;;Type I of its namesake -inemia, an autosomal recessive disease, is caused by an inability to synthesize fumarylacetoacetate hydrolase. Its namesake synthase requires senine, which is dehydrated to G-3-P; this is the terminal step in its five-step biosynthetic pathway that begins with the operation of anthranilate synthase on chorisimate. The precursor of the catecholamines, this compound is also known as 4-hydroxyphenylalanine. For ten points, identify this amino acid with a phenol side chain that is symbolized Y.;;tyrosine|4(-)hydroxyphenylalanine|S(-)2(-)Amino(-)3(-)4(-)hydroxy(-)phenylpropanoic acid
;;This work opens with two of the protagonist's servants tending to his mount, hoping that the cake they're bound to feed it "may kill him!" That protagonist later commands the Son of Lamachus to sing in honor of his "foaming steed." Containing roles for various tradesmen, including makers of helmets, sickles, and crests, this play echoes sentiments expressed four years prior in Acharians. In the end, the protagonist makes plans to wed Harvest, one of the companions of the titular figure, whom he found buried in a pit of stones. For ten points, name this play in which a dung beetle conveys Trygaeus to heaven to liberate the titular deity; a 421 metaphorical drama by Aristophanes.;;Peace|Eirene
;;One woman stands against a wall facing away from the central figures and another sits and rests her head against it in despair in the far left of this painting. The title figure kneels in the center of the painting, wearing a bright white dress and blindfold, while Sir John Brydges, a figure depicted in a black cloak with fur lining, reaches for her outstretched searching hand to help her find the block, under which is a pile of hay. For ten points, name this 1834 Paul Delaroche painting, depicting the events leading up to the death the titular figure, deposed in 1554.;;(The) Execution of Lady Jane Grey
;;This figure's consort, Amaushumgalana, had dominion over date palms, and she was killed by her cousin Ereshkigal, one of only a few to have seen her fully nude. Kulaba is this deity's cult city, but multitudes of virgins worshipped this mother figure at Eanna and Emakh. Also a war deity, her intended role changed with which half of her body she covered, and she was the third member of the triad of nature with Sin and Shamash; herself representing Earth, Spring, and life. For ten points, identify this lover of Tammuz; the chief goddess of Babylon.;;Ishtar|Inanna
;;This work opens with a section on the author's "Assignment," which parallels the titular concepts with "politeness" and "rigidity," and compares the current situation to that of Russia 40 years prior before considering alternatives to the "eradication" of the group this work profiles. It is blasted as "overtly racist" in The Mystification of Culture, and had been planned as early as 1935 according to An Anthropologist at Work, a profile of this work's author by Margaret Mead. Written during its author's 1943-45 tenure as special advisor to the Office of War Information, for ten points, identify this seminal tract on Japanese culture by Ruth Benedict.;;(The) Chrysanthemum and the Sword
;;He began bartending out of high school, and continued for ten years waiting for his big break. That break came opposite Laura Linney in the 2000 film You Can Count on Me. He was to play Joaquin Phoenix's role in Signs, but was forced to drop out when a brain tumor left his face partially paralyzed. Major recent roles include Detective Fanning in Collateral, Lee in My Life Without Me and Matt in 13 Going on 30. For ten points, identify this leading man who plays David Abbott in Just Like Heaven.;;(Mark) Ruffalo
;;This figure is said to have ridden across the Gulf of Baiae in defiance of an astrologer, and had a personal hatred for Neptune, ordering his men to plunder the sea on several occasions. The will of his predecessor granted him a co-rule with Gemellus, whom he had killed, while other unwise actions included the assassination of the kingmaker Sutorius Marco, whose death brought this man's eventual assassin, Cassius Chaerae, to power. Very few primary sources exist from his reign, as books vii-x of the Annals are not extant, but famous stories in Suetonius relate his desire to decapitate all his subjects in a single sword stroke and elevate to the consulship Icitatus, who happened to be a horse. For ten points, name the brother and lover of Drusilla, the third Emperor of Rome.;;Caligula|Gaius (Julius) (Caesar) (Germanicus)
;;Black Spring is an accounting of the youth of this figure, who later attended the City College of New York and worked for Western Union. This person's literary career began as when, as a Chicago Tribune proofreader; he submitted his own work as that of the editor. Controversial works such as The Air-Conditioned Nightmare and The Cosmological Eye caught the eye of George Orwell, who praised him in "Inside the Whale." For ten points, identify this American author of the Rosy Crucifixion trilogy who, during his nine-year stint in Paris, wrote Tropic of Capricorn and Tropic of Cancer.;;(Henry) (Valentine) Miller
;;It was drawn up by Willliam Bentinck and Marshal Boufflers, but was initially rejected by Emperor Leopold I and Charles II of Spain. It was built on the agreement that all towns and districts seized since the Treaty of Nijmegen should be restored. It was signed by William III of England and Louis XIV of France on September 20, 1697. For ten points, identify this treaty that ended The War of the Grand Alliance, named after a city in the Netherlands.;;(Treaty) (of) Ryswick
;;In yoga, this term means the preservation of sexual energy by means of meditation or asanas. It also refers to a vow of celibacy taken by a Hindu sansayi. It follows the Upanayanam and includes the first twenty years of life as a student, where ideally one lives in the household of the Guru. For ten points, identify this Sanskrit word that symbolizes a person leading the life quest of Brahma, the first of the four "phases of man.".;;Brahmacharya
;;While the islands of Likona and Chisumula belong to Malawi, they lie entirely within this country's territorial waters, forming an enclave. Its highest point is Monte Binga, a nearly 2500-meter tall mountain located in the Inganya range. Tete and Lichinga are major cities in this country, which is split by the Zambezi River. For ten points, identify this African nation with capital at Maputo.;;Mozambique
;;The Goertzel theorem states that this quantity is minimized for a flat assembly thermal flux, and it is invariant under conjugation, so the adjoint transport equations must yield the same value as the forward ones. It is calculable to 0th order by setting the engineering factor kEFF ["k-effective"] in the single group steady-state neutron diffusion equation to unity, and a general integral equation for it can be found by volume integrating the fuel macroscopic absorption cross-section over the core. It is sensitively dependent on the prompt neutron spectrum, which is why those data are highly classified. For ten points, name this important quantity for a fission system, equal to about 50 kg for a bare sphere of U235; the amount of fuel needed to achieve a self-sustaining chain reaction.;;critical mass
;;A common definition of this quantity is as the fourth central moment divided by the square of the second central moment, minus three, which is sometimes known as its "excess." This definition gives a value of six by the quantity pi minus 4 for the t-distribution and negative six fifths for a uniform distribution. The normal distribution may be defined by setting this property equal to zero; for that reason, the normal distribution is sometimes called the mesokurtic distribution. For a sample of a normally distributed population, if it is high, more of the variance is due to infrequent, extreme deviations, than frequent, small ones. For ten points, identify this measure of the "peakedness" of a probability distribution.;;kurtosis
;;This work includes an analysis of inertia and how it relates to man's nobility. Chapter XII asserts that "barbarism is the tendency to disassociation" and details the development of the specialist in a particular area of knowledge who refuses to acknowledge specialists in other areas, known as the "learned ignoramus". Ultimately, its focus is on the consistent violent intervention of everyday man due to his point of view, an idea also developed in its author's 1922 work Invertebrate Spain. For ten points, name this seminal 1930 essay arguing that mass man's degradation of culture gives rise to fascism, written by Jose Ortega y Gasset.;;(The) Revolt of the Masses|(La) rebelion de las masas
;;Images of death appear frequently in this short story, in which one character speaks "as to announce death" and the stillness in the street forms the "arch of a tomb" over another. In it, black waiters stare overtly at customers in the dining car of the "big Pullman train", but most of it takes place in and around the Weary Gentleman saloon, in which a drummer from out-of-town learns that Jack Potter is in San Antonio. Despite having said nothing and not having a name, it is the title character who saves Potter from the drunk Scratchy Wilson, merely by being married to him. For ten points, name this story about the arrival of a woman in a white dress and puffy sleeves, written by Stephen Crane.;;(The) Bride Comes to Yellow Sky
;;This body has a rotational and orbital period of 6.387 days and a mass of about 9.610-10 ["nine point six times ten to the minus tenth"] solar masses. Its surface is covered by water ice instead of nitrogen ice and its density is 1.2 g/cm3 ["grams per centimeter cubed"], which suggest that it has very little rock in its composition; therefore, it probably formed independently of the body it orbits rather than splitting from what had been a double planet. For ten points, name this object discovered by James Christy in 1978; the largest moon of Pluto.;;Charon
;;This person's namesake equivalence is the situation in which a government's choice of how to pay for its spending has no effect on the economy and his Proof of the Depreciation of Bank Notes grew out of a series of letters in the Morning Chronicle. This man was disowned by his father after eloping with a Quaker, but was able to use his savvy to note the Influence of a Low Price of Corn on the Profits of Stock, the ideas in his Essay on which allowed him to amass a fortune. For ten points, identify this macroeconomist and author of works on The High Price of Bullion and Principles of Political Economy and Taxation, which contains his namesake Iron Law of Wages.;;(David) Ricardo
;;Born Peggy Hookham, she studied ballet under Seraphima Astafieva in London and was a favorite of Fredrick Ashton, who choreographed many of his dances with her in mind. In 1934, she became a member of the Vic-Wells Ballet, and by 1940 she was the company's prima ballerina. During a tour of Russia in 1961, she first saw Rudolf Nureyev perform, and the two became famous partners after starring together in a 1962 production of Giselle. For ten points, name this woman, best known for her role as Aurora in The Sleeping Beauty, who "didn't have great feet" according to Jodie Sawyer in Center Stage.;;(Margot) Fonteyn
;;This text is in seven Chapters, the second of which enumerates the duty to pay taxes in its 21st Article. This document was modeled on an existing German analogue and guarantees a tenuous freedom of petition in Article 30, while it provides a highly flexible system for emendation by Article 73, by means of which it was eventually invalidated. Written in part by Koshaku Hirobumi, it gradually developed from 1884 and was formally completed in 1889. Featuring a bicameral system of this is, for ten points, what constitution of the restored imperial Japanese state, which was replaced by the "Japanese Constitution" in 1947?.;;Meiji (Constitution)|Imperial (Constitution)|Constitution of the Empire of Japan
;;This young boy stows away on a whaling ship called Grampus off the coast of Nantucket. He survives mutiny, savagery, and cannibalism throughout the work, and ultimately lives to see a great white creature rising from the sea near the South Pole. The author was inspired to create him after reading the accounts of the travels of J.N. Reynolds. For ten points, identify this title character of Edgar Allan Poe's only complete novel.;;(A(.)) (Gordon) Pym
;;Although all these are recessive, LOH mechanisms can cause cells with a working copy of ones of these to enter the pathological state, as can erroneous myelenation of their promoters. A rare case of a heritable malfunction in one of these is seen in familial adenomatous polyposis with APC. The first one noted was RB in cases of retinoblastoma, while other notable examples include BRCA's 1 and 2, which are implicated in many breast cancers. Working in concert with proto-oncogenes, these genes generally operate by inhibiting a mitosis at a point, or by promoting apoptosis. For ten points, identify these genes that prevent formation of metastizing cancerous bodies, the best-know example of which is p53.;;tumor suppressor (genes)|anti(-)oncogenes
;;One member of this work's central love triangle is appointed to placate Brahma, which she attempts to do with the vow "Je le jure;" her later renunciation of this vow, "Au Fond de la Temple," leads to a falling-out with Nourabad. Later productions of this opera add the melodramatic sacrifice of the king of the titular people, but Carre and Piestre's libretto does not actually contain the death of Zurga. Centering around a love forbidden due to a vow of chastity during the harvesting season, for ten points, name this opera whose star-crossed lovers are Leila and Naidr; an 1863 work of Georges Bizet.;;(The) Pearl Fishers(,) (opera) (in) (3) (acts)|(Les) Pecheurs de perles(,) (opera) (in) (3) (acts)
;;The time required for renewal of its water is eleven full years. The Valaam Monastery is located in its northern section, and this body of water contains about 660 islands and a subspecies of ringed seal that is endemic to it. Its three major tributaries are the Svir, Vuoksi, and Volkhov rivers, and it was nicknamed "The Road of Life" for the period from 1941-1944 during the siege of Leningrad. Finding its outlet in the Neva, by which it empties into the Gulf of Finland, it is about 17,700 square kilometers in area. For ten points, name this lake found in Finland and northwestern Russia, the largest lake in Europe.;;(Lake) Ladoga
;;James H. Burnley, IV; Brock Adams; and Neil Goldschmidt all held this position. The first was Alan Stephenson Boyd. Notable ones include current White House Chief of Staff Andrew Card and Elizabeth Dole who lead the movement to raise the national drinking age to 21 from this position. The current one is the only Democrat in George W. Bush's cabinet, Norman Y. Mineta. For ten points, name this cabinet official who oversees the Federal Railroad Administration, the Federal Highway Administration, and the Federal Aviation Administration.;;(Secretary) (of) Transportation
;;This data structure was created in 1972 by Rudolph Bayer. In it, searching, inserting and removing can all be completed in O[lg(n)] ["big-O of log n"] time and the longest path from root to a leaf can be no more than twice the length of the shortest path.. This is because its balancing algorithm involves checking a namesake property of each of the nodes; a property that can have two possible values. For ten points, identify this type of balanced binary tree, named for the possible colors a node can be.;;red(-)black (tree)
;;His name translates from the Greek as "he who has a bitter bile." He uses a quarrel between his bakers and Grandgousier's shepherds as a pretext for attack, then begins ravaging the countryside. This despot of Lerne's evil designs caused Grandgousier to reach Gargantua in Paris, who leaves his studies to protect his homeland. He is ultimately defeated by Gargantua and Friar John. For ten points, identify this evil ruler, an enemy in Rabelais's Gargantua and Pantagreul.;;Picrochole
;;Like many of his later colleagues, he was a prominent soldier in the Civil War, but his most enduring accomplishments were in the realm of economics. In fact, his techniques turned around the devastated Sichuan province become the model for reforms nationwide. His presence in Pyongyang during the Crisis of 1989 is considered by many to have aggravated the situation. A leader among liberal reformers within the government of Deng Xiaoping, for ten points, name this former Premier and General Secretary, whose suspicion that he had "come too late" was confirmed when he was removed from power in the repression of the Tiananmen Square protests, and who died earlier this year.;;Zhao (Ziyang)
;;Residents of this area include Menglad, whom Svipdag wooed on a dare from his stepmother; and Eggther, who watches the river Iving for signs of weakness or invasion. This area, which is constantly moving eastward, houses Mimir's well as well as the Iron Wood, where Angrboda gave birth to Fenrir, Hel, and Jormungandr. Some say Thrym, the king, holds the power, while others say Thrym defers to Utgard-Loki, who rules its largest city. For ten points, identify this world to the east of Asgard, the land of giants.;;Jotunheim
;;He died in the former convent of Saint Francis in Taranto, but, after the demise of Napoleon, the locals destroyed his tomb and probably tossed his remains into the sea. This author of "On the Education of Women" lost his commission for a certain Lettre a MM. de l'Academie Francaise sur l'eloge de M. le Marechal de Vauban, which mocked the titular military engineer, but he is best known for purporting to have come into possession of chest of letters formerly belonging to Mme. de Rosemond. For ten points, identify this creator of the Chavalier Danceny, Mme. de Tourvel, and Valmont as the author of the epistolary novel Les Liaisons Dangereuses.;;(Pierre) (Ambrose) (Francois) (Choderlos) (de) Laclos
;;Classically, this situation always results in negative consumer surplus. In it, hedging on the part of consumers meets the rational producer response, given that the underlying market asymmetry favors the producers. A canonical example of it is in the market for used cars: every buyer would pay substantially more for a good car than for a lemon but, if the sellers only know which cars are which, consumer offer hedging will invariably result in only lemons being sold. This describes, for ten points, what market inefficiency, a consequence of producer-favored information asymmetry?.;;adverse selection (inefficiency)
;;Petrosian of Sivas modified it for the Mechitarists, while the Maurists demanded extreme orthodoxy among their members regarding this and Robert of Molesme lead a movement for its stricter observance. It competed with Cassiodorus' Institutes and may be derived from the Regula Magistri, but it is certain that this is the most important document in cenobitic monasticism. For ten points, name this work by a saint from Nursia; the foundational set of regulations for a large number of Christian holy orders.;;(The) Rule of Our (Most) (Holy) (Father) St(.) Benedict
;;In string theories, these are closed strings with maximum energy and current efforts to detect one include the ESD at ATLAS. They necessarily exceed the speed of light in the vicinity of a singularity, and some far-fetched theories claim that they may have mass as an explanation of dark matter. Spin-2 bosons, they are the natural analogs of photons for gravity. For ten points, name this hypothetical elementary particle thought to be responsible for intermediating the gravitational interaction.;;graviton
;;After pulling down the blinds one by one by hugging the wall towards the windows, the protagonist of this work takes turns alternately throwing the cat out of the room as the dog sneaks back in and throwing the dog out of the room as the cat sneaks back in. The man uses his coat to cover up the cage with a bird inside and then the fish bowl, and looks into a photobook of a man's life, culminating in a self-portrait of the man with an eye patch. Beginning with an anonymous man knocking over chairs and bumping into a priest on his way to his solitary room, for ten points, name this movie starring the eye-patched Buster Keaton, by Samuel Beckett, whose title refers to its genre.;;Film
;;John Crace's group had a near-miss friendly fire incident during this battle. One side's plan was designed to head-off the MO phase of the opposition's Rabaul offensive. Beginning near a seaplane base on Tulagi, the engagement started well for the defenders with the sinking of the Shoho, but in the counter strike, Japanese planes sank the USS Lexington and seriously damaged the USS Yorktown. Despite these losses, the US succeeded in thwarting a Japanese push to capture Port Morsby in New Guinea. For ten points, name this battle; the first in naval history fought with only airplanes, which occurred in early May, 1942.;;(The) (Battle) (of) Coral Sea
