;;In this film, an eyeless dealer sells a drug called "Clarity." Colin Farrell plays a mustachioed, gum-chewing investigator who is gunned down by this movie's antagonist. The protagonist seeks out Leo Crow, who was hired to pretend that he kidnapped and killed the protagonist's son Sean. Agatha is one of the "precogs," who foresees murders before they happen in, for 10 points, what Steven Spielberg-directed film starring Tom Cruise as a Precrime detective?.;;Minority Report
;;This structure is described by the Schlafli Symbol 4,3. Prince Rupert's problem deals with two of these and it is a equilateral zonohedron. It has thirteen axes of symmetry and eleven different nets. An analogue in one higher dimension is the tesseract, and it is the dual of the octahedron. Its surface area is twenty four times its radius squared and its volume is eight times its radius cubed. They have twelve edges, six faces, and eight vertices. For 10 points, name this three dimensional construct with six square faces.;;cube
;;This thinker attacked Thomas Munzer (MOONT-zer) in the pamphlet Against the Murderous and Thieving Hordes of Peasants. This leader worked closely wth Philip Melanchthon (meh-LANK-thun), who explained this man's beliefs in the Augsburg Confession. His most famous writing was addressed to Archbishop Albert of Mainz (MINEZ) and led to his excommunication by Pope Leo X. That writing was nailed to the doors of the Castle Church at Wittenberg (VIT-en-burg). For 10 points, what German monk protested the sales of indulgences in his 95 Theses, thereby starting the Protestant Reformation?.;;(Martin) Luther
;;This chemist's namesake cell consists of a zinc anode in sulfuric acid and a carbon cathode in nitric or chromic acid. With Henry Roscoe, he studied the formation of hydrogen chloride and the use of electrolysis to isolate pure metals. With Gustav Kirchhoff, he analyzed the emission spectra of heated elements, leading to the discovery of cesium and rubidium. For those projects, he worked with his assistant Peter Desaga (deh-SAH-guh) to develop a laboratory device for heating samples. For 10 points, name this German chemist, who lends his name to a gas burner.;;(Robert) Bunsen
;;One story from this country is about a group of one hundred and eight bandits and is sometimes known as Outlaws in the Marsh. A novel from this country follows the quest of Pigsy, Sandy, Tripitaka, and the Monkey King to collect Buddhist scriptures from India and is titled Journey to the West. Soul Mountain by Gao Xinjian (GAO sheen-JEE-en) features a trip through this country's Sichuan [SHEE-choo-AHN] province. For 10 points, name this country, whose emigrants are the subject of The Joy Luck Club by Amy Tan.;;(People's) (Republic) (of) China|Zhonghua Renmin (Gongheguo(;))|Zhongguo
;;This philosopher alleged that man could conceive of a shade of blue he had never seen, and he also claimed that no miracle had ever been proven. His distinction between matters of fact and relations among ideas is known as his "fork." This thinker explored rational belief in a discussion between Cleanthes (clee-AN-theez), Philo, and Demea (DEH-mee-uh) in his Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion. This man's publication awoke Immanuel Kant from a "dogmatic slumber." For 10 points, name this Scottish thinker who wrote An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding.;;(David) Hume
;;A short story by this author involves a woman who buys arsenic marked "For Rats" that is presumably used to kill her fiance, Homer Barron. This author of "A Rose for Emily" wrote a novel in which a family travels to Jefferson to bury Addie Bundren. Another work by this author, which also prominently features his usual setting, the fictional Yoknapatawpha (yuk-nah-pah-TAW-fah) County, is narrated by various members of the Compson family. For 10 points, name this American author of As I Lay Dying and The Sound and the Fury.;;(William) Faulkner
;;This composer wrote about Don Magnifico trying to arrange a marriage to Ramiro for Clorinda or Tisbe, the stepsisters of the title character, Cinderella. This composer created an opera in which the title character repeats his own name in "Largo al Factotum" and Doctor Bartolo's ward marries Count Almaviva. He wrote about a revolt against Gesler by a Swiss patriot in an opera that involves an apple on Jemmy's head that must be shot off. For 10 points, name this composer of The Barber of Seville and William Tell.;;(Gioachino) (Antonio) Rossini
;;Physical evidence of this phenomenon is searched for by TAMA300, Geo600, VIRGO, and LIGO. Einstein rings are created by lensing, or bending of the light, by it. Propagating at the speed of light, it is considered the curvature in space-time in general relativity. This phenomenon was studied by Galileo at the Leaning Tower of Pisa and becomes exponentially high near black holes. For 10 points, name this attractive fundamental force, which on Earth causes objects to accelerate at 9.8 meters per second squared.;;gravity|gravitational force(;)|gravitational waves
;;This composer wrote about Hercules's service to a Lydian queen in "Omphale's (OM-fah-layz) Spinning Wheel." He wrote one work with the violin tuning their E-string down to E-flat. He references "Twinkle Twinkle Little Star" and his own work "Danse Macabre" (muh-COB) in "Fossils." "Fossils" is one of the movements of a work that includes "Tortoises" and "Pianists" by this composer. For 10 points, name the composer of the Organ Symphony, who depicted creatures such as the Lion and the Swan in The Carnival of the Animals.;;(Camille) Saint(-)Saens
;;This event was exposed when James McCord sent a letter about Operation Gemstone to Judge John Sirica. It was planned by E. Howard Hunt. Decades later, Vanity Fair identified Mark Felt as the man who provided the information used by Washington Post reporters Bob Woodward and Carl Bernstein to uncover this incident. For 10 points, the Committee to Re-Elect the President was involved in a break-in of the Democratic National Committee that triggered what scandal, which led to the resignation of Richard Nixon?.;;Watergate burglary|Watergate scandal(,)|(anything) (reasonable) (containing) (the) (word) Watergate
;;He was killed in Sicily when the daughters of Cocalus (coh-CAH-lus) placed him in a boiling bath. This mythical figure is one of the judges of the underworld along with his brother Rhadamanthys (RAD-uh-MAN-this), and Aeacus (eye-EE-kus). His wife placed herself in a hollow wooden cow devised by Daedalus to fulfill her Poseidon-inflicted lust for the bull. For 10 points, what king of Crete demanded seven Athenian youths and maidens to feed the Minotaur?.;;Minos
;;This present-day U.S. state was besieged during the War of Jenkins' Ear. The northern boundary of this state was established in Pinckney's Treaty. The Treaty of Payne's Landing forced one Native American tribe to relinquish holdings in this state. This state was ultimately acquired by the U.S. in the 1819 "Transcontinental Treaty" between John Quincy Adams and Luis de Onis. For 10 points, name this former Spanish colony, which was the location of three Seminole Wars and the center of an Electoral College dispute in the 2000 Presidential election.;;Florida
;;This thinker viewed society as a "superorganism" evolving towards a perfect equilibrium. This thinker's ideas were applied to American society by William Graham Sumner. In books such as Social Statics, this thinker argued that regulations to help the poor interfered with natural selection. For 10 points, name this British social Darwinist who coined the phrase "survival of the fittest.".;;(Herbert) Spencer
;;One form of this phenomenon is caused by the methylation of CpG dinucleotide; the deletion of the same gene on chromosome 15 can lead to either Prader-Willi syndrome or Angelman syndrome because of that "genomic" form of this effect. Westermarck effect is a reverse form of this effect, and its most famous form was studied in greylag geese by Konrad Lorenz. For 10 points, what phenomenon is the time-sensitive rapid learning by young individuals, often associated with learning who the parent is?.;;(genomic) imprinting
;;This artist of the Gypsy Madonna painted an infant sticking his right arm into a sarcophagus, surrounded by a vain woman draped in white and a naked woman covered in red, in his allegory Sacred and Profane Love. This student of Giorgione (jor-JO-nee) depicted two maids rummaging through a chest in a painting that inspired Manet's (mah-NAYZ) Olympia. In that painting by this artist, a dog slumbers at the feet of a reclining woman who only wears a bracelet. For 10 points, name the Venetian painter of Venus of Urbino.;;Titian|(Tiziano) Vecellio
;;The deadly species chironex fleckeri (kye-ROW-nex fleh-CARE-ee) can be found in this phylum within the class Cubazoa. Its class Hydrazoa contains Obelia and air ferns. Sea anemones are included the mostly sessile class Anthozoa, while Scyphozoa, though they are mobile, lack a velum as a method of propulsion. Members of this phylum have two forms, the medusa and the polyp, and they are characterized by their namesake specialized cells for capturing prey, some of which are the stinging nematocysts (neh-MAH-toe-sists). For 10 points, name this phylum of marine animals that includes corals and jellyfish.;;Cnidaria nih(-)DARE(-)ee(-)uh
;;One poem by this author describes the icy death of a skipper by "the reef of Norman's woe." This author of "The Wreck of the Hesperus" opened a dactylic hexameter work with "this is the forest primeval." That poem describes Gabriel Lajeunesse's separation from the title woman during the Acadian Upheaval. Another poem by this author of Evangeline opens "listen my children and you shall hear of the midnight ride" of the title character. For 10 points, name this American poet of "Paul Revere's Ride" and The Song of Hiawatha.;;(Henry) (Wadsworth) Longfellow
;;One member of this organization gave the "Ballot or the Bullet" speech and was suspended for using the phrase "chickens coming home to roost" to describe the Kennedy assassination. This organization planned the Day of Absence in parallel with the Million Man March. Moving towards radicalism under its current leader Louis Farrakhan, it was earlier expanded by a man who was born as Elijah Poole. For 10 points, name this black-superiority group, founded by the mysterious Wallace Fard, whose spokesman in the 1960s was Malcolm X.;;(the) Nation of Islam
;;This author suggested a practice that would "greatly lessen the number of Papists" in his country in an ironic indictment of English policy in his homeland. Another work by this man includes talking horses called Houyhnmns (WIN-ems), the 60-foot tall Brobdingnagians (BROB-dig-NAG-ee-ans), and the Blefuscuans (bleh-FUSS-cue-ans), hated rivals of the tiny Lilliputians (lih-leh-PUE-shuns). For 10 points, name this Irish satirist who wrote A Modest Proposal and Gulliver's Travels.;;(Jonathan) Swift
;;In this work, which begins when one character leaves a gate open, a character played by the flute mocks another for being unable to fly. The return of the oboe at the end of this composition signifies that one character has been swallowed alive and is quacking from the stomach of a character represented by the French horns. A clarinet represents the cat, and a bassoon represents the grandfather of one title character. For 10 points, name this work in which a boy outsmarts a canine, composed by Sergei Prokofiev.;;Peter and the Wolf
;;Prince William of Orange successfully defended the crossroads of Quatre-Bras (KWAT-ruh-brah) in this battle. The farm of La Haye Sante (luh EYE sant) was surrounded by Marshal Ney in this engagement, which was won when Blucher's (BLOO-kurz) Prussians entered the fray. This battle ended the Hundred Days after the losing commander returned from Elba. For 10 points, name this 1815 battle in Belgium, at which the Duke of Wellington crushed Napoleon Bonaparte's last army.;;(Battle) (of) Waterloo
;;A quantum cascade laser was developed here, as was WaveLan, the first wireless local area network. The Fractional Quantum Hall Effect was discovered at this institution, where the Inferno operating system, using the Limbo programming language, was developed here by Dennis Ritchie. Ritchie's earlier work here included the development of C, and Bjorne Stroustrup (BYORN STROO-strup) developed C++ ("see-plus-plus") here as well. For 10 points, the transistor was discovered at which scientific research facility directed by a telephone company?.;;Bell Labs
;;This author wrote a work that sees Tony, Charis, and Roz each encounter their long dead classmate Zenia. This author of The Robber Bride wrote a novel in which the protagonist, formerly married to Luke, lives in a residence run by Serena Joy and her husband the Commander. That novel by this writer takes place in the Republic of Gilead and is narrated by Offred. For 10 points, name this Canadian author who wrote Oryx and Crake and The Handmaid's Tale .;;(Margaret) Atwood
;;In one play, this character reveals that the gods will bless the land he is buried in. In that play, this character rewards Theseus's friendship by choosing to be buried near Athens. This character refuses to return home to aid his son Polynices (PALL-ee-NICE-ees) in that play, which begins with this character being led to Colonus by his daughter Antigone (an-TIG-oh-nee). For 10 points, name this subject of two plays by Sophocles, a king of Thebes who learns that he killed his father Laius (LIE-us) and married his mother Jocasta (joe-CAST-uh).;;Oedipus
;;This nation's northern end is Jaffna Peninsula. This nation is nearly connected to its northwestern neighbor by a chain of limestone shoals called Adam's Bridge, but is in fact separated by the Palk Strait and the Gulf of Mannar. Although the Sinhalese people are the majority in this country, a minority ethnic group sponsors the militant Tamil Tigers. For 10 points, name this island nation that was once called Ceylon and is located to the southeast of India.;;(Democratic) (Socialist) (Republic) (of) Sri Lanka|Shri Lamka Prajatantrika (Samajaya) (di) (Janarajaya(;))|Ilankai Jananayaka (Choshalichak) (Kutiyarachu)
;;This figure tricked Alviss out of marrying his daughter by questioning him until he turned into stone. This son of the giantess Jord and husband of Sif rides in a chariot drawn by a pair of goats, whom he eats and resurrects when he's hungry. This god is fated to die after taking nine steps while battling the serpent Jormungandr (YOUR-mun-gand-er) at Ragnarok. This god wields the hammer Mjollnir (muh-YOHL-neer), which shoots lightning bolts. For 10 points, name this red haired son of Odin, the Norse god of thunder and namesake of Thursday.;;Thor|Donner|Donar(;)|Thunaraz
;;One book by this author details an abbey whose motto is "Do What Thou Wilt." This man who wrote of the Abbey of Theleme described a search for the Oracle of the Divine Bottle. This author created a character who was born after his mother played tag on the green, which resulted in the birth out of her left ear of a child who required 17,913 cows to provide his milk. This writer used the pseudonym Alcofribas Nasier to create a giant born of Grangosier and Gargamelle. For 10 points, name this French author who created Gargantua and Pantagruel.;;(Francois) Rabelais
;;The EPR paradox requires that either this principle or locality must be broken. One of the consequences of this principle is the existence of the Tolman-Oppenheimer-Volkoff limit of neutron starsm because it provides for the degeneracy pressure that supports them. Although bosons do not obey it, this law applies for all particles governed by Fermi-Dirac statistics. For 10 points, what principle, which states that no two fermions can share all four quantum numbers, forces electrons in the same subshell to have different spin?.;;(Pauli) Exclusion Principle
