;;Events of this type occurred in Poland at Iese in 1941, and at Kielce in 1946. An archetypal one of these occurred at Kishinev in April, 1903,after a period of about twenty years during which few occurred, though they had been systematically condoned since 1881. The Black Hundreds and their armed wing, the Yellow Shirts, actively supported them, and Okhranka, the Tsarist secret police, probably organized them. For ten points, name these organized, governmentally condoned attacks on Jewish communities, named for the Russian for riot.;;pogroms
;;This being's nose is so long that it rattles the even her high ceiling when she snores, and she always snores. She can fly through the air in a large iron kettle, or in a mortar that she rows with a pestle, and she lives with two identical sisters who, despite their voracious appetites, are all thin as a skeletons. She lives in the woods accompanied by ghostly servants and three colorfully described horsemen, and the hut that she calls home is protected by an iron fence topped with human skulls, and constantly spins on bird's legs. For ten points, name this guardian of the fountain of the waters of life and death; the iron-toothed witch of the Russian forest.;;Baba(-)Yaga|Baba(-)jaga
;;This writer's poems include "A letter left behind" and "your feelings, thin as summer clothes," and are collected in a namesake shu, a collection of 128 tanka. The nikki is a diary that this author kept for about three years, and that provides most of what we know of her life. The name by which this writer is generally known is a compound of the name of a character from her most famous work, and the term for a position in the Bureau of Ceremony held by this writer's father. Married to Nobutaka, she was given a man's education, much against the customs of Heian-era Japan. For ten points, name this lady in waiting to Empress Akiko and author of The Tale of Genji.;;Murasaki (Shikibu)
;;A 1935 personal crisis caused this composer to shift decidedly towards religious music, and recitals with baritone Pierre Bernac during this time resulted in one of his most performed works, the 1959 Gloria. He was well known in his homeland even before taking lessons with Koechlin and writing the ballet Les Biches for Diaghilev. Although he wrote orchestral works like the Organ Concerto and chamber works like his Sonatas for flute, oboe, and clarinet, he may be best known for piano works like 1918's Sonata for Piano Duet and Trois Movuvements Perpetuels, and for an opera that depicts a couple who swap roles. For ten points, name this member of Les Six who composed music for the absurd Apollinaire piece Les mamalles de Tiresias.;;(Francis) Poulenc
;;The Peace of Rueil ended the first of these with a negotiated settlement making concessions to parliamentary grievances. The Grande Conde, victor of the battle of Rocroi, shortly instigated a second one, but was forced to flee to the Spanish by Anne of Austria and Cardinal Mazarin. For ten points, a sling popular on the streets of Paris gives its name to what series of seventeenth century uprisings against the French crown?.;;(the) Frondes
;;This writer studied effective methods of debate for assemblies in Essay on Political Tactics and of trial for courts in Rationale of Judicial Evidence. The author of Constitutional Code and Manual of Political Economy, this thinker attracted the attention of Lord Shelburne after criticizing Blackstone's Commentaries in A Fragment on Government. His Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation proposed a "hedonic calculus" and advocated the greatest good for the greatest number. For ten points, name this son of a lawyer who drempt-up the panopticon and founded of utilitarianism.;;(Jeremy) Bentham
;;Edward Long's 1774 history celebrated the plantation culture of this place, but its less than enthusiastic slaves fled to its mountainous interior, where they fought two "Maroon Wars" against the British authorities. Juan de Esquivel founded the first permanent settlement here at New Seville in 1509, while 1534 saw the founding of Santiago de la Vega, which would later be known as Spanish Town. This island served as a base for the pirate Henry Morgan after Penn captured it in 1655. For ten points, name this West Indian nation whose capital was moved is Kingston.;;Jamaica
;;This work in eight sections of fifteen lines each notes that the central concept "must live within herself" at line twenty-three, and discusses the early life of Jove, saying "No mother suckled him" at line thirty-two. Asking "What is divinity if it can come / Only in silent shadows and dreams?" a woman sits amidst "Complacencies of the peignoir," dreaming a little and feeling "the dark encroachment of that old catastrophe." Although she still feels "the need for some imperishable bliss," she is skeptical of religion severed from the real world. For ten points, name this early Wallace Stevens poem that takes place at a time designated for church going.;;Sunday Morning
;;"For me, novel writing is a virtuoso performance. It is not a collaborative art" she proclaimed in her a recent, and most public, response to critics who, in her words, "used [amazon.com] as if it were a public urinal to publish falsehood and lies" about her latest book. The book she refers to is Blood Canticle, which is, mercifully, the last in a series that she has been publishing since 1977. If you want your money back, you can write to the New Orleans address posted by, for ten points, which author of Exit to Eden and Interview with the Vampire?.;;(Anne) Rice|(Howard) (Allen) O'Brien
;;This being saved Thrud from having to marry the dwarf Alvis by keeping him up with tests of wisdom until the sun rose, at which point Alvis turned to stone. He slew Gerriod with the help of some things he borrowed from Grid, though he was unable to defeat the goddess Elli in a wrestling match. With Jarnsaxa, he fathered Modi and Magni; and his wife was a goddess whose golden hair had to be replaced by Ivaldi's sons after Loki cut it off, Sif. For ten points, name this might son of Jord and Odin; the Norse god of thunder.;;Thor|Donar
;;In this work, Beriah Sellers is revealed as a heartless criminal before being disgraced by his embroilment in a railroad finance imbroglio. This work initially centers on a scheme of Abner Dilworthy to establish a public university in Tennessee through massive graft, which scheme is foiled when Dilworthy's partner in crime shoots Sellers in New York. Laura Hawkins is then acquitted due to temporary insanity and attempts to establish herself on the lecture circuit, but is booed off stage and dies of remorse; a melodramatic touch that was inserted at the behest of the authors' wives. Senator Dilworthy is based upon Samuel Pomeroy in, for ten points, what work of political satire by Charles Dudley Warner and Mark Twain, whose title impugns the corruption America in the 1870s?.;;(The) Gilded Age(:) (A) (Tale) (of) (Today)
;;While at a ball in Chapter 18, Captain Frederick notes that, if men have not hearts, they do have eyes that give them torment enough. He says this to Isabella, who expected the protagonist's brother James to have a substantial inheritance. Eleanor reveals the General's gambling debts to the protagonist, of whom the author says "no one would have supposed her born to be an heroine." A reading of Ann Radcliffe's Mysteries of Udolpho causes that heroine to assume the worst of the Tilneys, but she is reconciled with Henry Tilney at the end. For ten points, name this Jane Austen novel about the misadventures of Catherine Morland at the titular adobe.;;Northanger Abbey
;;The protagonist of this work awakes in the middle of the night, unable to forget the tune "Gotta Have Me Go with You," which he heard the night before. He then drives to the Ambassador, where the Glenn Williams orchestra is no longer playing, and eventually chases down the woman he's looking for at the Downbeat Club, where she sings of "The Man that Got Away."  While her career goes uphill, his goes down the toilet, and he becomes an alcoholic and drowns himself to relieve wife of the burden of his failure after she wins an Academy Award. For ten points, name this remake of a 1937 William Wellman film; a musical directed by George Cukor and starring Judy Garland as Mrs. Norman Maine.;;(A) Star Is Born
;;This author of The Psychology of Wants, Interests, and Attitudes and An Introduction to the Theory of Mental and Social Measurements worked with Robert S. Woodworth to expose a lack of transference in learning different tasks, which he interpreted as undermining a rival school of though. This student of Cattell and James noted that behaviors that lead to good results are more likely to occur in response to similar stimuli, and that the frequency of a stimulus-response pairing is strongly correlated to the "strength" of a given behavior designed to respond to that stimulus. For ten points, name this author of Animal Intelligence who postulated the laws of exercise and effect to underpin behaviorism.;;(Edward) (Lee) Thorndike
;;. Ribo showed the unexpected result that, in porphyrins, this property can change as a result of macroscopic system stresses, particularly stirring direction. Due to average symmetry of interconverting molecules, gauche butane has this property, though butane generally does not. The presence of asymmetric carbons characterizes this property, which can make molecules in a pure mixture optically active. All amino acids possess it, except glycine. Molecules with this property have no plane of symmetry, and has a stereocenter designated either R or S. For ten points, name this property of organic molecules that have non-superimposable mirror images, from the Greek for handedness.;;chirality
;;Intersections of this man's namesake phase surfaces allow determination of physical properties. This man's namesake phenomenon is the oscillatory overshooting of a function by partial sums of its Fourier series near jump discontinuities. He names a paradox in which a naive treatment ignoring the indistinguishability of a collection of particles gives a non-extensive entropy. He lends his name to a formula analogous to Euler's polyhedral formula, relating the numbers of components, degrees of freedom, and phases for a system in equilibrium, which is known as his phase rule. The thermodynamic potential given by enthalpy minus temperature times entropy is known as, for ten points, what American physicist's namesake free energy?.;;(Josiah) (Willard) Gibbs
;;This artist's most successful pupil was Henry Ossawa Tanner. The day after Walt Whitman died, this man went to Camden and made a death mask and hand cast of Whitman. He experimented with full-length portraits, as seen in The Pathetic Song and Miss Van Buren, but another subject is the focus of such works as The Biglen Brothers Racing. His depictions of boats and sailing only would climax with Max Schmitt in a Single Scull. For ten points, name this American painter, best known for a commission for Jefferson Medical College, his canvas The Gross Clinic.;;(Thomas) Eakins
;;This structure's head has an ovoid depression known as the fovea capitis, which gives attachment to the ligamentum teres. Its upper extremity contains the greater and lesser trochanter. At its base lie the lateral and medial condyles, and it is at the aforementioned head that it is attached to and rotates within the acetabulum. It forms a ball-and-socket joint at it top and a hinge joint at it bottom, where it attaches to the tibia. For ten points, name this leg bone, the longest and strongest bone in the human body.;;femur|thighbone
;;After the death of this group's greatest leader, the Gepids rebelled and dealt them a major defeat on the Nedao River. They settled along the Danube after overthrowing Hermanric's Ostrogoths, but came to their greatest power in the 440's, when the sister of Valentinian III enticed their ruler to come to her aid. They set out to invade Italy, but were stopped in France by Aetius at the battle of Chalons. For ten points, name this tribe of warlike Mongols who were led by Attila.;;(the) Huns
;;As this work opens, one character has just returned from the Hoidal Mines but, at the end, he leaves to find his destiny of being the "thirteenth at the table." That character's father wishes to marry Mrs. Sorby and, earlier, had an affair that forms this work's central secret. We eventually learn that Gina was old Haakon Werle's concubine and that Hjalmar is not the father of her child. As a result, Hjalmar rejects his daughter, Hedvig, which leads her to commit suicide. For ten points, name this play, in which the damaged title creature symbolizes the Ekdal family; a work by Henrik Ibsen.;;(The) Wild Duck|Vildanden
;;Five years after this appeared, a Compromise Act was passed that provided for all rates to be eventually lowered to 20% at most. A year before it appeared, a convention met at Harrisburg to call for increased rates, and, when it finally appeared, the taxes on wool and molasses were calculated to annoy New England while appealing to the West. John Randolph quipped that it was concerned with nothing but the manufacture of a President, that being Andrew Jackson. For ten points, identify this Tariff Act, which ended up pleasing nearly nobody and became a touchstone for Southern nullificationists.;;Tariff of 1828|Tariff of Abominations
;;John Patrick Diggins wrote a book about this "bard of savagery," while David Riesman wrote a 1953 "critical interpretation" of his work. After his death, Leon Ardzrooni collected his shorter pieces in Essays in Our Changing Order, and his late works include The Place of Science in Modern Civilization and a work subtitled "A Memorandum on the Conduct of Universities by Business Men," 1918's The Higher Learning in America. For ten points, name this American thinker who also wrote The Engineers and the Price System and an 1899 book that introduced the phrases "pecuniary emulation" and "conspicuous consumption," The Theory of the Leisure Class.;;(Thorstein) Veblen
;;The second of these works spends a few pages discussing a method for smoking cigarettes in a bathtub, and culminates in an intra-house phone call from the second title character to the first, after she spends a long time on the couch. The first work sees two characters eating at Sickler's, where Lane discusses his recent "A" paper on Flaubert until his girlfriend reveals her newfound repulsion for the hollowness of academics and affection for the "Jesus Prayer," after which she collapses. The second of these stories is narrated by Buddy, who is the oldest remaining child in the central family after Seymour's suicide, which is detailed in "A Perfect Day for Bananafish." For ten points, name these two long short stories, first seen apart in The New Yorker, but now generally published together as a unified tale of the titular siblings in the Glass family, by J.D. Salinger.;;Franny and Zooey
;;In this work, the speaker challenges the reader to find neither heaven nor hell in "Sea of Darkness," which appears in the final section. In that section, the poet compares the seductive power of women to the incapacitating power of opiates in such poems as "Destruction" and "Damned Women." That portion, "Wine, Reason, and Revolt" appears after "Parisian Landscapes" and after two parts on "Spleen and Ideal." Beginning "hypocrite reader-my likeness-my brother," for ten points, name this 1857 collection of poems written by Charles Baudelaire.;;(The) Flowers of Evil|(Les) Fleurs du mal
;;The general tensor form of this theorem involves the second time derivative of the moment of inertia tensor and a potential energy tensor. With the Chandrasekhar potential tensor, it implies that a protostar collapsing under self-gravity has negative heat capacity since the temperature rises as the protostar collapses, but this theorem implies that the protostar must radiate away an amount of energy equal to the rise in the internal energy, since the total energy equals the negative of the internal energy. For ten points, name this theorem, which, in general, refers to an equation for a system parameter in as a homogenous polynomial of an adiabatic invariant, and which, for a self-gravitating system, states that, the mean potential energy plus twice the mean kinetic energy is zero.;;virial (theorem)
;;This ruler became sole emperor after the death of John Zimisces, who had overthrown the Patriarchate of Preslav and laid siege to Jerusalem. His rule was threatened by the revolt of Bardas Phocas and Bardas Skleros, but he is best known for his campaigns against Tsar Samuel, whose army he defeated at the Spercheios River in 996. He wiped out at Balathista in 1014, after which he blinded thousands of prisoners. For ten points, name this Byzantine Emperor who spent decades fighting an empire that comprised Sofia, and was given his byname for his prodigious killing of that empire's people.;;Basil II|Basil the Bulgar(-)Slayer
;;Section 77 of this work connects the author's exposition of the problem of historicality with the ideas of Count Yorck and the researches of Wilhelm Dilthey [DILL-tie]. Division 2 includes sections on "conscience as the call of care," the "possibility of experiencing the death of Others," and the "problem of how an authentic existential possibility is attested." The first division considers the "worldhood of the world," compares "the they" to authentic Being-One's-Self, and asserts that care is the being of Dasein [dah-ZINE]. For ten points, name this 1927 work of philosophy by Martin Heidegger.;;Being and Time|Sein und Zeit
;;Among the estates in this novel are Stone Court, which one character buys from Johsua Rigg; Lowick, which is owned by a man who wants to write a Key to All Mythologies; and Tipton Grange, the property of a bumbling aristocrat. The first estate is procured by a man blackmailed by John Raffles, the hypocritical Nicholas Bulstrode. Bulstrode had withheld the inheritance of Will Ladislaw, who has happily married Dorothea by the end. For ten points, name this novel that follows members of the Vincy, Lydgate, and Brooke families; a masterpiece of George Eliot.;;Middlemarch
;;This person's actions led to an exchange of articles by "Pacificus" and "Helvidius." Although he was warmly received as he drove from Charleston to Philadelphia, upon arriving at the Capital, he got in trouble for commissioning privateers in America, and the Cabinet demanded his recall. When his successor, Joseph Fauchet [foh-SHAY] arrived with a warrant for his arrest, he stayed in America and married a daughter of George Clinton. For ten points, name this Girondist Ambassador to the United States who caused a flap in 1793.;;(Edmond(-)Charles) (Citizen) Genet
;;After this writer's death death, biographical studies of him were written by his wife Theodora and by Julian Steward. He published Style and Civilization and The Nature of Culture after retiring from Berkeley in 1946, where he had taught for the previous 45 years. He received the second Ph. D. awarded in his field in the United States with his dissertation on the decorative arts of the Arapaho, written while a student of Frans Boas. He diverged from his mentor in his 1923 textbook Anthropology, which argued that the field should be a historical search for patterns rather than a scientific uncovering of structures. For ten points, name this American anthropologist, an authority on Native Americans of the Southwest known for his emphasis on "culture groups.".;;(Alfred) (Louis) Kroeber
;;Part of this conflict ended after Leopold von Dessau's victory at Kesseldorf, which led to a treaty that recognized a member of the house of Lorraine-Tuscany as emperor. The Marechal de Saxe, with his victories at Fontenoy and Raucoux, conquered the Netherlands for France, leading to a treaty in which the House of Hanover's rule of England was confirmed and Silesia was finally awarded to Prussia. For ten points, name this war, which began in 1740 with the death of Charles VI, and ended with the treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle.;;(War) (of) (the) Austrian Succession
;;One tradition claims that this figure was the son of the Sunamite woman restored to life by Eliseus, while another identifies him with the prophet who, in the Apocryphal Bel and the Dragon, carries a meal to Daniel in the lion's den. The first part of his namesake work is a typical lament over the people's iniquity, to which God responds by foretelling the doom of the Chaldeans. The second part is a prayer "to the music of Shigionot" that predicts that God will destroy all his foes. For ten points, name this work written around the end of the 7th century BCE, which follows Nahum and precedes Zephaniah as the eighth book of the minor prophets.;;Habakkuk|Habacuc