;;This construct was the subject of a namesake Magazine during the last year of his creator's life, and took some impetus from sociological work by William Owens. Though not mentioned in Aaron in the Wilderness or Gabriel Tolliver, the fame His Songs and Sayings dwarfs the popularity of all his creator's other works. While he had considerable appeal in the mid-20th century, the Civil Rights Movement and his author's defense of slavery caused him to quickly disappear from national consciousness. For ten points, identify this famous storyteller who often told tales of "Br'er Rabbit," created by Joel Chandler Harris.;;(Uncle) Remus
;;With regard to this, Freidberg notes that the field ratio is on the order of the inverse aspect ratio while the kink safety factor is on the order of 1 in the namesake expansion for the ohmically heated variety. Having a low  ["beta"] and, therefore, low power density, compared to other devices designed for the same end, modern ones are coupled to outside power via neutral beam injectors as the transformer-driven current does not provide sufficient heating. The use of a divertor in these reactors can extend the confinement time, bringing the Lawson criterion closer to realization. For ten points, name these staple devices of the fusion program: large, toroidal, magnetic plasma confinement devices first proposed by Artsimovich and exemplified by JET and ITER.;;tokamaks
;;The main character of this story is stopped by factory owner Drozdov, who has no motivation but to keep his cozy job in the system's hierarchy. The inventor, Lopatkin, goes to a labor camp; when he is released, he finds Drozdov still in power. His invention is now wanted, but he refuses to produce anything that will profit Drozdov and people like him. He is left facing a continual struggle against such a system. For ten points, identify this novel by Vladimir Dudintsev.;;Not by Bread Alone|Ne Khlebom yedinym
;;It ends with an invocation to "Time and Nature" to spare the "shaft" on which part of it is famously printed. When it was originally performed, it was sung to the tune Old Hundredth and it was written while its author lived in The Old Manse. Its famous first stanza is engraved on French's "The Minute Man" statue, and ends with the famous line "Here once the embattled farmers stood / And fired the shot heard 'round the world." For ten points, identify poem by Ralph Waldo Emerson, first read at the opening of a monument in his Massachusetts hometown.;;Concord Hymn
;;There is actually a real person by this name; he runs a video communication company in Vancouver. The fictional character can, according to his commercial, handle bank fraud, embezzlement, conspiracy, money laundering, identity theft (cash only) and insider trading. He replaced Barry Zuckerkorn, ostensibly because Henry Winkler left the show to star in "Out Of Practice."  Legal advice includes "Why go to prison for a crime somebody else noticed?"  FTP, identify this new Bluth family attorney portrayed by Scott Baio on Arrested Development.;;Bob Loblaw
;;In 1820, this person led and expedition to find the source of the Mississippi River, and misidentified it. He served as Secretary of War under Andrew Jackson from 1831 to 1836 and was subsequently US ambassador to France until 1842; he then served in the Senate and as Buchanan's Secretary of State. However, his greatest fame game in May of 1848, when this man from Michigan became the Presidential nominee of the Democratic Party. For ten points, name this man who received 127 electoral votes in the 1848 general election, but lost to Zachary Taylor.;;(Lewis) Cass
;;This work inspired a similarly-titled text by Johann Eberhard on rationalism in theology. The central figure asks his audience not to be shocked if he speaks as he does at the bankers' tables. Near the end, the central figure takes the absence of his usual mantic sign as a good omen. The speaker compares the city to a noble but sluggish horse, and himself to a gadfly sent to force the horse to stir. The speaker also mentions Chairephon's trip to an oracle, which led to the speaker's realization that his wisdom lies in awareness of his ignorance. The majority of the text is devoted to the speaker's responses to Meletus's accusations of impiety and corrupting the young. The phrase "the unexamined life is not worth living" comes from, for ten points, what record of Socrates's speech in front of an Athenian jury?.;;(The) Apology|(The) Defense of Socrates|Apologia
;;The river of this name flows between two mountain ranges, the Sredinny and Vostochny. The province of this name also includes the Komandor Islands and Karaginsky Islands; the administrative center Petropavlosk was the site of a repulsed English and French attack during the Crimean War. The Oya current flows southwest along it before joining the Kuro current east of Japan. The site of extensive volcanic activity, including a geyser valley and the volcano Kronotsky, for ten points, identify this Russian peninsula between the Pacific Ocean and the Sea of Okhotsk, and off of which the Kuril Islands extend.;;Kamchatka
;;On a trip to the Delphic oracle with his cousins, this person took a rod of gold in a hollow stick of cornel-wood as a gift. On the way out of the oracle, he pretended to trip, fulfilling a prophecy. When he died, he was mourned by the women of Rome for a year in tribute to his heroism, which was inspired by the honor of the wife of Collatinus. He pretended to be a half-wit, taking a name meaning "Dullard" to protect himself from his uncle, the king, before leading the movement that expelled Tarquin the Proud. For ten points name this man, one of the first consuls of Rome and namesake of one of Caesar's assassins.;;(Lucius) (Junius) Brutus
;;A doctor, a constable, and a magistrate use a dancing girl to undo the work of a priestly man in this author's short story "Evil Adored," which was first published in his collection The Whisper of Madness. An ex-convict is comforted by the cafe owner Tarzan in his novella The Thief and the Dogs. A young man questions the enigmatic wife of a mad king in his novel subtitled Dweller in Truth. For ten points, name this author of Akhenaten, a Nobel Laureate who is most famous for his Cairo Trilogy.;;(Naguib) Mahfouz
;;He gives his name to an equation for solvation energy that depends on the dielectric constant, ionic radius, and ionic charge. With Mayer, he developed an equation for electrostatic potential. Vibronic coupling is neglected in an adiabatic approximation that he collaborated on, while another collaboration resulted in a method for calculating lattice enthalpies. He won 1954 Physics Nobel for his interpretation of the wavefunction square modulus as probability density, for ten points, identify this man who with Oppenheimer developed an approximation that allows for the calculation of electronic states based on the assumption that nuclei are relatively stationary, and has his name attached to a thermodynamic cycle for the determination of lattice enthalpies along with Haber.;;(Max) Born
;;Shields are called the ships of this goddess's son, while her daughter was pursued by the dwarf Alvis. Her husband had a Jotun mistress whose name meant "iron cutlass."  Gungnir was made by the same dwarves who made this goddess's most notable feature. She lived in Bilskirnir with her husband, and it was while she slept there that Loki cut off her hair, which he eventually replaced with gold. For ten points, identify this Norse goddess, the wife of Thor.;;Sif
;;The tensor form of the virial theorem relates the second time derivative of this tensor to the kinetic and potential energy tensors. This tensor's largest and smallest eigenvalues correspond to stability, while the intermediate eigenvalue corresponds to unstable motion. In cases where it reduces to a scalar, the period of the torsion pendulum corresponding to it is proportional to the square root of this quantity, which can be expressed as an object's mass times its radius of gyration squared. In some cases, this quantity can be conveniently calculated using the parallel axis theorem. Equal to the angular momentum over the angular velocity, for ten points, name this rotational analogue of mass.;;moment of inertia (tensor)|inertia tensor
;;In this text, the author contrasts groupings of terms in a potential mnemonic series, known as associative relations, with combinations of consecutive units supported by linearity, known as syntagmatic relations. The author discusses interjections and onomatopoeic words, but concludes that even in these cases, the connection between concept and sound-image is unmotivated, supporting his hypothesis that signs are arbitrary. The author distinguishes between the underlying system of sound-images linked with meanings, and speech, or parole. Reconstructed from lectures given at the University of Geneva, for ten points, name this text that argues for synchronic and diachronic studies of language, published after the death of Ferdinand de Saussure.;;Course in General Linguistics|Cours de Linguistique Generale
;;Francis Bacon dedicated the Translation of Certain Psalmes to this author, who penned several collections of proverbs and advice including Jacula Prudentum and A Priest to the Temple. The son of the arts patron to whom John Donne dedicated his Holy Sonnets, his first published works in 1612 were poems elegizing the recently deceased heir apparent, Prince Henry. While dying at the age of 40, he gave his friend Nicholas Ferrar the manuscript of 160 religious poems that would become his sole posthumous collection. Famed for "pattern poems" like Easter Wings, for ten points, identify this British metaphysical poet whose enormously popular 1633 posthumous collection The Temple includes "Affliction I" and "The Collar.".;;(George) Herbert
;;Given some set, Kuratowski proved that, by repeatedly taking complements and taking the smallest set of this type containing that set, at most 14 distinct sets can be generated. This term is used to describe any differential form whose exterior derivative is zero, as well as any compact manifold without boundary, while a set is this with respect to a binary operation if that the operation on any two set elements returns a set element. For ten points, give this term used in topology to denote sets that contain all of their limit points, or, equivalently, the complements of open sets.;;closed
;;The demise of this kingdon was assured when its capital was destroyed during the reign of Issihak II. Victories by Judar Pasha's gunmen at the salt mines of Taghaza and Tondibi over numerically superior opposition in the late sixteenth century contributed to its collapse. Islam was established as its state religion by a man who became king after a military victory at Anghoke, expanded the empire with conquests against the Diara and Hausa, and whose title ironically means "usurper." Reaching its greatest size west to the Atlantic and east to Niger and Nigeria under the leadership of Askia Muhammad, for ten points, identify this African kingdom with its capital at Gao, whose early king Sonni Ali conquered the capital of the weakening Mali Empire.;;Songhai (Empire)
;;One figure by this name, a progenitor of the Armenians, is mentioned in Genesis as the eldest son of Japheth, and another joins Gog in his attack on Israel in Ezekiel. Another figure by this name is the daughter of Debelaim, who married the son of Beeri and gave birth to Jezrahel, Lo-Ruhamah, and Lo-Ammi. The last child's name means "not my people", referring either to God's rejection of the sinful Israelites or this woman's unfaithfulness to her husband, a minor prophet. For ten points, give the name most commonly associated with the harlot wife of Hosea.;;Gomer
;;While suffering from depression, this former student of Unitarian reformer William Ellery Channing spent a year in England with a Quaker family, the Rathbones, from whom she learned about institutions like the York Retreat. She convinced Rhode Island millionaire Cyrus Butler to donate thirty thousand dollars to her cause and was invited by Thomas G. Hazard to investigate the Little Compton poorhouse, where that Abram Simmons, a madman, had been confined to a cage for thirty years. For ten points, identify this social activist of the mid 19th century who advocated reforms of prisons and insane asylums.;;(Dorothea) Dix
;;This character watches a young Native American man commit suicide while his father performs a cesarean section on his shrieking wife. He discovers that he is not dead-set against marriage after his friend Bill convinces him to break up with his girlfriend Marjorie, who works as a waitress at a Michigan resort. He leaves Summit, Illinois to peddle chocolate and cigarettes at the Austro-Italian battlefront, where he suffers a serious knee injury. For ten points, identify this protagonist of over a dozen short stories including "In Another Country" and "The Killers," a semiautobiographical hero of Ernest Hemingway.;;(Nick) Adams
;;One princess of this royal house was forced to move to Sunningill after the disappearance of her husband, and her younger sister later married her husband's successor's son.  Following the early death of Count Eudes's heir, a cadet line of this house held the duchy of Burgundy, but it was seized along with Artois and Picardy by Louis IX in 1477. It includes the Angouleme and Orleans branches, and its members' insistence that Salic law forbade Edward III from taking the throne of France led to the Hundred Years' War. For ten points, identify this French house that preceded the house of Bourbon as the ruling dynasty of France.;;Valois
;;Forty-three works can be attributed to one artist of this surname, who studied in Haarlem under Albert von Ouwater then earned his reputation as a preeminent colorist with paintings like The Judgment of Cambysses and The Flaying of Sisamnes. Another was a pupil of Joseph-Marie Vien who tried to starve himself to death after losing the Prix de Rome four times, but eventually painted masterpieces like Mars Disarmed by Venus and the Three Graces, which he finished in exile in Brussels one year before his death in 1822. For ten points, identify the shared surname of these two artists, one the leading painter in Bruges after the death of Hans Memling in 1494, the other the neoclassical associate of Robespierre and Napoleon I.;;David
;;21-hydroxylase deficiency can cause hyperplasia of these organs. They are affected in patients suffering from type 2C von Hippel-Lindau disease, who are prone to pheochromocytomas. Cortisol analogues are used to treat patients suffering from Cushing's disease, which affects these paired organs. The chromaffin cells of these glands' medullae are instrumental in converting tyrosine into the catecholamine hormones epinephrine and norepinephrine. For ten points, identify these glands that sit atop the kidneys.;;adrenal (glands)
;;Minor figures in this work include Minnie, a village prostitute with whom the four men in the central family have each taken their turn, and the unnamed sheriff who appears at the end to take the two main characters away. The gold fields of California offer hope to the two older brothers Simeon and Peter, who finance their journey by taking the money their father hid under the kitchen floorboards. Centering around the struggle for possession of a "durned purty" farm once owned by Eben's mother, for ten points, identify this Eugene O'Neill play about the Cabot family and Ephraim's new young wife Abbie Putnam, all of whom live beneath the titular "oppressive" trees.;;Desire Under the Elms
;;20th century legislation by this name includes the 1934 Jones-Costigan Act, which divided the market for its namesake commodity into regions supplied by domestic and foreign sources; its 1948 modification made Cuba a preferred supplier. Georgia protested the most famous act of this name on economic grounds because of its dependence on lumber trade with the Caribbean and concern about stringent shipping regulations. Doubling duties on reshipments, enumerating goods that could only be shipped to England, and levying taxes on calico, pimiento, wines, cambric, and coffee, for ten points, identify this fundraising attempt championed by Grenville in 1764, which reduced the molasses tax from 6 to 4 pence per gallon.;;Sugar Act
;;Lou Harrison's Concerto in Slendro features this instrument along with the violin. This instrument with a four-octave range beginning in middle C plays the countermelody in "Montagues and Capulets" from Prokofiev's Romeo and Juliet. Debussy was fond of it, casting a part for it in Chant pastoral, Les courtisanes egyptiennes, and L'eau pure de bassin, among other works. Consisting of steel bars over wooden resonators that are struck by hammers, for ten points, identify this instrument patented in 1886 by Auguste Mustel, which gives the ethereal tone to Tchaikovsky's "Dance of the Sugarplum Fairies" and a 1936 Bartok piece also scored for strings and percussion.;;celesta
;;His namesake "Dialogues" were published posthumously and consisted of his interchanges with Rollo May, Gregory Bateson, and Paul Tillich, among others. He strayed from his typical fare in Freedom to Learn for the 80's and Becoming Partners: Marriage and its Alternatives. In his magnum opus, he wrote on such topics as "How can I be of help?" and "A Philosophy of Persons."  For ten points, name this psychologist who, in his On Becoming a Person, advocated his humanistic, client-centered approach to psychotherapy.;;(Carl) (Ransom) Rogers
;;In this poem, there is a "boy ecstatic, with his bare feet the waves, with his hair the atmosphere dallying."  The narrator talks of "The word final, superior to all" and asks "Are you whispering it, and have been all the time, you sea-waves?  Is that it from your liquid rims and wet sands?"  The boy finds two birds "Up this seashore in some briers" who exclaim things like "Shine! Shine! Shine!" and "Soothe! Soothe! Soothe!" For ten points, this is what poem, the first in the section "Sea Drift," in which mockingbirds sing like an "old crone" pushing the titular object in Walt Whitman's Leaves of Grass?.;;Out of the Cradle Endlessly Rocking
;;In this work, a chandelier with at least three levels is seen at the top of the background, as are two white lights on red pillars. Near the front of the painting, we see a cup in which a yellow flower and a pink flower have been placed, as well as a bowl of round orange fruit. A man in a yellow shirt and a woman in a white coat with yellow gloves punctuate a background full of black clothes. A triangular red logo on some bottles, the trademark of a brand that still exists today. For ten points, identify this final painting of Edouard Manet, which features an alcohol-serving woman standing in front of a mirror.;;(A) Bar at the Folies(-)Bergere
;;The Romans declared Borvo, the Celtic god of springs, and the Egyptian deity Horus equivalent to this god. To the Etruscans, he was a staffed god of thunder and lightening. The Greeks sometimes called him musagetes, believing that he directed the choir of the Muses. Deeds credited to him including slaying Zeus's cyclopeses, defeating two different satyrs in music contests, and giving King Midas ass's ears. The swan was sacred to him, having been present at his island birth. At the beginning of the Iliad, he brings a plague upon the Achaeans. For ten points, name this Graeco-Roman deity, the son of Leto and sister of Artemis.;;Apollo|Loxias|Loxian Apollo
;;It isn't a Treaty of Paris, but this agreement signed in a primate's palace was the fourth peace accord signed in its namesake city. The independence of Liguria and the annexation of Tuscany were two provisions from earlier treaties that this agreement affirmed. The King of Bavaria, the King of Wurttemberg, and the Elector of Baden were among the European rulers who received land under this agreement; the losers were forced to pay an indemnity of 40 million francs and Francis I was forced to both give up all hope of ever being Holy Roman Emperor again and pull out of the Third Coalition. For ten points, name this treaty that Napoleon forced on Austria in 1805 after the Battle of Austerlitz.;;(Fourth) (Peace) (of) Pressburg
;;Early in his career, he was elected to the Senate but disqualified because he had not been a citizen for sufficient time; he was forced to settle for the House, where he notably opposed appropriations for the Navy via his orchestration of the Committee on Finance. Late in his career, he served as John Quincy Adams' minister to Great Britain and co-founded New York University and the American Ethnological Society. More notably, he was the highest-ranking American negotiator at Ghent. For ten points, name this staunch fiscal conservative and Swiss immigrant who served Jefferson and Madison as Secretary of the Treasury.;;(Abraham) (Alfonse) (Albert) Gallatin
