;;In the lower right of this painting, two small ships are steering into a port while a solitary raft drifts out to sea, and the left center is densely populated with mostly gothic styled buildings and an arch-supported bridge leads into the title land. The lower left shows four workers surrounded by stones kneeling before a blue and white robed man flanked by two monks. A lone cloud hovers at the height of the immense title structure, which takes up more than half the canvas in the form of an incomplete truncated cone. FTP, name this painting by Peter Breughel the elder showing a biblical scene of excessive pride.;;(The) Tower of Babel
;;This party emerged after one of its nation's oldest parties merged with a small group of politicians, originally known as the "Gang of Four," who had seceded from the country's main left-wing party in 1981. Its old standby issue has been proportional representation, but now it hopes to gain in elections as having been the only major party in its country to oppose the widely unpopular Iraq War. Paddy Ashdown and now Charles Kennedy have led, FTP, what centrist political party that now occupies about one-thirteenth of the seats in Britain's parliament?.;;Liberal Democrats
;;In this film, Anthony Michael Hall and Heather Graham have parts as a jilted homosexual MIT student and a poor New York waitress. The pronunciation of "a bottle of beer" proves to be of extreme importance and works of art featured include a Renoir, a statue of an animal in central park, the Sistine ceiling and a double-sided Kandinsky. FTP, name this 1993 film that got Stockard Channing an Oscar nod, the film breakthrough for Will Smith, which takes its name from a concept thought up by Stanley Milgram, and which concerns a drifter who impersonates the son of Sidney Poitier.;;Six Degrees of Separation
;;Most of the information on him is pretty dubious, as is only appropriate. Gondorfus, King of the Indies, supposedly gave him money to build a palace, but he instead built himself a "palace in heaven" by giving it to the poor. He is thus the patron of masons and architects. In the gospel of John, when Lazarus dies, this man, surnamed Didymus, cryptically suggest that the others go and die with him. Most of this would doubtless have been condemned as a cock-and-bull story by, FTP, what apostle who had to put his fingers into the nail-holes before he would believe that Christ was really risen.;;(St(.)) Thomas (the) (Apostle)
;;The first step is the formation of a phosphonium salt from the SN2 reaction of an alkyl halide with the nucleophile triphenylphosphine.  The phosphonium salt is then deprotonated with a strong base. The result of this can then attack the carbonyl carbon of an aldehyde or ketone to give the intermediate species betaine, which forms an oxaphosphetane which is then decomposed to yield an alkene and triphenylphosphine oxide.  FTP, identify this reaction with a ylide intermediate, which produces carbon-carbon double bonds from carbon-oxygen double bonds.;;Wittig (Reaction)
;;The idea of the title comes in response to Henry Adams' notion that the laws of thermodynamics have analogs in historical events. The narrator dreams about being sexually assaulted by the woman who runs errands for him in his cabin in Grass Valley. Susan Burling Ward was only every happy in Michocacan but was forced to settle for Leadville and other places where there were mines for her husband Oliver to work at. This is discovered by her grandson Lyman, a crippled historian in, FTP, what novel whose title refers to a point at which debris in a mine stops subsiding, and which was written by Wallace Stegner?.;;Angle of Repose
;;(note to moderators: the word "shire," when used as a suffix, rhymes with "washer," not with "choir.") It is now divided into North, South and West portions, which do not correspond to its historical division into North, South and East Ridings. Its eponymous town, the Roman Eboracum, is now nowhere near the largest town in it, being much smaller than industrial centers such as Leeds, Kingston-on-Hull or Sheffield. Its eponymous pudding is a bread-based by-product of roast beef, while James Herriot's All Creatures Great and Small takes place on its famous Dales. Nottinghamshire, Lancashire, Derbyshire and Lincolnshire all border, FTP, what largest historic county of England and partial namesake of the largest city in the U.S.?.;;Yorkshire
;;The creator of this mathematical construct described it using the example of the alternation of consonants and vowels in Yevgeny Onegin.  Paul and Tatiana Ehrenfest demonstrated thermodynamic irreversibility using one of these models.  Commonly depicted using a transition graph, when it is expressed in matrix form all rows must sum to one.  For 10 points - identify this probability model where future states are independent of past states when the present is known.;;Markov (chain)
;;This general was court-martialled for his defeat at Paoli, and after being exonerated promptly got into a duel with Charles Lee over that general's blunders at Monmouth. His dress earned him the nickname "Dandy" while working for Ben Franklin, while a scout named "Jemmy the Rover" gave him his more famous name, possibly during his storming of a fort at Stony Brook, NY. His most famous battle, in the Northwest Territories, earned him the nickname "the chief who never sleeps." FTP, name this general who imposed the Treaty of Greenville on the Indians he had defeated at the Battle of Fallen Timbers, and for whom the county that contains Detroit is named.;;(Mad) (Anthony) Wayne
;;Its sugar factories were nationalized after the signing of the Treaty of Breda.  Bauxite became its greatest export, and the 1964 damming the large inland lake, the W. J. Bloomsteinmeer, provides most electricity for aluminum production.  After slavery was abolished in the 1860s, planters brought in laborers from India and Indonesia, who now make up this country's largest ethnic group. New York was given to the English in exchange for, FTP, what country that borders Brazil, Guyana and French Guiana and which, in 1975, gained its independence from the Netherlands.;;Suriname
;;Its opening solo finds the bassoon in its highest register, playing so high that musicians have found it difficult to identify.  That solo sets off a controlled chaos of fragmented solos in contrasting timbres that foreshadows the building tension for in Part II or "The Sacrifice."  Most modern listeners probably associate it with cartoon dinosaurs fighting and eventually going extinct, thanks to Disney's Fantasia. The somewhat harsh music, plus Nijinsky's choreography, made for a famous riot at the 1913 premiere of, FTP, what ballet by Igor Stravinsky?.;;(the) Rite of Spring
;;The phrase "in dubious battle" is spoken to this literary character. It is said of him that he seemed a "Pillar of state" and that on his brow "engraven deliberation sat and public care." He speaks fourth in a debate in which the first speaker advocated continued war, only to be out-argued by personifications of hypocrisy and greed. Indirect war on God through Man is the course proposed by, for 10 points, what lieutenant of Satan, who speaks after Moloch, Belial and Mammon in Book 1 of Paradise Lost and whose name in Hebrew sounds like "lord of the flies.".;;Beelzebub
;;When a questioner asked this man whether, based on Plato's Symposium, having sex with one's students was OK, this man had his most famous student give an answer. That student goes on to record that in this man's life he had three moments of union with the One. "Are the Stars Causes"? and "What can it be that has caused souls to forget the father, God?" are among the questions with which he begins the 54 brief tracts that make up his writings. Porphyry's arrangement of the 54 into six groups of nine explains the name of the writings of, FTP, what third-century AD Neoplatonist writer of the Enneads?.;;Plotinus (pluh(-)TYE(-)nuss(,)) (not) (PLAH(-)tin(-)uss)
;;This self-proclaimed hick from Coos Bay, Oregon was coached at college by a future founder of the Nike shoe company. While still at U. of Oregon, he barely missed a medal at the Munich Olympics in 1972, but then proceeded to rack up the American record in every distance from the 2,000 meters to the 10,000 and from 2 miles to 6 miles. While preparing for the Montreal Olympics, he swerved his car into a rock wall and died in 1975. FTP, name this distance runner now honored with an annual 10K memorial run known as the "Pre.".;;(Steve) Prefontaine
;;Written originally for the authors friends and godchildren in the 1930s, most of the verse in this book is basically nonsense, although its characters are based on such figures as Holmes' adversary Moriarty. The characters are numerous and include the laid back old Deuteronomy, the contrary Rum Tum Tugger, the mastermind criminal Macavity, and the trickster Mr. Mistoffelees. For 10 pointsname this T.S. Eliot work, now better known because of the Andrew Lloyd Webber musical Cats.;;Old Possum's Book of Practical Cats
;;Name's the same: One begins on the Llano Estacado and is dammed into the Highland Lakes before flowing east of the Pecos and west of the Brazos through Austin and to the sea at Matagorda Bay. The other one is joined by the Gunnison at Grand Junction and the San Juan in Lake Powell and forms the border of Sonora and Baja, as well as Arizona and its western neighbors. Lake Mead lies on, FTP, what river that can sort of be seen at the bottom of the Grand Canyon.;;Colorado
;;"The Vision of Sudden Death" and "Dream-Fugue" are two sections of this author's The English Mail-Coach, a work that was preceded by Suspiria de Profundis and The Logic of the Political Economy. He noted that the title activity frequently leads men on to worse offenses as Sabbath-breaking and procrastination in his Murder Considered as One of the Fine Arts. Numerous romantic poets were not happy about the Lake Reminiscences of, FTP, what English author whose described euphoric visions followed by ghastly nightmares in 1822's Confessions of an English Opium-Eater.;;(Thomas) De Quincey
;;This Dallas-based company was recently spun off at a substantial discount by Viacom, and is now in a bidding war to buy out its biggest direct rival, as well as trying to change its services to compete with Internet rivals, Wal-Mart and the cable companies. Even as this company loses millions, buyout artist Carl Icahn is making a big bet that offering monthly rentals and ending late fees will keep its stores a viable alternative to Netflix. FTP, name this company that is trying to buy Hollywood Video.;;Blockbuster (Video)
;;He is the only elected politician in North America to have a current pro sports award named in his honor.  Allegedly, Lyndon Johnson grabbed this man by the lapels, stating, "You pissed on my rug!"   He founded his nation's famous health care system after taking over as Prime Minister in 1963, returning rule to the Liberals after John Diefenbaker's tenure. FTP, name this Canadian leader, recipient of the 1956 Nobel Peace Prize for his role in defusing the Suez crisis and namesake of Toronto's international airport.;;(Lester) Pearson
;;In one poem, he talks about breaking out the wine for a friend who has been pardoned for staying on the losing side in a civil war long after this poet had deserted it. He took after the now-lost poet Lucilius in his Satires, while his lyric poetry is known for meters adapted from Pindar, Alcaeus [al-SEE-uss] and Sappho. His major work of literary criticism deals mostly which dramatic poetry, of which he never wrote any. Augustus gave a Sabine farm to, FTP, what Latin poet of Carmen Saeculare, four books of Odes and the Ars Poetica.;;Horace|(Quintus) Horatius (Flaccus)
;;Recent theories suggest that he might actually have been born in South Carolina, but according to his own story, his travels at sea took him on a search for the Northwest Passage.  He also came with hundreds of freed slaves to found Freetown in Sierra Leone, and had, in his account, been kidnapped from Esaka in Benin at age 11. FTP, name this man who bought his freedom and published poetry about slavery as well as, in 1789, his strongly abolitionist autobiography.;;(Olaudah) Equiano|Gustavus Vassa
;;Two slightly different versions of this painting exist, one in the National Gallery in London and one in the Louvre. Although it was originally supposed to represent the Immaculate Conception, one of those babies sure does seem to be praying to the other,and in one version he holds a cross-shaped staff, which would seem to indicate John the Baptist meeting Jesus. Mary and Elizabeth tend two fat toddlers while lounging on the title objects in, FTP, what painting of Leonardo?.;;Virgin of the Rocks|Madonna of the Rocks
;;This composer was still in school when his Adelson e Salvinini was performed, and soon he wrote l Pirata for La Scala. He collaborated on most of his operas with Felice Romani, who adapted Romeo and Juliet and improbable dramas about sleepwakers and Gaulish priestesses, although not this composer's last opera, I Puritani. His eleven operas are about a third as many as Rossini and a sixth as many as Donizetti, without being three times or six times as good as those contemporaries. For 10 points, name this composer of bel canto operas of the 1820s and 30s including La Sonnambula and Norma.;;(Vincenzo) Bellini
;;Chemicals such as daminozide are used to inhibit their synthesis by preventing the oxidation of kaurene to kaurenoic acid.  Those that have a hydroxyl group on carbon 2 are inactive, (*) while dehydroxylated varieties of these tetracyclic diterpenes are most active.  It was discovered that Fusarium moniliforme, a fungus that secretes them, causes Bakane, or "foolish seedling" disease. FTP, name these hormones discovered by Kurosawa that stimulate leaf and stem growth and, with auxins, help trigger fruit development.;;gibberellins
;;During his military service in Spain, he was able to negotiate a treaty that freed the trapped army of Mancinus, but the Senate then rejected the treaty, thus insulting this man and alienating him from his cousin Scipio Aemilianus. In 133 B.C., fellow-tribune Gaius Octavius stalled this man's efforts to re-distribute public lands to the small farmers of Rome. Subsequent rioting on the Capitol led to the death of, for 10 points, what reforming Roman aristocrat who had a younger brother named Gaius?.;;Tiberius (Sempronius) Gracchus
;;This Heidelberg M.D. developed a three-dimensional theory of feelings in which feelings were classified as pleasant or unpleasant, tense or relaxed, and excited or depressed. His interest in the measurement of the powers of sensory discrimination led him to develop what would become the foundation for Binet's scale of intelligence. For 10 points name this author of Lectures on the Minds of Humans and Animals, Contributions to the Theory of Sense Perception and Physiological Psychology, often referred to as the father of experimental psychology.;;(Wilhelm) Wundt
;;She holds degrees from Mt. St. Scholastica college in Atchison, Kans., and the University of Pittsburgh, and in her native country was recently elected to parliament with 98 percent of the vote. This former professor of veterinary medicine is now her country's Minister of the Environment, partly due to her organization's having planted about 12 million trees, and partly to her own record of prison stays as a result of demanding multi-party elections in Daniel Arap Moi's Kenya. For 10 points, name this Kenyan whose "contribution to sustainable development, democracy and peace" was cited in giving her the 2004 Nobel Peace Prize.;;(Wangari) Maathai
;;In preparation for it, the parlement of Paris nullified the renunciations made by the daughters of Philip III and Philip IV, which boosted the French king's claim vis-a-vis Leopold of Austria and the Prince-Elector of Bavaria. Since Charles II was basically mad, nobody asked him about the key issue, causing him to write a will in favor of Louis XIV. The subsequent battles of Luzzara, Turin, Oudenarde and Malplaquet made much glory for Prince Eugen of Savoy and the Duke of Marlborough in, FTP, what war that included the Battle of Blenheim and ended with the Bourbons taking the throne of a certain European nation?.;;(The) (War) (of) (the) Spanish Succession
;;His namesake theorem states that if a power series in z converges for z equals a, it converges absolutely for the absolute value of z less than the absolute value of a.  If C is a curve, then its Jacobian is his namesake variety.  His namesake group is always commutative.  FTP, name this Norwegian mathematician who died of pneumonia, but not before proving that there is no general solution to quintic equations.;;(Niels) (Henrik) Abel
;;Other poems included in his posthumously-published collection include "The Anxious Dead," "The Captain," "The Song of the Derelict," and "The Dying of Pere Pierre." Born in Guelph, Ontario, in 1872, the burial of his friend Alexis Helmer in World War I inspired him to write "To you from failing hands we throw / The torch; be yours to hold it high." The Canadian ten-dollar bill contains lines from, FTP, what Canadian poet's "In Flanders Field".;;(Col(.)) (John) McCrae
;;The last of its five chapters has 22 very short verses corresponding to letters of the alphabet, concluding with "but thou hast utterly rejected us; thou art very wroth against us." This component of the Megillot is read on the day that the destruction of the First and Second Temples is commemorated. Like Ecclesiastes, it is traditionally attributed to the same writer as the much longer book that precedes it. "How doth the city sit solitary, that once was full of people!" is the opening line, and the rest is much the same in, for 10 points what short book of the Old Testament situated before Ezekiel and after Jeremiah.;;Lamentations
;;The treaties of this name included a concordat with the Fascist government that allowed Pius XI to become the first pope in decades to leave the Vatican. Condemning Arnold of Brescia and acknowledging Innocent II as pope; making a treaty with Frederick Barbarossa and condemning the Cathars and superseding the Pragmatic Sanction of Bourges were actions of the second, third and fifth councils to share, FTP, what name with Innocent III's great council of 1215 and the palace in which the popes lived before moving across the Tiber to the Vatican?.;;Lateran
;;He developed a large following under the pseudonym Tosel, and produced the collections Shriveled Chestnuts and The Seashell Game.  He wrote empathetically about a banana tree planted outside of his hut, which later burned down. A vagabond most of his life, his first travel journal Records of a Weather-Exposed Skeleton was followed by A Visit to Sarashina Village and Records of a Travel-Worn Satchel. FTP, give the famous pseudonym of Matsuo Munefusa who composed The Narrow Road to the Deep North as a master of haiku.;;(Matsuo) Basho
;;Their 2003 album "December" includes a cover of "Happy Xmas:  War Is Over." Givers of two famous concerts at Red Rocks in 1992, they have released a steady barrage of albums since their formation in 1964 and were inducted into the Rock & Roll Hall Of Fame in 2001.  FTP, name this British band whose biggest hits include "Your Wildest Dreams," "Tuesday Afternoon," "Question," and "Nights in White Satin.".;;(The) Moody Blues
;;He lost his wife Sabha, when he was away in battle and a Fairy King came to her in his form and she turned back into the deer she had been when they first met. He is said to have cried twice in his life, once at the death of his favorite hound, Bran, and once at that of his grandson Osca, who died along with him at the battle of Gabhra. FTP, name this Irish hero who fled Goll mac Morna as child, but was later able to defeat him, thanks to having eaten the Salmon of Knowledge and commading the Fianna.;;Finn mac Cool|Fionn mac Cumhail
;;This native of Darjeeling left India at age 6 and as a teenager had a real-life crush on actor Leslie Howard, but later fell in love with another leading man, who offered her the female lead with him in Wuthering Heights in 1939, but she turned it down for her most famous role. While she was playing Warren Beatty's older lover in The Roman Spring of Mrs. Stone, she was busy divorcing Laurence Olivier. FTP, name this actress who won an Oscar as Blanche Dubois to go with the one she got, whether Clark Gable gave a damn or not, for her role as Scarlett O'Hara in Gone with the Wind.;;(Vivien) Leigh
;;It can be determined from the Moseley diagram of K-edge absorption.  Equal to the fine structure constant divided by 4 pi times the bohr radius, or the mass of an electron times the speed of light times the fine-structure constant squared divided by two times Planck's constant, it is approximately equal to 1.097 times ten to the 7 inverse meters.  FTP, name this constant that appears in the Balmer formula and relates atomic spectra to the hydrogen spectra, which is symbolized by a capital R.;;Rydberg (constant)
;;It first appeared in 1969 as a short story in the New Yorker and later was published in novel form in 1972. Some of the male characters in the book are said to have been inspired by the author's uncles, and the novel was written soon after the death of the author's mother. It is the story of Laurel, a widow who returns to Mississippi when her father is ill and witnesses his death and funeral, and then turns to introspection and consideration of her future. For 10 pointsname this Eudora Welty novel that brought her the Pulitzer Prize.;;(The) Optimist's Daughter
;;When they were abrogated, they were replaced with the words "What? Shall you have male progeny and God female? This were indeed an unfair partition." Originally spoken were the words: "Do you see Al Lat and Al Uzza, and Manat the third idol besides? They are the Sublime Birds, and their intercession is desirable indeed," which suggests an attitude on the part of the Prophet much different than that held by orthodox Muslims. For 10 points name these words of Muhammad concerning the worship of gods other than Allah, which brought down a fatwah upon the head of Salman Rushdie.;;Satanic Verses
;;He complained his whole life about being treated as a surgeon rather than a physician, and he went so far in 1527 as to lecture in German and to burn a work of Avicenna in public. His subsequent researches went into siphylis and diseases of miners, but he is still best remembered for his attempts to synthesize medecine with the Neo-Platonism of contemporaries like Marsilio Ficino. For 10 points, name this author of Opus Paramirum and Astronomia Magna who named himself after a Roman medical writer because anything sounds better than Theophrastus Bombastus.;;Paracelsus|Theophrastus Bombastus (von) (Hohenheim)
;;The movie Die Hard got the name of this mixed up with the name of a neighboring capital city. Named after the events at a Kreditbanken in August 1973, its original supposed victim was a Kristin Ehnemark, whose defense of Clark Olafsson struck people as pretty strange given their ostensibly hostile relationship. Bette Midler in Ruthless People develops a major case of, FTP, what psychological state in which victims of kidnapping develop solidarity for their captors and which is named for a Swedish city.;;Stockholm syndrome
;;This major work was brought by Maria, Queen of Hungary, who left it to her nephew Philip II of Spain, and thus eventually came to the Prado. It is not rectangular, because the title object sticks out into a square protrusion at the top. The figure holding the central character's legs wears a gold brocade robe, appropriate to the rich Joseph of Arimathea. Mary, dressed in blue-black, is fainting on the ground and in effect lies parallel to and below the limp body of her son. Jesus' limbs stick out at crazy angles in, FTP, what biblical scene by Roger van der Weyden?.;;(The) Deposition|Descent from the Cross
;;The setting of this play is labelled "the refuge," although quite from what anyone is fleeing is never made clear. Two of the characters have further retreated into trash cans, from which they occasionally emerge in order to speak rather dementedly. Their grandson leaves at the end, since he is the only independently mobile character, and has been carrying on a series of pointless arguments with his blind, paralyzed father. Nagg, Nell, Hamm and Clov thus are not in a position to do much in, FTP, what play by Samuel Beckett whose name recalls the final part of a chess game?.;;End Game|Fin de Partie
