;;This artist painted birds metamorphosing into pachyderms in his Swans Reflecting Elephants. This artist worked on films like The Golden Age and An Andalusian Dog with Luis Bunuel (BOONWELL). Flies and superimposed images of the Venus de Milo appear in this artist's The Hallucinogenic Toreador, which also includes floating heads modeled after this artist's wife Gala. Another of his works depicts a mirrorlike sea and cliffs in the background with an ant-covered pocketwatch and melting clocks in the foreground. For 10 points, name this artist of The Persistence of Memory.;;(Salvador) (Domingo) (Felipe) (Jacinto) Dali i (Domenech)
;;At the end of one poem in this man's collection, Men and Women, the title character "yet dauntless" sets his slug-horn to his lips and blows. In addition to "Childe Roland to the Dark Tower Came," he wrote about a man who wraps Porphyria's yellow hair around her neck and strangles her. He is best known for a work in which Duke of Ferrara reflects upon a woman who had "a heart too soon made glad, too easily impressed" and did not appreciate the Duke's "nine-hundred years old name." For 10 points, what British poet wrote dramatic monologues including "My Last Duchess"?.;;(Robert) Browning
;;This man's brother-in-law, Abel Corbin, was involved in the plans of Jim Fisk and Jay Gould to corner the gold market on Black Friday, which occurred during this man's time in office. A contract made to complete a line of the Pacific Union Railroad under Oakes Ames implicated this man's Vice Presidents, Henry Wilson and Schuyler Colfax, in the Credit Mobilier scandal. For 10 points, name this U.S. president who served after Andrew Johnson, and who was earlier the Union general victorious at the Battle of Vicksburg and against the forces of Robert E. Lee.;;(Ulysses) (S(.)) Grant|(Hiram) (Ulysses) Grant
;;Saline intrusion in these formations can occur in coastal areas when these structures are over-accessed. Artesian wells occur when these structures meet the surface. In the United States, the Mahomet one lies in Illinois, and the Ogallala one, which lies in the Great Plains, provides thirty percent of the nation's irrigation water. For 10 points, name these areas of permeable rock that store groundwater.;;aquifer
;;Competitors to this item include the iRex Iliad and Sony's PRS 505. Though it is not made by Apple, a new model of this item, launched in June 2009, includes an accelerometer that automatically changes the display orientation. That is known as the "DX" model of this product. In July 2009, an owner of this item, Justin Garwonski, sued its manufacturer after an incident which Jeff Bezos said was not handled "elegantly," that saw users of this device lose access to an unauthorized edition of 1984. For 10 points, name this device which uses "E Ink" to display books and newspapers digitally and is sold by Amazon.;;(Amazon) Kindle
;;Organic modifiers are used to control one variety of this technique used on small molecules, the high performance liquid type. Increasing solvent polarity can avoid tailing in this technique, which was first used by Mikhail Tsvet. One variety of it relies on the calculation of the retardation factor and has a liquid and a solid phase. Gases and liquids are common mobile phases in this technique, which also has paper and thin-layer types. For 10 points, name this laboratory technique in which components of a mixture are separated by affinity to a stationary phase.;;chromatography
;;?The prose works of this author, including the essay "The Deacon's Masterpiece," are collected in his Breakfast-Table series. This author wrote "give her to the god of storms, / The lightning and the gale!" in a poem lamenting the scrapping of USS Constititution, "Old Ironsides." The narrator of another of his poem hears "clearer notes . . . Than ever Triton blew" from the titular "ship of pearl." For 10 points, name this father of a Supreme Court Justice, the Fireside poet of "The Chambered Nautilus.".;;(Oliver) (Wendell) Holmes(,) (Sr(.))
;;The wall of this structure contains the trigone, and consists of layers of detrusor muscle external to a transitional epithelium layer, which ranges from two to five cells thick. This structure, which is posterior to the symphysis pubis, receives fluid from the ureters. An internal sphincter unique to males prevents semen from entering it. At high pressures, fluid flows out of this structure through the urethra. For 10 points, name this hollow container that stores urine.;;(urinary) bladder
;;The de Lome letter was intercepted by revolutionaries in this country. The Teller Amendment, in which the United States pledged not to establish control over this country, was replaced by the Platt Amendment. The explosion of a ship in the harbor of this country's capital led to one war for control of this island. American-trained exiles from this country undertook the Bay of Pigs Invasion. The existence of missiles in this country caused a crisis in October 1962. For 10 points, name this country that has been led since the 1950s by Castros.;;(Republic) (of) Cuba|(Republica) (de) Cuba
;;The theorem named for them states that the number of these less than a given number n is approximately equal to n divided by the natural logarithm of n. Specific types of them are named after Sophie Germain and Marin Mersenne, and the fundamental theorem of arithmetic states that any positive integer greater than one can be uniquely expressed as a product of these. They can be found using the sieve of Eratosthenes, and the first four examples of them are two, three, five, and seven. For 10 points, name this type of number, whose only divisors are one and itself.;;prime numbers
;;This author's Merlin, Lancelot, and Tristram form his Arthurian trilogy. This writer's collection The Town down the River contains the poem "How Annandale Went Out" as well as one about a character who mourns that Romance is now on the town and that Art is a vagrant. That title character, who curses the commonplace and eyes a khaki suit with loathing, coughs, calls it fate, and keeps on drinking at the end of the poem. For 10 points, name this American poet of "Richard Cory" and "Minever Cheevy.".;;(Edwin) (Arlington) Robinson
;;This man used bongos and maracas alongside a typical orchestra in his Cuban Overture. Walter Damrosch conducted the premier a work by this composer that includes four taxi horns. This composer of An American in Paris wrote the aria "Summertime" for a work set on Catfish Row. He had another work premiered by Paul Whiteman's orchestra. That work by this composer begins with a clarinet trill and glissando. For 10 points, name this composer who worked with his brother Ira on Porgy and Bess and wrote Rhapsody in Blue.;;(George) Gershwin
;;This empire's first ruler defeated Sumanguru and established this empire's capital at Niani. In addition to Sundiata, this empire was ruled over by a man who maintained a university at Sankore. That ruler of this empire inflated Egypt's market on his way to a pilgrimage in Mecca by loading 100 camels with 300 pounds of gold each. Structures built during this empire include the Hall of Audience in Timbuktu. Preceded by the Ghana and succeeded by the Songhai, for 10 points, name this West African empire once led by Mansa Musa.;;Mali Empire
;;James Lovelock formed his Gaia Hypothesis while examining a model organism from a class of these creatures. These creatures include C. Reinhardtii and E. Huxleyi. These organisms contain a body known as a lamina, which is always attached to a stipe, and rapidly increase in population during namesake blooms. Cyanobacteria are called the "blue-green" type of these organisms studied in phycology, and examples of this class include sargassum. For 10 points, name this class of protists that includes many dinoflagellates, diatoms and kelp, an underwater predecessor to plants.;;algae
;;Act IV, scene i of this play sees its title character accuse another of crying crocodile tears after striking her, horrifying Lodovico. Early in it, the title character and his wife are accosted at the Sagittary by Roderigo and Brabantio, while later, this play's antagonist warns its protagonist against "the green-eyed monster" of jealousy. A handkerchief recovered by Emilia is used by one character to accuse Cassio of adultery in this play, set in Cyprus and Venice. For 10 points, name this play in which Iago tricks the title Moor into killing Desdemona, a work of Shakespeare.;;Othello(,) (the) (Moor) (of) (Venice)
;;This man went after the "oligarchs" in his country, such as Boris Berezovsky and Mikhail Khodorkovsky. This man served as head of his country's Federal Security Service. This leader broke the Khasavyurt Accord by sending troops into neighboring Chechnya. In 1999, the unexpected resignation of this man's predecessor, Boris Yeltsin, led to this man becoming president. For 10 points, name this former Russian president, who now serves as prime minister under his handpicked successor, Dmitry Medvedev.;;(Vladimir) (Vladimirovich) Putin
;;In one episode of this work, the protagonist must choose between being flogged thirty-six times by every soldier in a regiment and having twelve bullets in his brain. After he escapes from the Bulgarian army, he is rescued by Jacques the Anabaptist. His tutor is hanged for heresy after the Lisbon earthquake, and even though that tutor is deformed because of syphilis he received from Paquette, he maintains optimism. For 10 points, the title character rejoins the heroine Cunegonde and settles down with Pangloss at the end of what satire by Voltaire?.;;Candide(,)|(Optimism)|Candide(,) (ou) (l'Optimisme)
;;This language was originally developed by IBM for System R. The Data Manipulation Language is a subset of this language used to create, modify and delete data. Common implementations of this language include ones created by Microsoft, which uses a Transact version, while Postgre (post-gree) uses a Procedural Language version, similar to Oracle. Data is retrieved in this language using a SELECT statement. For 10 points, name this language used to manage data in a system of relational databases.;;SQL|Structured Query Language
;;This man, who founded the literary journal Bungei Jidai or The Artistic Age, used the retirement game of master Honinbo Shusai as the basis in a work narrated by the newsrporter Uragami, The Master of Go. This author's "palm-of-the-hand stories" include "The Dancing Girl of Izu." The setting of his most famous work is a hot-spring location that Shimamura visits and meets the Geisha Komako. For 10 points, name this Japanese author of Thousand Cranes and Snow Country.;;(Yasunari) Kawabata
;;In this nation, the Metis led a rebellion under the leadership of Louis Riel, but were absorbed into this country in 1870. Etienne Cartier helped found one party in this nation. The kidnapping of James Cross and Pierre Laporte set off the October Crisis in this country. Wilfrid Laurier led a liberal government in this nation. This nation was the site of the Battle of the Plains of Abraham. Home to Francophone separatists, this nation was once led by Pierre Trudeau. For 10 points, name this country whose provinces include Saskatchewan and Quebec.;;Canada
;;This figure and his sister killed Niobe's (nye-OH-beez) fourteen children, causing Niobe to become a puddle of tears. One woman desired by this figure was turned into a laurel tree to escape his advances. Another of his loves was killed when this god's discus accidentally hit that object of affection in the head. This lover of Daphne and Hyacinthus was also the father of the god of medicine, Asclepius. For 10 points, identify this brother of Artemis and patron of the oracle at Delphi who was the Greek god of music and light.;;Apollo
;;Each community of the Lozi (LOTE-zee) people, who live along this river, alternates between living in two villages, one on this river's shores for most of the year and one farther away that is occupied during this river's flood period. This river forms the northeastern border of a long-contested extension of Namibia, the Caprivi Strip. At Chinde (CHIN-day), this eastward-flowing river enters the Mozambique Channel. Upstream, it forms the border between Zambia and Zimbabwe. For 10 points, name this long river of southern Africa, which flows over Victoria Falls.;;Zambezi River|Zambesi River
;;In one play by this author, Mnesilochus infiltrates a group of women celebrating the Thesmophoria festival. In another play by this author, Dikaiopolis sets up a private market and is confronted by the charcoal-burning Acharnians. This author of The Knights and The Wasps wrote about Dionysus judging a contest between Aeschylus and Euripides in Hades in one play, and in another wrote about a ploy to withhold sex from men until the Peloponnesian War is over. For 10 points, name this Greek comic playwright of The Frogs and Lysistrata.;;Aristophanes
;;One piece of legislation passed during this event forced the clergy to take oaths and hold elected positions by the Civil Constitution of the Clergy. Early on during this period, paper money called the assignat was used. Edmund Burke wrote a work condemning this event. The Reign of Terror was overseen by the Committee of Public Safety under Maximilien Robespierre during this period. For 10 points, name this event that saw the storming of the Bastille and the overthrow of Louis XVI, a period of turmoil in one country which saw a lot of use of the guillotine.;;French Revolution|Revolution of 1789
;;This god killed Fimafeng, a servant of the sea god Aegir. This god once turned into a female horse to prevent some walls from being finished on time. That resulted in him giving birth to Sleipnir, the eight-legged horse of Odin. His other offspring include the ruler of the underworld and a giant serpent that wraps around the world. This god talked Hodur into hurling a mistletoe at his brother Baldur, killing him. For 10 points, name this trickster god of Norse myth.;;Loki
;;This work opens as the narrator recalls the thin, white lips of black-robed judges. It ends when General LaSalle arrives with the French army. In one scene, the narrator of this story trips while crossing the diagonal to measure the dimensions of a room. Rats save the narrator's life when they bite off straps smeared with meat, allowing this story's narrator to escape from a descending blade. For 10 points, the Spanish Inquisition is the background of what Edgar Allen Poe story in which the protagonist narrowly escapes two torture devices?.;;(The) Pit and the Pendulum
;;The Stanley family brought an army larger than the eventual victors to this battle, but held back while they decided who to support. Following this battle, Lambert Simnel and Perkin Warbeck claimed the throne of England. This battle marked the end of the Plantagenet dynasty, which was replaced by the Tudor dynasty after this battle. This battle proved to be the decisive one in the Wars of the Roses. For 10 points, name this 1485 battle in which the Lancasters defeated the Yorks, which led to Henry VII taking the throne after the death in this battle of Richard III.;;(Battle) (of) Bosworth Field
;;This anthropologist studied the Arapesh, Mundugumor, and Tchambuli in Sex and Temperament in Three Primitive Socities. She also wrote a work which was criticized by Derek Freeman for overlooking the taupou system. That work stated that women in the central society enjoyed casual sex while deferring marriage and reported the findings of a study on the island of Ta'u. For 10 points, name this anthropologist who wrote Coming of Age in Samoa.;;(Margaret) Mead
;;The larvae of some organisms of this phylum are called veligers. Organisms in this phylum feed through ribbons of tiny teeth called radula. Many organisms of this phylum can secrete calcium carbonate through their mantle to create a dorsal covering. Other members of this phylum can create spiral shells or produce pearls. Classes in this phylum include Cephalopoda and Gastropoda. For 10 points, name this phylum that includes organisms like snails, squid, and clams.;;Mollusca|mollusks
;;One character in this work "plays attendant" to one married woman annually, and metaphorical characters in this novel include The Two Lovers and The Lady in Black. The protagonist of this novel satisfies herself carnally with Alcee Arobin and ignores the advice of Doctor Mandelet, deepening her love for the alluring Robert Lebrun. Set in Grand Isle, this novel ends with the drowning of dissatisfied New Orleans housewife Edna Pontellier. For 10 points, name this novel by Kate Chopin.;;(The) Awakening
;;One member of this group is abundant in sediment at the Permian-Triassic boundary, and makes up nearly 1 percent of the earth's atmosphere. Hexafluorides and tetrafluorides of some of these elements have been formed in violation of the octet rule, though they typically have low reactivity due to a complete outer shell of valence electrons. These inert elements are often used in lighting, and the most abundant member of this group is argon. For 10 points, name this group of gaseous elements that includes xenon, helium, and neon.;;noble gases|group 18 elements(;)|group 8a elements
;;Cape Banas indents this body of water, which also includes the Farasan Islands, the Dahlak Archipelago, and the Strait of Tiran. The Hejaz region lies east of this body of water, which contains the Gulf of Aqaba (AH-kah-bah) and flows into the Gulf of Aden. This body of water separates Africa from the Arabian Peninsula. For 10 points, name this body of water that contains the Gulf of Suez and is connected to the Mediterranean Sea by the Suez Canal.;;Red Sea
;;One attack against this group involved using "Hell Burners" as designed by Giambelli in an attempt to break its crescent formation. One action in Cadiz meant to stop this group was described as "singeing the king's beard" and was done by Francis Drake. This group was commanded by the Duke of Medina Sedonia. This group was scattered by a great storm known as the Protestant Wind. For 10 points, name this group organized to transport troops for the overthrow of Elizabeth I, a large and unsuccessful naval force organized by Philip II of Spain.;;(Spanish) Armada|(Invincible) Armada
;;This thinker described the maintenance of patterns from the "Ancien Regime," despite attempts to restructure society during the French Revolution, in his book The Old Regime and the Revolution. In another work, he predicted the rise of Russia as a superpower to rival to the title place, where separation of church and state and a large republican government were successfully implemented. That work was written while this thinker was studying prison systems with Gustave de Beaumont. For 10 points, name this French author of Democracy in America.;;(Alexis) (Charles) (Henri) (Clerel) (de) Tocqueville
;;One type of these objects can lead to teratoma when applied to normal tissues. Transplants of the hematopoietic type of these objects can help treat lymphoma or leukemia. If they can develop into any tissue of the three primary germ layers, they are called pluripotent. Ones that can individually develop into viable organisms are called totipotent. Sources of these cells include mammary glands, bone marrow, and the umbilical vein. For 10 points, name these undifferentiated cells with adult and embryonic types.;;stem cells
;;"Strain theory," first developed by Robert Merton, holds that this behavior arises due to social structures. "Broken window theory" claims that it can be reduced through community vigilance. Michel Foucault wrote a book about society's evolving reaction to this behavior; that book discusses Bentham's Panopticon, a hypothetical prison, and is entitled Discipline and Punish. For 10 points, name this phenomenon, examples of which include felonies and misdemeanors, in which individuals break laws.;;crime
;;This artist depicted Viscount Lepic and his daughters in Place de la Concorde, as well as a woman drying her nape in After the Bath. This artist painted a man reading a newspaper at the center of his New Orleans Cotton Exchange, and he depicted a woman with a glass of the titular drink in The Absinthe Drinker. One of his few sculptures is of a "Little 14 year-old Dancer." The title figures in his painting Musicians in the Orchestra accompany a ballet. For 10 points, name this Impressionist painter known for his depictions of horse races and ballet dancers.;;(Edgar) Degas
;;The narrator of one of this author's works is led by Scipio Africanus through a Temple of Venus to a place where a bunch of eagles are "democratically" fighting over mates. This author of The Parlement of Foules wrote a work in which he personally describes the adventures of Sir Thopas. In that work, this author also wrote about Nicholas's plan to dupe his landlord John and sleep with Alison, as well as Palamon and Arcite's competition for the hand of Emily. That work contains a Second Nun, Reeve, Miller, Knight, and Wife of Bath, all of whom are on a pilgrimage to Thomas Becket's tomb. For 10 points, name this author of The Canterbury Tales.;;(Geoffrey) Chaucer
;;These structures feature Kohn's pores, and are lined with the surfactant DPPC. Infections of these structures with fluids results in pneumonia. The most prominent structures with this name end a path from the bronchi through the bronchioles. The breakdown of elastin in the walls of these structures characterizes emphysema. For 10 points, name these sacs responsible for gas exchange in the lungs.;;alveoli|alveolus
;;One treaty concerning its creation undid the Clayton-Bulwer Treaty and was signed by Pauncefote. A failed treaty that would have allowed for its construction was the Hay-Herran Treaty. This structure was built in a country recently independent from Colombia, and its construction began after the signing of the Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty. For 10 points, name this structure whose construction caused many deaths from yellow fever, which connects the Caribbean Sea and Pacific Ocean in its namesake country.;;Panama Canal
;;One work by this author begins with an unprecedented coldspell in August, and the maid Sabina helps the Antrobus family survive through an Ice Age. This author won a Pulitzer for a work in which Brother Juniper investigates the collapse of an Inca bridge in Peru. In another of his plays, Simon Stimson commits suicide and Emily Webb relives her twelfth birthday. Stage Manager directs the play in which the dead observes the living from their graves, set in Grover's Corners. For 10 points, name this author of The Bridge of San Luis Rey and Out Town.;;(Thornton) (Niven) Wilder
;;One ruler of this country held the Multan Conference to explore building nuclear weapons. A military dictatorship in this country was led by Ayub Khan. This country lost the Kargil War, and also lost a war that led to the independence of a country with capital at Dhaka. This country's own independence movement was led by Muhammad Ali Jinnah. A 1999 coup in this country brought to power Pervez Musharraf, who was recently overthrown. For 10 points, name this Islamic country that often clashes with India, with capital at Islamabad.;;(Islamic) (Republic) (of) Pakistan|(Jamhuryat) (Islami) Pakistan
;;One method of creating these compounds involves hydroboration and oxidation of alkenes. The Jones reagent converts these into carboxylic acids, and two of these are needed for the creation of an ether in the Williamson synthesis. Oxidation of the secondary type of these creates ketones, and they include one that is produced during petroleum refining or by fermentation of sugars and has formula C2H6O, the "ethyl" variety. For 10 points, name this class of organic compound that contains a hydroxyl group, the simplest of which is methanol.;;alcohols
;;This author wrote the famous scence in which a lobster devours a squid in the first novel of his Trilogy of Desire about the business tycoon Frank Cowperwood, The Financier. In another novel by this author, George Hurstwood embezzles money to elope with the title character, but that member of the Meeber family eventually abandons him. In his most famous work, the protagonist goes on a canoe ride with his pregnant girlfriend contemplating to kill her, and she falls on her own. For 10 points, name the writer who created Clyde Griffiths and wrote Sister Carrie and An American Tragedy.;;(Theodore) (Herman) (Albert) Dreiser
;;In the second novel of this author's Dantesque Trilogy, Violet Trace mutilates the corpse of her husband's lover. The navel-less Pilate is the aunt and Guitar Baines is the childhood best friend of another character created by this author, Milkman Dead. Claudia MacTeer's family takes in Pecola Breedlove, protagonist of this author's The Bluest Eye. The murder of her best-known work's title character haunts its protagonist, who loves Paul D, named Sethe. For 10 points, identify this author of Song of Solomon and Beloved.;;(Toni) Morrison|(Chloe) (Ardelia) Wofford
;;Items falling outside of this description are described using a word meaning "torn," "tref" (TRAYF). Meat described by this word must be obtained from an animal killed in the "shehitah" (sheh-HEE-tuh) process. A circle containing the letter U is one common American symbol of certification for this status. It excludes birds of prey, shellfish, pork, and mixtures of milk and meat. For 10 points, give this word for food that is acceptable in Judaism.;;kosher|kashrut(;)|kashrus
;;In one work by this writer, Edgar and Alice live in a granite fort on a desert island and torment each other. This author created a student who is able to see an apparition of a milkmaid, Arkenholtz. In another work by this author, the title woman aspires to open a hotel on Lake Como, and is shocked when her valet decapitates the finch Serena. This author wrote about Jean, whose seduction by the title character results in her suicide with a razor. For 10 points, The Ghost Sonata is a play by what Swedish author of Miss Julie?.;;(Johan) (August) Strindberg
;;This figure and his mother were set afloat from Argos in a wooden chest. This man stole the one eye of the Graeae (GREYE-eye). He obtained winged sandals, a pouch, and Hades' invisibility cap. He was fathered by Zeus in the form of a shower of gold. This figure married the daughter of Cepheus (SEH-fee-us) and Cassiopeia (CAA-see-oh-PAY-uh) after rescuing that daughter from the sea monster Cetus (SAY-tus). With the aid of Athena's polished shield, this Greek hero killed the eldest of the Gorgons. For 10 points, name this husband of Andromeda and killer of Medusa.;;Perseus
;;After losing to Pat Brown in the 1962 California gubernatorial election, this man vowed that "you won't have [him] to kick around anymore." Six years later, this man sought and earned the Republican nomination for president, then defeated Hubert Humphrey in the general election. During his re-election campaign led by CREEP, members of his re-election committee were caught breaking into the Democratic Party headquarters. For 10 points, name this president who resigned amid suspicion that he had ordered a break-in at the Watergate Hotel.;;(Richard) (Milhous) (Dick) Nixon
;;One of this author's poems asks "Can you love an eagle/ Wild or tame?" and ends with an instruction to kill the title figure "and let his soul run wild." This poet wrote that he likes Bach, bop, and Bessie in "Theme for English B." Another of his works features a "Negro" with "ebony hands" playing a "drowsy syncopated tune," and is called "The Weary Blues." In another poem, this author wonders whether the title concept would "stink like rotten meat" or "dry up like a raisin in the sun." For 10 points, name this poet of the Harlem Renaissance who wrote "The Negro Speaks of Rivers" and "A Dream Deferred.".;;(Langston) Hughes
;;Two identities involving this type of number are named for Cassini and Catalan, and these numbers were used to prove that no general formula exists to solve Diophantine equations. The ratio of successive terms of this sequence of numbers approaches one plus root five divided by two, or the golden ratio, and it was first studied as a model of the population growth of rabbits. For 10 points, name this sequence of numbers in which each number is equal to the sum of the previous two, beginning one, one, two, three.;;Fibonacci sequence|Fibonacci numbers
;;Kermit Roosevelt was an American intelligence officer who oversaw the Operation Ajax, a CIA operation that helped overthrow this country's Prime Minister, Mohammad Mossadegh. This country was formerly ruled by the Pahlavi dynasty, which was overthrown in a revolution that saw the capture of American hostages and contributed to Jimmy Carter's loss to Ronald Reagan. This country notably follows Shi'a Islam and its government is a theocratic Islamic Republic. For 10 points, name this country whose President is Mahmoud Ahmadinejad, who lives in Tehran.;;Iran|Persia
;;One author wrote a memoir of this place called If This Is A Man. Primo Levi wrote about this place in his collection The Periodic Table, and Stingo observes the relationship of a woman who lived here with the abusive Nathan Landau and chose to have her daughter killed in Styron's Sophie's Choice. Elie Wiesel recalls marching from here to Buchenwald, and, in a comic, Art Spiegelman's father is represented as a mouse and sees the sign "Arbeit Macht Frei." For 10 points, name this concentration camp, the focus of the books Maus and Night.;;Auschwitz|Auschwitz(-)Birkenau(;)|Auschwitz Two
;;The ratio of the land area being used for this process, to the amount of labor and capital required, determines whether it is the "extensive" or "intensive" kind. In recent years, controversy has erupted over the environmental impact of a form of this activity practiced in Southeast Asia, known as "slash-and-burn." Anthropologists distinguish the various forms of this practice from foraging, or hunter-gatherer behavior. What practice, tied to the development of a settled culture, is defined, for 10 points, as the purposeful raising of plants or animals as food?.;;agriculture|farming
;;In one book, this man argued that because we can envision ourselves in the situation of others, we feel sympathy for them and adopt morality. In addition to writing The Theory of Moral Sentiments, this author praised the division of labor by noting that a pin factory could produce more pins if each worker performed only one task. This critic of mercantilism and proponent of free trade also introduced the idea of the invisible hand of the free market. For 10 points, name this Scottish economist, the author of The Wealth of Nations.;;(Adam) Smith
;;In this novel, the professor Monsieur Waldman teaches chemistry to the main character, whose friend Henry comes to nurse him until Justine Moritz is accused of murder. That character's father went to Milan and brought back a girl Elizabeth Lavenza, who is later strangled on her wedding night. The author of the opening letters of this novel is an explorer named Robert Walton, who picked up the title character, Victor, in the Arctic. For 10 points, name this science fiction novel by Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley about an eight-foot-tall monster.;;Frankenstein(;) or(,) the Modern Prometheus
;;This scientist discovered that diamonds are made from carbon. With Laplace, he used a calorimeter to investigate the ratio of heat to carbon dioxide produced when burning different materials. This man disproved the existence of phlogiston. He wrote Methods of Chemical Nomenclature, which developed the basis of the nomenclature used today. This man named hydrogen and oxygen and came up with the law of conservation of mass. For 10 points, name this French scientist, who is considered the father of modern chemistry, and who was beheaded in the French Revolution.;;(Antoine(-)Laurent) Lavoisier lev(-)WAH(-)see(-)ay
;;In one of this man's works, James Nightshade and Will Halloway destroy the Mirror Maze and Dust Witch, which are part of Cooger & Dark's Pandemonium Shadow Show. In another novel, this author of The Illustrated Man wrote about Leo Auffman's construction of the Happiness Machine in Green Town, Illinois, where Douglas Spaulding also lives. He also described how Clarisse McClellan and Professor Faber inspire a man who rebels against Captain Beatty, the fireman Guy Montag. For 10 points, name this author of Dandelion Wine and Fahrenheit 451.;;(Ray) Bradbury
;;This country clashed with the U.S. during the Tampico Incident. U.S. Ambassador Henry Lane Wilson supported one coup in this country, which resulted in the assassination of Francisco Madero. This country was turned into an empire by Napoleon III under the rule of Maximilian. This country's history includes the "Porfiriate", during which it was ruled by Porfirio Diaz, which was followed by its revolution that involved    located south of Texas.;;Mexico|(Estados) (Unidos) Mexicanos(;)|(United) Mexican States
;;In 2008, this athlete caused controversy by comparing DeShawn Stevenson to Soulja Boy and himself to Jay-Z. He attempted to defend himself from charges of traveling by describing his "crab dribble," and caused another controversy by ordering Nike to suppress all videos of Jordan Crawford dunking on him. He was drafted one spot before Darko Milicic as the first pick in the 2003 NBA draft. He led his team to the 2007    small forward for the Cleveland Cavaliers.;;(LeBron) James
;;A syndrome named for this structure is also known as Martin-Bell syndrome, and results when it is "fragile." Deactivated ones condense into Barr bodies, and people with an extra one of them have Klinefelter syndrome. Hemophilia is a recessive disorder linked to this chromosome, which explains why all men who carry the hemophilia allele exhibit the condition. For 10 points, name this chromosome, of which males have one and females have two.;;X chromosome
;;This empire faced insurrections from the Trung sisters in Vietnam and by the Kingdom of Goguryeo. The Red Eyebrows revolted during this dynasty, and its earlier rulers faced raids by the Xiongnu. The "Western" and "Eastern" branches of this dynasty are split by the Xin dynasty proclaimed by Wang Mang, and this dynasty bordered on the Caspian Sea to the west after military campaigns organized by its seventh emperor, Wu Di. Disaffected peasantry during this dynasty were drawn toward the cult of the Yellow Turbans, who revolted in 184 A.D. For 10 points, name this dynasty that followed the Qin (CHIN) and that gives its name to the ethnicity of the majority of Chinese.;;Han Dynasty
;;Two characters in this poem go on a mission to steal the Palladium. This poem ends by noting the "burial" of a "breaker of horses," and includes a feud over the possession of of Briseis (breh-SAY-uss). A temporary truce in this poem is ended when Pandarus (pan-DAY-russ) shoots an arrow at Menelaus (MEH-nuh-LAY-us). Later, Sarpedon (SAR-pay-don) is killed by Patroclus, and Priam sees his son Hector killed by a man who was dipped in the Styx while held by his heel, Achilles. For 10 points, name this poem which takes place during the ninth year of the Trojan War and is traditionally attributed to Homer, like its counterpart, the Odyssey.;;(the) Iliad
;;The treaty ending this war used the faulty Mitchell Map, which caused boundary problems like the Northwest Angle. Poles Casimir Pulaski and Tadeusz Kosciuszko served as high ranking officials for one side in this war. That side in this war also employed the Prussian Friedrich von Steuben to develop military discipline. French admiral Comte de Grasse won the Battle of the Chesapeake to ensure Comte de Rochambeau could aid in forcing the surrender of Cornwallis. For 10 points, name this war that ended at Yorktown with a victory for George Washington.;;American Revolutionary (War)
;;The speaker of one poem by this man wishes he'd "been a pair of ragged claws" after earlier asking "how should I presume?" and describing women that "come and go/Talking of Michelangelo". Another of his works contains the refrain "Here we go round the prickly pear" and ends by noting that "the world ends/Not with a bang but a whimper." His best-known poem ends "Shantih shantih shantih" and opens by calling April "the cruellest month". For 10 points, name this author of "The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock", "Hollow Men", and "The Waste Land".;;(Thomas) (Stearns) Eliot
;;This character killed the leader of the Rutulians in order to marry the daughter of Latinus, Livinia. This figure entered the underworld with the help of the Cumaean (kyoo-MAY-un) Sybil and a golden bough. This figure trekked to Mount Ida carrying his father and his son Ascanius. Before slaying Turnus, this man rejected the Queen of Carthage, Dido. For 10 points, name this Trojan son of Anchises and Venus, who is the namesake of an epic by Virgil about the founding of Rome.;;Aeneas|Aineias
;;Antithrombin III deficiency can be treated using the "fresh frozen" variety of this substance, which prominently features albumin. The hematocrit is found by taking one hundred percent and subtracting the volume fraction of this liquid, which is known as serum if it does not contain clotting factors. It is separated using a centrifuge. For 10 points, name this yellow liquid that makes up slightly over half of the volume of blood.;;plasma
;;The lawyer Tribonian revised the laws of this empire. This empire was divided into provinces named "themes." Rulers of this empire were protected by the Varangian Guard, which was composed of Vikings. The historian Procopius wrote a Secret History of this empire. Dynasties of this empire include the Isaurian and the Comneni. This empire employed the general Belisarius during the reign of Theodora and Justinian. The capital of this empire fell to Ottoman forces in 1453. For 10 points, name this empire with capital at Constantinople.;;Byzantine Empire|Eastern Roman Empire(;)|Byzantium
;;Fast methods for performing this function operate in O(n log n) (read: big "oh" of n log n) time, and include the "merge" and "binary tree" methods. The most common method to do this steps through an array, interchanging adjacent elements repeatedly until no changes are made on one full trip, called the "bubble" method. For 10 points, name this common operation, the act of interchanging members of a list until they are in a pre-defined order.;;sorting
;;This author claimed to be "Done with the compass - Done with the chart!" in "Wild Nights - Wild Nights!" and described feeling "zero at the bone" after meeting a snake in "A narrow fellow in the grass". In another poem, she called herself "inebriate of air" after describing how she used "Tankards scooped in Pearl" to "taste a liquor never brewed". A poem by this author of "I heard a Fly buzz - when I died" notes that the title figure "kindly stopped for me". For 10 points, identify this "Belle of Amherst", the author of "Because I could not stop for Death".;;(Emily) (Elizabeth) Dickinson
;;In a recent novel by this author, Susan Barton joins Friday and Cruso on an island before trying to have the title character Foe write her story. The Magistrate narrates another novel by this man, in which his town is invaded by a group from the Third Bureau, led by Colonel Joll. In another work by this man, a hare-lipped gardener gardener carries his mother's ashes from Cape Town to Prince Albert. For 10 points, name this author of Waiting for the Barbarians and The Life and Times of Michael K, a Nobel laureate from South Africa.;;(John) (Maxwell) Coetzee
;;This system interacts with the Worthington and North Recirculating Gyres. An example of a western boundary current, it is responsible for the western isolation of the Sargasso Sea. Its namesake rings can be either warm- or cold-core, depending on the direction of the eddy. For 10 points, name this ocean current that starts in the Gulf of Mexico, proceeds past Cape Hatteras and warms western Europe.;;Gulf Stream
;;This man served as political advisor to Marshal Andrey Yeremenko during the siege of Stalingrad, and he received the Order of Lenin for his supervision of the completion of the Moscow subway system. He assumed power by outmaneuvering Georgy Malenkov, and he made a speech to the 20th Party Congress that denounced the excesses of Stalin's rule. For 10 points name this leader of the Soviet Union during the Cuban Missile Crisis who was succeeded in power by Leonid Brezhnev.;;(Nikita) Khrushchev
;;This man discovered a method of determining the maximum number of positive and negative roots a polynomial can have, which is known as his namesake rule of signs. He is considered to have founded analytic geometry by publishing his La Geometrie, and created the x, y, z axis notation on the standard rectangular coordinate system, which is also sometimes named for him. For 10 points, name this French mathematician and philosopher who may be better known for the statement "I think, therefore I am.".;;(Rene) Descartes
;;One character in this opera reflects on his childhood after looking at the ruins of his house in the aria Asile hereditaire. That character Arnold falls in love with the Princess Mathilde. The overture to this work features the Ranz des Vaches, and the protagonist is captured by Gessler after refusing to bow to a hat. This opera is famed for the cavalry charge from its overture and the hero sings Sois immobile telling his son to be still. For 10 points, name this Rossini work about a Swiss hero who is forced to shoot an apple off of his son's head.;;William Tell|Guillaume Tell
;;According to legends, bees formed when this god's tears hit the desert sand. This god once punished humanity by sending the vengeful goddess Sekhmet. The cow-headed fertility goddess Hathor is called the eye of this god. At night, this god turns into a giant cat in order to slay the serpent Apophis or Apep, who attacks this god's boat in the underworld in an attempt to destroy the sun. For 10 points, name this Egyptian sun god, who was eventually combined with Amun.;;Ra|Re(;)|Amon(-)Ra(;)|Amon(-)Re
;;This character gives a stag, a boar, and a fox to one character in exchange for six kisses. He nicks that character for keeping quiet about a magical sash, and reveals himself to be Bertilak. This character orders a man to the Green Chapel a year after their first encounter, before describing himself as being conjured by that invites anyone to decapitate him, a character paired with Sir Gawain in the title of a long poem.;;(The) Green Knight|Bertilak until (mentioned)
;;One version of this painting includes five putti flying over the central character, who is reclining on the sea, and was painted by Alexandre Cabanel. The rightmost figure in this painting is a horae who extends a red flowered cloak to the title figure. In this painting, Chloris is clinging to Zephyrus, who blows the central character to shore. That character in this painting holds her orange hair by her hips, and stands on a clamshell. For 10 points, name this painting in which the goddess of love emerges on a shore, a work by Sandro Botticelli.;;(The) Birth of Venus
;;This war broke out in part due to reaction against the actions of General Weyler. Pulitzer and Hearst's yellow journalism is often credited with bringing one side into this war. Ended by the Treaty of Paris, this war included Admiral George Dewey's victory in Manila Bay. This conflict was sparked in part by the sinking of the USS Maine in Havana Harbor. For 10 points, name this war which led to the transfer of control of Guam, which also included the exploits of the Rough Riders at the Battle of San Juan Hill.;;Spanish(-)American War
;;This man names an effect in which a light beam's plane of polarization is rotated by a magnetic field. He also names a law which relates the curl of the electric field to the time derivative of the magnetic field. Another law named for this man can have a negative sign introduced by Lenz's law, and that law shows how a change in magnetic flux can induce an emf. This inventor of the dynamo also names the SI unit of capacitance. For 10 points, name this Englishman whose namesake law of induction is one of Maxwell's equations.;;(Michael) Faraday
;;This author, who founded the monthly review Les Temps Modernes (lay temm mah-DERNZ) with his lover and Merleau-Ponty, wrote about a scholar in Bouville who tries to distract himself from a peculiar sensation by reading Balzac and studying the Marquis de Rollebon. After talking with the Self-Taught Man at a cafe, that character, Antoine Roquetin, accepts that his existence is the cause of his nausea. In one play by this author, Garcin, Inez, and Estelle torture each other after their death and bring about the revelation that "Hell is other people." For 10 points, what French existentialist penned Being and Nothingness and No Exit?.;;(Jean(-)Paul) Sartre
;;The third movement of this composer's second piano sonata in B-flat minor contains an often-performed funeral march. This composer popularized a musical form developed by John Field with his short piano nocturnes, and wrote an etude played only on black keys. This Romantic composer predominantly composed pieces for the piano such as the Heroic Polonaise, the Fantasie-Improptu in C sharp minor, and the Revolutionary Etude. For 10 points, name this nineteenth century Polish composer of the Minute Waltz.;;(Frederic) (Francois) Chopin
;;This nation joined a military alliance with Germany under the leadership of Risto Ryti. Another leader of this nation gave his name to a string of fortifications called the Mannerheim Line. This nation saw fighting in its Lapland province during World War II. A 1975 accord between the United States and much of Europe was held in this nation. This nation fought over the Karelian isthmus in the Continuation War against the Soviet Union, which invaded it in 1939. The Winter War was fought by, for 10 points, what Scandinavian nation with capital Helsinki?.;;(Republic) (of) Finland|Suomen Tasavalta
;;This author wrote a poem that describes the "Great chieftain o' the puddin-race!" That poem is often read on his birthday, January 25, before eating his namesake "supper." In addition to penning "My Love is Like a Red, Red Rose" and "Address to a Haggis," this author described a "crawling wonder" and a "Small, sleek, cowering, timorous beast" in two poems about small animals, "To a Louse" and "To a Mouse." For 10 points, identify this national poet of the Scots dialect, who also wrote the New Year's song "Auld Lang Syne.".;;(Robert) Burns
;;One work in this collection ends with the statement "Degenerate sons and daughters,/ Life is too strong for you-/ It takes life to love life." One character in this work is the village poetess Minerva Jones, who wishes to have her works published, and Trainor is the town druggist in this work. Lucinda Matlock is a resident of the titular location, and this collection opens with the poem "The Hill," which is where all the characters can be found. It includes a description of Abraham Lincoln's boyhood love Ann Rutledge. For 10 points, name this collection of epigrams about dead residents of the title city by Edgar Lee Masters.;;Spoon River Anthology
;;This woman analyzed what she called "the problem that has no name" in her landmark book. She was a founder of the pro-choice organization NARAL. Her major book was based on a 1957 survey that she mailed to her graduating class from Smith College, which found that many of her female contemporaries were unsatisfied as housewives. She went on to co-found the National Organization for Women to change the conditions identified in her 1963 book. For 10 points, name this feminist who died in 2006, forty-three years after writing The Feminine Mystique.;;(Betty) Friedan|(Bettye) (Naomi) Goldstein
;;The city of Manaus (mah-NOW-us) marks the endpoint of large commercial shipping on this river. Francisco de Orellana (oh-ray-YAH-nuh) was one of the first people to explore this river; later, Alexander von Humboldt found that the Casiquiare (KA-see-kee-AH-ray) River connects it to the Orinoco. This waterway is the namesake of the largest species of river dolphin, has major tributaries called the Madeira and Rio Negro, and originates in the Peruvian Andes before flowing across northern Brazil. For 10 points, identify this South American river which, in volume of water and area of drainage, is the world's largest.;;Amazon River|(Rio) Amazonas(;)|(Rio) Maranon(;)|(Rio) Solimoes
;;The free nerve endings of nocireceptors (NOY-suh-ree-sep-torz) are responsible for producing this feeling, which is controlled by the dorsal column and medial lemniscus (lem-NIHS-cuss). Substance P is an inhibitory neurotransmitter on the pathway transmitting this feeling. Release of substance P is blocked by endorphins to reduce this. It can also be reduced by opiates, such as morphine, or by analgesics. For 10 points, identify this unpleasant feeling that often results from getting hurt.;;pain
;;At one meeting this man was interrogated by Cardinal Cajetan. This man notably debated with Johann Eck. This man wrote about "murderous and thieving hordes" in condemning the Peasants' War. This man was an opponent of a policy exemplified by the actions of Johann Tetzel. Frederick III of Saxony had to hide this man in Wartburg Castle after he was condemned at the Diet of Worms. Earlier, this man responded to the sale of indulgences by posting the Ninety-Five Theses. For 10 points, name this leader of the Protestant Reformation.;;(Martin) Luther
;;If these structures are joined in one whorl, they are called connate. If they are fused from more than one whorl, they are called adnate. The attachment of this structure's components can be either basifixed or versatile depending on whether the dehiscence is poricidal or longitudinal. They are comprised of the filament, the anther, and microsporangia, or pollen sacs. Most flowers have six of them located inside the perianth. For 10 points, name this male flower organ, complemented by the female carpel or pistil.;;stamens
;;The names and reign years of some of these rulers can be found on the Turin King List, and the authoritative historian on them is Manetho. One of these rulers moved the capital to Amarna; a later one fought with the Hittites at the Battle of Kadesh. These individuals wore a double crown of red and white, signifying the Upper and Lower regions of the land they ruled. An unnamed one tangled with Moses in Exodus, and many of the Old Kingdom were buried in pyramids. For 10 points, name these ancient rulers of Egypt.;;pharaohs
;;One son of Tros was transported to this location by a god disguised as an eagle, where that son, Ganymede (GAH-nuh-meed), became a cupbearer. Zeus sent a gadfly to interrupt one figure's attempt to come to this place after that figure killed the Chimera. That figure, Bellerophon (bell-AIR-uh-fawn), used Pegasus in his attempt to reach this site, and both he and Hephaestus were lamed by falls from this location. This site had a throne for each of its twelve inhabitants. For 10 points, name this location in Greek mythology, from which the gods watched over man.;;(Mount) Olympus|lympos
;;This man was a leader of the Brotherhood of Locomotive Firemen. This man joined with Morris Hillquit and Victor Berger to expel Bill Haywood from his organization. Clarence Darrow quit his job as a corporate lawyer to represent this man. This man led the American Railway Union during the Pullman Strike. Jailed for violating the Espionage Act in 1918, this man had earlier helped found the IWW. For 10 points, name this politician who ran in five presidential elections, including one on the Socialist Party ticket in 1920 while in prison.;;(Eugene) (Victor) Debs
;;As part of this man's disagreement with Siger of Brabant, this thinker wrote "On the Unicity of Intellect", a tract criticizing Averroes (AV-err-OH-ess). Despite not being Jewish, he wrote a critique of Christian heresies titled Contra Gentiles (jen-TEEL-ace), or Against the Gentiles (this time, pronounced as in English). The Second Vatican Council called this man the "Perpetual Philosopher." This student of Albertus Magnus divided his major work into sections on Ethics, Christ, and Theology. For 10 points, name this Scholastic medieval theologian, the author of Summa Theologica.;;(Thomas) Aquinas
;;This poet wrote about a lady whose "soul aspire above the vulgar flight of low desire" in "Elegy to the Memory of an Unfortunate Lady." In another work by this author, death of Elkanah Settle allows Dulness to crown Tibbald. This author wrote a satire in which the gnome Umbriel has to visit the Cave of Spleen and collect items after the sylphs are thrown into disarray by the title action, in which the Baron cuts off a lock of Belinda's hair. The Dunciad and An Essay on Man was written by, for 10 points, what author of The Rape of the Lock?.;;(Alexander) Pope
