the Interior. This event occurred four years after the assassination of Engelbert Dollfus and led to the resignation of Chancellor Kurt Schuschnigg, who unsuccessfully tried to hold a referendum regarding annexation. For 10 points, name this 1938 takeover of Austria by Nazi Germany.;;Anschluss
;;In one of this composer's operas, a queen emerges from a tent and sings the "Hymn to the Sun," and the warnings emitted by the title object are represented by a muted trumpet. In the third act of one of this composer's operas, acrobats perform the "Dance of the Tumblers" for Berendey. This composer wrote an opera in which Lel and Mizgir compete for the love of the title character, the daughter of Forest Sprite and Grandfather Frost. In his final opera, the disastrous invasion of Shemakhan results in the murders of the Astrologer and King Dodon, who is pecked to death by the title bird. For 10 points, name this Russian composer of The Golden Cockerel and The Snow Maiden, whose opera The Legend of Tsar Saltan contains "The Flight of the Bumblebee.".;;(Nikolay) Rimsky(-)Korsakov
;;Elizabeth Anscombe coined the term "consequentialism" in a 1958 essay about the modern type of this field of philosophy. Henry Sidgwick outlined egoism, intuitionism, and universalism as the methods of this philosophical field. Joseph Fletcher proposed a type of this based on achieving agape (uh gah PAY), which he called its "situational" type. Peter Singer wrote a book about the "practical" kind of this field, which considers the problem of whether to divert a trolley in the path of one person in order to save the lives of five others. For 10 points, name this branch of philosophy which considers how to determine right from wrong.;;ethics or morals(;)|morality
;;The main setting of this novel is constructed by Thomas, an architect who hides a deed to a huge tract of land in Maine behind a portrait. The son of that architect mesmerizes Alice in a failed attempt to reveal the location of that deed to Gervayse. While telling the story of Alice, Holgrave accidentally hypnotizes Phoebe, the descendant of a character in this novel who dies after being cursed with the sentence "God will give him blood to drink." This novel ends with Clifford and Hepzibah leaving the title location, which was built on the former land of Matthrew Maule by Colonel Pyncheon. For 10 points, name this novel by Nathaniel Hawthorne which takes place in a mansion with the title features on its roof.;;(The) House of the Seven Gables
;;Systems affected by this phenomenon exhibit spring-like motion over very small distances in the Dahl effect. Its magnitude unexpectedly decreases at near-zero velocities in the Stribeck Effect. More commonly, it is described by the Coulomb model, which includes Amontons' laws, the first of which states that this force is independent of the contact area and the second of which claims that its magnitude is proportional to that of the normal force. The coefficient associated with this force is denoted by mu and is higher for the static type than the kinetic type. For 10 points, name this force that retards the motion of an object moving along a surface.;;friction
;;In one version of the myth concerning this figure, she was sprinkled with the juices of the aconite plant. Pliny notes that this figure pioneered the use of nets and linen and bore a son named Closter, who was the first to use the spindle. The forest nymphs stopped what they were doing when this daughter of Colophon, a dyer of Tyrian purple, performed her most famous action in spite of an old woman telling her to curb her pride. In spite of this, this figure depicted the infidelities of Zeus and hung herself in shame when she realized she could not hope to match Athena. For 10 points, name this weaver who was transformed into a spider.;;Arachne
;;This character reads a horoscope that tells him his life will be changed by a red bull in a field of green, which comes to pass when he sees the flag of a military unit called the Mavericks. He wears a locket opened by the chaplain Arthur Bennett, which contains a note from his father and a baptism certificate. He saves the life of the horse trader Mahbub Ali and becomes the disciple of a lama who is searching for the River of the Arrow. That lama pays for his education at St. Xavier's before he steals valuable papers from some French and Russian spies. Although his mother is Irish, his skin becomes dark under the sun of Lahore. For 10 points, name this orphan who aids the British secret service as the title character of a novel by Rudyard Kipling.;;Kimball (O'Hara)|(Kimball) O'Hara
;;In one of this artist's paintings, Saint Sixtus and Saint Barbara flank a woman standing on a cloud-covered globe, while two pensive cherubs look up at her from the bottom. Another of this artist's paintings is a tondo usually named for the Spanish family that once owned it, and depicts the infant John the Baptist giving a thin cross to the infant Jesus, who sits in the lap of Mary in a pastoral meadow. In a similar painting by this artist, the infant John the Baptist stands in a meadow and gives a small golden bird to the infant Jesus. This Italian Renaissance artist is renowned for his many Madonnas, which include the Sistine Madonna, the Alba Madonna, and the Madonna of the Goldfinch. For 10 points, name this artist who also showed Plato and Aristotle conversing at the center of his The School of Athens.;;Raphael Sanzio|(Raphael) Sanzio
;;An early battle in this war saw the Irish Brigade defend the Po gate of the namesake city following the capture of the Duc de Villeroi. The talks that ended this war gave Britain the right to import forty eight hundred slaves to the Americas and were negotiated at Rastatt and Baden. This war included the early battle of Cremona, which preceded a attempt to take Vienna thwarted by the Duke of Marlborough and Eugene of Savoy. One theater of this war was Queen Anne's War, and its outcome required that Philip of Anjou give up his position as son of the Dauphin in order to inherit the lands of his father Charles II, as determined by the Treaty of Utrecht. For 10 points, name this conflict fought to prevent the house of Bourbon from uniting the thrones of France and Spain.;;(War) (of) (the) Spanish Succession
;;In x86 architectures, the frame pointer and a pointer by this name are used to access local variables and function information. Factor and Forth are languages based on the structure by this name. Operations in reverse Polish notation and other postfix systems are implemented using the data structure of this name. The canonical machine that decides context-free grammars contains one instance of this data structure. This data structure can be inspected but not modified using the top operation, but is built up and broken down using the operations push and pop. For 10 points, name this data structure that implements first-in last-out ordering, as contrasted with a queue.;;(a) stack
;;The title character of this work sees familiar blue eyes in a painting that lead her to believe that her lover is seeing the Marchesa. In this opera's third act, a man dons women's clothing and is promised "Even if it costs me my life, I'll save you" before a cannonball is fired from the Castel Sant'Angelo. In the first act of this opera, choir boys who mistakenly believe that Napoleon has lost at Marengo rehearse a celebratory "Te Deum." The title character of this opera sings that she lived for art in the aria "Vissi d'arte," which is followed by the suicide of Angelotti. This opera's title character sleeps with the sinister Baron Scarpia in a failed attempt to save the life of her lover, the painter Cavaradossi. For 10 points, name this opera in which the title singer jumps to her death, composed by Giacomo Puccini.;;Tosca