;;This practice is subdivided into Sahajdhari and Udasi sects, and many of its adherents are trained in a martial art called Gatka. Yogi Bhajan brought this faith to the Western Hemisphere, where it has approximately four million adherents. Pahul is undergone by initiates to the Khalsa, and practitioners carry a comb at all times, though they are not permitted to shave or to cut their hair. While its past heads have included Angad Dev and Har Krishan, its current leader, Granth Sahib, is actually a book. For ten points, name this religion formerly headed by Gobind Singh and Nanak Dev and centered in the Punjab.;;Sikhism
;;Unified by belief in the least-important use theory of value, members of this group wrote books such as Human Action; Man, Economy and the State; and The Pure Theory of Capital. Major innovations of its members include the concept of opportunity costs, due to von Weiser, and the idea of marginal utility, due to Menger, but its most prolific 19th century member was probably Bohm-Bawerk, to whom is due the idea of marginal utility analysis and this school's namesake theory of value. For ten points, identify this economic school of thought championed in the 20th Century by Murray Rothbard and Ludwig von Mises.;;Austrian (School) (of) (Economics)|Vienna (School) (of) (Economics)
;;Some of this work's music was excerpted to create the ballet The Four Seasons, and its premise had already been rejected by Meyerbeer and Halevy before its composer took it up in 1853. Subject to Spanish adaptation as Giovanna de Guzman, its overture contains the death theme of Helene and its plot revolves around the secret that the rebel protagonist is the son of the governor of the namesake locale. For ten points, name this opera with libretto by Duveyrier and Scribe in which Guy de Monteforte is unable to suppress the anti-French rebellion fomented by Henri; an 1855 work of Verdi about a 1282 historical event.;;(I) Vespri siciliani(,) (opera) (Les) vepres siciliennes|(just) (The) Sicilian Vespers
;;This property appears as the negative term in the numerator of the cavitation number, and the left separatrix of generalized property correction charts is defined by equating the chart ordinate to its reduced version. Physical vapor deposition must be done in vacuuo because this property is immensely low for solid metals. A substance will freeze if its liquid one is higher than its solid one, and melt if the reverse is true. For an ideal liquid, its variation with temperature is given by the Clausius-Clapeyron equation, and once known for a liquid, it can be approximated for its solutions by Raoult's Law. For ten points, name this pressure that is equal to the atmospheric pressure at the boiling point.;;vapor pressure
;;Most of this work is set underwater: the waterline breaks a tree into six parts at center left. There are no flies or ants in this painting, but a fish is visible at center right. The block and the ground are split into many parts, although the cliff in the background is unified and instead hovers above the water. Another element retained from the original upon which this work is based is that the watches are still soft, though the hands are floating off of one of them. For ten points, name this painting that Salvador Dali completed in 1954, the sequel to "The Persistence of Memory.".;;(The) Disintegration of the Persistence of Memory
;;The Sanderson one is defined as a ratio of the electron density to an expected electron density. The Allen one, proposed in 1989, is defined as an average of the energies of valence electrons, and can be calculated from spectroscopic data; it correlates well with the most famous one. The Allred-Rochow one also correlates well with the most famous one, and is defined in terms of the ratio of the atomic number to the square of the atomic radius. The Mulliken one is simply the average of the ionization energy and the electron affinity. Most famous, however, is the Pauling one, in which fluorine has the maximum value of 3.98. For ten points, name this measure of the ability of an atom to attract electrons.;;electronegativity
;;His criticism of other philosophers is represented in his authorship of Demons, Dreamers and Madmen, which discusses Descartes, and in his editorship of the anthology Leibniz: A Collection of Critical Essays. He defines the titular concept as non-voluntary, disinterested concern and argues that the purest form of love is self-love in his Reasons of Love. He is most famous for a recent work that includes an analysis of Max Black's essay "The Prevalence of Humbug" and which suggests that its titular concept is worse than lying, because liars must know what the truth is. For ten points, name this Princeton philosopher who has put a philosophical essay near the top of the New York Times non-fiction bestseller list with his recently republished "On Bullshit.".;;(Harry) (G(.)) Frankfurt
;;In J.D. Salinger's story "For Esme - with Love and Squalor", Sergeant X discovers a book with an inscription and writes in it a quote from this 1850 work saying "What is hell?  I maintain that it is the suffering of being unable to love."  This novel's main character befriends a son of Captain Snegiryov, whose son once saw the father beaten up by a relative of the main character. This son, Ilyusha, looks up to carefree Kolya, who let a train pass over him while laying on the tracks, but when Ilyusha becomes sick and dies, Kolya befriends the main character and reassess the nihilist beliefs he obtained from the main character's atheist brother, Ivan. For ten points, what is this novel in which Katerina and Grushenka are romantically involved with Dmitri, the oldest of the titular fraternity, written by Fyodor Dostoevsky?.;;(The) Brothers Karamazov
;;Although the exact location has not been confirmed, this 751 AD battle was believed to have taken place in present-day Kyrgyzstan. It involved an army of the Arab Abbasid Caliphate and their confederates defeating a smaller Chinese army under General Gao Xianzhi, and marked the westernmost expansion of the Chinese Tang Dynasty. Most importantly, this battle resulted in the capture of many skilled Chinese workers, knowledgeable in the technological advances of Medieval China. For ten points, identify this battle, which revealed the secret of making paper to the Islamic world.;;(Battle) (of) Talas (River)
;;Receiving a Master's Degree in Mathematics from Harvard at Age 19, he worked as a researcher at Los Alamos before joining the faculty of UC Santa Cruz. Writing songs on topics for purposes ranging from educating children on grammar to poking fun at topics such as nuclear war. While extremely active writing satirical music during the 60s, he believed that Kissinger's winning of the Nobel Peace Prize rendered satire obsolete. For ten points, name this renegade pianist, famous for his controversial songs such as, "The Masochism Tango" and "Poisoning Pigeons in the Park.".;;(Tom) Lehrer
;;Subdivisions of this entity include Coos, Strafford, and Cheshire. Its largest lake is Lake Winnipesaukee and the Connecticut River marks its border with its Western neighbor. It is known for its granite quarries and 2004 saw the unseating, in an extremely close election, of its controversial governor Craig Benson. Its highest peak is Mount Washington, part of the Presidential Range that straddles part of its northernmost county. For ten points, identify this state, home to the White Mountains and the defiant motto, "Live Free or Die".;;New Hampshire
;;In a related essay written prior to this book's publication, the author asked "Who is really to blame for the crime wave" in his native country. One of the main characters, an alter-ego of the author and the politician Jan Hofmeyr, admires Abraham Lincoln: his father, James, is inspired to help a poor village after reading the Second Inaugural Address and the Gettysburg Address. Msimangu, the friend of the other main character, helps him to find his prostitute sister Gertrude, as well as his son, Absalom, who is in prison for the murder of the white aid worker Arthur Jarvis. For ten points, name this work that ends with the Reverend Stephen Kumalo going into the mountains to weep, a novel by Alan Paton.;;Cry(,) the Beloved Country
;;One of his plays features the character of the Phosphorescent Woman, who arrives from the year 2030. In another, the Earth comes to be ruled by the Queen of Devastation after an apocalyptic flood, but she is defeated by seven men known as the Unclean, who create paradise. His poems include "Listen!", "But Could You?", and "The Backbone Flute", but perhaps his most famous talks of love for the married Maria, "Cloud in the Trousers," which might reflect the author's lifelong desire for the married Lily Brik. The author of the lyric poem Pro Eto and the plays The Bathhouse and Mystery-Bouffe, for ten points, name this 20th century revolutionary Russian poet and leader of the Russian Futurist movement.;;(Vladimir) (Vladimirovich) Mayakovsky
;;One side believed its passage to the capital city to be safe due to the promises of the traitorous Juan Almonte. After the initial retreat set down by the Convention of La Soledad, the belligerents occupied Orizaba before attempting their second thrust. Defeating the defenders at Aculzingo, they moved on to the city guarded by Forts Loreto and Guadalupe; it is from this city that the battle gets its name. A young Porfirio Diaz and his commanding officer, Zaragoza, beat back the forces of the Count of Lorencez, although it only delayed the inevitable takeover by Maximilian. For ten points, name this 1862 Pyrrhic victory of the Mexicans over France, still celebrated on the fifth of May.;;(Battle) (of) Puebla
;;His earliest attributed works, such as the Entombment and Holy Family in San Andrea de Mantua, show the influence of Mantegna. His altarpieces Adoration of the Shepherds and Madonna of St. Jerome are better known as "Night" and "Day" and, along with the Madonna della Scodella, introduced illusionism into altarpiece painting. Although works like the Mystic Marriage of St. Catherine, the decoration of the convent in San Paolo, and the Assumption of the Virgin on the ceiling of the Parma cathedral exemplify his mature style, he is best known for a series of mythological scenes commissioned by Federico II Gonzaga for Charles V. For ten points, identify this painter of Leda, Ganymede, Danae, and Io, what are collectively known as the Loves of Jupiter.;;Correggio (Antonio) Allegri
;;A product of Aurora Academy, he married Mary Elizabeth Steele after beginning to practice law. He draws parallels between humans and beavers, both of whom he suggests have a "moral sense" and "free intellect" in The American Beaver and his Works. His interviews with such men as Jemmy Johnson were facilitated by a family that included Caroline, Levi, Newton, William, Elizabeth and, most famously, Ely S. Parker; these interviews resulted in the book League of the Ho-de-no-sau-nee. Endowed with a Seneca name meaning "bridging the gap," his major work posits evolution of society from savagery, to barbarism, to civilization. For ten points, name this author of Systems of Consanguinity and Affinity and Ancient Society.;;(Lewis) (Henry) Morgan
;;This man wrote on the tales of Arsaces and Ismenia as well as Cephisa and Cupid following his work of translation entitled The Temple of Gnidus. He also penned A Dialogue Between Sylla and Eucrates and Considerations on the Causes of the Grandeur and Declension of the Roman Empire, which often accompany his second most famous work. The fictitious correspondents Rica and Usbek and an allegory of the Troglodites appear in this work, Persian Letters. Born in Bordeaux in 1689 with the name Charles Louis de Secondat, for ten points, name this man who is said to have influenced the American system of checks and balances with his monumental tome The Spirit of Laws.;;(Charles) (Louis) (de) (Secondat(,)) (Baron) (de) Montesquieu
;;It was initially posited to give-off a namesake undiscovered gas because the wavelengths of emission lines from it were unknown. In low mass dwarf stars, it is thought to consist of a "soft" and "hard" component that appear as spikes in its temperature spectrum. Special graphs of the best known example of this include LASCO and utilize an occulting disk; these graphs have been used to witness "halo events," which happen when mass ejections originating in this region are directed toward the Earth, appearing to envelope the Sun. The Sun's exists outside of the chromosphere and appears during times of total eclipse as a pearly white crown. For ten points, give this term for the outer atmosphere of a star.;;corona
;;This stage in Egyptian history is the focus of the Hekanakhte papers and saw the construction of the Bark Shrine at Karnak. The capital had been moved to Itj-Tawy by the time of the mysterious reign of Queen Sobekneferu. The pyramid town at Lahun was built by Senusret [Sen-Wos-Ret] II, who was an important ruler along with several Amenemhats. Sixty unmummified soldiers at Deir el-Bahri evidence that it was founded after an enormous civil war, won by perhaps one of the most powerful kings in Egyptian history, Mentuhotep II. Ending with the northern invasion of the Hyksos, for ten points, name this time in Egyptian history running from the 11th to 14th Dynasties, and occurring after the First Intermediate Period.;;Middle Kingdom
;;These are the special case of the ultraspherical functions corresponding to an alpha of one half, and unit weight Gram-Schmidt orthonormalization over an even open interval will produce them. Murphy's formula shows how to express them as confluent hypergeometric functions. In radiative transfer problems in planar geometry, the angular dependence of temperature is decomposed in terms of these. These functions famously satisfy Rodrigues' formula, and in cases of azimuthal symmetry, they are found in the formulas for the spherical harmonic functions. For ten points, name these orthogonal polynomials useful for solving Laplace's equation in spherical coordinates.;;Legendre polynomials
;;He signed the Grenelle agreement that ended a student-worker revolt, and convinced his country to allow Britain entry into the Common Market. His first political experience was in the "shadow cabinet" after World War II, but he soon left politics to join the Rothschild banking house until called back to negotiate with the FLN in Algeria. He replaced Michel Debre as premier and, after the May Crisis, he was replaced by Couve de Murville, but he soon returned as president of the Fifth Republic. Crippled politically by the OPEC oil embargo and physically by Kahler's Disease, he died with little accomplished in 1974. For ten points, name this successor of de Gaulle and namesake of a Rogers & Piano building in Paris.;;(Georges) Pompidou
;;Its libretto was cobbled together from earlier works such as Spontini's La vestale and Mayr's Medea in Corinth and the aria "Non parti? Finora e al campo" was from the composer's earlier opera Bianca e Fernando. In the first scene, the hero's companion Flavio asks the proconsul if he does not fear the main character's anger, and the proconsul responds with "Meco all'altar di Venere" and proclaims his love for Adelgisa. The title character, written specifically for Giuditta Pasta, betrays Pollione to Oroveso, but eventually decides to join him on the funeral pyre. Known best for the aria "Casta diva," for ten points, name this opera featuring a druid priestess, a bel canto work of Vincenzo Bellini.;;Norma
;;A postscript to this story states that a character in it won the "National Prize for Literature" over the author's own work, "The Gambler's Deck." That character reads passages from his epic poem "La tierra," which the narrator calls "forgettable," after which the narrator describes images such as a "silvery spiderweb in the center of a dark pyramid," "a beach along the Caspian Sea," and "all the ants in the world." In the ironic conclusion, the poet, Carlos Argentino Daneri, asks the narrator if he saw "in color" the object located underneath his basement stairs. For ten points, name this story about a sphere that contains "one of the points in space that contains all other points," a work by Jorge Luis Borges.;;(El) Aleph
;;A list of 18 ecclesiastical abuses to be corrected in the future was drawn up and decrees were read out by cardinal Zabarella. The two canons of Sacrosancta and Frequens were laid down, the latter stressing the need for future councils. Jerome of Prague was vehemently condemned, as was Peter de Luna, otherwise known as Boniface XIII. Ottone Colonna was brought forward as an alternative to John XXIII and his rivals. Resulting in the election of Martin V and the end of the Great Western Schism, for ten points, name this 1414-1418 council that also condemned John Wycliffe and Jan Hus.;;(Council) (of) Constance
;;His ministers included James Stanhope and Charles Spencer, the Earl of Sunderland, who introduced a noted Peerage Bill. Legislation passed under his reign included the Septennial Act, extending the duration of Parliament. The son of Ernest Augustus, he married his cousin Sophia of Celle, whom he later imprisoned. He was the driving force behind the establishment of the Triple Alliance, which became the Quadruple Alliance when the Holy Roman Empire joined. The Earl of Mar, John Erskine, led a rebellion against him, known as The Fifteen, seeking to place the Old Pretender on the throne. Coming to rule by the Act of Settlement after Queen Anne produced no heirs, for ten points, name this German king of England who was the first of the house of Hanover and the first of five consecutive kings of his name.;;George I
;;At one point, a main character promises an investigation into Article 184, insisting that it be discovered who stole a quart of strawberries. Edwin Keggs is a high school algebra teacher who meets the protagonist at Furnald Hall, but their lives go separate ways. Steve Maryk is a fisherman who keeps a log after the departure of the tyrannical De Vriess. Barney Greenwald is a lawyer who would rather not defend his clients, especially Tom Keefer, who only cares about his bad novel. In the end, the former lounge singer May Wynn is proposed to by Willie Keith. For ten points, name this novel about a bunch of sailors who turn against Captain Queeg, the most famous of Herman Wouk.;;(The) Caine Mutiny
;;Scholars often propose several authors of this work, including the "syncretist," the "primitivist," and the "Transmitter" school. Chapter titles include Rifling Trunks, Wandering Beyond, and Menders of Nature. The text has been commented on by Cheng Xuanying and Guo Xiang, among others, and Guo reduced it from 52 chapters to 33 chapters, which are divided into the Inner Chapters, Outer Chapters, and Miscellaneous Chapters. The text shares its name with the resident of Meng who probably wrote some of it, a possible contemporary of Mencius and a disciple of Lao Tzu. For ten points, name this second most important text in Taoism.;;Zhuangzi|Chuang(-)Tzu
;;His trial for embezzlement under the corrupt Judge Goezman and his suit against a man who stole his watch patent are related in his famous Memoirs. The Seven League Boots; John, the Beast at the Fair; and Leander the Lamb Merchant are some of his short theatrical works, which he called parades. He wrote an opera, Tarare, but he is best known for a trilogy of works, the least famous of which is The Other Tartuffe; the first of which is subtitled Useless Precaution, and the second of which has the subtitle The Follies of a Day. For ten points, name this French creator of Marceline, Suzanne, and Count Almaviva, who are featured in his Barber of Seville and Marriage of Figaro.;;(Pierre) (August) (Caron) (de) Beaumarchais
;;Their creation is catalyzed by a cyclo-oxygenase, the inhibition of which is the reason for aspirin's efficacy. Samuelsson and Bergstrom discovered their synthesis pathway, which begins with the conversion of a phospholipid to arachidonic acid. Members of the eicosanoid family, along with thromboxane and the leukotrienes, the E2 type is used to induce labor, while the I2 type prevents blood clotting. Discovered by Ulf von Euler, for ten points, identify these 20-carbon compounds containing a five-carbon ring that are similar to hormones and were named because they were discovered in semen.;;prostaglandins
;;Juliana Top is the highest mountain in this country and the Sipaliwini Plain is home to exotic wildlife. Some of the major rivers include the Coppename, Saramacca, and most importantly the Courantyne and Maroni Rivers, which lie on the western and eastern borders respectively. Many people here speak Sranang-Tongo, and the popular tourist spot of Papillon Island sits in the middle of the artificial Blommesteinmeer Reservoir. With a seafaring capital of Paramaribo, for ten points, name this country sandwiched between Guyana and French Guiana.;;Suriname