;;The title character is taken aback when he arrives in town by the sight of a dog carrying a human hand. Near the end of this work, the title character exclaims, "A long life eating mush is best!," by way of sparing the life of a runaway farmer's son. The coffin-maker is happy for most of the film, unlike his neighbor Gon, the innkeeper. The title character introduces himself as "Thirty year old mulberry field" shortly before refusing to take part in the raid on Ushitora, one of the two main gamblers in town. For ten points name this Akira Kurosawa film that stars Toshiro Mifune as a ronin who cleans out two rival gangs and that was adapted into A Fistful of Dollars,.;;Yojimbo|(The) Bodyguard
;;This material is the namesake of a fairly common oxidation four lattice with atomic packing factor 0.339. In 1999, it was predicted that this mineral is spontaneously produced in Neptune and Uranus from atmospheric methane, since methane compressed to several gigapascals in an anvil cell made of this material converts to it. This mineral, which is metastable under surface conditions, is sometimes found associated with peridotite in kimberlite pipes. For ten points, name this polymorph of graphite at the top of the Mohs hardness scale; a precious allotrope of carbon.;;diamond
;;. This artist wrote only the introduction to act 1 of his opera Esmeralda, while he finished a piano version of the first act of an opera based on Maeterlinck's Monna Vanna. He did finish a rarely performed opera about Francesca di Rimini, one about a miserly knight, and one based on Pushkin's The Gypsies entitled Aleko. He wrote four piano concertos and three symphonies, along with such orchestral works as the Capriccio on Gypsy Themes, and a symphonic poem based on a painting by Arnold Bocklin. For ten points, name this Russian composer of the Rhapsody on a Theme of Paganini and The Isle of the Dead.;;(Sergei) (Vasilyevich) Rachmaninoff
;;This reaction proceeds by formation of a four-membered cyclic intermediate, which decomposes to give the desired product. This reaction also requires a unique reagent that is commonly synthesized by reacting triphenyl phosphine with an alkyl halide, creating a sterically stabilized zwitterion with an anionic carbon atom adjacent to a cationic phosphorus atom. The carbanion then attacks the electrophilic carbon of an aldehyde or ketone. For ten points, name this alkene synthesis reaction of a carbonyl with an ylide, named after the German Nobel Laureate who discovered it.;;Wittig (reaction)
;;This artist's Yard with Lunatics seems to poke fun at Hercules and Antaeus. His Proverbs series contains such titles as A Woman and a Horse - Let Someone Else Master Them and Will No One Unbind Us?, while his superior Capriccios include Until Death and The Sleep of Reason Produces Monsters, probably his best engraving.  He painted Self-portrait with Dr. Arrieta in 1820, following his recovery from a mysterious illness, and, no longer capable of tackling large works, he retired to La Quinta del Sordo to produce his Black Paintings. For ten points, identify this Spanish artist whose well-known works include The Disasters of War and The Shootings of May 3rd 1808.;;(Francisco) (Jose) (de) Goya (y) (Lucientes)
;;This keeper of tabernacle lamps and spouse of Lapidoth is associated with a palm tree between Rama and Bethel, where this Ephraimitess delivered oracles. The opponents of Israel that this leader sought to destroy were headquartered at Haroseth and, before raising an army of either two or seven tribes to attack them with a Naphtalite companion, she prophesized that the glory of battle would fall to a woman, which it did when Sisara of Canaan was killed with a tent peg to the brain by Jael the Kenite. Judges 4 and 5, the latter of which is this woman's namesake canticle, tell her story, along with that of Barack. For ten points, identify this female Biblical Judge.;;Deborah
;;A humorous incident in this work occurs when a preacher, having just completed a sermon on charity, refuses a starving man a piece of bread and, shortly after this, the main character is re-united with an old friend, who relates the disembowelment and subsequent rape by Bulgars of a former love. This work places in the mouth of Pocourante a sarcastic statement on the reputation of authors, which is appropriate since it was published under the pseudonym "M. le docteur Ralph."  Later, the title character encounters the Biglugs, a tribe of cannibals, before a visit to the mythical city of El Dorado culminates wanderings that began when the protagonist was expelled the Westphalian home of the Barron. For ten points, name this well-known philosophical novel about the misadventures of a naive optimist, written by Voltaire.;;Candide
;;Serge Koussevitzky thoroughly dissuaded this man from attempting to conduct, and sagely noted that his Short Symphony would be much more popular were it not impossible to perform. Among this artist's later works are the 12-tone Inscape, Nonet, and Twelve Poems of Emily Dickinson, while his Music for the Theater and 1926 Piano Concerto smack of the influence of jazz, which he ironically learned to appreciate while studying in Paris under Boulanger. For ten points, name the American composer of El salon Mexico and A Lincoln Portrait, whose theatrical works, including Rodeo, Billy the Kid, and a Ballet for Martha that became Appalachian Spring, are doubtlessly his most famous.;;(Aaron) Copland
;;The necessity of this body was a central plank of the 1844 Democratic platform, so a bill creating it was signed into law by James K. Polk in 1846. It had first been suggested by Martin Van Buren, who initially established it in 1840 in line with the Locofocos, but it was subsequently dissolved by a Whig Congress. It was briefly replaced by National Banks during the Civil War, but survived largely unchanged until 1920, when it was finally closed in favor of the new Federal Reserve System, which replaced it. For ten points, name this system of depositories for federal funds, separate from banks of any kind.;;Independent Treasury|Subtreasury
;;Written around 147 CE, its first book is the only cohesive one and is entitled "This among the Quadi on the Gran." The author advocates a life of emotional and sensational detachment, famously saying that "he who fears death...fears the loss of sensation." Its Greek title translates as "To Himself," which is an apt description of the rest of this aphoristic book, which was largely written while its author was camped with his army. The Stoic philosophy of a Roman emperor is presented in, for ten points, what work by Marcus Aurelius?.;;Meditations
;;In this work, the narrator's grandson startles his grandfather by gobbling spinach in initiation of Popeye, and that grandson, Ichiro, embodies a central theme of this work, the Westernization of the country in which this work is set. Forced to reexamine his life due to his daughter Noriko's marriage negotiations, the title figure, whose wife and son died in World War II, is wracked by guilt over his own role in the war effort as a propagandist cartoonist, which renders the title especially sardonic. For ten points, identify this novel about Masuji Ono; the second by Kazuo Ishiguro.;;(An) Artist of the Floating World
;;Initially titled The Vanquished, the plaster of this work, known to modern viewers through the photographs of Marconi and Druet, drew accusations that the artist had cast it from life when it was displayed in Brussels. In reality, its artist used a Belgian soldier, Auguste Neyt, as the model for this piece, which was exhibited in the 1877 Salon in Paris and now resides in the Musee d'Orsay. For ten points, identify this bronze sculpture of a stretching, expressive male nude, a work of Rodin.;;(The) Age of Bronze|L'Age d'Airain
;;This author discusses the split between a person's "despised self" and "ideal self" in Self-Analysis, and discusses ten different neurotic needs and categorizes them into compliance, aggression, and withdrawal in Neurosis and Human Growth. Her more popular incursions into the topic of neuroses are the works The Neurotic Personality of Our Time and Our Inner Conflicts. For ten points, name this author of New Ways of Psychoanalysis and Feminine Psychology, the coiner of the term "womb envy.".;;(Karen) Horney|(Karen) Danielson
;;This protein is structurally similar to the GroEL/GroES complex and is present in bacteria such as M. tuberculosis, as well as in the cytosol of eukaryotes. In higher eukaryotes, the immuno- version, which contains inducible subunits, is better able to generate MHC Class I fragments. In eukaryotes, it consists of a 20S core particle capped by two 19S complexes that are capable of binding ubiquitin. For ten points, identify this protein complex that degrades polyubiquitinated proteins within the cell and is named for this protein digesting function.;;proteasome
;;The Robinson Annulation is a variant of this reaction in which both reactants are parts of the same compound and the product is a ring structure. The presence of a strong base, usually sodium or potassium hydroxide, shifts the keto-enol equilibrium toward the enolate. The reaction occurs when the anionic carbon of the enolate attacks the electrophilic carbonyl carbon of an aldehyde, resulting in the eponymous product, which sometimes undergoes dehydration in acid to give a conjugated system with a carbonyl adjacent to an alkene. For ten points, name this condensation, in which two aldehydes react to form a beta-hydroxy aldehyde.;;aldol (condensation)
;;The eleventh child of Ukranian immigrants, this man served in the OSS World War II. His earlier service for the Chicago Newspaper Guild led to an appointment as general counsel for the CIO, in which capacity he helped organize the merger with the AFL; he was then made Secretary of Labor. Appointed to the Supreme Court the next year to replace Felix Frankfurter, he provided the Warren Court with its fifth liberal vote, and is noted especially for his majority opinion in Escobedo v Illinois. For ten points, name this Associate Justice who resigned in 1965 to become the U.S. Ambassador to the United Nations.;;(Arthur) (Joseph) Goldberg
;;This subject of an extant Antico statuette and a fragmentary Euripides drama is, in the Iliadic tradition, the conqueror of the Curetes and father of a certain Polydora. This brother of Ancaeus and Agelaus joined the Argonauts as a young man, and may have himself killed King Aeetes. He was undone when his quarel with Toxeus and Plexippus, the brothers of Althaea, became violent and, after his subsequent death, Artemis turned his constantly-morning sister Melanippe into a guinea hen. He is most famous for cleaning-up a certain indiscretion of his father, Oeneus, towards Artemis. For ten points, name this prince of Calydon whose life was bound to a piece of fire-wood; a would-be lover of Atalanta who died after slaying the Calydonian boar.;;Meleagar
;;In the native language of this location, it is known as Tamaki Makau Rau, the City of A Hundred Lovers. Also known as the "City of Sails," the Tamaki River runs through it, and the Waitakere and Hunua mountain ranges; Waitemata Harbour; and Kahimarama and Karaka Bays surround it. About 9% of its 1.3 million people are Asian, 11% of Pacific Island descent, and 12% are Maori. For ten points, what is this city on North Island; the largest in all New Zealand?.;;Auckland
;;One of attempted to enact the Quixotic banning of war between Thursday and Sunday, while more reasonable acts decreed by them included excommunication of Roger II of Sicily and the condemnation of Catharism, which the Third did. No acts of the First survive, though it is supposed to have forbidden clerical marriage and confirmed the Concordat of Worms, and was the ninth ecumenical council. The last was held against the Council of Pisa, but the greatest of them was the Fourth, convoked by Innocent III, which re-affirmed transubstantiation and organized the Fourth Crusade. For ten points, name this series of five ecumenical councils named for the Roman palace in which they were held.;;Lateran (Councils)
;;This language has its own architecture review board, which approves extensions for things like vertex programs. Its latest version, 2.0, is re-implementation in terms of shader technology. A widely-used free implementation of it is called "Mesa", but its first implementation was for the obscure IRIX platform used on the WorkStations of its creator. For ten points, what is this public library for 3-dimensional graphical programming that is used most famously by the Quake series of games and that was created by Silicon Graphics?.;;Open Graphics Language
;;. According to this person's memoirs, he could run around his largest fortress with a full-grown man under each of his arms, could ride over 80 miles a day on horseback, and had swum in all the rivers of his empire. This Chagatai Barlas tribesman was dissuaded from attepting to recapture his ancestral home a second time by a crushing defeat at the hands of Muhammad Shaybani at Sar-e Pol, so he turned southwards, capturing Qandahar in 1522. He then overthrew the Lodi Dynasty of the Sultanate of Delhi at the First Battle of Panipat in 1526. For ten points, name this descendent of Tamurlane and Genghis Khan and founder of the Mughal Dynasty.;;Babur|Babar|Baber|Zahir(-)ud(-)din (Muhammad)
;;The dismissal of Toghito was a key turning point in this conflict, and the voracous piracy of Fang Ghouzen intensified its severity. This insurgence facilitated the Koryo revolt of Kongmin, which led to Korean independence, and it began as a result of a levy of a quarter million laborers to repair the Grand Canal, when the secret White Lotus society raised the namesake army in the 1330's. The leader of the namesake group was a pockmarked peasant who became known as "the pig emperor" after his capture of Nanjing in 1355. For ten points, name the rebellion led by Zhu Yuanzhang that destroyed the Yuan Dynasty and led to the foundation of the Ming Dynasty and that is named for the fire-elemental headwear of the participants.;;Red Turban (Rebellion)|Hung Gam (Rebellion)
;;This person's law of gas viscosity states that, at low pressures, the coefficient of viscosity of a gas is independent of its density in an isothermal flow. His namesake model for the strain rate equates that with the sum of the ratios of the stress to the viscosity and the stress rate to the sheer modulus, and his time parameter is the ratio of the viscosity and shear modulus. His relations are partial differential equations defining various thermodynamic variables in terms of one another. Along with an Austrian physicist, his name is on the classical equilibrium distribution of velocities and energies of gas molecules. For ten points, identify this prolific scientist who exhibited the statistical nature of the second law of thermodynamics with his namesake "demon.".;;(James) (Clerk) Maxwell
;;This artist's Bananas & Grapefruit series uses only single hues of yellow, black, and white, while the uncharacteristic Temple of Apollo seems to allude the classical period of Picasso, whose works he quotes practically wholesale in Cubist Still Life with Playing Cards. His intentionally cliche titles include Go for Baroque, a fragmentary study of his characteristic women's faces, and probably the most notable feature of this man's works results from his characteristic technique of simulated benday screening. For ten points, name this versatile American graphic artist who is known for such onomatopoeic titles as Takka Takka, Blam, and especially Whaam!; a major practitioner of pop art known for the dot pattern evident in his works.;;(Roy) Lichtenstein
;;Ceva devised a famous one of these to trisect angles but, of course, it cannot be constructed elementarily. This object is identical to its own evolute and involute, which explains its important properties, and translation of its point of generation results in cutate or prolate varieties in the case that the radius of the generator is shortened and lengthened, respectively. For ten points, name the important plane curve that is defined by the parametric equations x = t - sin t ["x equals t minus sine t"] and y = 1 - cos t ["y equals one minus cosine t"], is the solution to the brachistochrone and tautochrone problems for constant gravity, and is generated by a point on a circle rolling on a horizontal line.;;cycloid
;;This descendent of Egill was raised in the house of Jon Loptsson and, after his death, was smeared by his nephew in a namesake work. This "lawspeaker" married an heiress and used his great wealth and affluence to support the plan of Haakon IV of Norway to annex his homeland, causing his alienation from his family to the extent that his own son probably had him assassinated in 1241. Today, this noble is better remembered for his literary contributions, which include a biography of St. Olaf; the Heimskringla, a saga of the history of Norway; and the Prose Edda. For ten points, name this chief literary figure of Medieval Iceland.;;(Snorri) Sturluson
;;After a distinguished academic career at Columbia Law School, this man was named U.S. Attorney General by Coolidge in 1924 and helped restore faith in the Justice Department after the Teapot Dome scandals. The next year, he was named an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court, where he wrote a number of important minority decisions defending the New Deal against a conservative majority. For ten points, name this jurist whose objections in United States v. Macintosh, and other cases, earned a position among the "three great dissenters" before he served as the 12th Chief Justice from 1941 to 1946.;;(Harlan) (Fiske) Stone
;;This work declares its seventeenth part to be "Unfinished," and that part sarcastically discusses mechanical models of god, and intersperses the story of Duclie with a discussion of hell by a man who "set fire to an orphan asylum." This book's thirteenth part discusses "Mamnon and the Archer," and it concludes with a discussion of "The Brief Debut of Tildy." This volume consists of twenty-five short stories ostensibly focusing on common people, and the author selected the title to rebut of a remark about the number of people in New York society. For ten points, identify this collection that is probably best known for its second part, "The Gift of the Magi" and is by O. Henry.;;(The) Four Million
;;The second early medieval kingdom by this name reached its peak under Gudobad, who promulgated a namesake law code. A later incarnation was begun by Boso of Ardennes, whose successors built the church of St. Lazare at Autun. This region has been divided into Cis- and Transjurane portions at various times, and a reunification of these in the 1300's created a powerful state. Until the treaty of Arras in 1435, this duchy supported the English in the Hundred Years War, and its leaders had given Joan of Arc to them in 1429. For ten points, what is this sequence of medieval principalities, the last of which reached its peak under such leaders as Philip the Bold, John the Fearless, Philip the Good, and Charles the Bold?.;;Burgundy|Bourgogne
;;Upon joining this, new members are each given two million "H dollars" to create a portfolio. Stocks can be purchased in any publicly identified project, from development through the first four weeks of wide release, at which time the stock is de-listed and the closing value set at one "H dollar per" one million dollars of gross. Investors can also buy Starbonds or mutual funds, and can sell short. For ten points, name this popular web site, where fantasy sports meet the film industry.;;Hollywood Stock Exchange|<www(.)hsx(.)com>
;;This person's first show was Tank Dive, which was produced at Hunter College shortly after she left the Paul Taylor Company to found her own. She was known early for somewhat vapid and music free shows of technical brilliance, but later produces works of merit including The Fugue, Deuce Coupe, and 1972's Push Comes to Shove, which is also the title of her autobiography. For ten points, name this dancer from Portland, Indiana probably best known for her choreography for Amadeus, Ragtime, and Hair in the late 1970's and early 1980's.;;(Twyla) Tharp
;;The two major sources describing this group conflict in a number of regards; one claims 23 members, while the other claims 71, for example; so a tradition that two of them existed has gained credence. The longer account of this body claims that it was headed by a zugot consisting of the nasi and av bet din and that its primary function was the creation and promulgation of Halakha. This successor of the gerousia, however, is described as a primarily judicial council headed by a high priest in Josephus. For ten points, identify this ancient Jewish religious and political institution, a governing council that met in Jerusalem and is probably most famous for its trial of Jesus.;;(Great) Sanhedrin
;;This is the shared name of the son of Hercules and Asopis and the father of Imbrius, though the best-known owner of this name is a son of Alcumis who delivers a notable tirade against tyranny. He is threatened with death by Agelaus of Same and, earlier, Noemon notes to Antinous that he "saw [this man] here yesterday at early dawn," even though he had also boarded a ship for Pylos the previous night. This is because Athnea has assumed the guise of this man, advising Telemachus "heaven will inspire you." For ten points, who is this character from The Odyssey into whose care Odysseus entrusted his son and whose name is now synonymous with teaching?.;;Mentor