;;This man names an algorithm that takes numbers a and b and returns the answer of the algorithm on numbers b and a mod b. That algorithm computes the greatest common divisor. He proved that there are infinitely many primes, and he wrote a work in which the first four books deal with plane geometry and include the Pythagorean Theorem and the parallel postulate. For 10 points, name this Greek mathematician who wrote Elements and is considered the father of geometry.;;Euclid of (Alexandria)
;;This man won the sponsorship of Louis XIV with the plays The Blunderer and Sganarelle (suh-GAN-uh-REL). His marriage to a younger woman is reflected in his play The School for Wives. This playwright fell ill and died while acting in the title role of his The Imaginary Invalid. He wrote about the angry Alceste in his The Misanthrope. For 10 points, name this French playwright of a work about Orgon's interactions with a con artist, Tartuffe.;;Moliere |(Jean(-)Baptiste) Poquelin
;;This man led a legion of the navy during the Uruguayan Civil War. He objected to the granting of Savoy and Nice (NEECE) to France under the terms of the Treaty of Villafranca, which contributed to his dislike of Camillo Cavour. The annexation of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies by Sardinia resulted from this man's Expedition of the Thousand. For 10 points, name this figure of the Risorgimento (ree-SOR-jee-MEN-toh) who led the Red Shirts as part of his campaign to unify Italy.;;(Giuseppi) Garibaldi
;;One group of twelve works by this composer was commissioned by Johann Peter Solomon. In his 94th symphony, a resounding fortissimo chord suddenly appears during an otherwise slow movement. He wrote 12 "London" Symphonies and an oratorio based on the book of Genesis entitled The Creation. For 10 points, name this Austrian composer who wrote 104 numbered symphonies, including ones named "Clock," "Farewell" and "Surprise.".;;(Franz) (Joseph) Haydn HAI(-)den
;;In one of this author's novels, Fanny Elmer reads a Henry Fielding novel to get closer to a man obsessed with the past. The title character of that novel is the Cambridge-educated son of Betty Flanders. In another work by this writer, Lucrezia marries the depressed World War I veteran Septimus Smith. In that work by her, the psychiatrist Sir William Bradshaw, Peter Walsh, and Lady Rosseter attend a dinner party hosted by the narrator, Clarissa. For 10 points, name this author of Jacob's Room and Mrs. Dalloway.;;(Virginia) Woolf|(Adeline) (Virginia) Stephen
;;This composer wrote a tone poem in which the English horn represents a mythical bird of the underworld. This man also wrote an orchestral suite which depicted such images as the castle of Karl Knutsson. Besides writing The Swan of Tuonela (TOO-o-nay-la) and the Karelia Suite, this composer wrote a symphonic poem meant to protest Russian censorship within his home country. His Lemminkainen (LEM-enk-eye-nen) Suite was inspired by his country's national epic, the Kalevala. For 10 points, name this composer of Finlandia.;;(Jean) Sibelius sey(-)BAIL(-)ay(-)us
;;This man wrote about Richard Wright in such books as Notes of a Native Son. This author's discussions with Margaret Mead were collected in A Rap on Race. One novel by this man sees David run away with Hella despite his love for the title character. That work is Giovanni's Room. This writer's most famous work is the story of the "Temple of the Fire Baptized" and the conversion that takes place there. For 10 points, name this creator of John Grimes, who is the protagonist of his Go Tell It on the Mountain.;;(James) (Arthur) Baldwin
;;This philosopher expressed his concern for the humans, not the horses, who survived a stable fire. This man claimed that reciprocity was the single best word to live by, thus formulating his Silver Rule. This compiler of the Spring and Autumn Annals formulated the ideas later taught by Mencius. He described benevolence as li and created an ethics centered on ren. He advocated the "mandate of heaven," and collected his teachings in the Analects. For 10 points, name this Chinese thinker whose school opposed Daoism.;;Confucius|Kong Fuzi (;) (pronounced) (KONG(-)foo(-)tsee)
;;Under this President, the Force Acts were used to prosecute Ku Klux Klan members. He used the slogan "Let us have peace" in his campaign against Horatio Seymour. This President's secretary, Orville Babcock, was indicted for participating in the Whiskey Ring. This President was in power during the Panic of 1873 and headed the second half of Reconstruction. For 10 points, name this man whose two White House terms were plagued by corruption, tarring the reputation he had earned as the victorious Union commander in the Civil War.;;(Ulysses) (Simpson) Grant
;;This composer's sixth symphony in B minor has an unusually quiet ending to its fourth movement and triumphant ending to its third movement; that symphony is called the "Pathetique." Another of this composer's works quotes the Russian and French national anthems to depict the battle of Borodino. One of his ballets includes a battle between soldiers and mice and the dance of the Sugar Plum Fairy. For 10 points, name this Russian composer who used a cannon in the 1812 Overture, and who wrote Swan Lake and The Nutcracker.;;(Piotr) (Ilyich) Tchaikovsky
;;Eleanor Roosevelt founded the Tractors for Freedom Committee to ransom the hostages captured during this event. Once this operation's location was selected, it was known as Operation Zapata; earlier, the overall goal was called Pluto. This event featured a drop of over one hundred fifty paratroopers in Operation Falcon. Weak CIA support led to the failure of, for 10 points, what April 1961 attempt to oust Castro from Cuba, which was named for the body of water where the volunteers landed?.;;Bay of Pigs invasion|Bahia de Cochinos
;;This language recently introduced autoboxing. GUIs (GOO-ees) can be created in this language by AWT ("A-W-T") and Swing. Its string class is immutable, but its stringbuffer class is mutable. Common exceptions in this language are IndexOutOfBoundsException, NullPointerException, and RuntimeException. It runs on a namesake virtual machine. For 10 points, name this object oriented Sun Microsystems created programming language.;;Java
;;This empire's capital moved from Niani to Kangaba after the reign of Mahmud III. It developed after a victory at the battle of Kirina over Sumanguru by this empire's founder, Sundiata Keita. Another ruler of this kingdom was so rich that his gold-strewn pilgrimage to Mecca caused prices to shoot up in Cairo. For 10 points, name this ancient kingdom, once ruled by Mansa Musa, which contained the city of Timbuktu.;;(Kingdom) (of) Mali|(the) Mali Empire(;)|(the) Manding Empire(;)|Manden Kurafa
;;One section of a work by this author compares the Bank of England's charging of interest to the production of bad Baroque art. This author wrote a poem that compares the people he sees to "petals on a wet, black bough" called "In a Station of the Metro." This poet translated poetry by Li Po, such as "The River Merchant's Wife." One work by this author was written partially in Pisa, Italy, where he lived due to Fascist sympathies that led to his confinement after World War II in an American mental hospital. For 10 points, name this author of the Cantos.;;(Ezra) (Weston) (Loomis) Pound
;;This poet lamented the loss of "that store...counted best" that now "in ashes lie" in one poem. Another poem by this writer claims that "friends, less wise than true" "snatcht" "the ill-formed offspring of [this poet's] feeble brain." Those works by this poet are titled "Upon the Burning of Our House" and "The Author to Her Book." Some of this woman's works were published without her knowledge by her brother-in-law in England. For 10 points, name this seventeenth century American female poet of The Tenth Muse Lately Sprung Up in America.;;(Anne) Bradstreet
;;After praying to God, this figure causes the three-part fracture of the leg of Simon Magus. He cuts off the ear of the servant Malchus at the scene of Jesus's arrest and lies before the rooster crows twice. Prior to denying Jesus, this brother of the apostle Andrew briefly refuses to have his feet washed. Martyred by being crucified upside down, this figure is referred to in a dialogue that establishes him as the rock upon which Jesus would build his church. For 10 points, name this early church leader.;;(Simon) Peter|(Saint) Peter
;;This scientist's namesake equation relates the change in equilibrium constant of a reaction to the change in a system's temperature. His namesake factor is used to calculate colligative properties like osmotic pressure. That factor denotes the concentration of dissociated particles of a solute and is designated i. For 10 points, name this Dutchman who was the first Nobel Laureate in Chemistry.;;(Jacobus) (Henricus) van't Hoff
;;One version of this scene depicts a washer-woman with her hand in a bucket, looking at two male servants clad in blue and green. That version of this scene shows a cloud of ethereal spirits around a lamp at the upper left, and places the main participants of this scene on a diagonal axis. In addition to Tintoretto's rendition, another paitning of this event shows an effeminate John to the left of a blue-sashed figure who holds his palms upward on a long table. For 10 points, name this painting by Leonardo da Vinci that shows Christ's final meal.;;(The) Last Supper|(Il) Cenacolo(;)|L'ultima cena
;;According to legend, this man brought Greece the alphabet. When Illyria was destroyed, Zeus turned this figure and Harmonia into black serpents and sent them to the Elysian Fields. This man was ordered by the oracle at Delphi to cease his quest to find his sister Europa and to settle at the spot where a cow lay down. This man created a race of armed men known as Spartoi after planting dragon's teeth. For 10 points, name this founder of Thebes.;;Cadmus
;;Like anorexia, one type of this disease can lead to Kussmaul (KOOSS-mall) breathing indicative of severe ketoacidosis (KEE-tow-ASS-id-OH-siss). Other symptoms of this disease include fatigue, thirst, hunger, and frequent urination. Type 2 of this disease often results from obesity in adults, while Type 1 occurs in juveniles and is a result of the body attacking beta cells in the islets of Langerhans. For 10 points, name this illness in which the pancreas does not produce enough insulin or in which cells become insulin resistant.;;diabetes mellitus
;;This series of conflicts began with a dispute over the town of Messana. In the second of these conflicts, Hasdrubal met defeat at Metaurus River. In the buildup to the last of these wars, Cato the Elder ended every speech by advocating the complete destruction of the enemy. Battles in these wars included Lake Trasimene (trah-SIM-eh-nee), Cannae, and Zama, where Scipio defeated Hannibal. For 10 points, name this three-war struggle for control of the Mediterranean between the Romans and Carthaginians.;;Punic Wars
;;This author wrote "we thought it was the Judgment day" during "that night your great guns, unawares, shook all our coffins as we lay" in his poem "Channel Firing." Boldwood shoots and kills Sergeant Troy in this man's novel about Bathsheba Everdene, set in Wessex. In another of this author's novels, the title character leaves after Richard Newson returns to claim his daughter, Elizabeth-Jane. For 10 points, what author of Far From the Madding Crowd wrote about Michael Henchard in The Mayor of Casterbridge?.;;(Thomas) Hardy
;;In one of this author's novels, soldiers kill a barber who throws a beer mug at a prostitute. He also wrote a series of novels that chronicles three generations of a family whose patriarch romances single women he meets at the grocery store. In the first of that series, Amina is struck by a car and exiled from her home because she left without permission. This author wrote the novels Sugar Street, Palace Walk, and Palace of Desire. For 10 points, name this Egyptian author of the Cairo Trilogy.;;(Naguib) Mahfouz
;;This movement consulted with German academic Rudolf von Gneist to create a constitution. One uprising against this movement was led by Saigo and was called the Satsuma rebellion. An important document of this movement was the Charter Oath. Reforms resulting from this movement included the repartitioning of the daimyo's land. The Tokugawa shogunate was overthrown and the emperor was returned to power during, for 10 points, what nineteenth century movement which Westernized Japan?.;;Meiji restoration|Meiji Ishin
;;This President became embroiled in the Travelgate controversy early in his presidency. The Americorps program was created during this man's administration. This signer of the Brady Bill oversaw the military's adoption of the "Don't Ask Don't Tell" policy and presided over military actions in Bosnia and Somalia. This President was hampered by the Whitewater Scandal and appointed Madeline Albright as Secretary of State. For 10 points, name this U.S. President who was impeached following an affair with Monica Lewinsky.;;(William) (Jefferson) (Bill) Clinton|(William) (Jefferson) Blythe III
;;This river's valley was the subject of the Johnston Unified Water Plan, which involved using Lake Tiberias as a reservoir. It is formed from the confluence of the Hasbani, Dan, and Banyas; a secret project attempted to divert the Hasbani and Banyas to the Yarmuk River instead. Use of this river is a point of contention between Israel and the country named for this major source of the Dead Sea. For 10 points, name this river which is mentioned in many gospel songs because, in the Bible, it is where Jesus is baptized.;;Jordan River
;;Although the cuticle surrounds this structure to prevent water loss, it also emits excessive water through guttation. The epidermal layer on its lower surface is interrupted by openings called stomata, surrounded by guard cells, which control transpiration. Some plants lose this structure through abscission. For 10 points, name this plant organ where photosynthesis takes place and, because of high concentration of chloroplasts, often looks green.;;leaf
;;A mineral containing this element and lead was one of the earliest semiconductors and is commonly called galena. This element is extracted by the Frasch process, and the only amino acids containing this element are methionine and cysteine. The odors of onion, garlic, and skunk spray are caused by compounds of this element called thiols. A compund consisting of this element and two hydrogen atoms notably smells like rotten eggs. For 10 points, name this element, a yellow nonmetal with atomic number 16 and symbol S.;;sulfur|S
;;This man's "little tragedies" include The Stone Guest and Mozart and Salieri. His poem The Bronze Horseman is a tale of St. Petersburg. Several of this man's works were later adapted to operas, including Ruslan and Ludmila, The Tale of Tsar Saltan, and Boris Godunov. One of this author's title characters rejects Tatyana, only to fall in love with her later. That title character kills his friend Vladimir Lensky. For 10 points, name this Russian author of Eugene Onegin (yoo-JAY-nee on-YAYG-in).;;(Alexander) (Sergeyevich) Pushkin
;;One member of this team asked his Twitter followers, "Do 'woodchucks' really exist? If so, someone twit me a pic." This team stood by idly as the Raptors' Jarrett Jack tied his shoes on the clock during a blowout. This team, that goes on an annual "Circus" road trip, drafted a point guard whose SAT score got the University of Memphis in trouble. Their roster includes Tyrus Thomas and Joakim (JOE-a-keem) Noah. For 10 points, name these United Center tenants whose roster stars Derrick Rose.;;(the) Chicago Bulls|(Chicago) Bulls