;;Mr. Mafolo helps the protagonist of this novel when a young man walks away with the money he paid to buy a ticket. The novel begins when the protagonist receives a letter from Msimangu asking him to help his sick sister Gertrude, whom he finds working as a prostitute. The protagonist's son impregnates and marries "The Girl" before being sentenced to death for killing Arthur Jarvis, whose father James befriends the preacher Stephen Kumalo. For 10 points, name this novel about racial injustice in South Africa, the best known work of Alan Paton.;;Cry(,) the Beloved Country
;;This case involved a collection of five distinct cases such as Briggs v. Elliott, and this case furthered the decision made earlier in Sweatt v. Painter. This case used in its argument an experiment showing a preference in doll selection by children as run by Mamie and Kenneth Clark. A follow-up case strengthened the decision in this case by declaring action be taken "with all deliberate speed." For 10 points, name this case won by Thurgood Marshall, which made unlawful the practice of segregation in schools.;;Brown v(.) (Board) (of) (Education) (of) (Topeka)
;;In one story about this man, he is mistaken for a god because he survives being bitten by a venomous snake. Afterwards, this man cures the father of Governor Publius. This man's servant, Barnabas, was his companion on his journeys, which included being shipwrecked on Malta. This man was healed by Ananias (AAH-nuh-NYE-us) after his eyes were covered in scales on the road to Damascus, causing this man to convert. For 10 points, name this early Christian leader, famous for his many letters, such as the one to the Corinthians.;;(St(.)) Paul of (Tarsus)|Saul of (Tarsus)
;;This man removed Clause IV from his party's constitution, which was part of this leader's idea of the "Third Way." This man unexpectedly assumed his party's leadership after the death of John Smith. Devolution in Northern Ireland was helped along by this man's work on the Good Friday Agreement. This leader added the word "New" to his party's name to describe his agenda before winning an election against John Major. For 10 points, name this Labour prime minister of Great Britain, who was succeeded by his Chancellor of the Exchequer, Gordon Brown.;;(Tony) Blair|(Anthony) (Charles) (Lynton) Blair
;;In one novel by this author, Gloria crashes into a fire hydrant, and Adam disinherits his grandson Anthony Patch. He wrote about the failed courtship of Isabella Borge and Rosalind Connage by Amory Blaine in This Side of Paradise. This author wrote a novel in which the "valley of ashes" is presided over by the eyes of Dr. T. J. Eckleberg and the world series is fixed by Meyer Wolfsheim. In that novel, George Wilson shoots the title character after his wife Myrtle is run over by Daisy, the object of affection of the West Egg neighbor of Nick Carraway. For 10 points, name the author of The Great Gatsby.;;(Francis) (Scott) (Key) Fitzgerald
;;An equation for the loading of beams in physics is named for Daniel Bernoulli and this man. This man's contributions to graph theory included determining an equation to relate the number of edges, faces and vertices of a convex polyhedron, and he determined that no solution existed for the Seven Bridges of Konigsberg problem. For 10 points, name this Swiss mathematician, who lent his name to the base of the natural logarithm, e.;;(Leonhard) Euler
;;This god killed King Kartavirya (CAR-tuh-VEER-yuh) and reclaimed the Kerala region from the sea during a phase in which he wielded an axe. In the Rig Veda, this god is described crossing the entire universe in just three steps. To support Mound Mandara during the Churning of the Ocean, this god turned into a turtle. He warned Manu of a massive flood by turning into a fish. This god rides Garuda, a bird-man, and his consort is Lakshmi. His forms include Rama and Krishna, known as avatars. For 10 points, name this preserver god from Hinduism, who is part of a triad with Shiva and Brahma.;;Vishnu
;;One of this author's works includes quotations from such invented figures as Father Gassalasca Jape, while one of his short stories sees a deaf-mute boy encounter wounded soldiers returning from the title battle, after which he finds his house aflame. This author of "Chickamauga" wrote about Peyton Farquahar, who imagines escaping through the woods to his family only to realize he's been hanged by Union troops in "An Occurence at Owl Creek Bridge." For 10 points, name this author of a work once called The Cynic's Word Book, The Devil's Dictionary.;;(Ambrose) (Gwinnett) Bierce
;;This composer included an "Air" marked "andante religioso" as well as a "Sarabande" and "Gavotte" in his suite celebrating the playwright Ludvig Holberg. A timpani roll leads to an A minor chord to start the only piano concerto of this composer of Lyric Pieces. This composer wrote a movement depicting trolls in a suite that also includes "Anitra's Dance" and "Morning Mood" For 10 points, name this composer who included "In the Hall of the Mountain King" in his Peer Gynt Suite, a Norwegian.;;(Edvard) (Hagerup) Grieg
;;The grains of this kind of rock are classified based on whether they are phaneritic (fan-er-it-ick) or aphaneritic (eh-fan-er-it-ick) based on crystal size and visibility. These rocks are classified based on their silicon content as felsic or mafic. Formations with large amounts of exposed rock of this type are called batholiths, and usually form when sedimentary rocks have eroded from around instrusive formations. Often expelled via pyroclastic flow, the most notable rocks of this kind are granite and basalt. For 10 points, name this type of rock made from cooled magma.;;igneous rock
;;The Krahn people were the dominant ethnic group in this nation until the arrival of settlers under Joseph Jenkins Robert. This nation's presidents have included William Tubman and William Tolbert. Samuel Doe was president of this nation until he was killed in a war against Charles Taylor. This nation has faced a civil war as recently as 2003, which spilled over into neighboring Sierra Leone, but it has been relatively stable since. Colonized by freed slaves, for 10 points, name this West African nation whose capital is Monrovia.;;(Republic) (of) Liberia
;;This author described a "creature, naked, bestial" that eats its own heart in his The Black Riders. In one of his works, Bill is accused of being a "board-whacker" by the Swede, and another work by this author of "The Blue Hotel" involves Marshall Jack bringing his new bride to the title Texan town. This author of "The Bride Comes to Yellow Sky" wrote about a captain, cook, oiler, and correspondent in one work and wrote about the Civil War experiences of Henry Fleming in another. For 10 points, name this author of The Open Boat and The Red Badge of Courage.;;(Stephen) Crane
;;F5 steganography (eff-five steg-uh-NAH-gruh-fee) encodes messages in files generated using this algorithm. The third stage involves quantization of the coefficients generated by a two-dimensional discrete cosine transform. That stage makes this a lossy compression algorithm. In its first stage, color and lightness data are encoded separately. For 10 points, name this standard for image compression developed by and named after the Joint Photographic Experts Group.;;JPEG|JPG(;)|JPE(;)|Joint Photographic Experts Group until (it) (is) (read)
;;In one early scene of this novel, Sam and Andy excite the horses to delay a pursuit for their friend. Another character in this novel distributes locks of her hair as she dies, inspiring compassion in Ophelia. The protagonist becomes separated with his wife Aunt Chloe, but his fate turns when he saves Eva from drowning, impressing her father Augustine St. Clare. Eventually, that title character is beaten to death by Simon Legree. For 10 points, name this best selling anti-slavery novel of the 19th century, written by Harriet Beecher Stowe.;;Uncle Tom's Cabin
;;This word denotes a region, named after an Arabic phrase meaning "land of the black peoples," that includes the Sahel and comprises the belt of savanna plains south of the Sahara Desert and north of the central African rainforests. This word also refers to a country within that region, which is home to the cattle-dependent Nuer (NEW-err) people. Conflict between the Arab and black population, as well as between Muslims and Christians, has led to the rise of the Janjaweed (JOHN-juh-weed) militias in, for 10 points, what country, thus causing a refugee crisis in its Darfur region?.;;(the) Sudan
;;In one novel by this author, Elicio and Erastro travel to a wedding with Florisa and La Galatea. One of this author's characters washes his head in a basin lacking water so that he eats dinner with suds on his head in the presence of the Duke and the Duchess, and another is promised governorship of an island and rides a small donkey. This author wrote about Master Peter's puppet show and a talking ape in a book where the knight of the white moon convinces a man to stop attacking windmills. That character rides Rocinante, loves Dulcinea, and is served by Sancho Panza. For 10 points, name this Spanish author of Don Quixote.;;(Miguel) (de) Cervantes Saavedra
;;This document specified that Canada could choose at any time to join the United States. Under this charter, the government passed the Land Ordinance and the Northwest Ordinance, but had no power to tax. The Annapolis Convention was intended to revise this document. Instead, a subsequent meeting led to this document's replacement with a new charter that gave more powers to a central government. For 10 points, identify this framework of the United States government from 1781 until 1789, when it was replaced by the U.S. Constitution.;;Articles of Confederation
;;A Wheatstone bridge can be used to determine an unknown value for this quantity, which equals the real part of the impedance. This quantity is multiplied by the square of current to find power. It is multiplied by capacitance to find the time constant for one kind of DC circuit. If circuit elements generating this quantity are connected in series, an equivalent value of it is the sum of individual values. For 10 points, name this quantity that, by Ohm's Law, equals voltage divided by current.;;resistance
;;This writer noted that the "holy glimmers" in the eyes of altar boys and the "pallor of girls' brows" convey more than candles and pall do in a funeral for "those who die as cattle." In a poem with a similar theme, the narrator sees his friend drowning "under a green sea" after hearing the yell "Gas! GAS! Quick, boys!" He adds that the soldiers marched "bent double, like old beggars under sacks," and condemns Horace's "old lie" that it is sweet and becoming to die for one's own country . For 10 points, name this World War I poet of "Anthem for Doomed Youth" and "Dulce et Decorum Est.".;;(Wilfred) (Edward) (Salter) Owen
;;This artist created a panel divided into "The Bride's Domain" and "The Bachelor's Domain" in his The Bride Stripped Bare by Her Bachelors, Even. His "Prelude to a Broken Arm" was simply a snow shovel, and this artist added a mustache to the Mona Lisa under the title LHOOQ. This artist's other "Readymades" include a urinal inscribed with the name "R. Mutt" and displayed under the title Fountain. This artist riled up controversy at the Armory Show with his cubist inspired Nude Descending a Staircase. For 10 points, name this French proponent of Dada.;;(Marcel) Duchamp
;;Documents important to this religion include the Kebra Nagast and the Holy Piby. This religion's dietary restriction is known as I-tal. This religion labels undesirable products of western civilization as Babylon. This religion regards Marcus Garvey as a prophet and refers to God as Jah. Other key precepts of this religion include the smoking of Ganja and the belief that founder Haile Selassie will establish a perfect state called Zion. For 10 points, name this religion most commonly followed by dreadlock wearing Jamaicans.;;Rastafarianism
;;In a novel by this author, Dmitri Nekhludoff is wracked with guilt after serving on a jury that condemns his former lover Katusha Maslova. In addition to writing Resurrection, this author wrote about the master of Gerasim, who hits his side against a wall while putting up new curtains and develops hate for his son and wife. This author of The Death of Ivan Ilyich wrote a novel that includes the death of Andrey Bolskonoy and the narrator Pierre Bezhukov, who figure in a long narrative about Napoelon's invasion of Russia. For 10 points, name this author of War and Piece.;;(Leo) (Nikolayevich) Tolstoy
;;A ship named after this city was burned in Tripoli harbor by Stephen Decatur after the Barbary pirates captured it. General William Howe captured this city, but did not leave it to assist at Saratoga. The battles of Germantown and Brandywine were fought over the defense of this city. This city was the capital of the U.S. from 1790 to 1800. William Paterson proposed the New Jersey plan for the Constitution in this city. For 10 points, name this site of the Continental Congresses, where the Declaration of Independence was signed and the Liberty Bell rung.;;Philadelphia
;;One protagonist created by this author travels with Romilayu to Wariri, where he is crowned as the title figure, Henderson the Rain King. In another work, this author describes the gangster Rinaldo Cantabile, who befriends the protege of Von Humboldt Fleisher. The title character pursues Charlotte Magnus, Thea, and Stella in that work by this man, The Adventures of Augie March. The protagonist of another of this author's novels runs away from commitment with Ramona and is duped by Madeleine and Valentine, who keep custody of his daughter Junie. For 10 points, name this Canadian-born Jewish-American author of Herzog.;;(Saul) Bellow|(Solomon) Bellows
;;This event is associated with a shift in the Walker Circulation, which allows warm water to disperse and disrupt the Humboldt Current. It causes increased precipitation across the southern US during winter months, and impacts fishing near Peru and Chile. For 10 points, name this phenomenon characterized by warmer than average water in the Eastern Pacific, whose name comes from the Spanish for "the little boy.".;;El Nino(-)Southern (Oscillation)
;;This man began work on the Encyclopedia Africana after moving to Ghana at the request of Kwame Nkrumah. This man published the pioneering work The Philadelphia Negro: A Social Study and an essay on "The Talented Tenth." This man was the first editor of The Crisis, a magazine which was written for a group this man started, the NAACP. For 10 points, name this civil rights activist who founded the Niagara Movement in opposition to the Atlanta Compromise of Booker T. Washington, who was also the author of The Souls of Black Folk.;;(William) (Edward) (Burghardt) Du Bois
;;One composer from this country wrote "The Viennese Musical Clock" and often names a method of hand signs to represent solfege. Another composer from this country wrote Mikrocosmos and Music for Strings, Percussion, and Celesta. One composer from this country wrote the Faust-inspired Mephisto Waltzes. That composer also wrote a work that adapts the Rakoczy March, and is part of a collection of 19 works named after this country. For 10 points, name this home of Zoltan Kodaly, Bela Bartok, and Franz Liszt, who wrote Rhapsodies named after this place.;;Hungary
;;Players in this team's minor league system include shortstop Tim Beckham and pitcher Wade Davis. The ground rules for this team's home stadium mention the "A," "B," and "C" catwalks. One pitcher for this team, drafted first overall in 2007, famously struck out J.D. Drew in the 2008 playoffs. This team's third baseman won the 2008 American League Rookie of the Year award. For 10 points, name this team, which includes David Price and Evan Longoria and plays its home games in Tropicana Field, and who won the 2008 American League championship.;;Tampa Bay Rays|(Tampa) (Bay) Rays
;;When invoking these structures in x86 (x-eighty-six), one must first back up registers like EBX onto the stack and then use the call instruction. A common technique inlines them and it is common in some languages to "overload" them. When lacking in a bound type they are known as "void," while normally they take in a arguments or parameters and have a return value. For 10 points, name this programming construct that has inputs and outputs.;;function|procedure(;)|method(;)|subroutine
;;One character in this novel remembers his stolen gloves while walking forty-one blocks to the Edmond Hotel. The protagonist gives two nuns ten dollars after discussing Romeo and Juliet with them. Other characters in this work include the cab driver Horowitz and the protagonist's brother DB, a Hollywood screenwriter. That character becomes very uncomfortable when he finds Mr. Antolini stroking his head, and he spends time with his sister Phoebe after being expelled from Pencey Prep. For 10 points, name this novel about Holden Caulfield, by J.D. Salinger.;;(The) Catcher in the Rye
;;This painter of Old Woman Frying Eggs depicted a pale skinned Bacchus partying with a bunch of drunks in Los Borrachos. This artist painted Cupid holding up a mirror in his Rokeby Venus. This artist depicted the victory of Ambrosio Spinola over the Dutch in The Surrender at Breda. In his most famous work, this artist depicts himself wearing a cross and holding a palette. That painting also includes a girl stepping on a dog and a dwarf, who serves as an attendant to the Infanta Margarita. For 10 points, name this court painter to Philip IV and artist of Las Meninas.;;(Diego) Velazquez
;;In this novel, Nanny arranges the protagonist's marriage to Logan Killicks after the protagonist is caught kissing a boy over her gatepost. This novel's protagonist grows unhappy with her second marriage's basis in "foot kissing" because Joe Starks commands her to hide her hair in public. This protagonist's third husband is bit by a rabid dog when he is escaping a hurricane, and that man is shot by the protagonist, who is acquitted by an all-white jury and lives out her days in Eatonville, Florida. For 10 points, name this novel about the wife of "Tea Cakes," Janie Crawford, a work by Zora Neale Hurston.;;Their Eyes Were Watching God
;;This country was diplomatically isolated because of the Hallstein Doctrine. A 1953 uprising in this country was brutally crushed by Walter Ulbricht. Ulbricht was succeeded as leader of this country by Erich Honecker. This country's secret police force was called the Stasi. Better diplomatic relations with this country were established by Wily Brandt's Ostpolitik. In 1990, this country ceased to exist after a merger. For 10 points, name this Warsaw Pact member that built a wall around its capital, East Berlin.;;East Germany|Ostdeutschland(;)|German Democratic Republic(;)|GDR(;)|Deutsche Demokratische Republik(;)|DDR
;;Henry Smith refused a proposal to abandon this site from James C. Neill. An "Appeal for Aid" from one commander at this location led George C. Kimble to bring 32 of his Gonzales Rangers, but no help came to this spot from James Walker Fannin Jr. in the Goliad. That appeal claimed that no surrender would come from William Travis, who fought and died at this site fighting against Santa Anna. For 10 points, name this site whose garrison included James Bowie and Davy Crockett, a mission located in San Antonio.;;(the) Alamo|San Antonio de Valero
;;This piece features a parody of a tune from Orpheus in the Underworld, and one movement quotes from "Ah! vous dirai-je, Maman" (voo dee-RAY-zhuh, ma-MA) and "Una Voce Poco Fa." (OO-nuh VOW-chay POH-Koh fah) The violins are the only instruments that play in the movement "Personages with Long Ears." Its composer reused a xylophone theme representing dancing skeletons from the "Fossils" section for his Danse Macabre, and a cello solo features in one of its most famous movements, "The Swan." For 10 points, name this composition whose movements depict various animals, by Camille Saint-Saens (San-Sawn).;;Carnival of the Animals
;;The Concordia Research Base is located on this region's Dome C. Mt. Melbourne is a stratovolcano near this region's Terra Nova Bay. This land contains a hidden rift lake, Lake Vostok. Deception Island lies off the coast of this land. Another volcano off its coast is Mt. Erebus, which lies on Ross Island. The Ellsworth Mountains contain the highest point of this land, Vinson Massif, and McMurdo Station is built on this land. For 10 points, name this continent that is covered by an ice sheet and contains the South Pole.;;Antarctica
;;The immunoglobulin heavy chain binding protein, or BiP, is a component of this organelle. This organelle plays a key role in detoxification and production of lipids, and its internal space is known as the lumen. Like the Golgi apparatus, this organelle contains flattened sacs known as cisternae, and this network of folded membranes is found in two forms depending on whether or not it contains ribosomes. For 10 points, name this organelle which comes in smooth and rough varieties.;;endoplasmic reticulum|ER
;;This author describes some fictional works of Herbert Quain and an almost-identical version of Don Quixote written by Pierre Menard. This author collected those stories with one about the German spy Yu Tsun, who uncovers clues about an enimga left by Ts'ui Pen, "The Garden of the Forking Paths." This author also wrote about an object which reveals the entire universe when viewed, "The Aleph," and about an unending hexagonal structure containing all 410 page books in every character combination conceivable, "The Library of Babel." For 10 points, name this Argentine author who collected those stories in Ficciones.;;(Jorge) (Francisco) (Isidoro) (Luis) Borges Acevedo
;;One character created by this author has an affair with the art student Florinda, and another is born during the reign of Elizabeth I as a man and ends up a published author in 1928 as a woman. This author of Jacob's Room and Orlando wrote that a woman must have the title asset and money if she is to write fiction, and wrote a novel about Septimus Smith, who meets Clarissa Dalloway. The best known work of this author of A Room of One's Own includes Lily Briscoe, a painter who portrays James and Mrs. Ramsay, who owns a summer home on the Scottish isle of Skye. For 10 points, name this author of To the Lighthouse.;;(Adeline) (Virginia) Woolf
;;This leader commemorated the hundred year anniversary of Leo XIII's Rerum Novarum in one writing. This leader's writings also include his Fides et Ratio, which argued for the intermingling of science and religion. That line of thought led this man to pardon Galileo Galilei. This leader chose the same name as his predecessor, who died after only thirty-three days as pope. This man was the first non-Italian pope in over four centuries, as he was born in Poland. For 10 points, name this pope whose death in 2005 led to his replacement by Benedict XVI.;;John Paul II|(Karl) (Jozef) Woztyla
;;The title of Huxley's The Doors of Perception was inspired by a line from this poet's The Marriage of Heaven and Hell. One of his poems describes "where the chartered Thames does flow," and is entitled "London." A poem by this man beginning "And did those feet in ancient time" was adapted into the hymn "Jerusalem." For 10 points, name this poet whose Songs of Experience are paired with his Songs of Innocence, and include "The Tyger.".;;(William) Blake
;;One leader of this empire created a means of gathering prisoners by fighting small flower wars with neighboring peoples. This empire became part of a triple alliance with Tlacopan and Texcoco through the work of Itzcoatl. A prophecy in which an eagle sitting on a cactus fed upon a snake was fulfilled near the site of its capital, Tenochtitlan. For 10 points, name this ancient civilization conquered when a man mistaken for Quetzalcoatl, Hernan Cortes, overthrew rulers like Montezuma II.;;Aztec Empire
;;In one of this author's plays, Carol accuses John of sexual harassment, and in another, the Patels are ridiculed in an act set entirely in a Chinese restaurant. In addition to writing Oleanna, this author wrote a play in which Karen convinces Bobby Gould to produce a film version of The Bridge, Speed-the-Plow, and a play in which Shelley Levene steals real estate leads from Ricky Roma. For 10 points, name this contemporary American playwright, author of Glengarry Glen Ross.;;(David) (Alan) Mamet
;;This substance has limited repair capabilities due to its lack of blood flow, and because, like bone tissue, it is contained within lacunae. The hyaline type of this substance is rich in type two collagen and forms the smooth surface of joints. This substance, which is comprised of chondrocytes, is depleted in osteoarthritis, leading to painful bone-on-bone wear. Sharks and rays have skeletons comprised entirely of this material. For 10 points, name this tissue that gives structure to the human ear and nose.;;cartilage
;;Mahayana Buddhists venerate one of these known as the "Diamond Cutter," while Zen Buddhists follow the "Platform" one and Tendais revere the "Lotus" example. In Hinduism, this word, which is Sanskrit for "thread," refers to a collection of aphorisms on any topic, but especially on ritual procedure. A specific one of these, written by Vatsyayana, is named for the Hindu concept of desire and contains chapters on wives and courtesans. For 10 points, identify this genre of religious literature, which includes a sexually explicit manual called the "Kama" version.;;sutras|suttas
;;Ashoke Ganguli reads this story prior to a train derailment in Jhumpa Lahiri's The Namesake, and names his son after its author. In this story's opening, its author dismisses that its protagonist has a "strange and farfetched name," and that protagonist receives a large holiday bonus for his eagerness in copying documents prior to meeting the "Very Important Person" after two ruffians kick him down into the snow and steal the title object. The ghost of Akaky Akakievich haunts St. Petersburg in, for 10 points, what work by Nikolai Gogol about a warm garment?.;;(The) Overcoat|Shinel(;)|(The) Cloak
;;Late in life, the Italian mathematician Giuseppe Peano was the president of an academy devoted to one of these things, which Peano also invented. The priest Johann Martin Schleyer claimed to be commanded by God to create one called Volapuk. A man who took on the name "Doctor Hopeful," Ludwik Zamenhof, created one of the most successful examples of these things, by eliminating gender and paring down to only one article. For 10 points, Interlingua and Esperanto are some of the most-used examples of what kind of language, along with Elvish and Klingon?.;;artificial languages|constructed languages(;)|conlangs(;)|(international) auxiliary (languages)
;;At the top of this painting, a figure carrying a lamp enters through a window. A flower grows from a broken sword at the bottom of this painting, which contains a dead soldier with a stigmata and depicts a woman weeping over the body of her child. Several figures in this painting have daggers for tongues, and a lightbulb in the shape of an eye lies above the figure of a wounded horse in it. Depicting the Luftwaffe's bombing of a Basque town during the Spanish Civil War, for 10 points, name this Pablo Picasso painting.;;Guernica
;;In one of this author's plays, one character stops listing adjectives because he owns only the Shorter Companion Dictionary, and another wants to change Ilujinle into a city. That play by this author centers on a contest between Lakunle and Baroka to marry Sidi. The most famous play by this author includes Iyaloja and Olunde, who commits suicide and prompts his father Elesin, the title character to do the same, even after Simon Pilkings forbids a certain ritual that must be undertaken after the death of a chief. For 10 points, name this Nigerian playwright and political dissident who wrote Death and the King's Horseman.;;(Akinwande) (Oluwole) Soyinka
;;The architecht Bannadonna is killed by his automaton in this man's story "The Bell-Tower." Another story in this author's Piazza Tales features a character who dies of starvation in prison after repeating the phrase "I would prefer not to." In that work, Ginger Nut delivers cakes for Nippers and Turkey, who work in an office owned by the narrator. In his most famous novel, Fedallah, Tashtego, and Queequeg serve as harpooners for Captain Ahab and meet the narrator, who instructs readers to "Call me Ishmael." For 10 points, name this author of "Bartleby the Scrivener", Billy Budd, and Moby Dick.;;(Herman) Melville
;;One politician from this state claimed there is a "higher law than the constitution" in a speech against the Compromise of 1850 and also orchestrated the purchase of land from Russia. That man, William Seward, was a leader of the Anti-Masonics in this state. A political machine in this state was run by Martin Van Buren. A presidential candidate from this state famously wrote "go west, young man" in his newspaper, this state's Tribune. For 10 points, name this state home to Horace Greeley, whose senators have included Robert Kennedy and Hilary Clinton.;;New York
;;When a dolphin brought the body of this man's nephew, Melicertes (mel-uh-SIR-tees), to this man, he began the Isthmian games. This man angered Zeus by telling Asopus (ah-SOP-us) about Zeus' seduction of Asopus' daughter, Aegina (ee-JEEN-uh). Zeus sent Hades after this man in retaliation, but this man tricked Hades into his own handcuffs. This man was not buried properly by his wife, which allowed him to cheat death and return from the Underworld for a time. For 10 points, name this husband of Merope (meh-ROW-pee), whose trickery led to his eternal fate of rolling a boulder up a hill.;;Sisyphus
;;The micro variety of this property can be measured via a Tukon Tester, and a brale or steel ball can be used to place samples on the Rockwell scale. The indentation form of this property can be measured using the Brinell and Vickers tests. The absolute form can be measured using a sclerometer, while the most famous scale measures the scratch form and has a value of six for feldspar, nine for corundum, one for talc, and ten for diamond. For 10 points, name this property measured on the Mohs scale that denotes a mineral's resistance to force.;;hardness
;;Although it is not in Scandinavia, Doubtful Sound and Milford Sound are among the many mountain-ringed inlets in this nation's Fjordlands. Stewart Island is found in the far south of this nation. The Lady Knox Geyser lies near this nation's Bay of Plenty. The Southern Alps of this nation contain Aoraki, or Mount Cook, which is this nation's tallest peak. Consisting mostly of North Island and South Island, for 10 points, name this country in Oceania whose major cities include Auckland and Wellington.;;New Zealand
;;This battle started off with the meeting of troops under Henry Heth and John Buford. One side's far left line was successfully defended by the 20th Maine in this battle. Fighting during this battle took place at such Cemetery Ridge during Pickett's Charge. For 10 points, name this battle won by George Meade shortly after he took over the Union Army, which took place after Robert E. Lee marched his army north into Pennsylvania.;;(Battle) (of) Gettysburg
;;These organisms are closely related to the extinct Cladoselache. Like similar organisms, they have Ampullae of Lorenzini. The egg cases of some species of them are called Mermaid's purses. Some species undergo parthenogenesis, and the basking type is a filter feeder. A well known member of the lamniform branch is the mako, while other species include the dogfish and tiger. For 10 points, name this type fish which come in hammerhead and great white varieties.;;sharks
;;This writer relates the thoughts of Rene Descartes in his hundred-line poem "Whoroscope." This writer wrote a one-act play whose title character recalls describing himself laying down across from a woman with his face in her breasts, one of many recordings he hears on his sixty ninth birthday. This author of Krapp's Last Tape described Nagg, Nell, Hamm, and Clov in Endgame and wrote a work in which Lucky is instructed by Pozzo to "think" for the two central characters, who are nicknamed Didi and Gogo. For 10 points, name this absurdist playwright who wrote about Vladimir and Estragon in Waiting for Godot.;;(Samuel) (Barclay) Beckett
;;Epperson v. Arkansas and Edwards v. Aguillard were essentially follow-up cases to this event. This event was organized by George Rappleyea. This event focused specifically on a textbook authored by George Hunter. A violation of the Butler Act in Dayton led to this case. This Tennessee case was argued for by William Jennings Bryan and Clarence Darrow. This trial was fictionalized in the play Inherit the Wind. For 10 points, name this 1925 legal case, in which the namesake substitute teacher was charged with illicitly teaching evolution in school.;;Scopes Monkey (Trial)|(State) (v(.)) Scopes in (either) (order)
;;John Berryman's first notable poem was his 57 stanza "homage" to this poet, who noted that "The world no longer let me love/My Hope and Treasure lies above" in "Verses Upon the Burning of Our House." This poet "prize[s] thy love more than whole mines of gold / Or all the riches that the east doth hold" and notes "if ever two were one, surely we" in "To My Dear and Loving Husband." She addresses "the ill formed offspring of my feeble brain" in "The Author To Her Book." For 10 points, name the author of The Tenth Muse Lately Sprung Up in America, an early female Puritan poet.;;(Anne) (Dudley) Bradstreet
;;WRITE MORE QUESTIONS, Particularly a Social Science-Anthropology Tossup 00--20-06114 15. Adherents of this religion believe that everyone has a "gros bon ange" (grahs bon AHNJ), in addition to a "ti bon ange" (tee bon AHNJ), which leaves the body during sleep. Some establishments for practicing this religion in Louisiana have an upside-down crucifix. In this religion, Baka is an evil spirit, and Shango is the spirit of the storms. Baron Samedi is one of the loa (LOW-uh) in this religion, which was syncretized from traditions such as the Yoruba. It is viewed as Satanic by many Catholics, which is one of the religions it draws from. For 10 points, name this Haitian religion that sometimes represents spirits with dolls.;;voodoo|voudou(;)|vodun(;)|vaudou
;;This novel contains an appendix of twenty-five poems, including "Hamlet" and "White Nights," attributed to the title character. One event in this novel is the suicide of a former army commander known as "The Shooter." Opening with the title character being escorted to his mother's funeral by his uncle Kolia, this novel sees that character marry Tonia before being drafted into World War I and meeting Pavel Antipov's wife Lara. For 10 points, name this novel by Boris Pasternak about the Russian Revolution's effects on the title physician.;;Doctor Zhivago
;;WRITE MORE QUESTIONS, Particularly a Social Science-Social Criticism Tossup 00--20-06118 3. The "shape" variety of this phenomenon occurs when an electron is in a metastable state because of the shape of a potential barrier. The Feshbach type of this phenomenon allows for the creation of Bose-Einstein Condensates. Diagramming the chemical type of this phenomenon requires the drawing of more than one dot structure, as in the case of benzene, which displays this phenomenon. For 10 points, name this phenomenon, represented by two Lewis structures that diagram a molecule whose properties are an intermediate of the two, and thus can be thought of as alternating between them.;;resonance
;;At the end of this poem one figure looks "like one that hath been stunned" and is "a sadder and a wiser man." Life-In-Death declares "The game is done! I've won! I've won!" after beating Death in a dice game in this work. The occurences in this poem are related to a wedding guest by the title character, who "stoppeth one in three." One character in this work relates "how slimy things did crawl with legs upon the slimy sea" after mourning "Water, water, everywhere, Nor any drop to drink." For 10 points, name this poem about a character who shoots an albatross with a cross bow by Samuel Taylor Coleridge.;;(The) Rime of the Ancient Mariner
;;This ruler's spiritual mentor pope Adrian IV attempted to facilitate negotiations between him and Francis I of France, who was later captured when this man won at Pavia. He was made leader of the Netherlands before his grandfather's death allowed this son of Joanna the Mad to become king of Spain. This ruler wrote a confession of faith that challenged Martin Luther and was read at Worms, but he abdicated after failing to make peace with revolting German Protestant princes. For 10 points, name this Hapsburg Holy Roman Emperor who combated early Lutheranism.;;Charles V of (the) (Holy) (Roman) (Empire)|Charles I of (Spain(;))|Carlos I(;)|Charles I(,) (archduke) (of) (Austria(;))|Karl V(;)|Karl I
;;A minister to the first ruler of this empire wrote a treatise on how to rule a kingdom, the Arthashastra. One ruler of this empire defeated Seleucus I, but granted him war elephants to use at the Battle of Ipsus. A later ruler of this empire proclaimed the rock and lion edicts after being appalled at the violence that ensued after his invasion of Kalinga. Bindusara was the father of one ruler of this empire who converted to Buddhism. For 10 points, name this Indian empire ruled by Ashoka and named for his grandfather Chandragupta.;;Mauryan (Empire)
;;In one of this author's works, a character learns about the mysterious deaths of Peter Quint and Miss Jessel from Mrs. Grose. This author of The Golden Bowl wrote about Austin and Catherine Sloper, residents of Washington Square, and in a longer novel he wrote about the rejection of Caspar Goodwood and Florentine courtship of Gilbert Osmond by Isabel Archer. The Ambassadors and The Portrait of a Lady were written by this author, who wrote a short ghost story about Miles and Flora. For 10 points, name this author of The Turn of the Screw.;;(Henry) James
;;Maintaining a constant voltage above the breakdown voltage is the function of the "zener" type of this component. This circuit element is depicted as an encircled solid triangle with a line perpendicularly intersecting the wire at one vertex. A full-wave rectifier circuit uses an even number of these devices. Unlike transistors, they consist of a p-type semiconductor joined to an n-type semiconductor. For 10 points, name these circuit elements that allow current to flow in only one direction, that come in a "light emitting" variety.;;diode
;;The upkeep of this project was managed by the Nine Border Garrisons. It terminated at the Gulf of Chihli (CHEE-lee) on the east. Ancestors of this project included a "Square" version commissioned by the state of Chu. Native-language names for this object refer to its length of ten thousand li (LEE). It was originally built to guard against Donghu (DAHN-goo) and Loufan (LOW-fahn) nomads; soon afterwards, it was completed by Shihuangdi (SHEE wong DEE) during the Qin (CHIN) Dynasty. For 10 points, identify this 4500-mile long structure which defended the ancient northern frontier of China.;;Great Wall of (China)|Wanli Changcheng(;)|Wan(-)li Ch'ang(-)ch'eng
;;One theorem named for this man, generalized by Euler's totient theorem, states that for an integer a and a prime number p, a to the p power is congruent to a modulo p. Andrew Wiles proved another theorem named for this man, which states that there are no integers a, b, and c such that a to the x plus b to the x equals c to the x when x is an integer greater than two. For 10 points, name this French mathematician famous for his little and last theorems.;;(Pierre) (de) Fermat
;;In one play by this author, the title character arranges a marriage for his daughter Angelique to Sir Thomas Diaforius, a doctor-in-training. In his best-known play, one character, like Madame Pernelle, relies on the title character for advice; that character announces that the title character ought to marry his daughter already engaged to Valere, Mariane, and Damis discovers the title character's affections for his mother, Elmire. In that play by this author of The Imaginary Invalid, Documents that Argas entrusts to that first character, Orgon, are stolen by the title character, leading him to try to blackmail the family for their house. For 10 points, name this author of Tartuffe.;;Moliere|(Jean(-)Baptiste) Poquelin
;;During the Peloponnesian War, Athens mounted a disastrous "Expedition" to this island. Angevin rule of this island was overthrown in its namesake "Vespers." Operation Husky targeted this island and was the first successful invasion of Europe by the Allies during World War II. This island's crown was united with that of Naples to create the "Kingdom of the Two" of this island. With a capital located at Palermo, for 10 points, name this island southwest of the boot of Italy, which is home to the Mafia.;;Sicily|Sicilia(;)|Sicilies after (Two)
;;"Tombstones" and the lock-and-key method can be used to avoid errors caused by these objects. During deserialization, data elements can be converted to them in a process called "swizzling." "Smart" ones make garbage collecting easier by using methods like reference counting, while segmentation faults are often caused by "wild" or "dangling" ones. Accessing the value held in these objects is known as "dereferencing" them. In C and C++, they are denoted by an asterisk. For 10 points, name these data structures which hold memory addresses.;;pointers
;;This band released the holiday album "Home for Christmas", which included the Top 40 hit "Merry Christmas, Happy Holidays." This band's last album was named "Celebrity," which followed its 1999 smash "No Strings Attached." Former members of this band include a judge on America's Best Dance Crew and the host of The Singing Bee. After leaving this band, another of its members released the hit "Rock Your Body," which he was performing at the time of the infamous wardrobe malfunction with Janet Jackson. For 10 points, name this late-90's boy band whose hits include "Bye Bye Bye" and whose members included JC Chasez, Joey Fatone, and Justin Timberlake.;;*NSYNC
;;LSD, ecstasy, and other hallucinogens work by blocking transporters of this molecule. It is also known as 5-hydroxytryptophan (five hi-DROX-ee-TRIP-tow-fan). This molecule stimulates motility of the gastrointestinal tract. Although ninety percent of the amount of this substance in the body is in the enteric nervous system, irregularities in its function can lead to obsessive-compulsive disorder. Its reuptake is selectively inhibited to relieve depression. For 10 points, name this neurotransmitter thought to affect mood.;;serotonin
;;This author created a character who terrorizes the Yeehats in revenge for the killing of John Thornton. In a short story by this author, a prospector freezes to death after a tree dumps snow on his only source of warmth. This author wrote about the Yukon in stories such as "To Build a Fire," and wrote about Weedon Scott's taming of the title wolf-dog hybrid, and about Spitz, the archrival of Buck. For 10 points, name this American author who wrote about the Klondike Gold Rushes in White Fang and The Call of the Wild.;;(Jack) London
;;This man inserted a quote from Piers Plowman into his overture called "In a London Town." One of his oratorios is based on a Cardinal Newman poem. He composed the "Cockaigne Overture" and "The Dream of Gerontius." This composer included "E.D.U." as part of his finale in a set of fourteen variations that supposedly contains a hidden theme. "Land of Hope and Glory," from a set of marches by this composer, is often played at graduations. For 10 points, name this English composer of the Enigma Variations and Pomp and Circumstance Marches.;;(Edward) (William) Elgar
;;One of this author's plays is named for an intellectual who resolves to oppose the politician Wally O'Hara. In another play by this author of Les Blancs and The Sign in Sidney Brustein's Window, Willie Harris runs off with money invested in a liquor store, causing Walter Lee Younger to defend his family's purchase of a home in an all-white suburb of Chicago. For 10 points, name this African-American playwright of A Raisin in the Sun.;;(Lorraine) Hansberry
;;The first of these conflicts was preceded by the Napier Affair. Sengge Rinchen's inability to defend the Taku forts in the second of these conflicts led to the burning of the Summer Palaces. The first of them ended with a treaty for the transfer of control of Hong Kong. First sparked by Lin Zexu's [LIN zay-SHOOZ] campaigns, these wars were fought between Great Britain and the Qing [CHING] Dynasty. Ended by the treaties of Nanking and Tianjin, for 10 points, name these wars that were triggered by the importation of an illicit substance.;;Opium Wars
;;This author wrote a foundational document of humanism, in which he climbs a mountain just to see the view, entitled "The Ascent of Mount Ventoux (ven-TOO)." Some of this author's works were in Latin, including his epic about the Punic Wars, Africa. An octave and a sestet combine to create a poetic form named for this man, also known as the Italian sonnet. For 10 points, name this fourteenth-century Italian author of the Canzoniere (CAHN-zow-nee-AIR-ee), a book of poems dedicated to his beloved Laura.;;Petrarch|(Francesco) Petrarca
;;This man threatened to not vote for the sitting president if he recognized Israel and failed to broker a provisional government between Chinese Communists and Nationalists. This man's greatest achievement was preceded by the punitive Morgenthau policy and initially benefited Greece and Turkey. The OEEC was founded in France to administer that policy of this man, which ended in 1953 after the disbursement of $13 billion. For 10 points, name this Secretary of State whose European Recovery Plan was administered by the United States after World War II.;;(George) (Catlett) Marshall
;;This author wrote about Shem the Penman and Humphrey Chimpden Earwicker in a novel that begins "riverrun, past Eve and Adam's." This author wrote a short story about a boy's attempts to buy a gift for Mangan's sister at the title bazaar, which closes as he arrives. This author of "Araby" created a character who is shaken by Father Arnall's sermon and told a story about a "moocow" in one work. In another work by this author, that character befriends Leopold and Molly Bloom. For 10 points, name this Irish creator of Finnegan's Wake and Stephen Dedalus, who appears in his A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man and Ulysses.;;(James) (Augustine) (Aloysius) Joyce
;;This man's short stories include one in which a narrator befriends but is rejected by Nastenka, "White Nights," and he wrote a novel about Kirilov and Stavrogin. This man wrote a story wherein a man goes to Zverkov's dinner party and meets the prostitute Liza, and a novel by this author of Notes from the Underground contains the parable of the Grand Inquisitor, and focuses on Fyodor and his sons Dmitri, Ivan, and Alyosha. A pawnbroker and her sister are murdered by Raskolnikov in a novel by, for 10 points, what author of Crime and Punishment?.;;(Fyodor) (Mikhaylovich) Dostoyevsky
;;As a member of Congress, this politician introduced the "Spot Resolutions" to oppose the Mexican War. This politician gave a speech at Cooper Union which helped secure his nomination for president. This man was opposed by the Copperheads, or "Peace Democrats." This president warned "a house divided against itself cannot stand" during an election for the Senate, which this man lost. For 10 points, name this president elected when the Democratic party split its votes three ways, and whose election sparked the Civil War.;;(Abraham) Lincoln
;;In this country, Durban and Pietermaritzburg (PEE-ter-MARE-its-burg) are in the same territory as the city Ladysmith. The Molopo, Limpopo, and Orange rivers run on the northern border of this country. This country's territories include Kwazulu, or Natal, and the Traansvaal and Cape territories. This country's three capitals are Bloemfoentein (BLOOM-fawn-tain), Pretoria, and Cape Town, the last of which is on the Cape of Good Hope. This country completely surrounds Lesotho, and once governed its northern neighbor, Namibia. For 10 points, name this country whose largest city is Johannesburg, and which is the southernmost country in Africa.;;(Republic) (of) South Africa
;;This author experimented with characters speaking their inner thoughts aloud in a play about Nina Leeds, Strange Interlude. In another of his plays, Theodore Hickman attempts to convince people in Harry Hope's bar to give up their "pipe dreams." This author wrote about his morphine-addicted mother and depicted himself as Edmund in his play about the Tyrone family. For 10 points, name this American playwright of The Iceman Cometh and Long Day's Journey Into Night.;;(Eugene) (Gladstone) O'Neill
;;This civilization's expansion was stopped at the Maule River by the Mapuche. This civilization's public works were powered by the mita labor system. The records of this civilization were kept through a base-ten system of cotton cords called quipu. A civil war between Huascar and his brother led to this civilization's downfall. At the Battle of Cajarmarca, Pizarro killed this civilization's ruler, Atahualpa. For 10 points, name this Quecha-speaking civilization based in Cuzco, which lived in the Andes and built Machu Picchu.;;Inca Civilization
;;Compilers of this language translate programs into bytecode, rather than machine language, which is then run by a namesake Virtual Machine. Unlike C and C++, this language does not support pointer arithmetic, though like those languages, it has primitive data types that are not objects. Widget toolkits like the Abstract Window Toolkit and Swing are commonly used to implement applets in this language. Initially called Oak, for 10 points, name this language, which is not actually related to a similarly named "Script.".;;Java
;;This man was taught by a musical theorist named Damon, and he prosecuted Cimon failing to conquer Macedonia, and he subdued Samos following its 440 BCE revolt. The son of Xanthippus, this man paid Aeschylus to write the Persian trilogy and ostracized his rival, the statesman Thucydides, and this man's mistress was Aspasia. For 10 points name this Athenian statesman who oversaw the construction of the Acropolis.;;Pericles
;;Minerals associated with them are aluminium phyllosilicates and the four divisions of them are Illite, Kaolinite, smectite, and Chlorite. A common type is Bentonite and most have a plastic state when in contact with water. The neoformation of them occurs through the chemical weathering of rocks and soil. On the Wentworth scale, they have a grain size less than 4 micrometers, which makes them smaller than silt and all others on the chart. For ten points identify this type of material which can be turned to ceramics in a kiln.;;Clay
;;Thomas Percy and Thomas Winter were among the men responsible for planning this event. This event was foiled when a letter from Francis Tresham warning his brother-in-law to stay away fell into the hands of Robert Cecil. In this event, a group led by Robert Catesby attempted to win freedoms for Catholics by assassinating King James I. This event is commemorated with fireworks and effigies in England on November 5. For 10 points, name this 1605 event in which Guy Fawkes was convicted of attempting to blow up Parliament with the namesake substance.;;Gunpowder Plot
;;The author of this book attempts to "brag as lustily as chanticleer in the morning" in order to wake his neighbors up. This book asserts that "the mass of men lead lives of quiet desperation" in its first section, "Economy." The narrator of this book claims that he "went to the woods" to "live deliberately" before describing the peaceful months spent at the title pond. For 10 points, name this description of "Life in the Woods" by Henry David Thoreau.;;Walden(,)|(Life) (in) (the) (Woods)
;;In one story by this author, George and Hazel forget about their son's demise after he hovers in the air with a ballerina before being shot by Diana Moon Glampers. This author created the prophet Bokonon, and he wrote a novel in which Midland City auto dealer named Dwayne Hoover believes that Kilgore Trout's fiction is real. This author of "Harrison Bergeron" and Breakfast of Champions also wrote a novel in which the central character experiences the firebombing of Dresden after becoming "unstuck in time." For 10 points, name this author of Cat's Cradle who wrote about Billy Pilgrim in Slaughtehouse Five.;;(Kurt) Vonnegut Jr(.)