;;His political education supposedly began at his workplace, where it was customary for one worker to be appointed and paid a day's wages to read to his fellow cigar-rollers. He famously supported the Chinese Exclusion Act and opposed the eight-hour-day as imposed by the Adamson Act, but also fought to keep an all-white machinists' union out of the organization he founded, and of which he was re-elected head every year from 1886 to 1924. FTP name this man who, in an effort to improve on the record of the Knights of Labor, organized the American Federation of Labor.;;(Samuel) Gompers
;;In 1889, he derived equations which defined the conditions under which solids precipitate from saturated solutions. Studies of photochemistry led to his atom chain reaction theory, which posited that formed free atoms can decompose other molecules. The effect named after him states that when heat flows across lines of magnetic force, there is observed an electromotive force in the mutually perpendicular direction. FTP, name this German chemist who stated that, as the temperature approaches absolute zero, the entropy of a system reaches a constant - the Third Law of Thermodynamics.;;(Walther) Nernst
;;Hadamard showed that under certain conditions, its absolute value is less than or equal to n to the quantity n divided by two.  It was supposedly invented at about the same time by Japanese mathematician Seki Kowa and Gottfried Leibnitz and it is often simplified by elementary row operations, as its calculation by minors is of the order n factorial.  It is a function that returns a constant value for any n by n matrix with constant elements, and thus is useful in finding a matrix's inverse.  FTP, name this mathematical object that is famously used in Cramer's Rule.;;Determinant
;;It was originally conceived as a temporary measure, but when efforts to make the Count of Chambord king bogged down over a dispute about the flag, a permanent constitution was drafted.   Paul Deschanel and Paul Doumer each led it for less than two years, and Albert Lebrun, its last president, was forced to accept Germany's terms of surrender before being replaced by Petain.  Adolphe Thiers was the first president of, FTP, what government that was founded shortly after the Franco-Prussian war and which lasted until the Vichy government took control of France?.;;(The) Third Republic
;;Memorable moments include Mule asking Klitz and Eli if they'd like to give his girlfriend a throw, and Matt stealing a golden penis statue from Hugo Posh to get back the money Kelly stole from him.  Matt needs the money to bring Samnang to the US from Cambodia, but he got in trouble with Kelly by convincing Danielle to leave her career as a porn star and start over with him.  FTP, name this movie starring Elisha Cuthbert as the proverbial hotty from one house over.;;(The) Girl Next Door
;;This composer's 16 string quartets include the "Harp," the "Quartetto Serioso" and the three "Razumovsky" quartets as well as the really strange late ones. His 10 violin sonatas include "Spring" and "Kreutzer." "Emperor," in E-flat, is the fifth and last of his piano concertos. "Les Adieux," "Tempest," "Waldstein," "Appassionata," "Pathetique" and "Moonlight" are among the piano sonatas of, for 10 points, what composer whose ninth and last symphony has some singing in it?.;;(Ludwig) (van) Beethoven
;;The second came to the throne as a child in 1833 and even as an adult was heavily influenced by generals including Espartero, O'Donnell and Narvaez. After the latter two died, she lost her grip on power and was forced into exile. Her accession had led Spain into the Carlist wars. The second had to fight a civil war to succeed her brother Henry IV, who died in 1474. By then she was already married to Ferdinand of Aragon but had not yet met Christopher Columbus. For 10 points, given the name shared by these two Spanish queens.;;Isabel
;;Alon Pinkas described him as a "relief pitcher" in a New York Post commentary.  Criticized as a Holocaust-denier for his book The Other Side, he also published a memoir titled Through Secret Channels about his work at the 1993 Oslo Peace Accords.   He earned the moniker Abu Mazen, as he helped found the political party Fatah and served as Prime Minister of the PLO in 2003 before becoming its chairperson in November of 2004.  FTP, name this likely successor to Yasser Arafat as the president of Palestine.;;(Mahmoud) Abbas
;;Pope Innocent X commissioned this work as part of the transformation of the former site of Domitian's stadium.  On top of one of the central figures is a bronze dove, symbolizing the Pamphili house.  It is situated next to the Church of Sant'Agnese in the Piazza Navona, and a large Egyptian obelisk rises far above the center of this sculpture.  Muscular white figures, which contrast with rough gray rocks, vegetation, and animals, adorn the corners.  FTP name this Gianlorenzo Bernini sculpture depicting Plata, Danube, Ganges, and Nile.;;Fountain (of) (the) Four Rivers
;;Michael Maier claimed that this man created the philosopher's stone, and this man later spoke of testing gold manufactured by an alchemist in his De Rebus Metallicis et Mineralibus.   He became a papal legate after Pope Alexander IV ordered him to defend the Mendicants, but he is better known for expounding upon the works of Aristotle and stating that natural science consists of "inquiring into the nature of things."  FTP, name this 13th century scholastic, the author of Summa de Creaturis and teacher of Thomas Aquinas known as Dr. Universalis.;;Albertus Magnus|Saint Albert the Great|Albert of Cologne
;;This law has applications in several medical devices, including blood oxygenators and kidney dialysis machines.  Its namesake constants are dependent upon both the temperature and the solvent, and can be expressed in units of millimeters of mercury or atmospheres per mole per liter, amongst others.  It only holds for dilute solutions. This is, FTP, what law that states that the amount of gas dissolved in a solvent is directly proportional to the pressure of the gas above the substance?.;;Henry's (Law)
;;He shares his name with Andres Caballero's real name in Cervantes' The Little Gypsy.   He is the title character of the most famous play of Jose Zorilla y Moral, where he and his girl ascend into heaven.  He is not so lucky in Act III of Shaw's Man and Superman, nor in the work where he originally appeared, El Burlador de Sevilla, where he ends up in hell.  FTP, name this creation of Tirso de Molina, a Spanish rake who is also the title character of an long poem in ottava rima by Lord Byron.;;Don Juan
;;This deity was patron of the second dynasty kings Peribsen and Khasekhemwy and also a major patron of the Hyksos, who conflated him with Ba'al Hadad.  One story tells of how this son of Nut proposed a breath-holding contest with his rival in which they both became hippopotami, and another speaks of how he slew the giant snake Apep to protect Ra's solar boat.  FTP, identify this Egyptian storm god, the consort of Nephthys and opponent of Horus, who was identified with evil after he killed his brother Osiris.;;Seth|Set
;;In America, she held positions as chief editor of Schocken Books and executive director of Jewish Cultural Reconstruction.  She was associated with leftist intellectuals of the Partisan Review, including Mary McCarthy, who posthumously published her final work, The Life of the Mind.  She assuaged charges of anti-Semitism by penning The Jew as Pariah after stirring controversy with her report on the "banality of evil" at the Eichmann trial in Jerusalem.  FTP name this political scientist and philosopher who compared Nazi Germany and Stalinist Russia in The Origins of Totalitarianism.;;(Hannah) Arendt
;;A so-called "belt" of them stretches across the north of Ireland from Louth to Galway, and many bogs are found within these belts.  Usually arising from the alteration of ground moraines, these objects range from 100 to 5,000 meters in length and up to 200 meters in height, and they can be distinguished from roches moutonnees in that their steeper ends point to the direction of advance.  For ten points, name these hill-shaped deposits of glacial drift.;;drumlins
;;In his short story "The Cafeteria," a woman sees Hitler in the title locale.  His father's rabbinical court on 10 Krochmalna Street inspired the settings for his novel Shosha and a collection of nonfiction entitled A Day of Pleasure.  Warsaw is again the locale for his short story "The Spinoza of Market Street" and a work in which love for the Torah causes the title figure to dress as a man, Yentl the Yeshiva Boy.  FTP, name this winner of the 1978 Nobel Prize in Literature, a Yiddish writer most famous for stories such as "The Golem" and "Gimpel the Fool.".;;(Isaac) (Bashevis) Singer
;;His best year was 1964, when he batted .313 with 30 home runs and 114 RBI and also won his first of five consecutive gold gloves.  Playing several seasons under manager Leo Durocher, he never went to the post-season in his 13 years with the team with which he is most associated.  Now a member of that club's radio broadcast team, he is still not in the Hall of Fame and must rely on the Veteran's Committee to get in.  FTP, name this great third baseman of the Chicago Cubs.;;(Ron) Santo
;;This country became fully independent thanks to the Treaty of Berlin in 1878, with Charles of Hohenzollern as its first king, although it lost Bessarabia in the process. It only entered World War I in 1916, on the Allied side, just in time for Russia to collapse and the Austrians to take over. Under the postwar Treaty of Trianon. Hungary lost Transylvania to this country. For 10 points, name this Balkan nation whose last Communist leader was Nicolae Ceaucescu. [chow-CHESS-koo].;;Romania
;;Snow-covered land can be seen to the left, and at least two boats can be seen in the background, one of which contains a white horse.  A green-clad man uses his foot and his oar to move a large chunk of ice away from the bow of the boat in the foreground.  An American flag, wrapped around its pole, is seen behind the title figure, who stands with his right leg forward and his sword to his side.  FTP, name this Emmanuel Leutze painting which depicts a famous event from the American Revolution.;;(George) Washington Crossing the Delaware
;;The protagonist's friends Harley, Pinky, and Leroy delight in their alcoholism and reminisce about posing as Italians in California to get laid, while a final encounter with the enemy, Emo, takes place in an abandoned Uranium mine.  The old shaman Ku'oosh tries to initiate the title event but is not powerful enough, but with the help of the medicine man Betonie, uncle Josiah, and the mysterious woman Ts'eh, the protagonist is able to heal himself.  The half-Laguna man Tayo must cope with the trauma he suffered during World War II in, for ten points, what most famous novel of Leslie Marmon Silko.;;Ceremony
;;Alexander von Humboldt was the first European to attempt to climb it in 1802, but Wilelm Reiss was the first to reach the top in 1872.  Its base sits in open mountain grassland, while permanent snow covers its upper regions.  Its cone is almost perfectly symmetrical, interrupted only by the Cabeza del Inca, and measures 2300 feet in diameter.  It has often caused great damage in its surrounding areas in central Ecuador.  FTP name this volcano that, at over 19,000 feet high, is the tallest continuously active volcano in the world.;;Cotopaxi
;;Early attempts to create it included the McCrary Bill and Reagan Bill, both of which failed in the Senate. After it finally was created, it required the Mann-Elkins and Hepburn Acts to make it effective, after the Supreme Court in 1897 severely limited its powers in the Maximum Freight Rate decision. It was originally meant to enforce laws against pooling and rebates and other abuses of the railroad industry. For 10 points, name this body created in 1887 as the first great federal business regulatory agency.;;(The) Interstate Commerce Commission|ICC
;;One of his theories was that language is a silent reservoir of linguistic knowledge from which speakers draw, and he discussed the dichotomies between "langue," the social meanings of language, and "parole," the graphic or vocal manifestations of language.  He was the author of the posthumously published work Phonetique, and his most well-known work came about when Albert Sechehaye and Charles Bally, two students of his, published it from notes taken in the classes he taught in Geneva between 1906 and 1911.  For ten points, names this linguist who authored the seminal linguistics textbook Course in General Linguistics.;;(Ferdinand) (de) Saussure
;;The terminals of interest are generally limited to the inverting input, noninverting input, output, positive power supply, and negative power supply.  An ideal one has infinite gain, infinite input impedance, and zero output impedance, and a common rating for them is the common mode rejection ratio, which measures the ratio of differential mode gain to common mode gain.  FTP name this common integrated circuit that uses external feedback to control its functions, usually represented in circuit diagrams as a triangle with its apex to the right.;;Op amp|Operational Amplifier
;;They organized the Knights of the Golden Circle, who then became the Order of American Knights and then the Sons of Liberty.  The term was first used by The New York Tribune in 1861, and they controlled the lower house of Illinois for a short time.  Horatio Seymour was elected governor of New York in 1862, but Clement Vallandingham failed in his attempt for the same office in Ohio.  FTP name this term applied to Northern Democrats who opposed the Civil War and advocated restoration of the Union.;;Copperheads
;;The ambassador to Netherlands had calico cats spread about before a visit from this man, who considered the animals "instruments of the devil."  As a state governor he used black prisoners as servants, and he did not moderate his tone upon election to the senate in 1994, where he sponsored the "Human Life Amendment" which banned abortions even in the case of rape and incest.  His lone term ended with defeat by Mel Carnahan, who was dead at the time.  FTP, name this former Missouri senator and controversial former attorney general of the U.S.;;(John) Ashcroft
;;His path was set when he became a cardinal under his uncle Celestine III.  In Germany, he helped to crown Otto of Brunswick and then tried to depose him.  He enjoyed mostly good relations with Philip Augustus, as disagreement over his candidate Stephen Langton led him to excommunicate King John and favor France over England.  FTP, name this medieval pope who called the Fourth Lateran Council in 1215 and earlier brought about the Fourth Crusade.;;Innocent III|Lothar of Segni|(Lotario) d'Anangni
;;All three of them presume Russell-Saunders, or L-S, coupling.  The last of them states that the level with the lowest value of J lies lowest in energy, and the first of them can be explained by the effects of spin-spin interaction.  That first maintains that the term with maximum multiplicity lies lowest in energy.  FTP, name this set of empirical rules that state every orbital in a subshell is singly occupied with one electron before any one orbital is doubly occupied.;;Hunds (rules)
;;It contains some 45 islets and inlands, the largest of which is Olkhon.  Over 300 rivers, such as the Uda, Khiloh, and Chikoy feed it, but the only outflow is through the Angara River, a tributary of the Yenisey.  In 1862 an earthquake inundated about 77 square miles in the northern Selenga delta, creating a new bay in this body of water known as Proval Bay.  It lies within two provinces, Buryatia and Irkutsk.  FTP, identify this lake, the deepest continental body of water in the world.;;(Lake) Baikal
;;This play's central character is done in by Shaw's revelation of her past.  That past included Shep Huntleigh and Allan Grey, her first husband who committed suicide after she discovered his homosexuality.  After the loss of Belle Rive that character leaves Laurel and comes to New Orleans to live with her sister.  She forms a relationship with Mitch Mitchell but it is ruined by Stanley's intervention.  FTP, name this play about the collapse of Blanche Dubois, a work by Tennessee Williams.;;(A) Streetcar Named Desire
;;Their prominent members included Peter Porter of New York and Felix Grundy of Tennessee.  They were named by John Randolph, one of their adversaries and enemy of Richard Mentor Johnson, one of their leaders.  Composed mostly of Southern Republicans, their agenda was expressed loudest by Henry Clay and John Calhoun.  FTP, identify this group of Congressmen elected in 1810 and named for their desire to fight Britain.;;War Hawks
;;The director told Francois Truffaut that he wanted William Holden for the lead in this movie.  The director's daughter Patricia did appear, as did Leo G. Carroll as Senator Morton, the father of the hero's intended wife.  That hero, tennis pro Guy Haines, is unhappily married, but that is remedied by crazy Bruno Anthony, whose proposal to exchange murders is the basis for the plot.  A Patricia Highsmith novel is the basis for, FTP, what Alfred Hitchcock film.;;Strangers on a Train
;;Biologist Joel Cohen offers up five distinct definitions of this concept, one of which is defined in terms of Liebig's law of the minimum.  In all cases it is constrained by the presence of limiting factors, usually water and nutrients.  It is also referred to as the point at which the birth rate equals the death rate. FTP, name this ecological point symbolized by an uppercase K, which is the maximum number of individuals an area can support.;;carrying capacity
;;A recurring role on this show is that of pop star Justine Chapin, who is saving her virginity.  The lead, fresh off the success of Head On, agrees to star in the indie film Queens Boulevard.  This is per the wishes of his best bud Eric but against those of his agent Ari, played by Jeremy Piven.  Kevin Dillon plays Johnny Drama, the brother of the lead Vincent Chase, Adrian Grenier's character.  FTP, name this HBO show about a young actor and his crew.;;Entourage
;;The person who named it also offered such divisions as the Kungurian Stage, Tatarian Stage, and the Kazanian Stage.  In North America it consisted of four series, the Wolfcampian, Leonardian, Guadalupian, and Ochoan.   Featuring a shift from fern-like plants to gymnosperms, it was named by R.I. Murchison after some rocks in the Urals, and lasted from about 286 million years to 245 million years ago. Extending from close of the Carboniferous to the outset of the Triassic, this is, FTP, what final period of the Paleozoic Era?.;;Permian (Period)
;;One of his daughters was the first person to use soap and water and was named Hygieia, while his other children included Machaon and Iaso.  Apollodorus claimed he was given a vial of Gorgon blood by Athena.  Serpents and cocks were sacred to this figure, the husband of Salus, who was killed by one of Zeus' thunderbolts for accepting money for raising the dead.  To take revenge, his father killed the Cyclopes.  FTP, name this son of Coronis and Apollo and Greek god of medicine.;;Asclepius
;;His Diana in the Autumn Wind resembles two swans intertwined, whereas the title animals of Golden Fish are readily apparent against a bluish-purple background in another canvas.  A white skull is at the center of his Death and Fire, which was done after his series of "magic squares," which included Ad Parnassum and followed the theories he put forth in his Pedagogical Sketchbook.  FTP, name this painter of Twittering Machine and member of Der Blaue Reiter.;;(Paul) Klee
;;The damning testimony was provided by M.T. Everhart and the chief investigator of this matter was Thomas J. Walsh.  It arose when control of the namesake area was given away by Edwin Denby and subsequent arrangements were made with companies led by Harry Sinclair and Edward Doheny.  The culprit was forced to resign as Secretary of the Interior to Warren Harding.  FTP, identify this scandal involving Albert Fall and the namesake oil field.;;Teapot Dome
;;The title of its sixth part, "Grand March," refers to an expedition to Cambodia, and the seventh part, "Karenin's Smile," to the dog of the central couple.  This novel opens by contrasting Nietzsche's notion of eternal return with Parmenides' understanding of life, which explains the title.  Consequently, all of the characters, including Franz, Sabina, Tereza, and the protagonist Tomas, a Prague surgeon, are defined in terms of the "weight" they possess.  FTP, name this novel by Milan Kundera.;;(The) Unbearable Lightness of Being
;;It cannot be applied if the charge distribution lacks sufficient symmetry.  For a hollow conductor, this law can be used to show why the charge must be on the outside of the conductor, and it applies to any closed surface.  It further implies that the total number of electric field lines going through a closed volume of space is proportional to the charge enclosed by said volume.  Stating that the total of the electric flux out of said surface is equal to the charge enclosed divided by the permittivity, FTP, name this law and member of Maxwell's equations.;;Gauss (law) (for) (electricity)
;;It was founded in the 4th century on the site of Misiche, and Lt. Col. Gerald Leachman was killed just south of it in 1920.  Despite the sentiments of its mayor, Taha Bidaywi, it has been the focus point of Operations Vigilant Resolve and Phantom Fury after a March 31, 2004 incident on a bridge over the Euphrates in this city.  FTP, name this city which was under siege during April and May 2004 after the bodies of four American contractors were mutilated there.;;(Al) Fallujah
;;His unfinished drama The Devil and the Lady went unpublished until 1930, but his play The Foresters, a take on the Robin Hood legend, enjoyed success in the United States.  First gaining notoriety with the collection Poems by Two Brothers, he joined the Cambridge literary group The Apostles and won the Chancellor's medal for the poem "Timbuctoo," but stopped publishing for ten years after the untimely death of his friend, Arthur Hallam.  FTP, name this poet who wrote such works as In Memoriam A.H.H., Idylls of the King and The Charge of the Light Brigade.;;(Lord)|(Baron) (Alfred) Tennyson
;;With Robert Yerkes, he performed experiments on color vision, and he studied birds in the Tortugas in the early 1910s.  In his first major work he argued for the use of animal subjects in psychological study and described instinct as a series of reflexes that are activated by heredity.  He then published Psychological Care of Infant and Child, but only after having sex with a student and resigning from Johns Hopkins.  He is perhaps best known for conditioning complete terror of small white furry things to an infant known as Little Albert. FTP, name this behaviorist psychologist.;;(John) (B(.)) Watson
;;One of his first government jobs was in the Small Business Administration under Reagan.  He earlier had worked for US Senator Jim Abdnor and then spent more time working for Senator Larry Pressler.  In 1996 he got on the House Transportation Committee after winning his state's only house position.  Senate Majority Leader Bill Frist campaigned in person to get a senate seat for, for 10 points, what South Dakotan who will replace former minority leader Tom Daschle?.;;(John) Thune
;;The greatest collection of them was inspired by a dream in which its compiler imagined himself shooing flies away from the face of a holy man.  That work, the "Authentic Collection," consists of 2,762 texts preserved by al-Bukhari.  Each is authenticated by an isnad, or chain of authorities, and they form the basis of the system of law known as sunnah.  FTP, name this concept from Islam, which designates the sayings of the Prophet Muhammed.;;Hadith
;;The narrator is promised a job at the Auberge de Jehan Cottard through his friend Boris, but while waiting for the restaurant to open, he works as a dishwasher at the Hotel X.  After a few weeks working 17-hour days at the restaurant, his friend B. gets him a job looking after a congenital imbecile and he crosses the Channel, but the position falls through and he goes "on the spike," becoming a tramp.  It is its authors first book, and was published in 1933, a year before his Burmese Days.  FTP, name this work about being poor in France and England, a work of George Orwell.;;Down and Out in Paris and London (not) (Down) (and) (Out) (in) (London) (and) (Paris)