;;This author noted that "When one is tired of London, one is tired of life," and claimed that "Patriotism is the last refuge of the scoundrel." This writer was the first to refer to John Donne and his contemporaries as the metaphysical poets in his work Lives of the Most Eminent English Poets. This man wrote one work about a trip he took to Scotland with a friend. A biography about this man was written by that friend, James Boswell. For 10 points, name this English author of the Dictionary of the English Language.;;(Samuel) Johnson
;;Johann Lambert names a model of its diffuse form. None of this phenomenon occurs when the angle of incidence with a boundary is Brewster's angle. Its "specular" form involves only one incoming and outgoing direction. Its "total internal" form occurs in fiber-optic materials and occurs at angles above the critical angle from the normal. Its "retro" form can be achieved by using three perpendicular mirrors. For 10 points, name this phenomenon, in which light hits a surface and rebounds in the other direction.;;reflection
;;This person signaled his support for a loosening of censorship in his speech "On the Correct Handling of Contradictions Among the People." This man's third wife became a key figure in the Gang of Four, which helped this man organize the Red Guards in support of the Cultural Revolution. Earlier, this man was a key figure in the Long March, which allowed his party to come to power and launch such programs as the Great Leap Forward. For 10 points, name this politician who died in 1976 after twenty-seven years as the Communist leader of China.;;Mao Zedong|Mao Tse(-)tung
;;The Kufa (KOO-fuh) version of this text settles on dividing it into 6,236 ayahs (eye-AHZ), the largest of the four competing numbers. Other systems include a way to read it in one week, which divides it into seven manazils (muh-NAH-zeelz), and a way to read it in a month, comprised of thirty juz (JEWZ). The most frequently used chapterization of this book creates sections such as "The Key" and "The Cow," called suras (SOO-rahz). For 10 points, name this sacred text which was revealed in the early seventh century by Gabriel to Muhammad, in Islamic belief.;;al(-)Quran|(The) Koran
;;This poet started an epic in Latin about Masinissa (MASS-in-ISS-uh), Sophonisba (SEW-fon-IZ-buh), and Scipio Africanus, entitled Africa. This author of the "Letter to Posterity" wrote the biographical collection Concerning Famous Men. This poet of the Canzoniere (CON-zo-NAY-ray) mentored Boccaccio (boh-CAH-chee-oh) and addressed many of his poems to his beloved Laura. For 10 points, name this Renaissance Italian poet who wrote in the vernacular rather than Latin, and perfected a namesake type of sonnet divided into sections of eight and six lines.;;Petrarch|(Francesco) Petrarca
;;Motoo [moe-TOE-oh] Kimura's neutral theory states that this phenomenon is the main cause of molecular evolution. In one type of this phenomenon, a small number of individuals start a new population; that type is known as the founder effect and can result from a population bottleneck. Its effects are greater in small populations, and it is one of the influences which can cause deviation from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. For 10 points, name this phenomenon involving chance variations in allele frequency.;;(genetic) drift|(allelic) drift
;;This battle saw the early death of Ariabignes (err-ee-AA-big-neez) and a feint attack to escape Ameinias (aa-MAIN-ee-as), inspiring the losing commander to note "my men have become women, and my women men." The losers of this battle included Mardonius and Queen Artemisia. This battle was fought betweem Artemisium and Mycale (mee-CAL-ay) respectively. The victors in this battle, led by Themistocles (thuh-MIST-oh-cleez), defeated a larger fleet off an island near Athens. For 10 points, name this major Greek naval victory in the Persian Wars.;;(Battle) (of) Salamis
;;In one novel by this author, the Magistrate attempts to return a crippled, blinded girl to her people following Colonel Joll's brutality. This author of Waiting for the Barbarians wrote about Lucy welcoming her father David Lurie to her home, after David loses his job as a professor for seducing a student. For 10 points, name this South African author of Disgrace and a work about a harelipped gardener, Life & Times of Michael K.;;(John) (Maxwell) Coetzee
;;Central to this type of device is an actuator, also called a voice coil. On Windows machines, these hardware pieces use FAT32 or NTFS file systems. Virtual memory allows the computer to store pages on these as opposed to RAM. The use of multiple ones is allowed via RAID technology, and most modern ones use the Serial ATA interface. For 10 points, name this piece of computer hardware, which consists of a read-write head and a series of platters and has a capacity typically measured in gigabytes.;;hard drive|hard disk drive(;)|HDD
;;This composer wrote a "Gardens in the Rain" for his piano suite suite Estampes (ay-STOMP). One of his works has movements like "Nuages" (new-AHJ) and "Sirenes" (see-REN) and is called Nocturnes. One of his works includes the movement "The Play of the Waves." This composer of Children's Corner wrote a "Passepied" (pass-PY) for his Suite Bergamasque, which also contains a movement based on a Verlaine poem that depicts moonlight. For 10 points, name this French impressionist composer of "La Mer" and "Claire de Lune.".;;(Achille(-)Claude) Debussy
;;This author wrote about Ernest Everhard's attempt to resist a fascist world takeover in The Iron Heel. One short story by this author concerns a man whose failure to complete the title action causes that character's death by freezing. In another of his novels, the murder of John Thornton by the Yeehat Indians causes Buck to live in the wilderness. This man set many of his stories, including "To Build a Fire," in the Yukon. For 10 points, name this American author of The Call of the Wild.;;(Jack) London|(John) (Griffith) Chaney
;;In honor of an address given to this organization by Ralph Waldo Emerson, it publishes a journal called The American Scholar. This group's name is said to have come from the initials of its Greek motto, which roughly translates to "Philosophy, the guide of life." This honorary scholarship society began in 1776 as a secret literary and social club. Founded at the College of William and Mary, it was the first-ever fraternity in the U.S. For 10 points, identify this prestigious organization for high-achieving liberal arts students.;;Phi Beta Kappa
;;This man wrote about a conscientious objector who "was more brave than me, more blond than you" in his poem "i sing of Olaf glad and big." Zulu and the jester Surplice (sur-PLEECE) are among the characters in La Ferte Mace (fert MOSS) concentration camp in this author's autobiographical novel The Enormous Room. Another poem by this man begins "anyone lived in a pretty how town." For 10 points, name this American poet who often shunned traditional punctuation and capitalization.;;(Edward) (Estlin) Cummings
;;In Act IV of this play, one character declares "We are such stuff as dreams are made on." One character meets the jester Trinculo and the butler Stephano and drunkenly offers to become their slave. That character and Ariel were condemned by Sycorax. The presumed death of Alonso's son leads Alonso inland, where he finds Ferdinand performing tasks for the island's ruler, the exiled Duke of Milan. That figure, Prospero, eventually reclaims his kingdom from Antonio in, for 10 points, what play about a brutal storm by William Shakespeare?.;;(The) Tempest
;;This musician quoted the hymn Gaudeamus Igitur (GOW-dee-ah-muhs ih-gih-tour) in a work written in response to an honorary doctorate this man received from Breslau. This man created a work in imitation of a Catholic mass using texts from the Luther Bible titled A German Requiem. He composed the Tragic and Academic Festival overtures. His first symphony was nicknamed "Beethoven's Tenth." For 10 points, name this German composer known for his Lullaby.;;(Johannes) Brahms
;;In 2004, a man claiming to be "Jude Finisterra" caused a drop in stock prices with a hoax announcement about an event which took place in this city. Residents of this city still suffer birth defects due to groundwater contamination from the forty-five tons of methyl isocyanate which were released from an insecticide plant here. Anywhere from three to fifteen thousand people in this capital of Madhya Pradesh were killed by, for 10 points, the 1984 leak from a Union Carbide plant in what Indian city?.;;Bhopal
;;The protagonist of this opera sneaks into the apartment of Donna Anna, kills the Commandant in a duel, and attempts to steal Zerlina from her peasant fiance, Masetto. The servant Leporello sings "The Catalogue Aria" and dresses up as the title character of this opera, so that his master can seduce Donna Elvira's maid. In its final act, the ghost of the Commandant orders the title character to repent for his sins, but he refuses and is dragged into Hell. For 10 points, name this opera about a rakish nobleman, by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart.;;Don Giovanni
;;This country's forces stopped invading Italy after losing the Battle of Fornovo, thwarting the plans of this country's king, Charles VIII, to conquer Naples. This country's Wars of Religion pitted the Duke of Guise (GEEZ) against three kings named Henry. The last of those kings, Henry IV, ended the conflict by proclaiming that this country's capital was "worth a mass." For 10 points, name this country whose Protestants were known as Huguenots.;;France
;;Changing this situation to make the reward worth more than the temptation creates a stag hunt, which has two Nash equilibria as compared to one for this situation. Merrill Flood, Melvin Dresher, and Robert Axelrod were among the scholars who studied this scenario as applicable to nuclear arms. The "tit for tat" strategy is one approach to this situation. For 10 points, identify this fundamental game theory problem, in which two suspects must each choose to defect or cooperate.;;(the) prisoner's dilemma
;;In one work by this man, townspeople question their beliefs after the Elder Zosima's corpse begins to decay. This author created a parable where Jesus is arrested in Spain and questioned by the Grand Inquisitor. In another of this man's works, Porfiry Petrovich investigates the murder of a pawnbroker. This author created the patriarch Fyodor and his four sons and the murderous Raskolnikov (RAS-kohl-nee-KOFF). For 10 points, name this Russian author of The Brothers Karamazov (KUH-ra-ma-SOFF) and Crime and Punishment.;;(Fyodor) (Mikhaylovich) Dostoyevsky
;;This range is divided into the Cordilleras (CORE-dee-YER-ahs) Occidental and Oriental. This mountain range contains the land that is farthest from the earth's core, Mount Chimborazo (CHIM-bore-AH-zoh). The Atacama desert lies to the west of the dry part of these mountains. The lost city of Machu Picchu lies within this mountain range, which is also the origin of alpacas and llamas and the site of Santiago, Chile. For 10 points, name these mountains, which run through western South America.;;Andes Mountains
;;This politician decried the forced removal of Ali Maher as an attack on his nation's sovereignty. After his country's defeat in a war with Israel, this man united with Muhammad Naguib to lead the Free Officers movement in a rebellion against the monarchy. Later, his undertaking of the High Dam project in part caused the resulting reservoir to be named for him. His nationalization of a major waterway sparked the Suez Canal Crisis. For 10 points, name this Egyptian president and pan-Arab leader who was succeeded by Anwar Sadat.;;(Gamal) (Abdel) Nasser
;;This poet acknowledged that "if little by little you stop loving me I shall stop loving you little by little" in "If You Forget Me." This man noted "maybe January light will consume my heart" in his poem "I Do Not Love You Except Because I Love You." This poet wrote of a "body of a woman" with "white hills, white thighs" in the first of his Twenty Love Poems and a Song of Despair. He included the section "The Heights of Macchu Picchu" in his collection Canto general. For 10 points, name this communist Chilean poet.;;(Pablo) Neruda|(Neftali) (Ricardo) (Reyes) Basoalto
;;This hero killed a murderer who would chop off or stretch people's limbs to fit his bed. This man left Helen with Aethra when she was a girl, which required him to aid his companion in rescuing Persephone from the underworld. This companion of Pirithous left one lover on Naxos after she helped him navigate a certain area with a ball of string. This hero killed the Crommyonian sow and married the Amazoness Hippolyta, making her the queen of Athens. For 10 points, name this hero who navigated the labyrinth and killed the Minotaur.;;Theseus
;;This entity's leader, Romanus IV Diogenes (dye-AH-juh-neez), was taken prisoner at the battle of Manzikert. Alexius Comnenus allowed the First Crusade to pass through the capital of this empire. Leo the Isaurian led a movement in this empire to destroy images of holy figures, called iconoclasm. This empire's last ruler, Constantine XI, was overthrown by Murad II when its capital fell in 1453 to the Ottomans. For 10 points, name this empire led from Constantinople.;;Byzantine Empire|Byzantium(;)|Eastern Roman Empire
;;Calculations involving these mixtures often involve rearranging an equation with negative log of the acid dissociation constant, or pKa [pee-kay-ay]. That Henderson-Hasselbalch equation can then be used to find the strongest point for these mixtures, which is often when pKa is equal to pH. These solutions are made by mixing together a weak base and its conjugate acid or a weak acid and its conjugate base. For 10 points, name this type of solution, that used in chemistry when adding acids or bases to a solution to make sure there is only a small change in pH.;;buffer solutions
;;Devadatta tried to kill this prophet, whose Fire Sermon preached that detachment liberates people from burning desires. He was disturbed by the sights of a dying man, a corpse, and an ascetic man, signs of the suffering he had been shielded from. After meditating under the Bodhi (BO-dee) tree for forty-nine days, this prophet became enlightened. For 10 points, name this prophet who taught the Eightfold Path and founded a religion based on achieving nirvana.;;(the) Buddha|Siddhartha Gautama
;;One poem by this author opens with orders to "pile the bodies high," and to "shovel them under," to let the title substance "work." That poem by this man is titled "Grass." Another work by this poet sees the title entity coming on "little cat feet." This poet described a "Player with Railroads and Freight Handler to the Nation" in a work that declares a certain location the "City of the Big Shoulders" and "Hog Butcher for the World." For 10 points, name this American poet of "Fog" and "Chicago.".;;(Carl) Sandburg
;;In this film, Oskar Steiger compares the title character to Don Quixote (kee-HOH-tay). Early in this film, the main character observes that Morocco is like "a cross between the Bible and Hollywood." Karl Malden portrayed Omar Bradley in this movie. Its iconic opening speech features the main character in front of a gigantic American flag. For 10 points, name this 1969 movie starring George C. Scott about the title American general, that includes a scene in which he slaps a battle-fatigued soldier.;;Patton
;;The protagonist of this work chooses to flee to Sweden after hearing about the survival of Orr. Another character in this novel was meant to be named Caleb but was instead named Major Major. This novel's namesake paradox is that a crazy man can be grounded, but any man who requests to be grounded due to insanity must be sane. This work's main character is stationed on the island of Pianosa and is a bombardier named Yossarian. For 10 points, name this book by Joseph Heller, the title of which denotes any no-win situation.;;Catch(-)22