;;Larry Devlin and Sidney Gottlieb were both implicated in the murder of this man, which was attempted with poison placed in a tube of toothpaste. This founder of the MNC party gave an independence day speech sharply contrasting with the one given by King Baudouin, and was involved in a power struggle with Joseph Kasavubu. Shortly after taking power, he appealed for Soviet aid after Moishe Tshombe declared the region of Katanga to be independent. Later, he was deposed by a coup led by Joseph Mobutu. For 10 points, name this first Prime Minister of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, murdered in 1961.;;(Patrice) Lumumba
;;Materials that obey this relation have an interparticle potential proportional to d over r to the 6th power, assuming r is greater than d. The isotherm of this equation below the critical temperature was modified by Maxwell to include a flat portion, which removes the metastable states. It assumes the material in question consists of hard spheres of equal radius, and can be derived as a first-order truncation of the virial equation. It contains parameters for inter-particle attraction and particle volume, or a and b respectively. For 10 points, name this modification of the Ideal Gas Law, an equation of state named for a Dutch chemist.;;Van Der Waals equation (of) (state)
;;In this play's third act, two characters respectively woo a woman by giving her a paragraph of fake Latin and a gamut containing declarations of passion. In its second act, a woman declares "If I be waspish, best beware my sting," although she later lectures two other women that "Thy husband is thy lord, thy life, thy keeper." In this play's fourth act, its female lead agrees that the sun is the moon and the moon is the sun if the male lead thinks it is. Its frame narrative sees a Lord trick the drunk tinker Sly into thinking he is a noble, for whom the title play is performed. Its male lead has "come to wive it wealthily in Padua," and courts the title character so that Baptista will permit his daughter Bianca to marry. For 10 points, name this Shakespeare play that chronicles Petruchio's courtship of the title headstrong woman, Katherina.;;(The) Taming of the Shrew
;;This man is the namesake of a 1977 report also called Dietary Goals for the United States. He lost his Senate seat to James Abdnor. In one speech, he told the Senate "this chamber reeks of blood" before urging the passage of an amendment he co-sponsored with Mark Hatfield. That 1970 amendment would have forced complete withdrawal of American troops from Vietnam. During his presidential bid, he was forced to drop his original running mate, who had undergone electroshock therapy. He thus replaced Thomas Eagleton with Sargent Shriver. For 10 points, name this Senator from South Dakota who lost to Richard Nixon in the 1972 presidential election.;;(George) (Stanley) McGovern
;;This composer adapted a theme from the finale of Beethoven's String Quartet in B minor for the Allegro movement of his String Quartet number one in A major. This composer's second string quartet, in the key of D major, features a third movement Nocturne that is often performed on its own. A symphonic poem by this composer begins with a lone high E played by the violins, uses a theme played by the English horn to represent merchants, and features a pizzicato accompaniment representing camels walking through the desert. The title character of an opera by this composer is captured by Konchak, whose slaves perform the Polovtsian Dances. For 10 points, name this Russian composer of In the Steppes of Central Asia and the opera Prince Igor.;;(Alexander) Borodin
;;Mary Seacole ran a hospital for soldiers injured on the front of this war, which William Howard Russell gained fame for reporting on. Tensions that led to this war increased when Russia insisted that another country follow the conditions of the Treaty of Kuchuk Kainarji, leading to fears that Russia was attempting to establish exclusive influence over that country in violation of the Straits Treaty. The treaty ending this war demilitarized the land Islands, made the Black Sea neutral, and prevented Russia from claiming the right to protect the Christians in the Ottoman Empire. For 10 points, name this war which saw the bloody Siege of Sevastopol, and pitted France and Great Britain against Russia in the namesake Ukranian peninsula from 1853 to 1856.;;Crimean War
;;Members of this group are exempt from the Pidyon HaBen ceremony that redeems others from priestly obligations. A document named for this group contains an additional Greek footnote describing the central figure's initiation to priesthood and the arrogance of that figure's descendants. Families of three members of this group, Kohath, Merari, and Gershon, were responsible for transporting the Tabernacle. This group's patriarch destroyed the city of Shechem with Simeon in response for the rape of Dinah, and his youngest daughter Jochebed gave birth to Miriam, Aaron, and Moses. For 10 points, name this tribe of Israel founded by the third son of Jacob and Leah.;;Levites|(Tribe) (of) Levi
;;This man differentiated between swidden and sawah in a book written during his time on the Modjokuto Project. He distinguished between symbols that are "models of" the world and "models for" the world in his article "Religion as a Cultural System." This author of Agricultural Involution stated that "culture is public, because meaning is"; another section of that work describes a complicated betting system, the role of the umpire, and men's identification with their participants in the title event, and is entitled Deep Play: Notes on the Balinese Cockfight. For 10 points, name this American anthropologist who pioneered the use of thick description in The Interpretation of Cultures.;;(Clifford) (James) Geertz
;;Part of this work is set at Crotona, where the main character suffers from impotence after trying to make love to Circe and flees after killing a goose in a temple run by Oenothea. Another section sees the death of Lichas of Tarentum in a storm. Earlier, in order to keep passage on Lichas's ship, the poet Eumolpos tells the story of the Widow of Ephesus. This work opens with a debate between Agamemnon and Encolpius outside of a literary school. In its best known section, those two characters attend an extravagant feast given by the husband of Fortunata, Trimalchio. For 10 points, name this major work of Petronius.;;Satyricon
;;One section of this work explains that in Parisian courts, cases of traffic accidents are reconstructed by using toy trucks and toy baby carriages to show the spatial relationships of the vehicles, which this work takes as an analogy for how the relationships in a proposition represent the world. It claims that statements which are not built atomistically from empirical facts are meaningless, and thus that mathematics is tautological and metaphysics describes nothing. By its end, this text challenges the usefulness of any language, and advises discarding this book itself as a ladder which has been climbed. Also suggesting to "pass over in silence" that which cannot be spoken of, its propositions were undermined years later by the same author's Philosophical Investigations. For 10 points, identify this text, which was organized in seven sections as a mathematical proof and written by Ludwig Wittgenstein.;;Tractatus Logico(-)Philosophicus