;;He became famous for an article on "The Chinese on the Pacific Coast" which argued that all Chinese people were "treacherous, sensual, cowardly and cruel."  His work on the Science of Political Economy was interrupted when he wrote a response to Pope Leo XIII's encyclical "The Condition of Labor," and he died in 1897 before finishing it.  He argued that government should seize all unimproved land in Our Land and Land Policy, but is better known for an "Inquiry into the Causes of Industrial Depressions and of Increase of Want with Increase of Wealth."  FTP, name this economist best known for 1879s Progress and Poverty.;;(Henry) George
;;His early works, such as Gentleman in Blue and La Schiavona, resemble the work of Giorgione, and his triple portrait, the Concert, may have been partially painted by Giorgione.  His later works include dark scenes from Greek myth such as The Death of Actaeon and The Flaying of Marsyas, in addition to scenes from Christian lore such as Agony in the Garden, all commissioned by Philip II.  He is better known for a work commissioned by the Duke of Urbino. FTP, name this Venetian who also painted The Rape of Europa, Sacred and Profane Love, and the Venus of Urbino.;;Titian|(Tiziano) Vecellio
;;A six-headed troll was fathered from his leg, while the maggots that lived in his corpse were turned into dwarves. He took form when the cold ice and hot air from Niflheim and Muspelheim combined, and the first god, Buri, was licked free from his body by his companion and food source, the cow Audhumla. His grandsons, Vili, Vi, and Odin, eventually killed him and created the sky from his skull and Midgard from his eyebrow. FTP, name this primordial Norse Frost giant.;;Ymir
;;His actions included returning his nation to the United Nations, from which his predecessor had withdrawn it; banning the Communist party, to which his predecessor had maintained ties until being overthrown in a coup in 1966, and taking over a nearby Portuguese colony that has since gained independence after heavy bloodshed. This man was appointed by his own Golkar party to seven five-year terms as president, but was unable to serve the last one after southeast Asian currencies collapsed and popular unrest forced him from power. B.J. Habibie then succeeded, for 10 points, what leader of Indonesia?.;;Suharto|(Kemusu) Argamulja
;;Bremsstrahlung and synchrotron radiation are examples of this process with virtual photons. In the thermal Sunyaev-Zeldovich effect, an example of the inverse process, cosmic background photons gain energy when passing through hot gas. Its equation involves Planck's constant over the electron mass times the speed of light, giving the namesake wavelength. The low-energy, elastic version is Thomson scattering. FTP name this scattering of photons off electrons, resulting in a shifted wavelength.;;Compton (scattering)|(effect)
;;James Branch Cabell wrote a "comedy of honor" whose title notes that this play's title character had an uncle.  Dover Wilson wrote a book explaining what happens in this play.  Harold Bloom has recently described it as a "poem unlimited," while a recent book by Stephen Greeblatt discusses the meaning of purgatory in this work.  Turgenev wrote an essay on its title character and Don Quixote, while Ernest Jones connected him to Oedipus.  FTP, name this title character of a play that features Osric, Fortinbras, and Ophelia.;;Hamlet
;;He spent two weeks with the British Columbia Lions in 1994 before hooking on with Washington the following season.  In a preseason game against San Diego in 1999, he tore the ACL in his left knee, which opened the way for Kurt Warner to become the starter for St. Louis.  In 2003, he joined Steve Bono as the only quarterbacks to lead their current teams to an 8-0 home record for a season, and on December 14 he posted a perfect 158.3 quarterback rating in a game against the Lions.  FTP, name this football player from the University of Indiana, now the starting quarterback for the Kansas City Chiefs.;;(Trent) Green
;;This movie has a scene in which Evil Dead and The Last Temptation of Christ, are shown playing at the Aero theater, which actually exists in Santa Monica.  Tom Tangen appears 4 times; twice as an FAA agent, and twice as a man in a red jogging suit.  The original choice of music for the final sequence was U2's "MLK," but Gary Juless cover of the Tears for Fears song "Mad World" made it instead.   Patrick Swayze plays inspirational speaker and kiddy porn ringman Jim Cunningham in, for ten points, what Richard Kelly-directed movie starring Jena Malone and Jake Gyllenhaal?.;;Donnie Darko
;;The major city in the south of this country is the oasis city of Tamanghasset.  The city is located in the Ahaggar mountains, and is the chief city of the Tuareg people.  The fertile part of the country is called the Tell, and the major cities of Oran and Constantine are located there.  Abdelaziz Bouteflika is the current president of, for ten points, what country formerly dominated by the National Liberation Front, and before that by France, and which has its capital at Algiers?.;;Algeria
;;Abraham Cooper was elected to the Royal Academy on the basis of his 1820 painting of this event.  Fighting began at dusk when the Alexander Leslie ordered a surprise charge of his Scots army, and though Goring's cavalry had success on the right flank against Fairfax, the royalists lost decisively.  Shortly after the battle, the city of York fell and northern England was controlled by the Parliamentary army.  FTP, name this battle of July 2, 1644, in which Prince Rupert's forces were crushed and Oliver Cromwell first came to prominence.;;(the) (Battle) (of) Marston Moor
;;Mathilde's aria "Sombre foret" [SAHM-bruh fawr-AY] reveals her love for the son of the shepherd Melcthal.  In "Asile hereditaire" [ah-SEEL eh-ray-dih-TAYR], that son Arnold reminisces about the murder of his father by the tyrant Gessler.  The title character sings an aria telling his son to think of his mother Hedwige as he keeps still.  It was known during the 1830s as Rodolfo di Sterlinga in Rome and Karl Smily in St. Petersburg. For ten points, identify this opera based on a play by Schiller, the final opera of Rossini, whose overture tends to remind people of a masked man.;;William Tell|Guillaume Tell|Guglielmo Tell
;;After marrying the Catholic convert Henrietta Blondel he moved to Brusiglio, where he wrote a series of poems on Church feasts collected as the Sacred Hymns.  He wrote about Charlemagne's defeat of the Lombards in his play Adelchi, while conflict between Venice and Milan in the 15th century was the subject of his The Count of Carmagnola.  His greatest work is set in the early 17th century and depicts a bold friar who helps two peasants get married.  FTP, name this grandson of Cesare Beccaria, best known for his epic novel I promessi sposi, or The Betrothed.;;(Alessandro) Manzoni
;;This book uses the Polynesian words hau and mana to explain the power of the title concept.  That concept is not merely a commodity, but a total pretestation which serves as a metonymy for the entire culture.  In addition to being associated with three types of obligation, it forms the basis of competitions like the Native American potlatch ceremony.  This book was written in 1923 by a founder of the Institute of Ethnology at the University of Paris and it considers forms and functions of exchange in archaic societies.  FTP, name this classic of anthropology, a study of exchange written by Marcel Mauss (mouse).;;(The) Gift|Essai sur le don
;;He probed the nature of the self and consciousness and differentiated himself from Descartes' cogito, ergo sum in his Science of Knowledge.  His first work, published anonymously, was mistaken for one of Kant's, since it was called Attempt at a Critique of all Revelation.  He puts forth many of the ideas of the modern liberal state in his Foundations of Natural Right.  For ten points, name this Transcendental Idealist, author of the Vocation of Man.;;(Johann) (Gottlieb) Fichte
;;Among its most notable new offerings is a liberal talk show in San Diego, although it has recently struck a deal that will give 100 new outlets to Fox News. An article in September's Rolling Stone laid into it for homogenizing music through its control of concerts and playlists all over the country, but this San Antonio-based company still felt the pain from massive FCC fines. For 10 points, name this owner of more than a thousand radio stations, none of which now broadcasts Howard Stern after the company was fined for indecency.;;(Anwer(:)) Clear Channel (Communications)
;;The sentence "Why do precisely these objects which we behold make a world?" appears in the chapter on "Brute Neighbors" and was taken as central to this work by Stanley Cavell in his book about it.  Cato Ingraham and Hugh Quoil are among the former inhabitants, while we learn that the author had three chairs in his house in the chapter on "Visitors."  Other chapters deal with "Baker Farm," "Solitude," "the Bean-Field," and the question of "Where I Lived, and What I Lived For."  FTP, name this book published in 1854 about the author's life in the woods, a work of Henry David Thoreau.;;Walden
;;Events during it included the Jokyu incident, when Emperor Gotoba called for the removal of Yoshitoki but was himself banished to the island of Oki.  Mongol invasions from China were repulsed at Hakata Bay and Hirado with the help of typhoons, popularizing the concept of kamikaze.  It ended when the Kemmu Restoration brought Emperor Godaigo back to power in 1331. Power was in fact held by the Hojo clan after the death of this dynasty's first leader.  For ten points, identify this Japanese shogunate begun when the Taira clan was defeated by Minamoto Yoritomo of the house of Genji in AD 1185.;;Kamakura (shogunate)
;;Synthesis of these C4 inhibitors is stimulated by Agrobacterium, resulting in the formation of crown gall tumors.  The first isolated compound of this class of adenine derivatives was obtained from autoclaved herring sperm DNA in 1955; six years later the most common naturally found example, zeatin, was identified.  They are synthesized mainly in the root tip. For ten points, identify this class of plant hormones that stimulate chlorophyll synthesis, lateral bud growth, and mitosis, and whose action opposes that of auxins.;;cytokinins
;;The right panel of this work shows an imminent solar eclipse, while the back sides of the wings depict Saints Amand, Catherine, Eligius, and Walpurgis. The three panels form one scene, with the Roman officer on the right watching the action in the center, while behind him some soldiers prepare to crucify two thieves. The left panel features St. John, the Virgin Mary, and a group of mourners, who also look to the center, where several muscular executioners strain to achieve the title action. FTP, name this Rubens altarpiece showing the executioners trying to lift the crucified Jesus.;;(The) Raising of the Cross
;;He was reported captured by terrorists on June 19, 2004, and on July 3rd Al-Jazeera reported that he had been executed.  However, that claim was proven false when he arrived, unharmed, at the U.S. embassy in Beirut on July 8th.  The Marine Corps refused to believe his story, and have since put him on trial for desertion and theft, but he somehow outwitted them.  For ten points, identify this coporal who made news in 2004 for deserting while on an approved leave.;;(Wassef) (Ali) Hassoun
;;Today, this type of market is rare because workers can commute long distances to a job.  In this type of market, a minimum wage can actually increase both the wage rate and employment.  A situation called "bilateral monopoly" occurs when a union exists in conjunction with this.  The "company towns" that are illustrative of this term have disappeared in this country, so most people have more than one potential employer, unlike in this type of market.  For ten points, name this type of labor market, in which there is a single buyer.;;Monopsony (labor) (market)
;;Cara is the mistress of a land-owner in this work, and the main character's friends at Oxford include Anthony Blanche and Boy Mulcaster.  Much of the second half is about one main character's relationship with Cordelia, the sister of his friend from the first half. This work's title residence is owned by the Catholic Marchmain family.  It begins with the section "Nostalgia for a Vanished Past" in which Charles Ryder goes to Oxford and meets Sebastian Flyte. FTP, name this novel by Evelyn Waugh.;;Brideshead Revisited
;;It follows fairly easily from the Hausdorff Paradox, which applies to the unit circle. One of its related results shows that it is possible to decompose the unit disk and reassemble the pieces into a unit square, thus in some sense "squaring the circle."  While its proof requires the Axiom of Choice, there exist analogues to it that don't. FTP, name this seemingly paradoxical result in group theory which states that it is possible to cut a ball into only five pieces and reassemble them in a different order to get two identical balls of the same size as the original.;;Hausdorf(-)Banach(-)Tarski Paradox(,)|(Theorem)
;;This nation's islands include Pohnpei, Kosrae, Kapingamarangi, and Yap, each of which has its own distinct language. The flag is light blue with four stars, while important neighbors include Guam and the Marshall Islands to the north, and Papua New Guinea and the Solomon Islands to the south. UN Trust Territory status was achieved in 1979, with full independence coming in 1986, although heavy economic dependence on the former "protecting power" has continued. For ten points, name this former US possession, with capital at Palikir.;;(The) (Federated) (States) (of) Micronesia
;;He was not actually his country's king, but rather acted as regent for either Leobotes or Charillos, the Agiad and Eurypontid members respectively in the dual monarchy. Tyrtaeus' near-contemporary account of the Great Rhetra does not mention this supposed author of it. Later kings would claim that he was not responsible for the institution of the ephors, who hampered royal power. The state that conquered Athens in the Peloponnesian War idolized, FTP, what man who in legend imposed truly vile food and communal military training to produce the constitution of classical Sparta.;;Lycurgus
;;The author of works such as Vadim and Two Brothers, he spent much of his time observing the lifestyle of the privileged, which he depicted in the drama Masquerade.  His outspoken hatred of the tsarist regime, as seen in the poem The Novice, led to his exile in the Caucasus, where, like his character Grushnitski, he was killed in a duel in 1842.  FTP, identify this Russian author of an elegy to Pushkin and A Hero of Our Time.;;(Mikhail) Lermontov
;;Figures accorded godlike status in them have included Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, and John Frum, identified as Roosevelt's brother. Messianic in nature, one example includes the creation of "gabadoras" by Amazonians. While most die out quickly, some have survived for decades and one even has a corresponding political party in Vanuatu. For ten points, name this type of religion sparked among primitive peoples, whose believers hold that an influx of western goods, education, or money will one day bring them prosperity.;;Cargo Cult
;;Heterozygotisity for a methionine-valine substitution at codon 129 makes one less susceptible to it.  Its first, or "ambulant" stage consists of a loss of coordination and slurred speech, is called "laughing sickness" due to the outbursts of laughter it causes during it second stage.  It infected women at a much higher rate than men because the women of the Fore tribe took part in a cannibalistic mortuary ritual.  For ten points, name this prion disease found in New Guinea.;;kuru
;;His political opponents often made use of the fact that his first job was being a hangman and that in 1874 he had sired an illegitimate child and had the mother institutionalized. In spite of this, he gained a reputation as a reformer and was elected mayor of Buffalo and Governor of New York on pledges to remove corruption. While in the White House, he married his twenty-two year old ward and fought against high tariffs, silver coinage, and Benjamin Harrison. For ten points, name this man nicknamed "Uncle Jumbo," the twenty-second and twenty-fourth President of the United States.;;(Grover) Cleveland
;;It is believed that Coryat's Crudities created interest in it and guidebooks like Jonathan Richardson's shaped participants' itineraries and reactions.  William Hamilton produced guides to antiquities while his wife Emma created her "attitudes", poses based on classical art, from their Neapolitan home.  Carnival and musical education were Venetian attractions and Naples offered opportunities to explore Mount Vesuvius and Pompeii.  Tuscany became increasingly important as people sought out Renaissance art as well as the attractions of ancient Rome, on for 10 points, what educational trip undertaken by aristocratic young men in the eighteenth century?.;;Grand Tour
;;In the short story "In a Cafe," this author uses violets to symbolize the loss of lvoe, while in "Psychology," she again uses violets to symbolize renewed hope.  She may have plagiarized Chekhov in her story "The Child-Who-Was-Tired," and some claim that the character of Gudrun Brangwen in D.H. Lawrence's Women in Love is based on her.  FTP, name this New Zealander, the author of such short story collections as Bliss and The Garden Party.;;(Katherine) Mansfield
;;It is of the Romano-Byzantine style, and due to its lofty perch it can be seen throughout its home city.  Designed by Abadie, and containing one of the world's largest mosaics, it was not completed until the outbreak of the First World War, nearly 40 years after the cornerstone was laid.  Its building was seen by many devout Catholics as atonement for sins including the Paris Commune's killing of a bishop. FTP, name this ornate, white domed church that sits atop Montmartre.;;(Basilique) (de) Sacre(-)Coeur|(Basilica) (of) (the) Sacred Heart
;;The contact resistance of the nitride p-Gan decreases by an order of magnitude when treated with this substance.   Ruthenium was discovered after it was mixed with crude platinum, but Iridium and Tantalum are known for withstanding it.  FTP, name this highly corrosive liquid, a three-to-one mix of hydrochloric and nitric acids, named for its ability to dissolve the regal metals gold and platinum.;;Aqua Regia
;;It is traditionally served on the night of January 25 to celebrate the birth of the nation's greatest poet.  Often served with "Tatties-an'-Neeps" which are potatoes and turnips, it played a key role in the movie So I Married An Axe Murderer, allowing Mike Myers' character to flirt with an attractive butcher.  Usually consisting of chopped sheep innards, oatmeal and onions wrapped in a sheep's stomach, this is, for ten points, what favorite dish of Groundskeeper Willy, also the subject of a Robert Burns poem?.;;Haggis
;;He embraced the neoclassical style with his marble Hiawatha and Silence, and his sculpture Grief in Washington DC is a monument to Mrs. Henry Adams.  His Puritan is a memorial to Deacon Samuel Chapin in Springfield, Massachusetts, and although he gained fame for a memorial to General Sherman in Central Park, he is best known for a work in Boston depicting the 54th Massachusetts infantry. FTP, name this Irish-born American sculptor of the late 19th century, the creator of the Robert Shaw Memorial.;;(Augustus) Saint(-)Gaudens
;;Under its terms, the victorious power, despite having failed to capture the enemy capital, received Dobruja and Armenia, as well as a very large indemnity. Romania, Serbia, and Montenegro were recognized as independent states, with the latter two significantly enlarged. Also enlarged was Bulgaria, which gained additional autonomy from the Ottoman Empire, a move that frightened Britain.  For ten points, name this early 1878 treaty, considered so favorable to Russia that it sparked the Congress of Berlin.;;(Treaty) (of) San Stefano
;;The members of this group were boyhood friends from Lincoln, Massachusetts. Their self-titled debut album was released in 1986 and included "Everything is Wrong Again" and "Rabid Child", but they did not win a Grammy until 2002, when they were recognized for "Boss of Me," the theme song to the FOX sitcom "Malcolm in the Middle". Best known for songs such as "Metal Detector", "Robot Parade", "James K. Polk", and "Particle Man," FTP, name this eccentric pop/rock duo of John Flansburgh and John Linnell.;;They Might Be Giants
;;The title character encounters Jeff, a man he had previously killed in a dice game, and proceeds to kill him again; later he shoots a green-eyed crocodile with a silver bullet.  A steadily increasing drum beat signifies that Lem, the leader of a group of natives, will soon use a silver bullet to kill the title character, whose first name is Brutus.  The Cockney trader Henry Smithers helps the title character gain power over a West Indian Island in, FTP, what play by Eugene O'Neill?.;;(The) Emperor Jones
;;Leo's father once saw a drunk piss into his own car in this town.  This city was founded in 1741 by Moravian ministers and received its name from Count Nicholas Ludwig von Zinzendorf, whom the settlement reminded of a biblical scene.  In 1904, a namesake industrial giant, which retains its corporate headquarters in the city, was founded by Charles Schwab.  FTP, name this 'Christmas City' near Allentown, former home of one of the nation's most important iron and steel works and current home to Lehigh University in Pennsylvania.;;Bethlehem(,) (Pennsylvania)
;;It is composed of the Malm, Dogger, and Lias epochs, which can further be subdivided into stages named after European localities, with the exception of the final Tithonian stage.  During the early part of it, Pangea broke up into North America, Eurasia, and Gondwana, and by the late part, Gondwana began to break up as well.  Notable for the widespread proliferation of gymnosperms and the emergence of angiosperms, it lasted from about 135 to 195 million years before the present.  FTP, name this geologic period which preceded the Cretaceous and followed the Triassic.;;Jurassic (Period)
;;This Fortune 500 company's CEO announced his retirement in November 2004 to focus on his battle with cancer, after just seven months on the job.  He had replaced Jim Cantalupo, under whose leadership the company posted double digit percentage sales gains and robust stock prices.  Cantalupo also deserves credit for overseeing the company's timely move to create healthy menu options like salads and yogurt for today's diet-conscious fast food eaters.  For ten points, name this company, the world's biggest fast food chain.;;McDonald's
;;He died sometime around the year 495 C.E., and some legends say he was buried at Stonehenge, although others understandably place him farther north. He was the brother of Ambrosius, after whose death he ascended to the throne of Britain, made war on the Duke of Cornwall, seduced the Duke's wife, and fathered a child, whom he gave to his councilor to raise to manhood. FTP, name this husband of Ygraine and father of King Arthur.;;(King) (Uther) Pendragon
;;While the holiest site is the Qiblih in Akko, Israel, other holy sites include a shrine on Mount Carmel in Haifa, Israel.  One of its main founding figures was imprisoned in Acre from 1868 to 1908. These classic bet-hedgers accept the truth of all major religions and assert the equality of the sexes and call for an end to all prejudices.  Naturally, this has gotten its followers persecuted in Iran, where this faith began when Siyyid Ali Muhammad took the title of "Bab." For 10 points, name this faith continued by Baha'ullah.;;Baha'i
;;The protagonist has two sons: the elder, Lyons, shows up at the start of the play, because it is his father's payday. The younger has a job at the A&P, but has quit it to play football, which outrages his father. Eventually the younger, Cory, fights his father, who throws him out and then stands in the yard, swinging a baseball bat and taunting death. Brother Gabriel cries to open the heavens at the end of, for 10 points, what August Wilson play featuring former Negro league ballplayer Troy Maxson?.;;Fences