;;One battle in this conflict saw Antero Rubin's forces come close to defeating "Fighting Joe" Wheeler at Las Guasimas (gwah-SEE-mahs). Leonard Wood commanded the First Volunteer Cavalry in this conflict, which was dubbed a "splendid little war." This war included the Battle of San Juan Hill, in which Teddy Roosevelt led the charge of the "Rough Riders." For 10 points, name this war that was sparked by the explosion of the USS Maine and saw the U.S. gain influence over the Philippines, Puerto Rico, and Cuba.;;(the) Spanish(-)American War
;;Miller's algorithm conditionally checks for this property, but Rabin modified that algorithm to make it probabilistic, like the Fermat test. The most computationally naive way to determine if a number n has this property is trial division which checks to see if no number less than n evenly divides it. For 10 points, name this property possessed by non-composite numbers whose only divisors are one and the number itself.;;primality|prime(;)|primeness(;)|(any) (other) (word) (forms)
;;The components of this structure are rearranged by flippases (FLIP-aze-iz) and scramblases (SCRAM-blaze-iz). The sodium-potassium pump transports ions through it. The Davson-Danielli model of this structure was supplanted by the fluid mosaic model, which characterizes it as a phospholipid (foss-foe-LIP-id) bilayer embedded with proteins and other molecules. For 10 points, name this semi-permeable structure which surrounds cells.;;cell membrane|plasma membrane
;;This author's second known play, The Babylonians, earned him a prosecution for the way the leader of his city was depicted. That prosecution was referred to in this man's later play The Acharnians. This playwright depicted the danger of learning from Socrates in his work The Clouds. Another play by this man sees the women of Greece withhold themselves to bring about peace. For 10 points, name this Greek comedic playwright of The Birds and Lysistrata.;;Aristophanes ARR(-)is(-)TAH(-)fuh(-)neez
;;In one of this author's novels, the protagonist's prizewinning drawings win him the love of Miriam, but he is in love with the suffragette Clara. That man, Paul Morel, is the protagonist of this author's Sons and Lovers. This author of the short story "The Rocking-Horse Winner" also wrote a work set at an estate in Wragby, where Constance and the gamekeeper Oliver Mellors have an affair. For 10 points, name this author of Lady Chatterly's Lover.;;(David) (Herbert) (Richards) Lawrence
;;One way of approximating this method involves using graphed values to determine the midpoint of the height of a rectangle. A similar approximation of it can be done by setting equally spaced y-values of a graphed function as the heights of a trapezoid. When given upper and lower limits, this method is described as being definite. This operation's indefinite form is the same as the antiderivative. For 10 points, name this operation of calculus that can be represented by the area under a curve and which is the opposite of derivation.;;integration|integrals
;;This ruling was presaged by a case arising out of Texas four years earlier, Sweatt v. Painter. The question "Show me the doll that is the nice doll" was included in one of the arguments in this case. It was followed a year later by an order that "all deliberate speed" be employed to implement its decision. The namesake of this case was the father of a third-grader who had to cross railroad tracks each morning. For 10 points, name this 1954 Supreme Court case, which ruled segregated public schools unconstitutional.;;Brown v(.) (Board) (of) (Education) (of) (Topeka(,)) (Kansas)|(Board) (of) (Education) (of) (Topeka(,)) (Kansas) (v(.)) Brown
;;Leaders of this party included Kentucky governor James Greene Hardy and gangster William Pool. This party arose from organizations including Charles Allen's Order of the Star Spangled Banner. This party ran Andrew Jackson Donnelson along with Millard Fillmore in the election of 1856. It drew nativist support for its anti-Catholic and anti-immigration views. For 10 points, name this political party which took its name from the response members were supposed to give when asked for information.;;Know(-)Nothing Party|(the) Know(-)Nothings(;)|(the) American Party
;;This poet, at age four, supposedly had a vision where God "put his head to the window." While working as an engraver, this writer developed his own mythological system centered on the deity Urizen (oo-RYE-zen). This author repeatedly asked "who made thee?" in one poem. Another poem by this man is about a creature "burning bright, in the forest of the night" and asks, "What immortal hand or eye could frame thy fearful symmetry?" For 10 points, name this poet whose Songs of Innocence and of Experience contains both "The Lamb" and "The Tyger.".;;(William) Blake
;;The largest city of this nation is the site of the Askari Monument. The region of Arusha in this country contains Mount Meru and the Ngorongoro (ENG-guh-RAHN-guh-ro) Crater, as well as the Olduvai Gorge. This country is the site of the highest peak in Africa, Mount Kilimanjaro. Along with its western neighbors Burndi and Rwanda, it made up the colony of German East Africa. For 10 points, what country, whose capital is Dodoma and economic center is Dar es Salaam, was formed by the union of Zanzibar and Taganika?.;;(The) (United) (Republic) (of) Tanzania|(Jamhuri) (ya) (Muungano) (wa) Tanzania
;;This composer used the viola d'amore in Juditha Triumphans, one of his three oratorios. He composed a set of twelve concerti including The Hunt and Storm at Sea, which was entitled The Contest Between Harmony and Invention. His most famous works are accompanied by sonnets that feature a "lamenting shepherd," "chattering teeth" and imitation bird calls. That work has four concertos, including La Primavera and L'inverno (lin-VAIR-no). For 10 points, name this Baroque Italian creator of the Four Seasons.;;(Antonio) Vivaldi
;;Alfred Milner came to power in this modern-day country after railway price tampering led to its Drifts Crisis. Despite the Sand River Convention, one man in this country ordered a group of policemen to instigate rebellion amongst the Uitlanders (ATE-lan-derz). This site of the failed Jameson Raid also saw a massive exodus known as the Great Trek, which led to the founding of the Orange Free State and Transvaal. For 10 points, name this country which also experienced two wars between the British and the Boers.;;(Republic) (of) South Africa
;;An actor elected in 1998 as president of this country was jailed for corruption in 2007. A mayor in the south of this country proclaimed that, "only death can stop [him] from running" for governor, after gunmen killed his family, and over fifty other people, in a 2009 ambush. 2009 also saw the death of the woman who, in 1986, toppled the regime of Ferdinand Marcos in this country. For 10 points, name this island nation which is home to current president Gloria Arroyo and recently deceased activist Corazon Aquino (core-uh-ZONE ah-KEE-no).;;(Republic) (of) (the) Phillipines|(Republika) (ng) Pilipinas
;;This particle's namesake mechanism purports to explain how W and Z particls acquire mass through spontaneous symmetry breaking. Its namesake field is thought to impart mass to the particles of the Standard Model. Known as the "God particle," it is one of the particles being sought using the Large Hadron Collider. For 10 points, name this type of boson that is the only particle in the Standard Model which has yet to be observed.;;Higgs boson
;;While staying in Midian, this figure protected seven shepherdesses from rude shepherds and won the hand of Zipporah. This figure quelled unrest by ensuring a steady supply of quail and manna. This figure once made water appear by striking a rock with his staff, which he gained after observing God in a burning bush and killing a cruel slave overseer. This brother of Aaron received the tablets of the Ten Commandments after warning Pharaoh of the ten plagues. For 10 points, name this central figure in the book of Exodus.;;Moses|Moshe Rabbeinu
;;This composer was inspired by a John Clanvowe poem to write his organ concerto "The Cuckoo and the Nightingale." This composer of such keyboard suites as "The Harmonious Blacksmith" commemorated the end of the War of Austrian Succession by writing his Music for the Royal Fireworks. This composer wrote a piece that was premiered on the barge of King George I. This man's most famous work includes parts such as "For Unto Us a Child Is Born" and a "Hallelujah Chorus." For 10 points, name this composer of Water Music and Messiah.;;(George) (Frideric) Handel
;;In this novel, Demoiselle Alisande la Carteloise (car-tel-WAH) goes by the name Sandy. Hugo is saved from imprisonment in this novel and joins the Man Factory. Its central character is given the title "The Boss." Early in this work, the main character meets the page Clarence. Its title character is saved from execution by accurately predicting a solar eclipse. For 10 points, name this novel about Hank Morgan's adventures after an industrial accident transports him back in time to Camelot, written by Mark Twain.;;(A) Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur's Court
;;Debye (DEB-yay_ fixed the maximum phonon frequency for a theory of this, which works better at low temperatures than the Einstein model. It is equal to three times the gas constant divided by the molar mass according to Dulong-Petit law. The calorie is defined in terms of this for water, which is about 4.186 kilojoules per kilogram kelvin. 10 points, name this amount of energy to raise a unit amount of a material by one degree.;;specific heat capacity
;;This city's upscale areas include Abu Nuwas Street and the Al-Mansur district. In the Middle Ages, this city was the home to the House of Wisdom, a major center of translation and science. This former capital of the Abassid Empire is divided in two by the Tigris River. Its current neighborhoods include the fortified Green Zone and a large slum known as Sadr City. For 10 points, name this former seat of power for Saddam Hussein, which remains the capital of Iraq.;;Baghdad
;;This man is the only three-term governor in California history, and he was Thomas Dewey's running mate in the 1948 Presidential election. Dwight Eisenhower referred to this man's appointment as his "biggest...fool mistake." This man chaired the committee that investigated the assassination of John F. Kennedy, while serving from 1953 to 1969 as Supreme Court Chief Justice. For 10 points, name this man, whose court issued landmark rulings such as Miranda v. Arizona.;;(Earl) Warren
;;One type of this construct can be used to determine the linear independence of a set of differentiable functions. That is the Wronskian (RON-ski-un) type of this function. The value of this is set to zero in order to solve the eigenvalue (EYE-gen-val-yoo) problem. A matrix is invertible if and only if this function of the matrix is nonzero. For 10 points, identify this function defined only for square matrices, which for a two-by-two matrix a, b, c, d is equal to a d minus b c.;;determinants
;;One queen from this family is believed to have ordered the Huguenot Gaspard de Coligny's (gahs-PARD day co-LIN-yeez) assassination. One Pope from this family refused to annul Henry VIII's first marriage. A woman from this family is blamed for the St. Bartholomew's Day massacre. A different Pope from this family was in power when Martin Luther began the Reformation. Savonarola was a monk who gained control of a city from this family. For 10 points, name this family that produced Clement VII, Leo X, and Lorenzo the Magnificent, and ruled Florence.;;(de) Medicis
;;This layer's strongest part contains cataclasite breccias and is called the brittle-ductile transition zone. Over three-quarters of one part of this layer of the earth is silicon and aluminum oxide. This layer is separated from the one below it by the Moho discontinuity, and it is one component of the lithosphere. Directly below this layer, convection in the asthenosphere breaks it up into tectonic plates. For 10 points, name this outermost layer of the Earth, that sits on top of the mantle.;;(the) crust
;;The pro-trade Walker Tariff was passed during the term of this President, who was asked to demonstrate the location of spilled blood by Abraham Lincoln's Spot Resolutions. After this man's ambassador John Slidell failed to negotiate a purchase, this President sent the army across the Nueces (new-EY-seys) to initiate a war. During his term, the U.S. annexed Texas and gained the Oregon Territory. For 10 points, name this dark horse President who fought with Mexico.;;(James) (Knox) Polk
;;This man composed a set of pieces depicting a gnome running on crooked legs and French women arguing at the "Market at Limoges." Ravel orchestrated this man's "Promenade" theme from that work, which includes "The Great Gate of Kiev." Another of this man's pieces includes an "Assembly of Witches" section and takes place on St. John's Night. For 10 points, name this member of the Russian Five, who composed Pictures at an Exhibition and Night on Bald Mountain.;;(Modest) (Petrovich) Mussorgsky
;;This modern definition of these groups was proposed by Ernst Mayr, who advocated the use of a "biological concept" of it. A "keystone" group of this type, such as Pisaster, is an indicator of the effect of pollution. Theodosius Dobzhansky (dobe-ZAN-ski) gave a genetic explanation for the creation of these divisions, focusing on how they are created by reproductive isolation. The process by which these groups form can be allopatric, sympatric, or peripatric. For 10 points, binomial nomenclature consists of genus along with what other taxonomic rank?.;;species
;;The two primary forms of this religion are known as Rada and Petro. Its ceremonies include the kanzo and the taking of the ason, the latter of which involves ascending to the priesthood as either a mambo or a houngan (HOON-gahn). This religion reveres the crossroads as the intersection between the earthly and spirit worlds, and venerates lwa (LO-uh) such as Ogoun (OH-"goon") and Legba. In this religion, nasty lwa (LO-uh) can create zombies. For 10 points, name this religion, most popularly practiced in Haiti.;;voodoo|voudon
;;This author wrote, "Perfection is terrible, it cannot have children," in a poem that discusses pregnancy. Philomena Guinea provides financial support for the protagonist of this writer's only novel, in which a girl obsessed with the Rosenbergs undergoes psychiatric treatment with Dr. Nolan. This author of the poem "The Munich Mannequins" also wrote about "you do not do, you do not do" to open a poem about a man "with a Meinkampf look." For 10 points, name this American author who wrote the poem "Daddy" and the novel The Bell Jar.;;(Sylvia) Plath
;;The "turmoil" following this election was cited by Theodore Olson in his oral arguments in Bush v. Gore . During this election, the Illinois state legislature elected Supreme Court Justice David Davis to the Senate; Joseph Bradley, a Republican, took Davis's place on the fifteen-member commission that decided which candidate would get this election's disputed votes from South Carolina, Louisiana, Oregon, and Florida. For 10 points, name this election in which Samuel Tilden lost to the so-called "Rutherfraud B. Hayes.".;;(Presidential) (Election) (of) 1876
;;The approximation for the period of these objects must include an infinite expansion when dealing the large amplitude variety of this object. Chaotic systems can be displayed by setting a large one of these into motion. The period of the simple type of this object equals two pi times the square root of its length over gravity. One type of this object is used to show the rotation of the earth and is named for Foucault (foo-KOH). For 10 points, name this physical object often demonstrated using a swinging mass suspended by a string.;;pendulums|(large) (amplitude) pendulums(;)|(double) pendulums(;)|(simple) pendulums(;)|(Foucault) pendulums