;;This play has two unrelated plots, the first of which concerns the princess Palmyra of Sicily, the daughter of a usurper who is in love with Leonidas. Since Leonidas is the rightful heir to the throne, their marriage will right the wrong of her father. The second plot is comic and concerns the married couple Rodolpho and Doralice, who are attracted to others. After several complications, the characters reject adultery. For ten points, name this 1672 "battle of the sexes" comedy by John Dryden.;;Marriage A(-)la(-)Mode
;;The first act of this work takes place at the Church of St. Catherine, where the main character receives some less than helpful advice for the Apprentice David, who is the lover of Magdalena, who is herself the nurse of Viet Pogner's daughter, Eva. A small riot is touched-off when the errors in a lute serenade by Beckmesser are enumerated with cobbling nails by Hans Sachs, who then prevents a knight taught by "the birds of the woods" from absconding with Eva. For ten points, name the musical work with Walther von Stolzing as protagonist; an opera about a guild of artists in a German city by Richard Wagner.;;(Die) Meistersinger von Nurnberg|(The) Mastersingers of Nuremberg
;;This person was known for weaving lighted matches into his most distinguishing physical feature and conducted a treaty of sorts with Charles Eden. This seaman began his career under Benjamin Horngold, but struck out on his own after the capture of La Concorde near Martinique. Re-christened, the 300-ton frigate would serve as his flag until 1718, when it was defeated by HMS Pearl under Robert Maynard; this privateer was then stabbed two dozen times, and decapitated. For ten points, name the infamous American pirate who terrorized the coast of the Carolinas, and is known for his command of Queen Anne's Revenge; for a still-lost buried treasure; and for his luxuriant, dark facial hair.;;Blackbeard|(Edward) Teach(,)|(Edward) Thatch
;;This work's third chapter details the main character's purchase at auction of seven cases of Castile soap, which he sells to Mr. Dalrymple. The work's central metaphor is occurs at the end of Chapter I, when a youth watches a lobster kill a squid in Philadelphia, but the chief action occurs in another American city. Aileen Butler's father ruins the title character, sending him to the joint, after which he takes advantage of the Panic of 1873 to re-build his fortune in Chicago. For ten points, identify this 1912 novel about Frank Algernon Cowperwood; the first volume in The Trilogy of Desire by Theodore Dreiser.;;(The) Financier
;;This condition is caused by organisms of the genus Claviceps, especially C. purpurea, which excrete contains poisonous alkaloids as schlerotia; alkaloids that can lead to convulsions, miscarriages, hallucinations, and death. Since the fungi that cause this condition infect members of the grass family, grains and cereals can become infested with the namesake substance. LSD is a derivative of the alkaloids found in it. For ten points, name this substance, which historically caused epidemics when large quantities of moldy grains, such as rye, were produced and consumed in a region.;;ergot
;;. This formulator of the recombination trap model of phosphorescence worked on uranium refinement at Berkeley during the Manhattan Project, though he later worked against nuclear weapons. He received his physics doctorate from Birmingham in 1940, though his application of his work to biochemistry led him to become one of the founders of the field of biophysics. He is most famous, however, for using X-ray diffraction to study fibers extracted from a biological molecular gel of interest. For ten points, name this 1962 Nobel Laureate who aided Watson and Crick to determine the structure of DNA.;;(Maurice) Wilkins
;;His globetrotting exploits were reflected in such works as A Frenchman in New York, a reply to George Gershwin, and Souvenirs of Brazil, composed after a trip with ambassador Paul Claudel. This teacher of Steve Reich and Dave Brubeck associated with the social circle of Jean Cocteau, with whom he collaborated on the opera The Poor Sailor and the ballet The Do-Nothing Bar. A proponent of polytonality and the musical application of whips and hammers, for ten points, who was this composer of the ballet The Creation of the World, a member of Les Six?.;;(Darius) Milhaud
;;On October 12, 1654, a gunpowder magazine explosion leveled one quarter of this city in a "thunderclap" that could be heard on the island of Texel, seventy miles away in the North Sea. Located on the Schie River, a statue of Hugo Grotius stands in the market of this birthplace of Anton van Leeuwenhoek. William the Silent was assassinated at its Prinsenhof and is buried in its Gothic-style New Church along with the subsequent members of the house of Orange. For ten points, what is this Dutch city immortalized on canvas by its native Jan Vermeer?.;;Delft
;;The war this treaty resolved grew out of intervention in the Tonghak peasant revolt. Also known as the treaty of Maguan, in addition to a two hundred million tael indemnity, it granted the victors the Pescadores and Formosa. Out of fear of compromising Port Arthur, the Fengtien province on the Liaotung peninsula was eventually returned to the losers via the Triple Intervention of France, Germany, and Russia. Codifying China's 1895 defeat, for ten points, what was this treaty that settled the Sino-Japanese war?.;;(Treaty) (of) Shimonoseki
;;In this play, not only is the water-carrier Cob thrashed for speaking out against tobacco, but he is nearly imprisoned by Judge Clement when he seeks a warrant against the braggart soldier Captain Bobadill. With an original cast that included Shakespeare, the plot is motivated by Old Knowell's pursuit of his son Edward to London and the subsequent interference of the ne'er-do-well Wellbred and the protean servant Brainworm. One of the title manifestations is the melancholy rustic poet Stephen in, for ten points, what play by Ben Jonson?.;;Every Man in His Humour
;;Ten years before they defeated the Mongols at the battle of Ayn Jalut, their capture of Louis IX signaled the dissolution of the Seventh Crusade. They seized power when Aybak executed the heir of as-Salih, the last Ayyubid sultan, and they returned the caliphate to Cairo during the rule of Baybars I. Subsumed by the Ottoman Empire in 1517, this class lingered in semi-autonomous power until they were massacred by Muhammad Ali Pasha in 1811. For ten points, who were these Muslim slave soldiers and rulers of Egypt?.;;Mamluks|Mamlukes
;;Never admitted to the Royal Academy on account of his lack of large-scale works, his depictions of the entry of Napoleon into Munich on the Arc de Triomphe du Carrousel were executed in the Neoclassical style that characterized his Post-Revolutionary work such as Homer Attacked by Dogs.  Winner of the 1759 Prix de Rome and a master of detailing clay, he portrayed scenes of fauns, nymphs, and satyrs in his medium of choice, terra cotta. For ten points, who was this Nancy native and quintessential rococo sculptor?.;;Clodion|(Claude) Michel
;;Integral to its development was the advent of the freeze-fracture/freeze etch technique which, when coupled with electron microscopy, permitted the examination of the P and E faces. Tight packing is prevented by a cis double bond that produces a kink in one of its basic unit's fatty acid tails. Held together by hydrophobic interactions, it surpassed the Davson-Danielli sandwich model in its ability to describe the placement of ogliosaccharides and glycoproteins. For ten points, what is this model developed by Singer and Nicholson in which the cell membrane is composed of proteins embedded in a phospholipid bilayer?.;;fluid mosaic (model)
;;Its second section references the juniper tree under which Elijah sat while wishing for death and it alludes to the leopard from Dante's Inferno, in this case having feasted on the narrator's organs. Published in Selected Poems in 1930, critics rejected its non-secular outlook embodied in "Lord, I am not worthy/ but speak the word only." The shift between the first and the last of its six books from "Because I do not" to "Although I do not hope to turn again" reflects its poet's conclusive conversion to the Church of England three years prior to its writing. For ten points, what is this T.S. Eliot poem named for the first day of Lent?.;;Ash(-)Wednesday
;;This quantity can be negative when bosons are added to a system at near zero temperature with no change in total energy, and it equals zero for a gas of photons. For electrons in a semiconductor, it is the analog of the Fermi level when it falls in the band gap, and for chemical reactions at equilibrium with multiple species, it can be determined from the law of mass action. Characteristic of the grand canonical ensemble among statistical mechanics formulations, for ten points, what is this thermodynamic quantity equal to the partial derivative of the free energy with respect to particle number?.;;chemical potential
;;One of the "handsome" members of this family lost the navel engagement of Drepanum when he threw his magic chickens overboard, while another, appellated Caudex, captured Messana to incite the First Punic War. Its founder immigrated to Rome from Sabine territory around 500 B.C. and this clan earned great fame through the construction of the first Roman aqueduct and the Via Appia during the 312 B.C. censorship of a member known as "the Blind." For ten points, what was this Roman gens that intermarried with the Julians to form the first imperial dynasty and whose name was commonly used by the fourth emperor?.;;Claudii|Claudians|Claudius
;;Recent discoveries of the highly specialized family of abelisaurs suggest that it lasted longer than previously believed. Although Alexander duToit's work with mesosaur fossils and Flinders Range sedimentation provided further proof, it was the population distribution of the plant glossopteris across the Karoo, the Santa Catharina, and its eponymous Indian strata that evoked its proposal by geologist Eduard Suess. Composed of the Indian, Australian, African, South American, and Antarctic proto-masses, for ten points, what was this super-continent of the Southern hemisphere?.;;Gondwanaland
;;Forced to sign a peace treaty with the Conservatives, his suicide attempt by shooting himself in the chest led to his emotional withdrawal. When his friend Gerineldo Marquez rejects an offer to join his thirty-third Liberal uprising, this time against a banana company, this silversmith began to cyclically build and melt twenty-five tiny golden fish. Eventually he forgets the deaths of his child-bride Remedios Moscote and his cross-marked seventeen namesake sons. For ten points, who is this Gabriel Garcia Marquez character that remembers ice while facing a firing squad at the opening of One Hundred Years of Solitude?.;;(Colonel) Aureliano Buendia
;;It holds that everything is in the empty state of shunyata rather than in a state of dharmic flux, and it draws from sutras such as the Prajna-Paramita and Avatamsaka in addition to the Pali canon. Claiming multiple heavens and hells, Tendai, Nichiren, and Pure Land number among its subgroups. It considers the self-salvation of the arhat to be a limited goal, instead emphasizing the compassion of one who temporarily forsakes nirvana to help others, the bodhisattva. Less orthodox than Theraveda, for ten points, what is this "greater vehicle" sect of Buddhism?.;;Mahayana (Buddhism)
;;This phenomenon, along with solar wind, is the primary cause for comet tails pointing away from the Sun. Measured first by Pyotr Lebedev in 1892 with very light mirrors in a vacuum and later by Ernest Nichols with his namesake radiometer, it scales with the fourth power of temperature and is equal to the ratio of energy flux to the speed of light. Arising from photon momentum change, it is twice as intense for a perfectly reflective surface as for a perfect absorber. For ten points, what is this force per unit area exerted by impinging electromagnetic waves?.;;Radiation pressure
;;His tragedies were primarily inspired by those of Euripides, with the notable exception of The Sabines. A speaker of Latin, Greek, and Oscan, Fulvius Nobilior patronized this native of Calabria after Cato the Elder brought him to Rome. While he produced the first Latin elegiac couplets, his most significant work was an epic poem in hexameter that covered the history of Rome from Aeneas through the Second Punic War. FTP, who was this versatile Latin author whose Annales served as the Roman national epic until it was succeeded by the Aeneid?.;;(Quintus) Ennius
;;In a New York Tribune editorial, its sponsors deplored the president's endorsement of military governors, a condition that ironically was included in the hard-line Reconstruction Act three years later. A reaction to the proposed ten-percent plan, it required the disenfranchisement of senior civil and military leaders, the banning of slavery, and a loyalty oath taken by fifty percent of the white adult males before a return to the Union was permitted, but it was pocket vetoed by President Lincoln. For ten points, what was this 1864 bill that set forth harsh conditions for the readmission of Confederate states named for a Maryland representative and an Ohio senator?.;;Wade(-)Davis (Bill)
;;In a non-acidic solution, a pair of these reactions couples with a Friedel-Crafts acylation in the Haworth preparation of phenanthrenes. Requiring a high-boiling alcohol, its variant using a diethylene glycol solvent is the Huang-Minlon modification. This reaction converts one-phenyl-one-propanone to propylbenzene, but when the starting molecule is base-labile, its counterpart Clemmensen reduction is more useful. For ten points, what is this reaction in which an aldehyde or ketone carbonyl group is reduced to a methylene group by means of heating with a strong base and hydrazine?.;;Wolff(-)Kishner (reduction)
;;Deported in 597 BC to Babylonia, this priest was the first prophet to be called outside of the Holy Land. Although he condemns the guilt of Judah and foretells the fall of Jerusalem to Nebuchadrezzar, he later describes the design of a new Temple. Claiming that his words came from a honey-flavored scroll that God enjoined him to eat, his visions included that of a valley of dry bones, a chariot-throne, and four cherubim with four chrysolite wheels. For ten points, who was this Old Testament prophet?.;;Ezekiel
;;Among its effects was the reduction of the influencing gained by the Soviet Union three years earlier under treaty of Rapallo. Consisting of four sections, the last of which guaranteed French assistance to Poland and Czechoslovakia, this agreement driven by foreign minister Gustav Stresemann led to Germany's admittance to the League of Nations the following year, as it normalized the country's boundaries with Belgium and France. Repudiated when Germany invaded the demilitarized Rhineland in 1936, for ten points, what was this European pact signed in 1925 and named for an Italian-speaking Swiss canton?.;;Locarno (Pact)|(Treaties)
;;This novel includes such important symbols as a bowler hat and the smile of the dog Karenin. Nietzsche's concept of "eternal return" is cited at the beginning, and the story of Oedipus is related to communism, as is one character's recurring dream of several women singing while marching naked. The girl with the large glasses attempts to forbid Franz from going to Cambodia, but he does so out of care for the artist Sabina, who eventually moves to America, while Tereza and Tomas respectively come to represent weight and its opposite, the title concept.  For ten points, name this novel set against the background of the 1968 Prague Spring, written by Milan Kundera.;;(The) Unbearable Lightness of Being
;;. Among the things that works refutation are paralogisms, fallacious syllogisms based on inadmissible suppositions, and antinomies, pairs of contradictory propositions that apply experiential forms to matters beyond experience. It sets forth "of quantity", "of quality", "of relation", and "of modality" as the four types of categories in its "Transcendental Analytic" section.  Hindered by an opaque formalism inherited from Christian Wolff, a revised edition of this investigation of synthetic a priori judgments was required in 1787. For ten points, what was this logical examination of metaphysics by Immanuel Kant?.;;Critique of Pure Reason|Kritik der reinen Vernunft
;;This work's central plot revolves around a factory called "Newark Maid."  That factory is owned by the central character, whose idyllic life and wealth are upturned by the harsh realities of 1960s America, and more specifically by a bomb planted by his daughter, Merry. That central character, Seymour Levov, is known by the moniker "The Swede" in Nathan Zuckerman's narrative of his rise and fall. For ten points, what is this work, the winner of the 1998 Pulitzer Prize, the handiwork of Philip Roth?.;;American Pastoral
;;Cooperation between classes of a rigid social hierarchy is the ideal situation espoused by the social school of this brand of thought, whose foremost prophet is probably Ken Wilber. One of the fundamental tenants common to almost all its forms is Erastianism, the foundation of an "organic" natural church, which it holds to be the correct order of things since ecology dictates a single, ideal religious structure for any given society. This holistic, eclectic school of philosophy is especially popular in Latin America, where it is used to justify dictatorships. For ten points, identify this ham-handed attempt at "a genuine Theory of Everything;" a philosophical hodgepodge incorporating an "existential ethnofascism" best known in its anarchistic variety and through the writings of Christian de Quincey.;;integralism
;;A coup d'etat supported by Yuan Shikai and led by Empress Dowager Cixi eventually ended this period on September 21, 1898. This was done with the support of the ultraconservative ruling elite, most prominent of which were the Manchus. The emperor himself saw it as an opportunity to modernize the country and attempt to reach a level of modernization comparable to Japan's. For ten points, name this program, initiated by the Qing emperor Guangxu to revolutionize China, and lasting from June 11 to September 21, 1898.;;Hundred Days' (Reform)
;;One major defect of this is that its equations contain 19 free parameters not all of which can be determined in general. The first major experimental deviation from it came in 1998, when the lab at Super-Kamiokande published results demonstrating neutrino oscillation, thereby implying the existence of non-zero neutrino masses. It contains twelve types of fermions and several bosons, including photons, W and Z bosons, Higgs bosons, and eight types of gluons. Often referred to as SU(3) times SU(2) times U(1), this is, for ten points, what model that attempts to address three of the four fundamental forces, but excludes gravity?.;;standard (model) (of) (particle) (physics)
;;This person's first credit came from "Marie from Sunny Italy" in 1907, which earned him 37 cents. Born on May 11, 1888 in Tyumen, Siberia, he emigrated to the United States in 1893, where he lived for the rest of his life. He would compose several other musical reviews during the early twentieth century as well, including Yip Yip Yaphank and several pro-American and ragtime songs such as "Alexander's Ragtime Band."  For ten points, name this American composer, most famous for "God Bless America" and "White Christmas.".;;(Irving) Berlin|(Israel) Baline
;;The main character of this work has been fired for stealing boxes, exposing him to the bile of his dog-hating father, who sermonizes from a toilet, and his best friend, who notes "You got to be a stupid motherfucker to get fired on your day off!" The plot is driven by that friend's debt to a highly fashion-conscious peddler named Big Worm, who claims that "playing with [his] money is like playing with [his] emotions," but the film's major antagonist is Deebo, who is shot by the protagonist in the film's conceit. For ten points, name this 1995 movie that relates the adventures of Smoky and Craig on the titular day of the week.;;Friday
;;One of this publication's chief contributors, Elizabeth Peabody, also used the resources of her West Street bookstore to publish it. It was named by Bronson Alcott at the meeting that conceived it, and its first publisher was Margaret Fuller. Despite the short lifespan of its first incarnation, it saw contribution by such luminaries as Lydia Child, Charles Newcomb, James Lowell, and Henry Thoreau. For ten points, name this literary magazine, the brainchild and medium of Ralph Waldo Emerson and the Transcendentalist movement.;;(The) Dial