;;The solution to the paradox arising from it was studied in terms of Fourier mode dynamics by John Ford but a qualitative explanation of the energy transfer was first given using KAM theory. Toda, using his eponymous exponential lattice, gave the first analytical estimate of the recurrence time. It was independently investigated by Saito and his student Hiraako, who studied thermodynamic equilibria in a nonlinear lattice. The continuum limit of this model is the Korteweg-de Vries equation and it introduced the concept of a soliton and the paradigm of numerical experiment. For ten points, name this investigation into dynamical systems carried out by three physicists at Los Alamos laboratory, the genesis of scientific computing.;;Fermi(-)Pasta(-)Ulam (Experiment)
;;He was first depicted as having four arms, with which he used to steal dairy products. In this incarnation he was given the epithet "evil", and in one story he is tricked into falling into a lake by a harlequin. Later stories depict him having only two arms and as a benevolent creature characterized by a joyous but clumsy spirit who is a comic foil to that same wag. His favorite dance is a variant of the two-step, and he is said to have picked his skin color. Many have speculated as to his identity as a food product while some debate he is a taste bud. For ten points, name this character, a lover of milkshakes and the best friend of Birdie and Ronald McDonald.;;Grimace
;;This writer's On the Basis of Morality argues that the titular premise is man's "first and foremost quality" of hatred for cruelty, and he responded to Schiller's Wurde der Frauen with the hilariously misunderstood ber die Weiber. His mother had wished for him to be born in England, however instead he was born in Danzig where his father had a banking and trading business. This author of Parerga und Paralipomena discussed the relation of vedanta to Leibniz's thought in 1813's The Fourfold Root of the Principle of Sufficient Reason, but is best known for a multi-volume work first issued 6 years later. For ten points, name this philosopher, author of The World as Will and Representation.;;(Arthur) Schopenhauer
;;The titular character of this novel is twice assisted by his uncles during his life: the first assistance comes when his uncle Adrian, his tutor, is supposed to protect him from contact with the opposite sex. However, Adrian fails and the main character ends up marrying the lower class Lucy. This angers Sir Austin, the father of titular character, and will eventually result in another uncle, Austin Wentworth, working out a reconciliation between father and daughter-in-law. For ten points name this play about a father's failed system of education subtitled A History of Father and Son, written by George Meredith.;;(The) (Ordeal) (of) Richard Feveral(:) (A) (History) (of) (Father) (and) (Son)
;;On this site, in the area between the citadel and the river, a group of  twelve granaries were excavated. The citadel of this town was defended by a wall about 14 meters wide at the base, which would have provided protection for the approximately 20,000 people who lived here. Probably the most important feature of this site is the R37 cemetery. For ten points, name this town of the Indus River Valley, one of the two major cities of this culture along with Mohenjo-Daro.;;Harappa
;;The protagonist is rendered perpetually an "awkward little virgin" after her intended dies in a plane crash; she rightly blames her father for this. However, she does eventually get over his death and marries Sam Evans, has an affair with Dr. Darrel, and marries a childhood admirer. For ten points, name this play that revolves around the life of Nina Leeds; a nine-act stream of consciousness work by Eugene O'Neill.;;Strange Interlude
;;In this man's early work, interpretation of "A Staircase Dream," he draws the correct conclusion that the titular dream is about copulating with servants. Some of his lesser-known works are Art and Artist and Will Therapy, and he served as editor of the psychoanalytic journal Imago. In his early work, Myth of the Birth of the Hero, he applied the techniques of The Interpretation of Dreams to myths; however, his belief that neuroses were not caused by the Oedipus complex lead to an inevitable break with his teacher, Freud. For ten points, name this Austrian psychologist and therapist, the author of The Trauma of Birth.;;(Otto) Rank
;;Many music groups of this style were named for birds; for example, the Ravens and the Orioles .The name for this type of music derives from the practice of having the lead vocalist sing the lyrics against a backing of nonsense syllables from the other members of the group. The first record of this style to be a number-one pop hit in the U.S was "The Great Pretender" by the Platters. For ten points name this style of American pop music from the 1950s.;;Doo(-)Wop
;;In an article about these works, Nikolay Chernyshevsky called the technique of composition an internal monologue, which is the first known use of that term. They consists of three stories, with the most famous lines coming from the end of the second one: "The hero of my story, whom I love with all the strength of my soul, whom I have tried to reproduce in all his beauty and who always was, is, and will be beautiful, is Truth." For ten points, name this work by Leo Tolstoy that depicts the title locale in December, May, and August; the distillation of his experiences at the siege of this titular town in the Crimean War.;;Sevastopol Sketches|Sevastopolskiye rasskazy
;;After the theatrical group he traveled with broke-up he was forced to work in a flour mill to support himself. Of this man's 130 known works, 21 are extant and these include Curculio, Rudens, Asinaria, and Poenulus, which is the story of a Carthaginian, Hanno. The now-lost Alazon served as the basis for his Miles Gloriosus and his Menaechmi was used as the basis of The Comedy of Errors by Shakespeare. For ten points name this Ubrian author: the greatest comic playwright of Rome.;;(Titus) (Maccius) Plautus
;;This battle resulted in 207 British soldiers killed or wounded and 600 men taken prisoner. However, American casualties were only 14 dead and 12 wounded. This battle took place when General Burgoyne sent 800 Hessian dragoons and Native Americans under the command of the German colonel Friedrich Baum, to capture this American supply base. However, the New Hampshire and Vermont militias soundly defeated them. For ten points, name this battle named for a town in Vermont, which took place on August 16, 1777.;;(Battle) (of) Bennington
;;The vacana of these works is an open issue illustrating the differences between the Sanskrit and Pali cannons. Five hundred forty-seven of these stories are contained in the early complication known as the Tipitaka, and illustrations of theses stories are found as sculptures in temples. In an exemplary one of these tales, the Buddha comes upon a hungry tigress and her starving cubs and sacrifices himself to feed them. For ten points, name these stories that serve as parables for readers by using the Buddha's past lives to instruct people on moral virtue and the law of karma, whose name comes for the Sanskrit word for "birth.".;;Jataka
;;Some sources claim that this was created by Jacob Brinkerhoff, not its namesake, and Preston King controversially proposed it for greater generality. Attached to the Appropriations Bill of1846 by the House of Representatives, it was proposed by a Democratic representative from Pennsylvania. For ten points, name this proviso that moved to exclude slavery from the territory annexed by the U.S. in the Mexican-American War.;;Wilmot (Proviso)
;;These have biflagellate sperm, so monoicous members are especially self-fertile in the presence of water. A flapping membrane called an operculum protects their minor generation and, though they exhibit normal alternation of generations, members of this paraphyletic division are haploid-dominated. The most primitive of these, the liverworts, have flat bodies sometimes only one cell thick and belong to one of its three sub-divisions, the hepatophyta; the other two being anthocerophyta and mosses. For ten points name this collective term applied to small plants that usually grow in moist areas on soil, tree trunks, and rocks.;;bryophytes|bryophyta
;;This writer often discusses the whims of his mistress: she is variously "Divine," "Cruel," and "Commanding [Him] to Return Her Letters." The favorite subject of his poems, however, is depicted "Singing," with a "Mole in her Bossom" and "Bleeding," in a poem to the surgeon. Noted for writing such poems as "Ask Me No More Where Jove Bestows" and "Mediocrity in Love Rejected," he also wrote a masque, Coelum Britannicum. For ten points name this lover of Celia, poet of "A Rapture" and friend of Ben Johnson who is widely considered the first Cavalier poet.;;(Thomas) Carew (Carey)
;;An X-linked genetic disease inhibits this pathway by causing a deficiency of its initiating dehydrogenaze. This series of reactions is initiated by lactonase and two dehydrogenazes, and an intermediate step produces parallel xylulose and ribose derivatives, which are the terminus of its oxidative phase. This multi-step pathway is defined as having end products glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate and fructose-6-phosphate, which are synthesized by transalodases. For ten points, identify this metabolic pathway that produces energy from phosphoralated five-carbon sugar and is sometimes known as a shunt.;;pentose phosphate (pathway)|pentose phosphate (shunt)
;;To the left of this painting, a woman stands with her back facing the viewer inside a dark hallway, which opens to a bright sunlit area. To the right, a woman and small girl are holding hands and gazing at each other with affection. On the wall of the courtyard, underneath the oval window, a sign reads "This is Saint Jerome's Vale. Enter if you wish to repair to patience and meekness. For we must first descend if we wish to be raised." For ten points, name this most well known painting of Pieter de Hooch.;;(The) Courtyard of a House in Delft
;;The first of these units was launched aboard Transit 4A in 1961. The majority of these units have been small thermocouple devices powered by decay heat. This type of unit was aboard the Viking Landers on Mars and the Pioneer and Voyager probes of the outer solar system. For ten points, name these devices nuclear systems developed by the Atomic Energy Commission and NASA, used to supply electric power on a variety of U.S. satellites, space probes, and isolated facilities on earth.;;systems (for) nuclear auxiliary power
;;According to myth, he guided the Aztecs during their long migration from Aztlan, their mythical homeland, to the Valley of Mexico. His mother, the earth goddess Coatlicue, conceived him after keeping a ball of hummingbird feathers in her bosom that dropped from the sky.  Also, this god was thought to require human hearts and blood for nourishment. For ten points, name this Aztec god of war and the sun.;;Huitzilopochtli
;;Zhang Chunqiao and Yao Wenyuan  were minor propaganda officials in Shanghai. Wang Hongwen, who had been employed in a Shanghai textile mill, emerged as a workers' leader. A former actress, Jiang Qing  held no official political office in Beijing but was in charge of examining art to determine if their political message was appropriate. For ten points name these followers and supporters of Mao Zedong who implemented the most extreme policies of China's Cultural Revolution during the 1960s and 1970s.;;gang of four|si ren bang
;;The flavoring and preserving of smoked meats are accomplished through the presence of small amounts of this in the smoke. Also, this chemical used to be used to treat chest infections. When pure this is a transparent liquid slightly heavier than water that has a pungent odor. A complex mixture of various phenols and phenolic ether obtained from the dry distillation of wood, for ten points, name this chemical most often used as a wood preservative for outdoor structures, such as telephone poles and railroad ties.;;creosote
;;A single lens cannot achieve this because different wavelengths of light are bent by differing amounts. For this to be achieved one needs at least two lenses, made of glass, with different refractive indexes that have to be combined. Discovered in 1757 by the British optician, John Dolland, for ten points name this system of bending a beam of white light in such a way that all its component colors are brought to a focus at the same point, thus obtaining a sharp image.;;achromatism
;;Fossils of these creatures are quite rare, perhaps because they lived mostly in drier upland areas rather than near rivers or the coast. These bipedal dinosaurs grew to a length of 8 m, which made them much larger than other dinosaurs in their suborder. Their thick skull and the fact that their bodies were designed like battering rams may have allowed this dinosaur to butt heads with other members without causing brain damage. For ten points, name this dinosaur that lived in North America during the late Cretaceous Period, whose name is Greek for "thick-headed lizard.".;;Pachycephalosaurus
;;The movement began when a French shepherd named Stephen had a vision in which Jesus commanded him to raise an army. In the same year, another young man, Nicholas, was able to raise followers in the Rhineland and Lower Lorraine. He assured his recruits that God would help them take Jerusalem back from the Muslims. However, this goal was very unsuccessful and some of the followers returned home to their families, but most of these followers were probably taken as slaves. For ten points, name this movement rightfully deplored by the officials of the time that featured a large group of young people who believed they could retake the Holy Land.;;Children's Crusade
;;This type of landscape is generally the result of mildly acidic rainfall acting on soluble limestone or dolostone bedrock. This process of subsurface rock dissolution results in a topography with distinctive features, including sinkholes or closed basins, vertical shafts, disappearing streams, and springs. The name of this type of landscaped comes from the German word for a Slovenian region along the Adriatic. For ten points, name this type of landscape which examples of which, include the island of Crete, and the Mammoth Cave area of Kentucky.;;Karst (topography)|(landscape)
;;In the 14th and 15th centuries, this term denoted the refrain at the end of each madrigal verse. In 17th century opera and song, it was an instrumental conclusion or refrain added to the end of an aria. During the classical period, it was used in concerto composition to denote the reentry of the full orchestra after a solo passage. For ten points, name this Italian term that means "a little turn" and is used in general to denote a repeating section of music.;;ritornello
;;It was effectively reversed about twelve years after its occurrence. Many of those involved were taken to a public house named "Hell" and were kept there for weeks. Another key figure connected to this event was held in captivity at Carisbrooke Castle. A regiment of horse led by Nathaniel Rich provided backup to the regiment of foot that took charge. Lord Grey assisted in the identification of members of Parliament and, after this event took place, the Rump Parliament was set in place. For ten points, name this 1648 event in which all those who did not support Cromwell were removed from Parliament, named for the man who spearheaded the operation.;;Pride's Purge
;;Books of his that are now rarely read include O Shepherd, Speak and A World to Win. Sinclair Lewis worked as a janitor in a commune established by this one-time writer of dime novels and comedic fiction. He established the EPIC platform to end poverty in California, for which state he twice ran for Governor while writing eleven novels about a man named Lanny Budd. Dragon's Teeth won him a Pulitzer Prize and in 1906 a piece of legislation passed inspired by his most famous work. For ten points, name this socialist and author of The Jungle.;;(Upton) Sinclair
;;His family were Walloon Protestant refugees who fled the Spanish Empire, hence his French name. The town where he was born, Wesel, is now in Germany, but his last job was working for Queen Christina of Sweden. He was hired by Samuel Blommaert in 1638 to establish a colony called New Sweden around what is now Wilmington, Delaware, but died in a hurricane on his way back to Sweden. This was six years after he was dismissed and succeeded by Woulter van Twiller in a post further north. A monument in Battery Park commemorates the most famous action of, for ten points, what governor of New Amsterdam who gave the Canarsie Indians trade goods in exchange for Manhattan Island?.;;(Peter) Minuit
;;Named for this person are a theorem stating that every positive integer is the sum of four squares; a theorem that states that, given a finite group G with a subgroup H, the cardinality of H divides the cardinality of G; and the stationary solutions of the circle-restricted three body problem. In his namesake formulation of mechanics, one calculates trajectories by minimizing the action, and the energy function central to that formulation is also named for him and is symbolized L. For ten points, all of these nifty things are named after what mathematician who also demonstrated the mean value theorem.;;(Joseph) (Louis) Lagrange|(Giuseppe) (Luigi) Lagrangia
;;This body of water is named for a lieutenant, whose first name was Peter, who explored its southern end in 1792. It contains islands including Whidbey and Bainbridge, and smaller cities along its shores include Auburn, Port Orchard, and Bremerton, while the two largest cities are the county seats of Pierce and King counties. It is about ninety miles north to south, is bordered on the west by the Olympic Peninsula, and is entered from the north by the Juan de Fuca Strait. For ten points, name this extended estuary of the Columbia River on which lie the cities of Tacoma and Seattle.;;Puget Sound
;;One of the title characters has a gold sash that he is fingering with his left hand: he is dressed in typical contemporary fashion in black with a white robe and black hat, and his expression is contemplative. The second title figure is at eye level with the first one's chest and wears a Greek-style headband. His expression is blank because of a legend that, like a character he created named Demodocus, he was blind. For ten points, name this work of Rembrandt in which the founder of the Peripatetic school of philosophy strokes the head of a statue of the writer of the Iliad.;;Aristotle (Contemplating) (the) Bust of Homer
;;Some claim that his name, which literally means "black ink," indicates that he was a marked criminal, but the Hanshu claims he was a daifu in the state of Song. He insisted that thinkers must always analyze the basis, verifiability, and applicability of any proposition, and laid out a fourfold standard for assessing beneficial applications. His religious positions were conservative and he considered the Hsia dynasty the pinnacle of history. His major tenets include identification with the superior, condemnation of offensive war, and the economy of expenditures. For ten points, name this Chinese thinker who made universal love the cornerstone of his philosophy, which was expounded in a self-titled work.;;Moxi|Mozi|Modi|Moti|Mo(-)Tzu
;;The title character of this work has an archrival known as Marcel Dufarge, and he dies tragically after being deceived, tied to a tree, and shot a bunch of times. He has a hideously deformed face with a gaping hole where his mouth should be, but he can talk to animals. His story is told in weekly installments by a man known as "The Chief," a New York City scout leader, law student, and the impregnator of a woman named Mary Hudson. The Chief is the leader of the Comanche Club and tells the story of the titular character to his eager and adoring troop. Originally published in the New Yorker in 1949, name this one of J.D. Salinger's Nine Stories.;;(The) Laughing Man
;;He is the supreme source of ashe, the spiritual energy of which all things are composed. His pity for the immortal, aged first humans led him to give the gift of death to mankind, but in general he works through intermediaries like Ogun and Yemaya. He sent his daughter Oduduwa to create the earth, and then breathed life into the people created by his son, Obatala; the latter is associated with Our Lady of Mercy. For ten points, name this supreme deity of the Yoruba mythology who is associated with Jehovah and Jesus Christ in Santeria.;;Olorun|Olodumare
;;This city's impressive cathedral has free-standing walls leading off of it that were originally meant as the walls of a new and larger cathedral, the building of which was halted by the Black Death. The city never recovered from the plague and lost prominence to a rival that it had beaten in 1260 at Montaperti. The head of its most famous resident is enshrined in this city, but the remainder is in Rome, the city to which she was instrumental in returning the Papacy. For ten points, name this city in Tuscany whose Piazza del Campo is the site of the Palazzo Publico and an annual horse race called the palio, and whose patron is St. Catherine.;;Siena