;;This author compared life to a porcelain cup locked away by a Sexton in a love poem which begins "I cannot live with You / It would be Life." Other poems by this author call publication the "Auction / Of the Mind of Man" and describe a phenomenon that "oppresses, like the Heft / Of Cathedral Tunes." This author of "There's a certain Slant of light" compared the treading of Mourners to the breaking through of sense in a poem whose speaker asserts "I felt a Funeral, in my Brain." This poet called herself "inebriate of air" and "Debauchee of Dew" after drinking "From Tankards scooped in Pearl" in her poem "I taste a liquor never brewed." For 10 points, name this poet known as the "Belle of Amherst," who used a plethora of dashes in poems such as "I heard a fly buzz when I died.".;;(Emily) Dickinson
;;Two distinct ones of these cannot have the same exterior by the Gordon-Luecke theorem. Dowker notation can describe their projection. Twist, poke, and slide make up the Reidemeister moves on diagrams of these. They can be described by Jones and Alexander polynomials, which can be generalized to the HOMFLY polynomial. A simple loop is known as the un- one of these; a simple, non-trivial one is the trefoil. Slightly more general structures permitting open ends are known as braids. For 10 points, name these closed non-intersecting curves that cannot be untangled.;;knots
;;The Diola people in the southern Casamance region have long waged a separatist conflict in this nation. The city of Kaolack lies along Saloum River, a major waterway along which mangrove forests have been dying out. The Wolof, Pular and Serer peoples together make up a large majority of the population, which is almost entirely Muslim. This former French colony surrounds Gambia and was once part of the Federation of Mali. For 10 points, name this country formerly ruled by Leopold Senghor, the westernmost continental nation of Africa, whose capital is Dakar.;;Senegal
;;One of the last of these poems asks "I have brought the great ball of crystal; who can lift it?" The eighty-first of these poems concludes by repeating the phrase "Pull down thy vanity." The forty-fifth of them repeats the words "with usura," and was originally published as part of the "Fifth Decad" of these poems. Some of these poems are largely a collage of the writings of John Adams, while others were published under the title "Section: Rock Drill." A group of these poems praising Confucianism and including Chinese characters is usually known as the "China" ones. In 1948, the first Bollingen Prize was awarded to a group of these poems known as the "Pisan" ones. For 10 points, name this group of long, allusive modernist poems written by Ezra Pound.;;(the) Cantos
;;Moore and Penrose developed a formula for a generalized one of these applicable complex matrices. In multi-variable calculus, one of these can be found for a vector-valued function if its Jacobian is not zero. In logic, the one of these corresponding to a given statement is the converse its contrapositive. In single-variable calculus, the derivative of this map can be shown by the chain rule to be one over the derivative of its associated function. In order for a function to possess one of these, it must be bjiective, or both onto and one-to-one, as this maps a function's range onto its domain. For 10 points, give this type of object that, when combined with its associated object, returns the identity element.;;inverses (accept) pseudoinverses
;;Before this battle, one side had captured Norham, Etal and Ford Castles causing another side to make their approach via Twizel Bridge. Archers arriving through Crookham Dene provided supporting action during one part of this battle. One side in this battle had honored their Auld Alliance with France's Louis XII as the opposing side was allied with Spain and the Papal States in the War of the League of Cambrai. Sometimes known as the Battle of Braxton, one side in this battle was led by Thomas Howard, Earl of Surrey while another side saw the death of their leader James IV. For 10 points, name this decisive 1513 English victory over the Scots.;;(Battle) (of) Flodden Field
;;Robert Duncan wrote a poem that begins by quoting this author's line "The light foot hears you, and the brightness begins." Thomas Gray used a poetic form named for this author to write "The Progress of Poesy." This author wrote a poem praising Athens as "violet-crowned" and the "bulwark of Greece." This author of a hymn to the god Ammon called mankind "the dream of a shadow" a poem collected in his four books of epinikia. This author celebrated the triumph of Hippocleas in the earliest of his Pythian Odes. For 10 points, name this Greek lyric poet of victory odes for athletes in contests such as the Olympic games.;;Pindar
;;In transaminases that use PLP as a cofactor, the amine attacks one of these functional groups before being transferred to the product. A common substrate analogue in enzyme inhibition replaces the C-terminus with one of these functional groups. Hydration of these compounds produces hemiacetals, and they produce a chemical shift from 9.5 to 10.5 ppm on proton NMR. Reacting these compounds with ammoniacal silver nitrate produces a silver mirror in the Tollens test. The simplest member of this group is often used as a preservative, and this functional group features a carbon atom double bonded to an oxygen atom and single bonded to an atom of hydrogen. For 10 points, name this functional group that is similar to a ketone.;;aldehydes
;;This action was made easier because George Foster focused suspicion on James Parker, a black waiter standing next to this event's perpetrator. This event was inspired by the similar action of Gaetano Bresci the previous year. In the immediate aftermath of this event, the perpetrator claimed to be named Fred Nobody and stated "I didn't believe one man should have so much service, and another man have none." It occurred at the Pan American Exposition in Buffalo, where a man in a receiving line hid a gun under a bandage. For 10 points, identify this action perpetrated by Leon Czolgosz, after which Theodore Roosevelt succeeded to the Presidency.;;(the) assassination of (William) McKinley
;;Nineteenth century revolutionaries were fond of quoting this poem's line "Hereditary bondsmen! know ye not / Who would be free, themselves must strike the blow?" The speaker of this poem observes "There is a pleasure in the pathless woods / There is a rapture on the lonely shore" before apostrophizing "roll on, thou deep and dark blue ocean -- roll!" Its fourth canto opens with the lines "I stood in Venice on the Bridge of Sighs / A palace and a prison on each hand." When this poem's first two cantos were published in 1812, its title character became known as its author's prototypical brooding, romantic hero. For 10 points, name this four-canto poem about a disaffected young man's tour of Spain, Greece, Asia Minor, and Italy, which won immediate fame for its author, Lord Byron.;;Childe Harold's Pilgrimage(:) (A) (Romaunt)
;;This author described a person whose "malady of sacrilegious mirth / spread gay contagion with each clever breath" in a poem which tells the title character to "play the straight man for a term / And tolerate the humor of the worm." This author wrote about a newborn baby whose "clear vowels rise like balloons" in a poem beginning "Love set you going like a fat gold watch." This author of "Dirge for a Joker" and "Morning Song" wrote a poem whose speaker warns "Herr God" and "Herr Lucifer" to "Beware / Beware" because the speaker will rise "out of the ash" with her "red hair" and "eat men like air." This poet wrote "Every woman adores a Fascist" in a poem whose speaker imagines a stake in the "fat black heart" of the title character, who may be this poet's husband Ted Hughes. For 10 points, name this author of the poems "Lady Larazus" and "Daddy.".;;(Sylvia) Plath