;;One of this artist's paintings shows three older women, one holding a teacup, in front of Emanuel Leutze's (LOYT-zuh's) Washington Crossing the Delaware. Another of his paintings depicts a man pushing back a red curtain to reveal Washington chopping down a cherry tree. This artist used his sister and dentist as models for another painting whose background shows a white house with a cathedral-like upper window. For 10 points, name this Iowa painter, who depicted a pitchfork-wielding farmer in American Gothic.;;(Grant) (DeVolson) Wood
;;This author created a woman who wears a brooch that says "Love conquers all" named Madame Eglentyne. He wrote about a dream of the Black Knight, representing John of Gaunt, titled The Book of the Duchess. This author wrote about Alison's courting by Absalom in a story told by the Miller and about pilgrims going to the shrine of Thomas Becket who meet at the Tabard Inn. Palomon and Arcite are the main characters in his "The Knight's Tale." For 10 points, name this author of The Canterbury Tales.;;(Geoffrey) Chaucer
;;This man created a confederation of Greek states called the Panhellenion. A cult dedicated to his young companion Antinous (AN-tin-ooce) arose after the youth's death. This emperor saw to the completion of a massive temple of Zeus begun centuries earlier, the Pantheon, after which he assumed the title Olympius. He put down the Bar Kokhba (bar COKE-buh) revolt in Judea after succeeding Trajan as emperor. For 10 points, name this Roman emperor who built a namesake wall in Northern Britain.;;Hadrian|Adrian(;)|(Caesar) (Traianus) Hadrianus (Augustus(;))|(Publius) (Aelius) Hadrianus
;;This value for a substance can be obtained using the Baume scale or a hydrometer. For an ideal gas, it is equal to the ratio of the product of molar mass and pressure to the gas constant times temperature. It is symbolized by rho. Among the natural elements, osmium and iridium have the highest value of this. The difference in this between ice and water is why ice floats. For 10 points, name this ratio of mass to density, which, for water, is about one gram per milliliter.;;density|specific gravity
;;This composer used triplets of an arpeggiated C-sharp minor chord to open his "Sonata Quasi una Fantasia." He composed a five movement symphony depicting a peasant reunion and a thunderstorm. He wrote a symphony that uses a repeated motif of G-G-G-E flat. He depicted "fate knocking at the door" in one symphony, and set Schiller's poem "Ode to Joy" in another. This composer wrote the "Moonlight" sonata, as well as a fifth symphony in C minor, the "Pastoral" symphony, and the "Choral" symphony, his ninth. For 10 points, name this deaf composer.;;(Ludwig) (van) Beethoven
;;In a memoir of his imprisonment, this man described hearing the voices of the revolutionary Victor Banjo and his grandfather Adekunle Fajuyi (AH-day-KUN-lay fah-JOO-yee]. That memoir is The Man Died. This man also wrote a play in which Elesin Oba strangles himself after seeing his dead son Olunde. That play is Death and the King's Horseman . A play by this man set in Ilujinle (EE-loo-JIN-lay) sees Bale (BAH-lay) win the hand of Sidi. For 10 points, name this Nigerian playwright of The Lion and the Jewel.;;(Akinwande) (Oluwole) Soyinka
;;The gradual end of slavery in this country was declared in the Law of the Free Womb. Soon afterwards, the Golden Law entirely ended slavery here. One president of this country committed suicide after implementing the "Estado Novo" and was named Getulio Vargas (zhe-TOO-lee-oh VAHR-gahs). This country's first emperor was the expatriate Pedro I. For 10 points, name this country, that was discovered by Pedro Cabral for Portugal, and is the largest country in South America.;;(Federative) (Republic) (of) Brazil|(Republica) (Federativa) (do) Brasil
;;This woman was given flowers by the Horae (HOR-eye), gold necklaces by the Charities, and the ability to weave and sew by Athena. Her only child was a survivor of the catastrophic Flood named Phyrrha (PEER-uh). This wife of Epimethius committed a notorious action that was conceived by Zeus as a punishment to mankind for accepting fire from Prometheus. That action left hope, even as the spirits of evil filled the world. For 10 points, identify this woman in Greek mythology, who removed the lid of a namesake "box.".;;Pandora
;;In one story by this author, Azalea Adair is protected from her abusive husband by Uncle Caesar, an African-American carriage driver. That story by this man is "A Municipal Report." This author wrote a collection in response to Ward McAllister's claim that only four hundred people in New York City were worth noticing called The Four Million. He also wrote a story about Bill Driscoll and Sam Howard's kidnapping of an incorrigible child. For 10 points, name this American author of "The Gift of the Magi" and "The Ransom of Red Chief.".;;(O(.)) Henry|(William) (Sidney) Porter
;;A scar on this man's thigh from a wound suffered during a boar hunt leads his servant and childhood nurse Euryclea (you-RIH-klee-uh) to recognize him. Sacrifices of the sacred cattle of Helios led to a disaster, of which this man was the only survivor. He pretended to be named "no man" in order to blind the Cyclops Polyphemus (pall-uh-FEE-mus). This man's dog Argos died upon seeing him return from Troy after ten years to defeat his wife Penelope's suitors. For 10 points, name this king of Ithaca and hero of a namesake epic.;;Odysseus|Ulysses(;)|Ulixes
;;The singer of this song states, "life starts when the church ends." This song wishes that Bob Marley rests in peace, and the singer states he is "up at Bed-Stuy." This song is used as Derek Jeter's walkup music. The singer claims he is the "new Sinatra." Its title location is a "concrete jungle where dreams are made of." For 10 points, name this Jay-Z song featuring Alicia Keys with a chorus that states, "Let's hear it for New York.".;;Empire State of Mind
;;A character in this novel goes to London to get a haircut, earning the ire of another character, who condemns the protagonist for scolding Miss Bates. This novel sees a woman from Bath marry Mr. Elton after he is rejected by the protagonist. Its protgaonsit tries to set up her best friend with Frank Churchill, who is secretly engaged to Jane Fairfax. This novel's protagonist, a friend of Harriet Smith, marries Mr. Knightley. For 10 points, name this novel about the matchmaking antics of the titular Miss Woodhouse, a work by Jane Austen.;;Emma
;;Software that create and maintain these things should ideally follow the ACID ("acid") paradigm. They are often implemented using B-plus trees; a simple implementation of one of them is a flat file. Different models of them include hierarchical and relational. They are often structured into tables, rows, and columns, which can be manipulated by languages such as SQL. For 10 points, name these organized collections of information, which are manipulated by programs such as Oracle and Microsoft Access.;;database|DBMS
;;This author created Rotpeter, a former circus ape who learns to talk, in "A Report to an Academy." Frieda's fiancee K is not able to take his job as a surveyor in this man's novel The Castle. Another protagonist of a work by this man is killed in a quarry for an unknown crime in The Trial. In one story by this author, a man who was trying to raise money to send his sister to the conservatory has apples thrown at him. For 10 points, name this author, who described Gregor Samsa's transformation into a bug in "The Metamorphosis.".;;(Franz) Kafka
;;One ruler with this last name was assassinated by Operation Blue Star after advising Fakruddin Ali Ahmed to declare a state of emergency. Another leader with this last name encouraged people to create khadi, or homespun clothing, and led a march to Dandi to protest a tax on salt. For 10 points, identify this surname shared by Indian Prime Minister Indira, and Mohandas, whose non-violent protests earned him the nickname "Mahatma.".;;Gandhi
;;The first chapter of this book is entitled "A Fable for Tomorrow" and tells of a harmonious town suddenly hit with a "strange blight." A parody of this book is "The Desolate Year," which imagined a world where insects ran amok. That parody of this work was produced by the Monsanto Corporation, which, along with other companies, objected to this book's criticism of the pesticide DDT. For 10 points, name this landmark environmentalist book, written by Rachel Carson.;;Silent Spring
;;One of this man's novels discusses how only Edward Griffith realizes that Mr. Gray is John Paul Jones. This man created a character who settles down in Templeton with his blood-brother John. This author of The Pilot wrote about a man who encounters Judith and Hetty Hutter near Lake Glimmerglass. That character created by this author also rescues Cora and Alice Munro along with his friend Chingachgook. For 10 points, name this man who created Natty Bumppo in his novels The Deerslayer and The Last of the Mohicans.;;(James) (Fenimore) Cooper
;;This god threw himself onto a funeral pyre and then became the planet Venus. He mixed the bones from the previous four worlds with his own blood to create humanity. The twin brother of this god is a dog-faced lightning deity named Xolotl (SHO-lot-el). This god was once exiled by the "smoking mirror" Tezcatlipoca (TEZ-kat-lee-poe-kah). Because this god had light skin and a light beard, believers made the grave mistake of confusing this feathered serpent with Hernan Cortes (cor-TEZ). For 10 points, name this chief deity of the Aztecs.;;Quetzalcoatl ket(-)ZAL(-)co(-)ahh(-)tl
;;Opposition to this person's policies was organized by the Secret Army Organization. This man was appointed Prime Minister by Rene Coty during the turbulent period of the Algerian question. The constitution that created the Fifth Republic was drafted by this man, who became that republic's first president. Earlier, this man led his country's opposition to the Vichy regime. For 10 points, name this man who, during World War II, led the Free French Forces against Nazi rule.;;(Charles) (Andre) (Joseph) (Marie) de Gaulle
;;In one short story by this author, ten high schoolers are blindfolded and sent into a boxing match won by Tatlock. That story became the first chapter of this man's only novel and is entitled "Battle Royal." Herbert Bledsoe is the president of the college, and a back-to-Africa supporter named Ras the Destroyer criticizes the Brotherhood, in that same novel by this author, who created a narrator living illegally in an all-white apartment building near Harlem. For 10 points, name this author of Invisible Man.;;(Ralph) (Waldo) Ellison
;;One application of this field is the creation of expert systems. The "strong" form of this was attacked by Searle in the Chinese Room Argument. Techniques used to create it include neural networks. Applications of it include natural language processing and computer vision. The ultimate benchmark in this field is the Turing test, in which a person attempts, by conversation, to tell a person apart from a computer. For 10 points, identify this area of research in computer science, which attempts to create software and robots that emulate human mental function.;;artificial intelligence|AI
;;The sixth ruler of this empire reinstituted the jizya (JEEZ-ya) tax and was named Aurangzeb (AH-rung-zeb). Another ruler of this empire lost most of its lands to Sher Shah Suri and was named Humayun (HOO-mah-yuhn). A mausoleum was built after the death of Mumtaz, the wife of this empire's ruler, Shah Jahan. This empire was founded by Babur and reached its greatest height under the rule of Akbar. For 10 points, name this Muslim empire that ruled over India.;;Mughal Empire
;;In Hindu myth, the fish Matsya (MAHT-sha) protected Manu from one of these events. In Norse myth, Bergelmir (BUR-gul-meer) and his wife founded Jotunheim (YO-tun-hime) after surviving one of these. In Babylonian myth, the gods decided to create one of these to punish humanity for being too loud, but Ea warned Utnapishtim (OOT-nuh-PISH-tim) about it. Archaeologists suggest that all of these myths may have been based on a real event that occurred around 5500 BCE. For 10 points, identify this kind of catastrophe, that was also survived by Noah.;;(great) floods|(great) deluges
;;One problem that occurs in this organ involves the blocking of its neck in Hartmann's pouch. Along with affecting the pancreas, the secretion of cholecystokinin (KOHL-uh-SIS-toh-KEE-nin) causes this organ to release its contents into the small intestine. This pear-shaped organ is located in a fossa, or a small depression, that places this organ directly beneath another with which it shares a common duct. For 10 points, name this organ that is found directly underneath the liver, and is responsible for the storage of bile.;;gallbladder
;;In 1827, this composer wrote "The Hurdy Gurdy Man" as part of his song cycle of Wilhelm (VIL-helm) Mueller poems entitled Winterreise (vin-ter-ICE-uh). His song "Die Forelle" (for-ELL-uh) inspired another of his works that is scored for piano, violin, viola, cello, and double-bass. He also composed a symphony that quotes from his Rosamunde and contains only two complete movements. For 10 points, name this Austrian master of the lieder (LEE-der), who composed the Trout Quintet and his eighth symphony, the Unfinished.;;(Franz) (Peter) Schubert
;;Before being executed, this man stated, "I did not wrong, but right." J. E. B. Stuart unsuccessfully attempted, under a flag of truce, to get this man to surrender. Two of this insurgent's twenty children were killed during his most famous operation, which was put down by United States Army Colonel Robert E Lee. Earlier, this man executed five members of the Law and Order Party at Pottawatomie Creek. For 10 points, name this radical abolitionist who tried to spark a slave revolt by attacking the armory at Harpers Ferry, Virginia.;;(John) Brown
;;This rock is similar in composition to pegmatite and aplite, and it can be classified as I or S type. This rock is a common component of batholiths. It has relatively high sodium and potassium levels compared to magnesium and calcium. A finer-grained form is rhyolite. It is rich in alkali feldspars and quartz. It is less dense than basalt, which causes oceanic plates to subduct below tectonic plates made of this type of rock. For 10 points, name this light-colored felsic igneous rock which makes up a major portion of the continental crust.;;granite
;;This man made a thirty-minute televised speech called "A Time for Choosing" in support of Barry Goldwater. This man was criticized for testing a live radio microphone with the joking statement "I've just signed legislation outlawing Russia forever. The bombing begins in five minutes." He fired thousands of striking air traffic controllers early in his Presidency, and he was shot by John Hinckley. For 10 points, name this politician, who defeated Jimmy Carter to win the presidency in 1980.;;(Ronald) (Wilson) Reagan
;;In one song this artist asks "you don't know what it is, do you, Mister Jones?" Another song by this singer includes the character Mack the Finger and sees God tell Abraham to sacrifice Isaac in the title place. This singer of "Ballad of the Thin Man" advised "you better start swimmin' or you'll sink like a stone" in another song. This singer of "Highway 61 Revisited" and "The Times They are a-Changing" asked "how many times must the cannon balls fly?" in "Blowin' in the Wind." For 10 points, name this folk singer of "Like a Rolling Stone.".;;(Bob) Dylan|(Robert) (Allen) Zimmerman