;;This person called his cabin in the Adirondaks "The Loj" ["lodge"], spelled L-O-J and, though this attempt at spelling reform didn't catch on, his dropping the "u" and "e" from "catalog" did. After resigning from Amherst, he created a Journal for his trade with Leypoldt and Bowker in 1877; he had already joined his friend Charles Cutter in founding the ALA in 1866. For ten points, name this director of the New York State Librarian best known for devising a system of book classification around 1877, which is known as his "decimal system.".;;(Melville) (Louis) (Kossuth) Dewey|(Melvil) Dui
;;The narrative of this work begins with the fourteen-year-old future grandmother of the title character guiding a wagon through the Ohio River valley. This short segment is followed by an accounting of the main character's reading "Gray's Anatomy" in the office of Doc Vickerson, his mentor, in the small town of Elk Mills. Later in life, the title character must attempt to combat an epidemic on the island of St. Hubert. For ten points, name this book set in Winnemac; a 1925 novel about the namesake hypocrite medical doctor, written by Sinclair Lewis.;;Arrowsmith
;;The floor in this work is comprised of sixteen photorealistic wood beams, with the artist's signature scratched as a tiny graffito into the seventh. A large, gold-framed mirror in front of a cream wall reflects the blank black back of the clock just left of center, which reads 12:43 and stands between two candlesticks. These objects all rest on a marble shelf above what is often described as a fireplace, even though no hearth or flue are visible; in their stead is an eerie green field from which a steaming, miniature locomotive protrudes. For ten points, name this 1939 surrealist work of Rene Magritte.;;Time Transfixed
;;This author was deeply touched by the birth of a mentally disabled daughter, who is the subject of The Child that Never Grew, and developed an impressively distinct and convincing literary persona in works published as John Sedges, including The Townsman. This philanthropist fictionalized the lives of her father and mother, respectively, in 1936's Fighting Angel and The Exile, while her first novel, East Wind, West Wind, was written to kill time on a long nautical voyage. For ten points, name this author and Nobel Laureate whose Sons and A House Divided completed The House of the Earth trilogy that she began in 1931 with The Good Earth.;;(Pearl) (S(.)) Buck|(Pearl) (Comfort) (Sydenstricker)
;;This person wrote a dialogue featuring Simonides' discourse on power in Hiero, and showed his love of sport and animals in Cygenticus and De Re Equestri. This son of Gryllus was induced to his greatest adventure by Proxenus, who was in the service of a man whose father this writer would biography in the eight volume Cyropadia. This elected general relates his plunder of the house of Asidates in the seventh book of his best-known work, though he is also well known for his Meorabilia, Apology, and Symposium. For ten points, name this former student of Socrates and leader, after the Battle of Cunaxa, of the retreat of the 10,000, which he relates in his best-known work, The Anabasis.;;Xenophon
;;During this event, a general two-hour strike that occurred on November 27 led to an overnight doubling in the number of protesters. Gustav Husak, the KSC leader, willingly dissolved his government less than a month later, under pressure from such groups as Charter-77. Spurred on by Mikhail Gorbachev's introduction of perestroika and the fall of the Berlin Wall, it began with peaceful demonstrations on November 16, 1989 in Bratislava. For ten points, name this fairly bloodless Czech coup d'etat, which led to the election of Alexander Dubcek and Vavlav Havel.;;Velvet Revolution|Sametova Revoluce(,)|Nena Revolucia
;;Thierry Michel's three-part film chronicling this person's life begins with Quest for Power, which includes his childhood, reporting at the 1958 World's Fair, and membership in the MNC. This man was appointed secretary of state for national defense by Kasavubu and, within eight days, had utilized a revolt by the Force Publique to precipitate the ouster of his main rival. This founder of the MPR changed his name in 1972, to one translating as "all-powerful warrior who, because of his endurance and inflexible will to win, will go from conquest to conquest leaving fire in his wake," but he left office under pressure from insurgents led by Laurent Kabila. For ten points, identify this rival of Patrice Lamumba who died in Morocco a few months after surrendering control of the Congo.;;(Joseph(-)Desire) Mobutu (Sese) (Seko) (Koko) (Ngbendu) (Wa) (Za) (Banga)
;;Major cities on this body of water include Palana, Magadan, Abashiri, and Monbetsu. It was originally given a name meaning "North Sea," but this was changed to a nonsense word produced by confounding the Japanese and Russian terms for North. For ten points, name this sea, surrounded by the disputed Kurile Islands, the Kamchatka Peninsula, and Hokkaido, and connected to the Sea of Japan by the Gulf of Tartary.;;(Sea) (of) Okhotsk () (oh(-)KOTSK)
;;This creature may be identified by its characteristic cubical dung. In the year 2000, dingoes ate 10% of the Epping Forest species of this animal. Other factors leading to its decline are drought and habitat loss, but the most important factor endangering this animal was the introduction of foreign animals, especially the rabbit, to its Australian environment. The rabbit competes for the underground tunnel systems dug by this animal for its habitat and eats the vegetation needed for survival, leaving this much slower, bulkier animal to starve and die. For ten points, name this flat-nosed, small marsupial of Australia.;;wombat
;;When this artist was 22, his master died and he chose to leave home and roam the countryside rather than seeking a new one. His wanderings are recounted in Records series, which includes those of A Weather-Beaten Skeleton and A Travel-Worn Satchel, and his followers assembled The Monkey's Raincoat after giving him a name in meaning "banana tree," from a plant that grew near his hut. His later journeys led to his most famous anthology, The Narrow Road to the Deep North. "Travelling, sick/ My dreams roam/ On a withered moor" is the very last work of, for ten points, what Japanese author, considered by many to have revolutionized the haiku.;;(Matsuo) Basho|(Matsuo) Munefusa
;;. The atmosphere of this body, which was estimated to have a pressure of about 15 bar ["microbars"] by Voyager II, is currently explained by an "icy volcanism" volatility model, which predicts a polar temperature of about 35 K ["Kelvin"]. It has the same solar axial orientation as Uranus, so a seasonal switching of polar phase occurs every 40 years or so. Ionization of its nitrogenous atmosphere results in a small secondary bow shock in the solar wind near the body that it orbits, and it and all satellites nearer that body than it are in synchronous orbital resonance with it. For ten points, identify this largest satellite of Neptune that is also the largest known moon possessing a retrograde orbit.;;Triton
;;With Lindemann, this person is the namesake of an important theory on algebraic numbers, which Lindemann used to prove p and this mathematician used to prove e transcendental. His important work on elliptic functions allowed him to publish a general solution to the quintic in terms of them in 1858, and his namesake matrix normal form is obtained by left multiplication by a unimodular matrix. This man also lends his name to an infinite sequence of orthogonal polynomials which arise in the Froebenius solution of his namesake differential equation, y'' - 2xy' + ky = 0 ["y-double-prime minus two x y-prime plus k y equals zero"]. For 10 points, name this French mathematician who also names the property of an operator that is its own conjugate or, in the case of a matrix, transposed complex conjugate.;;(Charles) Hermite
;;This word derives from the Greek for "assail" and comes from the fact that composers of scurrilous poems used this measure in their satiric verses. As an adjective, this word describes a scathing form of Greek mocking poem that is also the namesake of French satiric poetry, as set of which was composed by Andre Chenier. Seven of these units go into a verse called a fourteener, six of them make up an Alexandrine, quatrains alternating four and five of them is the standard ballad form, and five of them comprise a standard line of blank verse. For 10 points name this metrical foot consisting of two measures, a short syllable followed by a long one, that is sometimes considered the natural unit of speech.;;iambic
;;There are known on the order of 30 of the "millisecond" variety of these objects, for which there exists a strong correlation between the magnetic field strength and rotation rate. Plasma ablated from their surfaces and trapped in highly motive fields is probably responsible for the anomalously large high-energy tail of the particle distribution in the interstellar medium. They experience chaotic, step-wise changes in period known as glitches, which may be due to field decoupling due to increases in core conductance, or "starquakes." For ten points, name these astronomical objects that were discovered by Anthony Hewish and Jocelyn Bell in 1967 and that are rapidly rotating neutron stars.;;pulsating radio (stars)
;;In his attempt to get past the gatekeeper into the land of Nuada of the Silver Hand, this man listed his ability to serve the king as a warrior, smith, carpenter, physician, and many other occupations. This led to one of his names: Ildanach, or "Skilled at all the arts," but he was also known as Lamfada, "Long-Armed," which indicated the extensive reach of his divine power. Possessor of the sword Freagarthach, "The Answerer", he nevertheless used a stone to slay the deadly-gazing, one-eyed Fomorian Balor, his own grandfather. He appeared as a "bright-faced" noble man against the armies of Queen Medb for the convalescing Cu Chullain, his son. For ten points name this son of Kian and Celtic god of the sun.;;Lugh|Lliew
;;This person graduated third in class from Brown at age 19, and defeated William Randolph Hearst in the 1906 New York gubernatorial race. This politician declined to serve as Taft's Vice-President and, after a brief career change, his re-entry into electoral politics failed despite the endorsement of both the Republican and Bull Moose parties. He planned and served as chairman of the Washington Conference, but returned to an earlier employment in 1930. For ten points, name this American statesman, Secretary of State under Harding and Coolidge, unsuccessful presidential candidate in 1916, Supreme Court justice from 1910 to 1916, and Chief Justice from 1930 to 1941.;;(Charles) (Evans) Hughes
;;This can be computed directly by solving Fresnel's equations for a T-mode with zero parallel reflection coefficient. For a randomly polarized ray incident at this, the reflected and refracted rays are perpendicular, so a plate placed in a light beam at it can be used as a polarizer. When light moves is incident on an interfacial discontinuity, the p polarization will not be reflected at one particular angle, about 56 ["fifty-six degrees"] for a glass medium in air at visible wavelengths. For ten points, name this important optical angle, equal in the geometric limit to the proper arctangent of the ratio of the media indices of refraction, and named for a Scottish physicist.;;Brewster (angle)
;;This skirmish was fought near the site of the earlier Battle of Cynoscephalae. One side began in strong defensive positions on Mount Dogandzis, but eventually elected for a cavalry charge on the opposing left flank. Having been drawn-out by a feint, this charge was met by special forces given instructions to "aim for the face" to take advantage of the opposition's vanity. This paid-off as the cavalry fled and left the loser's left denuded, hit, and rolled up. Fought by the River Epineus, for ten points, name this recompense for the earlier loss at Dyrrhachium where the failed charge of Titus Labienus and the successful left wing charge of Marc Antony played the principal roles in the loss of Pompey the Great to Julius Caesar in 48 BCE.;;Pharsalus
;;Four years after this leader's retirement from military service, he was called upon to repel an invading force at the battle of Tarqui in 1829. He then agreed to preside over the "Admirable Congress" of Gran Colombia, which failed to maintain the unity of three constituent nations and would lead to this man's assassination. With only what he had learned from a brief stint at a military school before turning fifteen, in 1810 he joined the revolution from Spain and, after ten years of being slapped around, at he became a skilled general, winning victory at Pichincha. Joining forces with San Martin to win Ayacucho, he helped earn victory at Junin as the right hand man of Simon Bolivar. For ten points, name this commander and politician, the first elected president of Brazil and namesake of its judicial capital.;;(Antonio) (de) (Jose) (de) Sucre (Alcala)
;;During the Thirties, this man hired by the WPA, which resulted in 1992's America Eats, while the life of Rubin "Hurricane" Carter provided the basis for The Devil's Stocking. He was the editor of his Own Book of Lonesome Monsters, which featured contributions by Heller, Pyncheon, and Bellow. In his early years, he was hospitalized for depression following reviews of his first work, Somebody in Boots. For ten points, name this author who was thrown into depression again by lukewarm reviews of A Walk on the Wild Side, but is best known for The Man with the Golden Arm.;;(Nelson) Algren
;;According to legend, the composer of the opera so identified with the main character of it that he wept while composing his death scene. He and the librettist profoundly altered that character from the original story, making him love a girl whose suicide in a canal was completely invented this opera. It includes a charming retelling of Daphnis and Chloe recast as Prilepa, Zlatogor, and Milovzor in a drawing room scene, and also quotes Andre Gretry's Richard Coeur-de-Lion when the countess recalls her days in Paris, before she traded her virtue for the secret of a winning at cards. She dies of fright at the demand for that secret, though her ghost finally reveals it to the soldier Herman. For ten points, name this opera based loosely on a poem by Pushkin and heavily altered by Modest and Pyotr Tchaikovsky.;;(The) Queen of Spades|Pikovaya Dama
;;In 1659, this writer was elected a Member of Parliament from Hull, a post he would hold for the rest of his life. He published the satirical "Last Instructions to a Painter" and a tract advocating tolerance, The Rehearsal Transpros'd, after returning from a European espionage mission in 1665. He wrote "Upon Appleton House" and "The Mower to the Glow-worms" while he was tutoring the daughter of Lord Fairfax, a position possibly gained by his "An Horatian Ode upon Cromwell's Return from Ireland." After serving as an assistant to his friend John Milton, he succeeded him as Latin Secretary to the Council of State and helped shield Milton from the revenge enacted by the Restoration. For ten points, name this metaphysical Cavalier poet best known for his light-hearted "To His Coy Mistress.".;;(Andrew) Marvell
;;The provisions of the Fourteenth Amendment ,upheld in cases like Hurtado v. California, greatly weakened the force of this 1833 case. Indicative of the changing nature of the court, in one of his last opinions, Marshall spoke for a unanimous bench and greatly diminished judicial power by his ruling, whereby a wharf owner whose property had been damaged by Maryland state action to redirect streams lost his suit for damages. For ten points, name this case that held that the Fifth Amendment only restricted Federal, and not State, actions.;;Barron v(.) Baltimore
;;The detached narrator of this brief work describes the thoughts of its unnamed title figure about the good old days of his profession, when his performances would be monitored late at night. That character continued to take pride in a profession that, as the narrator mentions in the first line, had been declining in popularity for some decades. Though he eventually suffers the indignity of signing on with a circus to perform near the foul-smelling animals, his principal degradation comes at the moment of his death, when he admits that it is not pride in his craft but merely a finicky palate that had impelled him to choose his occupation. Such are the humiliations born by, for ten points, what figure, eventually replaced by a panther after he presumably starved to death in a very short piece by Franz Kafka?.;;(A) Hunger Artist|(Ein) Hungerkunstler
;;In this conflict, a mistaken adherence to bayonet charges, which were called stosstaktik, and a government monopoly on breech loading rifles, which prevented the accumulation needle guns, contributed to defeat. Witness to the first European military use of telegraphs and railroads, after the initial victory of the losing side at Trautenau or Langensalza, a defeat of Generals Eduard Clam-Gallas and Ludwig von Benedek at Munchengratz led to a decisive defeat at a battle a battle with largest number of troops then engaged on a European battlefield. Decided by the battle of Sadowa or Koniggratz, Prussians under the leadership of Helmuth von Moltke defeated Austria and took over the province of Schlewsig-Holstein in, for ten points, what brief war that took place over two months in 1866?.;;Seven Weeks' (War)
;;While the main character of this work, the head of a successful Cadillac dealership, seems prosperous, he is actually trapped in an unhappy marriage made worse by his drinking and womanizing. His need to borrow $25,000 from Harry Reilly to cover his death costs ironically contributes to his suicide. Thus, the trappings of a wealthy suburban social scene do not allow him to escape his doom, much as the flight of a slave does not keep him from his date with death in the Islamic legend from which this work gets its title. For ten points, name the novel that relates the demise of Julian English and is one of the best-known works of John O'Hara.;;Appointment in Samarra
;;Following a disastrous loss on May 12, the area where this battle took place saw mostly guerilla action against the enemy until July 25, when a new general was dispatched with 3,000 men. They encountering the enemy three weeks later and despite inferior numbers, that enemy attacked in textbook formation, whereupon the Virginia and North Carolina militias fled, leaving only the Regulars. These were gradually flanked and destroyed, by which point the losing general had already began his headlong 200-mile flight to Hillsboro. This defeat was fairly crushing, as the losers lost their artillery and almost 700 men, including the Baron de Kalb. For ten points, name this August 15, 1780 battle at which Americans under the "leadership" of Horatio Gates were crushed by Cornwallis.;;(Battle) (of) Camden
;;This school of though began in the 1980s in the attempt to answer why the long-predicted end of the economic upturn had not yet happened, a solution it partially found in the key result that, where a firm relies on innovation and resources more than output cost, the law of diminishing returns no longer holds. In fact, according to the main theorist of this economic theory, objects alone do not drive economic expansion, but rather ideas do. It further follows Schumpeter's conditional bias for monopolies, which are a natural consequence of the high barriers to entry and low production costs resulting from idea-based expansion. For ten points, name this economic theory, the brainchild of Paul Romer, which places a premium on discoveries, through it argues that economic expansion can persist in theory indefinitely.;;New Growth (theory)
;;. Diogenes Laertius states that this man was the first to draw a map of the earth, that he invented the gnomon-stick sundial for measure of the solstices, the he was the first to use a clock, and that he theorized that the moon shines from light borrowed from the sun. However, only one sentence of his works survives, and that suggests that balance in the elements results when hot and cold "pay reparations" to ona-another, and does not mention the concept for which he is most famous, that of suggesting that the universe derives from a principal substance he called the "apeiron" or "boundless." For ten points, name this prominent member of the Ionian school; a Milesian who is said to have studied under Thales and to have taught Anaximines.;;Anaximander (of) (Miletus)
;;This person's career choice was made after a visit to London, where John Colet's sermons on the New Testament and determined him to become a scriptural scholar himself. He came out with a pioneering edition of the works of St. Jerome, but then took flak for issuing a new Latin translation of the Bible that corrected Jerome's Vulgate. This lifelong friend Thomas More made More the dedicatee of his most famous work. For 10 points, who is this native of Rotterdam, leader of the Christian Humanist movement, and the writer of In Praise of Folly?.;;(Desiderius) Erasmus