;;A rumor that this emperor had died caused the only major revolt of his reign, that of the Syrian Avidius Cassius. His first act upon becoming emperor was to make his adopted brother Lucius Verus co-emperor. He spent most of his reign on campaign, including his last against the Quadi and Marcomanni on the Danube. His contribution to surviving Latin literature consists of correspondence with his tutor Fronto, though he is better known for his Greek writings. For 10 points, name this father of Commodus and author of a spiritual diary known as the Meditations.;;(Marcus) Aurelius (Antoninus) (lots) (of) (other) (names) (too)
;;Fra Angelico's version in the Museo di San Marco in Florence has a startling wide open space underneath the circular panel containing the central figure. Petrus Christus and Jan Van Eyck both display an armored, emaciated St. Michael in the center triumphing over a skeleton, with the supposed most important character perched above him. In the most famous version, Jesus, like most other figures, is almost naked and pretty buff, kind of like a young David. His right hand is raised above his head pointing at some groveling figures on his left in, for 10 points, Michelangelo's rendering of what biblical scene that hangs above the altar of the Sistine Chapel?.;;The Last Judgement
;;It can be cross-linked with an orthoquinone to form a quinoenzyme, and, like phenylalanine and tyrosine, it is often formed via the Shikimate pathway.  In 1989, an improperly made batch of a supplement containing this caused an outbreak of eosinophilia-myalgia syndrome.  It does not contain sulfur, but aside from methionine, it is the only other amino acid that has only one codon, namely UGG. FTP, name this essential amino acid, a precursor for melatonin, which supposedly causes sleepiness after eating turkey.;;Tryptophan
;;He created the character of Timothy Bobbin to parody A.A. Milne, who was a harsh critic of this writer's. He was on holiday in France in 1940 and was captured by the Germans and made broadcasts over the radio back to England. His less-well-known recurring heroes include Psmith, Mr. Mulliner and various inhabitants of Blandings Castle. Gussie Fink-Nottle and Barmy Fotheringay-Phipps (pron. Fungy-Phipps) help provide the light-hearted humor in, FTP, what British writer's tales of Bertie Wooster and his butler Jeeves?.;;(Pelham) (Grenville) Wodehouse
;;It passed because of a compromise in which the Democrats agreed to support the McKinley tariff. Its immediate effect was in fact a large increase in the supply of the relevant commodity and fall in its price. It was a response to increasing pressure from farmers who had suffered falling prices of their own since a similar measure was passed in 1878. For 10 points, name this currency-reform law of 1890 that superseded the Bland-Allison act, and whose Ohio senator sponsor is better know for antitrust legislation?.;;(The) Sherman Silver Purchase (Act)
;;Seasons and Album for Children are among his few well-known works for solo piano, while cellists are fond of his Variations on a Rococo Theme. The last of his four suites for orchestra is a musical reminiscence of Mozart. His symphonic poems drew on Dante and Byron for Francesca da Rimini and Manfred Symphony respectively. "Winter Dreams," "Little Russian" and "Polish" are titles of the first three symphonies, but FTP, what composer of Marche Slave, Eugene Onegin, Swan Lake and The Nutcracker?.;;(Peter) (Illich) Tchaikovsky
;;The duke of this name lived under Louis XIV and, after annotating the memoirs of the Marquis de Dangeau, decided to bring out memoirs of his own describing the ritual of the court and moaning about the nobility getting the shaft. His namesake and relative three generations later looked for an institution to replace the influence of the medieval Catholic Church and decided scientists were the best answer.  August Comte was for a long time big buddies with, FTP, what utopian socialist author of Letters of an Inhabitant of Geneva to his Contemporaries and New Christianity?.;;Saint(-)Simon
;;In 1969, they formed from the union of the Jam Band and Chain Reaction. Their first appearance under their new name was outside the Boston University student union. Their lead singer's now-famous shrieking falsetto was introduced with their song "Dream On." FTP, name this band led by Steve Tyler and famous for hits such as "Dude Looks Like a Lady" and "Angel.".;;Aerosmith
;;Only about 15 percent of this country's area lies below 3,000 feet. That includes the Chu and Talas valleys, the former of which contains the capital, which from 1926 to 1991 was known as Frunze [FRUHN-zay]. Its northwest corner contains Lake Ysyk-Kol, while its tallest peaks are Victory Peak and Mt. Khan-Tengri on the border with Kazakstan. An enclave of Tajikistan occupies the south-west corner of, FTP, what mountainous former Soviet republic whose capital is Bishkek.;;Kyrgyzstan|Kyrgyzia
;;His deeply miserable childhood that contributed to the pessimism of works such as The Yellow Boat, Self-Portrait in Hell, and The Sick Child. His work caused bitter controversy at the 1892 Union of Berlin Artists, but the following year in that same city he began the series that would include A Poem about Life, Ashes, Vampire and Women in Three Stages. That so-called Frieze of Life was never finished by, for 10 points, what Norwegian artist of the recently stolen The Scream.;;(Edvard) Munch
;;The result of this battle was largely negated by the subsequent Peace of Thorn, in which the losers gave up only Samogitia. The victors' original objective of Marienburg was besieged briefly after the battle but not taken. Only fifty years later, after a Prussian revolt, would the Poles get an outlet to the Baltic, by which time King Jagiello was long dead. For 10 points, name this 1410 victory of Poles and Lithuanians over Teutonic Knights, which shares one of its names with a major German victory over Russia in World War I.;;Tannenberg|Grunwald
;;Her given name is Nilanjana Sudeshna, but early on in school she decided it would be easier to stick with her nickname. A 1989 graduate of Barnard College, she currently resides and writes in Brooklyn. The year 2000 saw her win the Pulitzer prize, and 2003 marked the publication of her first novel and second book, The Namesake. For 10 points-name this writer of Bengali descent, author of the collection of nine short stories about Indian-Americans and their lives, entitled Interpreter of Maladies.;;(Jhumpa) Lahiri
;;Similar to Fermi-Dirac and Bose-Einstein models, it uses the grand canonical partition function in its denominator.  This Gaussian normal curve is entirely accurate only when all of the particles in question have the same mass, and it assumes that the subject is ideal.  FTP, name this distribution from statistical mechanics which probabilistically models properties of any given molecule of a gas at thermal equilibrium, named for its two discoverers.;;(The) Maxwell(-)Boltzmann (Distribution)
;;A common objecton to this theory with proponents like Shoemaker, Putnam and Levin is that it leaves out an essential property of mental states: their qualia or "what its like" to have them. An early proponent, Hilary Putnam, used the Turing Machine as a model that should be extended to mental states. FTP, name this doctrine stating that mental states are determined by causal relations to sensory stimulations rather than on their internal constitution.;;functionalism
;;Their name translates as "armed men on horseback," and since 2003 they have fought against the Justice and Equality Movement. They are considerably better armed than the murahilin militias that were doing the job before, but the government continues to deny that it backs them and their leaders, including Musa Hillal. This is not generally believed by foreign observers of, for 10 points, what Muslim guerilla force that has driven refugees into Chad and committed numerous atrocities in the region of Sudan around Darfur?.;;Janjaweed
;;His actions in the Iliad include helping in the fight against the River Scamander and quelling a fight between the gods by acting as butler. The pediment of the Parthenon shows him assisting at the birth of the goddess to whom that temple was dedicated. Archaic depictions of him show him with his feet backwards as a result of crippling injuries received when he was thrown out of heaven by Zeus for interfering in a marital quarrel. The Cyclopes under Lemnos were the workshop assistants for, FTP, what Greek god of metal-working and fire?.;;Hephaestus|Vulcan
;;An old woman, Sister Gudule, recognizes that a woman she is supposed to guard is her long-lost daughter who she thought was killed by the gypsies. She then tries to save her daughter's life, but is instead killed and the corrupt priest Claude Frollo takes away the prisoner. He has the woman hanged for the murder of Captain Phoebus, though it was actually he who committed the crime. Frollo is later thrown to his death in, FTP, what novel of Victor Hugo about the love of Quasimodo for Esmeralda.;;The Hunchback of Notre Dame|Notre(-)Dame de Paris
;;He proclaimed Russia to be the cradle of life in his Epochs of Nature.  His most famous work is filled with Louis Daubenton's descriptions of mammalian anatomy, and is often contrasted with Linnaeus' System of Nature, but he is best known today for throwing sticks onto a tiled floor, a process that presaged the development of Monte Carlo methods.   FTP, name this 18th century French naturalist who wrote a voluminous History Naturelle and has an eponymous "needle problem.".;;(Georges) (Louis) (Leclerc(,)) (comte) (de) Buffon
;;Its original name was Ukerewe, and its largest inflowing river is the Kagera, which has a massive delta on the western shore.  Its ecosystem has been harrassed recently by the water hyacinth and the Nile Perch. Its level was raised in 1954 by the construction of the Owen Falls Dam. Entebbe and Kampala lie along the shores of, FTP, what squarish second largest freshwater lake in the world, which borders Kenya, Uganda and Tanzania?.;;(Lake) Victoria
;;After his mother's funeral he sees a comic movie and picks up a strange woman. In prison his only reading material is a newspaper clipping about a Czechoslovak man. His rather boring office-job life is disrupted when Raymond, the pimp next door, gets into a fight with some Arabs and this man kills one for no discernable reason. At his subsequent trial, the judges condemn the apparent moral indifference of, FTP, what protagonist of Camus' The Stranger?.;;Meursault
;;He served on the Fort Thomas city council from 1977-1979, and later lost the governor's race in his state in 1983.  In 1998, he moved from the House to the Senate, but in August 2004 he demanded a police escort at all times for fear of terroism.  In his 2004 re-election campaign, he claimed his democratic opponent looked like one of Saddam Hussein's sons, and his staff referred to his opponent as "limp-wristed." For 10 points, identify this Kentucky senator and Hall of Fame pitcher.;;(Jim) Bunning
;;It was purchased from Charles and Maria Ellis along with an adjacent property known as the "Keith Lot." Based on the principle of self-reliance, it was the location where the newspaper The Harbinger was printed. Albert Brisbane helped it convert to a phalanx in 1844, three years after it was founded by the Unitarian minister George Ripley.  Based on cooperative living and transcendentalism, for 10 points, name this famous experimental farm whose members and visitors included Ralph Waldo Emerson, Margaret Fuller, and Nathaniel Hawthorne.;;(Answer) ((:)) Brook Farm
;;Housed in the Musee D'Orsay, this painting contains a small house barely visible on the cliffs on the left-hand side of the background. A dog stands next to a man wearing green socks, and a white hat appears at the feet of a robed man reading from a religious book.  Pallbearers, a priest, altar boys, a gravedigger, family and friends in mourning surround the open grave at the center front of the painting. FTP, name this painting that depicts a somber scene of peasant life in Gustave Courbet's hometown.;;Burial at Ornans
;;At one point, the chorus orders Cilissa to alter a message, and Pylades is present but silent for most of the play, reminding his friend that he should rather be hated by all mortals than defy the will of Apollo.  At the end of the play, the main character is driven mad by the Furies, and the chorus of slave women laments that despite avenging his father Agamemnon by killing Clytemnestra and Aegisthus, Orestes has not ended the cycle of bloodshed. FTP, what is this second play of Aeschylus's Oresteia?.;;(The) Libation(-)Bearers|Choephoroe
;;The westernmost points in this country are the islands of Hiiumaa and Saaremaa, while most of its eastern border lies along a lake. Its cities include Tartu and Narva, and its capital lies across a narrow sea from Espoo. That narrow sea separates this country's natives from their close linguistic relatives in a country to the north, but the two countries are separated by a small slice of a very large country. Efforts to enforce exclusive use of the native, Finno-Ugric, language rather than Russian, have petered out in, FTP, what eentsy former Soviet republic that borders Latvia and Russia and has its capital at Tallinn?.;;Estonia
;;Byron wrote an epitaph for this man that ends by telling the reader to urinate on his grave. At the congresses of Troppau and Laibach was would not support interventions against liberal revolutions in Spain and Italy, thus disappointing his ally Metternich. Shortly before the Congress of Verona in 1822, beset by these failures and possibly being blackmailed for being a homosexual, he committed suicide and was succeeded by Canning. For 10 points, name this reactionary British foreign minister who represented his country in 1814 at the Congress of Vienna.;;(Robert) Stewart(,) (Viscount) Castlereagh (castle(-)ray)
;;When done in the shallow way, it is often completed in the oven and the food being prepared is covered with a cartouche. The deep way, meanwhile, fittingly involves submerging the food being cooked.  It is used mostly as a way to cook tender foods quickly without adding fats or oils. Water, stock and wine can all be used as liquids to bring foods to a temperature just under a boil in, for 10 points, what method of cooking that is used to cook poultry, fish, and most commonly eggs?.;;Poaching
;;Geirrod captured him by his feet in the form of a hawk, but the giantess Grid foiled any plans he had.  When he took the form of a mare and got knocked up by Hrimthur's horse, he eventually gave birth to the eight-legged Sleipnir.  Also the father of Hel and the Midgard Serpent, he was responsible for the death of Balder when he tricked Hoder into chucking some mistletoe.  He is bound to some rocks until Ragnarok arrives. For ten points name this Norse trickster god.;;Loki
;;Once booed off stage at the Apollo Theater, his larval stages include a trilobite, a squid, a starfish, and a lamprey.  He grew up on Decapod 10 being bullied by a horseshoe crab named Vinnie, and was forced to abandon his dream of being a comedian to study human medicine, eventually getting a low-paying job with Planet Express.  FTP name this crustacean with a thick Jewish accent, one of the major characters on Futurama.;;(Dr(.)) (John) Zoidberg
;;This composer once claimed that his cook knew more about counterpoint than Gluck did. He himself got his later musical education in Italy before returning to serve a monarch of a small German state, who continued to patronize him when he became monarch of a larger country. "Zadok the Priest" is one of the coronation anthems he wrote for that king's successor, George II. His two most famous orchestral works date to 1717 and 1749 and are both named for occasions of royal ceremony. FTP, name this German-born composer of the operas Xerxes  and Julius Caesar, as well as Music for the Royal Fireworks, Water Music and the Messiah.;;(George) (Frederick) Handel
;;John 7.39 explains that at the time in question, this was not given, because Christ was not yet glorified. In Matthew 12.32, Jesus says that although he who speaks against the Son of Man will be forgiven, he who speaks against this will not. In all four Gospels, John the Baptist says that while he baptizes with water, Jesus will baptize with this. In its most famous appearance in Acts, it descends as "cloven tongues like as of fire" upon the Apostles at Pentecost. Its precise relation to its two counterparts is a major point of contention between the Roman and Greek churches. Pneumatology is the study of, for 10 points, what person of the Trinity that, for the purposes of this tournament, proceeds from the Father and the Son.;;(The) Holy Spirit|Holy Ghost|Third Person (of) (the) (Trinity)
;;He has written extensively on the public/private and system/lifeworld distinctions, such as in The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere, and on legitimation crises in a similarly titled work.  He has participated in the Historikerstreit, more recently joining Derrida in calling for a common European foreign policy, co-writing the book Philosophy in a Time of Terror. FTP, name this German sociologist, philosopher, and intellectual heir of the Frankfurt School, the author of The Theory of Communicative Action.;;(Jurgen) Habermas
;;Dr. Bledsoe expels the title character after he takes Mr. Norton to the Golden Day, a brothel near campus.  After working as a scab for the bitter Lucius Brockway at Liberty Paints,  he witnesses the death of Tod Clifton at the hands of police and later burns all of his papers from the socialist Brotherhood after an encounter with Ras the Destroyer.  For 10 points, identify this 1952 work whose nameless hero  notes that people only see his surroundings, themselves or figments of their imaginations when looking at him, a novel by Ralph Ellison.;;Invisible Man
;;Though he posed for his father's sculpture Man Cub, his first artistic position was as a sports illustrator for the National Police Gazette, and he parlayed this into his first book, Animal Sketching.  He gave animal names to sculptures like The Only, Only Bird, Crested Cow, and he created a motorized mural, Universe, for the Sears Tower.   He is better known for incorporating pulleys and cranks into his sculptures, differentiating them from stabiles.  For ten points, name this American abstract sculptor whose Lobster Trap and Fish Tail is the most famous example of the form he created, the mobile.;;(Alexander) Calder
;;In 1999, God told him to fulfill his commitment, so he returned to work after retiring the previous year. After just one year, however, his retirement became permanent. He spent two years playing for the Memphis Showboats, though his autobiography In the Trenches may not have mentioned his involvement with Knoxville church arson or his comments about Latinos and Asians in a 1998 speech.   For 10 points, name this former Philadelphia and Green Bay defensive end, the "minister of defense" who died in late 2004 of a respiratory ailment at age 43.;;Reggie White
;;The Riesz-Fischer Theorem states that a function is L-squared integrable if and only if this is L-squared convergent for the function.  Originally postulated in its discoverer's memoir On the Propagation of Heat in Solid Bodies, the "Gibbs Phenomenon" results when it is used to represent a discontinuous function, such as a square wave.  Studied in the field of harmonic analysis, FTP, name this expansion of a periodic function in terms of an infinite sum of cosines and sines, named for its French discoverer.;;Fourier Series
;;Before being accepting his most famous post, the only book on nuclear policy he had read was Kissinger's Nuclear Weapons and Foreign Policy. The author of books such as One Hundred Countries, Two Billion People and Out of the Cold, he was the first president of Ford not from the Ford family.  Despite missing out on a multiple-warhead ban at the Glassboro Summit, he served as president of the World Bank for 13 years after resigning from his most famous post in 1968.  FTP, name this Secretary of Defense under John F. Kennedy and Lyndon B. Johnson.;;(Robert) (Strange) McNamara
;;Begun as part of the Dayton Company's family of stores, it was conceived in 1962.  From its first store in Roseville, Minnesota, it has expanded to over 1300 locations nationally. Greatland locations differ from standard outlets, but the only noticeable difference is a second set of doors.  For 10 points, name this retailer that received bad press in 2004 for refusing to allow Salvation Army red kettles at any of its stores.;;Target
;;One explanation of the more paradoxical aspects of this phenomenon is Zahavi's handicap principle.  The fitness-reducing "handicap" has been variously interpreted as a publicly visible test of survival, the opportunity to display healthfulness or good diet, or "costly" and therefore honest "signaling."  Darwin also devoted two thirds of The Descent of Man to this subject, which is further divided into r- and k- varieties based on offspring quantity.  FTP, name this evolutionary pressure which is due to competition for mates and is the counterpart of ecological selection.;;Sexual selection
;;His last works in the 1950s, including Good and Evil and The Eclipse of God, dealt with the problem of evil. Much earlier, in 1903, he had been a prominent Zionist but at the fifth World Zionist Congress opposed Herzl and turned to studying the Hasidim, resulting in such books as The Legends of Bal-Shem and Tales of Rabbi Nachman. The conviction that the self can emerge only through mutually affirming relations with other is the central argument of I and Thou, the most popular work of, FTP, what Jewish philosopher who shares his name with a depressed, hat-wearing Fraggle.;;(Martin) Buber
;;Until its 1980 independence, it was administered under an unusual arrangement known as the Anglo-French Condominium, in which the two powers shared sovereignty and in which natives could choose the legal system under which to be governed.  Central to its WWII-era cargo cult is the messianic figure of Jon Frum, an amalgam of Santa Claus, Uncle Sam, and John the Baptist.  FTP, name this South Pacific nation previously known as the New Hebrides and which has its capital at Port Vila.;;Vanuatu
;;In an 1884 lecture tour, he and Mark Twain billed themselves as the "Twins of Genius."  Like Twain, he was a Confederate veteran, and after the war, he began collecting material and writing for his hometown newspaper, the New Orleans Picayune.  His local-color fiction includes such works as "Sieur George" and "Jean-ah Poquelin,"though he also wrote novels such as Bylow Hill and Gideon's Band.  FTP, name this southern author, a supporter of black civil rights and author of Old Creole Days and The Grandissimes.;;(George) (Washington) Cable
;;After organizing a general store with his brothers, he served as a Justice of the Peace and helped found the Sacramento Public Library.  The eighth governor of California, he co-founded the Central Pacific Railroad and was its president in 1869 when he hammered the Golden Spike at Promontory Point.  FTP, name this tycoon who founded the Palo Alto university named for his son.;;(Leland) Stanford
;;His collected letters and diaries were published posthumously as The Fourteenth Chronicle.  A member of the Norton-Harjes Ambulance group in WWI, he used his wartime experiences as the basis of 1922's Three Soldiers.  In 1925 he had commercial success with Manhattan Transfer which provides a transit rider's view of the city.  In 1952 he released his second trilogy, District of Columbia, which marked the progression of his left wing disillusionment.  FTP, name this author of 1937's U.S.A. trilogy.;;(John) Dos Passos
;;Each vertex must conserve energy, angular momentum, and all forms of charge. A coupling constant is assigned to each vertex, corresponding to the matrix element and to the cross-section. One axis represents time. Lines beginning and ending at the same vertex represent virtual particles. Gluons are represented by spiral lines, photons by wavy lines, and fermions by solid lines with arrows. FTP, these are some rules for constructing what type of particle physics diagram, named for an American physicist who won a 1965 Nobel Prize for his work on QED theory.;;Feynman (diagrams)