;;Maria Jerzita became famous for singing this works most famous soprano aria while lying flat on her back. In the 1990's, Placido Domingo, Caterina Malfitano and Ruggiero Raimondi starred in a production set in the actual locations and times specified in the libretto, those being the Church of St. Andrew in the Valley, the Farnese Palace, and the Mausoleum of Hadrian. The Battle of Marengo is a key plot event, and famous arias include "Vissi d'Arte" and "Recondita Armonia," sung respectively by the title heroine and her lover, Cavaradossi. For ten points, name this opera by Puccini whose heroine stabs Scarpio to death before throwing herself off the Castel Sant'Angelo.;;Tosca
;;Petey misses the titular event because of his chess game, and Meg declares herself the belle of the ball. McCann won't drink Scotch, only Irish whiskey, and peppers his conversation with allusions to the Black and Tans, and Drogheda. Goldberg's first name seems to be Nat, but his wife called him Simey and his father called him Ben. The focus though is on Stanley Webber, an ex-pianist in the middle of a nervous breakdown. For ten points, name this absurdist play, the second work of Harold Pinter.;;(The) Birthday Party
;;This malady proceeds in two stages, and can rarely be triggered by warfarin poisoning. Advanced stage II symptoms of this disease include personality changes, disorientation, delirium, and convulsions. The namesake of this disease performed most his research alongside Dr. George Johnson, and together they found that though jaundice is not usually present in afflicted persons, the liver swells, the kidneys change appearance, and there is severe encephalopathy of the brain. A strong link has been discovered between this disease and the use of aspirin and other salicylates to treat viral infections. For ten points, name this incurable disease generally seen in children.;;Reye's (syndrome)
;;A man known only as "the editor with a big chin" befriends the main character's son, Simon. In part six, known as "the grand march," the narrator tells of the death of Stalin's son, who threw himself against an electric fence. Another main character is attacked by muggers in Cambodia and wakes up to find Marie-Claude, his wife, by his bedside. This character, Franz, dies immediately thereafter, leaving behind a lover named Sabina. The novel's two main characters, Tomas and Tereza, are killed together in a car accident, and much of the novel takes place during the Prague Spring. For ten points, name this famous novel of Milan Kundera.;;(The) Unbearable Lightness of Being
;;This figure was the major force behind the Mount Pelerin society and preferred to refer to himself as an "Old Whig." He did work on neurophysiology and, in 1952, published The Sensory Order. His essay "Why I am not a Conservative" serves as an appendix to The Constitution of Liberty, which preceded such works as 1988's The Fatal Conceit. The author of The Use of Knowledge in Society, The Pure Theory of Capital, and Prices and Production, he is probably best known for a 1944 work that details the tradeoff between socialism and freedom. For ten points, name this author of The Road to Serfdom and winner of the 1974 Nobel Prize for Economics.;;(Friedrich) Hayek
;;Feynman demonstrated that this type of ratchet will slip as often as it moves forward, so the second law of thermodynamics isn't violated by it. The Fokker-Planck  [fow-KAY PLANCK] equation can be used to model the motor of this type, and Monte Carlo methods also help one to describe the events that move it forward. Jan Ingenhousz observed a phenomenon of this type in carbon dust in 1795, but its namesake was investigating particles within the vacuoles of pollen grains when he observed it. For ten points, what is this type of motion explained by Albert Einstein in 1905, the random motion of minute particles immersed in a fluid.;;Brownian (motion)
;;Pilia-Borza is a pimp who aids in the theft of some gold from the main character, and his prostitute is subsequently murdered with the use of a poisoned flower. Katherine displays frequent racial prejudice towards the protagonist and Martin Del Bosco tries to provide military protection for the titular locale, but is instead overcome by Calymath. Machevill is the narrator of the prologue and Don Lodowick is the son of Ferneze, the play's antagonist. Ithamore is a slave who will inherit the estate of the title figure after Abigail converts to Christianity. All of these characters appear in what 1633 play whose title character is Barrabas, a great work of Christopher Marlowe?.;;(The) Jew of Malta
;;In large quantities it is poisonous, and it has been implicated in several cases of infanticide in India. This phenol probably evolved as a deterrent against herbivores, though birds are immune to it. It can be used as a topical anesthetic, but is also the active ingredient in riot control pepper spray. It is highly lipophilic, so some people recommend using butter to counteract its irritant properties. For ten points name this organic compound whose concentration is measured by the Scoville scale, which gives chile peppers their kick.;;capsaicin
;;His stage debut came in "Bach Babies" at age four, and many years later he bought Marilyn Manson his first pack of cigarettes. He studied ballet for several years and in 1989 received rave reviews for his part in See You in the Morning. According to IMDB he was considered for the male lead in Titanic. Wilmer Valderamma played his gay lover in a decent 2003 movie, but that movie, Party Monster, had nothing on 1994's The Pagemaster. Once married to Rachel Miner and currently dating Mila Kunis, he has also recently appeared in Saved. Name this amazing actor best known for playing Kevin McCallister in the Home Alone series.;;(Macauley) Culkin
;;One character in this novel becomes so fascinated by Noemie Nioche, an untalented painter, that he fights a duel to defend her honor. That character dies after that duel, but not before he manages to tell his friend that he should ask a housekeeper named Mrs. Bread to tell him a secret about the family of the woman he loves. That woman is a young widow to whom the protagonist is introduced by Mrs. Tristram, and who ends up becoming a nun. In the end, the secret of the Bellegarde family is destroyed by Christopher Newman. For ten points, name this 1877 novel by Henry James about a wealthy man from a certain nation.;;(The) American
;;After the end of the first of these, an anti-tax proclamation known as the Vyborg Manifesto was issued. The second one only lasted a little more than a month, and its demise coincided with the electoral law of June 16, which hurt minorities and workers. The more conservative third one was also elected in 1907, and featured numerous social reforms planned by Peter Stolypin. For ten points, name this series of popular assemblies that were instituted by Tsar Nicholas II following the revolution of 1905.;;(the) Duma
;;The year before his death, he won a major victory at Berat, after which his chief rival made peace with Venice, forcing him to make a deal with Peter of Aragon. That chief rival had earlier annoyed him by proclaiming himself King of Albania, having used the Treaty of Viterbo to assume Baldwin II's claims against this man's empire. At the Council of Lyon, this man accepted the authority of the Pope, but his nation returned to the Orthodox fold less than a decade later under his son, Andronicus II. For ten points, name this ruler opposed to Charles of Anjou, and who, from 1261 to 1282, ruled the Byzantine Empire as the greatest of the Paleologi.;;Michael VIII
;;The first notable response to this work, which claims that existence belongs to the essence of the composite "existing lion," was written by Johannes Caterus. The author of this work wrote a letter to Father Dinet which contains his response to Pierre Bourdin's commentary, while other objections to this work were written by Antoine Arnauld, Pierre Gassendi, Marin Mersenne, and Thomas Hobbes. This work consists of six parts, which purport to demonstrate the existence of God and the distinction between the human soul and the body. For ten points, name this work by Rene Descartes.;;Meditations (on) (First) (Philosophy)|Meditationes (de) (Prima) (Philosophiae)
;;The like-named sequel to this work involves such characters as Fastidious Brisk, Sordido and his son Fungoso, and the malcontent Macilente. At the end of this work, Justice Clement conducts an investigation that explains everything, and Kitely is reconciled with his wife, as are Cob and Tib. Earlier, a servant named Brainworm disguised himself to help Edward Knowell fend off his father, who doesn't think that young people should fiddle around with poetry. For ten points, name this drama in whose original 1598 production Shakespeare is thought to have acted; a work by Ben Jonson in which each of the characters is designed to exhibit one of a group of four character traits.;;Every Man in His Humour
;;Global warming makes him pleased but sticky, and he wishes the stalwart turtles peace among the Dutch tulips before yelling at his coworker that "Windmills do not work like that!" He learns that even hideous things can be sweet on the inside after eating a plate of ugly food laced with Spargel's secret ingredient, LSD. At the Le Palm d'Orbit, he performs a karaoke rendition of Funkytown, and the inability to remember how to pronounce the letter that looks like the man with a hat causes him to misunderstand his teleprompter. Kittens give him gas, and he is good friends with Richard Nixon, whom he tells that his family is "belligerent and numerous." All humans are vermin the eyes of, for ten points, what green monster, Linda's co-host on Planet Network News in Futurama?.;;Morbo
;;This being lived in ascetic austerity for 60,000 years in order to acquire his powers and, in one version of his myth, he was created by Tvashtri in revenge for the slaying of Trisiras. That version has him meeting his end by way of foam, but a different version has him hoarding all the waters of the world, and only his death brings their release. According to the Mahabharata, he was 4,500 miles tall and 1,500 miles in girth, and had stupefied the King of the Gods with his maya until that king, exhorted by Shiva, slew him and had to do penance before Brahma afterwards. Typically portrayed as either a cosmic dragon or a titan, for ten points, identify this Vedic demon slain by Indra.;;Vritra
;;At the end of this work, the author attacks "the fallacy of all prohibitory, sumptuary, and moral legislation," particularly targeting the temperance movement. Previously, the author makes the assertion that "we can never annihilate a penalty." He argues that the size of the United States makes it an ideal working environment for the unskilled classes and blasts trade unions for restricting the supply of workers. The central argument of this work is that a dollar that is used for charity or welfare is diverted from useful capital, and the worker who would have otherwise been employed using that money is the title character of this work. Beginning with two people, A and B, who "decide what C shall be made to do for D," for ten points, identify this essay by William Graham Sumner, whose title refers to person C, who is not considered by A, B, or D.;;(The) Forgotten Man
;;This person argued against the evils of impressment in the pamphlet The Sailor's Advocate and was court-martialled for incompetence in the campaign against the Young Pretender but was acquitted, as he had been in another court-martial held two years earlier in 1743. He began reaching out to religious groups after having success with some Salzburger Lutherans, and would later attract a number of Moravians, as well as such noted preachers as George Whitefield and Charles and John Wesley. For ten points, name this philanthropist whose interest in penal reform led him to found the colony of Georgia.;;(James) Oglethorpe
;;This author advises that jesters should not be taken into outer space in "Warning," while noting to Marcus Emilius that "you can't move an inch" without "Aborigines sprouting up as if from the earth itself" in "Voices." An exam on the "History of Mankind" appears in "Brueghel's Two Monkeys" which, along with "Notes from a Nonexistent Himalayan Expedition," appears in 1957's Calling Out to Yeti. "Conversation with a Stone" and "The Tower of Babel" appeared in Salt, while The People on the Bridge contains "View with a Grain of Sand." For ten points, name this Polish poet who in 1996 won the Nobel Prize for Literature.;;(Wislawa) Szymborska
;;Beethoven wrote 17 of them: his Seventh, Eighth, and Ninth were gathered in his "Razumovsky" suite. Franck composed one in 1889 in D major using cyclic methods, while Schubert's last was composed in G major. Smetana's Minor one was entitled, "From My Life," while a famous one of Haydn's, entitled "The Seven Last Words of Christ on the Cross," was reworked into this form from a work for orchestra. Borodin wrote only two, but the scherzo and notturno of the second are famous due to their use in "Kismet." Janacek also had two, called "Intimate Letters" and "The Kreutzer Sonata," and Barber's first, in B minor, was the source of his "Adaggio." Also well known are Shostakovich's Eighth and Fifteenth compositions in, for ten points, what musical form, usually written for two violins, a viola, and a cello?.;;string quartets
;;A secondary form of this process was first proposed by Mereschkovsky. Inhibitors of eukaryotic protein synthesis have no effect on structures theorized to have originated through this process, one example of which is the apicoplast, which is so old that it lacks a nucleomorph. Eukaryotic cilia and flagella may have arisen through this process, and the evolution of eukaryotic chloroplasts by this process has produced red and green algae. Developed by Lynn Margulis, for ten points, identify this process, the primary type of which is the engulfing and encorportion of a prokaryote by a eukaryote, which explains the origin of mitochondria.;;endosymbiosis
;;If a Hamiltonian is invariant this, a corollary of Laporte's rule states that nondegenerate eigenstates cannot possess a permanent electric dipole moment. In the theory of radiative transitions, the operator corresponding to it connects only states with opposite values of it, and its non-conservation is a consequence of the dependence of angular distributions of decay products on pseudoscalars, first noted by Wu. Vectors that are odd under this operation are known as polar vectors, while those that are even are called axial vectors. Lee and Yang first predicted the non-conservation of, for ten points, what quantum-mechanical observable, the operator corresponding to which changes a right-handed system into a left-handed one, and vice-versa.;;parity
;;Near the beginning of this novel, the title character casts a horoscope of a newly-born child and learns that its fifth, tenth, and twenty-first years are going to turn out badly. In his fifth year, that child vanishes while out with a revenue officer who, it turns out, was killed by a Dutch smuggler named Dirk Hatteraick. Dirk plotted the kidnapping of the child at the behest of the evil lawyer Gilbert Glossin, before killing him in prison after their plot was foiled by the lovable gypsy Meg Merrilies. For ten points, name this 1815 novel about the Bertram family and the titular colonel, a typically-convoluted work by Sir Walter Scott.;;Guy Mannering
;;In order to create the explosion of blood in the final duel scene of this movie, chocolate syrup was mixed with carbonated water at 30 psi. During the conversation in the beginning, the title character upbraids nine men for siding with the attractive Kikui rather than the horse-faced chamberlain. The title character gives his age as 30 going on 40 and his name translates as "camelia," the white form of which flower is used as a signal to attack the place where the chamberlain is held captive. Disgraced by the downfall of his master and enraged at having his trust abused by the title character, Hanbei Muroto challenges Toshiro Mifune's character to a duel, in which Muroto is killed. Directed by Akira Kurosawa, for ten points, identify this movie about a rogue samurai, the sequel to "Yojimbo.".;;(Tsubaka) Sanjuro
;;In this man's first novel, the protagonist gets angry when his brother Amos offers him money and ends up spanking his niece Etta after dinner. That protagonist, Joseph, ends up asking to be drafted after getting tired of waiting around with his wife Iva for the army to take him. His second novel describes the relationship between Edward Allbee and Asa Leventhal. After Dangling Man and The Victim, this author hit it big with his novel about the adventures of Augie March. For ten points, name this recently-deceased Nobelist who also wrote Herzog.;;(Saul) Bellow
;;The Kronecker-Weber theorem classifies all the possible abelian ones of the rational numbers. A Pythagorean one uses elements of the type "square root of quantity one plus lambda" where lambda is an element of the base set. The degree of one of them over a base is given by the dimension of them as vector spaces over the base set, and cyclotomic ones are obtained by using roots of unity. In seperable ones, each element's minimal polynomial does not have degenerate roots, and for one to be Galois, every irreducible polynomial over the base set that has roots in one of these objects must factor into linear factors in it. Obtained by adjoining elements to a base, for ten points, identify these mathematical objects, the enlargements of commutative division rings.;;field extension
;;This place is the site of the Large Millimeter Array, a telescope for studying the cold radiation of the universe. Mining, much of which is done in the "salar" that cover this region, is its chief industry, and a 2003 "Science" article compared this region's soil to that of Mars. Crossed by the Pan-American Highway, the center of this region houses the village of San Pedro, at an altitude of about 7,000 feet, and the province of Antofagasta is part of this region, whose rich sodium nitrate deposits led to a conflict over this place called the War of the Pacific. Running about 600 miles north-to-south but only 100 east-to-west and considered the driest place on Earth, for ten points, identify this arid Chilean desert.;;Atacama (Desert)
;;This person's namesake parameter is defined as the gravitational acceleration times the square of the density times the cube of the characteristic length, divided by the square of the viscosity and it was introduced in his Discourse on Floating Bodies. Without the displacement current, Maxwell's equations are invariant under his namesake transform and, though he fell-out with Scheiner over a Letter on Sunspots, a work that began as a Dialogue on Tides landed him in much more trouble. For ten points, name this early scientist whose Dialogue on the Two Chief World Systems led to his 1633 trial and banishment by the Inquisition.;;Galileo (Galilei)
;;This artist kept a goat, purportedly to eat bad drawings. 1923's The Blue Room shows this artist reading in bed, while her 1908 The Bath is one of a few works not featuring a recognizable self-portrait. In her 1931 oil painting, Self-Portrait with Bare Breasts, she is in her sixties with cropped hair. She didn't become a painter until her forties, after a stint as an acrobat and a model for artists such as Renoir and Toulouse-Lautrec. For ten points, name this artist of The Cast-off Doll and the mother of artist Maurice Utrillo.;;(Suzanne) Valadon
;;This person is advised to ignore any "reels of rhyme" resulting from his characteristic action, as they result merely from "a shadow / [He's] seeing / That [the rhymer's] chasing." This title character inspires readiness: his hearer is "ready to go anywhere" and "promise[s] to go wandering" "Far from the twisted reach / Of crazy sorrow" The narrator, listening to him, begs, "let me forget about today / Until tomorrow." For ten points, name this musician who, if "[you're] not sleepy / And there is no place [you're] going to," may "play a song for [you]" according to Bob Dylan.;;(Mr(.)) Tambourine Man (note) (that(,)) (as) (this) (is) (on) (the) (character) (and) (not) (the) (work(,)) (an) (exact) (title) (is) (not) (required)
;;This artist wrote works expressing the visions of Petrarch and Bellay, two favorites of his, as part of his Complaints. A letter to him from a G.W. Senior prefaces one of his better works and was probably added by his printer, William Ponsonby, who printed his Fowre Hymnes later. Beginning his career at Cambridge in 1569 as a sizar, for ten points, who was this extremely influential poet of Prothalamion, Amoretti and The Shepheardes Calendar, alleged by Ben Jonson to have died of starvation?.;;(Edmund) Spenser