;;The women in the life of this work's main character include the prostitute whom he ogles from his apartment, his henpecking wife, and Dasiy Diana Dorothea Devore, his assistant at work, who pines for him. Allegorical figures include the Fixer and the immortal Lt. Charles, who is in charge of reincarnation. At one point in this play, six couples, all of whom are dressed alike, converse about the horrors of women's suffrage and foreign agitators at the protagonist's house. They will later serve on the jury that finds the protagonist guilty of murder. The crime occurs when the department store manager, the Boss, announces that, instead of receiving a raise, Zero will be replaced by the title object. For ten points, identify this expressionist drama about the emptiness of modern existence written by Elmer Rice.;;(The) Adding Machine
;;This work's minor characters include Peter Pounce, who saves the title character's true love from the hands of the Captain and the Squire, and Beau Didapper, a fop who visits Somerset to romance a milkmaid. Locales in the text include Trulliber's abode and the Dragon Inn, where the protagonist is abused by the Tow-Wouses, but meets a friend who accompanies him on his journeys. The story concludes with the central couple rescued after being accused of stealing a hazel twig by Mr. Scout. This occurs after Mister Wilson realizes that the son he thought stolen by gypsies is actually Lady Booby's footman. Fanny Goodwill thus gets to marry the handsome and pure hero, and Parson Adams finds success in, for ten points, what novel that focuses on Pamela's little-known brother, a work by Henry Fielding.;;Joseph Andrews
;;One of the sides in this conflict had been trained under the German general Hans von Kundt, who also led its army during the early phases. In its aftermath, the February Revolution in the winning country installed the new PRF party under the command of Colonel Franco. Kundt's replacement, Enrique Penaranda, was appointed by President Daniel Salamanca, who resigned after the fall of Ballivian [bay-ye-ve-AN]. The victor was given Puerto Casado after an offer of arbitration offer from Argentina in 1938. Its the bloodiest fighting ws seen at the Battle of Fortin Boqueron under General Estigarribia, For ten points, name this war between Bolivia and Paraguay fought over the namesake territory.;;Chaco (War)
;;The streamfunction, which is sometimes given this name, arises from this namesake method for studying fluid flow, which involves dividing a fluid into control volumes with fixed masses and letting the boundaries of the volumes move in response to the dynamics of the fluid. It is also an alternate name for the mean value theorem and, in optics, this name is paired with Helmholtz in a namesake invariant. Defining the trajectory of an object to be the path that minimizes its action is the principle on which a namesake dynamics works, and a function by this name is the difference between the kinetic and potential energies of a simple system of particles. For ten points, identify this word that also names a set of equilibrium points in astronomy and a method of computing extrema by "multipliers" in calculus.;;Lagrangian|Lagrange
;;The first pope to take this name and number was ordained priest the day he was crowned pope, but eventually abdicated after the Council of Constance in 1415, and was declared an anti-pope. No other pope took the name until more than five hundred years later, when Angelo Roncalli decided to take his father's name as his papal name in 1958. For ten points, name this pope who died only five years later, but not before he had opened the Second Vatican Council.;;John XXIII
;;Honneger [OH-neh-gur] called his "Liturgique," while Glazunov's is also known as "Ballade." Brahms' symphony of this number is in F major, while Bruckner's is in D minor and is often nicknamed "Wagner." Schumann's has five movements and is nicknamed "Rhenish." Saint-Saens' is famous for its use of an organ. Mendelssohn's, in A minor, is situated between his "Lobesang" and "Italian" symphonies and is itself nicknamed "Scottish." All these symphonies have, for ten points, what number, whose most famous example is probably Beethoven's Opus 55 in E-flat major, nicknamed "Eroica?".;;Third (Symphony)
;;This algorithm is best used on linked list because, when used with arrays, it has the drawback of requiring an additional O(n) ["big O of n"] space needed to store temporary arrays. Requiring 1 to 3 branch predictions in the CPU per read/write operation, it slows down in CPU's without conditional computation instructions, although its balanced nature means that the worst-case and best-case runtimes are exactly equal. Related techniques include Knuth's [kuh-NOOTHZ] bitonic sort and the strand sort. For ten points, name this n lg n ["n log n"] algorithm that breaks the items to be sorted into several groups, sorts within each sub-groups, and then re-combines the subgroups into a sorted sequence.;;merge sort
;;This person's political thought was expressed in such essays as "Moral Imperatives for a World Order." This writer annually reviewed books in the magazines Phylon and Opportunity, and edited When People Meet with Bernard Stern. His philosophy emerged with the publication of his dissertation, "Problems of Classification in Theory of Value," which was written under the influence of James and Santayana at Harvard, where he also became the first black Rhodes scholar. He argued for a determination of egalitarian values that he termed "cultural pluralism" and worked hard to publicize the achievements of black people, especially during the "Harlem Renaissance." For ten points, identify this thinker, perhaps best known for his radical reformulation of what it means to be black in America: "The New Negro.".;;(Alain) Locke
;;This work's third stanza invokes a letter the poet wrote to Thomas Love Peacock, in which he described the antique grandeur of Baiae sleeping "beside a pumice isle." The titular addressee is described as wakening from his summer dreams in the blue Mediterranean, and resembling "the bright hair uplifted from the head of some fierce Maenad." In stanza five, the speaker asks to be made a lyre "even as the forest is," and asks for a fierce, impetuous spirit to invest his own and "drive my dead thoughts over the universe like withered leaves." The poem ends by calling the title entity a trumpet of prophecy, and asks "If winter comes, can spring be far behind?" For ten points, identify this 1819 poem inspired by the tempestuous weather that Percy Shelley saw on a trip to the Arno forest.;;Ode to the West Wind
;;Adherents to this person's methodology include his student Marcel Griaule and the economic anthropologist Karl Polanyi. Along with Lucien Levy-Bruhl and Paul Rivet, he founded the Ethnology Institute in Paris, and Levi-Strauss wrote the introduction to the standard edition of his works. He himself wrote such tracts as Prolegomena to a General Theory of Magic, Primitive Classification, and The Nature and Function of Sacrifice. Along with Georg Simmel and Marx, he is considered the founder of exchange theory. For ten points, identify this anthropologist, the author of the seminal study on contract in Melanesia and Polynesia, The Gift, and nephew of Emil Durkheim.;;(Marcel) Mauss
;;This work is a member of a series of four that were executed for Frederico Gonzaga II, and it was possibly intended as a gift for Emperor Charles V. This canvas is set in a woodland grove, where one of the title figures sits on a tree trunk while a deer drinks at her feet. Sprays of leaves emerge on the right side of the canvas, struggling to find their way in the murk and darkness that takes up more than half the painting. A white throw lies to the side as what appears to be a hand grasps the woman's nude flesh. The smoke clears up somewhat in the middle of the painting, where a face emerges out of the cloud to kiss the princess of Argos and future heifer. For ten points, identify this masterpiece by Correggio that shows an Olympian's love affair from Ovid's Metamorphoses.;;Jupiter and Io
;;This city was dominated by Athens between the battles of Oenophyta [oy-nuh-FYE-thu] in 457 BCE and Coronea [core-uh-NAY-uh] in 447. The neighboring city of Orchomenus [orr-KAH-men-ahss] was its main rival for supremacy in its own region, but it was its attack on Plataea that was a major part of starting the Peloponnesian War. For ten points, name this city-state in Boeotia [bee-OH-shuh] that grew militarily strong under Pelopidas and Epaminondas and defeated the Spartans at the battles of Leuctra and Mantinea before itself being crushed by Philip of Macedon at Chaeronea and mostly burned down by his son.;;Thebes|Thebai
;;This being was thrown into the sea as a reborn baby, but rescued by his new master, who was then the unluckiest man alive. Later, he would trick the lecher Rhun and beat the arrogant King Maelgwn in a race on his nag Dobbin. His first youth was spent with the old, blind Morda guarding a concoction that would make no one mind Morfran's ugliness, but when he partook of Ceridwen's cauldron, he instantly gained the wisdom and magical powers that would allow him to speak in verse and to compose beautiful music set to the wind. Later associated with Arthur's court, he may be best associated with his friend Elphin and the epithet "shining brow." For ten points, identify this mythological Welsh bard.;;Taliesin|Gwion (Bach)
;;This was built to insure that the sun shone directly on its facade, which is adorned with smiling baboons, two days a year: the King's birthday and the date of his coronation. The smaller section of this complex stands to the right of the larger, and features six 33-foot statues at its entrance. It was dedicated to Hathor and, like the larger, dedicated to Ra, was first sighted by J.L. Burckhardt in 1813. Nefertari is featured next to her husband at the smaller temple, but the larger one features only images of the pharaoh. Both were moved in the 1960 when construction of the Aswan High Dam threatened to submerge them. For ten points, identify this pair of temples erected by Ramses II.;;Abu Simbel
;;This writer's nonfiction works include a life of Castro Alves, while his fictional protagonists include Quincas Wateryell, who dies two deaths, and Tieta, also called the "goat girl," a poor woman who fights against a titanium factory. Better-known characters include members of the Badaro family and Colonel Horacio de Silveira, who struggle against one another and the jungle for control of cacao plantations. His stories are most often set in and around Ilheus and include such works as Showdown, Home is the Sailor, and Shepherds of the Night. He is best known, however, for his distinct brand of magical realism, which is evident in love stories like Dona  [DON-ya] Flor and her Two Husbands. For ten points, identify this Brazilian author of Gabriela, Clove, and Cinnnamon.;;(Jorge) Amado
;;The fourteenth of this work's sixteen extant books gives the only reliable account of the life revolt of Boadicea, while section forty-four of book fifteen mentions the crucifixion of Jesus. While it is certain that the years 37 to 41 are missing, this work's original length is unknown, as Pliny notes only that it and the Historiae were 30 books in total length. Near its beginning, it notes the murder of Agrippa Postumus, "the new reign's first crime." For ten points, name this historical work completed around 105 CE and covering a number of years in the reigns of the Julio-Claudian emperors of Rome; the masterwork of Tacitus.;;(The) Annals|Annales
;;This work ends with the central character shedding tears "not the last she was destined to shed" after she "come[s] away" from a meeting at the Music Hall. That character, a resident of Cambridge, is the daughter of a hypnotist, Sellah, who brings her to a party at Miss Birdseye's early in the novel to speak on the "new morality," and to make the acquaintance of Olive Chancellor. For ten points, name this novel about the complex "modern" love of Basil Ransom and Verena Tarrant; an 1886 novel by Henry James ostensibly about the residents of a certain Massachusetts city.;;(The) Bostonians
;;Prefixed by Gabby, this names Mac's first opponent in Super Punch-Out! Alucard begins Symphony of the Night equipped with this type of necklace. A Violent person by this name is a member of the unutterably terrible Insane Clown Posse, and it is the nickname of a certain Williams who sucked-up the Bulls' backcourt before turning to motorcycle racing. For ten points, give the common name of these things and people, another former baller who has a Ph.D., a critic by the name of Sherman, and Silent Bob's hetero life mate.;;Jay|J
;;The method of these is sometimes known as Jeans' theorem, can be derived from Lie [LEE] form invariance of a PDE, and is used to transform a PDE into a set of ODE's. Given a set, the function of this name is identically one on that set, and zero elsewhere. This term also names the function that is the Fourier transform of a distribution, and the minimal number of times the identity of a field must be combined to vanish. For ten points, give the mathematical term that, prefixed with Euler, names two minus the twice genus of a surface; and also names the floor of a real number, as distinct from the mantissa; and a polynomial equation for the eigenvalues of an operator or matrix.;;characteristics
;;The opinion delivered in this case is in three parts, the third of which questions whether a writ of mandamus is the correct remedy, given the circumstances of the case. This suit had its impetus in the Judiciary Act of 1801, the 13th Section of which act is both invoked to justify the suit and struck down due to its violation of Article III. For ten points, name this 1803 case, in which a judicial appointee sued the Secretary of State, and in the decision for which John Marshall established the principle of judicial review.;;Marbury v(.) Madison
;;The chief goddesses of the Burmese and Basques share this name. The Granth summarizes a fundamental concept of the same name by saying that "the world is like a dream, and there is nothing in it." In Hinduism, this denotes both the "veil" which one must pierce in order to view Brahman according to Adviata, and also the ephemeral aspect of Devi; and its literal meaning in Sanskrit is "illusion." For ten points, give the shared name of these concepts and deities from various religions, and a queen who dreamt of her child as a little white elephant and died shortly after giving birth to Siddhartha Gautama, the Buddha.;;Maya
;;This artist's Baldassare Castiglione displays that bearded author in a jaunty black hat, while his masterful Triumph of Galatea draws from, but jokes with, Botticelli. This painter's early works, such as the Madonna della Granduca and 1504's Betrothal of the Virgin display the small-mouthed women characteristic of his master, Perugino, and he has several portraits of Popes, including Julius II and Leo X with two Cardinals. For ten points, name this giant of the Italian Renaissance, the creator of such works as Dispute of the Sacrament, The Sistine Madonna, and The School of Athens.;;Raphael|(Raffaello) Sanzio
;;These can be derived, in general, by the condition that dielectric functions vanish. For linear electromagnetic waves in an anisotropic, ionized medium, they arise as determinants of coefficient matrices in the homogenous equations generated by the complex form of an assumed wave packet. These fundamental equations from wave mechanics that give the wavenumber k as a function of the frequency ? ["omega"], and their simplest form is that for a free wave with propagation velocity c, k = ?/c ["k equals omega over c"]. For ten points, name these relations that explain their namesake phenomenon, the difference in propagation velocity for waves of different frequencies and, hence, separation of white light into its constituent parts.;;dispersion (relations)
;;This work opens with a choral introduction, noting the main character's base birth in Rhodes and education in divinity, before setting the scene by noting, "this the man in his study sits." The title character has a humorous interlude in the form of a visit by his friends, Valdes and Cornelius, after receiving advice about necromancy from a Good and Bad Angel; though the later scenes of personified Sins, especially Lechery, are more hilarious. For ten points, name this "Tragical History" in which the titular German doctor summons Mephistopheles and sells his soul; the masterwork of Christopher Marlowe.;;(The) (Tragical) (History) (of) (Doctor) Faustus
;;This work's sequel is Lelio: The Return to Life, and it was the subject of a reputedly impossible piano transcription by Liszt in 1833. This work is in five movements, the second of which is scored for two harps and quoted in Tchaikovsky's Pathetique, and the third of which, appropriately, makes repeated allusions to Beethoven's Pastoral. For ten points, name this musical work, Holoman number 48, which deals with an artist's unrequited love, was inspired by Harriet Smithson, and was written in 1830 by Hector Berlioz.;;Symphonie fantastique (for) (orchestra) (Episode) (de) (la) (vie) (d'un) (Artiste) (en) (cinq) (parties(,)) (H(.)) (48) (Op(.)) (14)
;;For very low energies, this phenomenon is broken-up by a high order perturbation known as the Kondo effect. A semi-empirical theory to describe this phenomenon may be derived by considering a purely perpendicular vector potential and minimizing the free energy in terms of an order parameter, and is known as the Ginzburg-Landau theory. The London equation describes the expulsion of magnetic field from a body in which this phenomenon is taking place, which expulsion is known as the Meissner effect. For ten points, name the physical effect best described by the BCS theory, in which the resistivity of a very cold body vanishes.;;superconductivity
;;This person was the original possessor of the infallible dog Laelaps, which later devolved to Prokris, and she was also given Talos as a guardian. She was sought by her family after vanishing, which resulted in the quest of Cilix, though the eventual fate of her other brother is more often told. For ten points, name this daughter of Agenor; wife of Asterion; sister of Cadmus; and mother of Rhadamanthys, Sarpedon, and Minos; who was kidnapped to Crete by Zeus in the form of a white bull.;;Europa
;;This body never fully escaped the fallout from the Babeuf plot, a threat to it by leftists, and was permanently illegitimated by the "Two thirds Decree" before even being elected. Two fifths of its key members were ousted in the Fructador coup, and it was established with the Corps Legislatif in the Year III constitution implemented by the Thermadorians. For ten points, name this last ostensibly democratic revolutionary French government, which was run by the namesake body of five men, and which was overthrown to establish the Consulate in Brumaire of Year VIII by Napoleon.;;(The) Directory
;;This group found its impetus in Buhler's functional trichotomy, and performed research via distinctive-feature analysis, which its members developed. The theory of markedness, which is used to classify similar phonemes, is a fundamental result of this group, and its members are commonly understood to include Trubetskoy and Jakobson. For ten points, name the "school" of linguistics founded by Vilem Mathesius and descended from the Linguistic Circle of a certain Czech city.;;Prague School|Linguistic Circle of Prague|Prasky lingvisticky krouek
;;A number of sections in this work are addressed to Sohpie Carnay, and subplots include a menage a quatre organized by Prevan, and Emilie's taking advantage of a drunken Swiss merchant. Key plot points in this work include the revelation of the "little house" of one of the main characters to her lover, the Chevalier Belleroche, and the forgery of the postmark of Lyons by the other main character. For ten points, name this 1782 novel that purports to detail certain correspondences among Cecile Volange, Madame de Tourvel, the Chevalier Danceny, Madame de Merteuil, and the Vicomte de Valmont; the only work for which Choderlos de Laclos is known.;;Les Liaisons Dangereses|Dangerous Liaisons
;;This work opens with a preface that alludes to a non-existent second part of Principles of Human Knowledge while offering "opposition to skeptics and atheists." In the first section, the second title character underpins the entire argument by literally equating "a great heat" with "a great pain," while the second of the titular interviews foists on the reader an insultingly stupid argument that extension is ab initio incompatible with other "secondary" characteristics. For ten points, name the 1713 work in which a trio of conversations between two dim-witted fellows is passed-off as an explanation of the philosophy of George Berkeley.;;Three Dialogues between Hylas and Philonous