;;At Tsinghua University from 1959 to 1964, he was schoolmates with his wife Liu Yongqing (Yong-ch'ing) while he majored in the study of hub hydropower stations. An avid ballroom dancer with a photographic memory, he made a name for himself in Chinese politics as secretary of the Tibet Autonomous Regional Committee from 1988 to 1992 and later as vice president of China. For ten points, name this current president of China who finally succeeded Jiang Zemin as chairman of the Central Military Commission in September 2004.;;(Answser(:)) Hu (Jintao)
;;Its name comes from the Indian for "damp earth".  First explored by Europeans in 1518, during the 1530's and 40's, subjugation efforts were made against the Olmec and Quiche Maya natives.  Drained by the Grijalva and Usumacinta Rivers, its principal port on the Gulf of Mexico is Frontera.  FTP, name this Mexican state with capital at Villahermosa which shares its name with a brand of popular hot sauce.;;Tabasco
;;With profits from his most successful novel he founded the Helion Home, a utopian community which was abandoned after a 1907 fire.  His 1928 novel Boston was based on the Sacco and Vanzetti murder trial while the previous Oil! fictionalized the Teapot Dome scandal.  A two time candidate for governor of California on the EPIC platform, FTP, name this author who helped inspire the Pure Food and Drug Act with The Jungle.;;(Upton) Sinclair
;;He recounted his service in the armed forces in Corp Values: Everything You Need to Know I Learned in the Marine Corps.  Chief of Staff to Governor Lester Maddox, he served four terms as lieutenant governor of Georgia before being elected governor himself in 1990 and 1994.  Appointed to fill Paul Coverdell's Senate seat in 2000, in 2004 he gave his second keynote address to a political convention in Madison Square Garden.  FTP, name this retired Senator.;;(Zell) Miller
;;In one of its actions, Sir Edward Vernon led 186 ships against the port of Cartagena, but was forced to withdraw after one month of heavy casualties.  English fortunes had previously been better when in November 1739, Vernon had successfully captured Porto Bello, damaging Spain's finances and forcing them to adopt new trading practices.  Later merging into the War of Austrian Succession, FTP, name this dispute named for the body part presented to Parliament in 1738 by the captain of the Rebecca.;;(the) War of Jenkins' Ear
;;Initially designated C/1995 O1, it has a diameter of 40 kilometers and a rotation rate of 11.4 hours. When first discovered, it appeared one thousand times brighter than Comet Halley did at the same distance, and it later became the brightest comet since Comet West in 1976. For ten points, name this comet that was independently discovered on July 23, 1995 by two amateur astronomers in New Mexico and Arizona, famous for the fuckers who killed themselves when it appeared in the sky.;;(Comet) Hale(-)Bopp
;;Beginning in 1944, it was used as a target in practice bombing runs by the crew of the Enola Gay.  Fed by the New, White, and Alamo Rivers, it sits on the site formerly occupied by Lake Cahuilla.  Formed in 1905 after the Imperial Valley dike on the Colorado River burst, FTP, name this inland saline lake in the Sonoran Desert.;;Salton Sea
;;He married the daughter of King Ithoball I of Tyre in order to secure a military and trade alliance.  After building a temple to Baal in Samaria, he aroused the anger of Elijiah, who "pronounced against him a fearful doom" following the murder of Naboth.  FTP, name this king of Israel, husband to Jezebel, who shares his name with the captain of the Pequod.;;Ahab
;;Artistic director of 1927's Weissenhof project, he served as director of the Bauhaus for its final three years.  Having established an international reputation for his 1929 design of the German pavilion at the Barcelona International Exposition, in 1938 he became director of the Illinois Institute of Technology, where he redesigned the campus.  FTP, name this architect of the Farnsworth House who collaborated with Philip Johnson on the Seagram Building.;;(Ludwig) Mies Van Der Rohe
;;In April 2004, it was confirmed that the F-5 Lightning wreckage found off the coast of Marseille was his plane.  He fictionalized his exploration and work experiences in 1928's Southern Mail and later in Night Flight.  A reconnaissance pilot during WWII, his Flight to Arras is an autobiographical account of one of his dangerous missions.  FTP, name this pioneer of international postal flight, author of The Little Prince.;;(Antoine) (de) Saint(-)Exupery
;;In studying this, Solomon Asch had participants look at a standard line and choose a corresponding line of the same length out of a group of three.  When members of the group chose an obviously incorrect line, 1/3 of the participants agreed instead of challenging the unanimous opinion of others.  Factors influencing an individual's degree of this include group size, group cohesiveness, social support, desire for personal control, and culture.  FTP identify this term which is defined as a yielding to perceived group pressure.;;Conformity
;;The base was surrounded by eight fortifications on nearby hills, all of which were named for the mistresses of General Henri Navarre.  Coming under attack on March 13, the Beatrice and Gabrielle positions both fell quickly and in despair, the French artillery commander killed himself.  Attempts to reinforce the fort with paratroopers led to the Viet Cong using anti-aircraft guns against the soldiers and then proceeding to destroy the base's two airstrips.  FTP, name this fort which fell May 7th, 1954, ending the First Indochina War.;;Dien Bien Phu
;;Two theories for its name are that it was either named for the Commissioner of Works at the time or a noted prizefighter.  A 13-ton bell, it cracked when initially tested; a lower weight hammer was then used to prevent further damage, leading to a slightly distorted tone.  Residing in St Stephen's Tower since 1860, the climax of the novel The 39 Steps occurs here.  In 2004, it became the nickname for the top rookie quarterback in the NFL.  FTP, identity this bell located above the houses of Parliament in London.;;Big Ben
;;The poet sees the tower of Truth and the dungeon of Wrong.  When describing the "fair field full of folk" Holy Church scolds him for sleeping and explains the meaning of all that he has seen.  Conscience enters the action and persuades the people to seek St.Truth with the title character as the guide.  He agrees to show them on the condition they help him tend his acre.  Moral and social satires with the title character modeled on Jesus FTP, identify this Middle English poem written in three versions.;;Piers Plowman
;;She learned to scuba dive in her 70's, later releasing the photography collections Under Water and Coral Gardens, as well as the documentary Impressions Under Water.  The star of such films as The White Hell of Pitz Palu, she qualified to represent Germany in the 1936 Olympics but instead filmed the event as Olympia.  FTP, name this director of the propaganda films Victory of the Faith and Triumph of the Will.;;(Leni) Riefenstahl
;;The smaller force split into two columns, one of which cut between the Redoubtable and the French flagship Buccutaure.  A second column under Admiral Colingwood in the Royal Sovereign engaged the Santa Ana.  A French and Spanish counterattack at 3:30 PM was repulsed and by 5PM the destruction of the French rear had been completed, though the commander of the Victory had already been mortally wounded.  FTP, name this October 1805 British naval victory, the last for Horatio Nelson.;;Trafalgar
;;At halftime of an October 1997 football game, the Stanford band generated controversy when it held a "tribute" to this event.  Caused by the fungus Phytophthora infestans after 1846 the economic policies of Lord John Russell exacerbated the situation by ending some of the relief Robert Peel had provided. Responsible for at least 1.1 million deaths, approximately 1.5 million people emigrated to the U.S. and Great Britain as a result of it.  FTP, name this blight which befell Ireland from 1845-49.;;(Irish) Potato Famine
;;He played as a catcher for ten years in the late 19th century with Washington, Buffalo, and as a player/manager with Pittsburgh from 1894-96, during which time his actions gave the team its nickname.  From 1897-1900 he managed the Milwaukee team of the Western League, before joining the Philadelphia Athletics, where he won nine league championships and five World Series.  FTP, name this all time wins leader among baseball managers who shares his name with his great grandson, a Congressman from Florida's 14th District.;;(Connie) Mack|(Cornelius) McGillicuddy
;;Welcome to Hard Times, his first novel, spawned a western starring Henry Fonda and he published a volume of essays entitled Jack London, Hemingway and the Constitution. More famously, The Book of Daniel retold the Rosenberg case and spawned a 1983 Timothy Hutton movie. Loon Lake is the story of a man during the Depression, and City of God was released in 2000, but this author is more famous for a work with Coalhouse Walker representing Scott Joplin. FTP, name this author of Billy Bathgate and Ragtime.;;(Edgar) (Lawrence) Doctorow
;;Discovered by the Portuguese in 1505, it was first colonised by the Dutch in 1638, who named it after the Prince of Nassau. Controlled by the French in the 18th centruy, when it was called Ile de France, the British took it over in 1814 and it reverted to its former name. It was formed in a series of volcanic eruptions as the African plate drifted over the Reunion hotspot as part of an archipelago which also includes Reunion and Rodrigues. FTP, identify this island in the Indian Ocean whose capital is Port Louis.;;Mauritius
;;This novel contains a few inked illustrations, such as a mottled page and an all-black one, and we learn that Dr. Slop ineptly delivers the title character from the womb while Corporal Trim reads a sermon.  These flourishes persuaded critics of its day that it wasn't serious literature, as did its admitting to being a cock-and-bull story on the last page, but it was popular enough that the author later came out with a companion volume of sermons by Parson Yorick. Its main character's name ought to have been Trismegistus, but actually means 'sad'. For ten points, name this novel by Laurence Sterne.;;(The) (Life) (and) (Opinions) (of) Tristram Shandy(,) (Gentleman)
;;After his death, this man was exhumed and burned as a heretic by order of the council of Constance. His heterodox beliefs included a rejection of monasticism, he demanded absolute poverty for the church, and upheld royal authority over that of the Pope. Protected by John of Gaunt, he and his followers the Lollards also distributed English Bibles in his own translation. For ten points, who is this late Medieval Christian reformer?.;;(John) Wycliff
;;At the age of 24, he moved to 64 Harley Street and later completed a gallery there. His more conservative work includes The Thames Near Isleworth and Colchester, Essex but it is easy to see the beginnings of experimentation in Interior at Petworth. Fingal's Cave and Dido Building Carthage were produced long before he reportedly stuck his head out of a locomotive traveling at 90 mph. FTP, name this 18th. Century English painter of The Burning of the Houses of Parliament, The Fighting Temeraire, and Rain, Steam, and Speed.;;(Joseph) (Mallord) (William) _Turner_
;;The title of this author's short story "Toad's Mouth" refers to a game in which men toss coins at a prostitute's privates, and other short stories, such as "Walimai" and "Maria, la boba" touch upon similar topics.  Her less-racy children's fiction includes City of the Beasts and Kingdom of the Golden Dragon.  2003 saw her publish the travelogue My Inverted Country, but she is best known for her works of long fiction, which include Portrait in Sepia and Daughter of Fortune.  FTP, name this Chilean author of Eva Luna, Of Love and Shadows, and The House of the Spirits.;;(Isabel) Allende
;;A 1987 supernova in the Large Magellanic Cloud provided 19 observations of them in two Cherenkov detectors.  Reines and Cowan first experimentally observed them using scintillation detectors and a cadmium chloride solution.  They was first postulated by Pauli in 1931 as an explanation for why electrons in beta decay were not being emitted with the full reaction energy of the nuclear transition, and these particles with spin -1/2 were later given their name by Fermi.  FTP, name this lepton that has no charge and interacts through the weak force, the first of six such leptons to be postulated.;;(electron) neutrinos
;;She received the first and last sacrifices at banquets, and has sweet oil dripping from her hair. In the festival dedicated to her Roman manifestation, the inner sanctum of her temple was opened once a year for women to bring sacrifice barefoot. Apollo and Poseidon, her nephew and brother respectively, chased after her, but she swore by Zeus' head to remain a virgin. Part of the Greek ritual of founding a colony was to honor her by bringing fire from one's mother-city to the new colony. FTP, name this goddess who, when Dionysus came to Olympus, let him have the throne that she never sat in anyway because she was too busy tending the hearth.;;Hestia
;;It provides the basis for the pairing between homology groups and de Rham cohomology, and can be extended to linear combinations of piecewise smooth submanifolds.  Stated generally using the exterior derivative of a manifold, it can also be shown using the Hodge star operator, and the fundamental theorem of calculus and Green's Theorem are special cases of it.  For ten points, name this theorem that relates the surface integral of the curl of a vector field to its line integral.;;Stokes' (Theorem)
;;This lifelong Sunday-school teacher made big headlines in with his divorce and bigger ones two years later with his remarriage, which hurt him at the subsequent political convention, where his speech was booed down and Barry Goldwater was nominated. It didn't stop him from winning four terms as his state's governor, after beating Averill Harriman in the otherwise Democratic year of 1958. For 10 points, name this vice-president of Gerald Ford and long-time liberal Republican governor of New York.;;Nelson (Aldrich) Rockefeller
;;The title first appears in "On Her Majesty's Secret Service" on the family crypt as Bond's wife is laid to rest, as it is the Bond family motto.  Directed by Michael Apted, the film also featured the final appearance of Desmond Llewellyn as Q.  For ten points, name this 1999 flick about nuclear smuggling in the Soviet Far East starring Sophie Marceau and Denise Richards as the memorably awful Christmas Jones.;;The World is Not Enough
;;This island's kings in classical times included Evagoras. It later became part of the Ptolemaic empire and in Roman times was often combined with the neighboring province of Cilicia. Legend has it that Ottoman Sultan Selim the Drunkard conquered it to lay hands on its wine: earlier the last kind of Jerusalem had taken refuge on this island. After an unsucessful coup against President Makarios in 1974 the Turks invaded and still occupy the northern half of, FTP, what large island in the northeast corner of the Mediterranean?.;;Cyprus
;;It is a useful step in producing cinnamic acid from benzaldehyde and acetic acid esters, and its intramolecular version is named after Dieckmann.  Technically, it can be classified as a nucleophilic acyl substitution, in which an ester most commonly reacts with an alkoxide to form an ester enolate which can react with the electrophilic carbonyl carbon of the original ester to produce beta-ketoesters.  FTP, identify this reaction, the ester analog of the aldol condensation, name for its German discoverer.;;Claisen Condensation
;;Lesser known adherents of it included Guy Tirollien and David Diop.  Described as "measured by the compass of suffering," its name was first coined in the poem "Return to My Native Land" in 1939.   It was further developed in the journal Tropiques, published in Martinique by Leon-Gantron Damas, and it was called "A Humanism of the Twentieth Century" in an article by another co-founder, Leopold Senghor. For ten points, name this term for essential black unity, a literary movement headed by Aime Cesaire.;;Negritude
;;During it, Harry Hopkins wrote a communique that Hideki Tojo said threatened to reduce Japan to a "third-rate state."  It resulted in a document discussing the Allies' intention to divide up the Japanese Empire following the predicted Japanese surrender, and the attendees vowed to return all territory annexed by Japan since World War I and called for Korean independence.  FTP, identify this November 1943 meeting between Franklin Roosevelt, Winston Churchill and Chiang Kai-Shek, immediately preceding the Teheran conference.;;Cairo (Conference)
;;Morning in the Country After the Rain exemplifies his cubist period, and with the Union of Youth he made the costumes for the play Victory Over the Sun. His book, The World as Non-Objectivity, describes his artistic theory, which rejects practicality and representation of the real world in favor of abstraction.  His country's regime rejected his ideas, and he was forced to paint in a socialist-realist style, as in his 1933 self-portrait, which he defiantly signed with a black square superimposed on a white square.  FTP, name this suprematist, the painter of Red Square.;;(Casimir) Malevich
;;It consists of eighteen chapters, with titles such as Shantiparva and Virataparva.  The beginning of Adiparva informs its readers "what is found here, may be found elsewhere; what is not found here, will not be found elsewhere." One trap set by Duryodhana involves tricking Yudhishthira into playing a dice game, but eventually Draupadi and her five husbands are united in heaven.  Krishna makes an appearance in, FTP, what lengthy text of Hinduism, which describes the war between the Kauravas and the Pandavas.;;Mahabharata
;;At one point, its Garden of the Martyrs contained a monastery of barefoot Carmelites, and its Gate of Justice was added by Yusuf I.  The Church of St. Mary is located where the royal mosque used to be, while two large pieces of marble flank a fountain in the middle of the Hall of the Two Sisters.  Its name probably comes from the color of the sun-dried tapia or bricks that make up the outer wall of this edifice. The Chamber of the Lions is located in, FTP, what Moorish palace in Granada, the setting for a collection of Washington Irving short stories.;;(The) Alhambra
;;A meteorite which landed in Murchison, Australia, vindicated the findings of his most famous experiment.  He won the Oparin Medal in 1983, and became president of the International Society for the Study of the Origin of Life in 1986.  In the autobiographical "The First Laboratory Synthesis of Organic Compounds under Primitive Earth Conditions," he explains how, with his mentor, he came to mix hydrogen, water, methane, and ammonia.  FTP, name this scientist, who performed a famous experiment with his professor, Harold Urey.;;(Stanley) Miller
;;He appeared as a Zion Elder in The Matrix sequels, a role offered to him by Larry and Andy Wachowski, the movies' writer-director team, who had read his philosophical writings and wanted to incorporate him into the script. His book Prophesy Deliverance! advocates a socially concerned African American Christianity that draws from Marxism, and American Evasion of Philosophy draws from Ralph Waldo Emerson and American pragmatism. A recipient of the American book award, he also wrote Race Matters, and most recently, Democracy Matters. For 10 points-name this Princeton professor of religion and African-American studies.;;(Cornel) West
;;This author's lesser known works include the unfinished Bouvard and Pecuchet [boo-VAHR and peh-koo-SHAY], and a play called The Candidate. Supposedly he was reading a draft of his Temptation of St. Anthony to some friends, and they advised him to throw it on the fire and concentrate on bourgeois realism. This he did, but later went back to a novel about ancient Carthage titled Salammbo. For 10 points, name this author whose own experience as the son of a provincial doctor contributed to the realism of his masterpiece Madame Bovary.;;(Gustave) Flaubert
;;This language was not formally standardized until 1851, and even then its use remained limited because of growth in Magyar nationalism at the time. Its speakers mostly lived witin the old kingdom of Hungary, and higher education was conducted in the Magyar language. After World War I, its speakers got stuck in a country with neighbors who spoke a mutually intelligible language, only to separate again after the fall of Communism. For 10 points, name this West Slav language that is spoken in Bratislava and understood in Prague.;;Slovak|Slovakian (not) (Czechoslovak)|(Slovenian)
;;Just under half of the instances of this phenomenon occurred in 1872, when Horace Greeley died shortly after the election. A similar phenomenon followed the death of vice-presidential candidate James S. Sherman, and the beneficiary was Nicholas Murray Butler. For 10 points, name this event that happened most recently when an anonymous Minnesotan voted for John Edwards for president and for vice president, even though John Kerry had won the popular vote in that state.;;faithless elector
;;(accept anything that clearly expresses the concept of a presidential elector voting for someone other than the winner of her state's popular vote)   4. Recently discovered documents suggest that he may have been assassinated by a conspiracy based in his own harem. During his long reign, his country saw invasions by the Sea Peoples and the gradual collapse of the 20th Dynasty. His immediate predecessor was Setnakhte, but he liked to identify himself with a more successful namesake. For 10 points, name this mediocre monarch who shares his name with the pharoah who built Abu Simbel and fought at Kadesh.;;Ramses III|Ramses the Okay
;;His last movie, 1981's Buddy, Buddy was pretty mediocre, but featured the two actors who he also directed in The Front Page and The Fortune Cookie. In addition, Jack Lemmon starred with Shirley MacLaine and Marilyn Monroe in two of this man's best comedies. The Lost Weekend and Witness for the Prosecution were non-comic masterpieces of, for 10 points, what Polish-born director of Some Like It Hot and The Apartment.;;(Billy) Wilder|(Samuel) (Wilder)
;;This author started off working on a universal history planned by Sir Reginald Wolfe, but after the latter's death came out with a two-volume work of much reduced scope, relying heavily on sources such as Boyce's History of the Scots. Although the work was heavily censored at the time of its first publication in 1587, it was still useful for its information about Plantagenet kings, as well as more shadowy figures of the legendary British past. For 10 points, name this author whose Chronicles of England Scotland and Ireland introduced Cymbeline and King Lear to William Shakespeare?.;;(Raphael) Holinshead
;;Supposedly this native of Madras fell asleep during a spiritual exercise and subsequently cut off his eyelids to prevent a recurrence. They fell to the ground and became the first green tea plants. A slightly less apocryphal act was telling the emperor Wu-Ti that salvation could not be acquired through meritorious deeds. His sect was known as the Dhayana, or "meditation" sect, and that name was abbreviated in Japanese. For 10 points, name this sixth-century AD "first patriarch" of Zen Buddhism.;;Bodhidharma|Daruma|Da Mo
;;Name's the same. Samuel was a philosopher and economist who attacked Ricardo's Iron Law of Wages. Pearl was a Broadway singer most famous for playing the title role in an all-black production of Hello, Dolly! Patty Hearst and O.J. Simpson were both defended by F. Lee. Bill was thrown out with nothing by a fine tooth comb by a woman who now wishes he would come home. All these people, plus the most famous private serving at Camp Swampy, all share, FTP, what name with the inventor of a sicky-sweet Irish liqueur?.;;Bailey
;;In some organisms, it is fed by the Hatch-Slack pathway, and it can be separated into carboxylation, reduction, and regeneration stages.  Using ATP for energy and NADPH for hydrogens and electrons, it utilizes a carbon dioxide molecule for carbon fixation, which is performed by the creation of 3-phosphoglycerate, with the help of the enzyme Rubisco.  Resulting in a glucose molecule, for ten points, identify this biochemical pathway also named for Andrew Benson, which describes the light-independent reactions of photosynthesis.;;Calvin(-)Benson (cycle)