;;A three dimensional analog of this law is De Gua's Theorem. The solutions to the equation associated with this law always features two odd numbers, and those numbers are called primitive if their greatest common factor is 1. Euclid proved this relation by using a line that divides a square into two rectangles. It is a specific case of the law of cosines in which one of the angles is ninety degrees. For 10 points, name this theorem, which states that the square of a hypotenuse is equivalent to the sums of the squares of the legs of a right triangle.;;Pythagorean Theorem
;;WRITE MORE QUESTIONS, Particularly a Social Science-Anthropology Tossup 00--20-07125 10. This book argues that because all men must sleep, the weak can frequently defeat the strong by catching them at vulnerable moments. It also argues that because miracles have ceased to occur, only the Bible can be trusted. Its sections on religion include the chapter "On the Kingdom of Darkness." This book's title figure is depicted as being composed of every resident of the Commonwealth. It describes a "war of all against all" that makes life "nasty, brutish, and short." For 10 points, name this book favoring absolute monarchy, a work of Thomas Hobbes.;;Leviathan(,)|(the) (Matter(,)) (Forme(,)) (and) (Power) (of) (a) (Common(-)Wealth) (Ecclesiastical) (and) (Civil)
;;One work by this author describes a theory of poetry based on Surrealism, and one poem by this author features 584 lines, one for each day of the Aztec calendar. In addition to The Bow and the Lyre and Sunstone , this author wrote an essay including sections such as "The Conquest and Colonialism", which discusses the need for awareness of the pre-Columbian "invisible history" of his home country. For 10 points, name this author of The Labyrinth of Solitude, a Nobel laureate from Mexico.;;(Octavio) Paz
;;The force experienced by a particle in a magnetic field is equal to this quantity times the cross product of its velocity and the magnetic field. The force experienced in an electric field is this quantity times the electric field. The electric flux out of a closed surface is equal to this value over the permittivity of free space by Gauss's Law. The time derivative of this quantity is current. For 10 points, give this property measured in coulombs.;;(electric) charge
;;This man believed that naming and defining relationships must precede social order in a doctrine known as the "Rectification of Names." This man argued that Ruler to Subject, Father to Son, and Husband to Wife were among the five relationships subject to filial piety. This man's views were adapted by Mo and Mencius. This man is traditionally credited with authorship of The Spring and Autumn Annals, and his sayings are collected in his Analects. For 10 points each, name this fifth century BCE Chinese philosopher.;;Confucius
;;This man composed a song cycle that depicts the title figures unfrightened in a tempestuous storm in its concluding "In this weather!" movement. This composer set a Klopstock ode in his second symphony, the Resurrection. He also composed the cycle Songs on the Death of Children. This man's first symphony contains a dirge-like setting of Frere Jacques. His eighth symphony is nicknamed for requiring eight soloists, a double choir, and orchestra. For 10 points, name this German composer who set the poetry of Li Po in The Song of the Earth, also the composer of the Titan symphony and the Symphony of a Thousand.;;(Gustav) Mahler
;;One character in this play is convinced to state that the sun is the moon, and this play is framed by a prank played on Christopher Sly. A character in this play is pursued by Grumio and Hortensio, but Baptista Minola sets up the titular action by declaring that character, Bianca, may not marry until the titular action is accomplished. One character in this play attempts to accomplish the titular action by withholding food and sleep from another. For 10 points, name this Shakespeare comedy in which Petruchio attempts to control Katherine.;;(The) Taming of the Shrew
;;One character in this opera sings "La fleur que tu m'avais jetee" (la flurr kuh too muh-VAY zhe-TAY) to declare his love. The main character compares love to a rebellious bird in the aria "L'amour est un oiseau rebelle," (la-MOAR ay oon WAH-sow re-BELL) and later escapes from imprisonment by singing a seguidilla. In the final act of this play, Escamillo (es-ca-MEE-yo) wins a bullfight. A reprise of the "Toreador" song plays after the title character is stabbed to death by Don Jose. This opera quotes Yradier's (ee-RAD-ee-air) music in an "Habanera." (ah-ba-NAIR-uh) For 10 points, name this opera about a Spanish gypsy girl by Georges Bizet (bi-ZAY).;;Carmen
;;The last twenty-seven chapters of this book describe a "suffering servant" and are sometimes called the "Book of Comfort." This book's twenty-third chapter compares Tyre to a prostitute. Its namesake describes removing his sandals and sackcloth to portend doom for Egypt and Cush. It prophesies the end of the Babylonian captivity as well as the birth of someone in the House of David who will be called "Everlasting Father" and "Prince of Peace." For 10 points, name this book, that Christians believe foresees the birth of Christ, and was written by the first of the Major Prophets.;;(the) (Book) (of) Isaiah
;;Some melanin-containing types of these organisms can produce energy from gamma radiation. Clamp connections and croziers allow cells in some organisms of this kingdom to have two nuclei. One dikaryon form of these organisms reproduces through asci and is known as the "sac" type. These organisms consist of hyphae, which make a mat called a mycelium. For 10 points, name this kingdom of heterotrophic organisms that includes decomposers like molds, yeasts, and mushrooms.;;fungi|funguses
;;This composer wrote a song cycle that includes the piece "Die alten, bosen Lieder." He also included the song "Ich grolle nicht" in that work, Dichterliebe. This composer of the Fantasy in C included the section "Traumerei" in his Scenes from Childhood. He was inspired by the Archbishop of Cologne's elevation to cardinal to write a five-movement symphony that depicts a certain river valley. His wife Clara premiered his only Piano Concerto. For 10 points, name this German composer of the Rhenish and Spring symphonies.;;(Robert) (Alexander) Schumann
;;Enrico Fermi proposed that an atom's preferred mode of beta decay depends on whether it has too many or too few of these particles, which are often ejected during spontaneous fission. Carbon-14 dating makes use of the decay of one of these particles, which consists of one up and two down quarks. The number of them in the nucleus is equal to the difference between atomic mass and atomic number. For 10 points, name these particles discovered by James Chadwick, which are slightly heavier than protons and electrically neutral.;;neutrons
;;This poet wrote about Identity, "the Man," and "the City" in his five-book epic about the New Jersey town Paterson. He's not W.H. Auden, but he used short stanzas to describe Landscape with the Fall of Icarus in his "Pictures from Breughel." He writes "they were delicious/so sweet/and so cold" as his excuse for eating someone else's plums in "This Is Just To Say." His best-known poem is about an object "glazed with rainwater beside the white chickens," and opens with the line "so much depends on." For 10 points, name this poet who wrote "The Red Wheelbarrow.".;;(William) (Carlos) Williams
;;This device breaks up tasks into several stages; the first two, fetch and decode, are executed in parallel using a pipeline. Moore's Law describes the number of transistors that can fit on one die. The von Neumann bottleneck occurs because information must travel between the memory and this part of the computer. This device contains an arithmetic logic unit and one or more caches to store instructions and/or data. For 10 points, name these devices that are responsible for doing most of the computing on a computer.;;CPUs|central processing units
;;This man led his forces from Gilboah to prevent his enemies from taking the Valley of Jezreel. He ordered the murder of eight-five priests of Nob. The taking of his concubine Ripzah led to his son Ihbosheth (IB-oh-sheth) breaking ties with Abner. This man lost the support of a prophet, whose ghost he had conjured by the Witch of Endor. He tried to kill the son of Jesse who had killed the Philistine Goliath. He was first anointed, then rebuked, by the prophet Samuel. For 10 points, name this ruler who was succeeded by David after becoming the first king of the Israelites.;;(King) Saul|Sha'ul
;;This author wrote about Gurov's affair with Anna von Diederitz, who he meets in Yala, in his "Lady with a Lapdog." One play by this author opens with a play performed by Nina, who is shown the title animal by Konstantin Trepylov. One play by this author involves a duel where Solyony kills Tuzenbach, who loved Irina, Vershinin's affair with Masha, and Olga's headmistress position. This author of The Seagull and Three Sisters wrote a play about Lopakhin's plan to save the title property belonging to the Ranevskayas, which is cut down anyway. For 10 points, name this Russian author of Uncle Vanya and The Cherry Orchard.;;(Anton) (Pavlovich) Chekhov
;;This function is the imaginary part of Euler's formula, and its hyperbolic version is equal to one-half of the quantity "e to the x minus e to the negative x." This function's namesake law states that the ratio of this function of one angle to the length of the side opposite that angle is equal for all three angles, and its multiplicative inverse is the cosecant function. For 10 points, name this trigonometric function, which in a right triangle is equal to the opposite over the hypotenuse.;;sine
;;This country contains the mouth of the Mahanad River in its Orissa state. Port Blair is the capital of the Andaman Islands in this country. This country contains the Thar desert. Although it does not have a Muslim majority, this nation has the largest Muslim population in the world, and even more Muslims lived in this country before it was partitioned. That partition has led to a conflict over whether it or Pakistan controls Kashmir. For 10 points, name this country in which the Ganges runs through Calcutta, whose other countries include New Delhi and Bombay.;;(Republic) (of) India|Bharat
;;This author wrote about Gilliat's pursuit of Deruchette after Lethierry's marooning on Guernsey in The Toilers of the Sea. In another of his works, the goat Djali spells the name of Captain Phoebus, and the title character kills the Frollo brothers. This author wrote about Gavroche, a boy who gets killed picking up ammunition and is the son of the Thenardiers, in a work about Cosette, Inspector Javert, and Jean Valjean. This author also wrote a novel about the gypsy Esmeralda and the deformed Quasimodo. For 10 points, name this French author of Les Miserables and The Hunchback of Notre Dame.;;(Victor) (Marie) Hugo
;;Less common varieties of this type of rock include oolite and coqina. Karst topography landscapes are primarily made of this rock or a similar rock with a magnesium component, dolomite. Sinkholes form when these rocks are eroded away by carbonic acid in underground water systems. Often formed by deposits left behind from shelled marine organisms, orogenic (or-AH-gen-ic) events can metamorphise these rocks into marble. For 10 points, name these sedimentary rocks made from calcite, such as chalk.;;limestone
;;This man wrote a "Letter from Jamaica" while in exile there, and described the failure of the First Republic in his Cartagena Manifesto. This man won victories at Boyaca and Carabobo, but it was his lieutenant, Antonio Jose de Sucre, who won the final victory at Ayacucho, securing independence for Peru. This man wrote the constitution and served as president-for-life of Upper Peru, which was renamed in this man's honor. For 10 points, name this South American hero, known as El Libertador, or The Liberator.;;(Simon) (Jose') (Antonio) (de) (la) (Santisima) (Trinidad) Bolivar y (Palacios)
;;This author wrote a poem that ends with the question "How can we know the dancer from the dance?" This author collected "Among School Children" in The Tower and described "the loosening thighs" of a mythological figure. This author of "Leda and the Swan" wrote a poem which describes "such a form as Grecian goldsmiths make, compares "an aged man" to "a tattered coat upon a stick," and states "that is no country for old men." This poet of "Sailing to Byzantium" ends another poem with a "rough beast" that "slouches towards Bethlehem to be born," and describes "things fall[ing] apart." For 10 points, name this Irish poet of "The Second Coming.".;;(William) (Butler) Yeats
;;Kupffer cells in this organ break down red blood cells. This organ is the site of hemoglobin metabolism into bilirubin, and the gluconeogenesis pathway occurs here. Blood drained from the gastrointestinal tract enters this organ through the hepatic portal vein. The gallbladder stores bile produced in this organ. Chronic infection with hepatitis C, or chronic alcohol use, can cause cirrhosis, a disease of this organ. For 10 points, name this largest internal organ and largest gland of the body, which serves to detoxify the blood.;;liver
;;In one of this author's works, "Betsy from Kansas" and Doreen are guest editors, and crab meat gives a group food poisoning at a lunch for Lady Day magazine. One of this writer's poems ends "you bastard, I'm through" after stating "There's a stake through your fat black heart." In this author's only novel, Dr. Gordon and Dr. Nolan are psychiatrists at the mental institution of the main character, a college student named Esther Greenwood. For 10 points, name this poet of "Daddy" and author of The Bell Jar.;;(Sylvia) Plath
;;One failed plan of this man led to his being replaced by Liu Shaoqi, although this man later formulated another failed plan with Lin Biao. This man gained control of an army after the Battle of Xiang during the Long March, and this man sought to revitalize his party and increase his country's production in the Cultural Revolution and Great Leap Forward. Some quotations of this man were collected and given to all citizens in the form of the Little Red Book. For 10 points, name this man who was a longtime leader of the Communist Party in China.;;Mao Zedong
;;This painting hangs opposite a 1794 Thomas Lawrence painting in The Huntington. The seventeenth-century apparel of this painting's subject is an homage to Anthony van Dyck's portrait of Charles I. The dark sky in the background contrasts with the light face of the subject, who stands with his left arm at his waist and holds a feathered hat in his right hand. The subject is generally thought to be Jonathan Buttall, and is prominently dressed in the titular color. For 10 points, name this portrait by Thomas Gainsborough.;;(The) Blue Boy
;;One allotrope of this element is often described as a truncated icosahedron, and was discovered by Curl, Kroto, and Smalley. Another allotrope of this element consists of a single layer of hexagonal rings. In addition to the buckminsterfullerene and graphene, this element also forms a three-dimensional lattice that is among the hardest structures known to man, and a soft conductor used in pencil lead. For 10 points, name this element whose allotropes include diamond and graphite.;;carbon|C
;;This author wrote about a character who serves as a fire lookout on Desolation Peak, who accompanies the Buddhist Japhy Ryder. In another novel by this author of The Dharma Bums, one character is called the "HOLY GOOF" just after taking a marijuana-filled trip to a Mexico City bordello, and Carlo Marx is visited with Bull Lee in Denver by the central characters, one of who takes on a job as night watchman for merchant sailors in San Francisco. Dean Moriarty and Sal Paradise travel across America by car in this man's best known novel. For 10 points, name this author of On The Road.;;(Jack) Kerouac|(Jean) (Louis) (Lebris) (de) Kerouac
;;Writers within this philosophical movement included the theorist of "reification" (RAY-if-ih-CAY-shun), Gyorgy Lukacs (jee-OR-jee LOO-kash). This school believes in a process that it calls "dialectical materialism." Another theorist of this movement stressed the need for a "vanguard" to bring about social change and wrote the article Imperialism, the Highest Stage of Capitalism. This school's concepts include the labor theory of value. For 10 points, name this political philosophy founded by the man who helped Frederich Engels write a certain Manifesto.;;Marxism|communism
;;One novel written in this language is about the Syrian Nacib Saad, who romances Gabriela. Another novel written in this language is often titled Epitaph for a Small Winner and center on Bras Cubas posthumously telling his life story. This language originated in a country whose authors wrote Blindness and an epic about Bacchus and Neptune's attempt to stop a fleet from arriving in Calicut, India. That work, The Lusiads, was written in this language by Luis Camoens and fictionalized the journey of Vasco da Gama. For 10 points, name this language spoken in Brazil.;;Portuguese
;;One politician with this last name came in second during the 1968 New Hampshire primary. That result caused Robert Kennedy to enter the race and Lyndon Johnson to end his bid for reelection. Another politician of this last name was rebuked by Joseph Welch for his aggressive actions. That politician with this last name gave a speech claiming to have a list of 205 names. For 10 points, give the shared last name of Minnesota and Wisconsin senators Eugene and Joseph, the latter of whom started a search in the 1950s inside the government for Communists.;;McCarthy|(Eugene) McCarthy|(Joseph) McCarthy
;;This author memorialized his wife's death in a fireplace accident in his poem "The Cross of Snow." A long poem by this author, written in dactylic hexameter, follows Gabriel Lajeunesse's (lah-zhoo-NESS-ess) travails during the expulsion of the Acadians from Canada. In addition to Evangeline, this author wrote about the husband of Minnehaha (mini-HA-ha) and about a man instructed to "hang a lantern aloft in the belfry arch/Of the North Church tower as a signal light." For 10 points, name this writer of The Song of Hiawatha and "Paul Revere's Ride.".;;(Henry) (Wadsworth) Longfellow
;;Hyaluronidase and other digestive enzymes in the acrosomes of these objects are activated upon binding to the glycoprotein ZP3. When one of these objects crosses the zona pellucida, it prevents all others from doing so. Interaction with one of these objects causes the oocyte to undergo a second meiotic division, which is followed by the zygote stage. These cells are combined with fluid from the prostate gland after being produced in the testes. For 10 points, name these cells that attach to egg cells during fertilization.;;sperm cells
;;This economist wrote a Treatise on Probability, and argued against deflation policies in A Tract on Monetary Reform. He criticized the Treaty of Versailles in The Economic Consequences of the Peace, and wrote about the consumption function in another work. In that work, this man proposed that a combination of tax cuts and increased government spending could counteract a depression. For 10 points, name this British economist who wrote The General Theory of Employment, Interest, and Money.;;(John) (Maynard) Keynes
;;On the right side of this painting, tire tracks can be seen in front of a wire fence, and a barn stands among smaller buildings in the background. The central figure wears a pink dress and stares away from the viewer. She is lying in a brown field and looking toward her home, the real-life Olson house located in Cushing, Maine. For 10 points, name this painting depicting the title paralyzed female, a work of Andrew Wyeth.;;Christina's World
;;The function of this material was confirmed in the Avery-MacLeod-McCarty and Hershey-Chase experiments. Enzymes acting on this material travel in the five-prime to three-prime direction. Okazaki fragments are formed on this material's lagging strand during its replication. This substance is made of linking pyrimidines and purines, and two strands of it are held together by hydrogen bonds. For 10 points, name this substance that is tightly coiled in chromosomes, the genetic material of all living cells.;;DNA|deoxyribonucleic acid
;;Roland Barthes' S/Z is an analysis of this author's story "Sarrasine." He classified the novel Lost Illusions as one of his "scenes from provincial life," along with Eugenie Grandet. Eugene de Rastignac is a recurring character in his novels, which include Cousin Pons and Cousin Bette as well as a novel about a doting parent, Pere Goriot. For 10 points, name this prolific French author who wrote over one hundred works, which make up The Human Comedy.;;(Honore) (de) Balzac
;;One emperor from this country delivered the "Cry of Ipiranga" speech. This nation's final emperor freed slaves via the Golden Law, which was signed in absentia by his daughter Isabel. This nation sent forces to its state of Mato Grosso to combat invaders and benefitted from the talents of the Duke of Caxias [CAH-she-es] when it fought with Argentina and Uruguay against Paraguay in a Triple Alliance. For 10 points, name this nation whose last emperor, Pedro II, ruled from Rio de Janeiro, and which more recently has had a capital constructed at Brasilia.;;(Federative) (Republic) (of) Brazil|(Republica) (Federativa) (do) Brasil
;;An azeotrope either minimizes or maximizes this quantity depending on whether the solution shows positive or negative deviations from Raoult's Law. Compared to a pure solvent, a solution will increase this quantity proportionally to its molality. Liquids for which this quantity is lower than the external temperature are called volatile. It is defined as the temperature at which the external pressure and the vapor pressure of a liquid are equal. For 10 points, name this point, which at one atmosphere of pressure is one hundred degrees Celsius for water.;;boiling point
;;This man drew criticism for his favoring of Pakistan during the Bangladeshi war of independence, and he served as a foreign policy advisor to Nelson Rockefeller during Rockefeller's failed 1968 presidential run. This man engaged in secret talks prior to the Shanghai Communique, and he prematurely stated, "Peace is at hand," during negotiations with Le Duc Tho during the Paris Peace Conference, for which he was to earn a Nobel Peace Prize. A pioneer of the detente policy, for 10 points name this man who served as secretary of state under presidents Ford and Nixon.;;(Henry) (Alfred) (Wolfgang) Kissinger
;;This term of a field extension K over F is the dimension of the vector space K. Formally, this concept may be extended to any function as the ratio of the limit as x increases of log of the magnitude of f of x over log x. The Abel-Ruffini theorem states that the highest this quantity can be for a polynomial equation to be soluble in radicals is four. For 10 points, identify this term that refers both to the highest power of the variable found in a term of a polynomial, and to a unit equal to pi over one hundred eighty radians, used to measure angles.;;degree
;;WRITE MORE QUESTIONS, Particularly a Social Science-Sociology Tossup 00--20-09107 8. This man received help from Luis de Santangel in getting funding for one plan, and this man was also helped by a chief of the Taino named Guacanagari. This man started a colony whose garrison was massacred called La Navidad, and that colony's inhabitants were sailors from this man's wrecked flagship. This man chose to sail to the Canary Islands at the beginning of his first voyage, one of four he made. For 10 points, name this man who sailed for Ferdinand and Isabella with the Pinta, the Nina, and the Santa Maria, with which he discovered the New World.;;(Christopher) Columbus
;;The title character of one play by this author is a childless woman who kills her husband Juan. In one play by this author, Leonardo and the Groom kill each other. Those plays, Yerma and Blood Wedding, make up two-thirds of this author's "rural trilogy," along with a play about the sickly Angustias, the submissive Amelia, and the defiant Adela, all daughters of the title character. For 10 points, name this Spanish playwright of The House of Bernarda Alba.;;(Federico) (Garcia) Lorca
;;One reaction to this period was an uprising led by Takamori Saigo known as the Satsuma Rebellion, and the work of Ito Hirobumi led to the creation of a constitution during this period. One document produced during this period called for the end of "evil customs of the past" as one of its five articles, and was known as the Charter Oath. This period brought about the end of feudalism in its country, and the end of the Tokugawa shogunate. For 10 points, name this "Restoration" that marked the return to power of the emperor in Japan.;;Meiji Period
;;He wrote about Sam, who works as a newsboy in Chicago after leaving his home in Iowa, and John Stockton changes his name to Bruce Dudley in a novel the Hemingway parodied in "The Torrents of Spring," Dark Laughter. The author of Windy McPherson's Son , he wrote about a berry picking former teacher named Wing Biddlebaum in one work. In that work, Kate Swift is admired by the Reverend Curtis Hartman, and the residents of a town are all observed by the reporter George Willard. For 10 points, name this author of Winesburg, Ohio.;;(Sherwood) Anderson
;;In one work by this writer, a soldier bitterly remembers his unrequited love for his shallow-hearted cousin Amy and asks that a thunderbolt fall on "Locksley Hall." Another work by this poet compares dying to setting out on the sea; the narrator of that work wishes to see his "Pilot face to face." He wrote an elegy for Arthur Henry Hallam, in which he famously noted that "Tis better to have loved and lost/Than never to have loved at all." For 10 points, name this author of In Memoriam, who wrote about a battle in the Crimean War in "The Charge of the Light Brigade.".;;(Alfred) (Lord) Tennyson
;;One member of this group, John Ross, led a delegation that selected William Wirt as its chief counsel in two Supreme Court cases. The writing system for the language of this people was invented by Sequoyah. These people were granted federal protection from state infringement on their sovereignty by a case which prompted the misattributed line, "John Marshall has made his decision, now let him enforce it!" For 10 points, name this Native American tribe that was forcibly relocated along the Trail of Tears.;;Cherokee
;;This author created the Zogoiby family, who are Jews that trace their ancestry back to King Boabdil of Grenada, in his novel The Moor's Last Sigh. He wrote about Parvati the Witch, who is killed during a raid by Indira Gandhi in a work that centers on the eventually-castrated Saleem Sinai. That character, who attempts to convene everyone born on the night of India's independence, appears in his Midnight's Children. He gained notoriety for a novel about two survivors of a fall from a hijacked plane. For 10 points, name this author of The Satanic Verses, for which he received a fatwa.;;(Sir) (Ahmed) (Salman) Rushdie
;;One derivation of this law uses the Lorentz Force Law without the magnetic field's presence, and one of Gauss's laws. Its namesake constant is the inverse of the product of 4 pi and the permittivity of free space, or approximately the product of 9 billion, the square of a Newton, and the inverse of its namesake unit. It is the electrical analog of Newton's Law of Gravitation. For 10 points, name this inverse-square law that relates an electric force to point charges, which is named after a French scientist.;;Coulomb's (Law)
;;In one of this author's novels, Wash Jones beheads the main character with a scythe, and Charles Bon is killed at Sutpen's Hundred. This man also wrote a book in which Vardaman repeats "my mother is a fish" during the Bundren family's arduous journey to Addie's grave. Quentin Compson kills himself at Harvard in another book by this author. The Snopes, Sartoris, and Compson families populate Mississippi's Yoknapatawpha County, in the works of, for 10 points, what author of Absalom, Absalom, As I Lay Dying, and The Sound and the Fury?.;;(William) (Cuthbert) Faulkner
;;In one passage of this book, Jesus claims that he is the "true vine," while God is the "gardener." This is the only canonical gospel to mention that Jesus washed the feet of the disciples. It uniquely records Jesus as saying "verily" twice. Church tradition holds that the author of this book also authored the Book of Revelation. It is the only non-synoptic canonical gospel, and it begins by stating "In the beginning was the Word." It also contains the passage, "God so loved the world that he gave his only Son." For 10 points, name this fourth book of the New Testament, that comes after Matthew, Mark, and Luke.;;(The) (Gospel) (According) (to) John|(Kata) Ioannen
;;These groups are often called "phylotypes" when referring to parthenogenic organisms. New ones may be formed through processes encouraged by the Wallace effect; those processes may be peripatric or allopatric. Offspring of organisms in two different ones are typically infertile hybrids, since organisms within one of the groups generally can breed only with teach other. For 10 points, give this term paired in binary nomenclature with the genus, whose "Origin" is the subject of a book by Charles Darwin.;;species
;;The Valle (VAY-ay) de las Vacas is located at the base of this mountain, and large glaciers on this mountain include the Gussfeldt and the Horcones Inferior. Konstanty Narkiewicz-Jodko (nar-KAY-vitz YOD-ko) was the first to use the Polish Route to the summit of this mountain, and a commonly used base camp for ascents of this mountain is Puente del Inca. Matthias Zurbriggen was the first to climb, for 10 points, which mountain located in the Mendoza Province of Argentina, the highest peak in the Americas?.;;(Cerro) Aconcagua
;;Daniel Burnham and James Phelan worked to make this city the "Paris of the West" after much of it was leveled in a 1906 earthquake. This city was the site of the 1945 conference that created the United Nations. This city's city hall was the location of a double murder by Dan White, who killed this city's mayor George Moscone and supervisor Harvey Milk in 1978. This city's mayors have also included Willie Brown and Dianne Feinstein. For 10 points, name this California city which contains the famous Haight-Ashbury district and the Golden Gate Bridge.;;San Francisco
;;The protagonist of this novel tears up the number of a woman in Rome who calls him a pig but sleeps with him anyway, Luciana. One character's incessant nightly howling is prompted by the cat of his roommate Huple and brings comfort to a character deathly afraid of having his throat slit. The protagonist is traumatized by Snowden's death and sleeps in a tent with the belongings of a dead man. The crafty Milo Minderbender serves as mess hall officer in this novel, whose title concept is explained by Doc Daneeka to Yossarian, who is stuck flying bombing missions. For 10 points, name this Joseph Heller novel.;;Catch(-)22
;;This phenomenon can be measured via the TORRO scale, and relative velocity images can identify convergence boundaries where these form. Rear flank downdrafts are responsible for this feature's signature hook echo on Doppler radar imagery. Most commonly found as satellite, rope, and wedge types, strong ones often descend from wall clouds in mesocyclones, and may feature multiple vortices. The "enhanced" version of the scale currently in use ranks these from zero to five. For 10 points, name this weather phenomenon, a destructive rotating column of air.;;tornadoes
;;Archbishop Trolle helped organize a 1520 event in this country's capital nicknamed that city's "Bloodbath." Several kings of this country were advised by members of the Oxenstierna family. This former member of the Kalmar Union had a king who won the Battle of Breitenfeld while fighting in the Thirty Years' War on the Protestant side. During an 1809 war with Russia, this country lost control of its neighbor, Finland. For 10 points, name this home of Gustavus Adolphus, whose capital is Stockholm.;;(Kingdom) (of) Sweden|(Konungerikat) Sverige
;;This thinker's nature writing is collected in The Earth Has a Soul. He rose to prominence after publishing The Psychology of Dementia Praecox, and he called the alignment of masculine and feminine principles "syzygy." This psychologist edited Man and His Symbols and originated the ideas of extroversion and introversion in Psychological Types. This thinker enumerated the persona, shadow, self, and the gender-determined animus and anima, which are collectively known as his four archetypes. For 10 points, name this developer of the "collective unconscious.".;;(Carl) (Gustav) Jung
;;This artist of a portrait of Madame Recamier also painted Pope Pius VII crowning the the title French emperor in The Coronation of Napoleon. This artist of Napoleon Crossing the Alps also painted a cup of hemlock at the center of his painting The Death of Socrates. His classical scenes include one where three brothers raise their swords. This painter also depicted a French revolutionary murdered by Charlotte Corday in his bath. For 10 points, name this French neoclassicist painter of The Oath of the Horatii and The Death of Marat.;;(Jacques) (Louis) David
;;In the second act of one of this man's plays, a character recites the Ten Commandments but leaves one out, and later in that act Francis Nurse's wife is accused of murdering Thomas Putnam's babies. That play by this author features the death of Giles Corey, who asks for "more weight" as he is crushed by rocks. In another play by this man, the protagonist hallucinates about his dead brother Ben, who found diamonds in Alaska; that man's funeral after his car-related suicide is attended by Linda, Happy, and Biff. For 10 points, name the author who wrote about Salem Witch Trials in The Crucible and Willy Loman in Death of a Salesman.;;(Arthur) Miller
;;This leader created a ten-point strategy for his countrymen in his April Theses, which were written by this man during his "sealed train" journey. Another strategy was outlined by this man in What Is to Be Done? As a national leader, this man was persuaded to abandon the strict War Communism plan in favor of the New Economic Policy. This man was supported by the Red Army as formed by Leon Trotsky. For 10 points, name this leader of the Bolsheviks who was eventually succeeded by Joseph Stalin as head of the Communist Party in the Soviet Union.;;(Vladimir) (Ilich) Lenin|(Vladimir) (Ilich) Ulyanov
;;This composer used themes from the 150th cantata of Bach for his fourth and final symphony in E minor. He wrote the Four Serious Songs for his dying friend Clara Schumann. Another of his works written in memory of his mother uses Martin Luther's translation and is entitled the German Requiem. This composer created a work for the University of Breslau, (BRESS-lauw) the Academic Festival Overture. Though not Hungarian, he also wrote the Hungarian Dances. For 10 points, name this composer of a certain "lullaby," who is ranked as one of the "three Bs" with Bach and Beethoven.;;(Johannes) Brahms
;;This man's political philosophy is alleged to promote totalitarianism in Karl Popper's The Open Society and Its Enemies. This philosopher relayed how a man taught a slave to double a square; that is part of this man's argument that knowledge is innate. He describes the arguments of Thrasymachus in a work that contains the "Allegory of the Cave." That work of his claims that philosophers would rule the title place. For 10 points, name this author of the dialogues Meno and Crito, who relayed Socrates's defiance in the Apology and wrote the Republic.;;Plato|Platon
;;One message in this play is undelivered because its deliverer is stuck in a quarantine house for plague. One character in this play is called "the prince of cats," witnesses the drawn swords of the servants Abraham and Balthazar, and engages Benvolio on the spot. One protagonist of this play is initially infatuated with Rosaline and later ventures to a great tomb where his lover, the other title character, is kept-near death on Friar Lawrence's advice. For 10 points, identify this tragedy set in Verona, concerning the title "star-crossed lovers" of the Montagues and Capulets, written by William Shakespeare.;;Romeo and Juliet
;;He's not John Stuart Mill, but this economist wrote a work entitled Principles of Political Economy, and he also wrote The Nature of Rent. His most famous work contains six chapters of commentary on William Godwin's theories, and notes that population increases geometrically while food supply only increases arithmetically, leading to his namesake catastrophe. For 10 points, name this economist who wrote An Essay on the Principle of Population.;;(Thomas) Malthus
;;This entity's functions include synthesizing sphingomyelin and adding sulfate groups to tyrosine. It creates clathrin-coated vesicles that send proteins to other parts of the cell. This organelle has cis and trans faces, and consists of stacked, flattened disks called cisternae. For 10 points, name this organelle, which is found near the endoplasmic reticulum, packages and sorts newly created proteins, and is named after an Italian scientist.;;Golgi apparatus|(any) (reasonable) (synonyms) (for) (apparatus(,)) (e(.)g(.)) Golgi body|Golgi entity
;;For carbon, this quantity increases as the s character of a bond increases. Z. R. P. Iczkowaski and J. L. Margrave defined it as the derivative of energy with respect to the derivative of charge. The average of the valence ionization potential and the electron affinity is how this quantity is measured on the Mulliken scale. On the Pauling scale, the highest value for it is assigned to fluorine. This property increases as one moves up and to the right on the periodic table. For 10 points, name this property of an atom to pull electrons towards itself in a bond.;;electronegativity
;;Asclepius (as-CLEH-pee-us) gained the ability to resurrect the dead from a potion given by this goddess. This goddess gave Bellerophon (bel-AIR-oh-fon) a bridle to tame Pegasus. This figure carried a shield, made from Pallas's skin, that displayed Medusa's head. Along with Hera, this goddess was passed over in favor of Aphrodite by Paris. After her father ate her mother, Metis, she sprang fully-armored out of Zeus's head. For 10 points, identify this virgin Greek goddess of wisdom and namesake of a major Greek city.;;Athena|Athene
;;In 1880, this city expanded to swallow the former towns of Flores and Belgrano. Located on the southern shore of Rio de la Plata, it is the second largest metropolitan area in South America. After economic collapse in 2001, it is currently enjoying a revival of sorts in its tourist industry thanks to low-cost pesos. "Evita Vive", translated "Evita Lives", is still commonly seen in graffiti in the streets of this city. For 10 points, what is this city, whose name means "good wind" or "good air", that is the capital of Argentina?.;;Buenos Aires
;;This biome is home to larch and tamarack forests, as well as bogs known as muskeg. This biome contains shallow and difficult-to-farm Spodosol (SPOD-zol) soils, but also supports large populations of trees with conical or needle-shaped leaves, as well as large populations of lichens and mosses. Those trees, such as the white spruce or the douglas fir, are adapted to this region's high moisture levels. For 10 points, name this biome that consists of cold evergreen forests.;;taiga|boreal forest
;;As President, this man signed the Keating-Owen Act, which restricted child labor. The Glass-Owen Act passed during this man's time in office, leading to the creation of the Federal Reserve. This man called his agenda the "New Freedom." This man was elected because the Republican vote was split between the incumbent and the Bull Moose Party candidate. This man won that election of 1912 over William Howard Taft and Theodore Roosevelt. For 10 points, name this president who presented the Fourteen Points at the Treaty of Versailles after World War I.;;(Thomas) (Woodrow) Wilson
;;This author wrote about Sabrina, who frees the Lady from a chair she is bound to, in his masque Comus. In another poem, this author refers to himself as an "uncouth swain" and tells of the ruin of "the corrupted clergy," evoking the title shepherd in an elegy for his drowned friend Edward King. This poet describes a "talent" "Lodg'd with me useless" in a poem opening "When I consider how my light is spent," and his best known work contains a debate in Pandemonium involving Moloch and Belial, whose sequel is about the title place "reclaimed." For 10 points, name this blind English poet who wrote Lycidas and Paradise Lost.;;(John) Milton
;;This document's solution to the Shandong Problem led to the May Fourth Movement in China. This document established the Free City of Danzig and a Polish Corridor to the Baltic Sea. The reparations demanded by this treaty were revised by the Young and Dawes Plans. Henry Cabot Lodge prevented this treaty's passage in the United States Senate. Vittorio Orlando left during this treaty's negotiations, in which George Clemenceau called for harsh punishment of Germany. For 10 points, name this peace treaty that ended Germany's participation in World War I.;;(Treaty) (of) Versailles
;;One novel from this country is about Laura Trevalyan, a young woman who accompanies an expedition into this country led by the German Voss. In addition to Patrick White, an author from this country wrote a historical novel based on the Kelly Gang, while another author from this country wrote about a German enamelware and ammunitions entrepreneur who hires several Jews, saving them from death during the Holocaust. Home to the author of Schindler's Ark and Peter Carey, for 10 points, name this country whose author Thomas Keneally wrote about Jimmie Blacksmith, an aborigine.;;(Commonwealth) (of) Australia
;;A military force traveling to this conflict almost sparked war with Britain in the Dogger Bank Incident. Bloody Sunday occurred in response to this war in one participant nation, while another involved nation saw riots after the partition of Sakhalin. General Nogi helped destroy the Pacific Fleet after a long siege of Port Arthur in this war, while this war ended with the Baltic Fleet destroyed at the Tsushima Strait. For 10 points, name this war ended by the Treaty of Portsmouth that resulted in an Asian nation's victory over Nicholas II.;;Russo(-)Japanese War
;;One painting from this country depicts some weary and tied up "burlaks" pulling a ship across a river. This country produced the painter of Black Square and White on White, the founder of Suprematism. One painter from this nation founded an art movement with Franz Marc, which he titled after his painting The Blue Rider. Another artist that lived in this country painted upside down houses and a green man staring at a sheep in his I and the Village. For 10 points, name this country where Marc Chagall worked, home to artists such as Ilya Repin and Wassily Kandinsky.;;Russian (Federation)|Soviet Union(,)|USSR
;;This poet described a "singer" who questions "what to make of a diminished thing" in "The Oven Bird." This poet wrote that "The deed of gift was many deeds of war" in a poem asserting "the land was ours before we were the land's," "The Gift Outright," which he read at the inauguration of John F. Kennedy. In one of his poems, the speaker's neighbor repeats "Good fences make good neighbors." Another poem by this author ends with the repetition of "and miles before I go to sleep," and is called "Stopping By Woods on a Snowy Evening." For 10 points, name this American poet who wrote "The Road Not Taken.".;;(Robert) Frost
;;This figure gave birth to the protector of gardens and male virility, Priapus. This deity caused Myrrha to fall in love with Myrhha's father Theias (THAY-ee-us). She is sometimes called the daughter of Zeus and Dione, though in other myths, she arose from sea foam after Uranus was castrated. This goddess was picked over Athena and Hera as the fairest by Paris. Her smith god husband once caught her in bed with Ares. For 10 points, name this wife of Hephaestus and Greek goddess of love.;;Aphrodite
;;One writer used this language to describe Yasha Mazur in The Magician of Lublin and a put-upon baker's assistant in "Gimpel the Fool." This language was also used to write the stories "On Account of a Hat" and "Tevye the Dairyman." Those authors, Isaac Bashevis Singer and Shalom Aleichem (SHA-loam uh-LAY-kem), wrote in this language. Before the book was published in French, this was the original language of Elie Wiesel's (vee-ZELZ) Night. For 10 points, identify this Germanic language which was formerly a common language among European Jews.;;Yiddish
;;Two composers from this country wrote a collaboration on the unfinished opera Mlada, and one of those composers is Cesar Cui. One composer from this country wrote the extremely difficult piano work Islamey. One composer from this country wrote Cappricio Espagnole, and he helped finish the opers Prince Igor. In the Steppes of Central Asia and the "Polovetsian Dances" are by one native of this country, Alexander Borodin. For 10 points, name this home to Mily Balakirev and Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov, who are part of the nationalist "Mighty Five.".;;Russia
;;This ruler was once captured and ransomed by Cilician pirates. This man refused to divorce his wife Cornelia when ordered to by Sulla. This man led his empire's first invasion of Britain. One work by this man focuses on his time fighting in Gaul. This ruler won the Battle of Pharsalus after the death of Crassus, which secured this man's victory in a civil war against Pompey. For 10 points, name this ruler who crossed the Rubicon in that war, and who was murdered on the Senate floor of Rome by Cassius and Brutus on the Ides of March.;;(Gaius) Julius Caesar
;;This poet notes that he'd "rather be/A Pagan suckled in a creed outworn" in his sonnet "The World is Too Much With Us." This poet wrote "Strange fits of passion have I known" and "A Slumber Did my Spirit Seal," which are some of his "Lucy Poems." This poet described an outing with his sister Dorothy, when he saw "a host of golden daffodils," in his poem "I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud." Another of his poems notes that "five years have past" since he saw the title church on the banks of the Wye. For 10 points, name this Romantic poet of "Tintern Abbey," who wrote Lyrical Ballads with Coleridge.;;(William) Wordsworth
;;This man's idea of a defense system against nuclear missiles, the Strategic Defense Initiative, was dubbed the "Star Wars" plan. This president's press secretary, James Brady, was wounded when this man was shot at by John Hinckley, Jr. This man's administration was scandalized by the Iran-Contra affair. Before becoming president, this man served as Governor of California. This president won easily in his elections against Walter Mondale and Jimmy Carter. For 10 points, name this Republican president of the 1980s, who was succeeded by George H.W. Bush.;;(Ronald) (Wilson) Reagan
;;This philosopher collected short works such as "Schopenhauer as Educator" is his Untimely Meditations. He wrote about the concept of eternal recurrence in The Gay Science, and contrasted the Apollonian and Dionysian modes in The Birth of Tragedy. He wrote about the will to power and the bermensch in Thus Spoke Zarathustra. For 10 points, name this German philosopher, who wrote Beyond Good and Evil and Twilight of the Idols, and claimed that "God is dead.".;;(Friedrich) (Wilhelm) Nietzsche
;;One of his works describes the experience of becoming a "transparent eye-ball" and in a poem set near a "rude bridge that arched the flood" he coined the term "the shot heard round the world." This author of the poem "The Concord Hymn" and essays like "The Oversoul" and "Nature" stated that "a foolish consistency is the hobgoblin of little minds" in an essay that advocates avoiding consistency and conformity. For 10 points, name this American transcendentalist and author of "Self-Reliance.".;;(Ralph) (Waldo) Emerson
;;Tacticity describes the relative stereochemistry of these compounds. Their tacticity is controlled in the Chauvin mechanism, which describes how Ziegler-Natta catalysts make these compounds. Radical mechanisms to form these compounds consist of initiation, propagation, and termination steps and can form examples like PVC. For 10 points, name these compounds, such as proteins, carbohydrates, and polyethylene, which are made up of many monomers.;;polymers
;;One of this author's poems opens with a description of the "complacencies of the peignoir." This author of "Sunday Morning" describes the title object attracting a "slovenly wilderness" around a Tennessee hill in "Anecdote of the Jar." Another of his poems describes "the single artificer of the world," who "sang beyond the genius of the sea," while other poems by this author of "The Idea of Order at Key West" are addressed to "the thin men of Haddam" and "the roller of big cigars." For 10 points, name this poet of "Thirteen Ways of Looking at a Blackbird" and "The Emperor of Ice Cream.".;;(Wallace) Stevens
;;Famous black members of this profession included Juan Valiente and Juan Garrido. Another man in this line of work wrote a True History of the adventure of which he was a part. In addition to Bernal Diaz, this profession included men who received help from the Tlaxcalan in one attempt to take a city. This job sometimes included trying to find the chief El Dorado or the Fountain of Youth. For 10 points, name this label of many Spaniards who forcibly seized land in the New World, the profession of such men as Hernando de Soto and Ponce de Leon.;;conquistadors
;;One of this author's writings describes his residency in the Alhambra. In one of this author's stories, only the heart and liver remains of a woman is killed by Old Scratch, who employs Tom Walker as a loan shark. In another story by this author, the protagonist is pursued by the Headless Horseman, leaving Bram Bones to marry Katrina instead of Ichabod Crane. In another of his stories, the protagonist declares himself a subject of George III, being out of touch with the world after falling asleep in the Catskill mountains for 20 years. For 10 points, name this author of "The Legend of Sleepy Hollow" and "Rip Van Winkle.".;;(Washington) Irving
;;One attorney in this Supreme Court case later served as Abraham Lincoln's Postmaster General, Montgomery Blair. As a result of Chief Justice Roger Taney's opinion in this case, the Missouri Compromise was declared unconstitutional. In a 7-2 decision, the Court in this case ruled that the plaintiff was not a citizen and therefore did not have the right to sue for his freedom. For 10 points, name this 1857 Supreme Court case in which a former slave who had lived in free territory sued for his freedom.;;Scott v(.) (Sanford)|Sanford v(.) (Scott(;))|(Dred) Scott Decision
;;This operating system sees frequent use on servers via the LAMP setup. This operating system's kernel was originally written as a noncommercial replacement for the MINIX architecture. Richard Stallman believes it is properly prefixed with "G-N-U." For 10 points, name this open-source operating system, primarily attributed to Linus Torvalds, which comes in distributions like Red Hat and Ubuntu.;;GNU/Linux
;;This figure's companion cuts down a tree in the Cedar Forest after killing Humbaba, which occurs before this figure rejects a goddess's advances, causing the goddess to send the Bull of Heaven to ravage the land. This figure walks on the ocean floor to obtain a plant which Utnapishtim told him would grant immortality. Earlier, he commands all of Uruk to mourn a wild-man, his companion Enkidu. This two-thirds god and one-thirds human figure has story that is told in twelve tablets as one of the earliest epics. For 10 points, name this hero of Mesopotamian myth.;;Gilgamesh|Bilgames
;;A group co-founded by this man was a military group responsible for the Church Street bombing known as Umkhonto we Sizwe. This author of the autobiography Long Walk to Freedom was convicted of sabotage at the Rivonia trial and spent twenty-seven years as prisoner number 46664 at Robben Island. Upon his release, this leader of the African National Congress negotiated with F. W. de Klerk to end his nation's policy of apartheid. For 10 points, name this former president of South Africa.;;(Nelson) (Rolihlahla) Mandela
;;The Betrothed was written in this language, which was used by the Nobel Laureate who wrote The Accidental Death of an Anarchist. The Manager attempts to direct a play with six family members in a play in this language, which was used to write a novel about a murder investigation carried out by Adso of Melk and William of Baskerville. Six Characters in Search of an Author and The Name of the Rose were written by Luigi Pirandello and Umberto Eco, writers in this language. For 10 points, name this language, whose earliest literature includes the works of Dante.;;Italy
;;the "mysterious letters" alif and lam are found in part of this work. This work claims that at the end of the world, believers will be forced into Jahannam (JAH-hah-nahm) before they are allowed to enter paradise. It is believed to be housed in the Guarded Tablet. It discusses the birth of Jesus in the section titled "Mary." "The Cow" is another of the 114 suras (SIR-uhs) of this work. It is complemented by the hadiths in Sharia (SHAR-ee-uh) law. For 10 points, name this text, revealed by Gabriel to Mohammed, that is the holy book of Islam.;;(the) Qur'an|Koran
;;Analysis of individuals with I-cell disease led to the discovery that proteins headed to this organelle are tagged with mannose-6-phosphate. Enveloping an organelle with a double-membraned vesicle is the first step in autophagy, which occurs in this organelle. Hydrogen pumps on its surface are responsible for maintaining its pH of about 5. For 10 points, name this organelle that breaks down unneeded molecules.;;lysosomes
;;The apparatus used to make this occur in the lab uses a "cold finger." Naphthalene and iodine are two substances that are easily purified by this technique. It is integral to lyophilization (LIE-oh-fill-ih-ZAY-shun), and it can be used to infuse paper with dye in a namesake type of printing. In Antarctica, it can be induced by katabatic winds. For most compounds, it usually occurs at low pressure. It is a transition below and to the left of the triple point on a phase diagram. For 10 points, name this phase transition, commonly seen in dry ice, in which a solid directly becomes a gas.;;sublimation
;;Horsts and Grabens are regions formed by the action of these, and slow constant movement at these formations is called creep. Their line of action is their trace and fundamental ones penetrate the entire lithosphere. Movement in the horizontal plane occurs in strike-slip ones and a notable intraplate example is New Madrid (Mad-rid). Transform ones occur at plate boundaries. For 10 points, name these fractures in the Earth's crust that are often associated with earthquakes, like the San Andreas.;;fault
;;In this war, Steven van Rensselaer led the losing side at the battle of Queenston Heights. An indecisive battle in this war ended with Winfield Scott wounded near Lundy's Lane. Oliver Hazzard Perry was a commander in this war. This war included a victory for Jean Lafitte and Andrew Jackson in New Orleans after this war's treaty was signed. Fought over impressment and resolved by the Treaty of Ghent, for 10 points, name this war that saw the White House burned and the bombing of Fort McHenry, which began in its namesake year.;;(War) (of) 1812
;;This man painted a self portrait in which he rests on a tree wearing a blood-stained shirt, The Wounded Man. This artist created a painting in which many people, including a nude prostitute, crowd around a man painting a landscape, as well as a painting in which the central focus is female genitalia. In addition to The Artist's Studio and The Origin of the World, this artist created a now destroyed painting depicting hard manual labor, and another showing a funeral procession. For 10 points, name this French Realist painter of The Stone Breakers and A Burial at Ornans.;;(Jean) (Desire) (Gustave) Courbet
;;"Please Master" and "September on Jessore Road" are among the poems collected in this poet's The Fall of America. Another of his collections is named for a poem named after a Jewish prayer for the dead, "Kaddish," while another work includes a poem in which Walt Whitman pokes among the meats in the title location, "A Supermarket in California," and one which begins "I saw the best minds of my generation destroyed by madness." For 10 points, name this Beat poet who wrote "Howl.".;;(Allen) Ginsberg
;;Amontons' laws govern this phenomenon. Relations for the dry form of this phenomenon were first explained by Coulomb. This phenomenon results in the change of kinetic energy into heat. The magnitude of this force equals the magnitude of the normal force times this force's namesake coefficient, which is symbolized mu and comes in static and kinetic varieties. For 10 points, name this force that opposes the motion of an object, caused by two surfaces rubbing together.;;friction
;;This man's general, Gaius Suetonius Paulinus, defeated the revolt of Boudicca in Britain. This emperor had his tutor, Seneca the Younger, executed for his role in the Pisonian Conspiracy. Late in his rule, this man faced the revolt of Galba, who succeeded this ruler to start the Year of the Four Emperors. This man supposedly murdered his wives Octavia and Poppaea, as well as his mother. For 10 points, name this son of Agrippina the Younger and successor to Claudius, a Roman emperor who didn't actually play any instrument while Rome burned.;;Nero Claudius (Caesar) (Augustus) (Germanicus)|(Lucius) (Domitius) Ahenobarbus
;;The Reuleaux triangle is formed from the intersection of three of these objects. It is given by the parametric functions x equals a cosine t and y equals a sine t, and in polar coordinates it is given by the equation r equals a. It can be formed by the intersection of a cone and a plane parallel to the base of the cone. For 10 points, give this two-dimensional geometric object with area proportional to the square of its radius.;;circle
;;This event was preceded by the murder of the captain Ramon Ferrar. Josiah Gibbs used his knowledge of Mende numbers to find James Covey for this trial. Joseph Story ruled in favor of the arguments of Roger Baldwin in this case, and the defense was also supported in this trial by John Quincy Adams. The defendants in this case included Cinque, and this case involved the abduction of the defendants from Sierra Leone. For 10 points, name this case that ruled in favor of slaves who mutinied on the namesake Cuban schooner in 1839.;;Amistad case|(United) (States) (v(.)) (Libellants) (and) (Claimants) (of) (the) (Schooner) Amistad
;;?In one of his novels, Manuela Sanchez is courted by a man who is between 107 and 232 years old. In another of his works, Bayardo San Roman discovers that his wife Angela Vicario was not a virgin, leading to her twin brothers attacking the Arabic Santiago Nasar. This author of The Autumn of the Patriarch opened one novel with a colonel before a firing squad thinking about ice. This author created the gypsy Melquiades, who writes about the family of Ursula Iguaran Buendia, including her son Aureliano, residents of Buendia. For 10 points, name this author of Chronicle of a Death Foretold and One Hundred Years of Solitude.;;(Gabriel) (Jose) Garcia Marquez
;;One section of this work was written to fit the meter of the poem "I vow to thee, my country." Another movement in this work has an often copied 5/4 ostinato. This piece was completed by Colin Matthews after the death of its composer with a movement subtitled the Renewer. The other movements of this piece include "the Mystic," "the Bringer of Jollity," "the Winged Messenger," "the Magician," "the Bringer of Peace," and "the Bringer of War." For 10 points name this orchesteral suite about Mars, Neptune, and Jupiter, a work of Gustav Holst.;;(The) Planets
;;One of this figure's secrets was revealed after his barber whispered into a hole in the ground. When this figure disagreed with Tmolus (tih-MOW-luss), by stating that Pan was a better musician than Apollo, this man was cursed with the ears of a donkey. This man obtained his most notable characteristic as a reward for his care of Silenus (sigh-LAY-nuss), but he rid himself of that ability by bathing in the river Patoclus (PAA-tow-cluss), after his ability killed his daughter and rendered his food inedible. For 10 points, name this Phrygian (FRIDGE-ee-uhn) king, to whom Dionysus (DYE-oh-NIGH-suss) gave the golden touch.;;(King) Midas
;;In a poem about this type of "movement," Carl Sandburg wrote that this is when "the sea-winds takes the city in their arms." Edgar Allan Poe wrote of an eidolon named this in his poem "Dream-Land." A play titled after this time describes the Reverend Shannon's visit to Maxine's motel in Mexico. A novel titled after this time tells of Rosemary Hoyt's involvement with Dick Diver and Nicole's psychiatric treatment. For 10 points, name this period of time that titles a Tennessee Williams play "of the Iguana," which in an F Scott Fitzgerald novel is "Tender.".;;Night
;;This country is home to the Dayak ethnic group, who live in this country's Kalimantan (KAH-lee-mon-TAHN) area. Among the areas controlled by this country are the Moluccas, formerly known as the Spice Islands. This country contains the Sunda Strait, in which one can find the large volcano Krakatoa. This country controls the western half of Papua as well as the island of Celebes (SEH-luh-beez). More Muslims live in this country than any other. For 10 points, name this country, which includes the islands of Bali and Java, the latter of which is home to this country's capital, Jakarta.;;(Republic) (of) Indonesia|(Republik) Indonesia
;;This king's troops were victorious against James IV of Scotland at the Battle of Flodden Field. This man was the target of the "Pilgrimage of Grace," a rebellion sparked when this king seized large amounts of church land. This man negotiated with Francis I of France at the Field of the Cloth of Gold. This king's advisors included Thomas Wolsey, Thomas Cranmer, and Thomas Cromwell. This man was excommunicated after declaring himself head of the Church of England. For 10 points, name this Tudor king of England famous for having six wives.;;Henry VIII Tudor (of) (England)