;;This playwright wrote about a woman who forges her father's signature to get money from Krogstad. In one of this man's plays, waste pollutes baths that employ Dr. Thomas Stockmann. This man wrote a play where Judge Brack discovers the owner of a pistol that Eilert Lovborg used to kill himself. George Tessman;s wife shoots herself in a play by this author of An Enemy of the People. Torvald Helmer, a bank manager, is left by his wife Nora in another play by, for 10 points, what author of Hedda Gabler and A Doll's House ?.;;(Henrik) (Johan) Ibsen
;;This goddess punished the stingy Alcinoe (al-SEE-know), who ultimately leapt into the sea. She caused the blindness of Tiresias (tye-REE-see-us), who had watched this goddess bathe. This goddess won a contest when her olive tree was deemed more useful than Poseidon's salty well. This daughter of Metis turned Arachne into a spider after losing a weaving contest. She was born when Hephaestus split Zeus's head open. For 10 points, name this Greek goddess of wisdom and war.;;Athena|Minerva(;)|Pallas
;;Though it is not the location of Vienna, this country was that home to the composer of "The Viennese Musical Clock," which is a movement in the Hary Janos (HAR-ee YAH-nos) Suite. One composer from here coined the term "symphonic poem" and wrote the Dante Symphony. Another composer from here composed Music for Strings, Percussion, and Celesta and The Miraculous Mandarin. "The Rakoczy (ruh-COX-ee) March" is quoted in one of the nineteen rhapsodies named for this country. For 10 points, name this home nation of Zoltan Kodaly (ko-DIE), Bela Bartok, and Franz Liszt.;;Hungary|Magyarorszag
;;In this country, a conspiracy to assassinate King Joseph I was crushed by the Marquis de Pombal. One dictator of this country was an economist who established the Estado Novo. This country, which was ruled by Antonio Salazar, was controlled by the Braganza Dynasty until the twentieth century. It was called Lusitania by the Romans and was given the land east of the line of demarcation in the Treaty of Tordesillas (tor-deh-SEE-yas). For 10 points, name this Iberian country which suffered a 1755 earthquake in its capital of Lisbon.;;Portugal
;;The enzyme adenylate cyclase (aa-DEN-uh-late SIK-laze) produces a "cyclic" secondary messenger from this molecule. This molecule is produced by an enzyme with a characteristic "gun barrel" structure, in which an axle-like structure turns and adds a phosphate group to another molecule. Glycolysis (gli-CAHL-uh-sis) results in the net creation of two of these molecules, which are also produced in the oxidative phosphorylation (FOS-for-uh-LAY-shun) step of the electron transport chain. For 10 points, name this molecule referred to as the "energy currency of the cell.".;;ATP|adenosine 5(-)prime triphosphate
;;The third section of this poem features the Smyrna merchant Mr. Eugenides (yoo-JEN-id-eez). Other characters in this poem include Tiresias, who is described as having "wrinkled dugs," and Madame Sosostris. Its final section, "What the Thunder Said," ends with the repetition of the Sanskrit word "shantih." It also contains sections titled "The Burial of the Dead" and "A Game of Chess." For 10 points, name this poem which begins by characterizing April as "the cruellest month" and was written by T. S. Eliot.;;(The) Waste Land
;;In this war, operation Cedar Falls targeted the Iron Triangle and Operation Pegasus led to the battle of Khe Sanh (KAY sahn). During this war, Thich Quang Duc (thit kwon dee-OOK) immolated himself in protest of president Ngo Din Diem (NO din dee-EM). A surprise attack on the U.S. embassy occurred during this war's Tet Offensive. Henry Kissinger negotiated its end, which led to Saigon's renaming as Ho Chi Minh City. For 10 points, name this war that the United States fought in Southeast Asia in the 1960s and 70s.;;Vietnam War
;;One of this author's poems notes that the laurel "withers quicker than the rose." This author urged "Give crowns and pounds and guineas, but not your heart away" in his poem "When I was One and Twenty." This poet of "To an Athlete Dying Young" also wrote of a man who "eats his victuals fast enough." That poem by this author also states that "malt does more than Milton can to justify God's ways to man." For 10 points, name this poet of "Terence, this is stupid stuff," which is found in his collection A Shropshire Lad.;;(Alfred) (Edward) Housman
;;Arcangelo (ar-CAN-jel-oh) Corelli wrote this in kind of composition's "grosso" variant. Johannes Brahms's opus 102 is a "double" one for cello and violin. They are usually written in three movements that are fast, slow, and fast, and performers often improvise a cadenza in them. Mstislav (MIS-ti-slahv) Rostropovich was the dedicatee of two of these kinds of compositions by Shostakovich with a cello solo part. They are often written for a soloist to be accompanied by an orchestra. For 10 points, name these works, which include "Brandenburg" ones by Bach.;;concertos
;;A military coup in this country installed a ruler who became one of the leading figures in Operation Condor. This country's independence movement was helped by the Battle of Chacabuco. This country's first supreme director fought in that battle and was named Bernardo O'Higgins. For 10 points, name this South American country that, in 1973, switched from the socialist rule of Salvador Allende (EYE-end-ay) to the dictatorship of Augusto Pinochet (PEE-noh-chayt).;;(Republic) (of) Chile|(Republica) (de) Chile
;;In this work, Mr. Graves supplies a three legged stool. A popular belief amongst the townspeople in this work is that "corn be heavy soon." One character is seen at the beginning of this story guarding a pile. An important object in this work is supplied by the manager of the coal business, Mr. Summers. After names are drawn from a black box, Tessie Hutchinson screams, "It isn't fair," as she realizes her impending doom. For 10 points, name this short story by Shirley Jackson about the annual stoning in a small town.;;(The) Lottery
;;Eighty percent of this country's population took a surname meaning "master of the blue wolf" after last names were re-legalized here in 1995. Following this country's 1924 proclamation of a Communist state, its capital received a new name meaning "Red Hero." The desolate areas of this country's west and south are dominated by the Altai Mountains and the Gobi Desert. For 10 points, name this Asian country, which is found south of Russia and north of China, and was the home of conquering horsemen in the late Middle Ages.;;Mongolia|Mongol Uls
;;It is the result of the BPP formula and Machin-like formulas. Divided by four, it is equal to the Gregory series. When dividing it by two, it is the answer to Buffon's needle problem. It is multiplied times i in Euler's (OY-lurz) identity. Lindermann proved that it is transcendental, implying that the circle cannot be squared. It is equal to 180 degrees divided by one radian. For 10 points, name this number, equal to the ratio of a circle's circumference and its diameter, and symbolized by a Greek letter.;;pi
;;This man painted his childhood friend in a rowing competition in the Schuylkill (SKOO-kull) River in his work Max Schmitt in a Single Scull. He depicted nude bathers in The Swimming Hole. In one of his paintings, a woman shields her eyes below a scribe who sits on a raised desk taking operative notes. In that work by this artist, four assistants hold a retractor while a professor operates on a patient's femur at the Jefferson Medical College. For 10 points, name this Philadelphia artist of The Gross Clinic.;;(Thomas) Eakins
;;This author wrote a novel in which the pages of a book by Aristotle are poisoned by Jorge (HOR-hay) of Burgos, in a scheme discovered by Adso of Melk and his mentor, William of Baskerville. Another novel by this author has the narrator study a manuscript by Colonel Ardenti which claims that the Knights Templar will take over the world in 1944. That novel by him sees Belbo, a friend of Casaubon, hanged from the titular device in the Musee des Arts et Metiers (myoos-AY days arts ay MAY-tee-ay). For 10 points, name this Italian author of The Name of the Rose and Foucault's Pendulum.;;(Umberto) Eco
;;When graphing the results of this method, multiple transition regions can be seen when a chemical worked with is polyprotic. Those graphs of this method's curves can be used to approximate the equivalence point. Color changing substances such as methyl red and phenolphthalein (FEE-noll-thail-leen) are often used as indicators during this process. For 10 points, name this common chemistry lab experiment that uses a substance with a known pH to find the unknown pH or concentration of a solution, and often makes use of a buret (burr-ET).;;(acid(-)base) titration
;;This man used the metaphor of the "tangled bank" in his most famous theory and later wrote about The Formation of Vegetable Mould through the Action of Worms. His ideas were later debated between Wilberforce and Huxley, who was known as this man's "bulldog." This author of The Descent of Man noticed variation in the beaks of Galapagos Finches while traveling on the HMS Beagle. For 10 points, name this British naturalist who described his theory of natural selection in On the Origin of Species.;;(Charles) (Robert) Darwin
;;In the presence of a magnetic field, the energy separation between the most and least stable of these orbitals is two times the field magnitude in units of Bohr magnetons. Electrons delocalizing from these orbitals leads to resonance and aromaticity. Elements with this subshell partially filled include halogens, which have five electrons in it. Overlaps between examples of these orbitals, when left unhybridized, lead to pi bonds. For 10 points, give the letter that denotes the three orbitals that make up a namesake subshell that is filled following the 2s (two "s") subshell.;;p
;;This former resident of Antwerp embroiders gloves for Bellingham. This character plans on leaving her home on Election Day, but she doesn't make it. Earlier, this character's lover was driven to madness by a mysterious doctor who is finally revealed to be Chillingsworth, this character's husband. For 10 points, name this Massachusetts resident who is the lover of Dimmesdale, mother of Pearl, and wearer of the title object in Nathaniel Hawthorne's The Scarlet Letter.;;Hester Prynne|(Hester) Prynne
;;Lewis Mumford wrote a book about these entities "in History." Ernest Burgess included the CBD at the center of his concentric zone model of these. Lincoln Steffens attacked their inherent corruption in a book about "The Shame of" them. Joel Garreau listed Boomers and Greenfields as examples the "Edge" variety of these entities. Early examples of these include atalhoyuk (chuh-tahl-HOOK), Eridu, and Mohenjo-daro. For 10 points, name these entities which are surrounded by suburbs.;;cities
;;In this show, the death of a character played by McLean Stevenson was kept secret from the cast until the taping. The character of Sherman T. Potter replaced Stevenson's character, Henry Blake. "Goodbye, Farewell, and Amen" was the of the title of its final episode. Max Klinger often wore a Toledo Mudhens baseball cap and Radar O'Reilly slept with a teddy bear on this show. It also included Hawkeye Pierce, played by Alan Alda. For 10 points, name this show about the 4077 Mobile Army Surgical Hospital during the Korean War.;;M*A*S*H
;;During this war, Phineas Riall declared "Those are regulars, by God!" Congreve rockets were used during the Battle of Bladensburg in this war. Oliver Perry declared "We have met the enemy and they are ours" after the Battle of Lake Erie during this war. It was instigated due to the impressment controversy and the "land hunger" of the "War Hawks." It included the burning of the White House, and was ended by the Treaty of Ghent. For 10 points, name this war between the U.S. and Britain, which began in the namesake year.;;(War) (of) 1812
;;One sign of this disease is paired helical filaments formed from tau protein. One explanation for this disease attributes it to reduced synthesis of acetylcholine (uh-SEE-tul-KO-leen). The enormously frequent development of this disease by age forty among those with Down syndrome lends credence to a hypothesis that it stems from a precursor protein coded for on chromosome twenty-one. That hypothesis attributes this disease to the buildup of amyloid (AA-mill-oid) beta plaques. For 10 points, name this common form of dementia, which causes confusion and memory loss.;;Alzheimer's (disease)
;;Benny Goodman commissioned a clarinet concerto from this composer. One of his tone poems is about a "popular type dance hall in Mexico City" and is entitled El Salon Mexico. This composer included readings of this Gettysburg address in his Lincoln Portrait. One of this composer's ballets includes the sections "Buckaroo Holiday" and "Hoe-Down." Another of his ballets includes an arrangement of the Shaker hymn "Simple Gifts." For 10 points, name this American composer of Rodeo and Appalachian Spring.;;(Aaron) Copland
;;In Plasmodium, proteases (PRO-tee-aze-iz) are found in the "food" type of these organelles. In one form, they contain a substance called cell sap. In plants, proteins called aquaporins (ock-wuh-PORE-inz) are found in the membrane surrounding this organelle, called the tonoplast (TOE-noh-plast). This organelle can take up as much as ninety percent of a plant cell. This organelle maintains the plant's rigidity by causing a pressure called turgidity that is determined by their water content. For 10 points, name these storage organelles found in many cells.;;vacuole
;;One obstacle to the completion of this project was the traversal of Montezuma Marsh, where at least a thousand workers died from swamp fever. This project's completion was celebrated by Mayor Wilkeson, who poured a keg of Atlantic Ocean water into this structure. This project ended in the Commercial Slip of Buffalo, was advocated by Dewitt Clinton, and started in Albany. For 10 points, identify this crucial nineteenth-century shipping route, which extends to the namesake Great Lake.;;Erie Canal
;;This country's twentieth-century politics were dominated by the Golkar Party, led by men such as Jusuf Habibie (JOO-suff huh-BEE-bee). This modern-day country was once home to the huge trading empire of Srivijaya (SHRIV-uh-JAY-uh). This country's current capital also served as the capital of the Dutch East Indies under the former name Batavia. Its first two presidents were Suharto and Sukarno. For 10 points, name this country, which in 2002 suffered a terrorist attack at a hotel on Bali.;;(Republic) (of) Indonesia|(Republik) Indonesia
;;This man used a klaxon horn to represent taxi cabs in the French capital in one tone poem. He wrote for bongos and maracas in his Cuban Overture. Ferde Grofe orchestrated one of his works, which had been commissioned as a "jazz concerto" by Paul Whiteman. This composer of An American In Paris collaborated with his brother Ira on the song "I've Got Rhythm." Another work by this composer opens with a trill on a clarinet, followed by a glissando. For 10 points, name this composer of Rhapsody in Blue.;;(George) Gershwin|(Jacob) Gershvin
;;The radiative decay of this particle has a half-life on the order of at least ten to the thirty-five years. A technique in analytical chemistry measures the precession of the magnetic moments of nuclei (NOO-clay-eye) with an odd number of these particles, which is a type of NMR. This particle is composed of two up quarks and one down quark. Two of these particles and two neutrons comprise an alpha particle. For 10 points, name this first-generation hadron which is equivalent to the H-plus ion and is the positively charged component of an atomic nucleus.;;proton