;;He wrote a verse of the song "Rumpshaker" for producer Teddy Riley, but he later had more success doing his own producing.  Before commercial success, he was in a band with fellow Virginia Beach native Timbaland called Surrounded By Idiots.  He put out a solo single called "Frontin'" in between releasing, with Shay and Chad Hugo, the albums "In Search Of" and "Fly or Die".  Give, FTP, the other member of N.E.R.D. and the Neptunes.;;Pharrel Williams
;;This royal house can be traced back to an 11th-century French character Flaad the Seneschal. In later years they tended to be short-lived, and seven of them succeeded to the throne as children. The spelling variant in their name probably stems from the influence of the French language, which lacks a letter "w." For 10 points, name this royal house that feuded with the Douglas family, and which managed to produce five Jameses as kings of Scotland before the sixth became heir to Elizabeth I and thus James I of England.;;(House) (of) Stewart|Stuart
;;The falls that share this river's name are situated at Schaffhausen and shortly below them it is joined by the Aar. Further downstream it is joined by the Ill, Neckar and Main (pron. "mine") at the cities of Strasbourg, Mannheim and Mainz respectively. It flows both into and out of Lake Constance and branches such as the Lek and the Waal bring it to the sea in Holland. For 10 points, name this 800-mile-long river which also flows through Bonn, Dusseldorf and Cologne.;;(The) Rhine
;;Although his city of Isola sounds an awful lot like New York, every book in his famous series begins with the statement that the city is fictional, and that only the "police routine is based on established investigatory procedures." Ollie Weeks has become more prominent in recent novels, and every so often we see the Deaf Man again, but the biggest roles are still reserved for detectives like Carrella and Brown who have been recurring, non-aging characters for nearly 50 years. For 10 points, name this writer of detective novels of the 87th Precinct including Ice, Widows and The Big, Bad City.;;(Ed) McBain or (Evan) Hunter
;;This period saw the crushing of the Satsuma rebellion, which had been started by a group of discontented nobles. The entire class of daimyo were also suppressed but then appointed governors of their former feudal territories. The victory at Uedo following the resignation of Keiki as shogun paved the way for direct control by Emperor Mutsuhito and the adoption of a modernizing constitution in, for 10 points, what period of Japanese history known by the regnal name of the emperor who ruled from 1868 to 1912?.;;Meiji
;;He wrote a so-called "Definitive Treatise," in which he argued that trained philosophers should also be the best interpreters of religious texts. His views are seen as opposed to the later synthesis that Aquinas attempted between faith and religion, but in his own lifetime, his co-religionists were responsible for getting him exiled to North Africa from Cordoba. For 10 points, name this Spanish-Arab commentator on Aristotle who often implied that philosophical and religious truth might be irreconcilable.;;Averroes|Ibn Rushd
;;The captain flirts with Isabella, even though shes an engaged woman. The general turns the heroine out of his house when he finds out shes not as rich as he thought. Mutual appreciation for novels such as The Mysteries of Udolpho encourages the clergyman to marry the heroine anyway. All ends well and Henry Tilney gets Catherine Morland in, for 10 points, what posthumous mock-Gothic novel of Jane Austen?.;;Northanger Abbey
;;His second string quartet has a movement called the "notturno" that is sometimes orchestrated and played on its own. The works this part-time composer left unfinished at his death include his third symphony and his most famous opera, which was completed by Glazunov and Rimsky-Korsakov. A tone poem with a geographical name and a set of dances from that opera are the two most famous works of, for 10 points, what chemist and writer of Prince Igor and In the Steppes of Central Asia?.;;(Alexander) Borodin
;;Peroxycarboxylic acids can oxidize them to oxiranes with the use of MCPBA, and they can produce vicinal diols through oxidation with potassium permanganate.  A palladium or platinum catalyst is used in their hydrogenation and reduction, and Lindlar's catalyst produces them from their sister alkynes.  Described with E/Z nomenclature or with cis/trans, they possess one double bond.  For ten points, name these compounds also known as olefins and having general formula C-n-H-2n.;;alkenes
;;The "union" named for this city was a treaty of 1569 that revised the 1385 Union of Krewo, ratified Polish seizure of the Kiev area and provided for a joint Polish-Lithuanian federated state with a common monarch. The city was briefly Poland's capital as a result of the gradual Soviet attack on the Germans. For 10 points, name this Polish city that lent its name to a Polish communist government that was recognized and aided by the Soviets in the postwar period.;;Lublin
;;Much of this region was first discovered by the Portuguese, who thought it was the Senegal River region and called it Rio de Oro. In the late nineteenth century the Spanish government took it over and established a penal colony there. The Spanish left in 1976, and let in troops from a neighboring country in the "Green March." Ever since, there has been fighting between that country and the Polisario Front, which has received backing from Algeria. For 10 points, name this region which is claimed by Morocco and which has a generic name referring to its relative position within a very large desert.;;Western Sahara|Spanish Sahara
;;In one of this character's most notable literary roles, he is first shown talking to personifications of Power and Force, and later Io comes along to chat. He was smart enough to warn his brother against Pandora, but got too smart when he tried to fool Zeus with a sacrifice of fat and bones. For 10 points, name this son of Iapetus and brother of Epimetheus, who used a hollow fennel stalk to conceal the fire that he stole and gave to man.;;Prometheus
;;Supposedly, this artist once promised his mistress to give her his most valuable work, but did not specify which one he meant, so she spread a rumor that his studio was on fire and selected the first work that he told someone to rescue. He subsequently immortalized the mistress, named Phryne [FRIH-nay], as the model for his most famous statue, now known only through a copy in the Vatican museum. A statue of Hermes carrying Dionysus may be the only surviving original work of, for 10 points, what fourth-century Athenian sculptor of the Aphrodite of Cnidus?.;;Praxiteles
;;Nearly 20 percent of the electorate of this territory holds some form of elective office, since there are six offices and 35 voters. Most recently Jay Warren replaced Brenda Christian as mayor, in large part because of his acquittal on indecent assault charges earlier last year. Former mayor Steve Christian was convicted of multiple sex offenses and removed by British authorities controlling, for 10 points, what Pacific island populated by descendants of the mutinous crew of the HMS Bounty?.;;Pitcairn's (Island)
;;He recently tried out for Craig Kilbourn's desk on The Late Late Show but lost to Craig Ferguson.  His real last name is Schwartz, and although he claims he changed his name to sound less Jewish, hes a member of the Jewish comedy group Stella with David Wain and Michael Showalter, two other former cast members of TV shows "The State" and "Viva Variety".  He was the voice of the pets.com sock puppet and played Phil Stubbs on television's "Ed."  FTP, name this constant commentator on VH1's I Love the 80s.;;(Michael) (Ian) Black
;;While collaborating with Felix Bloch, he developed a method for creating a beam of slow-moving neutrons, which allowed the magnetic moment of the neutron to be measured.  With his student, Lawrence Johnston, he designed the detonators for the spherical implosives used on the Trinity and Nagasaki a-bombs.  Other discoveries of his include the process of K-electron capture and the isotope tritium.  FTP, name this physicist who won the 1968 Nobel Prize for improving on Glasers bubble chamber design, but may be best known for the work he conducted on iridium-rich rocks with his son, Walter.;;Luis (Walter) Alvarez
;;This river begins in a region with 2,000 mm of rainfall a year and ends in one with less than 50 mm. In-between, it flows through or borders three countries. The country in which it has its source is completely surrounded by the country through which this river flows for most of its length. A little southwest of Kimberley, it is joined by its most important tributary, the Vaal. For 10 points, name this river that flows from Lesotho west to form the border between South Africa and Namibia, and for which a Free State is named.;;Orange (River)
;;Martin Schongauer etched a version of this scene between 1480 and 1490, and Matthias Grunewald included one in his Isenheim Altarpiece.  In the triptych by Heironymous Bosch, the central panel features an elaborate Black Mass, and in the version by Salvador Dali, monstrously tall horses and elephants with impossibly spindly legs confront the title figure.  Athanasius' biography of the title figure give us the literary evidence for, for 10 points, what event affecting a fourth-century Egyptian hermit and pioneer of monasticism?.;;(the) Temptation of Saint Anthony
;;The second scene of this play affords a comic interlude in which the protagonist's servant provides a philosophical proof to three scholars who have come to seek him.  Earlier on, that protagonist had combined two Bible verses into a proof that the Bible says everyone is damned. Its author was also accused by a contemporary playwright of stating that "Christ was a bastard and his mother dishonest," although not of imitating his character and turning to magic. Helen of Troy is conjured up by Mephistophelis for the title character's delectation in, for 10 points, what play by Christopher Marlowe?.;;Doctor Faustus
;;In his research, he asked participants questions about a man who would need to steal a drug to save his wife from a terminal illness.  He was criticized by Carol Gilligan for his failure to consider how gender might impact responses to his question.  In the papers "Stage and Sequence" and "From Is to Ought," he developed and defended his most famous theory.   FTP, name this Harvard psychologist who developed a six-level theory of moral development, beginning with mere obedience to the law and progressing to "postconventional morality.".;;(Lawrence) Kohlberg
;;After her younger sister is crippled at age three, she gets to know Lady Aashild.  Like her creator, who converted to Catholicism in 1924, this former fiancee of Simon Andresson and eventual wife of Erlund Nikulausson becomes more religious toward the end of her life, which in her case means until she dies of the Black Death. Her creator earned a Nobel Prize in 1928 for The Bridal Wreath, The Mistress of Husaby, and The Cross, all of which portray this character in medieval Norway. For 10 points, name this creation of Sigrid Undset.;;Kristen Lavransdatter
;;This city has leant its name to a breed of largish, floppy-eared dogs with short greyish-brown hair that are featured in the photographs of artist Bill Wegman. It is located in Thuringia, near Erfurt, and it was the city where Liszt lived and from which Wagner fled in 1849. Its most revered inhabitant moved there in 1775 and died there in 1832, in between which he wrote Wilhelm Meister's Apprenticeship and hung out with Schiller.  For 10 points, name this city that was the residence of Goethe and where, in 1918, a new constitution was made for the post-WWI German republic.;;Weimar
;;Along with the Unique Prime Factorization Theorem, it was rediscovered in 1982 by Doug Lenat's "Automated Mathematician" system.  In 1973, Chen Jing Run made a substantial advancement toward proving it by showing that all sufficiently large even naturals can be expressed as the sum of a prime number and the product of at most two prime numbers.  In 2000, a $1,000,000 prize was offered to anyone who could prove it, but the prize went unclaimed and the offer expired in 2002. For ten points, name this unsolved problem from number theory, which asserts that every even natural greater than two can be expressed as the sum of two prime numbers.;;(strong) Goldbach (conjecture)
;;In 1794, he published a pamphlet advocating the general arming of the German people to halt French advances. His country suffered the humiliation of the Treaty of Schonbrunn six days after his appointment to his most famous position, but his arrangement of the marriage of Napoleon and Marie-Louise improved relations with France. For 10 points, name this designer of the repressive Carlsbad Decrees and architect of the Congress of Vienna, the long-time minister of foreign affairs in nineteenth century Austria.;;(Klemens) (von) Metternich
;;Both its first and third movements begin with a pianissimo tympani roll and end with a brass chorale. Harp glissandos and wind arabesques feature in the second movement, which is called Jeux de Vague, although the composer disliked it when these were seen as influenced by Impressionism. The score's title page famously displayed Hokusai's print of "The Wave" in, for 10 points, what nautically-titled orchestral piece by Claude Debussy.;;La Mer|The Sea
;;Chapter Two is entitled "Spinners End."  Chapter Six is entitled "Dracos Detour".  Chapter Fourteen is entitled "Felix Felicis."  The mysterious title character's name is not known, but will become so on 16 July of this year, although it is certainly not Mark Evans, Hagrid or Lord Voldemort. For 10 points, name this worthy successor to "the Prisoner of Azkaban" and "the Goblet of Fire," which will be the sixth of J.K. Rowling's Harry Potter novels.;;Harry Potter and the Half(-)Blood Prince
;;This man gained power after the Battle of Tecoac in 1876, but a few months later got himself elected president, promising not to allow his own re-election. He stepped down for a hand-picked successor, Manuel Gonzalez, in 1880, but ran again himself four years later and went on to rule for two more decades. He defeated Francisco Madero in the last election he won, but a military coup immediately forced him from office. For 10 points, name this ruler of Mexico from 1876 to 1911.;;(Porfirio) Diaz
;;For Joule-Thomson processes, this quantity is zero. It is an extensive property, and under standard conditions, for the creation of two moles of water from two moles of hydrogen gas and one mole of oxygen gas, it is equal to -483.6 kilojoules. The free energy of a system can be calculated by taking this quantity and subtracting the product of the temperature and entropy change. FTP, name this thermodynamic quantity, the measure of the total heat gained or lost in a process, represented by delta-H.;;Enthalpy change
;;(accept _change in enthalpy_ and other reasonable equivalents, and _delta-H_ on an early buzz)   14. He once sang a revised set of lyrics to "You Give Love a Bad Name" at a Bon Jovi concert, and sings "Underage Bichon" at the same Atlantic City venue where Robert Goulet performs. He calls Philip Glass an "atonal ass" and says that Britney Spears has "the face that launched a thousand preteen skanks" in his song "I Keed." For 10 points, name this cigar-smoking creation of Robert Smigel, famous for having his plastic jaws squeezed shut by Eminem on the 2002 Video Music Awards.;;Triumph (the) (Insult) (Comic) (Dog)
;;Variants of this dance include the Kujawiak and Oberek, as well as the later Varsoviana. It gained popularity in Germany in the seventeenth century thanks to Augustus of Saxony, but only in the early nineteenth did it hit London and Paris. It is in three-four time, but has the accent on the second or third beat, and is danced with a good deal of foot-stomping, heel-clicking and such. Borodin's Petite Suite contains two, but still the most famous are the 50 or so for solo piano written by Chopin. For 10 points, name this folk dance that started in Poland's Mazovia region.;;Mazurka
;;It can be used to synthesize anisole from phenol and methyl iodide with relatively high yields. However, if isopropyl bromide is used instead of methyl iodide, yields decrease considerably. This reaction is a second-order nucleophilic substitution, and consequently requires the substrate to be sterically unhindered to avoid a competing elimination. For ten points, name this elementary reaction from organic chemistry, in which an alkoxide ion attacks an alkyl halide in an alcohol solvent to yield an ether.;;Williamson (ether) (synthesis)
;;This follower of the Tractarian movement wrote hymns including "In the Bleak Midwinter," but also wrote short stories contained in 1870's Commonplace and Other Stories and 1874s Speaking Likenesses. "Bloom down-cheeked peaches" and "swart-headed mulberries" tempt the maid Laura who has to be saved by Lizzie in one of this poet's best-known works, which was originally published with illustrations by her brother. "Goblin Market" was written by, for 10 points, what sister of a prominent Pre-Raphaelite?.;;Christina Rossetti
;;She arrived in her current residence either because her father couldn't stand her temper any more, or because her older sister got mad at her for seducing her husband. The two relatives in question are Kane Milohai and Na-maka-o-kaha'I, and another sister, Hiiaka, is the patroness of a popular dance. She is known as "she who shapes the sacred land," and her original home was far to the southwest in Tahiti, but now she resides in a location that gives constant evidence of her continued bad temper. Mt. Kilauea is that residence of, for 10 points, what Hawaiian and Polynesian volcano goddess?.;;Pele
;;Harold Bloom once recited this entire poem backwards, word for word, while drunk. The section entitled "Three Songs" opens with an epigraph from Christopher Marlowes "Hero and Leander," while section one, "Ave Maria," opens with a line of Seneca.  Transportation is a major theme, as the section named "Cape Hatteras" features an eight page poem on the airplane, while an old mariner tells sea stories in "Cutty Sark."  Pocahontas, Rip van Winkle, the New York subway are major figures in for 10 pointswhat poem, conceived of as an American epic by its poet Hart Crane?.;;The Bridge
;;He captured the forces of Colonel A.D. Streight near Cedar Bluffs, and his quarrels with General Bragg earned him a promotion to Major General.  A former slave dealer and enlisted soldier, he refused to surrender at Fort Donelson and instead escaped to fight with distinction at Shiloh. Among his victories were the battles of Brice's Crossroads and Fort Pillow, the latter of which involved a massacre of 300 black Union soldiers.  "Git thar furstest with the mostest" was the great strategic maxim of, for 10 points, what brilliant cavalry commander who after the war helped found the Ku Klux Klan.;;(Nathan) (Bedford) Forrest
;;It is the oldest surviving of the twenty schools of its religion, and its name means "teaching of the elders."  It promotes the "teaching of analysis," the logical investigation of religious doctrine rather than blind faith.  Steam-enterers, once-returners, non-returners, and arahant are levels of spirituality that its followers can attain: the last group are those who have embraced the Nibbana and reached Enlightenment.  FTP, name this primary Buddhist sect of Southeast Asia.;;Theravada Buddhism
;;This period saw the flowering of Pure Land Buddhism, as well as the spread of the Tendai and Shingon Buddhist sects.  This period began under the fiftieth emperor Kammu, though power was actually held by the Fujiwara nobility.  It is considered the peak of  imperial court and culture, and the lyrics to Kimi Ga Yo, the iroha, the Pillow Book, and the Tale of Genji were all written during, FTP, what period of classical Japanese history that followed the Nara period and lasted from 794-1185 AD.;;Heian (period)
;;One of his pet causes in life was popularizing the works of the Earl of Shaftesbury, both by translating his work and by plagiarizing it.  To support his mistress, Madame de Pusieux, he took to writing erotic novels such as The Indiscreet Toys.  His other fiction includes "This is Not a Story" and Rameau's Nephew, but his most famous work was originally planned as an adaptation of an Ephraim Chambers work and was later extended to 17 volumes which included his own contributions on "the beautiful" and "eclecticism."  For 10 points, name this former friend of Rousseau and author of Jacques the Fatalist who collaborated with D'Alembert on editing the Encyclopedie.;;(Denis) Diderot
;;As a verb, this word was used to refer to illegally importing slaves after the slave trade was banned in the U.S. It is also the creature whose eye is the only thing moving among twenty snowy mountains, according to a Wallace Stevens poem, and the nickname of the Lockheed stealth aircraft with the official name SR-71. For 10 points, identify this creature, who is said to be "singing in the dead of night" in a song by the Beatles, and which is baked into pies in increments of 24.;;blackbird
;;This movie's protagonist, much like Chris Frankel, was at one point caught by his mother pleasuring himself to furry porn, and he first meets his love interest at a beach party hosted by Rob and Carrie.  Taking its title from the Alexander Pope poem "Eloisa to Abelard," this movie features Kirsten Dunst as Mary Svevo, a receptionist who once had an affair with Dr. Howard Mierzwiak, who has in turn invented a revolutionary procedure for Lacuna, Inc.  FTP, name this movie starring Kate Winslet and Jim Carrey in which Joel Barish fights to keep his memories of Clementine from being erased.;;Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind
;;A speech he gave at Ennis describing a "Moral Coventry" led to the isolation of a bureaucrat named Captain Boycott.  He was ejected from the House of Commons and arrested after opposing the Coercion Bill, but was released by the Kilmainham treaty a year later.  After the "no rent" manifesto declared his Land League illegal he allied himself with Gladstone, but his temporary success was eventually destroyed due to scandal.  FTP name this Irish statesman, who was deposed as leader of the Home Rule party due to his affair with Katherine O'Shea.;;(Charles) (Stewart) Parnell
;;The title character of this poem chooses not to walk the extra thirteen miles necessary to visit his brother, a director at the bank.  He rags on Harold Wilson, whom he considers "daft on education" for studying "Latin like the violin." The title character's one accomplishment is his ability to stack hay, according to Warren, though Mary believes he has "nothing to look backward to with pride, And nothing to look forward to with hope."  After this exchange, Warren reports his passing with the single word: "Dead."  FTP, name this Robert Frost poem in which Silas dies.;;(The) Death of the Hired Man
;;The sixth section of this piece, arranged for three glockenspiels and orchestra, tells of the love of Banziflor and Helena.  The second section, "Primo Vere" features songs to Spring and the sun.  The piece as a whole is based on a collection of 250 poems discovered in a German Benedictine Abbey; however, only the last part of the third section, which includes the "Round Dance," is sung in German.  The rest, including the "In Taberna" section, is sung in Latin.  FTP, name this 1937 work by Carl Orff, whose most famous movement is "O Fortuna.".;;Carmina Burana
;;This algorithm won its creator the 1972 Turing Award.  The running time of its Extract Min function can be improved with a Fibonacci heap.  Unlike the Bellman-Ford algorithm, it must have a positive value for edge weight.  Its basic operation is "edge relaxation," which compares distances between a source vertex, intermediate vertices, and an ending vertex.  FTP, name this algorithm which solves the single-source shortest path problem, named for a Dutch computer scientist.;;Dijkstra's (Algorithm)