;;This writer claimed that "[his] heart [was] in a world of crystal in water" "In Abbot Zan's Room," while notable works from his seventh period include "Traveling Again" and "Two Golden Orioles Sing in the Green Willow." Known for his mastery of lu-shih, this author wondered at the irony of life in "Many People Come to Visit and Bring Wine After I Fell Off My Horse." He is probably best known for his "Song of the Wagons," from his first period, and for the Autumn Meditations of his second-to-last. For ten points, name this high T'ang poet; an arch-Confucian and friend of Li Po.;;Tu Fu
;;Chapter V of this person's autobiography relates how, shortly after co-founding the Westminster Review, he lost the capacity for feeling until rediscovering emotion in Wordsworth. His late The Contest in America discusses the outcome of the Civil War, while his criticisms of a new philosophical system can be seen in Auguste Comte and Positivism. Though his magnum opus is A System of Logic, this philosopher's shorter tracts are more widely read today. For ten points, name the author of Essays on Some Unsettled Questions of Political Economy, The Subjection of Women, Utilitarianism, and On Liberty.;;John Stuart Mill
;;This establisher of the International Peace Bureau graduated from National in 1873 in spite of having already received honorary masters from Syracuse. A staunch campaigner for the Arnell bill, the ruling of Nott in an ex parte case In re this person stated that she was "without legal capacity to take the office of attorney." For ten points, name this social reformer who ran for President on the National Equal Rights ticket in 1884 and 1888 and who, after some tribulation, became the first woman to argue before the US Supreme Court.;;(Belva) (Ann) (Bennett) Lockwood
;;The second part of this work is divided into three sub-sections, one for each major member of the main family, and in the course of the second part is revealed the story of Richard, who killed himself after being victimized by racist police and who is the protagonist's true father. That protagonist has a younger brother whose name is similar to that of his bastard step half-bother; these are Roy and Royal, respectively. Set mostly in the Temple of the Fire of the Saved, it is a modern retelling of the story of Ham notable for its use of flashbacks and with Gabriel Grimes in the place of Noah. For ten points, name this 1953 novel about the great migration: a work concerning John Grimes and the first novel of James Baldwin.;;Go Tell It on the Mountain
;;First proposed in 1965 in Experimental Research, this notion was popularized with its discoverer's 1994 book on How and Why the phenomenon it explains occurs. Noted during research on WI-38, which its namesake also created, this statement about senescence was later discovered to be explicable by telomeres, so cells containing telomerase can violate it. Proposed by and named for a Stanford researcher, it is observed in normal human diploid cells in vitro and in some protozoans and caps theoretical human lifetime at around 125 years. For ten points, what is this term for the number of times a cell can divide and remain reproductive?.;;Hayflick limit
;;He put down the Cordova rebellion while serving one of two non-consecutive terms as President of a nation that he helped found. The founder of Wigwam Neosho, he was removed from a gubernatorial position in 1861 in spite of aid from his central government. In addition to two non-consecutive terms as Governor, he served the same state as US Senator for 13 years. For ten points, identify this man whose political career also included two terms in the US House and one term as Governor of Tennessee, in addition to his Texas service.;;(Sam) Houston
;;Gruffyd's work of the sixteenth century is a classic life of this figure, who is mentioned as a bard in Idylls of the King. Alleged to have died in the Battle of Camlann, this writer is claimed as the son of Saint Henwg of Llanhennock. Much of his work praises his lord Urien Rheged, who may be the Maelgwn whose death this poet is said to have prophesized. For ten points, name this Welsh bard who later lent his name to two Frank Lloyd Wright residences.;;Taliesin
;;For centuries, its precise location was unclear, so a monument to this event was erected near Detmold, some 50 kilometers from the actual site. The victorious leader was able to unite the previously warring Chatti and Bructeri lie in wait for his foes, who supposed him their ally and who had trained him while he was a hostage. Upon learning of the loss, Augustus was said to have shouted "Quintilius Varus, give me back my legions!" For ten points, name this 9 CE battle which established the limits of the Roman Empire at the Rhine after the forces of Arminius completely annihilated a Roman army of over 20,000 troops.;;Teutoburg Forest|Teutoburgerwald
;;Around his neck are a garland and the Kaustubha. On his chest are the footprints of the sage Bhrigu and the srivatsa mark, a gift from a lover. He wears a crown and two earrings: in his lower left hand, he holds Kaumodaki; in his lower right hand a conch shell; in his upper right hand the chakra, a sharp discus-like weapon; and in the upper left hand a lotus flower. For ten points, name this blue-skinned member of the trimurti; the Hindu preserver.;;Vishnu
;;It was designed to integrate the variety and diversity of scattered private homes with the economics and density of a modern apartment building. Individual apartments consist of prefabricated modular boxes, which interlock in a zigzagging concrete framework to define the space. A condominium association bought out this complex in 1985 and it is located on Quai Marc-Drouin near the St. Lawrence River. For ten points, name this structure designed by Moshe Safdie for the 1967 Montreal Expo.;;Habitat ('67)
;;Otto Loewi and Erwin Schrodinger taught at this city's University until 1938. Located on the Mur River between the Alps and the Grazenfeld, its name comes from a Slavic word meaning "small fortress." By the 14th century it became the capital of Styria; it remains the chief city of Steiermark to this day. For ten points, name this city, the birthplace of Arnold Schwarzenegger and the second largest city in Austria.;;Graz
;;Important studies of this phenomenon were conducted by Eliot and Devine in 1994 and Harmon-Jones in 1996. Steele's self-affirmation hypothesis is one explanation for it, while Bem's theory of self-perception purports to better explain the data underpinning it, especially in individualistic cultures. Originally noticed in Carlsmith's 1959 pegboard experiment, it was named in by Leon Festinger who is considered its formulator. For ten points, give the two-word phrase from psychology that denotes an apparent incongruity between the beliefs and behaviors of a person and the unease that results there from.;;cognitive dissonance
;;This person served in the U.S. Congress from 1892 to 1906, where he championed Native American rights to self-government with his namesake act of 1898. He was a Senator from 1907 to 1913 and again from 1915 to 1929, during which time he became the first proposer of the Equal Rights Amendment along with Daniel Anthony, a fellow Kansan. After an unsuccessful bid for the Republican Presidential nomination, he was Herbert Hoover's running mate in 1928. For ten points, name this U.S. Vice-President.;;(Charles) Curtis
;;This writer's recently published The Penolopiad retells The Odyssey from Penelope's point of view. Her poetry has been collected in the volumes Morning in the Burned House and The Journals of Susanna Moodie, while complications of short fiction include Dancing Girls, Bluebeard's Egg and Wilderness Tips. She has also edited several volumes of poetry and short stories and written children's books, including Princess Prunella and the Purple Peanut. Recent novels include Oryx and Crake, Alias Grace, and Surfacing. For ten points, name this author of The Blind Assassin and The Handmaid's Tale.;;(Margaret) Atwood
;;With his student George Volkoff, he wrote a 1939 paper showing that no stable neutron star can exist above an upper mass limit. In 1986, David published an important history of his life and Lawrence's, and it was he who conclusively demonstrated that the proton does not correspond to a negative energy state of the Dirac equation. He directed the Institute for Advanced Study at Princeton from 1947 to 1966 and was awarded the Enrico Fermi Prize in 1963. For ten points, name this first director of Los Alamos National Laboratory and leader of the Manhattan Project.;;(Julius) (Robert) Oppenheimer
;;Although he was prolific, writing more than 80 plays, he won prizes only four times. Shortly before his death at the court of King Archelaus of Macedonia in 405 B.C., he wrote his last extant play, The Bacchants. He was lampooned in the Aristophanes comedies The Clouds and Thesmophoriazusai. For ten points, name this author of Alcestis, Medea, Hippolytus and The Trojan Women.;;Euripides
;;George S. Stokes named it after a mineral which exhibits this phenomenon. Stokes also discovered that this effect can be induced in certain substances by ultraviolet light and he formulated a law (later found to have exceptions) stating that the wavelength of the resulting light is greater than the exciting radiation. For ten points, what is this type of luminescence in which visible light is emitted from a substance under stimulation by other types of electromagnetic radiation?.;;fluorescence
;;Instituted by Louis XIV in 1666, it is awarded annually by competitive examination open to all French painters, sculptors, architects, engravers and musicians between the age of 15 and 30. It enables talented artists to complete their classical art education, entitling the winner to four years of study at the Academie de France a Rome. For ten points, what is this prestigious artistic prize?.;;(Grand) Prix de Rome
;;Originating in the third century B. C., it refers to groups of households clustered into larger groups, often 10 groups of 100 families, each collectively responsible for the behavior of its members. The mindset it reflected led to friction between China and European powers when the Chinese insisted on the punishment of any sailor, not necessarily the one responsible for an offense. For ten points, what is this called?.;;baojia|pao(-)chia|bao gia
;;Rachel asks a protagonist of this novel to leave the school because he's having an affair with Sarah, whom her brother had thrusted upon him by locking her door. That brother, Armand Vedel, discovers a letter from Egypt that relates Vincent's murder of Lady Griffith while editing the journal of Comte de Passavant, a notorious libertine. After taking the money and reading the journal from Edouard's bag by using the check ticket left behind, Bernard Profitendieu becomes the writer's secretary and travels with him and Laura Douviers to Switzerland. A real bullet is substituted for a blank in the gun Boris uses to shoot himself in class, causing George Molinier to abandon illegal activities. For ten points, name this Andre Gide novel including kids who forge coins.;;(Les) faux(-)monnayeurs(;)|(The) Counterfeiters
;;This city's so-called Slave island contains the temple to Skanda on Kew street, and is surrounded by Lake Beira. To the north is the commercial center known as the Fort, next to which is the shopping district of Pettah quarters. Also home to the Pasteur institute, the Cinnamon gardens, and the Sri Jayewardenepura Kotte, the seat of the parliament, it lies on the Kelani river, and faces the Gulf of Mannar, where Arthur C. Clarke likes to scuba-dive. Birthplace of Michael Ondaatje, for ten points, name this city lying south of the Polk strait and southeast of India, the capital of Sri Lanka.;;Colombo
;;Conspiracy theories attribute this term to the apparent suicide of the last non-Communist in the National Front government; a 2004 investigation ruled the death murder and called it the third of this name. The first of this name resulted in seven deaths by impalement on pikes, and King Wenceslas IV supposedly had a heart attack after learning of it. The best known one resulted in the replacement of Ferdinand II and saw Wilhelm Graf Slavata and the count of Martinicz falling into a pile of manure before running to the Catholic officials. For ten points, give the common name of these events in which angry Czechs threw people out windows.;;defenestration (of) Prague
;;The giantess Eriphilia appears riding on a wolf in canto 7 of this work, only to be slain by the protagonist. He escapes using a ring provided by Melissa, and rides off to Ebuda, where a maiden is chained to a rock after escaping from Sacripant, king of Circassia. After his brother Cloridan is killed by Zerbino of Scotland, Medoro is nursed back to health and taken to Cathay, leaving only his lover's bracelet behind. Mourning over the death of Zerbino in the hands of Mandricardo, Isabella is killed by the drunk Rodomonte of Algiers, who, consumed by regret, challenges passers-by at a bridge. Astolfo retrieves the sensibility of the titular hero, while Ruggiero ends up with Bradamante. For ten points, name this epic by Ariosto about a knight crazy for Angelica.;;Orlando Furioso
;;Four consecutive rulers of this empire, Igigi, Nanum, Imi, and Elulu ruled for a combined total of three years, before Dudu and Shudurul brought some semblance of stability to the weakened empire. Among the more successful rulers of this empire were Manishtushu, who assumed the throne after a clay tablet did in his brother, and Naram-Sin, who assumed the title of "king of the four quarters of the earth" and demanded that his name be prefixed by the sign for God. Legends say that its founder was the abandoned son of a temple prostitute who rose to become a cupbearer to the king of Kish. For ten points, identify this first empire in the Middle East, founded in 2350 BC by Sargon.;;Akkadian (empire)
;;He tells of 9 individuals affected by one man in The Crystal Frontier and translated his affair with actress Jean Seberg into Diana, the Goddess Who Hunts Alone. Author of a play about La Malinche, an agent of Hernan Cortes, titled All Cats Are Gray, he wrote novels like Distant Relations and The Hydra Head, and stories collected in The Orange Tree and Constancia and Other Stories for Virgins. Son of a diplomat and then part of the ILO delegation to Geneva, he used flashbacks and cinematic monologues in Where the Air Is Clear and narrated the building of the Escorial in Terra nostra. For ten points, name this Mexican author of The Masked Days, Aura, and The Death of Artemio Cruz.;;(Carlos) Fuentes
;;John Koza advocated agent representations for them that are limited by representation language syntax. A special case of reinforcement learning in which reinforcements are used to increase the proportion of successful functions, they were originated in a 1958 paper in the IBM Journal by R. M. Friedberg, who was trying to change small FORTRAN programs. Individuals are classically represented in terms of strings over an alphabet, and a fitness function is applied before the population is subjected to random cross-overs and mutations. Described in John Holland's Adaptation in Natural and Artificial Systems, for ten points, name this paradigm of algorithms inspired by evolution.;;genetic (algorithms)
;;He translated the writings of Paesanias and wrote on Condorcet on the Progress of the Human Mind. He wrote his thesis on The Growth of Plato's Ideal Theory and studied law at Middle Temple, and later published an "Aftermath" to his most famous work in 1937. Author of Creation and Evolution in Primitive Cosmogonies and Folk-Lore in the Old Testament, he believed that old kings were overthrown throughout history because the vitality of kings were correlated with the prosperity of the land. For ten points, name this author of Totemism and Exogamy who chronicled scientific, religious, and magical forms of thinking in his The Golden Bough, a Scottish anthropologist.;;(James) (George) Frazer
;;According to Giulio Carlo Argan, the ground in this painting represents the curve of the earth and the sky portrays interstellar space. The thickness of colors had been varied during its completion, creating spots of white in the canvas. Commissioned by Sergei Shchukin, who decided to defy bourgeois taste and hang it above his staircase, it centers around two hands that fail to join, creating tensions among the orange figures. A similar scene is found in the center of the same painter's The Joy of Life. For ten points, name this painting of 5 female nudes engaged in the titular activity, by Henri Matisse.;;(La) Danse|(The) Dance
;;Candidates who ran for but did not get their party's nomination included Simon Cameron, James Guthrie, and Daniel Dickinson, while the incumbent president did not bother seeking reelection. The eventful winner won his party's nomination when his campaign managers promised cabinet posts to Indiana and Pennsylvania delegates, and vice-presidential candidates Herschel Johnson, Joseph Lane, and Edward Everett each failed to carry his home state. For ten points, give the year of this election which saw John Bell, John Breckenridge, and Stephen Douglas all lose to Abraham Lincoln.;;1860
;;They can occur due to deamination of cytosine or because bases have both a common and a rare tautomer. They can be classified as transitions or transversion depending on the similarity of the new base to the old one. It is debatable whether frame-shift belongs to this category, but silent and missense definitely do, and the first discovered one was the substitution of glutamic acid for valine in sickle-cell anemics. For ten points, identify this type of mutation that results from the addition, subtraction, or substitution of only one nucleotide base.;;point (mutations)
;;When he came to Jerusalem, Hushai the Archite called him king, then advised him not to pursue into the Fords of the Wilderness and betrayed him by sending Zadok and Abiathar with a message for an old friend. His Gilonite counsellor told him to have sex with his father's ten concubines in a tent on the roof for all of Israel to see. In battle against Abishai and Ittai at the forest of Ephron, he was caught in the boughs of an oak and killed by Joab, against the wishes of his father. Avenger of the rape of Tamar, for ten points, name this rebellious son of David advised by Ahithophel.;;Absalom
;;In the outcome of these, Robert Thompson was sentenced to three years in prison, but was murdered by a group of Yugoslavians before he could finish his sentence. All other defendants were found guilty and sentenced to five years in prison and fined $10,000; every defense attorney were found in contempt of court and also served prison time. The Supreme Court upheld the convictions with only Hugo Black and William O. Douglas dissenting in Dennis v. US. Ironically, all eleven defendants belonged to a party that initially supported trying people for violating the Alien Registration Act. For ten points, identify this set of trials in 1948 and 1949 named for the anti-sedition portion of the act eleven members of the Communist Party were found guilty of violating by allegedly discussing the violent overthrow of the government.;;Smith (Act) (trials)
;;He quarreled over an exotic dancer on the opening of his Club Basha, and taught Bob Wilber while recording "Really the Blues" with Tommy Ladnier and Mezz Mezzrow. He wrote a ballet while in Paris, appeared at the Brussels World's Fair, and once toured with Will Marion Cook's Southern Syncopated Orchestra in London. Promptly deported, he returned to the States to record "Texas Moaner Blues" with Louis Armstrong and "Shag" with the New Orleans Feetwarmers. Switching from clarinet to soprano sax, for ten points, name this jazz musician who toured with Noble Sissle and Josephine Baker, famous for rendering "Summertime," "Dear Old Southland," "Love for Sale," and "Wild Cat Blues.".;;(Sidney) (Joseph) Bechet
;;A plot of current from this phenomenon against potential difference yields curves at different intensities that converge to a stopping potential at some negative applied voltage, measuring the energy of the fastest electron. Since no detectable time lag has ever been measured and the kinetic energy is independent of light intensity, the explanation for this effect must rely on a characteristic cutoff frequency, the product of which with Planck's constant equals the work function, the minimum energy needed by an electron to escape the forces that bind it to a metal surface. For ten points, name this effect in which shining light on a metal facilitates the ejection of electrons from its surface.;;photoelectric (effect)
;;It argues that composite entities are unstable, while atomic entities like the soul are consistent and unchanging. When one of the disciples objects that the harmony of a lyre would likewise survive the instrument, Socrates points out that harmony can occur in degrees, whereas the soul acts as an ideal governor. Anaxagoras' physical causation theories were only partial explanations, for the soul acts as an opposite to the body to render it alive. Cebes points out that knowledge as recollection also points to the return of life after death, while Simmias listens closely to Socrates' lecture on forms. For ten points, name this Platonic dialogue in which Socrates takes hemlock.;;Phaedo