;;Various versions of this work give its first word as "Listen," "Hear Me," and "So." One character in this work describes winning a swimming contest against Breca. A slave is killed in this work after trying to steal a chalice, and the protagonist is abandoned against all of his men except Wiglaf after deciding to kill a dragon in his old age. The central Geat is asked by Hrothgar to defend the mead hall Heorot from a descendent of Cain. For 10 points, name this epic in Old English about a hero who kills Grendel and Grendel's mother.;;Beowulf
;;Trademarked terms on this eatery's menu include "loaded potato bites," "bronco berry sauce," and "tangy southwest sauce." This company, whose largest store in the world is located in Colonial Heights, Virginia, also offers the "Market Fresh" line of salads and the horseradish-based Horsey Sauce. This chain's commercials feature a superimposed cowboy hat and the slogan "I'm thinking" followed by the company name. For 10 points, name this fast-food franchise whose menu revolves around roast beef sandwiches.;;Arby's
;;This deity was once trapped in a large tree, which was incorporated into the palace of the King of Byblos. This ruler of Duat was born on the first of the five intercalary (inter-CALORIE) days that Thoth won from Khonsu. He is often depicted with either red or green skin, and he usually carries a crook and flail. His body was hacked into pieces by his villainous brother Set, and he was then avenged by his son Horus. For 10 points, name this Egyptian ruler of the underworld, whose consort was Isis.;;Osiris|Usiris(;)|Asar(;)|Aser(;)|Ausare(;)|Ausir(;)|Wesir(;)|Usire
;;He wrote a work discussing his night in jail after joining intellectuals like Robert Lowell in a march at the Pentagon protesting the Vietnam war entitled The Armies of the Night. One of his works is about a man who kills Max Jensen during a gas station robbery after that man fought with his lover Nicole Barrett. Author of a "true life novel" of a Provo resident who died of capital punishment named Gary Gilmore, this man wrote a novel about Croft's platoon in the Anapopei campaign of World War Two. For 10 points, name this author of The Executioner's Song and The Naked and the Dead.;;(Norman) (Kingsley) Mailer
;;The early kingdom of Axum was located within this modern day nation. This nation's forces defeated Oreste Baratieri in one war at the Battle of Adowa while under the leadership of Menelik II. During the Scramble for Africa, Liberia and this country remained free from European control. One ruler of this country appealed to the League of Nations for help when Italy under Mussolini invaded in 1935. For 10 points, name this East African nation, from which Eritrea declared independence, once ruled by Haile Selassie.;;(Federal) (Democratic) (Republic) (of) Ethiopia
;;The protagonist of this play cries "Never, never, never, never, never" upon discovering the death of his youngest child. One character in this play commands "Out, vile jelly" while plucking out the eyes of Gloucester [GLOSTER]. In this play's major subplot, Edgar duels and kills his villainous brother Edmund. This play begins with the title character expecting declarations of love after dividing his kingdom among Regan, Goneril, and Cordelia. For 10 points, name this Shakespeare tragedy about an aged ruler.;;King Lear
;;One ruler of this dynasty lost control of its territory to Sher Shah before receiving help from Tahmasp I. That ruler of this dynasty, Humayun, had a son who won the second Battle of Panipat, Akbar. The first Battle of Panipat was won by this dynasty's founder, Babur. Another ruler of this dynasty had a wife named Mumtaz, for whom he built the mausoleum, the Taj Mahal. For 10 points, name this Indian dynasty whose rulers included Shah Jahan, and whose rulers were all Muslim.;;Mughal Dynasty
;;Several peasants watch Jacob wrestling with an angel on the red ground in this man's painting Vision After the Sermon. Three women with a child, young adults, and a dying old woman represent the three title questions of this artist's Where Do We Come From? What Are We? Where Are We Going?. This painter depicted a farmer on the Atlantic cost with four expressionless biblical figures in The Green Christ. This man used Pont-Aven as the setting for his The Yellow Christ, though he is better known for painting nude villagers in Tahiti. For 10 points, name this French post-Impressionist painter.;;(Eugene) (Henri) (Paul) Gauguin
;;The RTS,S (R-T-S-comma-S) vaccine is currently under development to protect against this disease, whose most dangerous form is caused by species falciparum. The gene which causes sickle-cell anemia also provides resistance to this disease. Female members of the genus Anopheles are vectors for this disease, which can be treated with quinine. For 10 points, name this disease caused by parasites of the genus Plasmodium, which is transmitted by mosquitoes and whose name comes from the "bad air" originally thought to cause it.;;malaria
;;In one of these stories, a house built on the sand is blown down by a storm. Another of these stories involves three servants, each given a different number of talents. In a different one of these stories, a shepherd abandons ninety-nine sheep to find one lost one. In another, the return of one character prompts the slaying of a fatted calf. In what is perhaps the most known of these stories, a man is robbed and left on the side of the road, only to be helped by a member of a hated group of people. For 10 points, name this group of instructional tales, including "The Prodigal Son" and "The Good Samaritan," that are told by a central figure in the Gospels.;;parables of (Jesus)
;;WRITE MORE QUESTIONS, Particularly a Social Science-Sociology Tossup 00--20-11133 3. The Karl Fischer version of this technique is used to determine water content. Potentiometry is often used to discern when to stop this process. This technique can determine the isoelectric point for amino acids, and the end point often occurs when an indicator changes color. When all of the analyte has reacted, this technique yields the equivalence point. For 10 points, name this technique in which a buret is used to determine the amount of analyte in a solution using a known quantity of reagent.;;titration
;;An influx of this ion is thought to trigger release of neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft. This ion also binds to troponin to allow muscle contraction, before being pumped back into the sarcoplasmic reticulum. Vitamin D increases absorption of this ion via the small intestine. In conjunction with parathyroid hormone, Vitamin D stimulates release of both this cation and phosphate from bone, where the vast majority of it is stored. For 10 points, name this plus two ion of element number 20, a deficiency in which is known as hypocalcemia.;;calcium|Ca++
;;The Buddhist monk Zenchi Naigu tries some quack techniques for changing the size of this item in a namesake story by Akutagawa Ryonosuke (ah-KOO-tuh-GAH-wuh ree-OH-no-SOO-kay). In another story, a man believes that Mrs. Podtochin (pah-TAH-chin) has taken revenge for a refusal to marry by cursing this object. This object becomes a State Councilor after being found in a loaf of bread by Ivan Yakovlevich (YAH-kohv-LAY-vich), but eventually returns to Platon Kovalyov (KOH-vull-yoff), in that story by Nikolai Gogol. For 10 points, identify this appendage which was unusually large on Cyrano de Bergerac and Pinocchio.;;(a) nose
;;Along with Szilard, this man invented a refrigerator that has no mechanical parts. He is the namesake of a model of heat capacity that is similar to Debye's. He gives his name to rings that occur when light bends around by a large mass. This man's namesake field equations describe gravitation. In 1905, this man wrote a paper on Brownian motion, and another paper on the quantized nature of the photoelectric effect. He also envisioned a theory that led to the twin paradox. For 10 points, name this physicist behind special and general relativity.;;(Albert) Einstein
;;One character created by this author escapes from a tower with the aid of his aunt Gina, and earlier stumbles onto the Waterloo battlefield. This author created Fabrizio del Dongo in The Charterhouse of Parma, and ended another novel with a woman kissing the lips of a beheaded man. That man impregnates Mathilde, the daughter of his employer, the Marquis de la Mole, but earlier in this novel begins an affair with Madame de Renal. This author wrote a novel about Julien Sorel, whose two title colors refer to army uniforms and priest robes. For 10 points, name this French author of The Red and the Black.;;Stendhal|(Marie(-)Henri) Beyle
;;The Hausdorff dimensions of these objects are greater than their topological dimensions. Examples of these objects include the Menger sponge and the Sierpinski triangle, and types of them, such as the Cantor set, can be created by infinitely iterating a recursive equation. These objects exhibit self-similarity on very small scales, and resemble natural features like coastline and snowflakes. For 10 points, identify these geometric spaces named by Benoit Mandelbrot, which contain infinitely smaller copies of themselves.;;fractals
;;In some poems, this author describes some socks knit for him by Mama Mori, some salt he saw in a cellar, and his laziness. This author of Elementary Odes wrote a poem about the speaker climbing "the ladder of the earth" to reach "the heights of Macchu Picchu." The lines "Tonight I can write the saddest lines" and "the memory of you emerges from the night around me," appear in this author's "Twenty Love Poems and a Song of Despair." For 10 points, name this Nobel-winning poet from Chile.;;(Pablo) Neruda|(Ricardo) (Eliecer) (Neftali) Reyes Basualto
;;One of this man's self portraits contains a skeletal arm parallel to the frame. This artist painted a red headed woman sinking her teeth into a slumped man's neck in Vampire and included such canvases as Puberty, Death in the Sickroom, and Angst in his Frieze of Life series. This artist painted a bright red and orange sky swirling into a blue river, which passes underneath a bridge where two passersby vanish on the left edge, and where the central figure clasps his head with his hands and performs the central action. For 10 points, name this Norwegian painter of The Scream.;;(Edvard) Munch
;;One character in this novel learns that she is an aunt to two adopted children after Corinne falls ill. Another character chooses to undergo ritual scarification out of empathy for the female circumcision ritual suffered by the woman he loves, Tashi. One woman in this novel is sentenced to work for a mayor for twelve years, after initially refusing by saying "Hell no!" That woman, Sofia, later remarries Harpo. The main character of this novel learns that "Mister" has hidden letters written by Nettie; later, that woman opens a pants shop with Shug Avery. For 10 points, name this novel about Celie, written by Alice Walker.;;(The) Color Purple
;;Certain ridges in these structures are called lophs, and they are connected to the alveolar bone. Cells crucial in their development include ameloblasts. Different types of them include brachydonts and hypsodonts. The innermost part of these structures is known as the pulp. They are covered by a layer of hard enamel. For 10 points, name these structures in the mouth that help break up food.;;teeth
;;This artist painted a woman in a yellow and white gown smiling underneath a landscape portrait in his The Guitar Player. This artist painted a girl seated above a checkered floor being handed a the title correspondence in The Love Letter. Several of this artist's works, like his The Milkmaid, contain an open window at the upper left. This artist painted a girl with a blue headband wearing a turban in Girl with a Pearl Earring. For 10 points, name this Dutch painter of genre scenes and landscapes like View of Delft.;;(Jan) Vermeer|(Johannes) Vermeer
;;The main character of this novel is shown a crucifix and asked if he believes in God, replying that he does not. Later, the main character of this novel runs into Marie Cardona while swimming and writes a letter on behalf of the abusive Raymond Sintes (sin-TEZ). At the start of this novel, the main character spends the entire night talking to a doorkeeper at the Home for Aged Persons in Marengo without viewing his mother's corpse, a fact that is later brought up at trial. An Arab man is shot by Mersault (mur-SOH) in, for 10 points, what novel by Albert Camus?.;;(The) Stranger|(L') tranger
;;Alfred Hugenberg gave significant media exposure to this leader. This man consolidated his power by ordering the murder of Ernst Rohm. This leader installed Arthur Seyss-Inquart (AR-tour ZICE INK-vart) as the ruler of Austria after enforcing the Anschluss. This man successfully annexed the Sudetenland from a neighboring country. This man's ministers Heinrich Himmler and Hermann Goring (GUR-ing) ran his secret police force, the Gestapo. For 10 points, name this German dictator who ruled the Third Reich as the leader of the Nazi Party.;;(Adolf) Hitler
;;This mythological character used a stool to kill his tutor Linus. This figure killed his children in a fit of madness, then atoned by serving a king who at one point hid in a jar. That king sent this character to retrieve Hippolyta's (hip-AH-lih-tuhz) girdle and kill the Stymphalian (stim-FAIL-ee-un) birds. He also freed Prometheus, tricked Atlas into holding up the world again, and fetched three golden apples from the garden of the Hesperides (hess-PER-id-eez). For 10 points, name this son of Alcmene (ALK-mee-nee) and Zeus, who completed twelve labors using his superhuman strength.;;Herakles|Hercules
;;This author wrote about Hank Stamper, who vows to "Never give an inch" during a logging strike in Southern Oregon, in Sometimes a Great Notion. He also created Billy Bibbitt, who kills himself after he is caught with the prostitute Kandy. This subject of Tom Wolfe's The Electric Kool-Aid Acid Test also wrote a novel narrated by an Indian called Chief Bromden, which ends with the death of a lobotomy patient. For 10 points, name this leader of the Merry Pranksters, who created Nurse Ratched and R.P. McMurphy in One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest .;;(Ken) (Elton) Kesey
;;In 1944, this team defeated the ancestors of the Baltimore Orioles in an intracity World Series. This team's 1934 World Series champions were known as the Gas House Gang and led by such colorful players as "Ducky" Medwick and "Dizzy" Dean. In 1968, this team won the National League behind Bob Gibson's 1.12 ERA, and in 1998, Mark McGwire broke the single-season home run record playing for this team. For 10 points, name this team that is housed in Busch Stadium, whose current stars include Albert Pujols.;;(St(.)) (Louis) Cardinals|St(.) Louis Cardinals
;;Wilhelm Fitzhagen commissioned and rewrote this man's Rococo Variations. His first symphony is subtitled Winter Daydreams and his second is subtitled Little Russian. Van Cliburn won a 1958 competition by performing a work Rubinstein called "unplayable", his Piano Concerto No. 1 in B-flat Minor. A 5/4 "limping waltz" forms the second movement of his sixth symphony, subtitled Pathetique. The score of a work he wrote to commemorate the Battle of Borodino calls for cannon fire. For 10 points, identify this Russian composer of the 1812 Overture and the ballet Swan Lake.;;(Pyotr) (Ilyich) Tchaikovsky
;;Andrew Hale turns down a loan for the protagonist of this work. The protagonist of this work visits widow Homan's store to buy a final bottle of glue to fix a pickle dish broken by a cat. Jotham Powell is hired by this novel's protagonist, who is jealous of Denis Eady before he learns of the affections of his wife's cousin. Set in Starkfield, this novel ends when Zeena fires her cousin, who persuades the protagonist to take a sled ride into an elm tree. For 10 points, name this novel about the title character's love for Mattie Silver, by Edith Wharton.;;Ethan Frome
;;The central path vector protocol for this technology is BGP and IXPs are convergences between Autonomous Systems. ICANN serves as its governing authority; former head Vint Cerf is described as its "father." The standards for different components are described in RFCs and WHOIS is used to look up the controllers of resources in this system. DNS can be used to locate numerical addresses which are central to its TCP/IP protocol. For 10 points, name this network, the backbone for technologies like IRC, email and the World Wide Web.;;Internet
;;This group used a military formation called the "Buffalo Horns, "rose to prominence under the successor to Dingiswayo, and expanded their lands through the mfecane, or great crushing. Their primary weapon was a short spear called the assegai, which was wielded by soldiers called impi, which they used under Cetshwayo to defeat a British force at Isandlwana, though they were later defeated at Ulundi to mark the end of their namesake war. For 10 points, name this South African tribe once led by Shaka.;;amaZulu
;;A disease caused by the failed breakdown of one of these compounds is characterized by musty-smelling urine and is known as PKU. The sequence of these compounds is known as the "primary structure" of a certain kind of compound. In addition to phenylalanine and tryptophan, these compounds include glycine, whose R group attached to its central carbon atom is simply a hydrogen. These compounds are joined by peptide bonds. For 10 points, name these building blocks of proteins.;;amino acids
;;The narrator of this novel moves to Ramsdale, where he considers killing a woman in Hourglass Lake. That narrator keeps a diary that needs a magnifying glass to decode, and his wife Charlotte figures it out before she runs into a car. At the end of this work, the protagonist is found in Alaska with the last name Schiller. The narrator kills the author of The Nymph, Claire Quilty, after being stalked across America with the title character, and, at opening of this novel, he describes the title character as the "light of my life, fire of my loins." For 10 points, name this novel about Humbert Humbert's affair with the "nymphet" Dolores Haze, by Vladimir Nabokov.;;Lolita
;;This ruler's judicial reforms included instituting the bar association in Russia. This ruler created local parliaments known as Zemstvos. This ruler ended Russia's involvement in the Crimean War after the death of his father, Nicholas I. This man was planning on introducing some constitutional elements to Russia's government before he was killed by bombs planted by the terrorist group, People's Will. This man issued a ukase [YOU-case] in 1861 that emancipated all the serfs in his country. For 10 points, name this Russian czar who was succeeded by his son Alexander III.;;Alexander II of (Russia)
;;Developed with Beno Gutenberg, it has been superseded by analysis of the moment magnitude, and the effects are measured on the related Mercalli Scale. Values can be determined by looking at the amplitude of measured waves, and its values are logarithmic to the amount of energy released. A value less than 2 is considered to be micro and no value of 10 or higher has been recorded. For 10 points, name this scale that measures seismic activity including earthquakes named for an American scientist.;;Richter Scale
;;This composer wrote one song about a man with numb fingers standing on ice, "The Hurdy Gurdy Man." Another of his songs opens with the piano playing triplet Gs at octaves and is about a boy being called to death by an Elf. This composer of the cycle of lieder Winter Journey also wrote the Trout Quintet. This man wrote a string quartet that has a set of variations on his song "Death and the Maiden." This composer of "The Erlking" wrote a symphony in B minor that ends after a sketch for its third movement, his eighth. For 10 points, name this composer of that "Unfinished Symphony.".;;(Franz) (Peter) Schubert
;;As a Senator, this man led a World War II committee investigating wasteful defense spending. This president officially desegregated the American army, fired Douglas MacArthur for insubordination, and vetoed the Taft-Hartley Act. In foreign policy, this president authorized the Berlin Airlift, began the Korean War, and ordered the atomic bomb dropped on Hiroshima. For 10 points, name this Democrat who defeated Thomas Dewey in the Election of 1948, and who earlier became president upon the death of Franklin Delano Roosevelt.;;(Harry) (S) Truman
;;This city's Dashijie, or Great World, is its leading theater, and the Bund is its waterfront thoroughfare. Pudong was once this city's largest slum, and Suzhou Creek runs through its center. Its Yangjingbang Canal once separated this city's French and British concessions, and it is located at the confluence of the Huangpu and Yangtze rivers. For 10 points name this Chinese port city, the home of the Oriental Pearl Tower.;;Shanghai
;;This man led the Army of the Vosges during the Franco-Prussian War. This man fought with the Colorados against the Blancos during the Uruguayan Civil War. Pius IX rejected this man's offer to fight for him. The defense forces of the short-lived Roman Republic were led by this man. Twice exiled due to failed uprisings, this man more successfully conquered the lands of Naples while leading the Expedition of the Thousand. For 10 points, name this revolutionary leader of the redshirts, who was instrumental in achieving Italian unification.;;(Giuseppe) Garibaldi
;;In one play by this author, Tom Broadbent lets a pig drive a car in hopes of publicizing his bid to become an Irish Member of Parliament. This author of John Bull's Other Island wrote a play in which Crofts proposes to Vivie, the daughter of a brothel-owner, and he also wrote of Andrew Undershaft's marriage to a character who inherits an armaments factory. For 10 points, name this author of Mrs. Warren's Profession and Major Barbara, who wrote of attempts to make a Cockney girl into a little lady in his Pygmalion.;;(George) (Bernard) Shaw
;;These biological entities are classified according to the Baltimore System. One subclass of them reproduces by using the lytic cycle, and can be called temperate if they use the lysogenic cycle. Ones with an RNA genome are known as "retro" ones. These entities consist of genetic material encased by a capsid coat. The tobacco mosaic one was the first isolated. Ones that infect bacteria are known as phages. For 10 points, name these infectious agents that technically are not living because they need a host cell to reproduce.;;viruses|virii
;;The system for using these in Finnish is so complicated that a list of place names is published that advises whether to use the inessive, the elative, or other examples of them. Japanese and English have almost none of these. Russian has "prepositional" and "instrumental" ones. Written Latin rarely makes use of the locative or vocative ones. Latin more frequently displays the ablative, dative, or accusative version of, for 10 points, what grammatical state, which often uses a word ending to indicate a noun's function in a sentence?.;;(noun) cases|(noun) inflections
;;One character in this novel is disgraced when an ugly, decrepit woman addresses him as "Tomikin." The son of that character, whose entire education consists of reading Shakespeare, commits suicide in a lighthouse in this novel after refusing to appear before the Arch Community Singster or have sex with Lenina. The characters in this novel live in a society where Bokanovksy and Podsnap processes are essential, and where people are divided from alphas to epsilons. Featuring Mustapha Mond, who contemplates exiling Bernard Marx but spares John the Savage, for 10 points, name this dystopian novel by Aldous Huxley.;;Brave New World
;;This composer wrote about Konstanze's (con-STANZ-ehz) rescue from a Turkish harem in The Abduction from the Seraglio (seh-RAH-glee-oh). Another of his operas sees Ferrando and Guglielmo (goo-glee-EHL-moh) test the loyalty of their fiancees. Like his other works, the operas of this composer of Cosi Fan Tutte (COSS-ee fawn TOO-tay) are given Kochel (KERR-kul) numbers. For 10 points, name this composer of an opera about a notorious seducer, Don Giovanni, as well as The Magic Flute.;;(Wolfgang) (Amadeus) Mozart|(Johannes) (Chrysostomus) (Wolfgangus) (Theophilus) Mozart
;;In one poem by this author, the speaker experiences the "perfect silence" of the outdoors after walking out on the proofs and figures of the "learned astronomer." Another poem by this author describes the "filament, filament, filament" launched by "the noiseless patient spider." This author of "Out of the Cradle Endlessly Rocking" wrote a poem wherein the speaker sounds "a barbaric yawp over the roofs of the world," a poem beginning "I celebrate myself, and sing myself." For 10 points, name this author of Song of Myself, who collected all of those poems in Leaves of Grass.;;(Walter) Whitman
;;This city was the center for the work of Hans and Sophie Scholl during their time in the White Rose. One meeting in this city was interrupted by supporters of Erich Ludendorff in the Beer Hall Putsch, led by Adolf Hitler. A conference held in this city produced a namesake agreement that led Neville Chamberlain to believe "peace in our time" had been achieved. During one event in this city, operatives of Black September killed a group of people. For 10 points, name this German city whose 1972 Olympics included the murder of Israeli athletes.;;Munich|Munchen
;;This man wrote a play in which James Joyce gets help writing Ulysses from a woman in love with Tristan Tzara, Travesties. This author of The Coast of Utopia also wrote about a murder mystery within a play in a work about theater critics named Birdboot and Moon called The Real Inspector Hound. Septimus Hodge falls in love with his genius 13-year-old student, Thomasina, in one play. Another of his plays opens with a long series of heads-up coin tosses and ends with the disappearance of the two title characters, who are drawn from Shakespeare's Hamlet. For 10 points, name this playwright of Arcadia and Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead.;;(Tom) Stoppard|(Tomas) Straussler
;;One way of measuring this is equivalent to the mass mixing ratio, while the volumetric measurement is not usually used. One simplified device for measuring it is the psychrometer, which consists of two thermometers and comparing the current conditions to those of saturated air at the same temperature yields the relative measure of this. That saturation point is known as the dew point and using both temperature and this measurement allows one to calculate the heat index. For 10 points, identify this measure of how much moisture is in the air.;;humidity|relative humidity
;;This river plunges through the Five Finger Rapids in its headwaters, where it is joined by the Teslin River after flowing from Atlin and Tagish Lakes. The Porcupine River is a tributary of this river, which flows into Lake Laberge. A namesake trail from Skagway to Dawson was used during the Klondike Gold Rush. It runs through Whitehorse and flows north of Fairbanks. For 10 points, name this river that runs through Alaska and a namesake Canadian territory.;;Yukon River
;;Guillaume de Mauchaut wrote one of these compositions named for Notre Dame that was the first one of these composed. Ones by composers like Josquin used the cantus firmus L'homme arme. Most settings of this end with the statement "Grant us peace" in the "Agnus Dei," and they open with a "Kyrie." Palestrina wrote one named after Pope Marcellus. Bach composed one in B minor despite being a Lutheran. They also include settings of the "Gloria," "Sanctus," and the Nicene Creed, and ones for the dead are named "Requiems." For 10 points, name this weekly Catholic ritual, which is often set to music.;;Masses (ordinary)|missa(;)|(ordinary) masses
;;One character in this novel contracts scarlet fever from the Hummel family's baby. Another character in this novel marries Mr. Brooke, and a third character inherits Plumfield and marries Professor Bhaer. This novel is named for the daughters of Marmee, the sisters Amy, Beth, Meg, and Jo Marsh. For 10 points, name this novel written by Louisa May Alcott.;;Little Women
;;2,4-DNP is an example of an uncoupler used by this organelle. The color of brown fat is due to the high concentration of this organelle, which is responsible for generating heat in that tissue. One can trace matrilineal descent through this organelle's DNA. Like the chloroplast, this double-membraned organelle is the subject of the endosymbiotic hypothesis. For 10 points, name this site of oxidative phosphorylation, the energy-producing organelle.;;mitochondria
;;This opera's first act opens with the opening of the "Star-Spangled Banner." One character buys a 999 year lease on a home before meeting the consul Sharpless. In this opera, the title character sings "Un Bel di Vedremo." After being forced to give up her son Sorrow to Kate, the title character says farewell to her maid Suzuki and kills herself before Lieutenant Pinkerton can stop her. For 10 points name this Giacomo Puccini opera about Cio-Cio San's love of an American soldier in Japan.;;Madame Butterfly
;;One character of this play gets evicted from the Flamingo Hotel and fantasizes about Shep Huntleigh. In one scene of this play, a character angrily throws a radio out of the window and leaves two women to seek refuge with the upstairs neighbor Eunice. This play ends with Steve dealing a hand of poker, as one character who yells "Fire!" to avoid having sex with Mitch is led to an asylum while saying that she has "always depended on the kindness of strangers." For 10 points, name this play in which Stanley rapes his wife Stella's sister, Blanche Dubois (doo BWAH), a work by Tennessee Williams.;;(A) Streetcar Named Desire
;;The current leader of this country was accused of tampering with election results after narrowly defeating former movie star Fernando Poe, Jr., in the 2004 election. The Communist Party in this country was made legal by the staunchly anti-communist Fidel Ramos. This country's first civilian American governor was William Howard Taft. This country's independence movement included figures such as Jose Rizal and Emilio Aguinaldo, who fought against the United States and Spain. For 10 points, name this Asian island country with a capital at Manila.;;(Republic) (of) (the) Philippines|(Republika) (ng) Pilipinas
;;This region's Khitans created the Liao Empire only to be overthrown by the Jin Dynasty of the Jurchens during the 12th Century. The people of this region allied with Wu Sangui and were led by Nurhaci. After the assassination of its warlord Zhang Zoulin in 1928, a Japanese invasion led to a puppet state here ruled by Pu-Yi. In 1644, the people from this region came into power after the Ming Dynasty ended, and established the Qing dynasty. For 10 points, name this northeastern region of China.;;Manchuria
;;This artist had a falling-out over the use of diagonal lines with Theo van Doesburg, the founder of the movement with which he is associated. This artist named that style "neoplasticism," and used a gigantic red square and some smaller rectangles separated by horizontal lines in his Composition in Red, Blue and Yellow . The best known work of this artist was inspired by the city grid of New York and depicts motion reminiscent of a kind of dance music. For 10 points, name this Dutch artist, a member of the De Stijl (Duh Style) movement and painter of Broadway Boogie Woogie,.;;(Pieter) (Cornelis) (Piet) Mondrian
;;Fighting during this battle included a bombardment of the Miller cornfield as well as fighting for control of the sunken road known as Bloody Lane. The division of one side's forces before this battle was discovered by B.W. Mitchell in a piece of paper wrapped around three cigars, known as Special Order 191. This battle gave Abraham Lincoln the proper mood to announce his preliminary Emancipation Proclamation. For 10 points, name this battle fought in Maryland between the forces of McClellan and Lee, the bloodiest day of fighting during the Civil War.;;(Battle) (of) Antietam|(Battle) (of) Sharpsburg
;;WRITE MORE QUESTIONS, Particularly a Social Science-Linguistics Tossup 00--20-13119 4. This country was the location of the Don Pacifico affair, which occurred during the rule of a German put on the throne by the Convention of London, King Otto. During this country's fight for independence, around twenty thousand people were killed in a massacre on the island of Chios and Lord Byron died fighting here. Earlier groups in this modern country fought the Battles of Salamis and Thermopylae against invading Persians. For 10 points, name this country that, in ancient times, was known for city-states like Corinth, Sparta, and Athens.;;Greece|Hellenic Republic(;)|Elliniki Dhimokratia
;;One type of this disease is caused by a mutation in the RB gene and a loss of heterozygosity, meaning no functional Rb protein is produced. Another type was found by Peyton Rous to be caused by a retrovirus, and this disease often begins with a gain-of-function mutation in a proto-oncogene. Later stages of this type of disease may involve the metastasis of a malignant tumor. For 10 points, name this unchecked proliferation of mutated cells, forms of which include leukemia and those affecting the lung and skin.;;cancer
;;In novel by this man, a meal on Whitsuntide is arranged to lure away La Ramee and the Comte de Rochefort is killed by a man he befriended and dueled. This author of Twenty Years After and The Vicomte of Bragelonne wrote about the Man in the Iron Mask in a sequel to a book about Milady de Winter's enmity toward D'Artagnan, Athos, Porthos, and Aramis, and about Mercedes's fiancee, who is condemned to life imprisonment in the title island by Villefort. For 10 points, name this author of The Three Musketeers and The Count of Monte Cristo.;;(Alexandre) Dumas(,) (pere)|Dumas Davy (de) (la) (Pailleterie)
;;This process is used on beams of neutrons to determine the surface structure of thin films. Its diffuse form is modeled well by a Lambertian model, in which intensity is directly proportional to the emission angle and so perceived radiance is constant. For a given polarization, this phenomenon is minimized at Brewster's angle. Above the critical angle, a "total internal" variety of this phenomenon occurs. For 10 points, name this phenomenon in which a wavefront changes direction at an interface between two media so that it returns to the first medium, which takes place with mirrors.;;reflection
;;This man delivered a famed 1820 speech commemorating the landing of the Mayflower. This politician argued for his alma mater in the case Dartmouth v. Woodward. This man argued against nullification in his 1830 debate with Robert Hayne. As Secretary of State, this man was the only cabinet member to carry over from William Henry Harrison to John Tyler's administration. For 10 points, name this famous orator and politician, who negotiated a treaty that settled the Maine-Canada boundary with Baron Ashburton.;;(Daniel) Webster
;;One author from this country wrote about Jesuit missionary Sebastian Rodrigues in his novel Silence. A woodcutter and bandit offer conflicting accounts of a murder in "In a Grove", whose author names the highest literary prize of this nation. A Nobel laureate from this country wrote A Personal Matter and The Silent Cry. The author of Confessions of a Mask and the Sea of Fertility tetralogy is from this country, as is the eleventh century court lady who wrote The Tale of Genji. For 10 points, name this homeland of Yukio Mishima and Lady Murasaki.;;Japan|Nippon(-)koku(;)|Nihon(-)koku
;;Operation Cyclone was designed to weaken this country. This country was administrated partly by the GOSPLAN. During World War II, this country launched Operation Uranus and won the Battle of Kursk. This country invaded one of its neighbors after the Saur Revolution, though it was defeated by the mujahideen. After a period of perestroika and glasnost, this country collapsed in 1991 and was replaced by the CIS. For 10 points, name this rival of the United States and NATO during the Cold War.;;Soviet Union|Sovetsky Soyuz(;)|Union of Soviet Socialist Republics(;)|USSR(;)|CCCP ((;))|Soyuz Sovetskikh Sotsialisticheskikh Respublik
;;One of the first incidents related in this novel is a card game played by forming latrine boxes into a table. As Kemmerich is dying from an infected leg wound in this novel, he gives his boots to Muller. The central characters of this novel are recruited by the teacher Kantorek and trained by the harsh Corporal Himmelstoss. The title phrase is the only content of the official army report on the day that the protagonist of this novel, Paul Baumer, is killed. For 10 points, name this novel about the average German soldier in World War I, written by Erich Maria Remarque.;;All Quiet On The Western Front|Im Westen nichts Neues
;;This god's brother Anteros was worshipped in Athens following the deaths of Meles and Timagoras. In one creation myth, his coupling with Chaos produced the birds. By one lover, he gave birth to the goddess Voluptas or Hedone. This god banished one of his lovers when her curiosity caused her to spill lamp oil on him. He is the lover of Psyche and daughter of Aphrodite. For 10 points, name this classical god of love, often depicted flying with angelic wings and wielding a magic bow and arrow.;;Eros|Cupid
;;Edward Chace Tolman formulated the "purposive" branch of this school. Another member of this school wrote Animal Intelligence and researched how cats escaped from puzzle boxes. In addition to Edward Thorndike, another member of this school conducted the Little Albert experiment and claimed to be able to train an infant to "become any type of specialist." For 10 points, name this school of psychology associated with John B. Watson and B.F. Skinner, which attempts to study the actions of animals and humans.;;behaviorism
;;By Fubini's theorem, multiple instances of this operator can be performed in any order, and performing it on a product of functions can be done "by parts." Using the disk or shell methods, one can use this operator to find the volume of a solid of revolution. First defined rigorously by Bernhard Riemann, this operator can be described graphically as finding the area under the graph of a function. For 10 points, name this function, which by the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus is the inverse function of differentiation.;;integration|integral
;;A book about a journey on this route was the first bestseller for popular historian Francis Parkman. Marcus Whitman led the "great migration" along this route. Landmarks on this route included Fort Bridger, Fort Hall, and Soda Springs. Twelve thousand people used this route to settle in the Columbia River Valley. This route started at Independence, Missouri and moved westward through Kansas, Nebraska, and Wyoming, where it shared stretches with the Mormon Trail. For 10 points, identify this settler route to a namesake Western U.S. territory.;;Oregon Trail
;;If an alternate loop structure is present, these entities can terminate early in a process known as attenuation. The mechanism of their function was discovered by Jacob and Monod. Translational repressors of these entities contrast with their transcriptional repressors, which bind to the operator site. They also have promoter sites, where RNA polymerase binds. In E. coli, one of them facilitates the transport and production of lactose. For 10 points, name these sequences of prokaryotic DNA that regulate expression of related genes, including the trp (trip) and lac types.;;operons
;;This composer's first symphony was originally for organ. Eugene Goossens commissioned a brass-and-percussion piece by this composer that he would later incorporate into the finale of his Third Symphony. One of this man's ballets contains the "Hoe-Down" movement. He composed a ballet choreographed by Martha Graham that incorporates the Shaker hymn "Simple Gifts." For 10 points, name this American composer of Rodeo, Fanfare for the Common Man, and Appalachian Spring.;;(Aaron) Copland
;;Barriers to entry are one way that existing firms can have the "incumbent" form of this, as compared to new firms in a market. The ability to produce a good more efficiently in a national economy is its "absolute" form. Two countries which produce more of two goods by respectively specializing in one and the other are benefiting from another form of this, which was originally explained in terms of British cloth and Portuguese wine by David Ricardo. For 10 points, give this economic term that appears in justifications of international trade in its "comparative" form.;;advantage
;;In this novel, a woman sings a fragment of a Gitterfenster opera in a bar, leading to a fight between Dim and the protagonist. This novel begins in the Korova Milkbar, where the protagonist and his droogs spend time speaking nadsat when the protagonist is not listening to Beethoven. After Dr. Brodsky administers the Ludovico Technique, the protagonist of this novel becomes powerless and flees to F. Alexander. For 10 points, name this novel about the ultraviolent Alex in a futuristic totalitarian state, by Anthony Burgess.;;(A) Clockwork Orange
;;The speaker of this poem recalls opposing "free hearts, free foreheads" and laments that it is dull "to rust unburnish'd, not to shine in use!" Prior to that, the speaker declares his intention to "drink life to the lees" and "mete and dole, unequal laws onto a savage race." The title king of a "rugged people" wishes to "follow knowledge like a sinking star" and "touch the Happy Isles, and see the great Achilles, whom we once knew." Closing with the lines "to strive, to seek, to find, and not to yield," for 10 points, name this Tennyson poem about a restless Greek hero.;;Ulysses
;;This territory was admitted to the United States after the passage of the Wyandotte Constitution, two years after the controversial Lecompton Constitution. The Pottawatomie Massacre occurred during a violent period in this territory caused by the influx of Border Ruffians to it. Stephen Douglas instituted popular sovereignty in this territory by writing an act named for it and Nebraska. For 10 points, name this Midwestern state where violence between proslavery and antislavery settlers caused it to be known as "Bleeding.".;;Kansas
;;Its lower reaches experiences quasi-biennial oscillation and it is the upper home of the Brewer-Dobson circulation. Quasi-horizontal mixing is the main method of air exchange in this layer. Dobson units are used to measure a triatomic molecule abundant in this region. It features a thermal inversion, due to ultraviolet absorption by the ozone layer. For 10 points, name this layer of the atmosphere, sandwiched between the mesosphere and the troposphere.;;stratosphere
;;WRITE MORE QUESTIONS, Particularly a Social Science-Linguistics Tossup 00--20-14107 8. This is the surname of a character who rebukes her boyfriend Lane for talking about his paper on Flaubert and discovers that she loves the "Jesus Prayer." Another character with this surname dubs his wife "Miss Spiritual Tramp of 1948" before shooting himself in a hotel room. In addition to naming characters like Franny, Zooey, and Seymour, this word is in the title of a play in which Jim is the "Gentleman Caller" who disappoints Laura Wingfield. For 10 points, name this substance that names a family invented by J.D. Salinger, a word that also titles a "Menagerie" in a Tennessee Williams play.;;Glass
;;?According to this myth system, the first being emerged from the mingling of ice and fire in a void called Ginnungagap (ginn-UN-guh-gap) and drank milk from the primordial cow Audhumla (odd-OOM-bluh). This belief holds that the bones of that giant, Ymir (IH-meer), were used to build the universe. In this myth system, there are nine realms in the universe, including the home of frost giants, Jotunheim (YOE-tun-highm), and the home of human beings, Midgard. For 10 points, identify this myth system that believes the universe is built around the tree Yggdrasil (IGG-druh-sill) and will be destroyed at Ragnarok.;;Norse mythology|Scandinavian mythology(;)|(North) Germanic mythology
;;Before becoming President, this man was the leader of the Albany Regency. This man was chosen as the Free Soil Party's candidate for the 1848 election. During this man's administration, the Aroostook War and the Panic of 1837 occurred. This man resigned his post as Secretary of State due to the Peggy Eaton, or Petticoat, Affair, although he returned to Andrew Jackson's administration as Vice President. For 10 points, name this successor of Jackson and eighth President of the United States, who was of Dutch descent.;;(Martin) Van Buren
;;France, the Holy Roman Empire, and Spain fought against this city during the War of the League of Cambrai. This city, Spain, and the Vatican formed the Holy League in 1570. This city sent Sebastiano Venier to assist in the victory over the Ottomans at the Battle of Lepanto. This city's ruler Enrico Dandolo, one of its doges, ordered an attack on Zara and then on Constantinople to pay for the transportation of the Fourth Crusade. For 10 points, name this Mediterranean maritime power, a city in Italy along the Adriatic which had a rivalry with Genoa.;;Venice|Venezia
;;The stability of this type of mixture is explained by DLVO theory. They can be described as lyophobic (LIE-oh-FOE-bik) or lyophilic (LIE-oh-FILL-ik). They undergo flocculation, which is similar to precipitation, in solutions. Micelles (MEE-sells) are structures that can exist in these mixtures. They consist of a continuous and dispersed phase, and the Tyndall effect can be observed in them. Examples of this class of mixtures include aerosols and emulsions. For 10 points, name these mixtures of one substance dispersed in another, an example of which is milk.;;colloids
;;Some missionaries in this novel warn against abandoning twins in the Evil Forest and see their church torn down by a mob. The central figure of this novel worships a "chi" and owns two barns of yams. During the Week of Peace, the protagonist of this novel is fined for beating one of his three wives. Obereika chides that central character for participating in the murder of Ikemefuna (ICK-ay-muh-FOO-nuh). This novel ends with the suicide of the Ibo tribesman Okonkwo. No Longer at Ease was the sequel to, for 10 points, what novel about colonial Nigeria by Chinua Achebe?.;;Things Fall Apart
;;One composer from this nation wrote the piano piece "To a Wild Rose" in his collection "Woodland Sketches." Another composer of this nation wrote a string quartet that includes tapes of Holocaust survivors known as Different Trains. Another composer of this nation worked with Gian-Carlo Menotti on the opera Vanessa and also wrote a B-flat minor work in arch form, Adagio for Strings. For 10 points, name this home country to Edward MacDowell, Steve Reich, and Samuel Barber, in which Leonard Bernstein set West Side Story.;;(United) (States) (of) America|USA(;)|United States
;;This ruler both called for and disbanded the Barebones Parliament. This man put down a mutiny by members of the Levellers. John Lambert's "Instrument of Government" gave this ruler his most famous title. This leader dismissed a group created by Pride's Purge known as the Rump Parliament. This man's cavalry was successful at the battle of Marston Moor, and this man led a cavalry regiment in an army he helped create, the New Model Army. For 10 points, name this first Lord Protector of England, whose rule was part of the Interregnum between Charles I and II.;;(Oliver) Cromwell
;;In the Advaita (AHD-vai-EE-tuh) sect, practitioners are readied for this concept by chanting Neti Neti (NEH-tee NEH-tee), which literally means "not this, not that." This state can be realised through the Bhakti (BOK-tee), Jnana (juh-NAH-nuh), Raja, and Karma types of yogas, which strive to achieve it through atma-jnana (AHT-muh juh-NAH-nuh), or self-realization. This concept is defined as the liberation of the atman, or soul, from samsara. For 10 points, name this Hindu concept of release from the cycle of death and rebirth.;;Moksha|Moksa(;)|Mukti
;;Mark Twain lambasted this author's sloppy writing in an essay about his "Literary Offenses." This author wrote about a Revolutionary War naval captain in his novel The Pilot, and in another, Hurry Harry and Tom Hutter take scalps, earning the protagonist's enmity. In his best known work, the villainous and drunken Magua seeks to make Cora Munro his wife, and Chingachgook, father of Uncas and protagonist of this author's The Pioneers, travels with Natty Bumppo. For 10 points, name this early American author of The Last of the Mohicans.;;(James) (Fenimore) Cooper
;;This ruler sponsored Tokhtamysh's invasion of Moscow, but later destroyed Sarai and Astrakhan when he turned against this ruler. In addition to smashing the Golden Horde, this ruler won the Battle of Ankara and supposedly used the defeated Bayezid the Thunderbolt as a footstool. This ruler died en route to launching an invasion of Ming China, but not before creating a Tower of Heads in a square in Damascus and razing Delhi to the ground. A pyramid of skulls was built by, for 10 points, what Central Asian ruler who ruled from Samarkand in the fourteenth century?.;;Timur the (Lame)|Tamerlane(;)|Tamerlame
;;These structures make up the set resulting from the Kleene Star of a set, and in a regular language all ones of sufficient length can be pumped. Searches in them can be accomplished by the the Boyer-Moore or the Knuth-Morris-Pratt algorithm. C-style ones are arrays terminated by a null and encoding methods include EBDIC, Unicode, and ASCII. They can be concatenated, reversed, or made all uppercase or lowercase. For 10 points, name these computer science constructs which are made from a series of characters and contain text.;;strings
;;One character in one novel by this author idolizes his friend's mother Frau Eva and takes spiritual lessons from Pistorius. This author set one of his novels in Castalia, where Joseph Knecht earns the title Magister Ludi due to his excellence at the title activity. This author wrote about Emil Sinclair in Demian and ended another novel in the Magic Theater, where the protagonist is taken by Pablo and where he murders Hermine. Kamala instructs the title character of one of this author's novels in the ways of love, but that character becomes a ferryman instead, reaching enlightenment. For 10 points, name this German author of Steppenwolf and Siddhartha.;;(Hermann) Hesse
;;William E. Todd of Virginia is the current U.S. Ambassador to this country, part of whose name means "The Abode of Peace." It regained its independence from the United Kingdom on January 1, 1984. Its coastline borders the South China Sea. It is surrounded by the Malaysian state of Sarawak, and it also shares an island with Indonesia. Bandar Seri Begawan is the capital of, for 10 points, what sultanate, located on the northern coast of the island of Borneo?.;;Brunei Darussalam
;;This author wrote a book in which Dakin is one of a group of fruit pickers caught up in a strike led by Jim Nolan, called In Dubious Battle. In another of this author's works, treasure is sought on Saint Andrew's eve by Joe Portagee and Pilon, who, along with Danny, inhabit Tortilla Flat. Mack and his gang trying to throw a party for Doc in this author's Cannery Row. This author wrote a novel in which Ivy and Sairy Wilson accompany the central family, "Rose of Sharon" breastfeeds a starving man, and the Joad family flees Oklahoma for California. For 10 points, name this author of The Grapes of Wrath.;;(John) (Ernst) Steinbeck Jr(.)
;;One disorder for this organ occurs because of gliadin, and some parts of it contain Peyer's Patches. This organ is affected by celiac disease, and it protects itself from chyme with its Brunner's Glands. It begins near the Sphincter of Oddi, and its surface area is increased by hairlike structures called villi. It is divided into a duodenum, jenjunum, and ileum. For 10 points, name this part of the digestive system that is actually longer than its large counterpart.;;small intestine
;;Edward Hargraves' discovery of gold in this country led to a rush that included the Eureka Stockade rebellion. One man from this country was captured during a shootout at the Glenrowan Inn, during which that man wore a makeshift suit of armor. That man, Ned Kelly, was a bushranger in this country, which came under British control after its Botany Bay was reached by the HMS Endeavour and James Cook. For 10 points, name this country once used as a penal colony, an island nation inhabited by the Aborigines.;;(Commonwealth) (of) Australia
;;In one work by this author, Lucynell is left asleep at a diner after Shiftlet calls her a hitchhiker. This author of The Life You Save May Be Your Own wrote of Julian's mother refusing to take a desegregated bus. This author wrote a novel in which Enoch steals a mummy and Mrs. Flood falls in love with Hazel. In another story by this author of Everything That Rises Must Converge, Bailey takes his family on a driving trip to Florida before he and the Grandmother run into the Misfit. For 10 points, name this author of Wise Blood and A Good Man is Hard to Find, a Southern Gothic writer.;;(Mary) (Flannery) O'Connor
;;In some individuals, the duct of Santorini connects this organ to the duodenum, as does this organ's main duct, which is alternatively named for Wirsung. This organ's delta and epsilon cells produce somatostatin and ghrelin, respectively. Glucagon is produced by this organ's alpha cells, which are found within the islets of Langerhans. Malfunction of this organ's beta cells can cause diabetes mellitus. For 10 points, name this organ that secretes insulin.;;pancreas
;;One character in this work concedes that her rival's "teeth are tolerable." The protagonist of this work is upset after she is twice forced to dance with a clergyman. The protagonist's sister Lydia eventually elopes with Mr. Wickham, and earlier refuses the proposal of Lady Catherine de Bourgh's clergyman, Mr. Collins. This novel, which begins with the statement "that a single man in possession of good fortune, must be in want of a wife," concludes with Jane's marriage to Bingley and Elizabeth Bennett's marriage to Fitzwilliam Darcy. For 10 points, name this novel by Jane Austen.;;Pride and Prejudice
;;This artist painted three old ladies posing in front of Leutze's Washington Crossing the Delaware in his satiric Daughters of Revolution. This artist used his sister Nan as a model for a painting with a small red barn on the right of a bigger building with a pointer arch window. That painting contains a figure who wears an apron, the sister of a bespectacled dentist who prominently wields a pitchfork. For 10 points, name this artist who depicted Iowa farmers in his American Gothic.;;(Grant) (DeVolson) Wood
;;This author continually revised his horror novella about invisible vampires from Brazil as he gradually went insane from syphilis, producing three distinct versions of Le Horla. He wrote a story in which Rachel slashes to death an abusive German officer, "Mademoiselle Fifi." In another story by this author, the prostitute Elizabeth Rousset must negotiate for a coach's passage during the Franco-Prussian War. For 10 points, name this author of "Ball of Fat" who also wrote of Mathilde Loisel's labors to replace some fake jewelry in "The Necklace.".;;(Henri) (Rene) (Albert) (Guy) (de) Maupassant
;;The first proof that this number is irrational is believed to have been produced by Hippasus, a student of Pythagoras, but it was thrown overboard by the Pythagoreans. Also known as Pythagoras' constant, it is the geometric mean of one-half and four. It is also equal to the secant of forty-five degrees, which means it is the length of the hypotenuse of a right triangle whose two legs each measure one unit. For 10 points, identify this number, approximately equal to 1.414, and the only solution to the equation "x squared minus two equals zero.".;;square root of 2|radical 2
;;?In a memoir, this author writes of forgetting the lines of an Easter poem and her Uncle Willie's encounter with the Ku Klux Klan. That memoir ends with this author at age sixteen, in San Francisco, giving birth to her son Guy. This author also writes that she stopped speaking after her reporting of a rape led to Mr. Freeman's fatal beating and her own return to Stamps, Arkansas. For 10 points, name this author, who read her poem "On the Pulse of Morning" at Bill Clinton's inauguration, and wrote the autobiography I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings.;;(Maya) Angelou|(Marguerite) Johnson
;;This politician was in power when the Beveridge Report was published, and his loss in the following election allowed for the creation of the National Health Service. This leader came up with the plan for the failed invasion at Gallipoli, and he was also responsible for choosing to fire bomb Dresden. This man traveled on the HMS Prince of Wales before agreeing to the Atlantic Charter. For 10 points, name this man who served twice in the role of British Prime Minister, with his first time occurring during World War II.;;(Winston) (Leonard) (Spencer) Churchill
;;One character in this novel cries after the horse Frou-Frou breaks its back during a race against Gladiator. One scene in this novel sees the forceful eviction of Veslovsk. In another, the wife of the philandering Stiva encourages the match between the shy Konstantin Levin and Kitty. This novel opens with the line "Happy families are all alike" and sees the title character abandon her family, despite an "evil omen," for the horseman Vronsky. For 10 points, name this novel whose protagonist commits suicide by jumping in front of a train, written by Leo Tolstoy.;;Anna Karenina
;;Free-particle solutions to the Schrodinger equation are eigenstates of this quantity's namesake operator. For massless objects, this quantity is equal to the energy over the speed of light. The change in this quantity is known as impulse, and it is conserved in both inelastic and elastic collisions. The original formulation of Newton's Second Law states that its first derivative is equal to force. For 10 points, identify this product of mass and velocity, denoted p.;;(linear) momentum
;;In Islamic tradition, this man convinced God to lessen the number of required daily prayers from fifty to five. This man died on Mount Nebo after tending the flocks of Jethro and marrying Zipporah. This man's brother had a staff that turned into a snake and ordered the construction of the Golden Calf. This man's sister Miriam floated him down the Nile in a basket, well before he encountered the burning bush. For 10 points, name this man who retrieved the Ten Commandments after freeing the Hebrews from Egypt and leading them through the desert.;;Moses|Musa
;;One composer died working in this country after conducting his Te Deum led to him smashing his foot with a stick. A native of this country depicted a train in his composition Pacific 231 and was a member of the group "The Six." Another native of this country, who mentored The Six, wrote Three Gymnopedies. For 10 points, name this home country of Jean-Baptiste Lully, Arthur Honegger, and Erik Satie.;;France
;;One character in this work runs to a stream to wash away a kiss from her father; that character also refuses to recite the catechism to Governor Bellingham. Another character in this work, who claims to have spent a year living with Indians, appears shortly after the preface titled "The Custom House." After giving a sermon on Election Day, one character reveals a stigma on his chest and dies after confessing to fathering Pearl. For 10 points, name this novel centering on Roger Chillingworth, Arthur Dimmesdale, and Hester Prynne, a work of Nathaniel Hawthorne.;;(The) Scarlet Letter
;;In a sequel to this movie, Jason Alexander voices an incompetent robber who resurrects this movie's chief villain. Songs in this movie include "One Step Ahead," which plays while the protagonist is being chased by guards. The female lead in this movie has a pet tiger, while the villain has a wisecracking red parrot. This movie's most notable song is "A Whole New World," which plays during a romantic magic carpet ride. For 10 points, name this Disney animated movie in which a Robin Williams-voiced genie helps the title robber.;;Aladdin
;;WRITE MORE QUESTIONS, Particularly a RMP-Philosophy Tossup 00--20-15114 15. Germany's Maastricht Formation contains fossils from this geologic period, which saw the split of Africa and South America. It is geologically significant both for the large amounts of chalk formed during this period and for a layer of iridium known as the K-T boundary, which is believed to have been deposited by an asteroid. This period also saw diversification of dinosaur species, including the spawning of Tyrannosaurus rex. For 10 points, name this final period of the Mesozoic Era, whose end saw the mass extinction of the dinosaurs.;;Cretaceous Period
;;One writer from this country wrote about Hothead and Glasses, who wait at the Bus Stop, and about four aspects named "I," "You," "He," and "She," who travel to Soul Mountain. One hundred five men and three women are the protagonists of a classic from this country called All Men are Brothers or Water Margin. Another classic, which concerns a character born with a jade in his mouth, is The Dream of the Red Chamber. For 10 points, Cao Cao and Liu Bei appear in The Romance of the Three Kindoms, which takes places after the fall of Han Dynasty in what nation?.;;(People's) (Republic) (of) China
;;This president's election slogan promised a "full dinner pail" to American workers, and his presidential campaign was run by Marc Hanna. This president signed the Dingley tariff years after authoring his own tariff during his tenure as Chairman of the House Ways and Means Committee. This president started a war that led to the acquisition of Guam and Puerto Rico. For 10 points, name this President who twice defeated William Jennings Bryan in elections, and whose assassination by Leon Czolgosz in 1901 led to his succession by Theodore Roosevelt.;;(William) McKinley(,) (Jr(.))