;;Art Blakey remembered this musician breaking dozens of glasses his band members had drank from in a segregated club, sarcastically calling them contaminated. After leaving Jay McShann's band, he used the chords from Ray Noble's "Cherokee" to write his "Ko-Ko." This musician recorded his composition "Billie's Bounce" with a group known as his "Re-Boppers." This man found his greatest commercial success by recording songs like "Summertime" on a namesake album "with strings," and composed the standards "Anthropology" and "Confirmation." For 10 points, name this jazz saxophonist whose hit "Ornithology" was a pun off his nickname "Bird.".;;(Charlie) Parker Jr
;;Replacing residues 147 and 204 of this protein with cysteine makes it an effective sensor of a compartment's glutathione redox potential. This molecule contains a posttranslationally-formed bond between glycine-67 and serine-65 to form a five-membered ring with tyrosine-66. That structure is located inside this molecule's beta-barrel, which protects the central feature from water. It is commonly used as a reporter gene by fusing it to the gene of interest, which allows one to localize the fusion protein. Osamu Shimomura isolated it from Aequorea victoria, a jellyfish. For 10 points, name this protein often used in biological research that emits a certain color light when excited.;;green fluorescent protein or GFP
;;This symphony's second movement Scherzo is an unusually slow "Landler." Its first movement Allegro begins with hemiolas, and is marked "Lebhaft." The three trombones in this symphony do not enter until its fourth movement, which was initially called "In the Character of the Accompaniment to a Solemn Ceremony," but later given the title "Feierlach." This early five-movement symphony was written after its composer moved to Dusseldorf, and contains a fourth movement celebrating Johannes von Geissel's elevation as the Archbishop of Cologne. For 10 points, name this Robert Schumann symphony, which describes life by a German river.;;(the) Rhenish symphony|(Robert) Schumann's symphony no(.) three in (E(-)flat) (major(;))|symphony no(.) three in (E(-)flat) (major) (after) Schumann is (mentioned)
;;At the end of this story, a woman takes the words "You can say that again" literally, and repeats the phrase "I could tell that one was a doozy." The main character of this story is exactly seven feet tall, wears spectacles with thick wavy lenses and a red rubber ball on his nose, and first appears after tearing the door to a TV station off its hinges. Its protagonist defies the 211th, 212th, and 213th Constitutional Amendments by declaring "I am the Emperor!" and kissing the ceiling with a ballerina, until he is shot by Diana Moon Glampers, the Handicapper General. Beginning "the year was 2081, and everyone was finally equal," for 10 points, name this Kurt Vonnegut short story whose title character rebels against artificial handicaps that prevent people from being physically or mentally above average.;;Harrison Bergeron
;;This object was named for the horse of a figure who used it as his gallows. A figure known as High related to Gangleri that bees fed on the honeydew that fell from it. In the Grimnismal, this object was said to be the noblest of its kind and to "suffer more agony more than men know," as it was assaulted by four harts. At the very top of this object lay an unnamed eagle between whose eyes sat the hawk Vedrfolnir. Though the Norns used water from the Well of Urd to heal this object, it suffered more from the dragon Nidhogg and the pesky squirrel Ratatoskr. Home to nine worlds, for 10 points, name this world tree of Norse mythology.;;Yggdrasil
;;This man's successor was only in power for 45 minutes. He himself was overthrown during the Ten Tragic Days, a coup supported by US Ambassador Henry Lane Wilson. One document issued by this man attacked Ramon Carrol, a man originally picked to succeed his predecessor. While in power, he faced three different rebellions led by Felix Diaz, Pascual Orozco, and Bernardo Reyes. The author of the Plan of San Luis Potosi, he was attacked in the 1911 Plan of Ayala, issued by Emiliano Zapata. For 10 points, name this    by Victoriano Huerta.;;(Francisco) Madero
;;This artist painted a self-portrait under the statue of Mercury in his hectic scene of a man being grilled to death, the Martyrdom of St. Lawrence. This painter added a forked beard, a falling cloak that leaves genitalia partially visible, and a trident to his depiction of the winning admiral at Lepanto, Portrait of Andrea Doria as Neptune. He executed many images of Eleanora of Toledo during his thirty-three years as court painter to Cosimo di Medici; during that time, he created a painting as a gift from Cosimo to Francis I that depicts a figure who may be jealousy, despair, or syphilis howling in anguish and clutching his head at the left. That painting by this man also shows a white bird about to be stepped on, an old man carrying an hourglass, and two dramatic masks. For 10 points, name this Mannerist who created Venus, Cupid, Folly, and Time.;;(Il) Bronzino or (Agnolo) Bronzino(;)|(Agniolo) Bronzino(;)|(Agnolo) di Cosimo di (Mariano) (Tori(;))|(Agniolo) di Cosimo di (Mariano) (Tori)
;;Among this leader's early initiatives were a 110 point economic policy and the abolishment of the death penalty through the Badinter Act. Forced to abandon the Savary Bill, which would have limited local funding for private schools, he did establish the RMI, which ensured a minimum level of income for those of working age who were ineligible for unemployment. In a speech at La Baule, he discussed eastern and southern winds signaling the advance of democracy in Russia and Africa. For 10 points, name this president of France who authorized the destruction of the Rainbow Warrior, noted for being a socialist.;;(Francois) Mitterand
;;Gilles Deleuze's 1966 study of this philosopher revived interest in this philosopher's concept of multiplicity. This philosopher argued that analysis creates false divisions between concepts, unlike intuition, which attempts to know absolute experience, in his essay An Introduction to Metaphysics. In that essay, this philosopher used the image of an elastic band contracted to a point and stretched out into an expanding line to explain his concept of continuous duration. In a 1907 book, this philosopher traced the development of life through a common "vital impulse." For 10 points, name this French philosopher, the author of Creative Evolution.;;(Henri) Bergson
;;In the formula for Griffith's criterion, this value is inversely proportional to the energy release rate G. The area under the curve whose slope is this quantity is the toughness. Elastomers typically have a very low value for this quantity. This value can be determined for a material by taking multiplying one plus Poisson's ratio by twice the shear modulus. Below the yield strength, this value is the ratio of stress to strain. For 10 points, name this measure of an object's stiffness, a quantity having units of pressure that is sometimes named for an English physicist.;;Young's modulus|elastic modulus(;)|(modulus) (of) elasticity