;;The protagonist of this play prays for "the serenity to accept things [he] cannot change and the courage to change the things [he] can," and soon celebrates his first birthday with Elmo Huston and Ed Anderson. Mrs. Coffman relates the message that Marie has married Bruce, even though she flirted with trackstar Turk Fisher, causing the protagonist, who treats his tenant Marie Buckholder like a daughter, to go back to his pre-AA ways. Lola dreams of the youth she can't let go, while her husband Doc Delaney never got an M. D. because he had to provide for her, and started drinking. For ten points, name this William Inge play about Lola's wish for the return of her dog.;;Come Back(,) Little Sheba
;;It deposed Sigebert in favor of Cynewulf, and gave Mercia and Northumbria to Harold Harefoot when Hardecanute chose to remain in Denmark. Each had authority to levy taxes and raise armies until their subjugation by Egbert under the banner of Wessex. Eventually becoming the curia regis, it assembled bishops, chieftains, and aldermen, and was called by Leofric to mediate the dispute between Earl Godwine and Edward the Confessor. The supreme court of the land, it was succeeded by the commune concilium. For ten points, name this meeting of the wise men of Anglo-Saxon England that elected Harold II.;;witenagemot(;)|witan
;;He helped the favorite subject of Toulouse-Lautrec explore the French chanson, and used Yvette Guilbert's material for one of his most famous works, later orchestrated by Debussy at the suggestion of Gustave Doret. He wrote Socrate for 4 sopranos and orchestra, based on Plato's dialogues, as well as the ballets Mercure and Parade. A student of Roussel & d'Indy, for ten points, name this composer of "Automatic Descriptions," "Things Seen from Right to Left," "Flabby Preludes for a Dog," "Three Pieces in the Shape of a Pear," and the 3-piece "Gymnopedies.".;;(Erik) Satie
;;Methods for detecting it include its namesake repeat amplification protocol and an assay using PharMingen. Containing a p123/Est2p polymerase domain, it is generally only found in cellular germplasm, unicellular eukaryotes, and some cancer cells. In 1998, a research group under Bodner transfected genes for it into human cells. In mammals, it provides an AAUCCC template to guide the insertion of TTAGGG. A ribonucleoprotein, this reverse transcriptase is used to solve the end-replication problem in organisms with linear DNA. For 10 points, name this enzyme that adds repeat sequences to the 3' ["three-prime"] end of DNA strands.;;telomerase
;;This film's original negatives were accidentally destroyed, but it was reconstructed in 1959 by Jean Gaborit and Jacques Durand. The dismalness of Schumacher results from his humorously poor attempts at shooting the former poacher Marceau due to the former's cuckolding by the latter, as Marceau keeps fooling around with Lisette, the chambermaid of the central female. That female's husband Robert is trying to stop an affair with Genevieve de Marras, while the aviator Andre Jurieux tries to convince Christine de la Chesnaye to run away with him. Including a famous hunting scene in which birds are killed, for ten points, name this film satirizing 1930s French society, a work of Jean Renoir.;;(The) Rules of the Game|La regle du jeu
;;The Fleming-Tamao variety uses potassium fluoride and hydrogen peroxide as catalysts, while the Dess-Martin one is performed in dichloromethane. The Corey-Kim and Swern ones usually result in aldehydes and ketones, and the Baeyer-Villiger kind produces esters in low yield. Jones' reagent, chromium trioxide, is used to accomplish it, as is PCC, although the latter will prevent an alcohol from going all the way to a carboxylic acid. Also seen in half-reactions like the formation of a cation from a neutral atom, for 10 points, name this process in which a species loses electrons.;;oxidation
;;The winning side's leader observed the battle from a church at Abba Garima, while the losing side's leader based his attack strategy on seeing smoke around Mount Eshasho. Dabormida's brigade fought the left wing of the winners in the valley of Miriam Shavitu, located in Tigray. Ultimately, Oreste Baratieri was blamed for the loss here, and declared unfit for command, while Ras Makonnen achieved a smashing victory. Causing the Treaty of Addis Ababa among other things, for ten points, name this decisive and humiliating 1896 defeat of the Italians, which resulted in the independence of Ethiopia.;;(Battle) (of) Adowa
;;This author said that mankind was approaching cannibalism, and that man should emulate the eating habits of Pythagoras. He discussed the importance of money in a story about Calvinus, and analyzed sacrifice in the case of a man named Catullus, who threw his treasures overboard to escape from a storm. He illustrated his extensive misogyny in a long work about women, and assured Naevolus, a male prostitute, that there would always be work for him. Famous for claiming that "bread and circuses" would pacify city dwellers, he bitterly attacked the reign of Domitian and also asserted that one needed mens sana in corpore sano, or "a sound mind in a sound body." For ten points, name this ancient Roman total jerk, the creator of sixteen famous satires.;;Juvenal
;;Its author described it to his parents as "[his] little work of art." This work argues that the groups of the subtitle are dominated by a "managerial demiurge," an "uneasy interlocking" of power at the top of the managerial hierarchy. Thus, those fitting the title description are rendered incapable of truly independent judgment by an intermingling of routinized labor and bureaucratic centralization, which leads to their alienation, increased unemployment, and subsequent decline. For ten points, name this sociological classic focusing on "The American Middle Classes," written by C. Wright Mills.;;White Collar(:) (The) (American) (Middle) (Classes)
;;Comic #5 claims that it ceases to work one day out of every decade, and a verse from the Book of Mudora indicates that "[its] might makes mortal dreams come true." Created by Din, Nayru, and Farore, it resides completely within the Sacred Realm or Golden Land in most stories. One of its portions was once divided into eight parts and hidden, and it was eventually revealed to be constructed of parts symbolizing Power, Wisdom, and Courage, each represented in golden triangles. For ten points, name this three-part object, parts of which are frequently desired by Ganondorf in the Legend of Zelda series.;;Triforce
;;Supposedly the inspiration for Charles Nodier's fantasy story Smarra, one version of it is included in Erasmus' poem The Botanic Garden, while another currently resides in the Detroit Institute of Arts. That version includes a table on the left-hand side and more vivid colors than the first, which featured more pale blues and whites. More easily seen in the first version are the ghostly eyes of a horse looking to the left side, although the second one more prominently features the pupils of the impish figure who sits on the chest of the central female and stares eerily at the viewer. For ten points, name this John Henry Fuseli painting, which was intended to depict a really bad dream.;;(The) Nightmare
;;Five of this drama's eight original characters are alive at the end, including Panope, a servant who acts as a messenger. The tutor Theramenes comments that "love comes to all men; Venus wills it" upon discovering one character's love for the prisoner Aricia, the daughter of the former king of Athens. The central event in its plot is perpetrated by the nurse Oenone, who claims that the title character has been raped. That title character's attempt to put her own sons on the throne drives much of the plot, and her jealous love leads her husband Theseus to curse his innocent son Hippolytus. For ten points, name this drama centering on a bitch daughter of Minos and Pasiphae, written by Jean Racine.;;Phaedra|Phedre
;;It resulted in Ashley Cooper's fleeing of the continent, but Russell Martin claims its pretext is so flimsy that it was actually a setup to get rid of political opponents. Failing due to a fire at Newmarket, it was supposed to enact events at Hertfordshire, the location of Richard Rumbold's estate. Algernon Sidney and William Russell were executed for treason in the aftermath of this event, which occurred largely because radical members of the Whig party desired to place the Duke of Monmouth on the throne instead of the king's brother. For ten points, name this 1683 scheme to assassinate Charles II and the future James II.;;Ryehouse (Plot)
;;A major influence on Ruwet's paradigmatic analysis, this man's dialogues with Krystyna Pomorska provides insight into much of his work in semiotics. His model of the functions of language incorporates Malinowski's work and Buhler's tripartite system into a theory of functional communication dependent on six constituent parts: referential, poetic, emotive, conative, phatic, and metalingual. A major influence upon Claude Levi-Strauss' structuralism while at the New School for Social Research, his theories are best summarized in his Lectures on Sound and Meaning and his Linguistics and Poetics: Closing Statement. For ten points, name this perhaps foremost member of the Prague School.;;(Roman) Jakobson
;;He parodied classical tradition in his Fragment of a Greek Tragedy, and there is evidence of homosexual leanings in De Amicitia. Often using as a theme fleeting nature of youth, he frequently wrote of Ludlow, where he is buried. An important classical scholar, he edited translations of Juvenal and Lucan and taught at Cambridge for several years. But he remains best-known for poems, in one of which the speaker describes an old man telling him to not give his heart away, and another in which he tells a certain Roman poet that he eats his victuals fast enough. For ten points, name this British poet, the creator of "When I was one-and-twenty" and "Terence, this is stupid stuff".;;(Alfred) (Edward) Housman
;;Because its interior is depleted of hydrogen, it now runs on the fusion of helium into carbon. It is separated from its red dwarf B companion by about 607 astronomical units, and this irregular variable star's surface temperature of approximately 4000 Kelvin gives it a distinct orange color. Located about 65.1 light-years from the sun, it is of spectral class K5+III. Literally translating from the Arabic for "the follower" due to its proximity to the Pleiades, and also making the eye of a certain animal, for ten points, name this thirteenth brightest star in the sky, the alpha star of the constellation Taurus.;;Aldebaran
;;The first person in New England to be cremated, she was the first woman from Massachusetts to earn a college degree, doing so at Oberlin. A copy of one of her speeches induced J.S. Mill to write The Enfranchisement of Women, and also convinced Susan B. Anthony of the importance of women's rights. The wife of Henry Blackwell, she founded the American Woman Suffrage Association, and organized the first national women's rights convention in Worcester, Massachusetts, two years after Seneca Falls. For ten points, name this early crusader for women's rights, perhaps most famous as the first woman in American history to keep her last name after marriage.;;(Lucy) (Blackwell) Stone
;;Strengthened by the previous New Cultural Movement, it resulted in the burning of Cao Rulin's house. Chen Duxiu [doo-ZHU] and Li Dazhao led the more militant faction, while Hu Shih is more associated with its liberal faction. The suppression efforts of the Northern Warlords government triggered further resistance, although it had only begun from protests over the Twenty-One Demands and the lands that Japan would receive in the Treaty of Versailles. For ten points, name this largely intellectual 1919 movement which helped in large part to give rise to communism in China, named for the date on which it began.;;May Fourth (movement)
;;It contains seeds of all kinds of life, and it was created by the sons of the dark elf Ilvadi. Considered to be a gift from either Aegir or Loki, it was commissioned of duergar-make [DUH-WHERE-gahr-MAH-kay], and can fit all of the Aesir and their mounts. Given to its owner along with Gullinbursti, it is capable of traveling by land, sea, or through the air, and it was wrought so effectively that it can be folded up and fitted into its owner's side pocket. Used to transport the god Frey, for ten points, name this item whose name translates as "wooden-bladed", the world's greatest ship in Norse myth.;;Skidbladnir
;;This novel distinguishes between "false unity" of the police in rows and "true unity" of the youth in circles, and it begins with an analysis of the cap on Klement Gottwald's head. Also including comments on Beethoven's musical variations, it follows characters like Jan and the waitress Tamina, who yearn for self-discovery, and Marketa and Karel, who have to deal with the amoral Eva. One story in it is about Mirek, who wants to retrieve letters from his former mistress Zdena because he is ashamed of her ugliness, and ultimately all seven stories are tied together by descriptions of "a wobbly, breathy sound from the vocal register" and the "struggle of memory," its two title entities. For ten points, name this 1978 novel, the first to bring acclaim to Milan Kundera.;;(The) Book of Laughter and Forgetting
;;This scientist was among the first to enunciate the principle of the conservation of energy, and did so while studying muscle metabolism. The creator of both the ophthalmoscope and the ophthalmometer, his work in physiological optics allowed him to refute Kant's theory of space, and he also extended Young's trichromatic theory of color vision. His namesake resonator is used to show the heights of various musical tones, and he was the first to theorize the existence of electromagnetic radiation from Maxwell's equations. For ten points, name this German physicist, whose namesake coils are useful for expelling the Earth's magnetic field from a region.;;(Hermann) (von) Helmholtz
;;The desertion of Novgorod by Casimir IV allowed this ruler to subjugate it, and under his reign, a new law code was compiled by Vladimir Gusev. Later in his reign, he married the daughter of Thomas Palaeologus, Sophia, who caused the double-headed eagle to be adopted by the court of Moscow. Adopting the pretentious title "Grand Duke of All Russias", he also built the Kremlin. Notable for refusing to pay tributes to and helping to reduce the size of the various Khanate Hordes, he was succeeded by his son Vasily II. For ten points, name this man who ruled Russia from 1462 to 1505, the grandfather and numerical predecessor of Ivan the Terrible.;;Ivan III|Ivan (the) Great
;;This author of the essay series "The Rainbow" gave a four-hour speech as a prosecutor at Aaron Burr's treason trial. In his biography of Patrick Henry, he is believed to have invented most of the "give me liberty" speech, and he also delivered the Congressional eulogy for John Adams and Thomas Jefferson and argued before the Supreme Court in such cases as McCulloch v. Maryland and Cherokee Nation v. Georgia. After serving as Attorney General under Monroe and Quincy Adams, he joined a reformist movement and carried only Vermont as the first ever candidate selected by a nominating convention. For ten points, name this only presidential candidate of the Anti-Masonic Party.;;(William) Wirt
;;The Al ash Shaykh are the direct descendants of this man, whose gave soldiers spreading his doctrines written certificates demanding admittance to heaven. Followers of his Book of Unity oppose "bid'ah" or innovation, which he applied to such practices as saint-worship and tobacco-smoking. His virulent attacks on the "shirk" of Sufis led to his expulsion from Uyaynah, whence he sought refuge in the Ad-Dir'iyah, capital of the Najd domains of Ibn Saud. For ten points, name this founder of the established denomination of Saudi Arabia, who sought to return to early Islamic practice.;;(Muhammad) (ibn) (Abd) al(-)Wahhab
;;It was filmed by Mikhail Romm as Pyshka and Kenji Mizoguchi as Oyuka the Virgin after first appearing in the anthology Medan Soirees. One character is the "terror of all respectable people" who "for twenty years had soaked his great read beard in the bocks of all the democratic cafes." Accompanying him are two nuns, the aristocrat Hubert de Breville, the politician and cotton salesman Carre-Lamadon, and the wine salesman Loiseau. On a journey to Le Havre by way of Dieppe, the group is stopped at Totes and a demand is issued to Elisabeth Rousset. For ten points, name this story in which the title prostitute is forced to sleep with a Prussian officer, written by Guy de Maupassant.;;Ball of Fat|Boule de suif
;;He created the artificial language that became Interlingua and was the first to describe vector spaces algebraically. His discovery of a continuous mapping of a line onto every point of a square, his namesake space-filling curve, caused him to realize the counterintuitive nature of mathematics. To avoid future errors, he made a set of statements centered around the concept of "successors" which claimed that a set containing zero and the successor of every number in the set contains every number. For ten points, name this Italian who defined the natural numbers with his namesake axioms.;;(Giuseppe) Peano
;;Britain threatened war if this treaty was not negotiated, following unexpected successes at Pleven and Edirne. It included the extension of certain borders to the Vardar and Morava valleys and trading of the Dobrudja for Bessarabia. In addition to reshaping Romania and establishing a large Bulgaria, it recognized the independence of Serbia and Montenegro and the autonomy of Bosnia. Alarmed by the upset to the balance of power, Andrassy and Bismark called for modification of it at the Congress of Berlin. For ten points, name this 1878 treaty ending a war between Russia and the Ottoman Empire.;;(Treaty) (of) San Stefano
;;The end of the dissent invokes James Buchanan's erroneous expectations about slavery, decrying the "imposition of a rigid national rule" and calling for a democratic solution. The majority is a rare three-author opinion, while the dissent asserts legitimate interest in "fully informed consent" and argues that the Webster ruling should have stood. It upheld the "undue burden" test, finding that waiting periods and parental consent requirements were acceptable, but husband notification was not, thus allowing most of the Pennsylvania Abortion Control Act. For ten points, name this 1992 case that upheld Roe v. Wade.;;Planned Parenthood (Of) (Southeastern) (Pennsylvania(,)) (Et) (Al) (v(.)) (Casey(,)) (Governor) (Of) (Pennsylvania(,)) (Et) (Al)|Casey(,) (Governor) (Of) (Pennsylvania(,)) (Et) (Al) (v(.)) (Planned) (Parenthood) (Of) (Southeastern) (Pennsylvania(,)) (Et) (Al)
;;This piece was forgotten after its first performance and only became popular after being rescued from a drawer as a favor to Toscanini, who had abandoned the original attempt to perform it by throwing his baton at a heckler and ending the program early. The passing of a herd of cattle is depicted near the beginning, while the second movement begins with a loud horn blast and conceives of a dance in one of the title objects and the final movement concludes the one-day timeframe with a sunset at the Villa Medici. For ten points, name this Otto Respighi work that also depicts the Valle Giulia, Triton, and Trevi.;;(The) Fountains of Rome|Fontane di Roma
;;It was first published in the collection "In Hospital," written while the poet was seeking out Joseph Lister's help in saving the leg above his amputated foot. Despite an assertion of afterlife in the final verse, the speaker agnostically thanks "whatever gods may be" during a night that is "Black as the Pit from pole to pole." Vowing not to fear "the menace of the years" or the "fell clutch of circumstance," this poem instead presents the image of a head "bloody, but unbowed." For ten points, name this William Ernest Henley poem which concludes "I am the master of my fate/I am the captain of my soul.".;;Invictus
;;After Hera transformed Galinthias into a weasel, this goddess adopted the unfortunate maiden as her servant. She herself was held responsible for transforming Pharmakis into a polecat, and her other adventures with animals included receiving sacrifices of dogs. Borrowed from the Carians, she is spoken of by Hesiod as the daughter of Asteria and Perses who gives wealth and ordinary pleasures, and she is usually described as integral to the search for Persephone. Pillars named for her warded off spirits at doorways and crossroads, where she was depicted in tripartite form. For ten points, name this goddess interpreted in classical times as presiding over magic.;;Hecate