;;This god's lover Leucothoe (LOO-cah-THO-ee) was burned alive for coupling with him. This god was the father, with the Oceanid Perse, of the Minotaur's mother Pasiphae (PASS-ih-fay). This deity's son Phaeton incurred his wrath for stealing his chariot and scorching the earth. For 10 points, name this god who drove his chariot across the sky daily, fulfilling his duty as the Greek sun god.;;Helios|Helius
;;Ernst Munch used the pressure flow hypothesis to explain movement of substances in this tissue. This tissue is composed of companion cells, which aid elongated cells with nuclei, the sieve-tube members. Movement in this tissue is bidirectional, but always goes from sugar sources to sugar sinks. It is formed on the outside of the vascular cambium, and transports food throughout a plant. For 10 points, name this tissue of vascular plants, which is contrasted with xylem.;;phloem
;;Places sacred to this religion include the Well of Zamzam and the Cave of Hira. The winged horse Buraq features in the Night Journey, an event central to the history of this religion. One branch of this religion was followed by the poet Rumi and consists of the mystic whirling dervishes. The chief split in this religion occurred during the "First Fitna," when one group supported Ali as the fourth "rightly guided" Caliph. For 10 points, name this religion in which adherents can be Sufi, Shi'ite, or Suni.;;Islam
;;This nation's first Prime Minister, Saad Zaghlul, was overthrown in 1952 by the Free Officers Movement. This modern nation's capital was the capital of the Fatimid dynasty. This country's ancient city of Luxor contains its Valley of the Kings. Following Alexander the Great's conquest of this nation, the Ptolemaic dynasty was installed. This nation's rulers have included Gamal Nasser and Anwar Sadat. For 10 points, name this nation which fought the Six-Day War with Israel, and whose unsuccessful invasion by Napoleon culminated in the Battle of the Nile.;;(Arab) (Republic) (of) Egypt|(Jumhuriah) Misr al(-)'Arabiyah
;;Early in this work, the protagonist discovers that "Alexander, Bartholomew, Abraham, Tobias, and Roger" are "dead and buried." In one scene in this novel, Pumblechook badgers another character into lying about the presence of an enormous coach in a house. One character says that "suffering has been stronger than all other teaching" after enduring a marriage to Drummle. That character, Estella, is revealed to be the daughter of a convict. After receiving money from Mr. Jaggers, the protagonist discovers that the criminal Abel Magwich has been his benefactor, rather than Miss Havisham. For 10 points, name this novel about Pip Pirrip, by Charles Dickens.;;Great Expectations
;;This document's ninth section provided for a council of 25 members to ensure cooperation. This document was called void by the Fourth Lateran Council, although Pope Innocent III forced one signer of this document to appoint Stephen Langton to a position of power. Langton helped organize the unrest which led to this document's predecessor, the Articles of the Barons. For 10 points, name this document that guaranteed some basic liberties, which was signed by King John at Runnymeade in 1215.;;Magna Carta|Great Charter
;;This novel's protagonist empties a spittoon on a man whom he confuses for a person that gives him false letters of recommendation after being expelled from a college. After listening to Homer Barbee, he is mistaken for Rinehart and ends up fighting with Lucius Brockway. Ending with a riot in Harlem because of Tod Clifton's death, this novel contains a "Battle Royal" scene. For 10 points, name this book that features Brother Jack of the Brotherhood, written by Ralph Ellison.;;Invisible Man
;;This city's central business district includes the neighborhood of Circular Quay (KEY), and popular beaches in this city include Manly and Bondi. This city surrounds the harbor of Port Jackson, which is spanned by the world's widest bridge. Another landmark in this city is a building located next to the Royal Botanic Gardens on Bennelong Point that was designed by Jrn Utzon, this city's namesake Opera House. For 10 points, name this capital of New South Wales, which is the largest city in Australia.;;Sydney
;;Late in this phase of the cell cycle, its namesake promoting complex directs degradation of cyclins. The second part of this phase requires ATP for motors to move the spindle poles apart. It is initiated by the unlinking of sister chromatids (CROW-muh-tidz). For 10 points, name this phase of mitosis, in which chromosomes are pulled toward opposite ends of the cell, which precedes telophase and follows metaphase.;;anaphase
;;This nation was victorious in the War of the Pacific, defeating Peru and Bolivia. This nation's war for independence from Spain saw a victory at the Battle of Chacabuco, due partly to the cavalry of Supreme Dictator Bernardo O'Higgins. A 1973 coup d'etat in this country, supported by the U.S. government, overthrew the socialist regime in favor of a military junta. This nation's current president is Michelle Bachelet. For 10 points, name this South American country formerly led by Salvador Allende [AH-yend-ay] and Augusto Pinochet [PEE-no-CHET], whose capital is Santiago.;;(Republic) (of) Chile|(Republica) (de) Chile
;;This author wrote of Jerry, Slim, and Sweetwater and their relationships with Sue Murdock in At Heaven's Gate. He supported racial integration by publishing a set of interviews with civil rights leaders in Who Speaks for the Negro? In a novel by this man, Adam Stanton shoots the Boss after his sister, Anne, has an affair, while Jack Burden reports on the political rise of a southern governor. For 10 points, name this author who used Huey Long as inspiration for Willie Stark in All the King's Men.;;(Robert) (Penn) Warren
;;This author addresses "the awful shadow of some unseen Power" in his "Hymn to Intellectual Beauty." One poem by this author states that the central figure "beacons from the abode where the Eternal are." In addition to writing that elegy for Keats, "Adonais," this author describes the "harmonious madness" of a figure in a poem which opens "Hail to thee, blithe spirit." This author of "To a Skylark" penned the line "if Winter comes, can Spring be far behind?" in his "Ode to the West Wind." For 10 points, name this author of "Ozymandias," who was married to the novelist Mary.;;(Percy) (Bysshe) Shelley
;;The sea god worshipped in this myth system owned a pair of jewels that controlled the tides. This mythology believes that a red-skinned deity created thunder with a ring of drums. After vomiting up a meal, their food goddess was killed by their lunar deity. This myth system includes a storm deity that slew an eight-headed dragon and threw a flayed horse into the hall of his sister, the sun goddess, causing her to hide in a cave. For 10 points, identify this myth system whose deities, known as kami, included Raijin, Tsukuyomi, Susano-o, and Amaterasu.;;Japanese (mythology)|Shinto mythology
;;This painting contains a closed, dark, shop, whose upper windows have their blinds halfway down. This painting contains two large condiment dispensers on a container, behind which lies a man in a white hat and white uniform. The central building of this painting contains an advertisement for five cent Phillies cigars, and other figures in this painting include a woman in red and two identical men with hats and navy blue suits. Painted by the artist of Chop Suey and Automat, for 10 points, name this Edward Hopper painting depicting a lonely diner.;;Nighthawks
;;This organism was used to prove the semiconservative reproduction of DNA by Meselsohn and Stahl. Though it is not Shigella, types of this organism carry Shiga toxins. Lederberg and Tatum studied the F-plasmid of this organism to describe conjugation. This organism produces much of the Vitamin K2 in the large intestine, and it is an indicator species for fecal coliform. For 10 points, name this species of bacteria, a model organism whose malignant strains cause food poisoning.;;Escherichia coli
;;The namesake of this statement nearly succeeded in developing the Haber process, before impurities caused an explosion. In one case of this statement, the solubility of a salt is decreased if the solution already contains one of the salt's ions; this is known as the common-ion effect. This principle allows one to predict the direction of a reaction based on the ratio of the reaction quotient to the equilibrium constant. For 10 points, name this principle, stating that a system in equilibrium will react to stress in a way that counteracts the stress, named after a French chemist.;;Le Chatelier's (principle)
;;This author wrote the "Venetian Epigrams" and the "Roman Elegies" and in two novels, described the "Journeyman Years" and "Apprenticeship" of Wilhelm Meister. In one work by this author, the title resident of Wahlheim falls for a woman engaged to the much older Albert, whose two pistols he later borrows to kill himself. In another novel by this author, a sleeping potion dispatches Gretchen's mother and a poodle transforms into a character who makes the title character sign a contract with a drop of blood. For 10 points, name this German author of The Sorrows of Young Werther, who wrote about Mephistopheles's manipulation of Faust.;;(Johann) (Wolfgang) (von) Goethe GERR(-)tuh
;;These particles can undergo an inelastic scattering process described by the Klein-Nishina formula; that process consists of them losing energy when they collide with matter due to Compton Scattering. When one of these particles imparts enough energy to an electron for it to exceed the work function, that electron may be emitted from the surface of a metal in an effect described in a 1905 Einstein paper. For 10 points, name these particles which are responsible for the photoelectric effect and which are the carriers of all electromagnetic radiation, such as x-rays and light.;;photons
;;In one work by this author, the feminist Olive Chancellor trains Verena for a performance at the Music Hall. In another work by this author, the Pococks comes to Paris when Chad chooses to remain with Madame Vionnet rather than return to New England. Lambert Strether is one of the title character of this author's The Ambassadors. Mrs. Grose is a housekeeper of an estate at Bly in another work by this author, in which ghosts named Peter Quint and Miss Jessel terrorize the children Miles and Flora. For 10 points, name this author who created Isabel Archer and wrote "The Turn of the Screw"?.;;(Henry) James
;;A political cartoon about this man's nomination for president showed him sitting on a pyramid of skulls with the caption "An Available Man." This President's cabinet was dominated by his Secretary of State, who negotiated a treaty with the British diplomat Henry Bulwer, named John M. Clayton. This man died of cholera after eating strawberries and milk and was succeeded by his Vice-President, Millard Fillmore. Earlier, this President won fame by winning the Battle of Buena Vista against Santa Anna. For 10 points, name this President, nicknamed "Ol' Rough and Ready", who won the Election of 1848.;;(Zachary) Taylor
;;One of this poet's poems states "They shut me up in Prose, as when a little girl, they put me in the Closet." Another of this author's poems describes "a certain slant of light on winter afternoons." This poet also wrote a poem about a "narrow Fellow in the Grass," which was one of the few works she published during her lifetime. The speaker of one of her poems "heard a fly buzz when [she] died." The speaker of another work by this poet rides in a carriage with the titular figure and immortality. For 10 points, name this poet who wrote "Because I could not stop for Death," a woman known as the "bard of Amherst.".;;(Emily) (Elizabeth) Dickinson
;;A disease related to this organelle is caused by a lack of hexosaminidase (HEX-ose-am-IN-ih-dace) A, characterized by a red spot in the iris, and called Tay-Sachs disease. Mannose-6-phosphate tags proteins destined for this organelle. This organelle contains namesake hydrolases and can absorb material via autophagy. This organelle's V-class proton pumps create an acidic environment to carry out its main function. For 10 points, name this organelle that breaks down macromolecules and cellular waste.;;lysosome
;;In one work by this author, the prisoner Sologdin attempts to trade his "voice encoder" for his freedom. In another of this man's novels, Pavel Rusanov, the government informer with a large tumor on his neck, is one of the figures that Oleg Kostoglov meets at the hospital. This author of First Circle and The Cancer Ward also wrote a work that begins with a trumpet signaling the awakening of the title character, who lives in a gulag labor camp. For 10 points, name this Soviet author who emigrated to the U.S. and wrote One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich.;;(Aleksandr) (Isayevich) Solzhenitsyn
;;He collaborated with Alfred Hitchcock on the set design for the dream sequence in the film Spellbound. His thoughts on birth and rebirth are evident in the motifs of eggs and egg-shaped objects that persist in his sculptures and paintings, as well as the decor of his home in Spain. His love for Gala, his wife,also made her a popular subject in his work. For 10 points, what twentieth-century artist is perhaps most famous for including dripping clocks in his painting The Persistence of Memory?.;;(Salvador) Dali
;;This author used a line from Tennyson's "Tithonous" to title his novel in which Dr. Obispo searches for immortality for the Hollywood millionaire Jo Styte. This man's most famous novel features an inane movie titled Three Weeks in a Helicopter. One character in that work by this author reads from Othello and dates Lenina Crowne. This author created the characters Mustapha Mond and John the Savage. For 10 points, name this British author who wrote about Bernard Marx living in a soma-consuming society in his novel Brave New World.;;(Aldous) (Leonard) Huxley
;;This dynasty was opposed by the Liao in the north and their predecessors, the Jin, who sacked their capital of Bianjing. This dynasty was unable to unify all of China. This dynasty made its last stand at the Battle of Yamen. This dynasty was founded by Zhao Kuangyin, or Emperor Taizu. This dynasty was the first to issue paper money. Technological advances during this dynasty included the first compass and the first use of gunpowder. For 10 points, name this Chinese dynasty which emerged from the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms Period, and was defeated by the founder of the Yuan Dynasty, Kublai Khan.;;Song Dynasty
;;The narrator of this author's most famous work discovers that Albertine Simonet was a lesbian after her death. That work by this author has volumes such as Sodom and Gomorrah and Within a Budding Grove, and opens with memories brought on by the consumption of a tea-soaked madeleine. For 10 points, name this French author who discussed the narrator's childhood memories in the section Swann's Way of his monumental work In Search of Lost Time.;;(Valentin) (Louis) (Georges) (Eugene) (Marcel) Proust
;;This thinker described the beautiful, agreeable, good, and sublime types of the titular action in one work. This man distinguished between analytic and synthetic propositions and put forth the possibility of a priori knowledge in his most famous work. This author of Critique of Judgement outlined an ethical rule based in duty that states that every moral question has an absolute answer that must be followed. For 10 points, name this German Idealist philosopher who wrote Critique of Pure Reason and formulated the Categorical Imperative.;;(Immanuel) Kant
;;Georgi Chicherin signed the Treaty of Rapallo with this now defunct regime. This government faced a coup by Walter von Luttwitz and Wolfgang Kapp. The Enabling Act signaled the demise of this regime. This government was opposed by the Spartacist League in its early history. The Dawes Plan was created to help this government. This regime's downfall was brought about by the leader of the Beer Hall Putsch against it. Friedrich Ebert and Paul von Hindenburg were members of, for 10 points, which post World War I government of Germany, which was eventually replaced by the Third Reich.;;Weimar Republic
;;This writer used a Rococo-style stageset in his play centered on the Night of the Long Knives, My Friend Hitler. A thirteen year-old boy kills his mother's lover in this author's The Sailor Who Fell from Grace with the Sea. The stammering protagonist of another work by this man is traumatized when Uiko is shot by her lover and his friend Tsurukawa commits suicide. In addition to Mizoguchi, this writer created a character that is reincarnated in books like Runaway Horses and Spring Snow, part of this man's The Sea of Fertility tetralogy. For 10 points, what seppuku-committing author wrote The Temple of Golden Pavilion?.;;Mishima Yukio
;;Computer graphics specialist Henrik Jensen developed a mapping algorithm that depicts this phenomenon more realistically. Depth of field is accounted for when trying to model the effects of this phenomenon in the ray tracing algorithm. For 10 points, name this phenomenon whose accurate depiction in computer science is necessary for photorealism.;;light
;;This composer parodied Clementi's didactic piano books in "Doctor Gradus ad Parnassum," part of a suite with movements like "Jimbo's Lullaby" and "Golliwogg's Cakewalk," Children's Corner. Another work by this composer of Prelude for the Afternoon of a Faun was inspired by a Paul Verlaine poem and appears in the same suite as a Menuet and Passpied. For 10 points, name this Impressionist composer of the Suite Bergamasque, which includes the "Clair de lune.".;;(Claude) Debussy
;;Deviations from this law depend on whether the activity coefficient is greater than or less than one. The success of fractional distillation relies on solutions for which this law holds. Liquids that conform to this law are called perfect solutions. Deviations from this law occur when mixtures are nonideal and nonbinary, and liquids deviating from this law form azeotropes. For 10 points, name this law that states that the vapor pressure of a solution is equal to the products of the partial pressure of each component of the solution and its mole fraction.;;Raoult's (law)
;;In a semi-autobiographical work, this author described Leo's attempt to create the Happiness Machine and other events during Douglas Spalding's summer break. In one work by this author, Mr. Dark and Mr. Cooger try to take over Green Town with their evil carnival. In another novel by this author, Clarisse McCellan and Professor Faber help the protagonist rebel, although he is betrayed by his wife Mildred. This author of Something Wicked This Way Comes and Dandelion Wine also created fireman Guy Montag in a novel named for the temperature at which books burn. For 10 points, name this author of Farenheit 451.;;(Ray) (Douglas) Bradbury
;;This ruler seized power after the death of consuls Hirtius and Pansa. This emperor is said to have cried, "Varus, give me back my legions," after a loss to Arminius at the Battle of Teutoburg Forest. This ruler was the subject of a philippic by Cicero. This man's general Agrippa was successful in the Battle of Actium over his political opponent, who formed the Second Triumvirate with himself and Marcus Lepidus. This emperor was succeeded by Tiberius and he defeated Mark Antony and Cleopatra. For 10 points, name this first emperor of the Roman Empire, the adopted son of Julius Caesar.;;(Gaius) (Julius) (Caesar) Augustus|Octavian(;)|(Gaius) Octavius Thurinus
;;Addo Elephant National Park is located near one city in this nation, and another city includes the tourist district known as the Golden Mile. Those cities in this nation are Port Elizabeth and Durban. This nation is home to the Drakensberg Mountains and the Great Escarpment, and this nation completely surrounds the Kingdom of Lesotho. For 10 points, name this nation whose judicial capital is in Bloemfontein and whose legislative capital is in Cape Town.;;(Republic) (of) South Africa
;;He played Darrell Curtis, older brother of Sodapop and Ponyboy in The Outsiders, and Jed, the leader of a teenage militia battling Russian invaders in Red Dawn. He turned dancing skills into martial arts moves as Dalton in Roadhouse and played the lovely Vida in To Wong Foo Thanks For Everything Julie Newmar. His final role was Chet Barker in the television series The Beast, which he filmed while receiving treatment for pancreatic cancer. For 10 points, name this actor who danced with Baby in Dirty Dancing.;;(Patrick) Swayze
;;The formation and dissolution of this mineral created the Snowy River Cave in New Mexico. One variety of it known as Iceland Spar is used in optics, and Rasmus Bartholin discovered birefringence in one of its single crystals in 1669. It is found in metamorphic marble as well as in most stalagmites and stalactites. Along with aragonite and vaterite, it is a polymorph of calcium carbonate. For 10 points, name this mineral, the main constituent of sedimentary rocks such as limestone and of marine organisms' shells.;;Calcite
;;This person criticized the Draft Ordinance of 1906. This man led a division of stretcher bearers during a 1906 Zulu rebellion. This leader emphasized the importance of swaraj. This man supported a protest in Champaran. This leader's most famous protest was a 248-mile march to Dandi against taxes on the titular substance, known as the Salt March. For 10 points, name this man who created the concept of satyagraha, or non-violent resistance, a leader of the Indian independence movement prior to his 1948 assassination.;;(Mahatma) Gandhi|(Mohandas) (Karamchand) Gandhi
;;The narrator of one of this author's poems observes "Blue--blue--as if that sky let fall, a flower from its cerulean wall" In another work, this author of "To the Fringed Gentian" notes that the title figure should soon depart from his heart, even though "the abyss of heaven has swallowed up" its form. Earlier, the speaker of that poem by this author asks, "Far, through their rosy depths, dost thou pursu thy solitary way?" This poet also wrote than one should approach the grave like a person who "lies down to pleasant dreams" in his meditation on death, "Thanatopsis." For 10 points, name this early American poet of "To a Waterfowl.".;;(William) (Cullen) Bryant
;;One of her sons, Parthenopaeus (PAR-then-o-PAY-us), was one of the Seven Against Thebes. This figure and her husband were turned into lions after making love in the shrine of Cybele. She was suckled by a bear as a child. She offered to marry anyone who could outrace her, but killed anyone she passed. This figure lost a race to Hippomenes by stopping three times to pick up the golden apples of the Hesperides. For 10 points, name this huntress from who took first blood from the Caldydonian Boar.;;Atalanta
;;When preceded by the word "concert," this term can be used to describe works like Beethoven's "Ah, perfido!" and Mozart's "Conservati fedele." Handel's oratorio Messiah contains three of the "da capo" variety of this form, which is named for its improvisational section. Famous examples of this form include "Vesti la Giubba" and "Largo Al Factotum," in which the Barber of Seville introduces himself as "Figaro, Figaro, Figaro." For 10 points, name this Italian term which is usually used to describe the individual songs in an opera.;;aria
;;Ring current occurs when deshielding takes place in this type of molecule. Compounds exhibiting this property tend to have 4n + 2 pi electrons, according to a rule named for Huckel. Specific compounds that exhibit this property include coronene and naphthalenes. Compounds with the homo- variety of this property exhibit it despite an sp2 carbon that interrupts electron delocalization across a ring. For 10 points, name this property in which systems of pi bonds are stabilized by bond conjugation, seen in benzene and the namesake smelly compounds.;;aromaticity
;;The title character of this play claims that Saturninus's words are "razors to my wounded heart." In this play, Lavinia is raped and her tongue and hands cut off to prevent her from identifying the guilty parties, who are later baked into a pie. The title character of this play captures a Gothic queen and executes her son Alarbus, incurring her vengeance. That queen is Tamora, who is the lover of Aaron the Moor in this play. For 10 points, name this play, thought to be Shakespeare's first tragedy, named for a vengeful Roman general.;;Titus Andronicus
;;The fourth book of this work is entitled "Of Systems of Political Economy," and argues against mercantilism. Its first section uses a pin factory to illustrate the concept of the division of labor. This work also introduced the concept that individuals pursuing their own interests promote the good of the market, which he called the "invisible hand." For 10 points, name this work published in 1776 by the economist Adam Smith.;;(An) (Inquiry) (into) (the) (Nature) (and) (Causes) (of) (the) Wealth of Nations
;;This process was first carried out at a BASF plant in Oppau. A temperature and pressure of 800 kelvin and 250 atm are necessary for this reaction, which formerly used a uranium catalyst but today much more commonly uses enriched magnetite. This process also commonly involves a raw product called synthesis gas, and it is used to create products like fertilizer. For 10 points, identify this chemical procedure, that fixes nitrogen and hydrogen gases to produce ammonia.;;Haber(-)Bosch (process)
;;A precursor to this proclamation was the Colloquy at Poissy, which was sponsored by Michel de l'Hopital. The Peace of Vervins, signed only a few weeks later, achieved what this decree could not by ending a series of wars which lasted almost forty years. Pope Clement VII opposed this proclamation. This decree established 150 places of refuge, as well as the stronghold of Rochelle. Revoked by Louis XIV through the Edict of Fontainebleau, for 10 points, name this 1598 proclamation by Henry IV that guaranteed religious freedoms for Huguenots in France.;;(Edict) (of) Nantes
;;The protagonist of this novel bakes a rope ladder into a "witch pie" in an attempt to rescue another character. A pair of con men in this work put on the play "The Royal Nonsuch," and are discovered when they fail to describe a tattoo on the deceased Peter Wilks. The protagonist of this novel witnesses the feud between the Grangerfords and the Shepherdsons after escaping from his drunken father Pap. For 10 points, name this novel about a boy who escapes from the Widow Douglas with the slave Jim, a work by Mark Twain about the friend of Tom Sawyer.;;(The) (Adventures) (of) Huckleberry Finn
;;In C++, the keyword "this" is a pointer stored in a data structure of this type. An overflow for named this type of data structure if the "call" one has its memory overused. The elements of it can be pushed and pop, and they operate under the "last in, first out" paradigm. For 10 points, name this "vertical" counterpart to the queue.;;stack
;;In this film, Sid Garner gives his daughter's fiance a Mercedes to drive for a weekend. One character in this movie reads a prepared speech about how he is in a pack of lone wolves on top of his hotel. In this film, Ken Jeong plays the gangster Leslie Chow, who is found naked in the trunk of a car. Mike Tyson's tiger is stolen by the central group, which includes the dentist Stu and the teacher Phil. This film revolves around Doug's disappearance during his bachelor party. For 10 points, name this movie in which characters played by Justin Burtha, Bradley Cooper, and Zack Galfinakis all travel to Las Vegas.;;(The) Hangover
;;This poem imagines reeling shadows of "indignant desert birds." This poem begins by describing "the widening gyre" created by the "turning and turning" in flight of a falcon that "cannot hear the falconer." One line of this poem notes "the best lack all conviction, while the worst are full of passionate intensity." This poem also notes that the "center cannot hold" before describing a "rough beast" that "slouches towards Bethlehem to be born." For 10 points, name this poem that claims "things fall apart," which was written by William Butler Yeats and titled after a Biblical apocalyptic event.;;(The) Second Coming
;;Damage to one component of this organelle may cause Leigh's disease or Leber optic atrophy, and its membrane contains a protein whose release triggers caspase nine and thereby induces apoptosis. That protein, called cytochrome c, is essential to a transport process that ends with ATP synthase. The electron transport chain, which takes place in this organelle, uses the redox potential of NADH and FADH2 to generate ATP from fuel. For 10 points, identify these cellular power plants, whose cristae and matrix host glycolysis and the Krebs cycle.;;mitochondria
;;The narrator of this novel dedicates his commencement address to the title character's father, who may have been killed by Krajiek. The narrator of this work later sleeps in the title character's bed to protect her from Wick Cutter. This protagonist of this novel works for the Harling family, and is later impregnated and abandoned by Larry Donovan. The protagonist ends up in a happy marriage with Anton Cuzak in this novel, which is set in Black Hawk, Nebraska. For 10 points, name this novel in which Jim Burden reunites with the title Bohemian girl, a work by Willa Cather whose title character has the surname Shimerda.;;My ntonia
;;The value of this quantity for the change in volume of a gas is equivalent to the area under the curve on a P-V diagram, so at constant pressure this quantity equals "pressure times change in volume." The first law of thermodynamics sets change in internal energy equal to "heat added plus [this quantity]." Dividing this quantity by time yields power, and an important result of classical mechanics says that this quantity is equal to energy transferred. For 10 points, name this quantity measured in Joules and equal to force times distance.;;work
;;This composer wrote one of the earliest original film scores for the film The Assassination of the Duke of Guise. A massive fugue and forte C major chord for the titular instrument introduce this man's third symphony. Another work by this composer features a solo violin with its E string tuned down a half-step, and that piece's main theme is quoted in the "Fossils" movement of a piece that also contains movements like "Personages with Long Ears" and "The Swan." For 10 points, name this French composer of Danse Macabre and Carnival of the Animals.;;(Camille) Saint(-)Saens
;;This thinker argued that adherence to a "Doctrine of the Mean" between excess and deficiency was the ultimate expression of virtue in his Nichomachean Ethics. This thinker outlined the material, formal, efficient, and final causes of nature in one work. This man defined the genre of tragedy and stated that the aim of poetry and art is representation, or mimesis in another work. For 10 points, identify this ancient Greek philosopher, author of Metaphysics, Rhetoric, and Poetics, the most famous student of Plato.;;Aristotles
;;This man was the victorious commander at a battle that saw the bribing of the grain outpost commander at Clastidium and in which his half-brother Mago opened with an ambush. In addition to defeating Tiberius Sempronius Longus at Trebia, this man ambushed Gaius Flaminius and drove Roman forces into Lake Trasimene. This man's brother's head was thrown into his camp at one point. This man was victorious at Cannae before losing at Zama. For 10 points, name this commander during the Second Punic War, the Carthaginian brother of Hasdrubal and son of Hamilcar Barca.;;Hannibal
;;One composer from this country wrote a piece subtitled "An Oriental Fantasy." Another man composed a Black Mass Sonata and a White Mass Sonata. The Scythian Suite was composed by a man from here, as well as a piece in which Emperor Paul demands that Lieutenant Kije be brought to him. Islamey is a work by a composer from this country, which is also home to the composers of In the Steppes of Central Asia and a certain "Eastern Festival Overture." For 10 points, name this country home to Alexander Borodin and Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov.;;Russia
;;Famous scientists who studied this phenomenon include Allen Pearson, who co-names the scale used to measure it. This phenomenon is divided into "wedge" and "stovepipe" varieties. They leave a so-called "hook echo" on radar and are associated with rear flank downdrafts in a supercell thunderstorm. Measured on the Fujita scale from 1 to 5, this phenomenon is common in an area called this phenomenon's "alley", which includes the Great Plains and Midwest. For 10 points, name this weather phenomenon that produces high winds and a funnel cloud.;;Tornado|Twister
;;The gamoroi government in this polity was broken by the defeat of this city by Hippocrates of Gela. Timoleon's oligarchy was overthrown by Agathocles here in 317 BCE. This city was defended against the Carthaginians by Dionysius I. It was settled by the Corinthian aristocrat Archias in 734 BCE, and this city's independence declined under the rule of Hieron II. For 10 points, name this Sicilian city that was defended against the Romans by the war machines of Archimedes.;;Syracuse|Siracusa
;;After the death of Meleager, this figure transformed his sisters into guinea hens. This deity accidentally killed the nymph Callisto after she had been turned into a bear. This deity was caught bathing and turned her gawker, Actaeon, into a hound. With her brother, this goddess killed the children of Niobe for offending this goddess's mother, Leto. For 10 points, name this Greek goddess of the moon and the hunt, the twin sister of Apollo.;;Artemis
;;One novel by an author from this nation tells of Steve Hart and Joe Byrne fighting the police with the title outlaw. Those novels by an author from this country are Illywhacker and The True History of Kelly Gang. Other novels written in this country include one in which the title explorer has imaginary communications with Laura Trevelyan, and a novel in which Oscar Schindler saves Polish Jews during the Holocaust. For 10 points, name the home country of Thomas Keneally, Peter Carey, and Patrick White, who often set novels in the Outback.;;(Commonwealth) (of) Australia
;;One figure on the far writes in a book balanced on his knee. The background of this work is dominated by huge vaulted arches and marble sculptures, and one figure sprawled across the central staircase in this painting may represent Diogenes of Sinope. The two central characters, one of whom holds a large book and one of whom points to the ceiling, wear red and blue drapes, and this work faces another work by its artist in the Stanza della Segnatura, the Disputa. For 10 points, name this fresco in the Palace of the Vatican depicting scholars like Aristotle and Plato, by Raphael.;;(The) School of Athens
;;Shortly after the Battle of Chippewa in this war, Winfield Scott was wounded during the indecisive battle fought at Lundy's Lane. One battle in this war was fought with help from Jean Lafitte. The Battle of Bladensburg was a major defeat for American forces in this war. Andrew Jackson won the Battle of New Orleans after this war had concluded. During this war, British troops were able to burn Washington, D.C., including the White House. For 10 points, name this war that re-established American independence from Great Britain, which was ended by the Treaty of Ghent.;;(War) (of) 1812
;;The title character of a novel by this man is an adopted son of Frederick Barbarossa searching for the legendary kingdom of Prester John. That character from Alessandria created by this author tells his story to Niketas in Constantinople in this author's Baudolino. This writer of Art and Beauty in the Middle Ages wrote about Adso of Melk and the Franciscan friar William of Baskerville trying to solve a series of murder cases in The Name of the Rose. For 10 points, name this Italian semiotician and author of Foucault's Pendulum .;;(Umberto) Eco
;;This structure features a "climbing fiber" system originating from its contralateral inferior olive. This structure's flocculonodular lobe is connected by Purkinje neurons to its vestibular nuclei. Though it is not the cerebrum, this stucture's cortex is involved in motor learning. For 10 points, name this division of the grain that governs coordination and motor control, and whose name means "little brain.".;;cerebellum
;;This ruler's minister Count Wenzel Anton von Kaunitz helped conduct the Diplomatic Revolution, which led to this leader becoming allied to France's Louis XV. That alliance came after this ruler lost a war in which the Battle of Mollwitz was fought and Silesia was ceded to Prussia, the War of the Austrian Succession. That war centered on this ruler's succeeding Charles VI to the throne. For 10 points, name this woman who fought two wars against Frederick the Great, the empress of Austria whose rule was guaranteed by the Pragmatic Sanction.;;Maria Theresa of (Austria)
;;This writer used the name Launcelot Langstaff to publish the periodical Salmagundi. This writer included "The Devil and Tom Walker" in his Tales of a Traveler. Another work by this author features a Halloween story about a Hessian trooper whose head is blown off by a cannon ball. That short story by this author ends when the horse Gunpowder returns without its rider and only a smashed pumpkin is found. For 10 points, name this author of The Sketchbook of Geoffrey Crayon who wrote about the bully Brom Bones and the schoolteacher Ichabod Crane in "The Legend of Sleepy Hollow.".;;(Washington) Irving
;;This work discusses a group stranded on an island and forced to form a government. This work recommends a ceremony in which a crown is used to demonstrate that "law is king." Titled by Benjamin Rush, this work mentions the absurdity of an island ruling a continent. This work suggests that government is a "necessary evil." Written by the author of The Rights of Man, for 10 points, name this pamphlet written in 1776 by Thomas Paine.;;Common Sense
;;This is the number of ways to place two indistinguishable balls into three bins. This is the number of size two subsets of a set of four elements. Equivalently, this number is the coefficient of "x squared times y squared" in the expansion of "quantity x plus y to the fourth power." This number is the number of ways to order three distinct elements. This number is equal to four choose two, and it gives the number of possible meal combinations if you have two choices of entree and three choices of dessert. For 10 points, name this number that is equal to three factorial.;;six
;;The speaker of this poem asks if the corpse Stetson has planted in a garden has begun to sprout, in a section of this poem set on London Bridge in the "Unreal City." Another section of this poem describes Tiresias as an "old man with wrinkled dugs." That section, "The Fire Sermon," precedes a short section of this poem entitled "Death by Water." Its final section, "What the Thunder Said," ends with a repetition of the Sanskrit word "shantih." For 10 points, name this poem which begins "April is the cruellest month," written by T.S. Eliot.;;(The) Waste Land
;;This country's southwest is the autonomous province of Ajaria. The northwestern extension of this country is another ethnic enclave called Abkhazia. The most recent area of contention in this country is a region in its central north centered on Tshkinvali, where forces from this country fought with Russian troops in the fall of 2008. This country, which claims control over the breakaway region of South Ossetia, is a Caucasian state that borders Azerbaijan, Armenia, Turkey, Russia, and the Black Sea. For 10 points, name this country that shares its name with a U.S. state.;;(Republic) (of) Georgia|Sakartvelos (Respublika)
;;This figure's father lost his speech until he gave this figure his name, and this figure "jumped for joy" within his mother after she saw her cousin. Like Jesus, one of this man's early followers was the disciple Andrew, and while preaching, this man dined on locusts and wild honey. This man was killed after Salome performed for her stepfather, and her mother, Herodias, requested this man's head on a platter. For 10 points, name this New Testament figure who preached from the desert about the coming of his cousin Jesus.;;(Saint) John the Baptist|(Saint) John the Baptizer|Yahya|Yokhanan
;;He introduced the Minimalist Program, a variant of the Principles and Parameters model which he formulated earlier. With Morris Halle, a fellow MIT faculty member, he wrote The Sound Pattern of English. The sentence "Colorless green ideas sleep furiously" appears in his book Syntactic Structures, which set out his theory of transformational grammar. For 10 points, name this champion of Universal Grammar and anarchism, an American linguist.;;(Noam) Chomsky
;;In 1920 Fritz Haber began a secret project to extract this element from seawater, after learning of Arrhenius's calculation that there must be eight million tons of it in the oceans. The pure form of this element is the most ductile and most malleable metal. Like platinum, it is most commonly dissolved using aqua regia. The amount of this metal in an alloy is expressed using units of karats. For 10 points, name this metal, which alchemists attempted to convert lead into.;;gold|Au
;;One character in this play produces a manuscript about the handicrafts of Brabant. That character, Eilert Lovberg, convinces Thea Elvsted to leave her husband in this play. Judge Brack threatens to reveal the title character's secret in this play. That title character plots to secure a "beautiful death" for Lovberg by burning his manuscript and giving him a pistol. For 10 points, name this play in which the titular wife of George Tesman commits suicide, by Henrik Ibsen.;;Hedda Gabler
;;Drugs like mefloquine and doxycyclin are used prophylactically to prevent this disease, which was first treated in the nineteenth century with drugs extracted from cinchona. Resistance to this illness is observed in carriers of another disease caused by the replacement of a glutamate by valine in hemoglobin; that disease is sickle cell anemia. This illness is caused by the destruction of red blood cells by the sporozoite form of a parasite of genus Plasmodium. For 10 points, name this disease that is transmitted by the Anopheles mosquito and treated with quinine.;;malaria
;;This President signed a bill allowing use of the line-item veto that was later overturned. The AmeriCorps program was created during this man's presidency. Members of this man's cabinet included Robert Reich and Warren Christopher, the latter of whom helped to broker the Oslo Accords. This President appointed Stephen Breyer to the Supreme Court. This man approved the "don't ask, don't tell" policy in the army. For 10 points, name this President whose tenure was marked by the Whitewater and the Lewinsky scandals, and whose wife is the current Secretary of State.;;(William) (Jefferson) Clinton
;;The Towers of Hanoi was formulate by a scientist from this country, and a different scientist from this country names a theorem that provides the basis for RSA. A "twister" that generates random numbers is named for a man from here, and he names numbers that are the target of the GIMPS program. Those numbers are special primes. For 10 points, name this country home to Marin Mersenne and the namesake of the program Pascal.;;France
;;This author wrote a novel that begins and ends in the middle of the same sentence and that includes Humphrey Earwicker. Another of this man's novels opens by reproducing a lullaby about a moocow that meets Baby Tuckoo. This author wrote about Gabriel Conroy's realization that his wife Gretta loves Michael Furey in his short story "The Dead." He created the character Buck Mulligan in a novel that features a Jewish businessman who is cuckolded by Molly. For 10 points, name this author of Finnegans Wake, A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man, Dubliners, and a book about Leopold Bloom, Ulysses.;;(James) (Augustine) (Aloysius) Joyce
;;The British version of this show was created by Ricky Gervais and Stephen Merchant. In that show, Gervais plays the incompetent David Brent, who along with Tim Canterbury and Dawn Tinsley works for Wernham-Hogg. In the US version, which premiered in 2005, a British flag appears on the boss' desk in tribute to the show's origins. Tim and Dawn's US complements are Jim and Pam in, for 10 points, what television series in which employees of the Scranton branch of the Dunder-Mifflin Paper Company deal with bumbling regional manager Michael Scott?.;;(The) Office
;;In one work, this author wrote about Jotham Riddle, who is promoted by Sheriff Jones. In another work by this author, the singing teacher David Gamut uses his slingshot and offers to take the place of "Le Cerf Agile." In a novel, this author described the marriage of Oliver Edwards to Elizabeth, the daughter of Judge Marmaduke Temple. Colonel Munro's daughter Cora is taken by Magua in a work by this author, which prompts Uncas's father Hawkeye to kill Magua. For 10 points, name this American author who wrote The Pioneers and The Last of the Mohicans.;;(James) (Fenimore) Cooper
;;This figure was kidnapped by twin giants Otis and Ephialtes and imprisoned in a jar until he was rescued by Hermes. At the request of his mother, Hera, this god was wounded by Diomedes during the Trojan War. This deity turned the watchman Alectryon into a rooster after Helios discovered this god with the wife of Hephaestus. This god was accompanied by his sister, Enyo, and his sons Demios and Phobos. Children resulting from this god's affair with Aphrodite included Harmonia and Eros. For 10 points, name this Greek god of war.;;Ares
;;Though he is not Thomas Edison, this man developed what would become the Neo-Bechstein Flugel electric piano and an electric lamp that did not use a tungsten filament. This man's "New Heat Theorem" is a restatement of the Third Law of Thermodynamics. An equation after this man contains a constant multiplied by temperature and the natural log of the reaction quotient. For 10 points, name this German chemist, who won the 1920 Nobel Prize in Chemistry and whose equation can find the electromotive force or Gibbs free energy for an electric half-cell.;;(Walther) (Hermann) Nernst
;;This author created his own mythology that includes Orc, the creative passion, and Urizen, the tradition. This author of The Marriage of Heaven and Hell wrote two collections of poetry which both include poems titled "Divine Image" and "The Chimney Sweeper." This author asked "Who made thee?" in one of his poems. He wrote another poem that asks "What immortal hand or eye, could frame thy fearful symmetry!" of a creature "burning bright in the forests of the night." For 10 points, name this author who wrote Songs of Innocence and Experience, a collection that contains his poems "The Lamb" and "The Tyger.".;;(William) Blake
;;During the First Continental Congress, this man wrote an Address to the People of Great Britain. In another work, this man wrote "Concerning Danger from Foreign Force and Influence." French outrage over one of this man's actions largely led to the Quasi-War. That action by this man consisted of negotiating a treaty with Lord Grenville. This man wrote five of the Federalist Papers. This man's namesake 1794 treaty opened favorable relations with Great Britain. In another role, this man heard the case Chisolm v. Georgia. For 10 points, name this first Chief Justice of the Supreme Court.;;(John) Jay
;;This composer opened his Piano Concerto in G with a whip crack and also wrote a piano piece depicting playing water, Jeau d'eux. He wrote a technically difficult movement about an imp named "Scarbo" in his Gaspard de la Nuit. He also wrote a piano solo on the dance of a Spanish princess, Pavane for a Dead Princess, and orchestrated Mussorgsky's Pictures at an Exhibition. His most famous work contains many repetitions of the same theme with growing dynamic intensity. For 10 points, name this French Impressionist composer of Bolero.;;(Joseph(-)Maurice) Ravel
;;Participants in this rebellion fought against Queen Cockacoeske of the Pamunkey. This rebellion was sparked by a Doeg raid on the farm of Thomas Matthews. John Ingram led the rebels in this conflict once its leader died of dysentery. This rebellion was ended by the Treaty of Middle Plantation after Governor William Berkeley finally regained control of the colony. In this rebellion, disgruntled frontiersman took up arms against Native Americans and burned the capital of Jamestown. For 10 points, name this rebellion led by the namesake member of the House of Burgesses in 1676 in Virginia.;;Bacon's (Rebellion)
;;This author wrote about Richard Digby turning into the title metal after drinking water from a cave in "The Man of Adamant." This author of a campaign biography for Millard Fillmore wrote about Reverend Hooper's refusal to remove sinister headwear in "The Minister's Black Veil." This man included a story about Aylmer killing Georgianna while trying to remove the title blemish in his story collection Mosses from an Old Manse. For 10 points name this author of "The Birthmark" also known for novels like The House of the Seven Gables and The Scarlet Letter.;;(Nathaniel) Hawthorne
;;One of this author's poems notes that a "boy too far from town to learn baseball" could "do worse than be a swinger" of the title tree. Another of his poems takes place on "the darkest evening of the year" and ends with the narrator remembering he has "miles to go before I sleep." One of this author's character's claims that "Good fences make good neighbors." This author of "Birches" and "Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening" wrote that "two roads diverged in a yellow wood." For 10 points, name this poet who wrote "Mending Wall" and "The Road Not Taken.".;;(Robert) (Lee) Frost
;;In 1921, Percy Cox oversaw a plebiscite in this country which ratified Faysal I (FEISS-ul) as its king. In 1968, the Arif government of this country was overthrown by the Revolutionary Command Council. This country's government used chemical weapons against internal opposition at Halabja in 1988, in fear that this natino's minorities might collaborate with this country's eastern neighbor. During rule by the Baath Party, this country fought a 1980 to 1990 war with Iran. For 10 points, name this country whose invasion of Kuwait in 1990 sparked the first Persian Gulf War.;;(Republic) (of) Iraq|(Al(-)Jumhhuriyah) al(-)Iraqiyah
;;After being damaged in a studio, the first version of this painting was acquired by a museum in Bremen only to be destroyed in a British air raid nearly one hundred years later. The second version, a full sized copy of the first, was exhibited in New York before being donated to the Metropolitan Museum of Art in 1897, and it is a copy of that work that resides in the West Wing in the White House. One anachronism found in this work of art is that the flag depicted did not actually exist at the time of the event shown. For 10 points, name this Emmanuel Leutze painting depicting James Monroe and his superior in a boat.;;Washington Crossing the Delaware
;;A three dimensional generalization of this law was formulated by Cauchy and makes use of the compliance matrix. A constant used in this law is equal to "Young's Modulus times cross-sectional area over length." This law only holds for a material's elastic range, where stress is linearly related to strain. This law gives a restoring force equal to the displacement from equilibrium times a material-dependent constant, symbolized "k." For 10 points, name this law often used to model springs, which is named for an English scientist.;;Hooke's (Law)
;;In one story by this author, Malandain accuses Hauchecorne of stealing a pocketbook. This author created George du Roy in Bel-Ami and wrote of Rachel the Jewess killing a cruel German major in his story "Mademoiselle Fifi." He also wrote a story in which a group of travelers in a stagecoach forces a prostitute to sleep with a Prussian officer. Mathilde Loisel works for years to pay for the loss of a jewel that turned out to be fake in another of his stories. For 10 points, name this author of "Ball of Fat" and "The Necklace.".;;(Henry) (Rene) (Albert) (Guy) (de) Maupassant
;;Indigenous minorities in this country are collectively known as "scheduled tribes." Another group which is protected from discrimination by this country's constitution was renamed "Children of God" or "Harijans" (HARR-ee-johnz). That group includes all people in this country who make a living by fishing, tanning hides, or handling bodily fluids. This country is also home to 160 million Muslims, though more Muslims lived here before the 1947 partition of this country. The "untouchables" fall outside the caste system of, for 10 points, what country, whose laws attempt to forbid bigotry in favor of the majority, Hindus?.;;(Republic) (of) India|Bharat
;;Eleven days after a victory at the Battle of Gravelines over this, one monarch gave the Speech to the Troops at Tilbury. This expedition was supported by Pope Sixtus V. If this expedition had gone according to plan, an army under Alexander Farnese would have been transported to its destination. The Duke of Medina Sidonia commanded this, and men such as Charles Howard and Francis Drake defeated this expedition. For 10 points, name this massive, failed naval expedition by Philip II, which tried to capture England from Elizabeth I in 1588.;;(Spanish) Armada|(Invincible) Armada(;)|Great and Most Merry Navy
;;Hyperphosphorylation of tau proteins in this disease causes neurofibrillary tangles of microtubules. Plaques of amyloid beta accumulate during the progression of this disease and the cholingeric theory of this disease states that it is caused by a decrease in acetylcholine. This disease causes the death of neurons in the hippocampus and is a form of dementia. For 10 points, name this disease that causes neural degeneration and the loss of cognitive ability in the elderly, a disease that inflicted Ronald Reagan.;;Alzheimer's (Disease)