;;Bill Clark was in charge of ensuring this project was kept secret until its official announcement. The EUREKA Program was a French alternative to this project, debate over which stalled the Reykjavik Summit. James Abrahamson first led the organization created for it. This project was later restructured to produce Brilliant Pebbles. The Fletcher Report examined the feasibility of this project, which Edward Teller claimed would "challenge" the Soviet "monopoly" on anti-missile defense. For 10 points, name this Reagan-era project that attempted to use space-based anti-ballistic missile systems and was derisively nicknamed after a popular movie series.;;Strategic Defense Initiative or SDI(;)|Star Wars Defense (System)
;;One character in this novel decides against letting his daughter marry after witnessing a statue bleeding out of its nose and a skeleton dressed like a hermit. At one point in this novel, the main character is guided down a corridor by a portrait of his grandfather which mysteriously comes alive. Its other characters include Father Jerome, who recognizes the peasant Theodore as his son when he sees the mark of the bloody arrow on him. At this novel's conclusion, the Knight of the Gigantic Sabre is revealed to be the father of Isabella and Matilda is stabbed by her father Manfred. It opens with the death of Prince Conrad, who is crushed by a giant helmet in the title Italian fortress. For 10 points, name this Gothic novel by Horace Walpole.;;(The) Castle of Otranto
;;In one novel by this author, a historian hired to write General Llorente's memoirs seduces his employer's niece, only for her to turn into the old widow Consuelo. In another novel by this author, Ixca Cienfuegos searches for human sacrifices to appease his mother Teodula Moctezuma. One of this author's title characters is comforted by Padilla playing tapes of his former transactions. That character appears in a novel in which he marries Catalina after his true love Regina is killed by Pancho Villa, and becomes a tycoon after the Mexican Revolution. For 10 points, name this Mexican author of Aura, Where the Air is Clear, and The Death of Artemio Cruz.;;(Carlos) Fuentes
;;This man painted a series of still lifes of eggplants with peppers, apples, and plums. He painted a giant sign reading "Office and Plant, Eshelman, Feed" in one of his paintings of the buildings of Lancaster, Pennsylvania. He painted a pair of smokestacks in the background of his After All and depicted a metal chimney rising past the fire escape of a tenement in Modern Conveniences. This artist painted a grain elevator running up a white building in his My Egypt. Another of his paintings has cut off depictions of the words "Bill" and "Carlos" and includes three instances of the title number. For 10 points, name this American artist who used a William Carlos Williams poem as the basis for I Saw the Figure 5 in Gold.;;(Charles) Demuth
;;One class of this type of problem is the so-called open shop problems. One major approach to handling this uses a multi-layer feedback queue. An important consideration when doing this is the burst rate; some methods for doing it require defining time quanta. Real-time operating systems have been known to run into priority inversion problems involving this which can make preemption hazardous. Common criteria for systems to do this include fairness, responsiveness, and throughput, the last of which is maximized by a shortest-job-first method. A simple solution to it is is a first-in first-out method. For 10 points, name this problem of finding an optimal order for a series of events or processes.;;scheduling accept (pretty) (much) (anything) (that) (indicates) (that) (making) (a) schedule is (involved)
;;In her early career, this observer at Evian conference worked for the Histadrut Labour Council and served as her country's first ambassador to the Soviet Union. This leader's early reign was marked by the War of Attrition, and she formed the Labour party by uniting her country's Rafi, Ahdut Haavoda and Mapai parties. The fallout from the Agranat Commission forced this leader to resign; earlier she had succeeded Levi Eshkol in her highest post. She authorized Operation Wrath of God following the atrocities at the 1972 Summer Olympics Munich, although she fell from political grace after her country was taken off guard during the Yom Kippur War. For 10 points, name this female Israeli prime minister of the 1970's.;;(Golda) Meir or (Golda) Mebovitz
;;This figure recited an incantation over his sleeping wife to exchange faces with her. This god named his four brothers and briefly earned their ire because he was allowed to sleep in his mother's bed. In one version, he died when the laughter of a fan tail caused the ruler of the underworld to crush him between her legs. This god was wrapped in the top-knot of Taranga, then nursed by seaweed before proceeding to use a jaw-bone of his ancestor to beat the sun. This figure transformed Irawaru into a dog, which distressed his sister Hina. Known for using a fishhook to haul up islands in the Pacific, for 10 points, name this trickster in Polynesian myth.;;Maui
;;This writer complained about his audience being distracted by a rope-dancer in the prologue to one of his plays. In the prologue to his last work, this author admits plagiarizing Linked By Death, a work of Diphilus. In that play, Micio raises his nephew Aeschinus and Demea brings up Ctesiphon. This author of The Mother-in-Law wrote a play in which Parmeno introduces Chaerea to the title character, and Pamphila is a gift for Thais from Phaedria and Thraso. For 10 points, name this Roman playwright of The Eunuch who was brought from Carthage as a slave, who often adapted the plots of Menander and wrote for a more sophisticated audience than his predecessor Plautus.;;Terence or (Publius) Terentius Afer
;;This man's special car was called the "Blue Moose." After World War I, he became addicted to morphine and was placed in the violent ward at Langbro asylum. During World War II, this man was mocked as "Mister Meier" in regards to a boast he had earlier made. Near the end of the war, this man sent a telegram to Hitler in which he announced he would take control of the Reich, prompting Hitler to angrily change his will. A winner of the Blue Max award, this man used potassium cyanide hidden in skin cream to avoid having to face the humiliation of a public execution. For 10 points, name this man who committed suicide before his hanging at Nuremberg, a rotund Nazi in charge of the Luftwaffe.;;(Hermann) Goering
;;In one story by this author, Tom King regretfully remembers humiliating the old prizefighter Stowsher Bill after losing a fight to Sandel. In a dystopian novel by this author, Avis and Ernest Everhard fight against the fascist Oligarchy. This author of the short story "A Piece of Steak" wrote a novel contrasting the love between Maud and Humphrey with the lack of morality of the title character, the captain of the Ghost. The protagonist of another of this author's novels kills his rival Spitz after being kidnapped from the estate of Judge Miller, and loses his ties to civilization after discovering the death of John Thornton. For 10 points, name this American author of The Iron Heel, The Sea Wolf, and The Call of the Wild.;;(Jack) London
;;Important to the virulence of this organism is the gene PfEMP1, and surface markers on those organisms include the vaccine candidate MSP-1. This organism's genome has one of the most AT rich genomes sequenced, and it uses the glycophorin-C protein on its host cells. This organism also has apicoplasts. Different phases of it see populations of schizonts, merozoites, and sporozoites. At various stages of the disease caused by this organism, both red blood cells and liver cells are infected, and it is transmitted through the Anopheles mosquito. For 10 points, name this genus of protozoan which causes malaria.;;Plasmodium or Plasmodium vivax(,) Plasmodium falciparum(,) (etc(.))