;;This man argued against empiricism by noting that melting wax changes some of the wax's qualities, yet we know it is the same wax. This man was asked by Princess Elizabeth of Bohemia to explain how an immaterial soul can cause a body to move in a correspondence. He claimed that he could doubt everything except the fact that he exists. He is the namesake of a belief in mind-body dualism. For 10 points, name this author of Discourse on the Method and Meditations on First Philosophy, who is credited with saying "I think, therefore I am.".;;(Rene) Descartes day(-)CART
;;One symbol of this religion is a hand with a wheel on its palm. One sect of this religion requires that members be "sky-clad," or nude, and the other sect believes that the figure Mallinath was female. This religion, which is divided into the Svetambara (sh-VET-ahm-bara) and Digambara (DEE-gam-bara) sects, venerates twenty-four "bridge-builders" or tirthankaras (TEAR-than-karas), including the final one, Mahavira. For 10 points, name this Indian religion which emphasizes ahimsa, or nonviolence.;;Jainism
;;A ship named for this man sunk the British flagship HMS Hood, prompting Winston Churchill to give a three-word order to sink that ship. This man helped put in place Adalbert Falk's May Laws as a part of his work against the Catholic Church called the Kulturkampf (COUL-tour-kahmpf). He used Realpolitik (RAY-ahl-POH-loh-tik) on behalf of Wilhelm I (VILL-helm the first) to create the German Empire in 1871. For 10 points, identify this "Iron Chancellor" of Prussia and Germany.;;(Otto) (Eduard) (Leopold) (von) Bismarck
;;One method of assigning values in this system involves making one digit represent whether the number is positive or negative. That method is known as the sign-and-magnitude representation. Another method of assigning negative values in this system takes a positive number, inverts that number's digits, and then adds one. That method is called the two's complement representation. Numbers in this system are made up of values called bits. For 10 points, name this numbering system that differs from the decimal system by only using zeros and ones.;;binary number (system)|base(-)two number (system)
;;This author claims that "diffusion" gives an organism a "death-wish" in a book explaining "Eros" and "Thanatos," titled Beyond the Pleasure Principle. Another work by this author gives examples such as Otto's administration of some chemicals that caused an infection, called "Irma's Injection." Another of this man's patients was known as Anna O. For 10 points, name this psychologist who proposed a division of the psyche into the "id," "ego," and "superego," and wrote The Interpretation of Dreams.;;(Sigmund) Freud|(Sigismund) (Schlomo) Freud
;;Two characters in this work claim they have found a beast when they come upon the body of a downed pilot. A silent conversation in this work seems to take place between Simon and an animal head on a pole. Two groups form early on in this novel, one of which is originally made up only of choir boys. One rule created in it gives the right of speech to the holder of a conch shell. A boulder in this novel kills Piggy, who sides with Ralph against Jack. For 10 points, name this novel about a group of boys stranded on an island, by William Golding.;;Lord of the Flies
;;This award was made retroactive to 1854 to honor those who fought in the Crimean War. By 1881, eligibility for it was extended to include heroic acts not in the face of an enemy, such as saving lives at sea. This decoration is fashioned in a namesake shape with the words "For Valor" inscribed on it. For 10 points, name this highest of British military awards, which is given for bravery in the face of an enemy, and was instituted 1856 and named for the reigning queen.;;(the) Victoria Cross|VC
;;This man wrote about a hunchback that tricks another character to think he is that character's beloved Silvestre. That work is "Mario and the Magician." This man wrote a novel in which Ludovko Settembrini (loo-DUV-ko set-em-BREE-nee) and Leo Naphta are among Hans Castorp's acquaintances in a sanitarium in Switzerland. He also wrote a novel in which Gustav von Ascehenbach (GOO-stahv vahn AH-shen-bok) stays in the title city despite a cholera epidemic. For 10 points, name this German author of The Magic Mountain and Death in Venice.;;(Thomas) Mann
;;One scene in this opera is set in the Temple of Vulcan, where prayers for success in battle are said. This opera features the aria "Ritorna, Vincitor" (ree-TOR-nah VEEN-kee-tor). Two lovers in this opera plan to run away together after the aria "O Patria Mia." Amneris is betrothed to the central male character of this opera, a captain of the guard who is secretly buried alive to be with his beloved. For 10 points, name this opera about the Egyptian Radames's love for an Ethiopian princess, by Giuseppi Verdi.;;Aida
;;In this country, the Iguala plan created an empire led by Agustin Iturbide (ah-goo-STEEN ee-TURR-bee-day). Venustiano (vay-NOO-stee-AH-no) Carranza led a struggle against its dictator Victoriano Huerta. One leader of this country was a Zapotec from Oaxaca (wah-HAH-ka) named Benito Juarez. The treaty of Guadalupe (gwah-duh-LOO-pay) Hidalgo allowed the United States to take California from this country. For 10 points, name this country that once owned Texas.;;Mexico|(United) Mexican States(;)|Estados Unidos Mexicanos
;;Pip and Daggoo are two of the black characters in this book. Dough-boy and Fleece supply the rest of the crew with food in this work. In this novel, the white turban-wearing servant Fedallah offers gloomy prophecies. The old blacksmith Perth, the first mate Starbuck, and the harpoon-wielding Queequeg are other occupants of the Pequod, a sailing ship from Nantucket. Captain Ahab chases a white whale in this story, which is told by the narrator Ishmael. For 10 points, name this novel by Herman Melville.;;Moby Dick(,) (or(,)) (The) (Whale)
;;Horace Greeley characterized the aim of this event as "but the assertion of a natural right." Thomas McClintock read from Blackstone's Commentaries here. The central organizers of this event had earlier joined William Lloyd Garrison at the World Anti-Slavery Conference. It included a speech by Frederick Douglass as well as the reading of the Declaration of Sentiments by Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady Stanton. For 10 points, name this 1848 conference that began the women's suffrage movement and was held in a namesake New York village.;;Seneca Falls Convention
;;The central character of this novel declares "we want to smash other people" and calls a chemist "twenty times as useful as any poet." The protagonist of this work falls in love with a widow, Madame Odintsov (OH-deent-sohv), who finally kisses him on his deathbed before marrying a lawyer. The protagonist's protege, Arkady Kirsanov (AHR-kah-dee KEER-sah-nohv), abandons revolution in this work to become a magistrate. For 10 points, name this novel, centering on the nihilist (NYE-uh-list) Bazarov (BAH-zah-rohv), and written by Ivan Turgenev (tur-GAIN-ev).;;Fathers and Sons|Fathers and Children(;)|Otcy i Deti
;;One particularly fast method for this process is called "radix." Another algorithm for it repeatedly finds pivots to subdivide a set and was invented by Hoare ("HORE"). The time required by this process is judged by how many times the values of two elements need to be compared. Less efficient methods require n-squared steps; those include the "bubble" algorithm for this, which is named for the way elements rise through a list. For 10 points, name this procedure, which puts the elements of a data structure in order.;;sorting (algorithms)
;;This author described a theological crisis suffered by a veteran of the game show "It's a Wise Child" in one novel. That novel features members of the Glass family, as does this man's story about Muriel's husband Seymour shooting himself. This author wrote Franny and Zooey and "A Perfect Day for Bananafish." He also created a character who flees from Mr. Antolini and borrows money from his sister Phoebe after being expelled from Pencey Prep. For 10 points, name this author who created Holden Caufield in The Catcher in the Rye.;;(Jerome) (David) Salinger
;;This man painted three depictions of his bedroom in a house he shared with Paul Gauguin. This painter depicted a mustachioed man in front of a pool table while other patrons huddle at tables in his The Night Cafe. He showed a woman pouring out four cups of coffee in a work that shows peasants at the dinner table. Another work by this man shows a cedar tree and the church spire of Saint-Remy (sahn reh-MEE) jutting into the swirling sky. For 10 points, name this Dutch Post-Impressionist who painted The Potato Eaters and The Starry Night.;;(Vincent) (Willem) van Gogh
;;The last step in this compound's synthesis is the demethylation (DEE-meth-uh-LAY-shun) of lanosterol (luh-NOST-uh-rawl). Cholestyramine (koh-luh-STY-ruh-meen) prevents bile acids from being used to resynthesize this compound. The rate-determining step of this compound's synthesis is determined by HMG-CoA ("H"-"M"-"G" co-"A") reductase activity. That step is targeted by drugs known as statins, to prevent this compound's synthesis. This compound is transported in assemblies that contain the APOB ("A"-"P"-"O"-"B")protein and whose "low-density" variety is mainly responsible for atherosclerosis (AATH-er-ohs-cler-OH-sis). For 10 points, name this waxy, steroid compound.;;cholesterol
;;Unusually for a Spanish-speaking South American nation, this country is less than fifty percent Catholic. Part of this country's border with Brazil runs through Lake Mirim, and this country is itself bisected east to west by the Rio Negro. Its capital sits on the north side of the estuary separating it from Argentina, the Rio de la Plata. For 10 points, identify this country in the southeastern part of South America, whose capital has a name meaning "I see a mountain," Montevideo.;;(Oriental) (Republic) (of) Uruguay|(Republica) (Oriental) (del) Uruguay
;;In this novel, Mrs. Phelps is moved to tears when the protagonist reads "Dover Beach" and Mildred is obsessed with her gigantic television set. The protagonist of this work seeks solace with his teenage neighbor Clarisse. The professor Faber helps the protagonist of this novel escape from the Mechanical Hound. That protagonist kills Captain Beatty and memorizes parts of Ecclesiastes. For 10 points, name this novel about Guy Montag, which was named by its author, Ray Bradbury, for the temperature at which books burn.;;Fahrenheit 451
;;One work by this man explains verbal acts known as "mands." Another work by this psychologist argues that the prevalence of a belief in free will has limited the possibility for social engineering. This psychologist wrote Verbal Behavior and Beyond Freedom and Dignity. He also invented an air crib for infants and experimented on pigeons. For 10 points, name this American behaviorist, who created a namesake box to research operant conditioning.;;(Burrhus) (Frederic) Skinner
;;Electromagnetic metamaterials can have a negative value for this quantity. A material has two different values for this in birefringence. This value is equal to the square root of the product of a medium's permittivity and permeability. The ratio of this value for two media is related to the ratio of sines of its namesake angles by Snell's Law. For 10 points, name this ratio of the speed of light in a vacuum to the speed of light in a medium, which is about 1.33 for water.;;index of refraction|refractive index(;)|ior
;;One empire based in this present-day country split into the Changamir and Monomotapa (MAH-no-muh-TAH-pah) in the late fifteenth century. This country's flag depicts a soapstone bird found at the site of its most famous ruins. The Lancaster House Agreement gave this country its current government and was signed by ZAPU leader Joshua Nkomo and its current leader, a ZANU-PF politician. For 10 points, name this country that was called Rhodesia during rule by the white minority and has been led to hyperinflation by Robert Mugabe.;;(Republic) (of) Zimbabwe
;;Two portions of this organ's superior temporal gyrus are named for Brodmann and for Wernicke (VER-nick-ee). One par of this organ, the substantia nigra, produces dopamine; that part is part of the basal ganglia, like its striatum. Those components are implicated in Parkinson's disease and Huntington's disease. The lobes of one part of this organ include the occipital and parietal, and this organ includes a portion involved in motor control called the cerebellum. For 10 points, name this central organ of the nervous system, contained in the cranium.;;brain
;;Ricercars (ry-chur-CAR-ayz) and canzonas (can-ZOH-nuz) were early examples of this musical form. They begin with one voice stating the theme, and another voice entering later to play the theme in a different key. J. S. Bach (BAHK) wrote "The Art of" this type of music. Bach also paired pieces in this musical form with preludes in The Well-Tempered Clavier (kluh-VEER). For 10 points, name this musical form consisting of many voices in imitative counterpoint, which Bach also paired with a toccata (tow-Kah-tuh) in D minor.;;fugues (fyoogs)
;;During this President's administration, the CIA helped overthrow Guatemala's leader Jacobo Arbenz. His farewell address warned about the dangers of the "military industrial-complex." This man's Vice-President participated in the Kitchen Debate with Nikita Khrushchev and gave a speech discussing the dog Checkers. This man twice defeated Adlai Stevenson on a ticket with Richard Nixon. For 10 points, name this successor of Harry Truman as President, who was the former Supreme Allied Commander in World War II.;;(Dwight) (David) Eisenhower
;;One work of art that exemplifies this movement depicts an airplane firing rockets to destroy an enemy fighter. An artist associated with this movement worked out of a studio called the Silver Factory. The painting Whaam! emerged from this movement, and was created with the Ben-Day dot technique by Roy Lichtenstein. This movement also saw the creation of fifty silk-screen images of Marilyn Monroe and a painting of a solitary Campbell's Soup can. For 10 points, name this 1960s artistic movement exemplified by the works of Andy Warhol.;;Pop Art
;;In one of this man's poems, the narrator claims "I'se been a-climbin' on, and reachin' ladders, and turning corners" after telling her child "life for me ain't been no crystal stair." In another of his poems, he asserts "my soul has grown deep like the rivers." In another work, this poet asks if something "dr[ies] up, like a raisin in the sun?" This poet wrote "Mother to Son" and "The Negro Speaks of Rivers." For 10 points, name this poet who asked, "What happens to a dream deferred?" in his poem "Harlem.".;;(James) (Mercer) (Langston) Hughes
;;This company offered a namesake million dollar prize for any group that improved its rating algorithm by ten percent or more. This company was accused of "throttling" for its practice of delaying services to its most active customers. This company uses Microsoft Silverlight for its "Watch Instantly" feature, and recently expanded to the Xbox 360 and Playstation 3. For 10 points, name this company that allows customers to rent DVDs through the mail by paying a monthly fee.;;Netflix
;;This author wrote a work about the Hamilton and Trask families based on the Cain and Abel story. In another of his novels, Candy helps fantasize about creating a farm before another character accidentally kills Curly's wife. In another work, this writer of East of Eden wrote about a family's journey with the preacher Jim Casy to California, from Oklahoma, during the Dust Bowl. For 10 points, name this author who wrote about Lenny and George in Of Mice and Men and the Joad family in The Grapes of Wrath.;;(John) (Ernst) Steinbeck(,) (Jr(.))