;;The second piece in this work mentions the False Dawn, and the narrator hears the Tavern urge him to awake. Another piece in this work states that neither piety, wit, nor "all thy tears" can wash out a word that has been written. This work has been notably translated by Edward FitzGerald. In one of the famous poems in this collection, the narrator asserts that the wilderness is paradise with "a jug of wine, a loaf of bread, and thou." For 10 points, name this series of quatrains by the Persian poet Omar Khayyam.;;Rubaiyat of (Omar) (Khayyam)
;;A solo for the fourth horn appears in the third movement of this composition, which opens with soft tremolos in the strings and a pianissimo theme played by a wind trio.One portion of this composition's final movement is a 6/8 march that includes a setting of the words "Froh, wie seine Sonnen fliegen." That fourth movement is a theme and variations, ending with a finale involving orchestra and vocalists singing text written by Friedrich Schiller. For 10 points, name this symphony whose final chorus is set to the poem "Ode to Joy," which was the last symphony written by Ludwig van Beethoven.;;Symphony No(.) 9 by (Ludwig) (van) Beethoven|Choral Symphony(;)|Beethoven's Ninth(;)|(Symphony) (No(.)) 9 (after) (Beethoven)
;;New species that appeared during this period include coralline algae and the invertebrate rudists and belemnites. The Morrison Formation was formed during it as a remnant of the Sundance Sea, while other geographic developments include the formation of the Gulf of Mexico and the splitting of Pangaea into Laurasia and Gondwana. Named after the Swiss mountain range in which it was originally formulated by Abraham Werner, this is, for 10 points, which middle period of the Mesozoic Era found between the Triassic and the Cretaceous?.;;Jurassic Period
;;This figure disguised his wife as his sister in order to extort money from both a Pharaoh and Abimelech. This figure was blessed by Melchizedek, and this man sent Eliezer to his homeland to look for a bride for one of his sons. The younger of this man's two sons was born a year after his mother laughed at pair of visiting angels, while the elder was exiled into the desert with his mother Hagar. For 10 points, name this first Jewish patriarch, husband of Sarah, and father of Ishmael and Isaac.;;Abraham|Avaraham(;)|Ibrahim
;;The hyperbolic version of this function is "e to the x, minus e to the negative x, all over two." Taking a side length of a triangle and dividing by this function applied to the opposite angle gives the diameter of the circle that circumscribes the triangle. In a triangle, for any angle the value of this function divided by the length of the opposite side is a constant, a result known as this function's namesake law. For 10 points, name this trigonometric function which is the reciprocal of the cosecant, and which is defined for an angle in a right triangle as opposite over hypotenuse.;;sine
;;In one poem, this author called science the "true daughter of old time." He also wrote a poem about a "blood-red thing that writhes" and is the hero of a tragedy called "Man." That poem by this author is "The Conqueror Worm," which appears in his story in which Lady Rowena becomes the title character, "Ligeia." In another story by this man, Montresor describes how he got his revenge on Fortunato. Several of his stories feature the detective C. Auguste Dupin, including "The Purloined Letter." For 10 points, name this American writer known for such poems as "Lenore" and "The Raven.".;;(Edgar) (Allan) Poe
;;These people were soundly defeated by a Mamluk force under Baibars at the Battle of Ayn Jalut. This group's conquest of Hungary was greatly aided by the battle plans of Subotai. Under Hulagu, this people sacked Baghdad in 1258. This group also overthrew the Song Dynasty and set up the Yuan Dynasty in China. This people's invasion of Japan was defeated by a kamikaze, or massive typhoon. For 10 points, name this people of the steppes of central Asia, governed by Khans such as Kublai and Genghis.;;Mongols
;;These features together form a structure that sits above the calyx. The term merosity refers to how many of these structures a plant has. Monocots have a multiple of three of these structures. Where one might expect these structures in asters, many "ray florets" are exhibited, which are merely flowers with a single one of these. The tepals differentiate into sepals and these structures. For 10 points, give this term for the colorful components of a flower.;;petals
;;One character in this work shows a chest of jewelry to her friend Martha after her mother donates another chest to the church. The title character of this work has an assistant named Wagner, and is challenged to a duel by Valentine. In the second part of this drama, the protagonist has a son named Euphorion with Helen of Troy. This work opens with a prologue set in heaven describing a wager. The first part of this drama ends with Gretchen imprisoned after the title character is tempted by Mephistopheles. For 10 points, name this Wolfgang von Goethe (GUr-tah) play about a man who sells his soul to the devil.;;Faust
;;This thinker condemned religious persecution in "A Letter Concerning Toleration". This man believed that since knowledge was gained only through experience, the mind was, at birth, a blank slate or "tabula rasa" in An Essay Concerning Human Understanding.For 10 points, identify this English philosopher who refuted the divine right of kings in "Two Treatises on Government" and stated that all men were entitled to life, liberty, and property.;;(John) Locke
;;This economist co-wrote A Monetary History of the United States with Anna Schwartz, and co-wrote Free to Choose with his wife Rose. He popularized the quantity theory of money with his 1956 restatement of it, and he argued against the Bretton Woods system and occupational licensing in Capitalism and Freedom. For 10 points, name this economist who, along with George Stigler, is considered one of the founders of the Chicago School.;;(Milton) Friedman
;;This composer opened the second part of an oratorio work with the movement "I went to sleep," and that piece also contains the movement "Jesu, Maria, I am near death." He was inspired by a visit to Alassio to compose his overture In the South, and he depicted his friends in movements like "C.A.E" and "Nimrod" in another work. He also wrote a march that contains the Trio "Land of Hope and Glory," in addition to composing an oratorio based on a Cardinal Neuman poem, The Dream of Gerontius. For 10 points, name this Brit who composed the Engima Variations in addition to the Pomp and Circumstance Marches.;;(Edward) Elgar
;;At one point in this novel, the protagonist plays jazz at the club Onion Cellar, where the customers peel onions and weep for cathartic effects. Earlier, the protagonist of this work claims that he is Jesus and leads the Dusters in stealing government supplies from offices. In this work, Agnes dies from eating fish obsessively and Alfred dies by swallowing a Nazi party pin. Like the clown Bebra, the protagonist of this work refuses to grow past age three remains a dwarf. For 10 points, Oskar Matzerath constantly holds the title instrument in what first work of the Danzig Trilogy, written by Gunter Grass?.;;(The) Tin Drum Die Blechtrommel
;;This philosopher divided his first major work into sections examining passions, morals and understanding, and titled it A Treatise of Human Nature. In another work, he investigates the possibility of singular events contradicting laws of nature in a section title "Of Miracles," a work that Kant credited as waking him from his "dogmatic slumber." The author of An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding, for 10 points, name this Scottish empiricist philosopher.;;(David) Hume
;;After a border incident in disputed African territory, this leader started a war which included the taking of Addis Ababa and led to the exile of the Ethiopian emperor, Haile Selassie. This man allied his country to Germany with the Pact of Steel. This man came to power after organizing a march that led to his becoming prime minister under Victor Emmanuel III, with that march involving this man's Blackshirts. For 10 points, name this man who claimed to make the trains run on time, the fascist dictator of Italy during World War II.;;(Benito) (Amilcare) (Andrea) Mussolini
;;In one novel by this author, Mary Scudder is loved by Dr. Hopkins. This author of Dred: A Story of the Great Dismal Swamp and The Minister's Wooing wrote about Topsy being educated in another work. A novel by this author includes Eva, who is saved by the title character. This author included a scene where Eliza jumps over ice floes on the Ohio River to reach freedom in that work. Simon Legree beats the title character of this author's bestseller to death. For 10 points, name this author of the anti-slavery novel Uncle Tom's Cabin .;;(Harriet) (Beecher) Stowe|(Catharine) Stowe(;)|(Harriet) (Elizabeth) Beecher
;;This artist depicted six black-clad members of a clothmaker's guild in his painting The Syndics. This artist depicted a philosopher wearing a gold chain resting his hand on a sculpture of the author of The Iliad in Aristotle Contemplating the Bust of Homer. This artist also painted a surgeon demonstating the muscles and tendons on the arm of a cadaver and the company of Franz Banning Cocq. For 10 points, name this Dutch painter of The Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Tulp and The Night Watch.;;Rembrandt van (Rijn)
;;One part of this work discusses "natural man," whose care for his own life does not concern this work's title figure. The bulk of this work is laid out in ten "considerations," one of which claims that pains and contrivances taken by wicked men will never be successful. This work attributes man's state on earth to the "mere pleasure" of God, who can cast sinners down into Hell at any time. A spider hanging by a thread over a fiery pit with God ready to cut the thread at any moment is one of this sermon's most famous images. For 10 points, name this sermon by Jonathan Edwards delivered first on July 8, 1741.;;Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God
;;One important metabolic pathway named for a compound containing this element generates ornithine and its namesake substance, urea. Pyrimidine and purine bases, such as adenine and thymine, are often given a name that reflects their containing this element. Bacteria fix this element by forming ammonia. For 10 points, name this element found in the amino group of amino acids, whose diatomic form is an inert gas.;;nitrogen|N
;;This author's wrote a story about the painter Piskaryov and the Lieutenant Pirogov living on the title street of St. Petersburg. This author also wrote a short story about the insane Poprishchin. In addition to "Nevsky Prospect" and "Diary of a Madman," this writer wrote about the one-eyed tailor Petrovich and "the person of consequence" who is unwilling to help with Akaky Akakievich's misfortune in his story "The Overcoat." He also told told of Pavel Chichikov's attempts to buy the legal rights to dead serfs in another of his novels. For 10 points, name this Russian author of The Inspector General and Dead Souls.;;(Nikolay) Gogol
;;This man dialogued with Hulrych Zwingli at the Marburg Colloquy. This man was protected by Frederick the Wise and Phillip of Hesse. This man created the first German translation of the Bible. This man debated Johann Tetzel after Tetzel visited this man's hometown. This man was called by Holy Roman Emperor Charles V to the Diet of Worms (VORMS). This man was a friend of Philip Melanchthon. This man attacked the idea of indulgences when he posted his The Ninety-Five Theses on the church door of Wittenberg. For 10 points, name this early leader of the Protestant Reformation.;;(Martin) Luther
;;One of these devices named for Persoz can measure a sample's hardness. The double type of this object is a classic example of chaotic behavior. A useful approximation when working with these objects involves assuming that "sin theta equals theta." These objects have period approximately equal to "two pi times the square root of quantity length over gravitational acceleration." These devices exhibit simple harmonic motion, and one of these was used to show the rotation of the earth by Leon Foucault. For 10 points, name these devices consisting of a weight suspended from a pivot.;;pendulums
;;This author's musically inspired novels include Napoleon Symphony and Mozart and the Wolf Gang. This twentieth century novelist wrote a book subtitled "A Story of Shakespeare's Love Life" in Nothing Like the Sun. One of this man's works focuses on a patron of the Korova Milk Bar. That main character of a work by this man undergoes the Ludovico technique, which causes him to hate Beethoven's Ninth Symphony and abandon ultraviolence. For 10 points, name this man who wrote about Alex DeLarge's droogs in the work A Clockwork Orange.;;(John) (Anthony) Burgess Wilson|(Joseph) Kell
;;While in the senate, this man allied with Burton Wheeler to draft a Transportation Act. This man began his career in the political machine of Thomas Pendergast. This {resident decried the "Do-Nothing Congress." This man vetoed the Taft-Hartley labor bill. George Kennan and Dean Acheson were largely responsible for creating a policy named for this man. That doctrine named for this man adopted a method of containment for fighting communist expansion. This President defeated Thomas Dewey to win a second term. For 10 points, name this Democrat who succeeded FDR as president.;;(Harry) (S) Truman
;;This figure grew up on the island of Seriphos and was sent on his most famous mission by Polydectes. As an infant he was cast into the sea in a chest by Acrisius, whom he later killed with a discus. He defeated a sea monster that plagued Ethiopia and thereafter married Andromeda. In his most famous adventure, he received winged sandals and the cap of Hades from the Graiae after stealing their one tooth and eye. For 10 points, name this Greek hero who slayed Medusa.;;Perseus
;;Thorstein Veblen wrote a work "On the Barbarian Status of" this group of people. John Stuart Mill argued that one of the "chief hindrances" to progress was the titular "Subjection of" this group of people. Mary Wollestonecraft argued for equality in civil life for this group in "Vindication of the Rights of" this group of people. Lucy Stone and Lucretia Mott argued for the right for this group of people to vote. For 10 points, name this group of people, with whom feminism is concerned.;;women
;;This man wrote a semi-autobiographical work with a main character based on himself named Jack Duluoz. This author of Visions of Cody wrote about his relationship with Mardou Fox in The Subterraneans. The "rucksack saints" Ray Smith and Japhy are the focus of this man's The Dharma Bums. Another of his novels sees the protagonist end up with Terry in Mexico after meeting Ed Dunkel and Denver D. Doll on a trip from Denver to California shared with Dean Moriarty. For 10 points, name this author who wrote of Sal Paradise's journey in a fictionalization of the Beat Generation, his novel On the Road.;;(Jack) Kerouac|(Jean(-)Louis) (Lebris) (de) Kerouac
;;In Australia, this food item is stuffed with oysters to form a dish called "Carpetbag." Another variant of this food item is eaten mostly in Scotland and is called the Pope's Eye. Controversy exists over whether this food can properly be used to make Chateaubriand (SHAT-oh-bree-AHND). Most Mexican dishes that are based on this food employ its "skirt" variety. The filet mignon is included in the Porterhouse or T-bone kind of this food. For 10 points, identify this cut of beef, which can be combined with lobster or shrimp in a "surf and turf.".;;steak
;;This man's advisors included Rustem and Sokolli. This man employed the architect Sinan. This ruler had his son Mustapha executed. This man's corsair Barbarossa made the Ottoman fleet a powerful force. This ruler conquered Belgrade in 1521. This man expelled the Knights Hospitalers from Rhodes in 1522. For 10 points, name this Ottoman sultan who won a decisive victory against the Hungarians at the Battle of Mohacs in 1526, and who was the son of Selim I.;;Suleiman I|Suleiman the Magnificent(;)|Suleiman the Lawgiver(;)|Suleiman Muhtesem(;)|Suleiman Kanuni
;;In the same act that this piece appears in, the thirty-three bogatyrs are introduced, and the Swan-Bird delivers an admonishment. A two-octave chromatic descent characterizes this work written in A-minor, and is almost exclusively sixteenth notes. In the middle of this piece, a pizzicato A minor arpeggio takes over, and the already fast chromatic motions around E increase in octave. This piece depicts Prince Guidon, the protagonist of The Tale of Tsar Saltan, in an insect form. For 10 points, name this most famous work by Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov.;;Flight of the Bumblebee
;;In one poem, this atheist declares that although he does not believe in heaven, he believes in a heaven for all dogdom. Another work by this poet begins "The memory of you emerges from the night around me" and repeats the line "in everything you sank!" This poet's erotic works include "The Body of a Woman" and "I Like for You to Be Still." "The Liberators" and "The Sand Betrayed" are sections in this man's work intended as a poetic history of the Americas, a collection that contains his "The Heights of Macchu Picchu." For 10 points, name this Chilean author of Canto General and Twenty Love Poems and a Song of Despair?.;;(Pablo) Neruda|(Neftali) (Ricardo) Reyes Basoalto
;;Faa Di Bruno's Formula gives an explicit formula for one type of this operation. Operations of this type for a vector function form the entries of the Jacobian matrix, and operations of this type form the entries of the gradient. L'Hospital's Rule uses a quotient of these operations to calculate limits. For composite functions, this operation is applied using the chain rule. This operation finds the slope of a curve's tangent line, and is defined as the "limit as h goes to zero of 'f of x plus h' minus 'f of x', all over h." For 10 points, name this basic operation of calculus, the inverse of the integral.;;derivative
;;One figure targeted during this rebellion was the general John Neville, who was sent to oversee the collection of taxes. One man involved in putting down this rebellion was "Light Horse Harry" Lee, who had earlier served in the American Revolution. The militia forces gathered to put down this rebellion were led by the president at the time, George Washington, although no resistance was met. For 10 points, name this rebellion in western Pennsylvania that started after the United States government passed an excise tax on a certain form of alcohol.;;Whiskey Rebellion
;;Animals extant during this period include Edaphosaurus and Dimetrodon, and the dominant lifeforms during this period were therapsids, the direct ancestors of mammals. Gymnosperms became the dominant form of plant life during this period. During this period, the supercontinent of Pangaea was formed. This was the last period of the Paleozoic Era. For 10 points, name this period lasting from approximately 290 to 248 million years ago, which ended with the largest mass extinction ever recorded on Earth.;;Permian Period
;;In one scene of this novel, the protagonist strikes a woman on the face with a camera, capsizing their canoe. The protagonist of this novel falls in love with Hortense Briggs while serving as a bellboy in a Kansas City hotel. The protagonist of this novel rides in a car that strikes a child, after which this novel shifts scenes to New York. In New York, the protagonist of this work gets a job in a factory under his uncle and fails to procure an abortion after impregnating the poor farmgirl Roberta Alden. This work ends with Roberta's murder at the hands of Clyde Griffiths. For 10 points, name this Theodore Dreiser novel.;;(An) American Tragedy
;;In this nation, the Forum for the Restoration of Democracy was formed by opposition leader Oginga Odinga. This nation's government tried to cover up the murder of Josiah Kariuki in 1975. One leader of this nation appointed Richard Leakey to head this nation's civil service. Hundreds of Kikuyu were killed in riots following the 1997 reelection in this country of Daniel arap Moi. This nation was the site of the Mau Mau uprising. For 10 points, name this country whose first president was Jomo Kenyatta.;;(Republic) (of) Kenya
;;This denomination believes that Jesus returned during the "Millenial Dawn" of 1874. This group believes that 144,000 of its members will be the co-rulers of Earth following the establishment of the Kingdom of God. This group avoids using the words "minister" or "church" and does not vote or salute flags. Since its founding by Charles Taze Russell, this group has believed that Leviticus 3:17 prohibits blood transfusions. For 10 points, name this group, which meets in Kingdom Halls and distributes The Watchtower as part of its active campaign of evangelism.;;Jehovah's Witnesses
;;This island's Baliem Valley is home to the Dani people. The Bismarck Range in the eastern part of this island contains Mount Wilhelm. Lorentz National Park, which can be found on this island, contains the Asmat Swamp. This island's Puncak Jaya is the highest island peak in the world. Port Moresby is the capital of a nation found entirely on this island; the western part of this island is the province of Irian Jaya. For 10 points, name this second largest island in the world, which is split between Indonesia and a nation that precedes this island's name with Papua.;;New Guinea
;;One character in this story can only look down at his work, and refuses a celestial crown that is offered to him. In addition to describing the Man with the Muck Rake, this work sees the protagonist visit the Valley of Humiliation. This work includes characters such as Judge Hate-Good, who orders the execution of Faithful at Vanity Fair. The protagonist of this work encounters characters such as Sloth and Hypocrisy en route to the Celestial City. For 10 points, name this seventeenth century allegorical novel with a protagonist named Christian, written by John Bunyan.;;Pilgrim's Progress
;;The leader of the protestors at this event was saved by Pinhas Rutenberg. This incident occurred a month after a strike at the Putilov Plant. Grand Duke Vladimir ordered the guards to fire on the demonstrators at this event. This event was led by Father Gapon, who presented a petition for universal suffrage and other reforms. Victims in this incident marched on the Winter Palace in Saint Petersburg. For 10 points, name this event in which forces loyal to Nicholas II fired on peaceful demonstrators, thus sparking the Russian Revolution of 1905.;;Bloody Sunday
;;In 2008, this school became only the second school, after Stanford, to capture the men's and women's volleyball titles in the same academic year. In 2009, men's basketball coach Ed Dechellis was given a three-year contract extension after leading the team to the NIT championship. In both 2008 and 2009, this school's football team was upset by Iowa, and it lost the 2009 Rose Bowl to Southern Cal. For 10 points, name this school at which Joe Paterno still coaches.;;Penn State|Pennsylvania State University
;;In one part of this work, Phoebus keeps his wife hidden in his house and curses a crow to blackness after it reveals her affair. Celia survives boiling and beheading because of her Christian faith in one part of this work. In another section of this work, Chanticleer tricks Reynard into letting him go. This work includes the story of Nicholas telling John the Carpenter about a flood to sleep with his wife Allison. In its first story, Arcite and Palomon fight over Emily. For 10 points name this work in which characters like the Manciple, Nun's Priest, Miller, and Knight tell stories while on a pilgrimage, a work of Geoffrey Chaucer.;;(The) Canterbury Tales
;;This artist's portrait of Pope Innocent the Tenth was modified by the modern painter Francis Bacon. This artist painted the god Bacchus crowning a drunken reveler with laurels in his Los borrachos. This man painted himself holding a palette and wearing a black robe with a cross on it in his most famous painting. That painting by this man also depicts a girl stepping on a dog and a dwarf attending to the Infanta Margarita. For 10 points, name this court painter to Phillip IV who painted some Maids of Honor in Las Meninas.;;(Diego) Velazquez
;;This author's ghost stories are collected in Present at a Hanging. This author wrote about a chess-playing robot that kills its inventor in "Moxon's Master." This author also claimed that a lawyer is a person skilled in circumventing the law in a satire on Noah Webster's work. In another short story, this author wrote about a man's vivid imagination after being hanged. That work by this man describes how Peyton Farquhar doesn't actually escape from his Union captors. For 10 points, name this American author of "An Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge" and The Devil's Dictionary.;;(Ambrose) (Gwinnett) Bierce
;;The way that this phenomenon adjusts to an applied magnetic field in uneven bursts is described by the Barkhausen effect. A hysteresis loop causes this effect to remain after the removal of the magnetic field. This phenomenon occurs because an external magnetic field causes the magnetic domains of a material to become aligned, though that effect breaks down above the Curie temperature as the material reverts to being paramagnetic. For 10 points, name this kind of magnetism found in materials like cobalt, nickel, and iron, its namesake.;;ferromagnetism
;;Jacobus Arminius led a group who deviated from the teachings of this man known as the Remonstrants. This man studied with Martin Bucer during a period where he took refuge in Strasbourg. This man was responsible for the burning at the stake of Michael Servetus. This leader worked closely with Guillame Farel. This man laid out his beliefs in his Institutes of the Christian Religion. This religious leader's doctrine of the elect implied a kind of predestination. For 10 points, name this Geneva preacher integral to the Protestant Reformation.;;(John) Calvin
;;The father of this character exclaims, "How great and nimble a throat thou hast!" when this character demands to drink as soon as he is born. This character was in his mother's womb for eleven months. When the King of Lerne invades this character's land, Friar John greatly helps this character defeat his enemy. This character attempts to find the Oracle of the Holy Bottle with his son. This son of Grandgousier builds the Abbey of Theleme in the monk's honor after defeating Picrochole. For 10 points, name this giant written about in a satire by Francois Rabelais, the father of Pantagruel.;;Gargantua
;;?When this man met the Christian monk Bahira, Bahira recognized the mole on this man's back as the "seal of the prophets." This figure was believed to be "ummi," or "unlettered," before being given the command "recite." During this figure's Night Journey, he pled with God to reduce the number of daily prayers from fifty to five. The "hijrah" (HEJ-uh-ree-uh) was this man's flight to Medina in 622. Seven years later, he returned to conquer Mecca. For 10 points, identify this figure who received the Quran from Gabriel and thus founded Islam.;;(Ab?) (al(-)Q?sim) Muhammad ibn ('Abd) (All?h) (ibn) ('Abd) (al(-)Muttalib) (ibn) (H?shim)
;;James Wilkinson informed this man about the Conway Cabal that attempted to remove this man's power. Charles Lee ruined this man's chances of winning the Battle of Monmouth. This man instigated the French and Indian War by leading a force that killed Coulon de Jumonville. This man was driven into Fort Necessity by the French, where he surrendered to them. This general won the Battles of Trenton and Princeton after crossing the Delaware. For 10 points, name this commander in the American Revolution who went on to be the first president.;;(George) Washington
;;Offstage events in this play include the execution of Rivers, Gray, and Vaughn. In this work's fifth act, a procession including the ghosts of Anne and Hastings rebukes the title character. One character in this play uses Cardinal Bouchier's influence and hires James Tyrell to kill the Princes of the Tower. This play opens with the line "Now is the winter of our discontent." This play also includes the title character shouting "a horse, a horse, my kingdom for a horse" at the Battle of Bosworth Field. For 10 points, name this Shakespeare play about an evil hunchback king of England.;;Richard III
;;This man's wife Dia was the mother of Pirithous, though legends differ whether this man or Zeus was the father. This man's horses were seized after he failed to keep his promise of a gift to his wife's father Eioneus, and this man became the first mortal to murder a family member when he cast Eioneus into a pit. This man became father of the Centaurs after making love to the cloud Nephele, which this figure thought was Hera. For 10 points, name this man who was punished by Zeus by being bound to a fiery wheel for eternity.;;Ixion
;;The author of Report on Degrading Punishments, this man was given the nickname "Monkey of Mirabeau's" by the royalist press. This man opposed Jacques-Rene Hebert's Church of Reason. This leader unsuccessfully attempted suicide at the Hotel de Ville. This man was nicknamed "the Incorruptible." For 10 points, name this leader of the Committee of Public Safety and the Reign of Terror during the French Revolution, who was overthrown in the Thermidorian Reaction and guillotined.;;(Maximilien) (Francois) (Marie) (Isidore) (de) Robespierre
;;The protagonist of one work by this author is the thyroid cancer-fighting ecologist Paul Bannerman. In another work, this novelist wrote about the affair between Gideon and Ann Davis. This author of Get a Life and An Occasion for Loving also wrote about the changes that Jacobus brings when he discovers a dead body in Mehring's farm. The master-servant relationship in this woman's most famous work reverses when Maureen and Bamford Smales must rely on the titular black man to survive. For 10 points, name this South African Nobel Laureate who wrote The Conservationist and July's People .;;(Nadine) Gordimer
;;The concurrent type of this process is contrasted with the incremental type, both of which stop a program in question for shorter times than "stop the world." This process prevents segmentation faults because it stops dangling pointers. For 10 points, name this process wherein a program creates more space by destroying objects that aren't in use anymore.;;garbage collection
;;One poem by this author describes H.P. and a cottage in Berkeley that is still mostly empty. This author wrote about seeing Garcia Lorca by the watermelons in a poem in which he meets Walt Whitman. This author of "Transcription of Organ Music" also wrote "Strange not to think of you, gone without corsets and eyes" in a poem dedicated to his mother Naomi. This author of "A Supermarket in California" wrote the line "I saw the best minds of my generation destroyed by madness" in another poem. For 10 points, name this American Beat poet who wrote "Kaddish" and "Howl.".;;(Irwin) (Allen) Ginsberg
;;The absence of these geological features can cause isostatic rebound, while the presence of these features can cause crust subsidence. These features make rock flour that can create milky-colored bodies of water, and the retreat of these features can form sharp ridges called aretes. The lower parts of these features are known as ablation zones, and these features use plucking and abrasion to create drumlin fields and eskers. For 10 points, name these features that can leave a terminal moraine, large bodies of moving ice.;;Glaciers
;;In World War I, this man served as chief of staff of the Rainbow Division. According to one of his aides, this man was "too busy" to receive orders not to chase the Bonus Army back across the Anacostia River. This man warned of the danger of a militarized China in a farewell address given after being fired as Commander of U.S forces during the Korean War. This general's most famous speech was given in Australia after being forced to evacuate from the Philippines. For 10 points, name this American general who vowed, "I shall return.".;;(Douglas) MacArthur
;;Before the action of this play occurs, one of its characters had forged her father's signature to borrow money to travel to Italy. During this play, Dr. Rank confesses his love for the protagonist, who is blackmailed by the man who loaned the money, Nils Krogstad. In this play's final act, the protagonist leaves her husband Torvald. For 10 points, name this play in which Nora Helmer compares her life to a child's toy, written by Henrik Ibsen.;;(A) Doll's House
;;One deity from this country had a cult centered in Arsinoe and caught the four sons of another god in a net after they emerged from a lotus. In addition to Sobek, another goddess from this country was tricked into drinking blood colored beer while disguised as Sekhmet. That goddess, Hathor, was sometimes depicted as a cow. An ancient culture in this country believed that the heart of the deceased was weighed against the feather of Ma'at. For 10 points, an ancient culture in what modern-day country believed that the jackal-headed Anubis invented the process of making mummies?.;;Egypt
;;One common example of this type of reaction is the thermite reaction used in welding. Whether or not this type of reaction will occur can be determined by a metal's place in the activity series. This type of reaction is exemplified by active metals, such as calcium and magnesium, reacting with water to form metal oxides and hydrogen gas. For 10 points, name this type of reaction, in which a more active element replaces a less active element in a compound.;;single displacement reaction|single replacement reaction
;;This movement followed the Bakumatsu period. Forces led by Saigo Takamori fought against this event in the Satsuma Rebellion. The 1889 Constitution was instituted following this event. This event's principles were laid out in the Charter Oath. A slogan used by supporters of this event was "Enrich the country and strengthen the military." The country in which this event took place greatly expanded its manufacturing capabilities and railroad network following this event. For 10 points, name this movement which ended the Tokugawa Shogunate and restored imperial rule to Japan, named for the emperor who took power.;;Meiji Restoration|Meiji period
;;The protagonist of this play is annoyed to see the anemic Bernard succeed with the help of Charley. One character in this play stops attending a summer remedial math class after discovering his father having an affair in Boston. Another character in this play has visions of his brother Ben returning from the jungle and discovering diamonds. This play ends with the title character stepping in front of a car to enable his wife Linda to collect insurance money. For 10 points, name this play about Willy Loman, who is fired from the title job, written by Arthur Miller.;;Death of a Salesman
;;He dedicated his violin concerto to the virtuoso Joseph Joachim, and Hans Bulow supposedly later criticized that work as being written "against the violin." This composer of variations on themes by Handel and Hayden also wrote a setting of the mass for the dead using text from the Lutheran Bible and a piece quoting school songs and commemorating his reception of a degree from the University of Breslau. For 10 points, this is what composer of pieces like the German Requiem, Academic Festival Overture, and a notable lullaby?.;;(Johannes) Brahms
;;One result named for this man erroneously holds for Carmichael numbers and claims that "a to the p is equivalent to a mod p." This man names a type of prime number of the form "one plus two to the power two to the n." The most famous result named for this man was proved using the Taniyama-Shimura Conjecture by Andrew Wiles in 1995; that theorem says that "for n greater than two" the equation "a to the n plus b to the n equals c to the n" has no integer solutions. For 10 points, name this French mathematician, the namesake of a "little theorem" and a "last theorem.".;;(Pierre) (de) Fermat
;;One event in this country involved students planning a meeting in Orlando Stadium after marching past Phefeni Junior Secondary School. A similar event involved a protest of this country's use of pass laws. This country home to the Soweto uprising and Sharpeville massacre also saw P.W. Botha replaced by a man who drafted a new constitution and released a prisoner from Robben Island. For 10 points, name this country home to F.W. de Klerk, a man who worked with the ANC and Nelson Mandela to bring an end to apartheid.;;(Republic) (of) South Africa
;;A man named Elijah asks this novel's protagonist if he has sold his soul to the devil to work for "Old Thunder." Characters in this novel include a Zoroastrian with a turban made from his own beard, a man named Fedallah. Two Quakers in this novel are named Peleg and Bildad. One character in this work nails a gold piece to the mast and throws his pipe overboard the Pequod and is eventually killed by the title creature. This novel begins, "Call me Ishmael." For 10 points, name this novel about Captain Ahab's obsession with a white whale, written by Herman Melville.;;Moby(-)Dick(;) (or(,)) (The) (Whale)
;;This nation's capital city was designed by Walter Burley Griffin and Marion Mahoney Griffin. The Arafura Sea is directly north of this country's Gulf of Carpenteria. The south of this country is home to the Nullarbor Plain, which is north of its "Great Bight." Hobart and Darwin are the capitals of two of its states. Deserts in this country include the Gibson, Great Sandy, and Great Victoria. A giant sandstone formation in this country is called Uluru by its aboriginal inhabitants, and is also known as Ayers Rock. For 10 points, name this country whose cities include Perth, Canberra, and Sydney.;;(Commonwealth) (of) Australia
;;One portion of this gland is divided into the zona reticularis, zona fasciculata, and zona glomerulosa. That portion produces DHEA, aldosterone, and the stress hormone, cortisol. Other hormones produced by this gland are secreted by the chromaffin cells of its medulla. That medulla also produces a compound which is used to treat Parkinson's disease, dopamine. For 10 points, name this pair of endocrine glands which secrete epinephrine, which is named for its position atop the kidneys.;;adrenal glands
;;Ethanol and deionized water are possible controls in this technique. This technique often involves the use of loops of platinum or nichrome wires, and compounds tested in this technique often contain nitrate or chloride ions. Measuring the alkalinity of the resulting compounds is one way to distinguish lithium from strontium using this technique, as both give a red result. For 10 points, name this technique of determining the metal in a salt by placing it over a lit Bunsen burner.;;flame tests
;;The economic model named for this thinker is based on the multiplier effect. This economist argued that increased private saving leads to a higher interest rate in his refutation of Say's Law, and attacked the Treaty of Versailles in The Economic Consequences of the Peace. His theory that increased government spending can cure recessions was applied by Franklin Roosevelt in the Great Depression. For 10 points, name this British economist who advanced his ideas in The General Theory of Employment, Interest, and Money.;;(John) (Maynard) Keynes
;;This nation's first vice president was Mohammad Hatta. This country's first president expounded the philosophy of Pancasila before seizing personal control of the government in favor of "guided democracy." Real democracy first came to this country in 2001 with the presidency of Megawati, the daughter of that authoritarian ruler. In addition to experiencing the dictatorships of Suharto and Sukarno, this country's colonial history was marked by the domination of the Dutch East India Company. For 10 points, name this large Muslim island nation of Southeast Asia.;;(Republic) (of) Indonesia|(Republik) Indonesia
;;In this novel, Annie Littlefield is on a committee for Sanitary Unit Number Four. The preacher Tim Casy takes one character's spot in this novel after that character is arrested for being a communist. One character in this novel is deserted by Connie Rivers, and later gives a starving old man her milk after giving birth to a stillborn child in this work. In addition to discussing Rose of Sharon, this work details the deaths of Granma and Grampa, who are buried along the road to California in this novel. For 10 points, name this novel which follows the Joad family's hardships escaping from Dust Bowl Oklahoma.;;(The) Grapes of Wrath
;;This thinker's work was extended to form the Meyers-Briggs personality test. This man coined the terms "introvert" and "extrovert". In Psychological Types, this man posited the existence of the male animus and female anima forms of archetypes. For 10 points, name this German psychologist who broke with his teacher Freud and theorized that all humans share a collective unconscious.;;(Carl) (Gustav) Jung
;;One of the basic operations of this system is also called the Webb operation or the Pierce arrow. This system's algebraic structure with respect to set logic leads one operation to be represented as a product sign and the other as an addition sign in some contexts. Employed in SQL queries, this formalism also is used in digital circuits, any one of which can be constructed from enough NAND and NOR gates. For 10 points, identify this kind of logic employing true and false values as well as conjunctions like AND and OR, essential to constructing search queries.;;Boolean logic
;;In one play by this author, the servant Brainworm hijacks Kno'well's attempts to spy on his son. This author of the drama Every Man In His Humour wrote a play in which the "The Queen of Fairy" is sought by Abel Drugger, who brings news of Dame Pliant's arrival. This author wrote "drink to me with only thine eyes," in his play about Mosca, Celia, and a Venetian nobleman. Sir Epicure Mammon attempts to buy a philosopher's stone from Subtle in another of this author's plays. For 10 points, name this Elizabethan playwright of Volpone and The Alchemist.;;(Benjamin) (Ben) Jonson
;;Specialized phagocytes in this organ split hemoglobin molecules and are known as Kupffer cells. In the Cori Cycle, this organ combines lactate with pyruvate to form glucose via a process known as gluconeogenesis. This organ creates a product that is stored in the gallbladder, and is divided into four lobes. Chronic alcohol consumption can impair this organ's ability to regenerate and can cause cirrhosis, a disease of this organ. For 10 points, name this organ that produces bile.;;liver
;;This man returned to North Carolina from the French and Indian War in 1756 and married Rebecca Bryan, with whom he had ten children. This man was placed in charge of laying out a road from present-day Kingsport, Tennessee, through the Cumberland Gap and onto the Kentucky River, where this man later resettled with his family in a town he named after himself. For 10 points, name this iconic American explorer and woodsman whose adventures made him one of the first U.S. folk heroes.;;(Daniel) Boone
;;In this work, Jacinto is seen guarding the opening of a ceremonial cave. Antonio Jose Martinez instigates a revolt of the Taos Indians earlier in this work. Magdalena warns the title character of the evil intentions of her husband Buck Scales and lives with Kit Carson. The lifelong friend of the title character of this work is Father Joseph Vaillant. For 10 points, name this novel centering on Father Jean Marie Latour's experiences in New Mexico, which was written by Willa Cather.;;Death Comes for the Archbishop
;;Projects like LIGO are searching for hypothetical waves caused by this force. The Standard Model predicts that this force is carried by a massless, spin-2 particle, though it has yet to be observed. Unlike the other fundamental forces, this one cannot be renormalized in quantum field theory, leading to alternate theories of its operation like string theory. The principle of equivalence says that the effects of this force are indistinguishable from acceleration. For 10 points, name this force described by general relativity, the attraction that occurs between any two massive objects.;;gravity
;;This artist's portrait of Gertrude Stein depicts her with a flat, masklike face. This artist portrayed himself as a harlequin wearing a diamond-patterned costume in his painting of lower-class acrobats, The Family of Saltimbanques. Another painting by this artist includes a woman holding her dead baby and a screaming horse, and depicts the bombing of a Basque village. Along with Georges Braque, this artist developed Cubism. For 10 points, name this Spanish artist who had Rose and Blue periods and painted Guernica.;;(Pablo) Picasso
;;This author wrote the memoir Paula as a letter to her deceased daughter. Joachin Andieta seduces the adoptive daughter of Rose and Jeremy Sommers, Eliza, in this writer's A Daughter of Fortune. A clairvoyant girl in one of this author's works begins to keep a journal after Uncle Marcos's death and before she enters a nine-year period of silence. That girl created by this author, Clara del Valle, marries Esteban and gives birth to Blanca in a novel about the Trueba family. For 10 points, name this female Chilean author of The House of the Spirits.;;(Isabel) Allende Llona
;;Meyer's Law relates the indentation form of this property with the force necessary for that indentation, which is necessary for the Brinell Scale of this property of minerals. The Hall-Petch relationship states that this property increases as particle size decreases. A Vickers test is another way to determine this property for a mineral, and sclerometers are used to measure the scratch form of this property, for which talc has a value of one. For 10 points, name this property of minerals, for which diamond has a value of ten on the Mohs Scale.;;Hardness
;;In one song, this band says that "We would shout and swim about the coral that lies beneath the waves," if they were at the titular location. A folk song by this band sees the titular character lose a shootout with Dan. Another song by this band laments a preacher "writing the words of a sermon that no one will hear," and asks where all the lonely people come from. A guitarist for this band wrote a song that repeatedly states, "I don't want to leave her now." For 10 points, name this band originally from Liverpool, England, that sang "Rocky Raccoon," "Eleanor Rigby," and "Something.".;;(The) Beatles
;;During this leader's reign, the treaties of Jassy and Kuchuk Kainarji were signed with the Ottomans, allowing this ruler to acquire Crimea. Southern Ukraine was colonized by Grigory Potemkin during this leader's reign. This ruler faced a rebellion of Yaik Cossacks led by Pugachev, which was put down by Alexander Suvorov. This ruler was succeeded by Paul. This ruler ascended to the throne when Gregory Orlov murdered her husband, Peter III. For 10 points, name this Enlightened Despot, the Empress of Russia in the late nineteenth century.;;Catherine II of (Russia)|Catherine the Great(;)|Yekaterina II(;)|Yekaterina Velikaya
;;This composer was inspired by Ludwig Lindeman to compose his four Symphonic Dances, and his strolls around his home inspired his cycle The Mountain Maid. This man composed a series of works that include a Macbeth-inspired Watchman's Song as well as the Wedding Day at Troldhaugen, his Lyric Pieces. He also composed a series of works called the Holberg Suite, as well as another suite that contains movements like "Anitra's Dance" and "In the Hall of the Mountain King." For 10 points, name this composer of the Peer Gint Suite, a composer from Norway.;;(Edvard) (Hagerup) Grieg
;;Harriet Robinson's case was merged with this case. Dissents in this case were written by Benjamin Curtis and John McLean. The original defendant in this case was John Emerson, who was sued after a journey from Missouri to Wisconsin. The decision in this case ruled the Missouri Compromise unconstitutional. For 10 points, name this 1857 Supreme Court decision written by Chief Justice Roger Taney, which asserted that African-Americans lack the rights of citizenship.;;(Dred) Scott v(.) (John) (F(.)A(.)) (Sanford)|(Dred) (Scott) (v(.)) (John) (F(.)A(.)) Sanford(;)|(Dred) Scott case
;;The title of this book was originally intended only for its final chapter, and may have come from a misunderstanding on the part of William Caxton. The historical source for the stories collected in this book may have been a Celtic military leader. This collection was based partially on the work of Chretien de Troyes. This work was based on English and French myths about the title character, who is the son of Uther Pendragon and employs Lancelot. For 10 points, name this collection of Arthurian tales written by Thomas Malory.;;(Le) Morte D'Arthur|(The) Death of Arthur
;;This figure seduced Leuce and then transformed her into a white poplar tree. According to The Iliad, Heracles wounded this man at Pylos. In one myth, this man allowed Eurydice to leave his realm, but only on the condition that Orpheus not look back until they reached the surface. With his brothers, Poseidon and Zeus, this man defeated the Titans. His namesake realm was guarded by Cerberus and bordered by the river Styx. For 10 points, name this Greek god of the underworld.;;Hades
;;In Maurice Maeterlinck's The Blue Bird, Tyltyl (TILL-till) receives a hat containing a magic one of these items that reveals the true world when it is turned. In The Count of Monte-Cristo, Edmond Dantes ruins Caderousse by giving one of these items as a gift. Miladay de Winter steals two of these items in The Three Musketeers. John Unger finds out that Percy Washington's family lives on top of one of these items in another story. For 10 points, identify this gemstone which is "as big as the Ritz" in an F. Scott Fitzgerald work.;;diamonds
;;One of this composer's symphonies begins with the notes E flat, D, D repeated three times, followed by a higher B flat. This composer of the Hafner and Linz symphonies subtitled his fortieth symphony "Great," and one of his operas contains a fantastically difficult aria sung by the Queen of the Night. This composer died in Vienna before he could finish his requiem, which was completed by Sussmayr. For 10 points, name this German composer of the "Jupiter" symphony and The Magic Flute.;;(Wolfgang) (Amadeus) Mozart
;;This man used the "bear in the woods" and "morning in America" ads to win one electoral campaign. This President fired over eleven thousand striking air traffic controllers early in his first term. This man's foreign policy included the bombing of Libya, the invasion of Granada in operation Urgent Fury, and his 1987 speech in West Berlin where he said, "Mr. Gorbachev, tear down this.;;(Ronald) (Wilson) Reagan
;;A method of solving systems of linear equations in matrix form is known as this man's namesake "elimination," and that method was extended for putting a matrix into reduced row echelon form by Jordan. Another object named for this man follows the curve "e to the quantity negative x squared over two, all over the square root of two pi." All distributions of repeated events converge to a form of that distribution according to the Central Limit Theorem, so it is also referred to as the Normal Distribution. For 10 points, name this German who also names two of Maxwell's equations.;;(Carl) (Friedrich) Gauss
;;This man fought Argentina's dictator Juan Manuel de Rosas as the leader of the Uruguayan navy. During the U.S. Civil War, Abraham Lincoln offered this man a Union command. Following the treaty of Villafranca di Veroni, this man became an enemy of Camillo di Cavour. This man led the Expedition of the Thousand in his conquest of Sicily. For 10 points, name this leading figure of the Risorgimento, who led the Red Shirts in his efforts to unify Italy.;;(Giuseppe) Garibaldi
;;One character in this novel, Hungry Joe, pretends to be a photographer for Life Magazine. Other characters include the physician Doc Daneeka and Colonel Cathcart, who continually raises the number of missions the protagonist has to complete. Major Major Major Major is stationed on the island of Pianosa along with the protagonist of this novel, Yossarian, who is prevented by the titular rule from avoiding flying combat missions. For 10 points, name this military satire written by Joseph Heller.;;Catch(-)22
;;This ruler reinstated the Supremacy Act of 1534 and issued the Thirty-Nine Articles in an attempt to move this monarch's country away from Catholicism. One plot against this ruler involved a marriage to the Duke of Norfolk. Another plot involved the machinations of Sir Francis Walsingham. The Ridolfi and Babington Plots against this leader eventually led her to have Mary, Queen of Scots, executed. For 10 points, name this English queen whose rule followed that of Bloody Mary, and who was famed for her virginity.;;Elizabeth I
;;This author's newest novel is about a private detective who travels to the lost continent of Lemuria from the fictional California town of Gordita Beach, named Doc Sportello. In an earlier novel by this man, a secret postal system called WASTE is run by Pierce Inverarity, whose death leads Oedipa Maas to attend the titular auction. In addition to writing Inherent Vice and The Crying of Lot 49, this author described Tyrone Slothrop's search for the V-2 rocket in another novel. For 10 points, name this famously reclusive author of Gravity's Rainbow .;;(Thomas) (Ruggles) Pynchon(,) (Jr(.))