;;An incident discussing the consumption of strangled meat in this book is used to explain why Christians do not have to keep kosher. One couple in this book withholds a portion of profit from a land sale and presents it as the entire amount. This book describes the story of Sapphira and Ananias and contains prohibitions against worshiping idols and fornicating. Most famously, this book describes the stoning to death of Stephen by a mob, a crime approved by Saul, who himself is converted to Christianity in its pages. For 10 points, name this Biblical book written by Luke, that recounts what happened to the twelve followers of Jesus Christ.;;Acts of (the) (Apostles)
;;One general at this battle personally led the 57th Brigade into battle, after which General Rapp feared him dead and assumed command until General Davout reappeared alive. The center of the defender's lines in this battle contained a huge cannon-protecting earthworks called the Raevsky Redoubt. An important stronghold for the eventual losers of this battle was the left-flank "Bagration fleches." Prince Eugene commanded the Italy Corps in this battle, the defending forces at which were organized by Count Barclay de Tolly. The victors at the battle failed to take the offensive after they scattered Mikhail Kutuzov's troops. For 10 points, name this final offensive in Napoleon's invasion of Russia, a massive battle fought outside of Moscow in 1812.;;(Battle) (of) Borodino or Borodinskaya bitva(;)|Moskva River
;;This opera parodies the bel canto style of singing in the serenade "Di rigori armato di seno," which is cut short by a character arguing with a notary about a dowry. This opera's main love triangle is resolved in its third act trio "Hab' mir's gelobt," which is followed by two young lovers singing the duet "Ist ein traum." This opera's mezzo-soprano is assisted by the intriguers Valzacchi and Annina, and disguises himself as the maid Mariandel to avoid being caught in the chambers of the Marshallin. Hugo von Hofmansthal wrote the libretto for this opera, in which the lecherous Baron Ochs is foiled in his plans to marry Sophie, who instead falls in love with Octavian. For 10 points, name this comic opera by Richard Strauss, whose title refers to Octavian's presentation of a silver flower.;;(Der) Rosenkavalier or (The) Knight of the Rose
;;In this election, Dick Gregory was a write-in candidate for the Peace and Freedom Party. George Romney dropped from the Republican primaries of this year after claiming the military had "brainwashed" him. Volunteers for a Democratic candidate in this election shaved their facial hair to go "clean for Gene." The winner of this election used the "Southern strategy," although southern states voted for the American Independent Party. The incumbent announced he would not seek a second term after a surprising showing in the New Hampshire primary by Eugene McCarthy. For 10 points, name this presidential election that Hubert Humphrey lost to Richard Nixon.;;(Election) (of) 1968
;;One mathematician with this last name developed an algebra in which the most general associativity relations are x and y x times y equals y times x and quantity x-squared times y, close quantity times x equals x-squared times quantity y times x. Another mathematician with this last name proved the theorem that a simple, closed curve divides the plain disjoint interior and exterior regions; such curves also bear his name. Still another mathematician with this last is the second namesake of a method in which a matrix is inverted by reducing it reduced row-echelon form. For 10 points, give this last name of mathematician Wilhelm, who names a form of matrix elimination with Carl Friedrich Gauss.;;Jordan
;;Johan Halvorsen arranged a version this composer's Passacaglia in G minor for viola and violin. One of this composer's works features the "Hailstone chorus," and is usually performed as its second and third movements, "Exodus" and "Moses' Song." His works are organized by HWV numbers, and he composed "The Arrival of the Queen of Sheba" for his oratorio Solomon. The aria "Ombra mai fu" is known as his "Largo." Another of his oratorios is set to a libretto by Charles Jennens, and includes the choruses "I know my redeemer liveth" and "For unto us a child is born." For 10 points, name this German-born Baroque composer of Israel in Egypt, who wrote the "Hallelujah chorus" for his oratorio Messiah.;;(George) (Frideric) Handel or (Georg) (Friedrich) Haendel
;;Steve Hilton works as a strategist for this man, who defeated David Davis in a 2005 party election. Opposition to this man refers to him as a chameleon and he generated controversy after it was revealed he made a 1989 vacation trip to apartheid era South Africa. His cabinet consists of individuals as William Hague and Kenneth Clarke. In 2005, he succeeded Michael Howard as head of his party. Nick Clegg serves as this man's deputy, and he reached his highest position after a coalition was formed between the Conservatives and the Liberal Democrats. For 10 points, name this new Prime Minister of Great Britain.;;(David) Cameron
;;This writer posited that places which concentrate work, sleep, and recreation into the same physical space and are demarcated by a physical barrier constitute "total institutions," which include everything from Nazi camps to the title places of his work Asylums. Passing and voluntary disclosure are involved in the five-phase model of how deviance is shamed, according to his book Stigma. He identified the "backstage" and "frontstage" areas of public spaces in another work, which identifies life as a series of "encounters" which are performed. For 10 points, name this Canadian sociologist who used the dramaturgical approach and symbolic interactionism to explain The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life.;;(Erving) Goffman
;;Several characters in this poem steal a "frightened look" at "the gray wizard's conjuring book," referring to Cornelius Agrippa's Occult Philosophy, which supplies the first of this poem's two epigraphs. The author's note to this poem explains that its "not unfeared, half-welcome guest" was Harriet Livermore, although it does not identify "the master of the district school," who is described as one of "Freedom's young apostles" who will "Uplift the black and white alike" after the Civil War. Near the beginning of this poem, the call "Boys, a path!" leads the central family to dig a tunnel to their barn, before that family tells stories by the fireplace in order to wait out the results of a storm. Subtitled "A Winter Idyl," for 10 points, name this John Greenleaf Whittier poem about a New England blizzard.;;Snow(-)Bound(:) (A) (Winter) (Idyl)
;;After the poor preparation of this man's military in a war, he commissioned the Henderson-Brooks report to investigate. In his preface to his country's report on nuclear weapons, this man called them "frightful engines of destruction." Upon taking his most noted office, this man gave the "A Tryst With Destiny" speech. He set up the "Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence" with China, although war would later break out in 1962. Along with Tito and Nasser, this man founded the Non-Aligned Movement. Other people to hold this man's position included his grandson, Rajiv, and his daughter, Indira. For 10 points, name this Indian statesman, the first prime minister of independent India.;;(Jawaharlal) Nehru
;;In one story from this work, a man who spends all of his money wooing his lover is forced to cook his prized falcon when he has her over for supper. In another of its stories, Alessandro runs the businesses of his uncles in London before traveling to Rome to get the pope's permission to marry the princess of England. Other works in this collection include one in which the generous Nathan is stabbed by Mitridanes, and one which inspired Lessing in which Melchizedek tells Saladin the story of the three rings when asked which religion is the truth. Another of its stories concerns the Marquis of Saluzzo who tricks Griselda into thinking her two children are dead, inspiring Chaucer's Clerk's Tale . For 10 points, name this collection in which Panfilo, Fiametta, and eight other Florentines tell ten stories each while escaping the plague, a work of Boccaccio.;;(The) Decameron