;;Subjects covered in these poems include the death of the king Daphnis, the author's contemporary Gallus and recent expropriations. A notable member of this series declares that "the majestic roll/Of circling centuries begins anew" as the subject "free(s) the earth from never-ceasing fear." The poet looks forward to the day when he can "out-sing" Linus and Orpheus about a figure who will be carried in the womb for an extra month, a "golden child" taken as symbolic of Christ by medieval commentators. For ten point, name this series of ten pastoral poems inspired by the work of Theocritus, written by Vergil.;;Eclogues|Bucolics
;;They can be collected by the "roll tube" or "glove box" methods, or with the aid of a catalyst of palladium-coated alumina particles, found on the lid of a namesake "jar." The best-understood infectious mechanism associated with one of these is that of the clostridia. The obligate kind lacks the catalase, peroxidase, and critical dismutase that allow their facultative counterparts to flourish, and instead use organic molecules as final hydrogen acceptors in a fermentation process. For ten points, name this type of organism commonly found in the colon, which cannot survive in the presence of oxygen.;;anaerobic (bacteria)|(just) anerobes
;;He fathered a child with Shado while living in Seattle and trained another bastard son, Connor Hawke, as his successor. He also adopted Roy Harper, who had a notorious bout with heroin addiction as his sidekick Speedy, and he is usually paired romantically with Black Canary. His arguments with The Question in The Dark Knight Strikes Again typify his three decades as the spokesman for leftist politics among superheroes, inspired by the loss of the fortune he commanded in Star City and his time marooned on a desert island, where he acquired his trademark skills. For ten points, name this former partner of Green Lantern who has a vast array of archery tricks.;;Green Arrow|(Oliver) Queen
;;He alternated between a cipher used by Augustus and a Spartan military code to write a chronicle that ends by declaring, "The first of the line is tied to a tree and the last is being eaten by ants." First mentioned as a seller of magnets who died of a fever in Singapore, he returns to explain how to keep a room dust-free by burning mercury, learns the true ancestry of Amaranta rsula, and places a dot on a map to direct Prudencio Aguilar to Macondo. For ten points, name this gypsy who chronicles the Buendia family in One Hundred Years of Solitude.;;Melquiades
;;She was on the opposite side of the so-called "Controversial Discussions" from her daughter, causing a lifelong rift. This author of Envy and Gratitude related the process of mourning to such defense mechanisms as splitting, idealization and projective identification. She founded a namesake theoretical school with her paper "A contribution to the psychogenesis of manic depressive states," which divided the development of human-object relationships into "paranoid-schizoid" and "depressive" phases. For ten points, name this psychoanalyst who attempted to study young children by observing play behavior.;;(Melanie) (Reizes) Klein
;;The final text of this novel incorporates several earlier short stories, including one in which Buck Hipps joins with the protagonist to auction horses in front of Littlejohn's Hotel, another about Herman Short selling Beasley Kemp a horse for eight dollars, and one about the main character's father Ab burning down barns. The protagonist hires his cousin I.O. to run his blacksmithy after extorting a job in a store and inflates the value of an estate by burying coins to drive up the bids of Henry Armstid, Odum Bookwright, and V.K. Ratliff. Eventually the mysterious pregnancy of Eula Varner leads her to marry Flem Snopes and move with him to Jefferson. For ten points, name this Faulkner novel set in Frenchman's Bend, the titular Yoknapatawpha County community.;;(The) Hamlet
;;A property by this name is a plasma figure of merit proportional to the volume integral of the pressure divided by the flux density. A substance's propensity to undergo this phenomenon is calculated as the sum of the mean square radii of electron orbits times the square of electron charge divided by six times electron mass times the number density. That value is always negative, typically has a magnitude around ten to the minus sixth, and is known as the susceptibility. Outside of superconductors, it is most visible in substances with symmetric electronic structure and no permanent magnetic moment. It is an effect of changes in electron orbital velocity as predicted by Lenz's law. For ten points, name this type of magnetism which can be induced in opposition to the external field in any substance.;;diamagnetism
;;They published the journal Erkenntnis and a series of papers including Problems of Ethics and The Law of Causality and Its Limits. Members' individual publications include Meaning and Existence, New Foundations of Ontology, The Principles of Linguistic Philosophy, and its founders books Space and Time in Contemporary Physics and Philosophy of Nature. Proponents of "unified science" and verifiability, they were first named for Ernst Mach until re-dubbing themselves in the manifesto The Scientific Conception of the World. For ten points, Otto Neurath, Moritz Schlick, and Rudolf Carnap were notable members of what association of logical positivists?.;;Vienna Circle|Wiener Kreis
;;Modern analysts believe that this gaff was less of a factor in the election than the New York World's "Belshazzar" headline, but the affected candidate lamented that the person responsible was not doing "missionary work in Asia Minor." Alleged to be the cause of the 1200 vote margin of defeat in New York, it was a paraphrase of an older James Garfield line by Samuel D. Burchard, used in a speech to the Religious Bureau of the Republican National Committee in an attempt to win back the Mugwumps. For ten points, Burchard accused the "antecedents" of the party of Grover Cleveland of being what three qualities, possibly alienating voters against James G. Blaine?.;;rum(,) romanism(,) and rebellion
;;Halley's comet is the only periodic comet known to exhibit this property, which exists in the asteroid Dioretsa and with respect to axial rotation in Venus, Uranus, and Pluto. It is exhibited by about ten percent of moons, namely Ananke, Carme, Pasiphae, Sinope, Phoebe, and Triton, while all planets each appear to exhibit it at times from a geocentric perspective, an effect which Ptolemy explained using epicycles. For ten points, give this term for movement in opposition to the prevailing direction of the solar system.;;retrograde (orbital) (motion)
;;Found south of Kimberly and Arnhem Land, its western reaches contain Lake Disappointment, and Alice Springs in its east is known as its "capital." The School of the Air and the Royal Flying Doctor Service are dedicated largely to this area, which contains Petermann, Macdonnell, and Musgrave mountain ranges as well as the Tanami and Gibson deserts. Further to its south are the Great Victoria Desert and the Nullarbor Plain, while its eastern portion extends into Queensland. For ten points, name this sparsely populated region in the interior of Australia.;;(the) Outback
;;Addition of water to them results in the production of ketone groups due to tautomerization, and they themselves can be produced from the dehydrohalogenation of dihaloalkanes or the reaction of alkali acetylides with either primary or secondary alkyl halides. Terminal ones are highly acidic, and perhaps their most important feature affords them the ability to produce nitriles when reacted with excess ammonia. They will undergo reactions with Lindlar's catalyst to produce one of their two sister groups, the less saturated one. Acetylene is the simplest example of, for ten points, what set of straight-chain hydrocarbons with general formula CnH2n- 2.;;alkynes
;;It can begin after confirmation of the sighting of the moon on the first eve of Shawwal, and includes recitation of the Takabiir. The dua' and khutba are also important portions of it, as is the Niyyah, or "intention." Its namesake prayer is known as the solah, and one often cleans one's teeth with Miswaak when it occurs. Generally the day on which alms are collected, another event that is given the same name in common parlance falls on the tenth day of Zil-Hijjah, but the event in question actually took place yesterday. For ten points, name this religious holiday celebrating the end of Ramadan.;;Eid (al(-)Fitr)
;;One night, a workman from Judge Miller's estate takes him to a railway station, where a rope is thrown around his neck and he is placed in a baggage car. He attempts to escape this kidnapping in Seattle, but a man in a red shirt clubs him senseless. Later, two French-Canadian mailmen buy him and he defeats Spitz to become leader of his work gang. John Thornton saves him from overwork, and he reciprocates by winning John a thousand dollars for extricating a sled carrying a thousand-pound load from the ice. For ten points, name this literary character who regresses to savagery during the days of the Klondike gold rush, unable to resist The Call of the Wild.;;Buck
;;In the hemoprotein known as cytochrome P450, this amino acid residue forms the distal axial ligand with the heme prosthetic group. Recent studies have linked it to increased immune response, which is why its N-acetyl variety has been used to treat some symptoms of HIV. Having a pKa of about 8.33, sources of it include hooves and human hair. Its seleno- variety plays an important role in some ribosome-mediated protein syntheses, and it improves tertiary structures of proteins using its thiol group, as it creates strong disulfide bridges to strengthen molecules. For ten points, name this sulfur-containing amino acid that is not methionine.;;cysteine
;;It was first described in the tenth century CE by Idrisi and Yusuf Ibn al-Shaikh. Its lowest level was a square 56 meters high with a cylindrical core, while its middle level was octagonal and the third level was circular. Its total height, including the foundation base, was about 117 meters and the internal core was used as a shaft to lift fuel. In 1480 Qaitbay used its ruins to build a fort. In November 1996, divers claimed to have found some of its remains, including the name of its designer hidden in the foundation. Created by Sostrates of Knidos, it was finally completed during the reign of Ptolemy II. For ten points, name this structure built on an island off the coast of Egypt.;;Lighthouse (at) Alexandria|Pharos (of) Alexandria(,) (but) (make) (sure) (they) (say) (Alexandria)
;;A letter to William Cole details how the author came up with much of the plot of this novel, and it purports to be translated by a certain "William Marshal, Gent." from the original Italian of Onuphrio Muralto, Canon of the Church of St. Nicholas. Manfred is the grandson of the usurping prince who poisoned Alfonso, the rightful ruler, but Manfred's son Conrad is eventually crushed to death by a gigantic helmet in the courtyard. In the end, however, Theodore is declared the true hair to the throne, as the ghost of Alfonso tears down the titular structure. For ten points, name this 1764 tale by Horace Walpole, considered to be the first Gothic novel.;;(The) Castle of Otranto
;;Equipment generally used to perform spectroscopy with this physical effect includes a Fabry-Perot etalon and a mercury gas lamp. When it loses linearity, electron decoupling occurs and results in the Paschen-Beck effect. Calculation of the interaction energy associated with it requires use of the Lande g-factor or the electron spin g-factor, and if an odd number of energy sublevels results, this is known as its "anomalous" version. Arising due to quantization of energy levels in various atoms, for ten points, identify this phenomenon in which atomic spectral lines split in a magnetic field, named for a Dutch physicist.;;Zeeman (effect)
;;Two of his four major types of social action are known as "affective" and "traditional." His long work Economy and Society appeared soon after he delivered an address attacking the aristocracy. The creation of his so-called "ideal types" is evident in his analysis of bureaucracy and his essay "Religious Rejections of the World and Their Directions," which analyzed Western civilization in terms of its charismatic religious leaders, the latter of which became the basis for his most famous idea that Calvinism was responsible for the rise of capitalism in Western society. For ten points, name this German sociologist, author of The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism.;;(Max) Weber
;;His slaying of a sacred serpent at the Castalian Spring led to the eight years' penance he did to Ares, and also to his turning into a serpent at the end of his life with his wife. The father of Ino and Agave, he set out on a quest with his brothers Cilicix and Phoenix, before which his father Agenor instructed him to find his sister Europa after her kidnapping by Zeus. This led to his wandering off and eventually following a cow to the place where he would build a city. For ten points, name this husband of Harmonia and father of Semele and Polydorus, the legendary founder of the city of Thebes.;;Cadmus
;;Later in life, he abdicated the throne and became a monk. Crowned ruler by Pope Paschal I, he passed the Constitutio Romana to assert his authority over the office of the pope. He helped to oust his father and then took control of Italy, but the reorganization of the Ordinatio Imperii by his father's wife Judith caused him to break with the imperial government. He started a vast military and political struggle for dominance over the lands of his grandfather's empire, but was eventually defeated at Fontenoy by his brothers, who had earlier signed the Strasbourg Oath in 842. For ten points, name this brother of Louis the German and Charles the Bald, the oldest son of Louis I the Pious.;;Lothair (I)
;;One passage indicates that "Were all the world mine from the sea to the Rhine, I would starve myself of it so that the queen of England might lie in my arms." In another section, a swan sings "The servant is turning me on the spit; I am burning fiercely on the pyre: the steward now serves me up." The best-known section repeats "O Fortuna, velut luna statu variabilis!" It is based on a manuscript collection, now in the Bavarian State Library, which include over 1000 poems and songs written by the 13th century. Johann Schmeller compiled the collection at the abbey of Benediktbeuern. Set to music, the collection was first performed by Frankfurt Opera in 1937. For ten points, name this work for large orchestra, chorus, and solo vocalists by Carl Orff.;;Carmina Burana
;;As asterisks on the second page of the liner attest, tracks 1, 3, 4, and 6 were mixed by Steve Lillywhite, while the back page notes that it uses the infinite guitar invented by Michael Brook. The seventh cut notes that "Sleep comes like a drug" in a desolate title location, while the previous song finds the narrator "[kept] hanging on" in a title industrial area. For ten points, name this 1987 Island release that contains, aside from "In God's Country" and "Red Hill Mining Town," such U2 classics as "I Still Haven't Found What I'm Looking For" and "With or Without You.".;;(The) Joshua Tree
;;Some of this author's lectures are included in Children of the Mire: Modern Poetry from Romanticism to the Avant Garde. "I travel your length / like a river/ I travel your body/ like a forest" are lines from this man's poem Piedra de Sol, or "Sunstone", which is one of his many works that are modeled on the Aztec calendar stone. Also the author of Alternating Current and Configurations, he resigned his diplomatic post in 1968 in protest over the massacre of students at Plaza Tlateloco. For ten points, name this author of The Labyrinth of Solitude, the Mexican winner of the 1990 Nobel Prize in Literature.;;(Octavio) Paz
;;Identified with the so-called "demiurge" in Plato's Timaeus, it is apparently created by the Good of Radiance without Radiance extinguishing itself. It transcends the discursive method of thinking that we must undergo as humans, and it is associated with the philosophy of emanation. Through aesthetic virtue, our mind is united with the world soul, while rational virtues unite it with this concept, which is expressed metaphysically along with that world soul and "The One". Outlined extensively in the Enneads, for ten points, name this concept of intelligence and unchanging thought, a major focus of the philosophy of Plotinus.;;nous
;;Due to alpha-sticking, the catalysis by this particle of thermonuclear fusion will likely never be energetically practical. When stopped in matter, the positive variety can in fact bind with an electron to form an atom which is chemically similar to the heavier isotopes of hydrogen; however, its decay time is a mere 2.2 microseconds, though this lifetime can be extended by the effects of special relativity. Generally formed from charged pion decays in the upper atmosphere, for ten points, name this lepton whose decay products include a neutrino and an antineutrino.;;muon
;;If it has constant returns to scale, it implies that the output elasticities equal the factor's share of income, allowing a growth-accountant to estimate the amount that changes in each input and in total factor productivity have contributed to economic growth. First proposed by Knut Wicksell, it was tested against statistical evidence and detailed further in a 1928 article in the American Economic Review. In this model, alpha and beta are constants determined by technology, while K and L are capital and labor inputs, respectively. for ten points, name this widely-used production function, taking its name from the last names of its two co-formulators, a mathematician and an economist,.;;Cobb(-)Douglas (production) (function)
;;His early command experience included the light cruiser Naka and the battleship Yamashiro, and he received his promotion to Rear Admiral on November 15, 1935. For several years, he commanded the Third Battleship Division, he was later given the task of organizing the defenses of Saipan. However, no he lacked the necessary experience for the most noted command of his career, which he received solely due to protocols and traditions of the Navy, and therefore he had to depend significantly on his staff members Minoru Genda and Mitsuo Fuchida. For ten points, name this Japanese First Air Fleet commander, known for losing four aircraft carriers at Midway and committing suicide in 1944.;;(Vice) (Admiral) (Chuichi) Nagumo
;;This number is irrational, but has not been proven to be transcendental. Discovered it in 1975 using an HP 65 calculator it was described in its namesake's 1978 article Quantitative Universality for a Class of Nonlinear Transformations. Expressing the ratio between successive bifurcation intervals in a bifurcation diagram of the logistic map with 'r' values of approximately 3.57, it is also the ratio between diameters of successive circles on the axis of the Mandelbrot set. For ten points, name this constant relevant to fractals and chaos theory, approximately equal to 4.6692.;;Feigenbaum's (constant)
;;Amended in 1975 to include a National Market System portion, this legislation originally delegated enforcement activities to the Federal Trade Commission, but this authority was soon transferred to its current regulator. Common exceptions to the full rules of this act include Regulation A, Rule 505, and Rule 506. These exceptions provide relief to corporations who would otherwise complete the full S-1 registration statement and distribute a full prospectus to individual investors. For ten points, identify this 1933 act that required the registration of any investment vehicles offered to the public.;;Securities (Act) (of) (1933)
;;Like William Faulkner, he had many of his works edited by Albert Erskine at Random House. He published his first two stories "Wake for Susan" and "A Drowning Incident" in the student newspaper The Phoenix while at school in Knoxville, and he eventually worked on the screenplay for the PBS film The Gardener's Son. His novel Suttree was strongly rebuked by Shelby Foote, although his first effort, The Orchard Keeper, was sufficient to garner him critical acclaim. However, he may be best known for novels like Cities of the Plain and The Crossing, two parts of his "Border" trilogy. For ten points, name this American author who also wrote about John Grady Cole in All The Pretty Horses.;;(Cormac) McCarthy
;;He wrote music for several ballets, including Ala i Lolli, the Buffoon, The Steel Step,  The Prodigal Son, On the Dnieper, and The Tale of the Stone Flower. His film music includes that for Lieutenant Kije and two Eisenstein films, Alexander Nevsky and Ivan the Terrible. His most well-known work may be opus 67, a children's story for Narrator and Orchestra. Other works include the opera The Love for Three Oranges and the ballet Cinderella. For ten points, name this Russian who died of a cerebral hemorage on March 5, 1953 - the same day as Stalin - and whose works include Peter and the Wolf.;;Sergei Prokofiev