;;The 1994 Nobel Prize in Chemistry was awarded to George Olah for using the "magic" variety of these compounds to create carbocations. One definition of these objects includes compounds, such as boron trifluoride, in which one element can accept electrons to form a full valence shell. These compounds can also be defined as those which can donate a proton, or those which can dissociate in water to form hydrogen ions. For 10 points, name these compounds that have a pH less than 7.;;acids
;;These peoples were issued an ultimatum by Henry Bartle Frere, leading to a conflict with colonialists. A militaristic rise amongst these peoples was known as the "Mfecane," or "Crushing," and arose near the Tugela River. These peoples perfected a military formation known as the "Horns of the Buffalo." That formation proved helpful under this group's leader Cetshwayo in a conflict against the British that included battles like Rorke's Drift, Ulundi, and Isandlwana. For 10 points, name these South African peoples who became feared warriors under their ruler Shaka.;;Zulu
;;Lithotripsy is the method of choice for removing these objects, which contain small amounts of mucoprotein. The largest of them are sometimes known as "staghorn" ones. About fifteen percent of them are composed of magnesium ammonium phosphate, but they are most commonly composed of calcium oxylate and calcium phosphate. They are most noticeable when they end up in the ureter, causing back and groin pain as they "pass." For 10 points, name these hard objects that form in an organ used to filter blood.;;kidney stones
;;One god of this civilization wore a smoking mirror in place of a leg. A hummingbird god told this civilization to build its capital city where they saw an eagle perched on a cactus and eating a snake. Another god from this civilization's pantheon sailed east on a raft after vowing to return, and was identified as a plumed serpent. Tezcatlipoca (TEZ-COT-lee-PO-kuh) and Huitzilopochtli (HWEET-zill-oh-POACHED-lee) were gods of, for 10 points, which civilization that misidentified the arrival of Hernan Cortes as the return of Quetzalcoatl (QUET-zahl-co-AH-tul)?.;;Aztecs
;;The chloride of this element is used in Friedel-Crafts reactions. The first method of inexpensively purifying this element was discovered independently by Charles Hall and Paul Heroult. Later, Karl Bayer developed a method to extract this metal directly from its chief ore, bauxite. It is the only element along the Zintl line that is not considered a semimetal. For 10 points, name this most common metal in the Earth's crust, whose light weight makes it ideal for use in foil and cans.;;aluminum|Al(;)|aluminium
;;The protagonist of this work is the author of the novel Maia and a prose epic about Frederick the Great. At one point in this work, that protagonist becomes sick after eating some overripe strawberries. This work ends shortly after the protagonist watches Jaschiu and Tadzio fighting on a beach before he succumbs to cholera. For 10 points, name this Thomas Mann novella detailing Gustav von Aschenbach's demise in the title Italian city.;;Death in Venice|(Der) Tod in Venedig
;;A "bidirectional" variation of this algorithm passes through the list twice per iteration and is also called "shuttle" or "cocktail," and "odd-even" sort is a parallel-processing optimized alteration; the first method eliminates the problem of small elements at the big-element end, which are called "turtles" since they uniquely must travel the full length of the list. For 10 points, name this naive big-oh-of-n-squared sorting algorithm, in which repeated passes are made swapping adjacent out-of-order elements, such that the small elements float to the top.;;bubble sort
;;Archbishop Raul Silva Henriquez brokered an agreement that allowed for the succession to this man's regime, and he was succeeded by Patricio Aylwin Azocar. This man oversaw Operation Columbo and his government coordinated with other regional countries in Operation Condor. He was arrested in Great Britain in 1998 upon Spain's request for the extradition of this man. For 10 points name this man who overthrew the government of Salvador Allende to become the longtime dictator of Chile.;;(Augusto) Pinochet
;;The potential of these phenomena can be determined by the six Doodson numbers. These phemonena can be modeled as a sheet flow using Laplace's equations for these occurrences, and Ballantine created a scale to measure the exposure of organisms in areas impacted by these phenomena. Bores related with these phenomena can travel against the direction of current, and reduced forms of these events are labeled neap. For 10 points, name these natural phenomena caused by the gravitational forces of the sun and the moon on the Earth's oceans.;;Tides
;;The narrator of this novel finds a notebook with the sentence "What has our government done to make life easier for the Alaskan Eskimos?" written inside. A few days earlier in this work, an accusation of "giving her the time" causes the narrator to fight with Stradlater. In 2009, this book's author filed suit against an unauthorized sequel entitled 60 Years Later. This book follows the narrator's reunion with his sister Phoebe and ambiguous encounter with Mr. Antolini after leaving Pencey Prep. For 10 points, name this novel about the phony-hating Holden Caulfield by J.D. Salinger.;;(The) Catcher in the Rye
;;This god is sometimes known as the "drowned one," as he drifted in a sarcophagus across the Mediterranean Sea to Byblos. After being found again by his wife, his brother became jealous, and cut this god into fourteen pieces. Dead pharaohs were associated with this god, who is depicted as the god of the underworld. For 10 points, name this Egyptian god, who fathered Horus with his wife and sister Isis.;;Osiris
;;Meliton Kantaria was the subject of a famous photograph taken at the conclusion of this battle. Vasily Chuikov accepted the losing side's surrender at this battle's conclusion. The Volkssturm played a major role in this battle. This battle ended with the raising of the Soviet flag above the Reichstag and with Karl Donitz (DUHr-nitz) becoming the last Fuhrer (FYUHr-er) of the Third Reich. For 10 points, name this battle that concluded World War II in Europe, during which Adolf Hitler committed suicide in a bunker underneath the namesake city.;;(Battle) (of) Berlin
;;One character in this show changed the past by preventing his sister's favorite dress from being covered in Slushie. Another character returned to being himself after being forced to impersonate a US Senator he had killed. Ali Larter's character, assumed dead after being shattered, was shown to have returned at the start of Season Four. Claire and Noah Bennet are both adjusting to living on their own in this series. For 10 points, name this NBC series in which the title people, such as Hiro Nakamura, save the world from characters like Sylar.;;Heroes
;;Howard Hyde Russell was the first superintendent of a league whose name stated that it was anti- these locations. Several of these institutions were subject to "hatchetations" from Carrie Nation. The Number 10 one of these in Deadwood, South Dakota, was where Wild Bill Hickok played his last game of poker. These establishments were often entered through swinging doors still sometimes named after them. For 10 points, name these buildings where a man in the Old West could find both entertainment and alcohol.;;saloons
;;When one of these constructs is traced out pictorially, there will exist one or two Dandelin Spheres tangent to the plane that traced it out. Studied in antiquity by Apollonius of Perga, in the two body problem, if the center of mass is assumed to be at rest, the paths of the bodies will follow one of these paths. In polar coordinates, they take the form of l over the quantity one plus e times cosine of theta, where l is the semi-latus rectum and e is the eccentricity. For 10 points, name these mathematical curves that include the ellipse, parabola, and hyperbola.;;Conic Sections
;;In one story by this author, the mute Lucynell is married off to Tom Shiftlet and observes the title admonition on a billboard. Enoch Emery briefly joins the "Church Without Christ," run by Hazel Motes, in a novel by this author of Everything that Rises Must Converge. This woman wrote a story about a family that dines at Red Sammy's on a road trip. That road trip in a work by this author is diverted when The Grandmother gives faulty directions and the car rolls into the ditch. For 10 points, name this Southern gothic author who created the serial killer The Misfit in "A Good Man is Hard to Find.".;;(Mary) (Flannery) O'Connor
;;This entity was involved in the court case that established the need for public figures or officials to prove actual malice to win a libel suit after being sued by Montgomery, Alabama, police commissioner L.B. Sullivan. In another case involving this newspaper, a government report leaked by Daniel Ellsberg to the Washington Post and this newspaper resulted in the Supreme Court knocking down prior restraint. For 10 points, name this newspaper owned by the Sulzberger family and nicknamed "The Gray Lady.".;;(The) New York Times
;;This piece includes an "extra" movement between its scherzo and finale, and its long title describes this work as "the expression of feeling rather than painting." Its second movement has the flute, oboe, and clarinet representing the nightingale, quail and cuckoo, respectively, and its third movement includes a peasant dance that is interrupted by a thunderstorm. For 10 points, name this Beethoven symphony about scenes from rural life.;;Pastoral Symphony|(Symphony) (No(.)) 6 by Beethoven(;)|Beethoven's Sixth Symphony(;)|Beethoven's Op(.) 68(;)|(Symphony) (No(.)) 6 by (Beethoven) (after) (Beethoven)
;;This man was defeated by the forces of Alvaro Obregon at the Battle of Celaya. This man formed the Division of the North following the assassination of Francisco Madero. This leader was assassinated at his hacienda in Hidalgo del Parral. This rebel executed dozens of U.S. citizens in Santa Isabel and Columbus, New Mexico. For 10 points, name this Mexican bandit who was unsuccessfully pursued by General John J. Pershing in a 1916 expedition.;;(Pancho) Villa|(Francisco) Villa(;)|(Doroteo) Arango
;;This poet asked "Who breaks a butterfly upon a wheel?" in a poem defending his use of satire. This author wrote a poem in which the goddess Dulness crowns Colley Cibber as the King of Dunces. This author of "Epistle to Dr. Arbuthnot" wrote "A little learning is a dangerous thing" and "fools rush in where angels fear to tread" in his An Essay on Criticism. For 10 points, name this seventeenth-century British poet of The Dunciad and The Rape of the Lock.;;(Alexander) Pope
;;One statement of opposition to these laws was the Suffolk Resolves. One component of these laws introduced French civil law and toleration of Catholics to a certain region. Another of these laws installed Thomas Gage as military governor, revoking the colonial charter of Massachussets. Other laws in this group required the quartering of troops in private homes and closed the port of Boston until payment was received for destroyed tea. For 10 points, name this set of four laws that were issued by the British cabinet in 1774 in response to the Boston Tea Party, and which American colonists could not bear obeying.;;Intolerable Acts|Coercive Acts
;;One title used for this man is "Father of Dust," and during the Battle of Khaybar, this man tore off the door of a fort and used it as a shield. This man's forces were victorious at the Battle of the Camel. This man slept in Muhammad's bed as a decoy to Muhammad's attempted assassins during the Hegira. Some sources claim that this man was the only person born in the Ka'bah, and after Khadijah, he is said to be the second convert to Islam. For 10 points, name this husband of Muhammad's daughter Fatima, the first Imam of Shia Islam.;;Ali|Ali ibn (Abi) (Talib)
;;This writer focused on his survival after being imprisoned on false evidence in his prison memoir The Man Died. This author wrote about the clash between Oba Danlola and the title dictator in his work Kongi's Feast . In another work by this man, Simon Pilkings causes a panic in the village of Oyo when he prevents Elesin from fulfilling his duty towards the alafin. He also wrote about Sidi, a beautiful girl lusted after by the village chief Baroka. For 10 points, name this first African winner of the Nobel Prize, a Nigerian playwright of Death and the King's Horseman and The Lion and the Jewel.;;(Akinwande) (Oluwole) Soyinka
;;This book ends with the protagonist dreaming about African lions. One character in this book fears that the Cleveland Indians will defeat the Yankees, but the protagonist reminds him that the Yankees have "the great DiMaggio." That character, Manolin, is an apprentice to the title character, who has gone eighty-four days without catching a fish. The title character, Santiago, battles with a marlin on the eighty-fifth day. For 10 points, name this novella by Ernest Hemingway.;;(The) Old Man and the Sea
;;When "pellucidum" is appended to this word, it describes a brain structure that runs from the corpus callosum to the fornix. A defect of another structure with this name allows blood to pass from the left to right atrium. Another structure with this name can potentially deviate enough to cause abnormal breathing. For 10 points, give this term that comes from the Latin for "wall," which describes the divider between the two nostrils of the nose.;;septum
;;One of these conflicts was incited by the surprise at Meaux, which followed the Edict of St. Germain. One of the namesake figures of one war in this series was the Duke of Guise, one of the "Three Henrys." Catherine de Medici ordered one brutal occurrence during this series of conflicts. These conflicts were ended by Henry IV's conversion to Catholicism. For 10 points, name this series of 16th-century wars, which included the St. Barthlomew's Day Massacre, between Huguenots and Catholics.;;(French) Wars of Religion
;;Current lags voltage in these circuit components by ninety degrees. The potential energy stored in one of these devices is equal to "one-half current squared times" a namesake quantity. These devices create a reactance proportional to "2 pi times the frequency," causing them to resist the flow of alternating current. These devices often consist of a coiled wire, and Faraday's Law describes how electric current through one of these creates a magnetic field. For 10 points, name these devices which have a namesake property symbolized L and measured in Henries.;;inductors
;;This author imagined Satan as a three-faced demon chewing on the heads of Cassius, Brutus, and Judas Iscariot. In one work, this author described riding the back of Geryon to reach Malebolge and meeting the adulterous lovers Paolo and Francesca. In that work, this author is guided by Virgil and Beatrice through hell, purgatory, and heaven. For 10 points, name this medieval Italian poet who wrote the Paradiso and Inferno sections of his The Divine Comedy.;;Dante Alighieri|(Dante) Alighieri
;;Idmon joined this group although he knew it would lead to his own death. This group encountered the seer Phineus, whose food was eaten by Harpies until two members of this group, Calais and Zetes, drove them off. Heracles abandoned this group to search for Hylas, and Orpheus kept this group from being enticed by the sirens. Their leader, Jason, married Medea on their voyage back from Colchis. For 10 points, name this group of Greek adventurers, who set off in their namesake ship to find the Golden Fleece.;;Argonauts
;;In Tintoretto's version of this painting, fire flowing from a lamp in the upper left illuminates swirling spirits. Salvador Dali's version of this painting shows the central character blond, and features a transparent torso floating above the scene. This painting emerged from a twenty one year restoration in 1999. The central figure's head is the vanishing point for all the perspective lines in this painting, in which one of the thirteen figures holds a knife and two point at the same loaf of bread. For 10 points, name this Leonardo da Vinci work depicting the final meal of Jesus.;;(The) Last Supper
;;This author included his "Big Space" and "The King of Harlem" in a collection inspired by his visit to the United States, The Poet in New York. This man elegized Ignacio Sanchez Mejias (ig-NAH-shee-oh SAHN-chez meh-HEE-ahs), a renowned matador, in his "Lament for the Death of a Bullfighter." One of his plays describe a period of enforced mourning in the title abode. In another of his plays, Leonardo and the Bridegroom kill each other under the full moon. For 10 points, what Spanish author of The House of Bernarda Alba and Blood Wedding was killed by Fascists in 1936?.;;(Federico) (Garcia) Lorca
;;This body's necrosis due to blood loss from childbirth is known as Sheehan's syndrome. In developing embryos, part of this structure forms from Rathke's pouch, and it is located in a depression known as the sella turcica, which is found in the sphenoid bone. Herring bodies are found in the axons that connect this entity to the hypothalamus. It regulates the body's water content by releasing vasopressin from its posterior lobe. For 10 points, name this "master gland" that releases prolactin and sits at the base of the brain.;;pituitary gland
;;One short story by this author explains how Mrs. Sommers spends fifteen dollars. This author wrote a novel about Therese Lafirme's love for David Hosmer in Natchitoches. A short story by this author is about Louise's reaction when she discovers Brentley Mallard isn't actually dead. In addition to "A Pair of Silk Stockings," At Fault, and "Story of An Hour," this author wrote about a woman who has an affair with Alcee Arobin in another novel. In that novel by this author, the protagonist vacations at Grande Isle and loves Robert LeBrun. For 10 points, name this author who wrote about Edna Pontellier in The Awakening.;;(Kate) Chopin|(Catherine) O'Flaherty
;;Along with table salt, ammonia, and carbon dioxide, this compound is an input in the Solvay process. It is a byproduct of the Ostwald process used to make nitric acid, and this compound notably has explosive reactions with several pure alkali metals. Combustion of hydrocarbons produces carbon dioxide and this compound, which reacts with strong acids to form hydronium ions. For 10 points, name this compound sometimes jokingly referred to as "dihydrogen monoxide.".;;water|H2O
;;The Dan River flows into this river in the Hulah Valley, and the Yarmouk River connects the Hauran Plateau to this river's watershed. A main source of this river is melting snow from Mount Hermon, and this river flows just west of the Golan Heights. This river plunges below sea level before reaching the Sea of Galilee and forming the border of the West Bank. For 10 points, name this river that flows into the Dead Sea, which separates Israel and a nation of this river's name.;;Jordan River
;;This author wrote "there is neither East nor West, Border, nor Breed, nor Birth / When two strong men stand face to face, tho' they come from the ends of the earth!" in a poem asserting "East is East, and West is West, and never the twain shall meet." This author wrote a poem about a British soldier who tells a water-carrier "you're a better man than I am," as well as several stories about the tiger Shere Khan and the wolf-child Mowgli. For 10 points, name this British author who wrote about India in "Gunga Din" and The Jungle Book.;;(Rudyard) Kipling
;;PSI+, one of these structures in yeast, may be evolutionarily beneficial. The creation of these entities is related to gene CD230, which is located on the short arm of chromosome 20. PrP becomes mutated in diseases related to these entities, and they can create tissue deposits that resemble amyloidosis (AM-ill-oy-DOSE-iss). They cause diseases like kuru, scrapie, and Creutzfeld-Jakob disease. For 10 points, name these misfolded proteins that can also cause "mad cow" disease.;;prions|proteinaceous infectious agent
;;This quantity is modeled for different groups substituted on a benzene ring via the Hammett equation. One measure for this quantity takes the average energy of a free atom's valence electrons and is named for Allen. A simple measure for this quantity is equal to the mean of first ionization energy and electron affinity, named for Mulliken, though it is more often measured on the Pauling scale, which gives fluorine a value of 3.98. For 10 points, give this quantity that represents the degree to which an atom or group attracts electron density.;;electronegativity
;;The written form of this language uses the letter combination "s z" to represent the English "s" sound. Because it is a Uralic language, it exhibits a phenomenon that is also characteristic of Turkish, vowel harmony. This language shares a group with Mansi, Khanty, and the Ob-Ugric languages within the Finno-Ugric family. This language is not Indo-European, though its speakers are normally surrounded by speakers of Germanic and Slavic languages in Central Europe. For 10 points, identify this language, which was the native tongue of Leo Szilard, Bela Bartok, and Franz Liszt.;;Hungarian|Magyar
;;An event in this city in 1968 led to the arrest of Luis Echeverria Alvarez in 2006. That event in this city was named the Tlatelolco Massacre. In 1913, this city was the site of The Ten Tragic Days during its country's civil war. This city was captured by the forces of Augustin Iturbide in 1821. In 1520, La Noche Triste occurred at the location of this present-day city and resulted in a major defeat for Hernan Cortez. For 10 points, name this city that is located on the site of the Aztec capital Tenochitlan.;;Mexico City|Ciudad de Mexico
;;In one of this composer's symphonies, the second part of the minuet is the same as the first part played in reverse, leading to its nickname The Palindrome. One other work of this composer, whose works were catalogued by Anthony van Hoboken, features a persistent ticking rhythm, while in another, the performers depart the stage in the fourth movement. The second movement of another features a sudden fortissimo. For 10 points, name this Austrian composer of the Clock, Farewell, Surprise, and over a hundred other symphonies.;;(Franz) (Joseph) Haydn
;;This Supreme Court case overturned Betts v. Brady, which established that a certain law only applied to capital cases. Abe Fortas represented the defendant in this case. The majority opinion by Hugo Black in this case agreed that the defendant's sixth amendment rights had been violated. Like Miranda v. Arizona, this case was heard by the Earl Warren court and helped to reform the criminal justice system. For 10 points, name this Supreme Court case that established a defendant's right to be provided with an attorney.;;Gideon v(.) (Wainwright)|(Wainwright) (v(.)) Gideon
;;One poem by this author compares the night, stars, and the sun to the faces, eyes, and souls of "My People." This man writes that life is "no crystal stair" in his poem "Mother to Son." Another of his poems describes a scene "down on Lenox Avenue the other night" of a man "droning a drowsy syncopated tune." This describes building a hut near the Congo and raising the pyramids above the Nile in a poem that mentions Abraham Lincoln's journey down the Mississippi to New Orleans. For 10 points, name this author of "The Weary Blues" and "The Negro Speaks of Rivers," a leader of the Harlem Renaissance.;;(James) (Mercer) (Langston) Hughes
;;The book named for this man includes the statement that "Assyria [is] the rod of my anger" because Tiglath-Pileser III was leading an invasion westward. Along with Micah, he discussed how nations will beat their swords into plowshares and not take up arms against each other in the second chapter of his book. The Septuagint translation of his prophesy claims a virgin will "conceive and bear a son" who was called Immanuel. For 10 points, name this prophet who warned Israel that its immorality would lead to an invasion, whose namesake book is found between the Song of Songs and Jeremiah.;;Isaiah|Isaias(;)|Yesha'yahu
;;Abnormal alpha-synuclein (AL-fuh-sin-NEW-clee-in) proteins known as Lewy bodies were first discovered in patients suffering from this disease. The severity of this disease is measured from one to five on the Hoehn and Yahr Scale. This disease is caused by damage to the pars compacta of the substantia nigra, which is part of the basal ganglia. This disease results in less active dopamine pathways in the brain, which is why it is sometimes treated with L-dopa. For 10 points, name this neural disease that results in a loss of motor skill, often causing tremor and rigidity in muscles.;;Parkinson's (Disease)
;;The Treaty of Kiel ceded this country to Sweden. This country's king Harold Hardrada lost the Battle of Stamford Bridge. This country was traditionally ruled by kings named Haakon. This nation was converted to Christianity under its king St. Olaf. During World War II, this country was led by the Nazi collaborator Vidkun Quisling. For 10 points, name this Scandinavian country whose capital is Oslo.;;(Kingdom) (of) Norway|(Kongeriket) Norge
;;Richard Dawkins created an "extended" version of this concept to include manifestations of behavior, such as beaver dams. Silent mutations are called "silent" because they do not alter this feature. Heterozygous crosses display a three to one ratio for this quality, which is part of a distinction advanced by Wilhelm Johannsen. For 10 points, name this term for the physical manifestation of a genetic sequence, the complement to an organism's genotype.;;phenotype
;;Nanny worries that this novel's protagonist will become a "mule" after observing a kiss with Johnny Taylor. The protagonist of this novel is the daughter of Leafy, and is unsatisfied with her marriage to Logan Killicks. The protagonist of this novel runs away with Jody Starks, who becomes the mayor of Eatonville. The protagonist of this novel falls in love with a man with whom she survives a hurricane, though that man, Tea Cake, later becomes infected with rabies. For 10 points, name this work in which Tea Cake is shot by Janie Crawford, a novel by Zora Neale Hurston.;;Their Eyes Were Watching God
;;Hesiod's Theogony begins by noting that this group bathes in the Permessus River, which flows from Mount Helicon, a mountain sacred to this group. Hyacinth was the son of one member of this group, and another member of this group was the mother of the Sirens. In addition to Clio and Melpomene, this group included Urania, whose dominion was astronomy, and Erato, who governed love poetry. These sisters were all daughters of Zeus and Mnemosyne (nuh-MOSS-in-ee). For 10 points, give the collective name of this group of nine goddesses who inspired man's creation of the arts.;;Muses
;;This man's "The Last Instructions to a Painter" is a verse satire on the Dutch War, and he wrote extended conceits in such lyric poems as "A Dialogue between Body and Soul." Another poem by this author imagines finding rubies by the Ganges, and claims that the speaker's "vegetable love" will grow "vaster than empires, and more slow." That poem by this author states that "I always hear time's winged chariot drawing near" in urging a woman to consummate her love. For 10 points, which metaphysical poet wished for "world enough and time" in his poem "To His Coy Mistress?".;;(Andrew) Marvell
;;A 2009 exhibition of armor, weaponry, and clothing at the Tower of London celebrated the 500th anniversary of this monarch's ascension to the throne. This ruler is praised as one of the founders of the British navy. The destruction of churches and monasteries from 1536 until 1541 remains one of this man's more infamous acts. Thomas More was beheaded for siding with the Pope on the question of this king's first marriage. For 10 points, who was this second Tudor king, who was the father of both Mary I and Elizabeth I?.;;Henry VIII of (England)
;;Juan Prim led a revolution against one queen of this name, who was opposed by the Carlists. Another queen of this name was the mother of Juana the Mad and issued the Alhambra Decree. The first queen of this name unified her kingdom of Castile with Aragon by marrying her husband. That queen of this name ruled Spain from 1474 to 1504. For 10 points, give this name of the Spanish queen who financed Columbus's expedition to the New World along with her husband Ferdinand.;;Isabella
;;This nation contains the southern portion of the La Amistad International Peace Park, in the Cordillera de Talamanca. Punta Mariato is the southernmost point of this nation, on the Azuero Peninsula which is bound by the Pacific Ocean and a gulf of the same name as this nation. The Chagres River flows from this nation's Gatun Lake, and the Darien Gap is in the eastern portion of this nation and is the only break in the Pan-American Highway. For 10 points, name this nation on an isthmus, southeast of Costa Rica and north of Colombia and home to a canal connecting two oceans.;;(Republic) (of) Panama
;;In one song by this group, the male vocalist declares "you know you got me by a string, baby," and in another, the singer describes how the titular objects "drive these brothers crazy." This group's album Monkey Business included "Don't Phunk with my Heart." A more recent song by this group features the line "you're so 2000 and late," and another of their songs requests "some guidance from above" before asking the titular question. For 10 points, name this hip-hop group whose members include will.i.am and Fergie, which is known for songs such as "Boom Boom Pow," "My Humps," and "Where is the Love?".;;Black Eyed Peas
;;This author wrote Nana as part of his twenty-volume series titled Les Rougon-Macquart. That series contains this author's novel about a coal mining strike called Germinal. This author is best-known for an letter to Felix Faure published in Georges Clemenceau's newspaper. That letter by this author states that an act of espionage was committed by Major Esterhazy and that anti-Semitism resulted in the banishment to Devil's Island. For 10 points, name this French author who defended Alfred Dreyfus in his letter J'Accuse.;;(mile) (douard) (Charles) (Antoine) Zola
;;Paul Gauguin painted this artist painting sunflowers, which were the first of his ideas for decorating the Yellow House. This artist painted women in blue working under a yellow sky in The Red Vineyard, and showed a billiards table in a red room in another painting. He painted a peasant family eating under an oil lamp, and this artist of The Night Cafe also painted swirls in his scene of the sky above Saint-Remy. For 10 points, name this Post-Impressionist painter of The Potato Eaters and Starry Night, who cut off one of his own ears.;;(Vincent) Van Gogh
;;The Morley-Vine-Matthews Hypothesis cited geomagnetic reversals in igneous rock as proof of this phenomenon. This phenomenon generally involves passive upwelling from the mantle and is not found at active margins or convergent boundaries. This phenomenon was first proposed by Harry Hess, and it is currently explained by convection in the asthenosphere. For 10 points, name this occurrence in which tectonic plates are formed at mid-ocean ridges, notably occurring at the Mid-Atlantic Ridge.;;Seafloor Spreading
;;Bayard Rustin was responsible for organizing the logistics of this event. John Lewis, the youngest person to speak at this event, controversially criticized John F. Kennedy in his speech. The most famous speech given at this event mentioned coming to this event's location to "cash a check" and expressed hope that "this nation will rise up and live out the true meaning of its creed". For 10 points, name this 1963 protest rally "for Jobs and Freedom" that featured Martin Luther King's "I Have a Dream" speech, which took place at the Lincoln Memorial.;;(the) (1963) March on Washington for (Jobs) (and) (Freedom)
;;This man's book Boston examined the Sacco and Vanzetti case. The purposeful creation of a financial panic on Wall Street by Steel Trust head Dan Waterman is the subject of this man's novel The Money Changers. The protagonist goes hunting with Hermann Goering in this man's novel Dragon's Teeth, which one of this author's many books that feature Lanny Budd. This author's novel Oil! was the basis for the film There Will Be Blood. This man also wrote a novel about Jurgis Rudkus' experiences in the Chicago meatpacking industry. For 10 points, name this author of The Jungle.;;(Upton) (Beall) Sinclair
;;The conservation of this quantity is due to the translational invariance of the Lagrangian, according to Noether's theorem. The De Broglie wavelength of a particle is equal to Planck's constant divided by this quantity for the particle. Heisenberg's Uncertainty Principle was originally given in terms of errors in position and this quantity. This quantity is conserved in both inelastic and elastic collisions, and the change in this quantity is equal to force times time, also known as impulse. For 10 points, name this quantity symbolized p, equal to mass times velocity.;;(linear) momentum
;;The Macartney Embassy was a British trade negotiation team sent to this country. One leader of this country was advised by Vinegar Joe Stillwater. Clair Chennault led the small air force group called the Flying Tigers in this country. The Marco Polo Bridge incident in this country led to a war that is sometimes identified as the first stage of World War II. For 10 points, name this country which suffered through the Rape of Nanking and was led by Chiang Kai-shek.;;(People's) (Republic) (of) China|Zhonghua Renmin (Gongheguo(;))|PRC
;;One theorem named for this man says that if a prime p divides "a times b," then either p divides a or p divides b, and this man proved that there are infinitely many primes. The solutions predicted by the Chinese Remainder Theorem can be found using the extended form of this man's namesake algorithm, which finds the greatest common divisor of two numbers. Hyperbolic geometries arise when a statement of this man does not hold; that statement is known as his fifth postulate, or parallel postulate. For 10 points, name this Greek mathematician who created a treatise on geometry, the Elements.;;Euclid
;;Major theories in this discipline include structural functionalism and symbolic interactionism. This discipline studies mores [mor-ays] and folkways, and an early thinker in this discipline developed the concept of anomie. A classic study in this field analyzed the way Calvinism led to the development of the modern economic system, and is titled The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism. For 10 points, name this social science whose classic thinkers include Emile Durkheim and Max Weber, the study of human society.;;sociology
;;This man proved that the halting problem is not generally solvable except in cases of fewer than four states, and Tibor Rado developed a type of an object named for him that finds the most work one can do, the busy beaver. This man names a thesis about the equivalence of the lambda calculus and another system along with Church. For 10 points, name this British computer scientist who helped break the Enigma cipher and whose namesake test is a benchmark for artificial intelligence and whose namesake machines are abstracted computers.;;(Alan) Turing
;;One of this man's novels involves a murder mystery surrounding a serial killer who draws elephants on his victims stomachs. In addition to A Son of the Circus, this author wrote a novel about Patrick Wallingford, a reporter for the "disaster network" who lost his hand to a circus lion, The Fourth Hand. The son of the feminist Jenny Fields is the title character of another novels, and Dr. Wilbur Larch runs St. Cloud's orphanage in another of his works. For 10 points, name this author of <The World According to Garp and The Cider House Rules.;;(John) Irving
;;This President attempted to intervene with the government of Egypt to save Israeli spies behind the Lavon affair. In Operation Blue Bat, this man sent 15,000 troops to Lebanon as part of his namesake "doctrine" to intervene in countries threatened by Communism. This President oversaw the creation of the Interstate Highway System. This man forced the Arkansas National guard to integrate the Little Rock Nine. Before becoming president, this man served as the first Supreme Commander of NATO. For 10 points, name this World War II general and president of the U.S.;;(Dwight) (David) Eisenhower|(Ike) Eisenhower
;;The reproduction of these organisms is often undertaken by releasing diaspores, usually either in the soredia or isidia form. They were previously placed in the phylum mycophycophyta, and they are typically classified by growth forms such as "crustose," "filamentous," and "fruticose." They can subsist in extreme environments, but their extreme susceptibility to pollution makes them useful gauges of air quality and ozone depletion. One of them known as R. tinctoria is boiled to yield the pH indicator litmus. For 10 points, name these organisms that are symbiotic combinations of a fungus and an alga.;;lichens
;;When this man died in a lab filled with hydrogen cyanide, the fireman appearing on the scene allegedly asked, "Does anyone know who this guy is?". That lab was at Berkeley, where this man, along with his student Harold Urey, discovered deuterium. This man also coined the term "photon" and hypothesized the covalent bond. A diagram named after this man uses lines to represent those bonds and dots to represent free electrons. For 10 points, name this American chemist with namesake electron dot structures.;;(Gilbert) (Newton) Lewis
;;In one of this composer's works, an opening series of timpani beats is followed by brass instruments repeatedly playing a theme beginning with the notes B-flat, F, and a higher B-flat. This composer included the movements "Buckaroo Holiday," "Corral Nocturne," and "Hoedown" in his ballet Rodeo. Another of his works includes variations on the Shaker hymn "Simple Gifts" and is named for a mountain chain in the eastern United States. For 10 points, name this American composer of Fanfare for the Common Man and Appalachain Spring.;;(Aaron) Copland
;;This thinker wrote that the point of philosophy is not to interpret the world but to change it in his Theses on Feuerbach. This author of The Critique of the Gotha Program claims that all history is the "history of class struggles" in a work that begins by stating that a "spectre is haunting Europe". For 10 points, name this German philosopher who exclaimed "workers of the world, unite!" in Das Kapital and, with Fredrick Engels, wrote The Communist Manifesto.;;(Karl) Marx
;;One character in this play claims that another character "doth teach the torches to burn bright." This play is set in a place ruled by Prince Escalus, whose relative, Count Paris, wants to marry one of the title characters. One character in this play initially loves Rosaline. In this play, Tybalt kills Mercutio in a duel. Friar Lawrence prepares a potion in this play that makes one character appear dead for twenty-four hours. For 10 points, name this Shakespeare play in which the title characters fall in love despite the enmity between the Capulets and the Montagues.;;Romeo and Juliet
;;In this battle, the crucial Bar-le-Duc road becaem known as the "Sacred Way." Erich von Falkenhayn masterminded one side's forces in this battle. The namesake fortification of this battle was established as a counterpart to the German stronghold at Metz. French troops at this battle were led by Philippe Petain. This battle took place along the Meuse river. For 10 points, name this World War I battle in which French troops, inspired by the cry, "They shall not pass," repelled a German offensive in 1916.;;Verdun
;;In one of his novels, Alexandra, Jane, and Sukie seek revenge when Darryl Van Horne decides to marry the young Jenny Gabriel. That novel is The Witches of Eastwick. In one of his short stories, the protagonist Sammy gives the unflattering nickname of "Big Tall Gooney" to one character. In that story, Sammy is quits his job after Lengel threw three girls in bathing suits out of the title grocery store, "A&P." This man also wrote a series of novels about a former basketball star who has an unhappy marriage to Janice, Harry Angstrom. For 10 points, name this author of novels such as Rabbit Redux and Rabbit Run.;;(John) Updike
;;This man ironically issued the Decree of War to the Death, which permitted any atrocities to be committed against his enemies during his Admirable Campaign. This leader received aid from Alexandre Petion. This man summoned the Congress of Angostura. This leader wrote the Cartagena Manifesto after fleeing from the fall of Francisco de Miranda's republic. The Congress of Cucuta elected this man President of Gran Colombia. In the battles of Boyaca and Carabobo, this secured the independence of Colombia and Venezuela. For 10 points, name this Liberator of South America from Spanish rule.;;(Simon) (Jose) (Antonio) (de) (la) (Santisima) (Trinidad) Bolivar y (Palacios) (Ponte) (Blanco)
;;In one of this man's poems, the speaker declares that "the armies of those I love engirth me" and asks "if the body were not the Soul, what is the Soul?" In another of this man's poems, the speaker looks up "in perfect silence at the stars" after hearing a lecture full of "the charts and the diagrams" This author of "When I Heard the Learn'd Astronomer" wrote a collection that includes a poem in which the speaker sounds his "barbaric yawp over the roofs of the world." For 10 points, name this poet who wrote "O Captain! My Captain!" and the collection Leaves of Grass, which contains his "Song of Myself.".;;(Walter) (Walt) Whitman
;;This object is not present in a series of models dubbed "Technicolor." One theory on how to produce one of these objects is based on gluons decaying into a top quark and its antiparticle, then fusing. Another theory on how they form involves the fusion of certain "W" and "Z" particles. The Standard Model predicts the existence of this particle, while conformation of its existence will hopefully be supplied by experiments in the Large Hadron Collider. For 10 points, name this "God Particle" that is a boson named for a scientist.;;Higgs Boson
;;This piece includes the song "In the Tavern," in which a tenor soloist sings as a swan roasting on a spit, and this piece was often performed before the composer's semi-staged Passions of Bach. Other songs in this piece include "Court of Love" and "Banziflor and Helen," and this piece was derived from a medieval collection of songs discovered by J.A. Schmeller in the Benediktbeuern monastery. For 10 points, name this musical work that begins and ends with songs entitled "O Fortuna," a work by Carl Orff.;;Carmina Burana
;;This organelle's outer membrane contains an antiporter that exports triose phosphate, and precursor proteins are imported here using Tic and Toc proteins. Like mitochondria, these organelles are thought to have evolved through endosymbiosis (EN-do-sim-by-OH-sis). Lamella connect the grana inside this organelle. Those grana are stacks of suborganelles inside of which photophosphorylation (FO-toe-FOSS-for-ill-AY-shun) occurs. These organelles contain thylakoids, which possess light-absorbing pigments like chlorophyll. For 10 points, identify this organelle responsible for photosynthesis.;;chloroplasts
;;This country's involvement in one war started when its ship Marques of Olinda was captured. That war saw this country's forces commanded by the Duke of Caxias (CAH-she-us). This country's independence was achieved after the "Fico Speech" and the "Cry of Ipiranga" by its first emperor. Slavery was gradually abolished in this country; first by the Law of the Free Womb and then by the Golden Law. This country was first discovered by Pedro Cabral. Emperors of this country included Pedro I and Pedro II. For 10 points, name this country colonized by Portugal in South America.;;(Federative) (Republic) (of) Brazil|(Republica) (Federativa) (do) Brasil
;;One of this composer's piano works closes with a march of the fictional "Davidsbundler" league and spells A-S-C-H in a recurring motif. In addition to the opera Genoveva and the song cycle Dichterliebe, this composer wrote the piano works Scenes from Childhood and Kreisleriana, as well as a Third Symphony in E Flat known as the "Rhenish." For 10 points, name this composer of Carnaval and a "Spring" Symphony.;;(Robert) Schumann
;;This procedure is accomplished in square-root-of-n time using base-two-log-n space on a quantum computer via Grover's algorithm. Varieties of this algorithm on graphs include best-first, breadth-first, and depth-first. A great improvement on naive methods for doing this assumes that the list is sorted and eliminates half the list on each pass, the "binary" algorithm. For 10 points, name this class of algorithms, the simplest of which simply reads through a list from top to bottom and compares each element to the target.;;searching
;;This city is home to a murder and a political assassination on the same day in the novel The Day the Leader was Killed. The author of that work created a character who gains a BA in philosophy from a university in this city. Siblings of that character live on Sugar Street and in the Palace of Desire in this city. This city is the home to Amina, whose husband illicitly drinks wine and has affairs. That husband still rules over the inhabitants of Palace Walk in this city. For 10 points, name this city that gives its name to a trilogy of novels by Egyptian author Naguib Mahfouz.;;Cairo|al(-)Qahira
;;This type of tissue can be divided into hyaline and fibro- types based on the amount and distribution of proteoglycans and collagen fibers. The fibro- type is found in intervertebral disks, and the hyaline type is replaced in rheumatoid arthritis. A third, elastic type of this highly nonvascular tissue gives structure to the external ear. For 10 points, give this type of connective tissue found in the nose and on the surface of bones.;;cartilage
;;In this election, Benjamin Butler became the last presidential nominee of the Greenback Party. One major party candidate in this election was accused of fathering an illegitimate child with Maria Halpin. The other major candidate of this election was attacked as a "continental liar from the state of Maine." The Democratic nominee carried the election due to the defection of the Mugwumps and backlash from the slogan "Rum, Romanism, and Rebellion." For 10 points, name this election in which James Blaine lost to Grover Cleveland, the first of Cleveland's non-consecutive election wins.;;1884 United (States) (Presidential) (Election)
;;This man threw the only shutout of the 1993 World Series, and started Game Seven of the 2001 World Series. This man won Game Six of the 2004 American League Championship Series on an injured ankle, an event commemorated by his "bloody sock." In September 2009, via his blog, 38 Pitches, he declined to run for the open Senate seat from Massachusetts. For 10 points, name this pitcher that officially retired in March 2009 after stints with the Orioles, Phillies, Diamondbacks, and Red Sox.;;(Curtis) (Montague) (Curt) Schilling
;;One of this author's female characters wishes to marry the Brazilian Jose Ybarra-Jaeger, and that woman's brother Fred was killed overseas at war. This author wrote about how that same woman wishes to eat the title meal because nothing bad will happen at a certain jewelry store. Another book by this creator of Holly Golightly ends with the execution of two men who were investigated by Alvin Dewey. This man wrote a book about the crime of Dick Hickock and Perry Smith. For 10 points, name this author of Breakfast at Tiffany's , and a book about the murder of the Clutter family in Kansas, In Cold Blood.;;(Truman) Capote|(Truman) (Streckfus) Persons
;;The generating function for these numbers is "z over the quantity 1 minus z minus z squared." The ratio between successive elements in this sequence converges to a continued fraction with all ones, which is equal to the golden ratio. The shallow diagonals of Pascal's triangle sum to these numbers, and these numbers were first proposed in a problem involving reproducing rabbits. For 10 points, name this sequence beginning "one, one, two, three, five," where each element is the sum of the previous two elements.;;Fibonacci numbers|(sequence)
;;This man's "Young Jesus with the Doctors" includes an inscription that says, "the work of five days." He created the altarpiece "The Feast of the Rose Garlands" for the church of St. Bartholomew in Venice. This man painted a portrait of his master Michael Wohlgemuth. A lion sleeps next to a dog in the foreground of this artist's St. Jerome in his Study and an hourglass, compass, and scale appear in this man's Melancholia I. For 10 points, name this German artist of Knight, Death, and the Devil and The Four Horsemen of the Apocolypse.;;(Albrecht) Durer
;;This character laments that his "native hue of resolution is sicklied o'er with the pale cast of thought" and that "conscience does make cowards of us all." This character wishes that his "too too solid flesh would melt, thaw, and resolve itself into a dew!" after a ghost tells him to revenge his father's death. Later, this character murders Polonius while visiting his mother Gertrude. For 10 points, name this character who wonders "to be, or not to be," a prince of Denmark who names a Shakespearean tragedy.;;(Prince) Hamlet
;;In one poem of the Elder Edda, this god attends the feast of Aegir and delivers two solid stanzas of insults at the other gods. After the gods bet the sun and the moon that a builder cannot make a wall around Valhalla in a single summer, this god turns into a mare and gives birth to Odin's steed Sleipnir to distract the building team. He tells Hodr to throw a mistletoe sprig at Baldur, and is punished by having acid dripped onto his back, which his wife Sigyn assuages. For 10 points, name this god who fathered Fenrir and Hel with Angrboda, who is best known as the Norse trickster god.;;Loki
;;This politician lost many supporters because of his rough treatment of General Ralph Zwicker. The Hennings Report investigated this politician. This politician's reputation plummeted after Joseph Welch asked him, "Have you no sense of decency?" Roy Cohn worked alongside this politician. This man accused the State Department of harboring a number of Communists. For 10 points, name this Wisconsin Senator who led the post-World War II Red Scare.;;(Joseph) (Raymond) McCarthy
;;This goddess mothered Zagreus and turned Minthe into an actual mint plant. Because he lusted for this figure, Pirithous was condemned to sit on a chair with snakes coiled around his feet. Aphrodite disputed with this goddess over Adonis, who spent four months of the year with each of them. In the best known myth involving this figure, her mother neglects the duties of the earth after she is pulled into the Earth by a chariot and eats three pomegranate seeds. The Romans knew her as Proserpine. For 10 points, name this daughter of Demeter and wife of Hades.;;Persephone|Kore(;)|Cora
;;This author wrote about the policeman Centuri in his work featuring Fronza and Signora Frola. Another work of this author contains a character who wears scissors on her chain and another character who finds a little girl in a fountain. This author of Right You Are, (If You Think You Are!) and Mixing It Up used the latter play in his work that features Madame Pace, The Mother, The Father, The Stepdaughter, and The Son. For 10 points, name this Italian author who wrote Six Characters in Search of an Author.;;(Luigi) Pirandello
;;Madden-Julian Oscillation usually occurs a year before these events though rarely during these events, and Walker Circulation tends to be weaker during these events. These events have also coincided with decreases in hurricane formation in the Atlantic and these events cause a decrease in upwelling off the Pacific coast of South America. This event is the warm phase of Southern Oscillation on the tropical Pacific Ocean. For 10 points, name this phase of a periodic atmospheric and oceanic cycle that is paired with the La Nina.;;El Nino ENSO|El Nino Southern Oscillation
;;A claim that the government of this state was "non-republican" was denied in the Supreme Court case Luther v. Borden. Agitation over the fact that this state's constitution only allowed land-owners to vote turned into a 1841 rebellion in this state led by Thomas Dorr. The founder of the colony that became this state wrote The Bloody Tenent of Persecution. Anne Hutchinson led one group that settled in this state. This state was founded as a center of religious freedom by Roger Williams. For 10 points, name this state that had its first settlement established at Providence.;;Rhode Island
;;This region is bordered to the north by the Kunlun Mountains. The Yarlung Zangbo Grand Canyon of this region is carved out by the Brahmaputra River, which cuts an eastward path across this region. This region was recently connected by high-speed rail to Qinghai, and the largest city here contains both the Jokhang Temple and the Potala Palace. That city, Lhasa, is the capital of a namesake "autonomous region" of China. For 10 points, name this plateau that is nicknamed the "Roof of the World" and is bordered to the south by the Himalayas.;;Tibetan (Plateau)
;;Thinkers associated with this ethical philosophy include Peter Singer and Herbert Spencer. This philosophy was founded by the author of A Fragment on Government who also created a felicific calculus, Jeremy Bentham. A book named for this philosophy discusses the Greatest-Happiness principle and was written by John Stuart Mill. For 10 points, name this ethical philosophy which holds that the worth of an act lies in the benefits it creates.;;utilitarianism
;;This man claimed that Freud's work dealt with the "sick half" of humans, and that this man's goal was to focus on the "happy half" in his work Toward a Psychology of Being. One term popularized by this man was first used by Kurt Goldstein, and this man gave examples such as Albert Einstein and Eleanor Roosevelt as people who had achieved that term. This social scientist theorized a system that is based on fulfilling physiological needs and safety and moves through stages like love and esteem to self-actualization. For 10 points, name this American psychologist who conceptualized a "hierarchy of needs.".;;(Abraham) (Harold) Maslow
;;"Artificial" structures of this type can be made using bacteria or yeast. Abnormal ones can be diagnosed through their namesake "painting" or through banding analysis, and a set of these structures is called a karyotype. Linear ones must include a replication origin, a centromere sequence, and two telomere sequences, and they are highly condensed during metaphase. For 10 points, name these structures of which humans have twenty-three pairs.;;chromosomes
;;One of this author's novels contrasts the strained relationship between Dolly and Stepan Oblonsky with the happy relationship of Kitty and Constantine Levin. Another of this author's novels describes Pierre Bezukhov's attempt to capture Napoleon. This author wrote a novel about an upper-class woman's affair with Count Vronsky and a sweeping historical novel about the French invasion of Russia. For 10 points, name this Russian author of Anna Karenina and War and Peace.;;(Count) (Leo) Tolstoy|(Count) (Lev) (Nikolayevich) Tolstoy
;;This god gave Heracles a golden goblet in which he journeyed to Erythia. This god's daughters Phaethusa and Lampetie watched his sheep on the island of Thrinacia. While staying on that island, some of Odysseus's men ate cattle sacred to this god. Among this god's daughters are Pasiphae, the wife of Minos, and the witch Circe. This god swore on the River Styx to allow his son Phaeton to drive his chariot across the sky. For 10 points, name this Greek sun god.;;Helios
;;This man served under General Braddock during the French and Indian War. This general was defeated in Pennsylvania at the Battle of Brandywine. This man's victories in New Jesey include the Battles of Princeton and Trenton, which he won after crossing the Delaware River during the winter. This general won his greatest victory at the Battle of Yorktown against General Cornwallis, and he won the elections of 1788 and 1792. For 10 points, name this first President of the United States.;;(George) Washington
;;This man's teacher George Wishart (WIH-shart) was burned at the stake for heresy. This man's book Faithful Admoninition was written to English Protestants and called for the overthrow of ungodly rulers. This man also wrote the tract First Blast of the Trumpet Against the Monstruous Regiment of Women. This man's Book of Common Order advocated Presbyterian form of church governance. For 10 points, name this leader of the Reformation in Scotland.;;(John) Knox
;;The Le gene in these organisms affects their response to gibberellins (GIBB-ur-ELL-ins) and thus their height. Commonly studied traits in them include axial or terminal buds, inflated or constricted pods, and purple or white flowers. These plants were first used as a model organism by a monk whose studies led to the development of the law of segregation and the law of independent assortment. For 10 points, name this plant that allowed Mendel to develop his namesake model of inheritance.;;pea plants|Pisum (sativum_)
;;This man died in a helicopter crash in 1977 after covering brushfires in Southern California. This man grew up in Pound, Virginia. After graduating from Milligan College, this man joined the Air Force in 1960. This man was trained in dropping atomic bombs, but received later training from the CIA in piloting top-secret, high-altitude planes used to photograph enemy installations. For 10 points, who was shot down over the Soviet Union in May 1960 while flying his U-2?.;;(Francis) (Gary) Powers