;;One type of this device relies on an overlap between the valence and conduction bands to keep the Fermi level constant and operates by inducing a current across a narrow depletion region. Four of these elements are connected in a bridge to produce a full-wave rectifier. Voltage regulators are often designed using a specific type of this circuit element in which the current is independent of the applied voltage once the breakdown voltage is exceeded. The varactor type of these circuit elements is used to implement a variable capacitance. Seemingly negative resistance is exhibited by a variety of these devices named for Esaki; simpler ones consist of single PN junctions. For 10 points, identify these circuit elements which also exist in Schottky and Zener varieties and that typically pass current in only one direction.;;diodes
;;One section of this collection responds to the fears voiced by "Brutus" by claiming that the judiciary is "least dangerous" to political rights because it has "neither FORCE nor WILL, but merely judgment." Its tenth section argues that a large republic is best suited to control the effects of factions. The fifty-first section of this collection asserts "If men were angels, no government would be necessary," and that "Ambition must be made to counteract ambition" in the form of checks and balances. Published under the pseudonym Publius, for 10 points, name this group of essays arguing in favor of ratifying the Constitution, which were written by John Jay, Alexander Hamilton, and James Madison.;;(the) Federalist Papers or (The) Federalist
;;One boycott organized by this man used the slogan "Don't Buy Gas Where You Can't Use the Restroom." He opened a public investigation into the death of Emmett Till. Months before the Brown v Board decision, he applied to the law school of the University of Mississippi. Phil Ochs's "Too Many Martyrs" and Bob Dylan's "Only a Pawn in Their Game" are about this man. In 1994, Byron De La Beckwith was convicted after bragging to Ku Klux Klan members about shooting this organizer of the Jackson Movement in 1963. For 10 points, name this first NAACP Field Secretary of Mississippi whose assassination caused a furor during the civil rights movement.;;(Medgar) (Wiley) Evers
;;One of this man's works shows an old woman clutching a bear mug with an owl on her shoulder. He also depicted a large-bosomed, smiling girl wearing lower-class clothing in his painting Gypsy Girl. This artist of Maile Babbe was an accomplished portraitist, among whose clientele was the wealthy Isaak Massa. He painted a life-size group portrait of men ostentatiously holding flags and posing at a dinner table in his The Banquet of the Officers of the St. George Militia Company. The upper right of another painting by this artist announces that its subject is twenty six years old. In that painting, this artist depicted a mustachioed gentleman with an enigmatic grin, with his mouth firmly closed, in contrast to the painting's title. For 10 points, name this artist of the Dutch Golden Age, the painter of The Laughing Cavalier.;;(Frans) Hals
;;The "Forbidden Toy" experiment demonstrated that this effect depends on the severity of punishment. Elliot Aronson earlier found that it was stronger when an individual expended more effort joining a group. The first theorists of this phenomenon used applied it to the results of an experiment in which subjects placed and removed spools from a tray and turned square pegs ninety degrees. This phenomenon arose when subjects were paid one or twenty dollars to enthusiastically describe boring tasks. For 10 points, name this phenomenon studied by James Carlsmith and Leon Festinger, in which an individual's actions and attitudes are at odds with each other.;;cognitive dissonance
;;In a poem by this author, the speaker declares "I hate my epidermal dress" and wishes to "sleep immodestly" as "a most incarnadine and carnal ghost." This poet wrote "I measure time by how a body sways" in a poem whose first line describes the title character as "lovely in her bones." This author of "Epidermal Macabre" and "I Knew a Woman" used four-line stanzas and lines of three iambs to mimic the title dance of a poem beginning "the whiskey on your breath / Could make a small boy dizzy." This poet wrote "I feel my fate in what I cannot fear / I learn by going where I have to go" in a villanelle which begins with the line "I wake to sleep, and take my waking slow." For 10 points, name this poet from Michigan who wrote "My Papa's Waltz" and "The Waking.".;;(Theodore) Roethke
;;Locally compact examples of these algebraic structures can be assigned Haar measures. All possible composition series of one of these objects are equivalent by the Jordan-Holder theorem. One class of these has locally Euclidean structure and is named for Lie [LEE]. Another class of this type of object dictates the solvability of polynomials and is named for Galois [gal-WAH]. As with many algebraic structures, the set of commuting values in one of these is its center and one equal to its own center is Abelian. For 10 points, name these mathematical structures, each of which consists of a set endowed an associated operation for which there exist an identity and inverses.;;groups
;;Islands in this lake include bird sanctuaries named Hog Island and Fisherman Island. A man-made peninsula on this lake is Northerly Island, the site of an airport named Meigs Field. This lake contains islands which according to legend commemorate two drowned bear cubs. Located off the Sleeping Bear Dunes National Lakeshore, those islands are North and South Manitou Islands. The crazed Mormon "king" James Strang ruled an island in this lake called Beaver Island. Tourists cross this lake on the SS Badger, which takes people from Ludington to Manitowoc. For 10 points, name this only Great Lake located entirely within the United States, which has such cities as Chicago on its shores.;;(Lake) Michigan
;;The Troparion of this day sees an angel tell some "myrrh-bearing women" that myrrh is not good enough for Christ. One event on this day saw a speech in which crying women were told to "weep for yourselves and for your children," and that barren women would be blessed one day. Events during it can be represented by the Via Dolorosa, which honors the actions of Saint Veronica and Simon of Cyrene. This day immediately follows another holiday which contains the traditional washing of the feet and is given the adjective "Maundy." For 10 points, name this holiday which commemorates the day Jesus was crucified and takes place two days before Easter Sunday.;;Good Friday accept Holy Friday or Great Friday
;;In one story, this character breaks up with his girlfriend Marjorie after answering "No" to her question "Isn't love fun anymore?" In a subsequent story, this character reacts to that breakup by getting drunk with his friend Bill during the title period of strong winds. He arrives at the burned-out town of Seney and fishes for trout in a two-part story about his healing return to nature after World War I. In a story about his transition to adulthood, he warns former heavyweight prizefighter Ole Anderson about the gangsters Max and Al. This character is the protagonist of the stories "The End of Something," "The Three-Day Blow," "Big Two-Hearted River," and "The Killers." For 10 points, name this recurring character created by Ernest Hemingway.;;Nick Adams|(Nick) Adams
;;This husband of Ermengarde of Tours died and was buried at a monastery near Prum. He quarreled with his stepmother Judith after she planned to have Alemannia given to her son rather than to him. He allied with Pepin II of Aquitaine, but was nevertheless defeated at the Battle of Fontenay, prompting him to negotiate a treaty with two of his brothers that granted him Italy and a strip of land stretching northwards from that province. For 10 points, name this signatory of the Treaty of Verdun, the brother of Charles the Bald and Louis the German.;;Lothair I
;;The narrator of the novel is given some Christmas cookies and rosewater by a woman who returns his umbrella. The title character of this work secures an agreement from the leaders of a monastery to sell him some wood. In this novel, the young man Pavli drowns himself in the ocean after an unnamed Widow spends the night with the narrator, causing her to be stoned and decapitated by an angry funeral procession. The narrator is referred to as "the boss" by the passionate title character, who eventually marries the aging prostitute Madame Hortense and helps run a Cretan lignite mine. For 10 points, name this novel by Nikos Kazantzakis.;;Zorba the Greek or Vios kai politela tou Alexe Zormpa