;;The notes accompanying this work quote Theocritus, saying "I'll sing you a sweeter song another day" by way of detailing the author's plan to finish this "fragment." This work was originally published along with The Pains of Sleep at the urging of Lord Byron in 1816, and its author notes that he regards it as a "psychological curiosity" rather than a poem of merit. This poem discusses a woman's "demon-lover" and  "A damsel with a dulcimer" who makes a song so beautiful that he who can recall it is rendered frighteningly beautiful. For ten points, name this opium-induced variation on a line from Purchas's Pilgrimage; a Samuel Taylor Coleridge poem ostensibly about a Mongol conqueror.;;Kubla Khan
;;. Immediately prior to this event, the breaking of JN-25 and Jasper Holmes' ingenious feint involving a drinking water plant breakdown allowed one side to determine that an attack was imminent. A critical armaments error by Nagumo left a large number of bombs on the flight decks of carriers Akagi, Kaga, and Soryu, which bombs were then detonated by attacks from Dauntless dive-bombers, destroying those carriers. The USS Yorktown served as Fletcher's flagship in this battle in spite of having returned from the Battle of Coral Sea severely damaged a mere three days prior. Occuring six months, to the day, after Pearl Harbor, for ten points, name the June 4, 1942 major turning point of World War II, at which Spruance defeated the Japanese.;;(Battle) (of) Midway
;;When the Nazis occupied her native country, she was forced to flee, an experience she wrote about in Return to the Future. The daughter of an archaeologist, she included some of his work in her own, using stories of folklore and legends in works like The Snake Pit and The Son Avenger. Early works of hers include Images in a Mirror and Jenny, but she may be most recognized for her Catholic-themed stories, including the historical novel Olav Audusson and a trilogy about a fourteenth-century woman including characters like Simon Darre and Eat Erlend. For ten points, name this author of Kristin Lavransdatter, the first Norwegian woman to win the Nobel Prize in Literature.;;(Sigrid) Undset
;;Its end unexpectedly, proclaiming a time of restoration and blessing for Israel, leading many scholars to believe it was written by others. Probably addressed to audiences in northern Israel and southern Judah, its namesake was originally a shepherd from Tekoa whose name translates to "burden", and who flourished under the reigns of the kings Uzziah and Jeroboam II before his exile by Amaziah after a famous earthquake. The first book named for a Hebrew prophet, it appears before Obadiah and after a book it quotes often, Joel. For ten points, name this third book of the Minor Prophets in the Old Testament, which shares its name with a "famous" cookie-maker.;;(Book) (of) Amos
;;When used in an amplifier, it can be represented as a voltage-dependent current source in the small-signal equivalent model. Many of its characteristics can be determined by its aspect ratio, although the Early voltage determines the extent of any channel-length modulation occurring within it. Generally operating in either triode or saturation mode, its cheap parts and usual lack of body effect makes it ideal for making integrated circuits. Consisting of a gate, source, and drain, for ten points, name this type of transistor, named for the layers that comprise it.;;Metal(-)Oxide(-)Semiconductor Field(-)Effect Transistor (i(.)e(.)) MOSFET
;;A lifelong devotee of the wayang, or plays based on the Hindu epics, he was often known to his countrymen as "Bung Karno". After spending two years in a colonial jail, he defined his Pantjasilla, or "Five Principles" of nationalism, internationalism, democracy, social prosperity, and belief in God. He later ordained his "Guided Economy" and "Guided Democracy" to lead his country, which gained independence in 1949 before he was overthrown in a coup sixteen years later. For ten points, name this father of the woman who took power from Suharto in 1998, the first president of an independent Indonesia.;;Sukarno
;;It features a cameo appearance by Jean-Pierre Melville as the novelist Parvulesco who, in an interview, states that his ambition is to become immortal, and then die. In addition to copying dialogue directly from William Faulkner's Wild Palms and overdubbing the movie Westbound with the poetry of Guillaume Apollinaire, it introduced the quick cut and the jump cut. The thematic debate of existential motivation occupies an extended bedroom discussion between Patricia and the Bogart-idolizing car thief Michel Poiccard, portrayed by Jean-Paul Belmondo, in, for ten points, what New Wave film by Jean-Luc Godard?.;;Breathless|(A) bout de souffle
;;It agreed to provide 10,000 troops and 2,000 knights for its constituent members, which at various points included Constance and Biberach. Forming due to the work of Philip the Magnanimous and John Frederick I of Saxony, it allied with both Denmark and Francis I, although Pope Paul III helped to raise an army that would eventually decimate it at the decisive Battle of Muhlberg, effectively ending it. Also including Bremen, Magdeburg, and Anhalt, it was begun in its namesake city in 1531 and was opposed to Charles V. For ten points, name this league of Protestant princes who fought the Holy Roman Empire.;;Schmalkaldic (League)
;;It arose out of a mission that Skirnir was sent on by Odin, and it succeeded where Leyding and Dromi had both failed due to their constitution of iron. Ironically very smooth and soft, it was crafted by the dwarves from bear's sinews, a fish's breath, the beard of a woman, and the noise of a cat's footfall, and its use resulted in both its victim's captivity at the rock Gioll a mile into the earth and the biting off of Tyr's hand. For ten points, name this special silken fetter that will break at Ragnarok, used to bind the wolf Fenrir for a very long time.;;Gleipnir
;;Sometimes synthesized in the gastrointestinal tract by enterochromaffin cells, this molecule is a constituent of many venoms. With chemical formula C-10 H-12 N-2 O, it was first identified as a vasoconstrictor in blood serum. LSD may act by inhibiting its action, and its reuptake is inhibited by cocaine and tricyclic antidepressants, and reduced activity of this molecule is associated with increased levels of bipolar mood disorder and depression. Also given the name of 5-HT, or 5-hydroxytryptamine, for ten points, name this neurotransmitter whose reuptake is also inhibited by SSRIs.;;serotonin
;;The first mentions of this civilization may be found in a Greek trading guide entitled "Periplus of the Erythraean Sea", and its notable monuments include its underground tomb of Nefas Mawcha and its Tomb of the Brick Arches. Under the leadership of its king Gadarat, it successfully invaded much of southern Arabia, and it also conquered the kingdom of Meroe under its greatest leader Ezana, who converted to Christianity just a few years after coming to power. For ten points, name this African kingdom centered in northern Ethiopia, which ruled mainly from the third to sixth centuries.;;Aksum
;;After working on Arrhenius' dissociation theory, he proposed independently of J.A. le Bel that carbon has a tetrahedral structure. His namesake isochore relates the equilibrium constant to temperature while his book Studies in Chemical Dynamics described his work with electrolytic solutions, namely his so-called "factor" used in calculation of colligative properties. However, he is probably most remembered for his equation relating osmotic pressure to membrane potential and temperature. For ten points, name this Dutch winner of the first Nobel Prize in Chemistry.;;(Jacobus) (Henricus) van't Hoff
;;This work suggests that totalitarianism can be imposed on the general populace without terror, and claims that technological rationality continues to suppress free thought. Arguing that only people with knowledge of their own wants and needs are truly free, this work posits that systems like the economy engender so-called "false needs."  Also distinguishing between welfare and warfare states, it details how formerly private spheres of existence are used to socially dominate mankind, removing all other facets of society and providing only a single type of existence. For ten points, name this magnum opus of Herbert Marcuse.;;One(-)Dimensional Man
;;He helped to determine a more precise shape for the Milky Way galaxy in his Photometric Researches, and he also provided a definition for the meter using the wavelength of light. His work in logic included review of Venn's Logic of Chance and writing his own work A System of Logic, considered as Semiotic, although he may be better known for expounding on his "New List of Categories", or quality, relation, and representation. These categories appear in his works "Illustrations of the Logic of Science" and a set of lectures subititled "How to Make Our Ideas Clear". For ten points, name this founder of pragmatism.;;(Charles) (Sanders) Peirce
;;Extending to about 1,500 km in length at its widest, the Soper River runs along its southernmost coast, and Auyuittuq National Park lies on the Cumberland Peninsula, which makes up its east coast. The Hudson Strait separates it from the Labrador-Ungava mainland, and it is mostly unhabited except for a few coastal settlements like Iqaluit. Discovered by Martin Frobisher, this island is separated from Greenland by the Davis Strait and a bay of the same name. For ten points, name this fifth-largest island in the world and largest in Canada, named for a British navigator.;;Baffin (Island)
;;The famous soprano Amelita Galli made her operatic debut with this work, during which the title character twice screams one of its former titles, "The Curse". Maddalena, the sister of the "cut-throat of honor" Sparafucile, is yet another victim of the Duke of Mantua's attempted seduction, which causes the title character to plot to kill him for having done the same to his daughter Gilda. Premiering in 1851, its libretto was written by Francesco Maria Piave, based on Victor Hugo's Le Roi s'amuse. Featuring the aria "La donna e mobile", for ten points, name this opera about a buffoon, composed by Giuseppe Verdi.;;Rigoletto
;;Kandula Sastry worked with biological emitters derived from this effect, and it is used in a namesake type of electron spectroscopy. Its namesake also worked extensively with cosmic ray air showers, and its incidence generally decreases with atomic number, although for zinc, the probability of x-ray emission is approximately equal to that of the occurrence of this internal spontaneous photoelectric process. Defined as the readjustment of an atom through the ejection of an electron of the K subshell, this effect is also known as autoionization. For ten points, identify this physical effect discovered in 1925 by a Frenchman.;;Auger (effect)
;;A.M. Mowry wrote the first landmark book on this event, which is believed to have sparked much anti-Irish sentiment. Partially coming about due to a suffrage requirement of $134 worth of land, its namesake was a lawyer who served as a member of his state's legislature, but failed in his reform efforts. Acting against the orders of Samuel Ward King, he founded a "People's Party", which elected him governor along with King. However, he was imprisoned for treason when this uprising unsuccessfully attempted to capture a weapons arsenal in the capital, Providence. For ten points, name this 1842 rebellion in Rhode Island.;;Dorr's (Rebellion)
;;He served for a time as governor of Bithynia, and became Nero's "director of elegance" after his time as consul. He was arrested at Cumae in southern Italy after gaining the enmity of Tigellinus and being framed by Scaevinus in Piso's conspiracy, and it is generally agreed upon that he made his fame through laziness. That same laziness is a quality he displayed in a famous work, which uses Menippean satire and tells of the characters Ascyltos and Encolpius and their banquet with the main character Trimalchio. For ten points, name this 1st century CE author of The Satyricon.;;(Gaius) Petronius (Arbiter)
;;His father founded Cozad, Nebraska, but homesteader confrontations forced his family to flee and change their names. His reputation was established in 1899 when the French government acquired his La Neige and reinforced by his 1923 publication of painting philosophy, The Art Spirit. Inducted into the National Academy of Design on the basis of portraits like Young Woman in Black, he organized a 1908 protest exhibition when his students John Sloan and William Glackens were denied membership. For ten points, who was this urban realist leader of the Eight and the Ashcan School?.;;(Robert) Henri
;;This idea built on those in its author's earlier 1937 work The Nature of the Firm, and George Stigler was the first to call it a "theorem" in 1966, just six years after its proposal in the paper "The Problem of Social Cost". Originally analyzed in the context of overlapping radio frequencies, it argues that in the absence of transaction costs and greater information, the private sector will forego litigation and deal with externalities by itself. For ten points, identify this theorem named for the British winner of the 1991 Nobel Prize in Economics.;;Coase's (Theorem)
;;. This story claims that "every sin is the result of a collaboration," and the cowboy exclaims at the end that he didn't in any way cause the central crime. The gambler is claimed to be "a kind of adverb" by the Easterner, who also reveals that Johnnie wasn't cheating at cards, although the Swede seems to have thought otherwise. His beating of Johnnie in a fight forces him to leave Pat Scully's Palace in Romper, which is also the title establishment. For ten points, name this short story about an inn painted in an odd color, written by Stephen Crane.;;(The) Blue Hotel
;;There is a long digression near the very end of this work on the story of Pygmalion. Near the beginning, the narrator passes by the pool in which Pygmalion drowned. There is a great deal of anti-clericalism in the speech of False Seeming who, along with Forced Abstinence, is enlisted by Cupid to help storm a castle held by Danger, Shame, and Slander who have imprisoned Fair Welcome. The first four thousand lines were written by Guillaume de Lorris, while the rest was added later by Jean de Meun. For ten points, name this allegorical work about courtly love, which ends with the narrator's conquest of the titular figure.;;(The) Romance of the Rose|Roman de la Rose
;;He rails against the myth that the Twelve Tables were brought from Athens to Rome in his Principles of Universal Law, as well as in his major work. That work begins with an explanation of the Frontispiece, and also contains Books entitled "Poetic Wisdom" and "On the Discovery of the True Homer." Greatly influenced by the Roman scholar Varro, after nearly a century of obscurity, Jules Michelet's translations renewed interest in the ideas of this 18th century Neopolitan scholar. For ten points, identify this historian who divided history into the "age of gods," "age of heroes," and "age of men" in his New Science.;;(Giambattista) Vico
;;This person's father and son were both named Cephisodotus, and they all practiced the same trade; in fact, this man's best-known work has the same form as his father's Eirene. Nicias famously embellished this artist's works, and those works are highly praised by Diodorus and by Pliny the Elder, who lists the among them the Apollo Sauroctonus, Aphrodite of Cyrene, and Aphrodite of Cnidus, which Pliny calls "the best sculpture in the whole world." For ten points, name this Attic Greek sculptor of the mid-4th century BCE, who created the "s"-shaped marble figure of Hermes Holding the Infant Dionysus.;;Praxiteles
;;Liquid ones of low volatility serve as softening agents, and their reduction usually takes place in tetrahydrofuran with the catalyst lithium aluminum hydride. Amines generally react with the methyl or ethyl variety of them to produce amides. Their hydrolysis is crucial to saponification, can be either acid- or base-catalyzed, and produces carboxylic acids and alcohols. A glyceride is a fatty-acid one of these comprised of glycerol. For ten points, name these organic compounds consisting of a carbonyl bonded to an oxygen atom and another alkyl group.;;esters
;;They had four original cities: Findias, Gorias, Murias and Falias. After they killed Ith, they were defeated by the Milesians and went into exile underground, becoming known as the people of the Sidhe. Among their members was the poet Coirpre and the doctor Dian Cecht, who could revive the dead. They fought two battles at Moytura; in the first they defeated the Fir Bolg, while in the second they overthrew the Fomors. Other members included Brigit and the Dagda. For ten points, name this Gaelic race of gods whose name means "The people of the goddess Danu.".;;Tuatha de Danann
;;This literary work is usually performed with a short lute called a biwa-hoshi and is often considered to be a Buddhist allegorical tale. Generally speaking, scenes of sadness and futility follow those of military heroism, exemplified by the death of the knight Atsumori after a spectacular fighting display. With twelve books divided into shoodan, its first chapter details the rise of Kiyomori, but ends with Yoritomo and Yoshitune's great victory at Dan-no-Ura, indicating the defeat of the Taira clan by the Minamoto. Written mostly during the Kamakura period, for ten points, name this Japanese epic attributed to Kakuichi.;;(The) Tale of the Heike|Heike Monogatari
;;War correspondent Euclides da Cunha chronicled the 1896 event in the state of Bahia upon which this novel was based in his narrative Os Sertoes, and it was referenced in Borges's "Three Versions of Judas."  Among the contrasting fanaticisms it presents are those of Galileo Gall, the British libertarian revolutionary, and Colonel Moreira Caesar, the Republican leader of the failed third assault. The Lion of Natuba, Big Joao, and the Little Blessed One support the messianic Antonio Conselheiro in the revolt of Canudos against the Brazilian government in, for ten points, what novel by Mario Vargas Llosa?.;;(The) War at the End of the World|(La) guerra del fin del mundo
;;Walther Bothe and Herbert Becker observed the first evidence of it in 1930 when they found a radiation with a greater penetration depth than alpha particles. Possessing the same quark composition as the Delta zero baryon, its absorption is the primary regulator of the rate of nuclear fission in a reactor. When this particle decays, a proton, an electron, and an antineutrino are produced from its up-down-down quarks. Discovered in 1932 by James Chadwick, for ten points, what is this neutral nucleon?.;;neutron
;;His right leg was amputated in 1958 due to injuries suffered in a horse riding accident two decades earlier, and the subsequent depression hastened his death six years later. He did not serve in the French army in the First World War, although this myth was propagated by Cary Grant's portrayal of him in Night and Day. A master of the "catalogue song" exemplified in "You're the Top", his Broadway shows included Fifty Million Frenchmen, Kiss Me, Kate, and Anything Goes. For ten points, name this American songwriter of "Begin the Beguine" and "It's Delovely".;;(Cole) Porter
;;With a name translating to "Brilliant Emperor Who Benefits All Nations", this leader began his rise to power by avenging the death of his grandfather Giocanagga and father Taksi at Gure by defeating the chieftain Nikan Wailan. Soon after forming the Eight Banners system of administrative divisions, he proclaimed himself khan and established the Jin dynasty with capital at Mukden, although that dynasty would later be renamed by his son Hong Taiji. For ten points, name this Jurchen tribal leader, usually recognized as the founder of the Qing dynasty.;;Nurhaci|Nurgaci
;;Some of this man's contributions include resolving the "transfer problem" of international trade and developing a social welfare function with Bergson. He also popularized the Allais theory of overlapping generations and was the first to present the Phillips curve to the world, while his macroeconomic output included elucidating a theory of revealed preference and developing a namesake corollary to the Hecksher-Ohlin theorem with Stolper. For ten points, name this author of Foundations of Economic Analysis, a Chicago economist who won the Nobel Prize in 1970.;;(Paul) (Anthony) Samuelson
;;Among its modern applications are thermal diffuse scattering studies of phonon dispersions and crystal truncation rod analyses of lattice growth. This technique's weak interaction with matter and characteristic Angstrom wavelength optimize it for studying the atomic structure of bulk systems, and the Ewald sphere construction is often used to model its variations like the powder and rotating-crystal methods. More easily understood in reciprocal space in its Laue formulation, for ten points, what is this method pioneered by the Braggs to reconstruct lattice structures from the interference patterns of scattered high-energy photons?.;;x(-)ray diffraction