;;In 1973, this man wrote a contemporary version of the Bacchae, and his most recent work is based on Ubu Roi.  His essay collection The Burden of Memory, The Muse of Forgiveness advocates reparations to his home nation, while such poems as "Live Burial" are included in the collection A Man Died, which he wrote in prison.  His experience as an intellectual in Ibada inspired The Interpreters, though as an undergraduate in London he wrote The Swamp Dwellers and The Lion and the Jewel.  He is perhaps best known for a play in which Elesin commits suicide, Death and the King's Horseman.  FTP, name this Nobel Prize-winning Nigerian playwright.;;(Wole) Soyinka
;;An effigy of Andrew Oliver found hanging in a tree alongside a large boot with a devil climbing out of it is generally considered to be the first work of this group.  They started out as tradesmen calling themselves "The Loyal Nine," but that number grew quickly as propaganda published in the local newspaper led to Ebenezer McIntosh's 2000-member South End Gang joining them. They took their eventual name from a comment made by Isaac Barre in Britain, and had a flag with nine vertical stripes on it. FTP, name this group known for a 1773 event organized by William Molineux and Samuel Adams in Boston Harbor.;;Sons of Liberty
;;According to James Jordon and Sam Bowers, he was the ringleader of an incident involving James Chaney and others. He conspired with Cecil Price, the sheriff of Nechoba County, who arrested Chaney on his way back from Mt. Zion Methodist Church. They were released, but afterwards were stopped by a mob and murdered. During his 1967 trial, dubbed a "Mississippi Burning" case, he was released because one woman "would not convict a preacher." FTP, name this Ku Klux Klan recruiter and organizer, set to be retried in March 2005 for the 1964 slayings of three civil rights workers.;;(Edgar) (Ray) Killen
;;Alexi Murdoch's song "Orange Sky," which is featured in this film, could not appear on the soundtrack due to a conflict with Fox's "The O.C."  One character suggests that the Shins' song "New Slang" will change the protagonist's life, just after she recommends he kick a seeing-eye dog in the balls.  Ian Holm attempts an American accent as the protagonist's father, who has acted as the protagonist's psychiatrist since his mother became paraplegic, and subsequently died by drowning in a bathtub.  FTP, name this film chronicling Zach Braff's return to New Jersey.;;Garden State
;;In 1737 this man was appointed secretary of his country's Academy of Surgery, and became a court physician seven years later.  His followers included Badeau, Morellet, and Mirabeau, author of Les ami d'hommes. He contributed two articles to Diderot's Encyclopedie, one on "Fermiers" and another on "Grains." His Maximes Generales was published simultaneously with another work introduced by his motto: "Poor peasants, poor kingdom; poor kingdom, poor king."  FTP, name this leader of the Physiocratic school and economic advisor to Louis XV, author of the Tableau Economique.;;(Francois) Quesnay
;;This descendant of Joseph was thrown out of his home by his half brothers and disinherited due to being the son of a harlot, after which he lived as a raider in the land of Tob.  The successor of Jair, he murdered the Ephraimites because of their inability to pronounce the word "Shibboleth" while recruiting troops for his greatest campaign, though he was successful nonetheless due to a fateful promise.  FTP name this judge and son of Gilead, who in exchange for victory over the Ammonites vowed to sacrifice his daughter to God.;;Jephthah
;;A deficiency of 21-hydroxylase is the cause of congenital hyperplasia of this organ, while Pheochromocytomas, or "Ten Percent Tumors," cause their necessary excision.  The destruction of them by tuberculosis or autoimmune malfunction causes Addison's disease, while excessive steroid use can lead to Cushing Syndrome.  The plasma protein Angiotensin II stimulates the release of Anti Diuretic Hormone into the kidneys by--FTP--which organ that also produces hormones like Cortisol, Aldosterone and Adrenaline?.;;Adrenal (Glands)
;;Upon finding a grey gardening cloak, Mrs. Mcnab reminisces about her employer in this novel, which takes place primarily on the Isle of Skye.  Charles, the patriarch's disciple, feels that women cannot paint or write, which earns him the ire of fellow houseguest Lily Briscoe.  The central action of the novel is delayed for ten years, during which time Mrs. Ramsay dies, but in the end James earns his father's affection by successfully sailing their boat to the title locale.  FTP name this novel by Virginia Woolf.;;To the Lighthouse
;;The reclining figure Morpheus was this man's reception piece for the Royal Academy, while his statue of Diana was refused by the Salon on grounds of lewdness.  After studying under Rene Michel Slodtz he won the Prix de Rome and established himself with a statue of St. Bruno.  His Ecorche, an anatomical study, is still used as a teaching tool.  He created a bust from a cast of Rousseau's face made shortly after he died, although he was more well known for his busts of Voltaire and several prominent Americans.  FTP name this French sculptor and portraitist of Thomas Jefferson, Ben Franklin, and George Washington.;;(Jean(-)Antoine) Houdon
;;In the second preface to this book, the author states he was forced to move to London to publish his views, since Catholics in Vienna were suspicious of them.  The author points out that the title figure's name comes from the Egyptian for "child," and cites Otto Ranke's The Myth of the Birth of the Hero in pointing out the revenge the son takes against the father.  It goes on to classify Judaism and Christianity as religions of the father and the son, respectively, using the ideas the author had expressed in Totem and Taboo.  FTP, name this last work of Sigmund Freud, which suggests the title figure was an Egyptian prince, not a Hebrew.;;Moses and Monotheism|
;;In response to it Lords Sidmouth, Eldon, and Castlereagh were allegorized in Percy Shelley's "Mask of Anarchy" and it inspired inspired George Edwards and Arthur Thistlewood to perpetrate the Cato Street Conspiracy. It began when a group of peasants was called in by magistrate William Hulton in response to a crowd gathered around Richard Carlisle and Henry Hunt, who were giving a speech on corn laws.  FTP name this massacre that took place on Augist 16, 1819 in an eponymous field outside Manchester.;;Peterloo (Massacre)
;;After the great flood destroyed the age of Chalchiuhtlicue he told Tata and Nene to hide in a hollow tree and eat one ear of maize a piece, which caused the waters to recede.  His "red" avatar spun the heavens on its axis as a drill to create fire.  He used his foot as bait to capture the alligator monster Cipactli, whose form he and his counterpart used to create the world.  He ruled a race of giants under the first sun until being kicked into the sea, from which he rose as a jaguar.  With a name meaning "smoking mirror," this is, FTP, what Aztec god, the adversary of Quetzalcoatl.;;Tezcatlipoca
;;This territory is famous for its nickel mines at Bienvenue and Goro, and it contains 25% of the world's known nickel resources.  Its popular nicknames include Le Caillou and Kanaky, after the indigenous Melanesians which make up 44% of the population.  It includes the Loyalty Islands, located just east of the main island, and it is located southwest of Vanuatu and due south of the Solomon Islands.  FTP, name this South Pacific French territory with capital at Noumea.;;New Caledonia|Nouvelle(-)Caledonie
;;One type of this molecule is used pharmaceutically for destroying a VEGF receptor in angiogenesis, thus helping stop cancer growth. Carl Woese, Leslie Orgel, and Francis Crick suggested its existence in 1967 due to the complex secondary structures of its component. Group I and Group II introns are examples of this, since they can splice themselves out of an RNA transcript. Hammerhead, hairpin, and Tetrahymena are also examples of, FTP, what type of RNA molecule that can catalyze a chemical reaction?.;;Ribozyme
;;This play's notes cite Stanley Kunitz's poem "The Testing-Tree," and says "it's OK if the wires show."  The travel agent Mr. Lies is the imaginary best friend of Harper, an agoraphobic valium addict, who is married to the upright Mormon Joe Pitt.  The same actress who plays Joe's mom also plays the ghost of Ethel Rosenberg, who aids Louis Ironson in a Kaddish for Roy Cohn. Pryor Walter refuses the offer of the title characters, who are referred to as "cosmic reactionaries." FTP, name this Tony Kushner play, whose first part "Millennium Approaches" received a Pulitzer.;;Angels in America
;;He meets a woman named Umbrel in Atlanta and decides to stay with her until he discovers they are incompatible.  This man's father stockpiled bananas in the storage room turned bomb shelter when he was young in preparation for the day a nuke from "Kremlin Joe" turned his family into monkeys.  Suspected to be his own grandfather due to a time travel accident, he has three heart-attacks induced by cola consumption.  He is obsessed with anchovies and eats the last can of them despite their usefulness in the robot oil industry.  FTP name this interstellar delivery boy, the protagonist of Futurama.;;(Phillip) (J(.)) Fry
;;The Niagara Movement's second conference took place in this town, and it was the base of operations for Philip Sheridan in the Shenandoah Campaign. Meriwether Lewis received an iron boat frame and John Hall developed an interchangeable part system for rifles here. FTP, name this National Historical Park in West Virginia named for a business on the Potomac and Shenandoah rivers, known for an 1859 raid by John Brown.;;Harper's Ferry(,) (WV)
;;The epilogue of this story involves the Host blessing his testicles, and the prologue describes its author as "Sir John, who rides a horse both foul and lean."  The protagonist tells of a traveler predicting his own death after he awakes from a nightmare involving a large yellow dog.  He then cleverly mistranslates Cato after his wife, Pertelote, tells him dreams mean nothing.  While Pertelote searches for a laxative, the protagonist encounters Daun Russel, who asks him to showcase his voice then carries him off into the woods.  FTP name this Canterbury tale about the Cock Chanticleer.;;Nun's Priest's (Tale)
;;The Jakobsson-Fellman theorem links this economic entity to tax progressivity, while the Shorrocks theorem shows a correlation to the level of social welfare in a society.  The line y=x is significant to this entity on a graph, as it cannot rise above it at any time.  It always appears concave up, and the area between it and the line y=x is known as the Gini coefficient.  Created by an eponymous American scientist, this is, FTP, what curve from economics used to measure income inequality?.;;Lorenz (Curve)
;;This poem foresees that "amorous birds of prey" will "tear our pleasures with rough strife/Thorough the iron gates of life." After vowing to stare at the subject's breasts for four hundred years and extend love from "ten years before the Flood" to "the conversion of the Jews," it stresses urgency, noting that, in a grave, "none, I think, do there embrace," and invoking "Time's winged chariot hurrying near." For 10 points - name this poem starting "Had we but world enough, and time," by Andrew Marvell.;;To His Coy Mistress
;;It can be transformed into coesite or stishovite by pressure or into tridymite by temperature. 573 degrees Celsius is the boundary point between stable forms of its trigonal alpha variety and the hexagonal beta kind. The "secondary" kind grows on detrital grains and forms a cement in sandstone, while other types include citrine and amethyst. For 10 points - name this form of silicon dioxide which, after feldspar, is the most common rock in the Earth's crust.;;quartz
;;He believed that language exists because of the difference between presence and absence, and he described the formation of an illusory self with the allegory of the "mirror stage." He made a comparison between language, considered as a neverending chain of signifiers, and the plastic desires of the unconscious in The Language of the Self. For 10 points - name this man who combined structural linguistics with psychoanalysis, becoming both the founder and disbander of the Freudian School of Paris.;;(Jacques) (Marie) (mile) Lacan
;;His piano pieces titled Years of Pilgrimage refer to the several years he spend wondering around Italy and Switzerland with his mistress, Comtesse d'Agoult [ah-GOOH], with whom he had three children, one of whom married Richard Wagner. He himself later joined the Franciscans. He is also famous for his piano transcriptions of Beethoven's symphonies and his own symphonic poems including Tasso, Mazeppa, Les Preludes and his Faust Symphony. For 10 points, name this composer of the Mephisto Waltz and 19 Hungarian Rhapsodies.;;(Franz) Liszt
;;Debate still rages over whether Edith Fore or Dorothy McHugh was the real name of the unfortunate Mrs. Fletcher, who first said it in 1990. Rumor had Saddam Hussein uttering this to generals after surrendering in the first Gulf War, and it was also heard from Jay Leno after a motorcycle accident and later from Steve Urkel and C-3PO. The original response was "help is being sent immediately," by the Lifecall operator. For 10 points -  an injured old woman provided endless hilarity with what early-90s catchphrase?.;;I've fallen(,) and I can't get up
;;This phrase was coined in an expose by the Philadelphia Observer. Upon hearing of it, one individual affected said, "The Judas of the West has closed the contract and will receive the thirty pieces of silver." Influence from the position of Speaker of the House proved more important than the withdrawal alone in earning one participant the Secretary of State appointment. For 10 points - name this arrangement under which Henry Clay gave the 1824 election to John Quincy Adams.;;Corrupt Bargain
;;Some of them have an "addiction system," which promotes adaptation to their presence by secreting both a poison and an antidote. The conjugative kind contains tra genes and can be propagated via a pilus. Types include the antibiotic colicinogenic factors and the protective R factors. They can become episomes by joining the membrane or nucleus.  For 10 points - name this rapidly reproducing bit of extrachromosomal, circular DNA.;;plasmids
;;His victims include Thoon, Eniopeus, Chromius, Axylus, and the archer Pandarus. Athena gave him the power to see immortals, which proves useful while dueling Aeneas in Book V, when this son of Tydeus gut-sticks Ares and stabs Aphrodite through the palm. For 10 points - name this prince of Argos and friend of Odysseus who later helped to capture the horses of Rhesus and swipe the Palladium in the Iliad.;;Diomedes
;;As a judge, he twice accepted campaign donations from parties before his court. Other criticism focuses on his assertion that the Vienna Convention does not apply in the US because state governments did not ratify the agreement. In addition to a memo that described the Geneva Conventions as "quaint" and "obsolete," he wrote the executive order creating military tribunals for alleged terrorists. For 10 points - name this White House counsel and nominee for Attorney General.;;(Alberto) (R(.)) Gonzales
;;He learned to imitate the cadences of Mississipi Senator John Stennis for his last film role, in Advise and Consent. In one of his first roles, he became the first movie actor to portray Hercule Poirot, although his most famous Agatha Christie film was Witness for the Prosecution. Rembrandt, Quasimodo, Henry VIII and "Gracchus" in Spartacus were all leading historical roles for, FTP, what fat, ugly, snub-nosed British actor who starred as Captain Bligh to Clark Gable's Fletcher Christian in Mutiny on the Bounty?.;;(Charles) Laughton
;;After bishop Frumentius converted its king, Ezana, it became one of the first Christian states in history. According to the Kebra Negast, the namesake capital of this Ge'ez-speaking state housed the Ark of the Covenant. Through its Red Sea port, Adulis, it collected tribute from Yemen during the sixth century. The ascension of the Agew transformed this state into the medieval Zagwe dynasty, and it earlier invaded and overthrew Meroe. For 10 points - name this trading empire centered in modern Ethiopia.;;Axum
;;Believed to manifest in sycamore trees, she was also drawn on the inside of sarcophagus lids. This daughter of Shu was cursed to give birth only on days not on the calendar, so she persuaded Thoth to win five leap days in a board game. She balances a vase on her head while touching the earth with her hands and feet and forming the vault of heaven with her arched body. For 10 points - name this mother of Osiris and Seth, the sister of Geb.;;Nut
;;His parade of critics included Joseph Priestly, who circulated the pamphlet "Remarks on some Paragraphsrelating to Dissenters" against him, and Jeremy Bentham, who labeled his writing "ignorance on stilts." In his major work, divided into the sections "Rights of Persons," "Rights of Things," "Private Wrongs," and "Public Wrongs," he coined such maxims as "It is better that ten guilty escape than one innocent suffer." For 10 points - name this author of Commentaries on the Laws of England.;;(Sir) (William) Blackstone
;;She wrote a romance about Aaron Burr, The Minister's Wooing, and a work set in Italy, Agnes of Sorrento. In addition to later works like the serialized My Wife and I, she penned the New England nostalgics Oldtown Folks and The Pearl of Orr's Island. The story of Tom Gordon and Old Tiff called Dred, A Tale of the Great Dismal Swamp, followed her biggest success, which described George Shelby and Ophelia St. Clare under the subtitle Life Among the Lowly. For 10 points - name this author who also created Simon Legree in Uncle Tom's Cabin.;;(Harriet) (Beecher) Stowe
;;Its ruling partly relied on the recent rejection of the "silver platter" doctrine in Elkins v. US, and the provisions set forth in it were weakened in the 1995 case Arizona v. Evans.  In overturning Wolf v. Colorado, Justice Clark hoped to deny states an "ignoble shortcut to conviction" by applying certain provisions implicit in the 4th and 5th Amendments to them.  FTP, name this 1961 decision, which applied the exclusionary rule to the states and ensured that unconstitutionally seized smut from a Cleveland woman's home would not be admissible in court.;;Mapp (v(.)) (Ohio)
;;The First Lateran Council was called to ratify this agreement. Under it, the bestowing of vassalage symbols was separated from the transfer of staff and ring. It allowed the emperor a tiebreaker vote but reserved nominations of new clergy to bishops and abbots. This 1122 agreement between Pope Calixtus II and Holy Roman Emperor Henry V calmed the investiture controversy. For 10 points - name this agreement signed in a city where, in 1521, Martin Luther was condemned.;;Concordat of Worms
;;It can be made more efficient using a four-bed, double-absorption process with a cesium promoter. Discovered by Peregrine Phillips in 1831, it can start with pyrite if the intermediate oleum gas is cooled to remove impurities. Porous silicates are used to deliver the potassium and vanadium pentoxide catalysts in this process, which replaced the lead-chamber process. For 10 points - name this method for producing sulfuric acid.;;contact (process)
;;Military events of his reign included a victory over Braccio da Monotone at Aquila, and he also quarrelled with the English over the Statute of Provisors. Although he opposed the "conciliar" faction within the church, he was instrumental in four councils, one of which took place after his death, and one of which elected him. Burning Jan Hus at the Council of Constance was among the acts of, for 10 points, what pope from 1417 to 1431 who moved the papal residence permanently back to Rome following the Great Schism?.;;Martin V|Oddo Colonna
;;Google created a brain-teaser with a billboard on Highway 101 reading "First 10 digit prime in consecutive digits of" this irrational number. Charles Hermite proved it transcendental in 1873. It can be defined as the infinite sum of factorial reciprocals, but in calculus it is more commonly defined as x, such that the integral from 1 to x of dt/t [d t over t] equals 1. FTP, name this number, the base of the natural logarithm.;;e
;;Michael Cacoyannis' 1971 film of it stars Katherine Hepburn, Vanessa Redgrave and Irene Pappas. Its original production in 415 B.C. coincided with Athens' destruction of Melos with brutality similar to that seen in the play. In the course of it, the victors murder Polyxena [pahl-IK-suh-nuh] and Astyanax [ass-TYE-an-ax] and Cassandra sees that she's probably not going to be around long either. Hecuba and Helen have a very unpleasant scene together in, for 10 points, what tragedy in which Euripides describes the female survivors of a mythical war.;;Trojan Women|Women of Troy|Troiades|Troades
;;His early works include his only still-life, Bowl of Fruit, and genre pieces such as The Fortune-Teller, The Card Sharps and The Lute-Player. His Crucifixion of St. Peter and Conversion of St. Paul in the Cerasi Chapel followed big break in 1599 came when he decorated the church of San Luigi dei Francese, at the request of Mateo Contarelli, with two massive scenes from the life of Contarelli's namesake saint. FTP, name this artist of David with the Head of Goliath, Judith Beheading Holofernes and Rest on the Flight into Egypt, as well as The Calling of St. Matthew.;;(Michelangelo) (Merisi) (da) Caravaggio
;;This man's predecessor at first mistook his mother for a drunk, but later, after his own sons Phinehas and Hophni turned out to be no good, the prophet Eli made this man judge. His last appearance in the Bible is when the Witch of En-Dor conjures up his spirit for Saul, at which he predicts death for Saul, whose successor he had previously picked out from among the sons of Jesse. FTP, name this son of Hannah and anointer of Saul and David, for whom two books of the Bible are named.;;Samuel
;;Walter Noddack and Ida Tacke claimed to have discovered this element in 1925, and called it masurium, but their claim was never validated, and they no longer receive credit. It had been searched for since Mendeleev noted the hole in the periodic table and called it ekamanganese, based on the element above it in the periodic table. It is now known that Noddack and Tacke couldn't have "discovered" the element because it is not naturally found on earth. FTP, name element number 43, created at Berkeley in 1937 as the first synthetic element.;;Technetium
;;This former chauffeur to Mae West was nominated for Tonys for Broadway roles in Guys and Dolls and Chicago, but his best-known singing role was probably off Broadway, crooning "Try to Remember" as El Gallo in The Fantasticks. In the 1990s, an appearance as defense attorney Frank Lehrman in an episode called "The Wages of Sin" paved the way for his most famous role, which he would eventually play in five different TV series. Prostate cancer recently claimed the life of, FTP, what actor best known as Det. Briscoe on TV's Law and Order.;;(Jerome) (Bernard) (Jerry) Orbach
;;Catullus' longest and most boring poem contrasts this figure's sadness with the happiness of Peleus and Thetis at their wedding. Her lover later went on to marry her sister Phaedra, but he had by then got tired of this woman and abandoned her on an island where Dionysus rescued her. Naxos thus remained a major cult center for, FTP, what daughter of King Minos of Crete who provided the thread that allowed Theseus to get out of the labyrinth?.;;Ariadne
;;A short paper on an albino sparrow written at age 11 marked the beginning of a brilliant scientific career for this  psychologist. After marrying in 1923, he studied the intellectual development of his three children. His goal in researching developmental psychology and genetic epistemology was to explain the growth of knowledge. For ten points, name this developer of a series of stages of child development from preoperational to formal-operational.;;(Jean) Piaget
;;His acting credits include Prof. Pitkannan in 1994's With Honors and Sen. Brickley Paiste in Bob Roberts, along with numerous appearances as himself in films including Felllini's Roma. His narrative alter egos have included a relative of Zoraster who travels to India and China in Creation and the last pagan Roman emperor in Julian. FTP, name this American author known for the screenplay to Ben-Hur as well as the historical novels Lincoln and Myra Breckinridge.;;(Gore) Vidal|(Eugene) (Luther) Vidal (Jr(.))