;;During this war, one side built a long pontoon bridge over the Genitchi Strait. One side in this war defended Home Hill during the Battle of Inkerman. Florence Nightingale earned the moniker "Lady with the Lamp" for tending to wounded soldiers during this war. At one of its battles, Cardigan and Raglan sent a unit headlong into Russian artillery at Balaclava in the "Charge of the Light Brigade." For 10 points, name this war which pitted the French, British, and Ottomans against the Russians from 1853 to 1856.;;Crimean War
;;In one work by this man, the "person of consequence" refuses to help out a simpleton who is unable to change reports from the first person to the third person without great effort. In another work by this man, a barber finds the title object baked in his breakfast bread and tries to throw it away into the Neva River. In one of this author's novels, Pavel Chichikov collects dead serfs who are recorded as alive on the census. For 10 points, name this Russian author of the short stories "The Nose" and "The Overcoat" and the novel Dead Souls.;;(Nikolai) (Vasilievich) Gogol
;;One battle in this conflict resulted in the Duke of Villeroi (VEE-luh-WAH) being captured at Cremona. The settlement of this war granted England a monopoly on the trans-Atlantic slave trade. The allies achieved victory at this war's Battle of Oudenarde (WEE-duh-nard) after Eugene of Savoy and the Duke of Marlborough united their armies. This conflict was ended when Philip V was recognized as heir of Charles II by the Peace of Utrecht. For 10 points, name this war that attempted to prevent a Bourbon king from ascending to the throne.;;(War) (of) (the) Spanish Succession
;;When glaciers cover these objects, a landform called a tuya (TOO-yuh) is formed. Maars (MARZ) and tuff rings are examples of these objects. A lahar (luh-HAR) is a mud flow that is caused by the action of these features, which can produce pahoehoe (pah-HOY-hoy) and aa (AH-ah). Pyroclastic flows can occur when they become active. Their types include composite cone and cinder cone. This geologic feature is common in the Ring of Fire. For 10 points, name these mountains that form when lava erupts to the earth's surface.;;volcanoes
;;Grover devised a quantum version of one of these algorithms and admissible heuristics are used in the A*(A star) type of this algorithm. Another form of this process starts in the middle of a list and only considers the half that might have a certain value. Both the interpolation and binary form of this algorithm can only be run on ordered lists. The linear form of this algorithm can be run on any list and runs through every value. For 10 points, name this algorithm named for its function of looking through lists for a certain key element.;;search algorithms
;;One independence movement in this country began with the Cry of Villa de Los Santos and was led by Jose de Fabrega. One leader of this country became penpals with the ten-year-old Sarah York before being captured when American forces blasted loud music outside the Vatican embassy. A site in this country was the subject of the Hay-Bunau Varilla Treaty and was created after this country separated from Colombia in 1903. For 10 points, name this home of Manuel Noriega, which received control of its namesake canal in 1999.;;(Republic) (of) Panama|(Republica) (de) Panama
;;An attempt to solve the "problem of demarcation" that defines this field was advanced in a book that set out the "falsification" principle, called "the logic of" this kind of "discovery," which was written by Karl Popper. Later, a sociological analysis of this field's development, which claims that it proceeds through "paradigm shifts," was written under the title "the structure of" this kind of "revolutions," by Thomas Kuhn. For 10 points, identify this intellectual pursuit, which abides by a hypothesis-centered "method" advanced by Francis Bacon.;;science|scientific|(other) (word) (forms)
;;The Turkevich method can be used to make nanoparticles of this metal which have applications in drug delivery. It is refined by the Wohlwill (VOLE-vill) process, and it can be mined by cyanide leaching. Its only stable isotope is 197. It is sometimes found in telluride ores, and it is the most ductile and malleable element. It reacts with chlorine, explaining why it is susceptible to aqua regia. This metal was used to detect the atomic nucleus in a namesake "foil" experiment. For 10 points, name this metallic element with symbol Au.;;gold
;;This performer was inspired by Ray Noble's song "Cherokee" to record "Ko-Ko" with his band. His quintet included Duke Jordan, Tommy Potter, Max Roach, and Miles Davis. That quintet performed early be-bop music, which he helped pioneer. Several of his compositions, such as "Ornithology" and "Birdfeathers," have become jazz standards. For 10 points, name this alto saxophonist whose original nickname, "Yardbird", was simplified to "Bird.".;;(Charlie) (Bird) Parker
;;One poem describes a woman "beloved in life of" this man. That poem mentioning this man is about Anne Rutledge and is found in Spoon River Anthology. One elegy for this man laments the "great star" in the "western sky in the night." Another elegy for him proclaims "the ship is anchor'd safe" and that for this person "they call, the swaying mass, their eager faces turning." For 10 points, name this President, whose death was lamented in Whitman's "O Captain! My Captain!".;;(Abraham) Lincoln
;;Sidney Rigdon was one of this group's earliest spokesmen. Militant groups connected to this religion became known as Danites. Along with Paiute Native Americans, some members of this group were perpetrators of the Mountain Meadows Massacre. They fought a namesake "war" with the U.S. government in the 1850s. They were driven out of Missouri and Illinois to a place they called "Deseret." For 10 points, name this group, founded by Joseph Smith, that was led to the Great Salt Lake in Utah by Brigham Young.;;Mormons|LDS(;)|(Church) (of) (Jesus) (Christ) (of) Latter(-)Day Saints
;;Wavefunctions of the particle in a box use this function because it can be made to meet the boundary conditions. The Gibbs phenomenon occurs in a method that approximates any function using this function and its derivative, which is called a Fourier (FOR-ee-ay) series. The magnitude of a cross-product is proportional to this function of the angle between the vectors. This function's law is the equality, for a triangle, of each side's ratio to this function of the side's angle. Its reciprocal is the cosecant. For 10 points, name this function, equal in trigonometry to the ratio of the opposite side to the hypotenuse.;;sine
;;Some members of this phylum keep their bodies clean through the use of pedicellaria (pe-deh-sell-AIR-ee-uh). Many members of this phylum exhibit pentaradial symmetry. Its species have a system of interlocking calcium carbonate plates called stereom. Creatures in it have tube feet called podia. Podia are found at the end of this phylum's main method of movement and respiration, the water-vascular system. For 10 points, name this phylum of sea cucumbers and starfish, which has a Greek name to describe members' spiny skin.;;Echinodermata|echinoderms
;;In the run-up to World War II, this city was the location of a Nazi plot that assassinated Engelbert Dolfuss and put Kurt Schuschnigg in power. Polish king John Sobieski helped defend this city in 1683 in an event that allegedly led to the invention of the croissant. That was the second of two sieges, the other being 1529, in which the Ottomans tried to take this seat of Hapsburg power. For 10 points, name this city which served as the site of an 1815 Congress that redrew the borders of post-Napoleonic Europe.;;Vienna|Wien(;)|Viden(;)|Becs
;;This country contains the world's largest piece of limestone, the Nullarbor Plain. The Morning Glory Cloud can be seen off the north of this country in the Gulf of Carpentaria. The lowest and highest points in this nation are Lake Eyre and Mount Kosciusko, respectively. This home of the Great Dividing Range contains the cities of Darwin, Adelaide, and Brisbane and is separated from Tasmania by the Bass Strait. The home of the Great Barrier Reef is, for 10 points, what country that occupies an entire continent?.;;(Commonwealth) (of) Australia
;;In this novel, a baby is born with a pig tail and is eaten by an army of ants. One character in this work, the mechanic Mauricio (mah-REE-see-oh) Babilonia, is always accompanied by butterflies. Three thousand people die in a strike against a banana company in this novel. The gypsy Melquiades (mel-KYE-uh-dees) creates a manuscript in this work, which centers on the Buendia family. It ends with the death of Aureliano and the destruction of Macondo. For 10 points, name this magical realist novel by Gabriel Garcia Marquez.;;One Hundred Years of Solitude|Cien Anos de Soledad
;;This mythical figure fought six-armed giants and rescued King Phineus (fin-AY-us) in Asia from some bothersome harpies. Zetes (ZEE-teez) and Calais (cah-LAY-iss), children of the North Wind, were part of a group led by this man that also included Odysseus's grandfather Autolycus (AW-toe-LYE-kus), Nestor, and Meleager (MEL-ee-EY-ger). With the help of a potion brewed by the daughter of King Aeetes (eye-EE-teez), this hero was able to elude a dragon and secure the Golden Fleece. For 10 points, name this onetime husband of Medea and leader of the Argonauts.;;Jason
;;The epigraph for this poem translates to a claim that "there are more invisible than visible beings in the universe." Its central figure sees two hundred men die shortly after a dice game gives his soul to Life-in-Death. In the frame story, the title character of this poem accosts a wedding guest and tells the tale of seeing "water, water every where" without "any drop to drink." For 10 points, name this poem from Lyrical Ballads that describes the title figure killing an albatross and was written by Samuel Taylor Coleridge.;;(The) Rime of the Ancient Mariner
;;In historiography, this word refers to the fallacious study of history as a march of progress towards the present. This term also refers to the party, led by Robert Walpole, which dominated mid-eighteenth-century British politics before passing the Great Reform Bill. These original opponents of the Tories also share their name with an American party, formed by Henry Clay and other anti-Jacksonian elements. For 10 points, identify this party, under whose banner William Henry Harrison and Zachary Taylor were elected to the Presidency.;;Whig Party|whigs(;)|Whiggish view (of) (history(;))|(other) (word) (forms)
;;One of this author's fictional characters watches dead rats pile up, treats Father Paneloux, and stays in contact with his wife, who left Oran. In an essay, this author confronts the absurdity of existence by referencing a Greek figure who rolled a rock up a hill in The Myth of Sisyphus. In one of this novels, a character learns his mother has died and shoots an Arab on the beach. Protagonists created by this author include Dr. Rieux (ree-OO) and Meursault (mer-SOH). For 10 points, name this French existentialist who wrote The Plague and The Stranger.;;(Albert) Camus ca(-)MOO
;;Their strength as a function of distance can be modeled by the Lennard-Jones potential. Their namesake also names an equation of state which modifies the ideal gas law. Unlike covalent and ionic bonds, they are caused by changes in the polarizations of nearby molecules. One variety of them arises between nonpolar molecules due to induced dipoles, and is known as London dispersion forces. For 10 points, identify these generalized weak intermolecular forces, which are named after a Dutch scientist.;;Van der Waals forces
;;This figure informed a butler that he would be spared and told a baker that he would be hanged. In order to test his siblings, he plants his silver goblet in Benjamin's bag and accuses his brother of theft. This man is imprisoned after being falsely accused of attempted rape by Potiphar's wife. He interprets Pharaoh's dream about fat and skinny cattle to mean that Egypt will suffer seven years of famine. For 10 points, name this son of Jacob who possessed a multicolored coat and was sold into slavery by his brothers.;;Joseph|Yosef
;;One character in this work obsessively makes shoes in order to relieve his guilt at not being able to save a man from the guillotine. Another of its characters recognizes her brother Solomon but is blackmailed into secrecy after it is revealed that Solomon has been spying for the British and the French. That woman, Miss Pross, shoots Madame Defarge in order to protect Lucy Manette, who is in love with Charles Darney. For 10 points, name the novel, in which Sydney Carton sacrifices himself to save Charles, a work by Charles Dickens.;;(A) Tale of Two Cities
;;One kind of these singers is a coloratura. The arias "Vissi d'Arte" and "O Mio Babbino Caro" were written for this kind of singer. The soubrette (SUE-bret) has this operatic voice, which sings the title roles of the operas Tosca and Madame Butterfly. Singers in this voice include Jenny Lind, Beverly Sills, and Maria Callas. For 10 points, name this highest voice of a female opera singer.;;soprano
;;A powerful desiccant is made from the pentoxide of this element. A compound containing this element is a dental etching solution and iron III oxide rust remover. This element occurs in plus-3 and plus-5 oxidation states in its two triprotic acids. It forms a variety of elemental structures in its white and red allotropes. Because this element possesses a 3-s-2-3-p-3 configuration, it can break the octet rule, unlike nitrogen, which is also in its family. For 10 points, name this element with atomic number 15 and symbol P.;;phosphorus