;;Included in this tome is a set of three facsimiles, the second of which is the Hypocephalus, an Egyptian memorandum for the deceased. It contains a portion of the Gospel of Matthew; the translated Book of Abraham, which explicates the doctrine of exaltation; the revealed Book of Moses; the thirteen Articles of Faith, which were originally written in 1842 for the editor of the Chicago Democrat; and the Joseph Smith-History. For ten points, what is this Mormon holy scripture named for the subject of a parable in which a man sells all his belongings in order to acquire something that makes him infinitely richer?.;;Pearl of Great Price
;;He decried the Puritanism taking over his country in The Drums of Father Ned and Behind the Green Curtains, and detailed the 1911 railway strike in the semiautobiographical Red Roses for Me. Other works include The Star Turns Red and Within the Gates, and he drew up the constitution for the Citizen Army in 1914, although he may be best-known for plays set during the Easter Rising and other battles between the IRA and Great Britain. For ten points, name this Irish author of The Shadow of a Gunman and The Plough and the Stars.;;(Sean) O'Casey
;;He advocated belief in the divine as the most important end in life in his The Way Toward the Blessed Life and discussed the importance of the Enlightenment in his series of lectures entitled "The Characteristics of the Present Age."  The effect of the Schlegels' romanticism can be seen in The Vocation of Man and The Vocation of the Scholar, and he also wrote some Addresses to the German Nation. However, he may be best known for arguing that religious belief requires a practical element necessary to add force to moral law. For ten points, name this German philosopher who wrote as such in his "Critique of All Revelation".;;(Johann) (Gottlieb) Fichte
;;His writings include a 35-book exposition of the Book of Job called the Moralia and four books of Dialogues containing saint's lives. He squashed Eutychius's heretical ideas about the Resurrection while a papal legate to the Byzantine court of Tiberius from 579-586. A one time prefect of Rome he turned his own house into a monastery for St. Andrew. The first pope to refer to the position as "servant of the servants of God" he authored a book describing how good bishops should act entitled Pastoral Care. For ten points, name this last of the Four Doctors of the Church who dispatched Augustine of Canterbury to convert England to Christianity.;;(Saint) Gregory the Great|Gregory I
;;. Although he failed in establishing an estate at Sines he eventually did become the Count of Vidigueira. His most despicable act may have been the sinking of the ship Miri despite its passenger's offer of ample compensation for release. He died shortly after replacing Duarte de Meneses as ruler at Goa and was often put forth as the alternative to Afonse Albuquerque. On his most notable voyage he set in at Mozambique, Mombasa, and Malindi before arriving at Calicut. For ten points, name this Portuguese explorer who reached India in 1498 following up on the success of Bartholemeu Dias.;;(Vasco) da Gama
;;In November, 2003, Japan's KEK laboratory contradicted experimental results by Alain Aspect and found results differing from those predicted by theorem by three standard deviations in B-meson experiments. It was generalized in 1969 by Clauser, Horne, Shimony, and Holt and, if decisively proven, would disallow the possibility of local realism. This theorem attempts to explain wave function collapse when attempting to simultaneously measure non-commuting variables such as position or momentum. Called by Henry Stapp "the most profound discovery of science," for ten points, name this result from quantum physics that disallows hidden variables and resolves the Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen Paradox.;;Bell's (Theorem)|Bell's (Inequality)
;;Though ostensibly monotheistic, Nefertiti traditionally associated herself with this member of the Ennead. She was often shown holding the ankh, a sign of life, and, in one story, her disappearance led to the creation of humans via Ra's tears. Another story tells of an argument with her father that resulted in her fleeing to Nubia. Only Thoth could persuade her to return and end the drought caused by the absence of the goddess of moisture. Often considered to be the original Egyptian mother goddess, historically she was not as popular as her daughter, Nut. For ten points, name this Egyptian goddess, often pictured as a lioness with her husband-brother Shu.;;Tefnut
;;The Greek minority party Golden Dawn distributes this book, which is based on the pamphlet "Dialogues in Hell Between Machiavelli and Montesquieu," which was in turn plagarized from Eugene Sue's Mysteries of the People. In 1897, Sergei Nilus gained fame for the claim that a group in Basel, Switzerland was responsible for the work, but it wasn't until 1920 that Lucien Wolf decicively debunked it. For ten points, name this infamous forgery that purports to describe sinister attempts at world domination by Jews.;;Protocols of the (Learned) Elders of Zion
;;In this novel, we learn that, in his earlier years, the protagonist pretended to be a movie director to seduce women. As a child, the protagonist was forced to emerge reborn from a coffin as the dramatic climax to his revival preacher stepfather's sermons. The light-skinned protagonist is unsure about the identity of his mother, and, eventually, is elected Senator. The work centers on the protagonist's recollections as he lies on his deathbed after being shot by an assassin. For ten points, name this posthumously-published novel that centers on Alonzo Hickman and Adam Sunraider, is named for the day that Union soldiers liberated slaves in Galveston, and is by Ralph Ellison.;;Juneteenth
;;The Sanskrit term for this state was used as the title of a 1999 collection of Aldous Huxley's writings on psychedelics. The availability of it to women is one dividing point between Svetambara and Digambara Jains. Along with dharma and kama, it is one of the four artha of Hinduism, and, according to the Baha'ullah, jnana and bhakti, or wisdom and devotion, form the best path towards its attainment. Akin to Jainism's kevala and similar to the more general nirvana, for ten points, name this term from Indian religion that refers to the release from the cycle of rebirth, samsara.;;moksha
;;Under the leader Yahya ibn Ibrahim, this group founded a monastery on an island in the Niger River that ordered penitential scourging for new initiates. They established a permanent capital at Marrakesh, and reached the height of their power at the Battle of Zallaka with a victory over the forces of Alfonso VI of Castile. Their name was derived from an Arabian ascetic and, in 1076, they established continental suzerainty with the sack of Kumbai Saleh. For ten points, name this Saharan Berber dynasty that conquered the Ghana and against which El Cid fought.;;Almoravids
;;This poem describes how in "some untidy spot / ...the dogs go on with their doggy life and the torturer's horse / Scratches its innocent behind on a tree." The author believes that the Old Masters must have understood the human position, and contemplates that "the expensive delicate ship that must have seen" "the white legs disappearing into the green Water." The line "[He] ... heard the splash, the forsaken cry, / But for him it was not an important failure" describes a ploughman, who is the foreground's central figure in the subject work of art, which the author viewed in 1938 at the titular location. Pieter Brueghel's Landscape with the Fall of Icarus was the inspiration for, for 10 points, which W.H. Auden poem?.;;Musee des Beaux Arts
;;One infrequent variant of this disease, first described by Jean Landry, is called Miller Fisher syndrome. Studies indicate that the bacteria Campylobacter jejuni may be related to it, and its pathologic hallmark is the loss of myelin in peripheral nerves. In 1976, many cases developed in people who received a swine fly vaccine. The symptoms are ascending paralysis of the extremities, and, in a minority of cases, of the breathing muscles, which causes death. For ten points, name this acquired, immune-mediated inflammatory disorder which is named for two scientists.;;Guillain(-)Barre (GHEE(-)yan) (bah(-)RAY) (syndrome)
;;This monarch chose to reuse the name taken by the first antipope of the Great Western Schism. In 1526, his decision to ally himself with the League of Cognac against Charles V resulted in the 1527 sack of Rome. He may be best remembered for a situation in which he appointed Cardinal Campeggio as papal representative. Perhaps to due pressure from the Emperor, Campeggio was unable to satisfy the requests of Cardinal Wolsey, and, just as his cousin Pope Leo X's pontificate saw the reformation of Martin Luther, his saw the absconding of the Church of England. The successor to Adrian VI, for ten points, name this nephew of Lorenzo de' Medici and pope whose refused to grant a divorce to Henry VIII.;;(Pope) Clement VII|Giulio de' Medici
;;One current Wisconsin research project is studying the applicability to animal wound healing of this device. Its incoherent output is proportional to forward bias current via the frequency of recombination of carriers at the intersection of the valence and conduction bands. These were first developed using aluminum gallium arsenide by Nick Holonyak and, in recent years, materials such as silicon carbide have been used to create p-n junctions ones whose characteristic wavelengths are blue. For ten points, name this class of semiconductor devices that, via electroluminescence, discharge a characteristic color.;;light emitting diodes
;;This work's discussion of a recent papal bull, Motu Proprio, can be used to date its setting to 1904. The last paragraph describes how "A few light taps upon the pane" alert the protagonist, whose name is taken from a Bret Harte novel, to the window. With the line "The time had come for him to set out on his journey westward," the protagonist realizes that he is spiritually numb. That evening, the protagonist is reminded of Michael Furey, the lost lover of his wife Greta, at a Christmas party. For ten points, name this short story centering on Gabriel Conroy; the last in The Dubliners by James Joyce.;;(The) Dead
;;A pair of assassinations during this insurrection inspired the poem "Everlasting Remorse." It was finally crushed nine years after it began by contingents sent by the Uighur Empire. It began in the wake of the dynasty's defeat at the Talas River by Arabs and, within a month on its, onset it took the capital at Lo-yang and the namesake proclaimed himself emperor of the Great Yen dynasty. Though the namesake was murdered less than two years into his reign, he succeeded in plunging his region into the warlordism that would lead to the Five Dynasties Period. For ten points, name this 755 insurgency against the T'ang Dynasty led by the namesake Turkish adventurer.;;An Lu(-)shan's (Rebellion)|Anshi (Rebellion)
;;The second act of this play begins near a cave where Jupiter points out that typical citizens are better than The Tutor, who has taught his subject to be skeptical of all irrational beliefs. After the play's culminating action, the Furies confess to protagonist's sister that they punish sinners out of love. Fifteen years prior to the play's action, the protagonist was exiled after the murder of his father and, in the drama's climax, he avenges his father's death with the murders of town's ruler Aegisthus and his mother Clytemnestra. For ten points, name this drama by Jean Paul Sartre based on the Oresteia of Aeschylus and named for the plague of buzzing insects that strikes a city.;;(The) Flies|(Les) Mouches
;;In the introduction to this work, the author asks, "Who now reads Spencer?" The first part posits that the process of scientific conceptualization of concrete phenomena can divided into "units." The work draws heavily on the ideas of Pareto, Durkheim, and particularly Weber, whose work the author had recently translated into English for the first time. The author elucidates the idea of "pattern variables" as a mechanism for linking cultural patterns and behavioral choices, which he later investigates more fully with his AGIL scheme. For ten points, name this seminal work of sociology by Talcott Parsons.;;(The) Structure of Social Action
;;This work's second part claims that "Nothing can doom man but the belief in doom, for this prevents the movement of return." In it, the author explores the existential angst of man, which he claims results from an experienced-based worldview. The cure for our modern affliction lies in the opening of humanity to an alternative mode of engagement, the encounter. In the first section's nineteenth aphorism, the author connects the concept of love to human-human encounters, but it is not until section three that he expounds on the key to self-fulfillment, the actualization of the namesake relationship with the divine. For ten points, name this best-known work of Martin Buber.;;I and Thou|Ich und Du
;;The location of this layer is defined by the change in the sign of temperature lapse rate, from negative to positive. Studies suggest that "blini's" in the vicinity of this location may be due to be Kelvin-Helmholtz instabilities that result from the reflection of gravity waves. Other studies have suggested that, over the past twenty-five years, its height has risen 200 meters. Ranging in height from about 8 km above sea level at the poles to 18 km in the equatorial Pacific, for ten points, name this atmospheric boundary region below the stratosphere.;;tropopause
;;An eagle is located between the two central figures of this painting, and mystery surrounds the object it holds in its talons. 1972 x-rays at London's national gallery revealed that this painting was extensively reworked, and drawings indicate that a female figure representing Alcmene was originally situated among long-stalked lilies in the bottom left. Two peacocks are located to the left of Juno, and three putti surround her. Jupiter has descended from above, and holds the infant Hercules to Juno's breast as stars rise to the heavens. For ten points, name this work by Tintoretto that centers on the mythological beginnings of our galaxy.;;Origin of the Milky Way
;;. The Crittenden-Johnson Resolution suggested that eighth section of this act be amended to standardize the fee of the commissioner installed by it. In the 1859 Abelman case, Taney denied the jurisdiction of state courts to interfere in federal cases and ordered a Wisconsin editor back to jail for violation of this act. Strife was ignited by individuals such as James Hamlet and Rachel Parker, who sought to undermine it and supported "personal liberty" laws. Eventually made obsolete by the Thirteenth Amendment, for ten points, name this legislative component of the Compromise of 1850, engineered to undercut the efforts of the Underground Railroad.;;Fugitive Slave Act (of) (1850)
;;Our knowledge of this man terminates with his burial of his father in the "fields of the Hittite Ephron," though a later book holds that he was himself buried at Shechem. This shrewd bargainer married a daughter of the priest of On, Asenath, to whom he was known as Zaphnath-paaneah, which name he was given for a preternatural ability that springs him from the joint after he is accused by Potiphar's Wife, whose husband bought this man from a party of Ishmaelites. For ten points, name this patriarch and interpreter of dreams, whose story is told in Genesis 37 through 50; the most beloved of twelve brothers who is sold into slavery for twenty sheckels due to his half-siblings' envy of the "coat of many colors" given him by his father, Jacob.;;Joseph
;;As this work opens, the main character is curt with Julianne, who has bought for her the house in which the action takes place. This drama's fourth Act begins with everyone in mourning for Aunt Rina when Brack arrives to announce another death, from an accidental gunshot wound to the chest, and from a pistol that he confides he recognizes from the beginning of Act 2. Aunt Rina's sickness also serves to distract the title character's spouse long enough for her to steal and murder a "child" dropped by a newly unrepentant drunk on his way home from a raucous party and, after this manuscript is burned, the title character gives Lvborg one of her pistols and tells him to "die beautifully." For ten points, name this play centering on the wife of Jurgen Teasman, a ruthless woman who eats her words and a bullet at the end of Act 4.;;Hedda Gabler
;;This person showed early merit as a painter, creating such notable work as The Fishmonger and Nude but, after meeting Picasso, he began changing preferred medium frequently, going from "painterly reliefs" to "counter-reliefs" to "corner-reliefs," Cubist sculptures which he suspended from ceilings near the corners of rooms, in the space of a couple years. He broke with a number of his colleagues after the 0.10 Exhibition, eschewing the style of the new UNOVIS School in favor of his own. This artist spent the later years of his life as an operatic set designer of some merit, and his designs for organic machines, especially an insectoid glider, are now infamous. For ten points, name this foremost artist of Constructivism best known for his model for a never-built Soviet government building, 1920's Monument to the Third International.;;(Vladimir) (Yegrafovich) Tatlin
;;This probable son of Aaron Anthony and owner of Cedar Hill served as Recorder of Deeds for the District of Columbia from 1881 to 1886, before his best-known governmental post, and attributed his literary prowess to Caleb Bingham's The Columbian Orator. As a youth, he fell somewhat under the sway of a charismatic preacher known only as Uncle Lawson, who taught a passive and contemplative life, but he nevertheless overpowered and intimidated Edward Covey, who had cudgeled a man to death in front of him, as related in this man's autobiography. For ten points, name this U.S. Ambassador to Haiti from 1889 to 1891, publisher of the "New National Era" and "The North Star," and author of a Narrative of the Life of  An American Slave, which tells his unforgettable story.;;(Frederick) Douglass|(Frederick) (Augustus) (Washington) Bailey
;;Ovid relates that a nymph by this name is the mother of the Palaci by Jove, though it is not certain if she is the same as the better-known being with this name, who is herself the mother of the Corybantes by Apollo. The Cephissus was sacred to this goddess, a minor attendant of the Eleusinian Mysteries, whose Spartan equivalent in this case is Cleta. In her other guise, her symbols, a shepherd's crook and comic mask, indicate her dominion over rural poetry and comedy, respectively. For ten points, name this goddess of "Good Cheer," a member of both the Muses and Charities, where she joins Aglaea and Euphrosyne.;;Thalia
;;While incarcerated, the leader of this organization complains to an imaginary judge of mistreatment by his parents, who deny him even a puff of the tea that his grandma pushes. The work in which this group plays a major role begins with a paean to loyalty to it, which claims that, on becoming a member, you remain one "all the way / From your first cigarette / To your last dyin' day," and which goes on to say assert a strict ban on "visitors," about which it "ain't kiddin'." Its members attend a high school dance in enemy territory, planning to "make nice with 'em," but this culminates in a rumble wherein a member of each group is stabbed. For ten points, name this street gang whose ranks include such characters as Action, Diesel, Riff, and Tony; the rivals of the Sharks in Leonard Bernstein's West Side Story.;;(The) Jets
;;This man received his training from Fred Ross, and went on to become general director of the Community Services Organization, a creation of Ross' mentor Saul Alinksy, but he quit that post in 1958. Born near Yuma, Arizona, this man lived above his family's department store in the Gila Valley before it was lost to the Great Depression, which began his association with the profession for which he is best known; and his death, at 66, was probably hastened by his habit of months-long hunger strikes. Creating the NFWA in 1962, this leader oversaw that group's 1966 merger with the AFL-CIO, and was still at its head in 1977, when its name was changed to the United Farm Workers. For ten points, name this major figure in the labor movement and vocal advocate of the rights of migrant workers; a Mexican American union organizer probably best known for his organization of grape and lettuce boycotts.;;(Cesar) (Estrada) Chavez
;;These first-order entities can interfere with their own motion in a phenomenon known as strain hardening, and grain boundaries severely impair their diffusion by boundary sticking, which explains why granular substances have a higher hardness than single crystal substances, in general. For a given slip plain, these defects are signed by the orientation of their slip direction with respect to the local Burgers vector, and ones of opposite sign create strain fields that annihilate on meeting, forming a perfect crystal. For ten points, name this most important type of linear crystal defect, which comes in "edge" and "screw" varieties, and is locally identical to the displacement of half a lattice plane.;;(linear) dislocations