;;Comic relief is provided by a sacristan, who spends all day washing brushes and muttering that the protagonist is a dangerous freethinker. He is in a jubilant mood over Napoleon's defeat at Marengo when he is interrupted by the villain, who then sings as part of a Te Deum. The last good bit of singing is the tenor's E lucevan le stelle (ay loo-CHAY-van lay STEH-lay) right before we learn that the heroine has been tricked by Spoleta and Scarpia, and that the firing squad is using real bullets on Cavaradossi. She then takes a jump off the Castel Sant'Angelo to end, FTP, what opera by Puccini named for a singer who loves a revolutionary?.;;Tosca
;;Surrounding towns include Verdi, near the state line to the west, and Steamboat, a few miles down U.S. 395. The state capital is a few miles further down that road, but many state government offices are located in this county seat of Washoe County. Arthur Miller's The Misfits is set in and around this town and centers around its reputation at the time as an easy place to get a divorce. The Truckee River and Interstate 80 pass through, for 10 points what city that is bigger than Carson City but smaller than Las Vegas?.;;Reno(,) (Nev(.))
;;Muller has his eye on a pair of boots worn by Kemmerich, who isn't going to need them once he's dead. Kat joins the party and makes stew while Kropp brilliantly argues that the leaders of nations should beat each other with clubs in lieu of war. Gerard Duval is stabbed in a hole by the main character, who joins the army with his friends after hearing his patriotic teacher Kantorek. Corporal Himmelstoss also appears in, FTP, what novel that features Paul Baumer as a soldier in the German army during World War I, written by Erich Maria Remarque.;;All Quiet on the Western Front|Im Westen nichts Neues
;;These organisms helped deliver the 1995 Nobel Prize in medicine to Edward Lewis,Eric Wieschaus, and Christiane Nusslein Volhard for identifying genes that cause segmentation.  Their blastoderms are actually syncytia, allowing biologists unfettered access to nuclei, and they possess four pairs of polytene chromosomes, which contain structural detail useful to biologists. "Black-bellied honey-lover" is a translation of the Latin name for, FTP, what fast-reproducing insect beloved of geneticists which helped win Thomas Hunt Morgan the 1933 Nobel.;;Drosophila (melanogaster) () ()|fruit fly
;;One causeway and two bridges connect its two islands of Coloane and Taipa to the mainland peninsula on which its principal city is located. It has an executive responsible to the government of the much larger country of which it is now a part. Its cultural attractions include what was once called the Camoes Museum, and two-fifths of its income comes from tourism and gambling, especially due to its proximity to Hong Kong. FTP, name this port on the Pearl River Delta that returned to China in 1999 after having been a province of Portugal.;;Macau|Macao
;;In his old age, he visited Asia and became increasingly interested in Asian religions, as see in his Christianity and the Encounter of the World Religions. Earlier, his The Socialist Decision had expressed Christian opposition to the power of Nazism. He left Germany in 1933 and went on to teach at Harvard and Chicago and gained remarkable popularity for a serious theologian, although less than Reinhold Niebuhr. Martin Luther King wrote a dissertation in large part about, for 10 points, what Lutheran author of The Courage to Be and the three-volume Systematic Theology.;;(Paul) Tillich
;;A peace treaty ending this intermittent century-long conflict was signed in 1987, more than 2,200 years after the last hostilities. In the first episode, the eventual winning side had originally sought to prevent Heiron II from getting too powerful, while the final conflict began after the eventual losers made war on Massinissa. Sardinia, Sicily, Spain and eventually modern Tunisia were all spoils of victory in, for 10 points, what series of three wars fought between 264 and 146 BC by Rome and Carthage?.;;Punic (Wars)
;;P.G. Carnahan and Daniel Dravot share this characteristic, which helps them get along with both the narrator and the natives of Kafiristan in "The Man Who Would Be King." George Babbitt and Elmer Gantry also share it, with less significance. An old man he meets in a railway station causes Pierre Bezuhov to acquire it in War and Peace. "Meeting on the level and parting on the square" is part of the jargon of, FTP, what famous secret society that included Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart but probably doesn't really run the world.;;(They) (are) (all) freemasons
;;The main character in this film is at one point mistaken for Arsenio Hall but he's really just a security expert.  When the main character goes to the bathroom, the plane he is on is taken over by a crew led by a terrorist mastermind played by Bruce Payne.  The terrorists team contains members played by Tom Sizemore and Elizabeth Hurley and its up to John Cutter to save the passengers on Flight 163.  FTP, what is this Wesley Snipes film?.;;Passenger 57
;;One character becomes librarian to a main character of this novel, after a third has been betrayed by his mistress Niza and executed. Two of those characters are Matthu Levi and Judah of Kerioth. The third is the protagonist of a novel that no-one will publish, which is why one of the title characters is in an insane asylum. The other title character wants him out badly enough to make a deal with the devil in the form of a human-sized talking cat in, for 10 points, what novel of Mikhail Bulgakov.;;(The) Master and Margarita|(The) (Master) (and) (Margarita) (in) (Russian)
;;Referring to this disease, Dr. Rodney Willoughby's comment was "I don't recommend you do stuff before you try them on animals but in this case we didn't have time." The stuff in question was inducing a coma and trying a bunch of experimental drugs. Jeanna Giese recently left hospital after becoming the first person to survive the symptoms of, for 10 points, what disease that she got by being bit by a bat.;;Rabies
;;Its more forgettable leaders included Charles Murphy, Carmine De Sapio and Fernando Wood, and it aroused the ire of such figures as Charles Purroy Mitchell and Rutherford B. Hayes. In keeping with its being named after a Delaware Indian Chief, those leaders were named "Grand Sachems." Mayors including Averill Harriman and Jimmy Walker owed their positions to, for 10 points, what political organization that controlled the New York City Democratic party from the 1850s to the 1950s?.;;Tammany (Hall)
;;Ancient monuments near this city include the ruins of Roman Italica, home of Hadrian and Trajan. Its university is now housed in a massive former tobacco factory that is a principal scene in a famous opera. The Torre de Oro is the most prominent feature of its Alcazar palace, and its gothic Cathedral of Santa Maria has a bell tower, the Giralda [hee-RAHL-duh] that was once the minaret of a mosque. FTP, name this city on the Guadalquivir [gwah-dahl-KEE-veer] river, which was at times home to Velazquez, Cervantes, Carmen and a barber named Figaro.;;Seville|Sevilla
;;They generally form below 8000 feet, and can result from the lifting of morning fog. Usually, they do not bring precipitation; those that do receive the prefix "nimbo-." Clouds of this type have horizontal layers and a uniform base and vary greatly in color. FTP, identify this type of cloud, differentiated from convective or cumulus.;;Stratus (clouds)
;;She performed with Johnny Otis revue throughout the 1950s during which she had some success on the R&B chart.  In the 1960s she had success with the songs "All I Could Do Was Cry" and "Something's Got a Hold on Me," as well as a minor pop hit with "Tell Mama" which Janis Joplin would later cover.  Known for her heavy makeup and blond wigs, FTP, identify this singer also known for the song "At Last.".;;(Etta) James
;;This man's students at the University of Nebraska included Willa Cather, but he got more professional advancement from his marriage to a daughter of Sen. Francis Warren. Political connections helped him get assignments in the Philippines, but it was coincidence that he happened to be the general closest to Columbus, N.M. when it was raided by Pancho Villa. FTP, name this general who chased Villa into Mexico and later planned the St-Mihiel offensive as commander of the American Expeditionary Force in World War I.;;(John) (Joseph) Pershing
;;Its architect explained the principles behind its construction in a treatise written for him by his disciple Cafer Efendi. It boasts 260 windows and decorated ablution fountains can be found around the courtyard. At its center is an octagonal sadirvan, which is surrounded by 26 granite columns. Mehmed Aga sought to buttress the center dome with four semidomes, and one of its more distinctive features is the inclusion of six minarets. FTP identify this structure that stands near the Hagia Sophia and takes its name from the prominent color of its ceramic tiles.;;(the) Blue Mosque|(the) Sultan Ahmet Mosque
;;Before he entered into politics this man, whose accomplishments include resolving the Student-Worker Revolt and meeting secretly with the FLN to draft a cease-fire, served as the director general of the Rothschild Bank. After the approval of the Evian Agreements, he was chosen to replace Michel Debre as Prime Minister, where he helped draft the Constitution of the Fifth Republic and served as De Gaulles right hand man before he ascended to the presidency in 1969. FTP identify this politician whose name graces a Parisian Arts Center.;;(Georges) (Jean) (Raymond) Pompidou
;;Austin, Minnesota holds a yearly festival dedicated to this product that Nikita Kruschev credited for saving his troops during WWII. Hawaiians eat more per person than any other persons in the U.S. and it made its TV debut on Monty Pythons Green Midget Cafe sketch. Named by Kenneth Daigneau, the winner of a hundred dollar contest in 1937, it is now offered in five different varieties: less sodium, turkey, lite, smoked, and original. FTP identify this canned meat product produced by Hormel.;;Spam
;;The concentration of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in crude oil can be estimated using this law.  The Lewis Fugacity rule is sometimes described as a variation of it, and it can be shown from the Gibbs-Duhem equation that if a solute obeys Henrys law, the solvent obeys this law.  Not applicable for azeotropes, FTP, name this law which states that the vapor pressure of a solution is equal to the product of the mole fraction of the solvent and the vapor pressure of the pure solvent.;;Raoults (Law)
;;George Lansbury and Beatrice Webb served on the Royal Commission and issued the so-called minority report that supported their revocation. Other notable adjustments to them included Thomas Gilberts 1782 Act and the Speenhamland System, that introduced a scale varying with the price of bread and number of children. The Old One began in 1388 with the Statute of Cambridge,and the New One of 1834 punished vagrants and withheld economic relief except for employment in workhouses. FTP identify these English welfare laws.;;Poor (laws)
;;His verse includes poems like Arcadia Revisited and Love and Physic both of which were first published during his stint at Golden Era. But this author of The Story of Enriquez eventually left the literary life and served as U.S. consul in Germany and Scotland, where the folksy characters featured in work Ingenue of the Sierras were better appreciated. Beginning with The Lost Galleon, this man produced a wealth of writing with a Western theme, much of it featured in The Overland Monthly. FTP identify this author best known for Gabriel Conroy and The Luck of Roaring Camp.;;(Francis) (Brett) Harte
;;These cells produce the RANK ligand and Insulin-like growth factor I (one), while Insulin-like growth factor II (two) activates the proto-oncogenge c-fos.  Transforming growth factor beta springs them to action, which consists of making an extracellular matrix of mucopolysaccharide and type I collagen.  Highly basophilic, they contain numerous vitamin D receptors and are found in the periosteum.  Eventually becoming osteocytes, FTP, name these cells that redeposit calcium and build up bones, the opposite of osteoclasts.;;osteoblasts
;;This work posits a set of three tables: of Essence and Presence, of Deviation or Absence in proximity, and of Degrees and Comparisons. These help to move our understanding from the anticipation of nature to the interpretation of nature. Furthermore, to truly investigate the Forms that populate our world, man must shake free from the false ideas and methods known as Idols. The second section of the unfinished The Great Instauration, FTP, identify this 1620 work, whose title is Latin for new instrument, a treatise by Francis Bacon.;;Novum Organum
;;A body of water is situated in the middle of the background and blends into the light blue sky, which is partially obscured by still smoldering fires. The right of the canvas features the back of a brown horse in front of a forest of pikes. The left side features a defeated looking man staring out of the painting as his commander hands over the key to the title fortress. Depicting an episode that occurred in 1625 during the war between Holland and Spain, the victorious Ambrogio Spinola receives Justin of Nassau in, FTP, what historical painting by Diego Velazquez.;;Surrender of Breda
;;In a dissent that quoted Shakespeare, San Francisco based Judge Carlos Bea backed this 66 year old Montana natives recent, losing lawsuit against ESPN, which showed him with his arms around his wife and another woman, above the caption Youre never too old to be a pimp on their EXPN website. That photo had been taken at the Action Sports and Music Awards where, FTP, he had been invited because of his work in the 60s and 70s performing numerous death defying motorcycle jumps.;;(Evel) Knievel
;;Colonel Redfern appears about halfway through the play to tell his pregnant daughter that her working-class husband has a lot of good qualities. This surprises her, but she has already made up her mind to leave the home and with the encouragement of Cliff Lewis and her friend, the actress Helena Charles, she abandons him. Eventually Helena moves in, but her vacuousness bores the protagonist and he is about to throw her out when Alison returns to tell him that their child has died. FTP identify this play about the struggles of Jimmy Porter, a work by John Osborne.;;Look Back in Anger
;;Its namesake coefficient is anomalously large in boron carbides, allowing for a sensitive neutron detector to be based on it.  The namesake coefficient can also be measured by measuring the amount of a chemical deposited at an electrochemical cells electrodes.  The basis for the thermocouple, when two dissimilar metals are joined in the creation of a closed circuit and heating of one metal ensues, an electric current will be induced.  FTP, name this reverse of the Peltier effect, discovered by a namesake German physicist.;;Seebeck (effect)
;;The subject of the recent investigation had not been moved for 82 years and stayed in a box as toes, fingers, and an outline of a face were made visible by the CT scan. Although no person has yet been able to pinpoint if it was murder or natural causes that killed him, Zahi Hawass deemed the experiment necessary to uncover what had happened and to undo the damage that Howard Carters team had caused. FTP identify this boy king, the 12th ruler of Egypts 18th dynasty.;;(King) Tutankhamun
;;His study Spirit of Modern Times focused on the historical transformation of Europe. His On Public Opinion applied his theories to the study of communal will and action, while his Custom continued that work in a more specific context. His own definitions of natural will and rational will were inspired by Leviathan and inspired his greatest work, a comparison of distinct social groups that are animated either by instinct or by purpose. FTP identify this thinker who differentiated between community and society in Gemeinshaft und Gesellshaft.;;(Ferdinand) Tonnies
;;Stephen Hopkins refused to allow the culprits to be prosecuted and even though Governor Wanton had to enforce the arrests he let the incident go. After it arrived in March, its commander, Lt. Dudingston enraged the community with his persecution of the local population. After luring it aground Abraham Whipple and John Brown led a party of Namquit natives that boarded the cutter and captured its crew. FTP identify this British Revenue ship that was burned in Rhode Island on June 10, 1772.;;(the) Gaspee
;;Sometimes identified with the magician Kompera, according to one tale he killed the goddess of food after she pulled items out of her nose and rectum. A troublemaker, he is jealous of this brother Tsukiyomi and gets the dragon Orochi drunk and beheads him. The wielder of the sword Kusanagi, in a more famous tale he throws a flayed pony through the roof of his sisters hall causing her to hide and plunge the world into darkness. FTP identify this Shinto storm god, the brother of Amaterasu.;;Susanowo
;;When Berry Gordy deemed the song too un-commercial, its artist refused to record another record until it was released. Inspired by the artists brother Frankies experiences upon returning from Vietnam, the song begins with voices talking at a party before the singer appeals to his mother, his brother, and his father, to find a way to bring some loving here today. It describes the picket lines and brutality that characterized black life in the 1970s as it continues to ask the title question. FTP identify this soul song, the opening track of Marvin Gayes greatest album.;;Whats Going On
;;One side, advised by their strategist Letellieu, decided that they would form a giant horseshoe and subject their rivals to a withering crossfire. The Azov, commanded by Geiden, guarded the back of the French and British forces under de Reney and Codrington respectively. By surprising Ibrahim Pasha in the namesake harbor the combined European fleet was able to decimate the Egyptian-Turkish force in, FTP, what 1827 battle that helped bring about Muhammad Alis withdrawal from the war in Greece.;;(Battle) (of) Navarino
;;Coline Serreau has cast her opposite Meryl Streep in his upcoming film Chaos, while Roland Joffe has plucked her for Singularity. Her recent interview on 60 Minutes made big news in her home country, where she has been a huge multimedia star since she started pitching Pepsi and appearing in Vogue. Starring roles in blockbusters like Taal and Devdas followed her auspicious debut in Iruvar and have made this Miss World 1994 the current queen of Bollywood. FTP identify this Indian movie star.;;(Aishwarya) Rai
;;This works focus on less complex, more direct forms can be seen in sonnets like Venus and In Winter, as well as lyrics such as The Song of Gold and In Search of Pictures, which are included in the section In Chile. But its centerpiece is the suite of four poems called the Lyrical Year which includes the revolutionary Spring. FTP identify this 1888 collection of poetry and prose sketches, a masterpiece of Modernismo by Ruben Dario, which takes its name from the Spanish for Blue.;;Azul
;;With the prefix Burnt it identifies Edward IIIs 1356 expedition against the Scots, but it is more commonly associated with a Catholic ceremony that features the singing of the antiphon of St. John of Damascus during a procession representing the entry of Christ into the Temple. This celebration originates in Luke 2.32 with a quote uttered by Simeon, discusses the purification of the Blessed Virgin as a light to lighten the gentiles. FTP identify this Christian festival held on February 2 and named for certain luminous implements made of wax.;;Candlemas