;;A common inducible form of the Cre-Lox system fuses the Cre protein to a mutant T2 form of the receptor for this molecule. Raloxifine and Tamoxifen selectively inhibit the action of this compound in some organs, while with another hormone it increases the expression of steroid hormone binding globulin from the liver. This hormone, which is secreted by granulosa cells, is produced from precursors by aromatase, and a rise in this hormone results in the LH surge that triggers ovulation. Responsible for controlling the proliferation of the endometrium, its precursors include cholesterol and testosterone. Along with progesterone, its decline causes menopause. For 10 points, name this female sex hormone.;;Estrogen accept Estradiol (,)Estriol(,)|Estrone
;;This figure ordered his men to advance in spite of an omen in which a red snake bit an eagle. His enemy recounted that this warrior would not advance beyond an oak tree by the Scaean gate. He fulfilled a prophecy by killing Protesilaus and engaged in another fight in the form of his brother Deiphobus. This figure's bronze helmet inspired tears in his son Astyanax, whom he embraced before killing an enemy wearing someone else's armor. This man was dragged behind his opponent's chariot as vengeance for killing Patroclus. For 10 points, name this husband of Andromache, a Trojan brother of Paris and warrior who was killed by Achilles.;;Hector
;;The second waltz from this composer's second Jazz Suite is played at the beginning and ending of Stanley Kubrick's movie Eyes Wide Shut. This composer wrote a symphony whose eleven movements set poems by Garcia Lorca, Apollonaire, and Rilke to a string and percussion orchestra. In addition to composing his Fourteenth symphony, he compared the finale of his fifth symphony to a person beating people with a stick and insisting "your business is rejoicing," although he had earlier called it a "creative response to justified criticism." The first movement of his seventh symphony repeats a marchlike twenty-two bar ostinato representing the German invasion of his country during World War II. For 10 points, name this Soviet composer of the Leningrad symphony.;;(Dmitri) (Dmitriyevich) Shostakovich
;;Herbert Taylor used a radioactive tracer in Vicia faba to arrive at the same results that this experiment more conclusively showed. The year previously, a paper the experimenters co-authored with Vinograd explained density-gradient centrifugation using cesium chloride, which the experimenters used as the last step in this "most beautiful experiment in biology." In this pulse-chase experiment, E. coli was grown in a medium containing nitrogen-15, then transferred to a medium containing nitrogen-14; the experimenters then observed which strands of DNA contained the heavier isotope of nitrogen. For 10 points, name this experiment that proved that DNA replication was semiconservative.;;Meselson(-)Stahl experiment
;;One ruler of this dynasty sent his general Jawhar to conquer the Ikshidids. The general Badr al-Jamali took control of this dynasty during the reign of its ruler al-Mustansir. This dynasty founded the university al-Azhar during the reign of al-Mu'izz, and was supported by the Katana Berbers after being founded by Ubayd Allah. The Assassins were founded in opposition to this dynasty, which founded the modern city of Cairo and made that city its capital in 973. Druze worship this dynasty's caliph al-Hakim, and it lost power in Egypt after being overthrown by Saladin. For 10 points, identify this Isma'ili dynasty which ruled North Africa and Egypt from 909 to 1171, named for a daughter of Muhammad.;;Fatimid Dynasty|(the) Fatimids
;;One character in this play observes that women "don't seem to hold together like men" before remembering a girl who "spread" and exclaiming "Kaw!" That character shouts "One Lyons Red Label! One Smith's Crisps! One Eccles cake!" as well as "The larder's bare!" before another character apologizes more formally through a speaking tube. The main characters of this play are employees of the mysterious Wilson, and repeat instructions about taking out their weapons to corner a victim in silence. However, this play ends with one of its two characters stumbling onstage stripped of his clothes and gun, causing the audience to realize he is his partner's actual target. For 10 points, name this Harold Pinter play about the hitmen Gus and Ben, who receive orders from the title device.;;(The) Dumb Waiter
;;One scene in this film demonstrates the protagonist's unstable marriage with a series of shots showing the couple sitting farther apart at their dinner table. Chorus girls in this film sing that the protagonist "loves to smoke" and "enjoys a joke." At one point in this film, the protagonist shrieks at Boss Jim Gettys that he will send him to Sing Sing. This movie's title character drafts a "Declaration of Principles," which is kept by his friend Jedediah Leland. This film's title character attempts to make his second wife, Susan Alexander, into an opera star, by using his influence as Inquirer publisher. This film aroused the ire of William Randolph Hearst, upon whom its title character was based. For 10 points, name this 1941 movie directed by and starring Orson Welles as the title newspaperman, who says "Rosebud" as he dies.;;Citizen Kane
;;Cacodylic acid contains a central atom of this element. One drug that contains this element has a central ring of this element with phenamine groups hanging off, while its trioxide is used alongside ATRA to treat some leukemias. Besides being the central atom of Fowler's solution, it was use to treat syphilis and trypanosomiasis as part of Salversan. When combined with chlorine, it forms the chemical weapon lewisite, while when combined with gallium it can be used as a semiconductor. For 10 points, name this element with atomic number 33, a notable poison.;;arsenic or As
;;One character in this work explains that freshly woven cloaks continue to exist after their maker's death. As this work opens, the title character is told that his master composed music based on Aesop's Fables in a dream. After the central character uses the hot-cold and asleep-awake dichotomies to expound the notion of opposites, Cebes introduces that character's "Theory of Recollection" argument. This work, which argues that the soul is immortal, opens in a prison with Simmias and Xanthippe. For 10 points, name this Platonic dialogue that depicts the death of Socrates.;;Phaedo
;;The protagonist of this novel becomes impoverished after Macalister unwisely convinces him to invest in a South African mine during the Boer War. A female character in this novel gives birth to the baby of Emil Miller and cheats on the protagonist with Harry Griffiths before destroying the protagonist's possessions in a fit of rage. Its protagonist studies art with Frederick Lawson in Paris, and studies to become a doctor at St. Luke's Hospital, where he meets the father of his future wife Sally, Thorpe Athelney. The second half of this novel describes the protagonist's destructive relationship with the waitress Mildred Pierce. For 10 points, name this novel about the club-footed Philip Carey, written by William Somerset Maugham.;;Of Human Bondage
;;In the WKB approximation, the probability of this process is given by e to the minus integral of the wave number between turning points, all over the square of one plus one-fourth the same exponential. The preformation probability times the rebound frequency times the probability of this process gives the rate of alpha decay in the Gamow [GAM-off] model. Because the wavefunction decays exponentially in regions of high potential, the wave function amplitude is in general non-zero outside of finite potential barriers, which explains this process. The transmission coefficient gives the probability of this process. For 10 points, name this phenomenon in which a particle crosses a potential barrier of energy greater than its own energy, a process that is not classically allowed.;;(quantum) tunneling
;;Juliet Barker argues that the victors of this battle were outnumbered at least four to one. Davy Gam allegedly died saving the life of the winning commander at this battle. The losing side was led by Charles d'Albret [doll-BRAY]. It led to the Treaty of Troyes, which ensured that the French throne would be inherited by the victor, Henry V. For 10 points, name this 1415 battle, a victory for the English longbowmen during the Hundred Years' War.;;(Battle) (of) Agincourt