;;This work opens with a discussion of how the titular property was acquired, noting that it "is always comparative" by contemplating the ghost of Lorenzo di' Medici haunting 1916 New York. It then goes on to discuss fashion, including a hilarious treatment of the facial hair of the day, before proceeding with the main plot, which details the repeated derailment by Fanny of Eugene's love for Isabel, among other things. Midland, Indiana is the setting and George Minafer the utterly spoiled protagonist due for a fall in, for ten points, what 1918 Pulitzer Prize winner by Booth Tarkington?.;;(The) Magnificent Ambersons
;;This person's skill as a peacemaker was unmatched in his time, as he negotiated the major treaties of Sjoaryd, Knarid, and Ogra all within ten years of each other. This man quickly rose to the head of his nation's council of state and, in spite of forcing its new king into an undesirable charter, he was appointed chancellor in January, 1612. This author of such major reforms as the riddarhusordning and regeringsform, however, was never as powerful as before under that king's successor, Christiana. For ten points, name this chancellor to Gustav II Adolph and virtual ruler of Sweden after Gustav's death in 1632.;;(Greve) (Axel) Oxenstierna (af) (Sodermore)
;;The quadratic invariant variety of this is the determinant of the coefficient matrix of the first standard transform of a two-variable quadratic equation. The elliptic variety of this is the root of an elliptic integral's parameter. That for a set is analogous to, and has the same symbol as, division, while that for complex numbers is symbolized by vertical brackets and gives the "magnitude." FTP, give the name that these math concepts share with the base of a congruence and with an operation giving the minimal remainder from dividing two numbers.;;modulus
;;This work's main character is ironically complemented as "awfully decent" for assenting to try and explain the "facts of life" to not-so-young Reginald Cardinal, which attempt is predictably hilarious. This work opens with a prologue, which gives the date as "July, 1956," and all of its sections are titled after the current location of the main character's thoughts, including "Mortimer's Pond, Dorset;" "Salisbury;" and "Weymouth," the eventual destination of his trip in Mr. Farrady's Ford. For ten points, name the novel in which Stephens, an archetypical English butler, searches for meaning; the 1989 work that is the best known of Kazuo Ishiguro.;;(The) Remains of the Day
;;The territory of Belfort was not included in the cession to the victorious party in this treaty negotiated by Jules Favre. For fifty-four days during the war that it ended, the victor besieged the city of Metz, so it was included in the cession. Georges Clemenceau led opposition to an initial agreement at Versailles and the final treaty was signed ten months following the Ems Telegram and included an indemnity of 5 billion francs and the cession of most of Alsace and Lorraine. For ten points, name this 1871 treaty that ended the Franco-Prussian war and was completed in the largest city of Hesse.;;(Treaty) (of) Frankfurt
;;This work's main character conducts an affair with Lord Styne that drives her husband to leave for Coventry Island, and her to the Continent. Another character marries George Osbourne who dies at Waterloo, leaving his son to inherit the fortune of Mr. Osbourne. The two women around whom the book centers meet again on the continent, having begun the novel as colleagues at Miss Pinkerton's Academy for Young Ladies, and things are as well as they can be, as William Dobbin has finally won Amelia Sedley. For ten points, name this massive novel named for a location in The Pligrim's Progress and detailing the social climbing adventures of Becky Sharp; the best-known work of William Makepeace Thackeray.;;Vanity Fair(:) (A) (Novel) (without) (a) (Hero)
;;The southern portion of this country is in the Lubombo Escarpment, while its northern sections have fairly well-defined elevation changes that divide this nation into velds. Its main waterway is the Usutu, and it was traditionally ruled from the "royal villages" of Ludzidzizi and Phondvo, which are near the old capital of Lobamba. For ten points, name this nation, most of whose industrial output comes from Manzini; a land-locked African nation bordering South Africa and Mozambique with capital at Mbabane.;;Swaziland
;;Noah Webster read law in this man's office, and he served on the Committees of the Pay Table, and of Five, whose work he commended in his Letters of a Landholder. This politician served as one of his State's original Senators, in which capacity he wrote the Judiciary Act of 1789, though he is probably better known as a jurist, his most important decision coming in United States v. Isaac Williams. For ten points, name this founding father, proposer of the Connecticut Compromise, draughtsman of the Bill of Rights, and third Chief Justice of the United States Supreme Court.;;(Oliver) Ellsworth
;;This man's best-known work contains a challenge to literary theory in the form of a 1955 seminar on "The Purloined Letter," while this man's son-in-law Jacques-Alain Miller edited and published his epic twenty-seven volume series The Seminar. Other major works of this founder of the EFP include 1973's Television, and the 1966 essay "Of Structure as an Inmixing of an Otherness Prerequisite to Any Subject Whatever." For ten points, longtime professor at Vincennes, a modern psychoanalyst best known for his crits.;;(Jacques) (Marie) (mile) Lacan
;;This work's background contrasts a fortified town on a hill with a pastoral church-village, an echo of the central Neoplatonic duality, both in content and in construction. In the foreground, a child reaches into the central well around which the title characters gather. The woman modestly clothed in a white dress on the left is the "terrestrial Venus," embodying the physical generative forces of nature, while the "nude Venus" on the right represents the emotional amor aeternus. For ten points, what is this allegorical painting by Titian?.;;Sacred and Profane Love
;;These were first discovered by Explorer I in 1958, and are most intense over the Equator and nearly absent over the poles. With energy exceeding 30 MeV ["m e v"], the protons seen in one of them are believed to arise from the neutron decay of high-energy cosmic rays. High-intensity solar activity can disrupt them, and this disruption may be the cause of auroras and magnetic storms. Consisting of both an inner and outer version, for ten points, name these toroids of charged particles present in the Earth's magnetic field, named for an American physicist.;;Van Allen (radiation) (belts)
;;. The naieve but frustrated nurse Marina Timofeevna proves some comic relief in this work, incessantly suggesting that people drink some tea and ignore their problems until they go away. "Waffles" embodies the tragiocomic nature of this drama best of any character, as his belief in loyalty leads him to support the children of his wife, who left him on their wedding day. Throughout this play, competition for the love of Yelena, the wife of a charlatan art professor brews, and tensions finally boil over when Serebryakov suggests the sale of the main character's home, at which point he misses Serebryakov with two point-blanc revolver shots. For ten points, name this 1899 play which ends with a series of anticlimactic farewells, a work by Anton Checkov.;;Uncle Vanya|Dyadya Vanya
;;In Thraco-Illyrian mythology, this being is known as the kulshedra. According to Pausanius, Peisander of Kamiros exaggerated its shape for poetic effect, and Palaephatus suggests it represents a garrison guarded by fifty archers. One of its attributes is blamed for the stench of the river Anigros, since Pylenor and Chiron washed their wounds there following the Battle of Lapiths and Centaurs. Later, Philoctetes is able to take advantage of the same trait to kill Paris. Killed with the aid of Iolaus, for ten points, name this offspring of Echidna and Typhon that possessed poisoned gall and nine heads, and that was killed by Hercules to accomplish his second labor.;;(Lernaean) Hydra
;;Among these people, Yaa the Great is frequently compared to Joan of Arc for her role in their defense after king Prempeh I was deported to Seychelles for leading a resistance movement. This empire expanded against the Aowin and Wassa tribes under Okopu Ware I, after their triumph at the Battle of Feyiase over Denkyira. It was founded when its twelve abusu groups, including tribes like the Bekwai and the Nkwasa, banded together under the king of Kumasi. For ten points, name this kingdom whose first and best-remembered king was Nana Osei Tutu and whose most important symbol was the Golden Stool.;;Asante|Ashanti
;;The corpuscles of Hassall are found in the medullary portion of this gland's central follicles, whose cortical portion provide an adventitia to blood vessels that lead to the left innominate vein, and serves as a gateway for its bone marrow precursors. Consisting of two lobes connected by areolar tissues, it matures until puberty, after which it is gradually replaced by fat cells. It consists of irregular branches of epithelial cells and lymphocytes, the development of which allows receptor binding to antigens. For ten points, name the gland that serves as a primary location for T-cell maturation, and that gives them their name.;;thymus
;;Delboeuf improved on this relation by including an additive constant, c, to it to correct for internal excitation. Plateau modified by matching it to his proposed power function with an exponent n, the value of which may be assigned by Steven's Law. The curve of this relationship displays a scale beginning at zero at the absolute threshold and increasing approximately step-wise in increments of JND's, or just noticeable differences, the magnitude of which may be approximated by Weber's law. For ten points, what is this law of psychology that states that the magnitude of subjective sensation increase is proportional to the logarithm of the absolute stimulus intensity, named for a German founder of psychophysics?.;;Weber(-)Fechner (law) (of) (sensory) (increase)|(just) Fechner's (law)
;;Distillation with oil of vitriol in this process avoids the more dilute azeotrope between its product and the final reactant, allowing for a solution of greater than 68% purity. Its completion is indicated by a yellow solution that results from the recycling of the gaseous product of its final two steps; this solution then dissolves in the final product. It is commonly coupled to the Haber Process, whose product is passed through a heated platinum screen, yielding nitric oxide, which is cooled to about 40C ["fourth degrees Celsius"]. Further oxidation yields a product that dissolves in water to complete the process. For ten points, what is this process for manufacture of nitric acid?.;;Ostwald (process)
;;In this work, the universal distrust among a certain ethno-linguistic group, common to all its units except the matrilineal Susu, is compared with the role of gift-giving in another tribe to elucidate the development of a will to superiority that produces a narrow emotional range between shame and triumph. The title concept within those two societies, the Dobu and Kwakiutl, is characterized as megalomaniacal or paranoid, while the heroic-visionary Plains tribes and the ceremonial Zuni are contrasted as Dionysian or Apollonian. For ten points, what is this 1934 anthropological study focusing on configurations of the title concept, by Ruth Benedict?.;;Patterns of Culture
;;One of the characters in this work is called "treble-dated," another a "priest in surplice white," and still another a "shrieking harbinger" who is advised "to this troop come thou not near." The line "either was the others mine" describes a love that "hath reason, but reason none," but "fled / in a mutual flame." The "feather'd king" of the 11th line may represent James VI of Scotland, and its Threnos is interpreted as an elegy for the Tudor dynasty. Published along with Robert Chester's Love's Martyr, for ten points, name this poem in which the Earl of Essex and Elizabeth I are believed to be symbolized by the two title animals, a work of William Shakespeare.;;The Phoenix and the Turtle
;;Cumulate texture in komatiitic sills characterizes this pathway's model as fractional rather than equilibrium crystallization, but its inventor began with a closed bomb-and-quench mechanism, which caused singular phases in to form in vitreous mesostasis. Progression from anorthite to albite, which occurs along a peritectic solidus line; and the production, via interaction with residual melt, of olivine, pyroxene, amphibole, and mica make up its continuous and discontinuous branches, respectively. For ten points, name this geochemical sequence of products that attempts to explain the production of an abundance of rock-types from homogeneous magma.;;Bowen's (reaction) series
;;This structure forms the northwest corner of Kiener Plaza. Its transom design was copied from the facade of the Marshall Field Store, and it features a U-shaped interior design that surrounds a light court on its north side. The model for the Guaranty Building in Buffalo, its central 9-storey section rests on a two-storey red sandstone and granite base, forming a fluted shaft of brick pilasters capped by its architect's signature projecting cornice. A landmark of the Chicago School, for ten points, name this first steel-frame-clad in masonry structure, an early modern skyscraper in St. Louis, Missouri that is probably the best-known work of Louis Sullivan.;;(The) (Elias) Wainwright (Building)
;;An entity by this name was unified by Bagrat III, after which began its Golden Age of Culture, which was initiated with the building of schools like the Gelati Cloister Academy and unification of its clerical and temporal offices in the Synod of Ruis-Urbnisi under King David IV. Its power peaked under Queen Tamara, who came to rule all the land west of the Emirate of Shirvan, but it fell to Persia after being divided into Imertia, Kakhetia, and Kartli. The nationalist Third Group helped establish the modern republic with this name under leaders like Joseph Stalin. For ten points, name this country whose recent history includes the abdication of Eduard Shevardnadze.;;Georgia|Kartli|Kartvelia
;;The title character acquires a bad reputation after attending the performance of Blind d'Arnault with a friend, Tiny Soderball, and quits her job with the Harling family when they object to her dancing. After getting into a fight with Wick Cutter, the narrator studies Latin with Gaston Cleric while his love interest goes to Denver with Larry Donovan, who impregnates and abandons her. After becoming a successful lawyer, he returns to Black Hawk to find her married to Anton Cuzak. Named for a touching scene in which the title character's father beseeches the narrator to "Teach [her]," for ten points, name this work in which Jim Burden chronicles the life of a Bohemian immigrant, a novel by Willa Cather.;;My ntonia
;;This person first gained acclaim with his defense of Cunningham Grahame and Sir John Burns in the Trafalgar Riots. His first post saw his opponents blame him for the Atherstone riots and for the failure of his Employers' Liability Bill, though later positions, including service as the first professional middle-class Lord of the Treasury, proved more fruitful. Lord Northcliffe's claims of his ineffectuality put an end to his greatest achievements, including the end of veto power by the House of Lords and the approval of his third Irish Home Rule Bill after he replaced Henry Campbell-Bannerman as prime minister. For ten points, name this British politician forced to resign in favor of David Lloyd George in 1916.;;(Herbert) (Henry(,)) (first) (Earl) (of) (Oxford) (and) Asquith
;;Memories from the protagonist's youth, which often appear in his dreams, include his trips to Verklevo to learn German and to a ravine in Vavilovka believed to be haunted by a werewolf. His friends Sudbinski and Volkov keep trying to persuade him to join them at Yekaterinhof, but Mikhei Tarantyev must ultimately save the main character after he is evicted, and he ends up in Vyborg, still arguing with his servant Zakhar. After the title character marries Agafya Pshenitsyna, his secret fiancee Olga Ilinskaya marries Andrey Shtolts, who takes over his decaying estate. For ten points, name this novel about the title slothful aristocrat by Ivan Goncharov.;;Oblomov
;;This person's miniature roundel style is evident in Allegory of Passion and dates from a meeting with Lucas Horenbout. He got his start advertising for Myconius, resulting in his Signboard for a Schoolmaster. Later drawings, like The Humiliation of Valerian by Sapor, and altarpieces, like the Madonna of Burgomaster Meyer, were completed while he was master of the guild Zum Himmel, but the iconoclasms of Basel forced him to relocate to England, where he portrayed fellow expatriates Georg Grisze and Nicolas Kratzer, and notables like Sir Thomas More. FTP, name this artist best known for Portrait of Henry VIII and for The Ambassadors.;;(Hans) Holbein (the) (Younger)
;;This opera's ending based is on Hyginus' Astronomia and makes use of a cloud machine, though the original ending has the hero meeting a more violent end. Among its most popular orchestral pieces are its opening "Toccata" and closing "Moresca." The aria "Vi ricorda, o boschi ombrosi" tells how his love has eased the title character's misfortune, but we soon hear the tragic chorale "Ahi, caso acerbo" and the recitative "Tu sei morta," which precedes the title character's journey with Speranza following Silvia's revelation that his lover has died from snakebite. For ten points, name this opera about a musical son of Apollo by Claudio Monteverdi.;;L'Orfeo
;;Victoria Ocampo wrote an essay about this man "on the Banks of the Rio de la Plata," as translated his most famous work into Spanish and dedicated his collection Purabi to her. Some of his short stories are collected in The Hungry Stones, while his early novels include Eyesore and The Broken Nest. Prolific in pretty much every literary form, his plays include The Post Office and Red Oleanders. His most famous works are his poems, many of which are found in his Songs of Kabir, but he is best known for a work that centers on the deifying principle Jivandevata and that was introduced by Yeats. For ten points, name this author of the Gitanjali who won the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1913.;;(Rabindranath) Tagore
;;In this person's later career, he introduced the "ungrund," or the "God before God," from which history evolves from the fall to harmony, and which generates difference and the divine personality according to The Ages of the World. After meeting Fichte, he combined nature with mind to form an entity called "der Absolut" in On the Possibility and Form of Philosophy in General, and he argued that the mind's growth required the creation of art from spirit and nature in Ideas for a Philosophy of Nature. For ten points, name this Romantic philosopher best known for his System of Transcendental Idealism.;;(Friedrich) (Wilhelm) (Joseph) (von) Schelling
;;This person's first literary experience was with poems like "Bessie" and "Muhammad Ali," but he began to change his narrative voice after founding the Center Avenue Theatre, for which he adapted his poems into the western Black Bart and the Sacred Hills. His characters include Harold Loomis, who searches for his wife Martha in Joe Turner's Come and Gone, and Floyd "Schoolboy" Barton, who is killed by the Pittsburgh butcher Hedley in Seven Guitars. These dramas, like his Two Trains Running, cover different decades of the twentieth century. For ten points, name this playwright of Jitney best known for his drama about Boy Willie's return to Mississippi, The Piano Lesson.;;(August) Wilson|(Frederick) (August) Kittle
;;. Once, when this man's enemies discovered him hiding in the Minturnaean Marshes, he was said to have used his fiery glance to scare off the Gaul sent to dispatch him. He allowed impoverished peasants to participate in the army, leading to victories at the Raudian Fields and at Aquae Sextiae. Those two victories, over the Cimbri and Teutons respectively, left Rome unmolested by barbarians for two centuries. Earlier, he had served under Quintus Metellus, who lost his command for refusing to promote him. His downfall came about from his endorsement of Glaucia and Saturnius. For ten points, name this general best remembered for causing the Social Wars and for quarreling over the command against Mithridates VI with his rival Sulla.;;(Gaius) Marius