;;This woman wrote a book in which Pearl learns that Jimmie Louie isn't her biological father, The Kitchen God's Wife. Another of her works follows a group of tourists who vanished while in Burma and is narrated by the dead tour guide Bibi Chen, Saving Fish From Drowning. Her most famous work tells of a daughter who tries to replace her dead mother in the titular group of four Chinese immigrant women. For 10 points, name this Chinese-American author of The Joy Luck Club.;;(Amy) Tan
;;Playfair's Postulate states that, given a point and a line, only one object with this property can be constructed. That postulate is logically equivalent to Euclid's fifth postulate, which is sometimes named after this property. Corresponding angles are equal if the transverse line generating them intersects two lines with this property. This property is exhibited by two lines that have the same slope but different intercepts. For 10 points, give this property that is exhibited by any two coplanar lines that do not intersect.;;parallelity
;;The influence of this continent on contemporary politics was discussed in a book about the "myth" of a certain "past" by Melville Herskovits. Edward Evan Evans-Pritchard wrote about this continent's Nuer and Azande groups. Among the anthropologists who have made important fossil finds on this continent are Raymond Dart and Louis Leakey, who worked at its Olduvai Gorge. For 10 points, identify this continent, the home to the "Lucy" fossil and to Jane Goodall's research on primate behavior.;;Africa
;;After a visit to this nation, Mikhail Glinka wrote an orchestral piece about a summer night in this nation's capital. Evocacion opens one composer's suite of twelve works about this nation. Another composer from this nation wrote a ballet, the Three-Cornered Hat, as well as three nocturnes for piano and orchestra about nights in the garden of this nation. For 10 points, name this nation that is the subject of the Iberia suite, home to the composers Manuel de Falla and Isaac Albeniz.;;Spain
;;One poem by this man states that the titular piece of music is "only the monstrous anger of the guns." This author of "Anthem for Doomed Youth" wrote another poem, describing an "ecstasy of fumbling" that accompanies a gas attack. That poem by this author criticizes the "age-old lie" that roughly translates as "it is sweet to die for your country." For 10 points, name this poet, who was killed in World War I after writing "Dulce Et Decorum Est" (DUL-chay ET DE-koh-rum EST).;;(Wilfred) Owen
;;This character appeared in the episode "Blind Ambition," which showed how a totem pole caused him to both lose his job as an auctioneer and gain his characteristic elongated speech. One frequent gag involving this character involves the front of his house collapsing, leading to his in-use bathtub falling to the ground. This character eventually eventually leaves Quahog to return to his hometown of Stoolbend, Virginia, where he quickly marries his high school sweetheart. For 10 points, name this former deli owner, the star of a recent spin-off of Family Guy.;;Cleveland Brown
;;A lamp atop a pedestal can be found near the center of this painting, in which three figures are ascending a staircase in the background. In this work, the inscription "L.D." is marked on a bench, on which sits a follower of the title figure. Another robed follower in this painting is placing his hand on the title figure's knee as he prepares to down the deadly contents of a cup. For 10 points, name this Jacques-Louis David painting in which the title philosopher is pointing his finger upward as he prepares to drink hemlock.;;(The) Death of Socrates
;;Parietal cells in this organ produce intrinsic factor to help absorb Vitamin B12. In response to distension of this organ, gastrin is released, and hydrochloric acid is a key ingredient in this organ's acidic juices. Infection by Helicobacter pylori (HEEL-ih-ko-BACK-tur py-LORE-eye) causes peptic ulcers in this organ, which produces chyme (KIME) that is sent into the small intestine. For 10 points, name this organ of the digestive system between the esophagus and small intestine.;;stomach
;;This composer repeated the "Promenade" theme in a suite inspired by his friend Victor Hartmann. This composer wrote a tone poem about a Witches' Sabbath led by Chernobog on St. John's Eve, which was orchestrated by his friend Rimsky-Korsakov. Along with Rimsky-Korsakov, Cui, Balakirev, and Borodin, he was the fifth member of the Mighty Handful of Russian composers. For 10 points, name this Russian composer of Night on Bald Mountain and Pictures of an Exhibition.;;(Modest) Mussorgsky
;;In this literary work, the dog Argos recognizes his master although he is disguised as a beggar. Another character in this work, who notices a scar while washing that beggar's feet, is the old nurse Eurycleia (YURR-ick-LAY-uh). The heroine of this work resists her suitors by weaving and unweaving a burial shroud for her father-in-law, Laertes (LAY-ur-teez). The hero of this work is held at Ogygia (oh-JI-jee-uh) by Calypso when the narration begins. For 10 points, what epic, featuring the characters Telemachus (tel-EM-uh-kuss) and Penelope is set after The Iliad by Homer?.;;(The) Odyssey
;;Khuiten Peak is part of the Five Saints Peaks in this nation's section of the Altay Mountains, which form part of the northwestern boundary of this nation. Lake Khovsgol lies near this nation's Khangai Mountains and drains north into the Selenge River. The northern range of the wild Bactrian camel lies in this country, which lies north of Xinjiang and south of Tuva and which also contains the cold Gobi Desert. For 10 points, name this country of steppes with a capital at Ulan Bator that is landlocked between China and Russia.;;Mongolia
;;One character in this work carries a weapon that was once a pillar in an undersea palace. Another character in this work is banished from the heaven for flirting with the moon. A character in this work is trapped under a mountain for five hundred years after defeating armies from heaven, while another uses the help of Guanyin to bring scriptures back to the Tang Dynasty. For 10 points, name this novel that features Pigsy and Xuanzang (shwan-ZANG), a Chinese novel by Wu Cheng'en about the primate Sun Wukong.;;Journey to the West|Monkey(;)|Xi you ji
;;Edgar Aethling (AYTH-ling) surrendered to the winner of this battle. Halley's comet appeared during the year of this battle, a fact included on the Bayeux (bye-YOO) Tapestry depicting this battle. This battle was preceded by Harald Hardrada and Tostig's defeat at Stamford Bridge. The power struggle that culminated in this battle was started by the death of Edward the Confessor. The result of this battle was the defeat of the English and the death of their leader Harold II. For 10 points, name this 1066 victory for Norman invaders led by William the Conqueror.;;(Battle) (of) Hastings
;;This poet noted that "the sky will cave in on" "the man whose soul is flat" in a poem that begins "All I could see from where I stood/ Was three long mountains and a wood," "Renascence." In another of this person's poems, the speaker's "candle burns at both ends" and "gives a lovely light," although it "will not last the night." For 10 points, name this female American poet who included "First Fig" in her book A Few Figs From Thistles.;;(Edna) (St(.)) (Vincent) Millay
;;The log of the partition function times Boltzmann's constant times temperature yields one form of this quantity. The type of this calculated by subtracting the product of temperature and entropy from internal energy also gives that quantity and is named for Helmholtz. Enthalpy minus the product of temperature and entropy is equal to the Gibbs variety of this quantity. For 10 points, name this quantity, the amount of useful work that can be extracted from a system.;;free energy
;;This leader's military launched Operation Uranus and won the Battle of Kursk. This leader targeted Jews during the Doctors Plot, but died before he could finish it. He outlined the concept of "Socialism within One Country." His foreign minister was Molotov and he ordered the assassination of Trotsky. At the Yalta and Potsdam conferences, this member of the Big Three was given control over the future Warsaw Pact. For 10 points, name this dictator of the Soviet Union during WW2, the successor of Lenin.;;(Joseph) Stalin
;;The final sentence of this story points out the attractiveness and marriageability of the protagonist's sister. That protagonist shuns milk and bread and hides under the sofa at one point during this story. An apple thrown by the protagonist's father lodges into his back, leading to an infection. Several boarders in this story threaten the central family with a lawsuit, which causes the violin-playing Grete to realize that her family must get rid of the central character. For 10 points, name this Kafka story about the transformation of Gregor Samsa into an insect.;;(The) Metamorphosis|(Die) Verwandlung
;;This biome is the subject of a hypothesis confirmed by Harry Ladd. That hypothesis, by Charles Darwin, states that this biome increases to keep up with the sinking of the Earth's crust. Organisms that contribute to this biome's matrix are known as framework builders; those organisms produce calcium carbonate and silica. This biome comprises the inner and outer parts of an atoll. For 10 points, name this marine biome produced mostly by its namesake animal, an example of which is the Great Barrier one off the coast of Australia.;;(coral) reef
;;The Imperial Colors Incident was a failed uprising against this ruler. This man was the son of Taisho, and during one war this ruler's country was led by Prime Minister Tojo. During his reign, the Mukden and Marco Polo Bridge incidents happened. A failed military coup attempted to destroy a "jewel record" of this man announcing his country's unconditional surrender after Bock's Car and the Enola Gay dropped nuclear weapons on his nation. For 10 points, name this Emperor of Japan during World War Two.;;Hirohito
;;This playwright wrote a trilogy based on the Oresteia in which Ezra Mannon's death portends the downfall of Orin and Lavinia. This author of Desire Under the Elms and Mourning Becomes Electra wrote a play that is set in Harry Hope's bar, whose denizens renew their "pipe dreams" after "Hickey" Hickman kills his wife. For 10 points, name this American playwright of The Iceman Cometh and Long Day's Journey into Night.;;(Eugene) (Gladstone) O'Neill
;;The Eotvos effect is the vertical component of this phenomenon. It becomes negligible when the dimenstionless quantity also known as the Kibel number, the Rossby number, is large. Its strength is proportional to the velocity of an objects and the angular velocity of the frame. For 10 points, what effect, which accounts for atmospheric and oceanic current, occurs when a rotating frame of reference creates a fictitious force that causes projectiles to appear deflected?.;;Coriolis effect
;;A source of resistance in this country was quelled in 1966 with the capture of the kabaka's palace at Mengo. This country attempted to annex the Kangara region in 1978. Yoweri Museveni (muus-VAY-nee) came to power in this country in 1986. Israel conducted the Entebbe Raid in this nation, and Milton Obote led this nation twice. One of its leaders expelled this country's Asian citizens in 1972. For 10 points, name this African country that was once led by Idi Amin.;;Uganda
;;Items that two characters in this book discover in a knot in a tree include figurines carved in soap and mint gum. One character is convicted of rape despite the fact that a withered arm proves he could not have committed the crime, and that man, Tom, is defended by the protagonist's father. The book's title action is declared to be a sin by that man, Atticus. For 10 points, name this book about Scout Finch, a novel by Harper Lee.;;To Kill A Mockingbird
;;One holy figure in this religion, Amar Das, compiled the Goindval Pothis. Members of this religion practice in gurdwaras, and an idealized figure in religion is Gobind. This religion's emblems of the Khalsa, which include long shorts, a steel bracelet, a comb, a ceremonial dagger, and uncut hair are known as the "Five Ks." The holiest shrine in this religion is Amritsar's Golden Temple, and its scripture is the Adi Granth. For 10 points, name this Indian religion founded by Guru Nanak.;;Sikhism
;;In one of this author's novels, Mariam and Laila form a close bond because of the brutal abuse delivered by their husband Rasheed. In another of this author's novels, Assef rapes Hassan on the day that Amir wins a local tournament in Kabul. This author's two major novels are set in his home country, Afghanistan. For 10 points, name this author of A Thousand Splendid Suns and The Kite Runner.;;(Khaled) Hosseini
;;The title character of this opera sings the aria "Ritorna vincitor" (ree-TOR-nah VEEN-key-tor) about her conflicted loyalties. In this opera, the king Amanasro (ah-mah-NAS-roh) is captured while disguised as a peasant. The lead tenor in this opera is engaged to marry Amneris (ahm-NEY-ris), but is instead sealed in a tomb to die. This opera focuses on a princess of Ethiopia who is enslaved by Egypt and falls in love with Radames (RAA-da-meez). For 10 points, name this opera, commissioned to celebrate the opening of the Suez Canal and written by Giuseppe Verdi.;;Aida eye(-)EE(-)duh
;;This organism's teeth were described as "lethal bananas" rather than the typical flat blades seen in other contemporary carnivorous animals. Fossils of this organism have been almost exclusively confined to western North America, though a similar species, Tarbosaurus bataar (TAR-bo-SOR-us buh-TAR), was discovered in the Gobi Desert. In 2007, a collagen sample from this relative of Albertosaurus was found to be homologous to that of chickens. For 10 points, name this largest-known terrestrial carnivore.;;Tyrannosaurus rex|T(.) rex
;;A large-scale painting by this man includes many paintings of stone-lined lunettes. Draperies and writhing snakes were later added to cover nude figures in this man's Last Judgement, which also includes a self-portrait of this artist on the flayed skin of St. Bartholomew. His most famous paintings include a depiction of the Libyan sibyl and a painting in which God touches the tip of Adam's finger to give him life. For 10 points, name this man who painted the Sistine Chapel ceiling.;;Michelangelo Buonarotti
;;Cadherins (cad-HERE-inz) and integrins (IN-tuh-grinz) are among the many proteins that span this structure, and flippases (FLIP-ay-suhz) aid molecule movement in it. The fluid mosaic model of this structure states that it is composed of structures like lipid rafts and protein complexes floating freely in a phospholipid bilayer (FOSS-fo-LIP-id BY-lay-ur). Ion channels aid ion transport through this entity to enter or exit the cell. For 10 points, name this barrier that separates a cell from the outside environment.;;(cell) membrane
;;One ruler of this dynasty fell to his death down several steps in his library and had reclaimed his empire from the usurper Sher Shah Suri. The golden age of this dynasty occurred under an illiterate king whose court included the "Nine Jewels," including Birbal. The jizya tax for non-Muslims was reinstated by this dynasty's emperor Aurangzeb (ore-ANG-zehb), the son of a ruler who erected a public monument for his wife Mumtaz. This empire was founded by the Afghani ruler Babur and ruled by Shah Jahan and Akbar. For 10 points, name this late-medieval Islamic empire in India.;;Mughal Empire
;;This dynasty took full control after its first leader won the Battle of Gaixia (gay-ZEE-uh) against Xiang Yu, the leader of the Chu state. The Trung sisters in Vietnam fought against this dynasty, which was interrupted by the Xin Dynasty of Wang Mang. During this dynasty, Sima Qian compiled The Records of the Grand Historian, and this dynasty reached its greatest territorial extent under Wudi. For 10 points, name this early Chinese dynasty founded by Liu Bang following the collapse of the Qin Dynasty.;;Han Dynasty
;;This novel's main character is jailed for nearly killing Mr. Fitzpatrick in a duel. The title character of this novel is often beaten by his pedantic tutor Thwackum, and becomes the rival of Blifil after being taken in by Squire Allworthy as an infant. At the end of this novel, the title character discovers that he was not born a bastard, allowing him to marry Sophia Western. For 10 points, name this novel about a "foundling" by Henry Fielding.;;(The) (History) (of) Tom Jones(,) (a) (Foundling)
;;Chappell and White created a lettered classification system for this type of rock. This rock occupies most of the upper-left side of the plutonic QAPF diagram. Pressure release is a form of weathering that causes exfoliation of layers of domes of this rock. Rhyolite has an equivalent composition to this rock, but unlike rhyolite, this rock is intrusive. For 10 points, name this type of igneous rock found in the domes of Yosemite.;;granite
;;This man established a colony at Amphipolis (am-PHI-poh-liss), and he attempted to call a Panhellenic congress in 448 BCE. This man was an opponent of the Areopagus, and he became a prominent figure by prosecuting Cimon. This man destroyed Euboea in 446 BCE after it revolted against the Delian League, and he oversaw a 445 truce between Sparta and his city that allowed for a flourishing of the arts. For 10 points, name this Athenian statesman of that city's Golden Age.;;Pericles
;;In some accounts, this man fathered Prima by Hersilia, which was the only married woman taken when this man led a group attempting to find wives among the Sabine Women. This man was attending a sacrifice when his great-uncle Numitor captured his brother. He later killed that brother after claiming to have seen twelve vultures, while his brother saw only six. For 10 points, name this legendary founder of Rome who killed his brother Remus.;;Romulus
;;Plotting the values of latter rows of this arrangement with a bar graph approximates a normal distribution. Adding the shallow diagonals of this arrangement yields the Fibonacci Sequence and coloring the odd numbers in this arrangement produces a Sierpinski Triangle. The nth row of this arrangement gives the binomial coefficients of a polynomial expansion of the nth power. For 10 points, name this figure in which every number is the sum of the two numbers directly above, named after a French mathematician.;;Pascal's Triangle
;;In the second scene of this play, a character sings a song that begins "Full fathom five thy father lies." A character in this play commands Ferdinand to roll logs. At the same time, the jester Trinculo and butler Stephano drunkely extract an oath of slavery from Caliban, the deformed son of Sycorax. At the end of this play, Prospero is restored to the throne of Milan thanks to the wits of his daughter Miranda and the spirit Ariel. For 10 points, name this play, the last one written by Shakespeare, that starts with a shipwreck due to the title storm.;;(The) Tempest
;;In Treasure Mountain, these creatures held scrolls and asked questions if you caught them with a net. In Warcraft II, these creatures gave the human side Destroyers and Archers, and World of Warcraft includes "Night" and "Blood" types. For 10 points, name these creatures that are typically depicted with elongated ears and sometimes come in "Wood" or "Dark" varieties.;;elves
;;This man claimed that one of his legal doctrines was misused in his dissent in Abrams v. United States. In this man's opinion in Buck v. Bell, this man wrote in favor of sterilizations for "those who are manifestly unfit from continuing their kind." This man wrote an opinion upholding the conviction of a man who distributed leaflets urging resistence to the draft in World War I. For 10 points, name this Supreme Court justice who, in his opinion in Schenck v. United States, formulated the "clear and present danger" doctrine.;;(Oliver) (Wendell) Holmes(,) (Jr(.))
;;One episode of this work sees a man shoot a baby water buffalo to shreds after the death of his close friend. One soldier featured in this book wears a pair of his girlfriend's pantyhose around his neck for good luck. Items in the title category include rifles, rations, guilt, and fear. For 10 points, name this book about a group of soldiers fighting in the Vietnam War, a work of Tim O'Brien titled for the objects the soldiers had with them.;;(The) Things They Carried
;;One king from this country employed the statesman Axel Oxenstierna (OCKS-en-STEER-nuh). This country's king Charles XII won the battle of Narva but was crushed by Russia in the battle of Poltava during the Great Northern War. This country broke away from the Denmark-controlled Kalmar Union under its king Gustav Vasa. Another king of this country was nicknamed the Lion of the North before dying at Lutzen during the Thirty Years War. For 10 points, name this Scandanavian country which was led by Gustavus Adolphus and has its capital at Stockholm.;;Sweden
;;In one story by this author, Pat Scully watches on as a Swede fights a cowboy and is stabbed by a gambler. In another of this author's stories, the correspondent, the cook, the oiler, and the captain brave the ocean. One novel by this author of "The Blue Hotel" and "The Open Boat" ends with the death of the titular "girl of the streets," Maggie. Another of this author's novels sees Henry Fleming get the titular wound during the Civil War. For 10 points, name this American author who wrote The Red Badge of Courage.;;(Stephen) Crane
;;This man served as military governor of Tennessee during the Civil War, after having served as that state's governor for two terms in the 1850s. This man was the only senator from the South who did not leave after the Confederacy's secession, which eventually led to this man succeeding Hannibal Hamlin (HAM-lin) in another post. This man's removal of Edwin Stanton violated the Tenure of Office Act, leading to this man being the first impeached president. For 10 points, name this man who became president after the assassination of Abraham Lincoln.;;(Andrew) Johnson
;;This author wrote about a sorcerer named Cipollo, who is killed in his story Mario and the Magician. This author wrote one of his novels from the perspective of Serenus Zeitblom, who is friends with a composer who collapses at the keyboard playing his last work. Another novel by this man is about the family that ends with the death of Hanno. This author wrote a novel about Adrian Leverkuhn, Doktor Faustus. This author wrote a novel set in Sanatorium Berghof in Switzerland, where Hans Castorp lives. For 10 points, name this author of Buddenbrooks and The Magic Mountain.;;(Thomas) Mann
;;Deficiency of this gland's namesake hormone leads to cretinism in newborns, and thyroxine (thy-"ROCKS"-een) is required to form that hormone. This butterfly-shaped gland sits at the front of the neck around the larynx (LAIR-"inks") and trachea (TRAY-kee-uh). Iodine is necessary for the synthesis of this gland's namesake hormone, and a deficiency of iodine causes it to become enlarged. For 10 points, name this endocrine gland that forms a goiter when not enough iodine is available.;;thyroid gland
;;This composer quoted his quartet "Cypresses" in the third movement of his Cello Concerto in B minor. This composer built on folk themes for his early works like Moravian Duets and Slavonic Dances. This composer's ninth symphony in E minor contains a flute solo that resembles the spiritual "Swing Low, Sweet Chariot" and was written after this composer's visit to the United States. For 10 points, name this Czech composer of the New World Symphony.;;(Antonin) Dvorak duh(-)VOR(-)zhak
;;This man wrote about a hedonist who tried to "resuscitate the dead art/Of poetry" in Hugh Selwyn Mauberly. His other works include the collection Cathay and the two-line poem "In A Station of the Metro." He translated a poem by a Chinese poet who allegedly drowned while trying to embrace the moon. For 10 points, name this expatriate poet who translated Li Po's "The River Merchant's Wife" and never finished his long poem The Cantos.;;(Ezra) Pound
;;The Lambertian model for this phenomenon applies to its diffuse form. The statement that the angle of incidence equals the angle of this phenomenon holds for the specular form of this process. At an angle greater than the critical angle for an interface, the total internal form of this occurs. For 10 points, name this phenomenon in which a wavefront approaches an interface and returns to the same medium, such as when light hits a mirror.;;reflection
;;This writer compared the canals of Amsterdam to the circles of Hell in a novel about the Parisian defense lawyer Clamence. Besides writing The Fall, this author also wrote of Bernard Rieux working in the quarantined city of Oran during an epidemic. In another work by this author, Raymond is wounded with a knife, leading Mersault to shoot an Arab. For 10 points, name this French existentialist author of The Plague and The Stranger.;;(Albert) Camus
;;This man's claim to succession was put above the rightful claim of Britannicus. This man was tutored by the philosopher Seneca. This man attempted to build a palace called the Golden House, which was to cover a third of Rome, and he was the target of Piso's Conspiracy. This man was the successor to Claudius, and this man had his mother Agrippina murdered. For 10 points, name this Roman emperor under whose rule Rome burned in 64 CE.;;Nero Claudius (Caesar) (Augustus) (Germanicus)
;;The title character of one of this man's plays uses the Turkish king Bajazeth as a footstool. The narrator of one of this man's poems promises things such as "buckles of the purest gold" after urging the title character to "Come live with me and be my love." This author of Tamburlaine and "The Passionate Shepherd to his Love" also wrote a play in which Barabas dies in a cauldron. This author also penned a "tragical history" that adapts of the Faust legend. For 10 points, name this Elizabethan playwright of The Jew of Malta and Doctor Faustus.;;(Christopher) Marlowe
;;When these are displaced onto third parties, they are known as either positive or negative externalities. The value of the alternatives that one gives up in order to pursue a particular end is known as the "opportunity" kind of this. The amount required to manufacture one additional unit is called the "marginal" kind. The kind that does not change regardless of quantity produced is the "fixed" type. For 10 points, identify these economic entities, which can simply be the amount of money needed to acquire a good.;;costs
;;The reversal of this process is known as deposition, and it occurs at temperatures and pressures below the triple point. Its enthalpy for a given substance is the sum of the enthalpy of fusion and the enthalpy of vaporization for that substance. Its best-known example is the 'disappearance' of dry ice. For 10 points, name this process that involves a solid directly becoming a gas, without going through the liquid phase.;;sublimation
;;A piano opens with a tone row in octaves in this composer's Violin Sonata. This composer set Yevtushenko's poetry to the five movements of his Thirteenth Symphony, which commemorates the massacre of the Jews at Babi Yar. Critics accused this composer of making his ninth symphony too light-hearted. A march-like ostinato forms the invasion theme of this composer's seventh symphony, written around the Nazi attack of Russia. For 10 points, name this Soviet composer who feuded with Stalin and wrote the Leningrad Symphony.;;(Dmitri) (Dmitriyevich) Shostakovich
;;Gilman reagents contain lithium and this element, and Egyptian blue, the first synthetic pigment, contains it. Rochelle salt and sodium hydroxide are the components, along with this element's sulfate, of Fehling's solution. One of its oxides precipitates in a positive test from Benedict's reagent. This metal forms a common galvanic cell with zinc. For 10 points, name this ductile conductor, popularly used in wiring, which turns green when oxidized and has symbol Cu.;;copper
;;The First Letter to the Corinthians states that this figure was the first to see Jesus risen. In Matthew, this figure attempted to imitate Jesus by walking on water, but failed. This man argued with Paul over the importance of circumcision for Christians. This man asked Jesus to wash not only his feet but his also head and hands before the Last Supper, and he was called a "fisher of men" along with his brother, Andrew. For 10 points, name this apostle who betrayed Jesus three times and was "rock" upon which Jesus built his Church, the first pope.;;(Simon) Peter|Petros(;)|Cephas(;)|Kephas
;;The application of ATP can induce this process in cyanobacteria ("sigh"-ANN-oh-back-TEER-ee-uh), and the suprachiasmatic (SOOP-ruh-ky-az-MAT-ic) nuclei controls this entity in mammals. It is often displayed in plants by the movement of leaves in relation to the sun. Studies have shown that mammals can maintain one of these entities despite the absence of usual cues like light and darkness. For 10 points, name this cycle of about 24 hours that governs organisms' activities and is often called the "biological clock.".;;circadian rhythm
;;This thinker argued against the liberal policies of Gladstone in The Man Versus the State. This thinker conceived of society as a living organism in his Principles of Sociology. This man posited the development of societies from military to complex and industrial and outlined "individuation" in Social Statics, which also introduced this man's interpretation of natural selection. For 10 points, name this British thinker who coined the term "survival of the fittest" and developed social darwinism.;;(Herbert) Spencer
;;This man wrote about an enchanted guitar in his novel Reservation Blues. "A Drug Called Tradition" is one of a collection of 21 stories set on a Spokane reservation, The Lone Ranger and Tonto Fistfight in Heaven. Many of this man's works include members of the Spokane tribe, like the character Thomas Builds-the-Fire. For 10 points, name this Native American author of The Absolute True Diary of a Part-Time Indian.;;(Sherman) Alexie
;;One character in this novel dreams the lyrics of a song that asks listeners to "hearken to my joyful tidings of the Golden future time." That character in this work also proposes prohibiting drinking and sleeping in beds as some of the Seven Commandments. Squealer's machinations in this novel result in the exile of Snowball and the unopposed rule of Napoleon. For 10 points, name this novel in which the death of Old Major results in a revolution on Mr. Jones' farm, which is eventually corrupted by the pigs, an allegory of the Soviet revolution by George Orwell.;;Animal Farm
;;This man refused to deliver the appointment of a Justice of the Peace, which the Supreme Court ruled was constitutional. This man wrote Federalist Papers 10 and 52. Edmund Randolph was this man's mouthpiece to propose the "large state" plan at the Constitutional Convention. This politician sponsored the Bill of Rights. This man became Thomas Jefferson's Secretary of State before he was sued by Marbury. The presidency of this man included the White House being burned by the British. For 10 points, name this President who was in office during the War of 1812.;;(James) Madison
;;One of the chief shrines to this god, the Geminus (GEMM-ee-noos), was a hallway made of bronze which Roman armies marched through on the way to war. The gates of that shrine to this god were kept open during war and were closed only twice in Roman Republican times. This god had no Greek equivalent and was the patron of all beginnings. He also lends his name to an expression meaning "deceptive." For 10 points, name this Roman god with two faces, who became the namesake of the first month of the Gregorian calendar.;;Janus
;;This man was stripped of his offices when it was revealed that he attempted to negotiate a peace with the Swedish Count Folke Bernadotte. This man orchestrated an attempted assassination on Albert Speer in February 1944, and he masterminded the purge of the SA in 1934. His ordering of the deportation of 8,000 Jews in January 1943 sparked the Warsaw Ghetto uprising, and this man established Nazi Germany's first concentration camp at Dachau. For 10 points, name this Nazi leader who headed the SS.;;(Heinrich) Himmler
;;The narrator describes Sally's hair as "shiny black like raven feathers," and that character is abused by her father and later her husband. This novel is dedicated "a las mujeres," and its protagonist dreams of living in a white home with three bathrooms rather than the crumbling building on the titular road. For 10 points, name this novel about Esperanza Cordero by Mexican-American author Sandra Cisneros.;;(The) House on Mango Street
;;This technique's strong form allows for the formula in question to work for not only for some n equal to k, but n less than k. This tool works by first proving a base case, then showing that if a formula works for some number n, then it works for "n+1." It is very similar to recursion. This mathematical proof technique shares its name with a type of logic moving from cases to a general conclusion. For 10 points, name this proof technique that also labels a type of reasoning that is not deductive.;;induction|inductive
;;This figure is depicted with the Damaru drum when represented as Nataraja, the Lord of Dance. When the serpent Vasuki polluted the world during the churning of the ocean, this deity drank up its poison, which turned his throat blue. The consort of this god has several forms, such as the lion-riding Durga and the mountain goddess Parvati. His third eye would burn down the world when it is opened. For 10 points name, along with Brahma and Vishnu, what destroyer god forms the Trimurti in Hindu myth?.;;Shiva
;;In polar coordinates, one of these statements says that r equals p over quantity one plus epsilon cosine theta, where p is the semilatus rectum and epsilon is the eccentricity. Another states that the time derivative of the areal (AIR-ee-uhl) velocity is zero, or that equal areas are swept out in equal times. The third says that the square of the period is directly proportional to the cube of the semimajor axis. For 10 points, name these laws of planetary motion named after a German astronomer and student of Tycho Brahe.;;Kepler's (Laws) (of) (Planetary) (Motion)
;;In the fortune-telling scheme of this belief system, kichi (KEY-CHEE) signifies a blessing, while kyo signifies a curse. Honden and Torii (TO-REE-EE) make up the places of worship of this religion, the most famous of which is the Ise (EE-SAY) Shrine. "The way of the gods" is the literal name of this religion, although its objects of worship are spirits called kami. For 10 points, Amaterasu is the chief deity of what animistic religion of Japan?.;;Shintoism
;;Philosopher John Searle first delineated the strong and weak types of this concept. Edward Feigenbaum developed expert systems, which can be used to simulate this. This field, whose name was coined by John McCarthy, often makes use of the Lisp programming language and concepts like fuzzy logic. Perceptrons are among the different types of neural networks used to simulate this concept. For 10 points, identify this field of computer science involving problems like machine learning, knowledge representation, and simulating human brains.;;artificial intelligence|AI
;;The pose of the main subject of this painting is taken from a portrait of Madame Recamier by Jacques Louis-David. That subject's right hand holds a blue curtain that covers the upper right hand portion of this painting, while her noticeably shorter left arm is mostly concealed. Another anatomical discrepancy in this painting is the subject's curvature of the spine and pelvis. Another misrepresentation in this painting is the extra vertebrae in the subject's back, which appears to be elongated. For 10 points, name this painting of a concubine by Jean Ingres.;;(La) Grande Odalisque
;;This man served as head of both the Food Administration Board and the Commission for Relief in Belgium during World War I. This politician successfully ran for the presidency against Al Smith. Earlier, this man had served as Secretary of Commerce to both Warren G. Harding and Calvin Coolidge. During this man's presidency, many homeless people lived in shantytowns named for him. For 10 points, name this president who served during the beginning of the Great Depression, which circumstance led to his defeat in the Election of 1932 to Franklin Delano Roosevelt.;;(Herbert) (Clark) Hoover
;;One character in this epic spends thirteen years in exile after gambling away all his possessions and his wife in a game of dice with Shakuni. That character, Yudhisthira, becomes the emperor of the world after winning the Kurukshetra War. Attributed to Vyasa, this epic recounts the war between the Kauravas and the Pandavas, and contains the Bhagavad-Gita. For 10 points, name this Hindu epic, one of the two main Sanskrit epics along with the Ramayana.;;(the) Mahabharata
;;Runaway breakdown theory proposes that these phenomena are caused by cosmic rays. High temperatures from these phenomena can produce the glass-like fulgurite from sand. Supercells are large storms that exhibit these phenomena. These phenomena can occur between the base and anvil of cumulonimbus clouds, and heat produced by them creates a supersonic shock wave. For 10 points, name these discharge of atmospheric static electricity that produce thunder.;;lightning
;;This author wrote about a son of Bachus and Circe who attempts to kidnap The Lady in his masque Comus. He penned the phrase "Look homeward Angel now" in his elegy on the death of Edward King. He wrote that "books are not absolutely dead things" in his pamphlet advocating free speech, Areopagitica (AIR-ee-oh-pah-JIH-tih-cah). This author is best known for a work that details the construction of Pandemonium and the tempting of Eve. For 10 points, name this British author who wrote about the fall of the rebel angels in his epic poem Paradise Lost.;;(John) Milton
;;This ruler constructed his capital at Pasargadae and won the Battle of Opis in his campaigns against Nabonidus, a ruler of the Chaldean dynasty. After the Battle of Thymbra, this man defeated the Lydian Empire and took Croesus captive. This ruler also ended the Babylonian Captivity of the Jews, and this father of Cambyses II ended the earlier Median Empire to create an empire which would later be ruled from Persepolis. For 10 points, name this first ruler of Achaemenid (uh-KAI-mun-ihd) Persia.;;Cyrus the Great|Cyrus the Elder|Cyrus II
;;Many fossils of this species were discovered near Acheulean (ack-OOL-ee-en) industry tools at Ternifine in Algeria. Another member of this species was identified by Davidson Black after its tooth was found at Zhoukoudian (zoo-KOH-dee-ann), though that fossil was destroyed during World War II. Eugene Dubois (doo-BWAY) found the first known fossil of this species on an Indonesian island. This species flourished from 1.7 million to two hundred thousand years ago. This extinct hominid's fossils include Peking Man and Java Man. For 10 points, identify this species, which was named for its upright walk.;;homo erectus
;;According to legend, one leader of this nation gave food to two angelic figures before defeating the Germans and founding the Piast dynasty. Another dynasty in this country won in the battle of Grunwald against the Teutonic knights while allied with Lithuania, known as the Jagiellon Dynasty. One movement in this nation centered on the Gdansk shipyard was known as Solidarity and was led by Lech Walesa. For 10 points, name this European country that was the home of Pope John Paul II, and whose capital city named the Soviet Union's Warsaw Pact.;;(Republic) (of) Poland|(Rzeczpospolita) Polska
;;The title character of this work drew a picture of a boa constrictor that ate an elephant that adults view as a hat. A fox in this work informs the title character that he must be tamed before he can be a friend, and a talking rose prompts the main character to go on a journey. The title character of this work is a native of planet B612 and is taken to other worlds by a flock of birds. For 10 points, name this work about a diminutive monarch by Antoine de Saint-Exupery.;;(The) Little Prince|(Le) Petit Prince
;;Two-time winners of this event include Harold Miner and Jason Richardson. Clyde Drexler entered this event five times without winning once. The 2008 winner of this event took off his jersey to reveal a Superman shirt and cape, but he was defeated in the 2009 finals by an alter ego known as "KryptoNate." For 10 points, name this NBA All-Star Weekend contest most recently won by Dwight Howard and Nate Robinson.;;(NBA) Slam Dunk Contest|(Sprite) Slam Dunk Showdown
;;Like fruit flies, temperature-sensitive mutants of this organism are commonly studied, and the genome of this organism was the first eukaryotic (you-KAIR-ee-ott-ic) one to be sequenced. The a or alpha types of these organisms can fuse in order to reproduce, and this single-celled fungus reproduces asexually by budding. They can grow anaerobically (AN-air-OH-bic-uh-lee) on fructose and carry out fermentation. For 10 points, name this organism used to make alcohol and bake bread.;;yeast|Sacchromyces cerevisiae
;;This man wrote a story in which a child was told by an angel she would dance until she became a skeleton due to her wearing the title footwear. In addition to "The Red Shoes," one of this man's works describes Gerda's attempts to save Little Kay after a piece of the Mirror of the Devil was lodged in his eye. That work is "The Snow Queen." For 10 points, name this Danish author of children's stories such as "The Emperor's New Clothes" and "The Little Mermaid.".;;(Hans) (Christian) Andersen
;;In this country, the Muslim Brotherhood attempted an uprising in Hama in 1982. This was the first Arab nation to condemn the 1991 invasion of Kuwait. This country withdrew from the United Arab Republic in 1961. A nearly thirty-year presence of troops from this country in Lebanon was ended in 2005. For 10 points, name this Middle Eastern nation long led by Hafez al-Assad and the Ba'ath Party.;;Syria
;;This man's works include a long poetic description of a New Jersy town, Paterson. He wrote about an item "glazed with rain water beside the white chickens" in a poem in which "so much depends upon" that titular object, and in another of his poems, the speaker apologizes for "eating all the plums that were in the icebox and which you were probably saving for breakfast." For 10 points, name this poet and physician who wrote "The Red Wheelbarrow" and "This Is Just To Say.".;;(William) (Carlos) Williams
;;This man supervised the completion of the Moscow subway system. A period known as this man's "thaw" occurred after he gave the Secret Speech denouncing the excesses of his predecessor. In 1960, this man banged his shoe on a desk during a meeting of the United Nations General Assembly. For 10 points, name this Soviet leader who engaged in the Kitchen Debate with Richard Nixon.;;(Nikita) Krushchev
;;Debussy wrote three pieces of this form titled "Clouds," "Festivals," and "Sirens" for orchestra and female choir. Chopin uses a rounded binary form to gradually embellish on two simple themes in his Opus 9 No. 2, a piece in E-flat written in this form. Pieces of this popular Romantic Era form convey atmosphere rather than developing themes, and this form of music was first developed by John Field. For 10 points, name this form of music that creates a mood of night.;;Nocturne
;;These people were led through the Civil War by John Ross. John Marshall ruled in this group's favor in Worcester v. Georgia. The language of these people is one of the few surviving ones thanks to the syllabary created by Sequoyah. Along with the Seminoles, Creek, Choktaw, and Chickisaw, this group formed the Five Civilized Tribes. The Treaty of New Echota forced Martin van Buren to have Winfield Scott forcibly remove this tribe to Oklahoma. For 10 points, name this Native American tribe that was the chief victim of the Trail of Tears.;;Cherokee
;;This play includes a scene in which the tale of a voodoo doll is told to Giles Corey by Ezekiel Cheever. In the fourth act of this play, the events leading to the condemnation of women like Elizabeth cannot be halted by Reverend Parris. All this occurs because of Abigail's attempts to seduce John Proctor while supposedly under the influence of the slave Tituba. For 10 points, name this play about the Salem Witch Trials, written by Arthur Miller.;;(The) Crucible
;;This element's bromide salt is used to contain samples in infrared spectroscopy. An ion of this element, with a porous carbon material at the cathode (KATH-ode), is a component of rechargeable batteries. Its salts are administered as mood-stabilizing drugs, particularly for depression. For 10 points, name this lightest alkali metal, with atomic number three.;;lithium|Li
;;This character briefly worked as a janitor at St. Olaf's College, but describes himself as an "Oxford man" since he attended Oxford for five months after the Armistice. This character was inspired to change his name by Dan Cody. One associate of this character is a gambler who supposedly fixed the 1919 World Series, named Meyer Wolfsheim. This character's rise to wealth is motivated by his love for Tom Buchanan's wife, Daisy. For 10 points, name this resident of West Egg, who is the "great" title character of an F. Scott Fitzgerald novel.;;(Jay) Gatsby|(James) Gatz
;;Maurice Ravel wrote an orchestral work of this title that traced the development and fall of this form; that work was rejected by Sergei Diaghilev. Anton Diabelli composed a work in this form which he then asked other Austrian composers to make variations on. Sibelius wrote a very slow "triste" one of the pieces, and Chopin wrote one of these works nicknamed "minute." For 10 points, name this form of music written in triple meter that often accompanies a Viennese ballroom dance.;;Waltz|Valse
;;One element in this group forms Grignard (GRIN-yurd) reagents with magnesium. Another element in this group is used in a test to detect starches in a solution; that test is named for Lugol (LOO-gul). That element from this group is also used in a tincture to disinfect skin. Two of these elements combine with carbon to form a series of compounds that are a major threat to the ozone layer. For 10 points, name this group of elements that includes bromine, iodine, chlorine, and fluorine.;;halogens|(Group) 17(;)|(Group) VIIA
;;Amacrine (AM-uh-krin) cells in this structure regulate nervous input to ganglion ("GANG"-lee-on) cells, and this structure's namesake pigmentosa (PIG-men-TOE-suh) causes tunnel vision and night blindness. This seven-layered structure has a sensitive fovea (FO-vee-uh) in its macular (MACK-you-lur) region. This structure contains photoreceptor (FO-toe-ree-SEP-tur) cells like rods and cones, and it converts light to nervous signals sent through the optic nerve. For 10 points, name this structure that lies along the back of the eye.;;retina
;;This city lies on Guanabara Bay, encloses the Lagoa Rodrigo de Freitas and contains the replanted Tijuca Forest. This city contains Copacabana, Botafogo, and Ipanema beaches and Sugarloaf Mountain. This city was the capital of its nation before the election of Juscelino Kubitschek, and from the top of Corcovado Mountain, Christ the Redeemer looks over this city. For 10 points, name this second largest city of Brazil after Sao Paulo, set to host the 2016 Summer Olympics.;;Rio de Janeiro
;;In one story by this author, Tom King remembers humiliating the old prizefighter Stowsher Bill after losing a fight to Sandel. In addition to "A Piece of Steak," this man wrote a dystopian work about Avis Ererhard's description of a fascist monopoly organization in The Iron Heel. The Macedonia stole the seals of the title character's ship the Ghost in another of this author's novels. For 10 points, name this author of The Sea Wolf, who also wrote The Call of the Wild and White Fang.;;(Jack) London|(John) (Griffith) Chaney
;;This adjective describes the only type of scalene triangle for which the angle-side-side congruence conjecture holds. Triangles of this type have an orthocenter at the vertex joining the two smallest sides. The length of a side of this kind of triangle can be found by the Pythagorean Theorem. For 10 points, give this adjective that describes triangles that, because they contain an angle with measure ninety degrees, are neither acute nor obtuse.;;right triangles
;;This man created a work inspired by the Ford Motor Company's River Rouge complex, Detroit Industry. He depicted the inventors Robert Fulton and Samuel Morse along with depictions of Native American deities in his painting called Pan American Unity. One of this man's works was located in Rockefeller Center and was destroyed due to its depiction of Lenin. For 10 points, name this Mexican muralist who painted Man at the Crossroads, and was also the husband of Frieda Kahlo.;;(Diego) Rivera
;;In one novel by this author, the lame-legged Zina Nikolaevna attempts to seduce the husband of Raisl. In another work by this author, Memo is loved by a man who is shot by Harriet Bird. This author wrote about a character beating Whammer Whambold in a pitching contest. This man also wrote about Yakov Bok, who is accused of killing Christians for the Seder, in his novel The Fixer. For 10 points, name this author who wrote about the aspiring baseball player Roy Hobbs in his novel The Natural.;;(Bernard) Malamud
;;This nation established a system of "basic democracy" in 1962 based on the panchayat (pun-CHAI-yat) system of local government under King Mahendra. A Maoist insurgency led by a man known as Prachanda arose in this country in the 1990s. The king and queen of this nation were killed by Crown Prince Dipendra in 2001. For 10 points, name this Himalayan nation known for its Gurkha troops.;;Nepal
;;One character in this novel reunites with another at a production of Lucia (Lu-CH-ia) di Lammermoor. Another character in this novel botches an operation on Hippolyte (IP-oh-leet) to repair a clubfoot. The father of Hippolyte, Homais (O-may), provides the title character of this novel with arsenic after her former lovers Leon and Rodolphe fail to provide her with money to repay Lhereux. For 10 points, name this novel about the titular wife of the country doctor Charles, a novel about a woman named Emma written by Gustave Flaubert.;;Madame Bovary
;;A "wild" one is one that has not been given a specific value. Its functionality can be duplicated with a one-dimensional array. When one is "double indirect," it means there are two of these before the actual data can be found. They are crucial in the creation of linked lists. Arithmetic with them involves moving up and down a number of bytes depending on the data type being referenced. For 10 points, name this type of variable whose value is a memory address.;;pointer variable
;;One character in this novel dies of a snakebite. That character in this work has an embittered son who robs a ferryman. The central character of this novel is first influenced by the wandering Samanas. Later in this work, that character is influenced by the merchant Kamaswami and the courtesan Kamala. The protagonist of this work eventually accomplishes inner peace by listening to the sound of a river and hearing the word "Om." Govinda, the friend of this novel's protagonist, becomes a disciple of Gotama, the Buddha. For 10 points, name this novel by Hermann Hesse, set in India.;;Siddhartha
;;The harmonies of this composer's fourth symphony center on the repeated tritones. In one work by this composer, an English horn depicts a bird swimming around the island of the dead; that work, "The Swan of Tuonela," is grouped with three other works by this composer based on the Kalevala. This composer of the Lemminkainen Suite also wrote a symphonic poem against Russians that includes a patriotic hymn. For 10 points, name this nationalistic composer of Finlandia.;;(Jean) Sibelius
;;A group influential to this act's passage was known as the F Street Mess. A future President gave the Peoria Speech in opposition to this legislation. The Lecompton Constitution was proposed to resolve an issue associated with this act. The Pottawatomie Massacre was committed by John Brown in reaction to this legislation's passage. This act repealed the Missouri Compromise. For 10 points, name this act created by Stephen Douglas, which allowed popular sovereignty to decide the fate of slavery in the two namesake territories.;;Kansas(-)Nebraska Act
;;This author wrote a work about a man who is banished for seven years from his village as a punishment for actions including beating his wife during the Week of Peace. That work by this author features a famous wrestler who kills Ikemefuna in the town of Umuofia, which is later home to Christian missionaries. For 10 points, name this Nigerian author who wrote about such characters as Obi and Okonkwo in his works No Longer at Ease and Things Fall Apart.;;(Albert) (Chinualumogu) Achebe
;;Production of this hormone is stimulated by FSH and LH. Replacement therapies for this hormone may lead to higher levels of breast cancer and stroke. The contraceptive Depo-Provera (DEP-oh-pro-VAIR-uh) notably does not contain this hormone. Osteoporosis in older women is in part caused by a deficiency of this type of sex hormone, which promotes breast development and ovulation. For 10 points, name this class of female sex hormone.;;estrogen
;;This author wrote about a man who goes to Africa to live with the Wariri, Henderson the Rain King. He wrote a book consisting of letters written by a man having a midlife crisis and one about a man who joins the merchant navy and marries Stella, The Adventures of Augie March. For 10 points, name this Jewish American author of Humbold's Gift and Herzog.;;(Saul) Bellow
;;Joule's first law relates this quantity to heat, time, and current squared, and an unknown value for this quantity can be calculated given three known values using a Wheatstone bridge. The inverse of conductance, in AC circuits this quantity together with reactance gives the impedance. This quantity is equal to potential difference divided by current, according to Ohm's Law. For 10 points, name this quantity, the measure of an object's ability to oppose the flow of a current.;;(electrical) resistance
;;This thinker focused on the sacred-profane dichotomy and discussed positive and negative cults in a work that argued the social origin of religion. In addition to writing The Elementary Forms of Religious Life, he analyzed the importance of interdependence in society, arguing that organic solidarity arises through division of labor. He noted that there are altruistic and anomic varieties to a certain phenomenon that occurs most frequently among unmarried, childless Protestant. For 10 points, name the author of Suicide.;;(Emile) Durkheim
;;This religion's texts include the Holy Piby, and one of this religion's saints is Marcus Garvey. This religion advocates "livity," which involves drumming ceremonies called bingis. This religion uses the vegetarian I-tal diet. Followers of this religion believe that they are captives in Babylon. This religion draws its name from the belief that Haile Selassie is the Second Coming of Christ. It promotes wearing the colors red, green, gold, and black, along with dreadlocks. For 10 points, name this Jamaican religion that advocates using ganja for meditation and was the inspiration for reggae music.;;Rastafarianism
;;A short work by this man features its protagonist gorging on fruit with his lover Brenda and is called "Goodbye Columbus." This man's most famous novel is narrated by its protagonist to his therapist and includes stories about a woman he calls "the Monkey" and his tortured relationship with his mother, Sophie. .For 10 points, name this Jewish American author of novels about Coleman Silk, as well as Portnoy's Complaint.;;(Philip) Roth
;;A military expedition against these people became known as "Buchanan's Blunder" and was led by Albert Sidney Johnston. That expedition came after some of these people allied with the Paiute (pie-YOO-tay) Indians to perpetrate the Mountain Meadows Massacre. The massacre took place in a state that these people called Deseret, where they fled after being driven out of Illinois and Missouri. For 10 points, name this religious group which inspired the enmity of eastern Americans for their practice of polygamy, and fled to Utah after the death of their founder, Joseph Smith.;;Mormons|LDS(;)|(Church) (of) (Jesus) (Christ) (of) Latter(-)Day Saints
;;Two characters in this novel are members of the "bigguns" and are collectively known as "Samneric." One character in this novel dies after struck by a boulder thrown by Roger. Only the person holding a conch shell is allowed to speak at the assembly in this novel, in which Ralph assumes command and leads in the construction of huts but is later challenged by Jack. For 10 points, name this William Golding novel about English school boys stranded on an island who offer up a pig's head to a mysterious "beast.".;;Lord of the Flies
;;This composer wrote three Liebestraumes, [LEE-bes-traoowms] or "Love-dreams," for the piano. He wrote a turbulent Piano Sonata in B minor that Brahms insulted by sleeping through. This composer used pounding triplet chords to start his first Mephisto Waltz. Mazeppa is one of the composer's Transcendental Etudes. For 10 points, name this proponent of the symphonic poem, a Hungarian piano virtuoso who used folk themes in his Hungarian Rhapsodies.;;(Franz) Liszt
;;After scolding this figure for marrying an Ethiopian, this figure's sister was stricken with leprosy for seven days. This man flung a tree into the water at Marah to make it sweet, and this man's arms were held up by Hur and this man's brother to help his people defeat the Amalekites. This man married a daughter of Jethro of Midian, Zipporah, and trashed the golden calf idol created by his brother, Aaron. For 10 points, name this man who led the Israelites out of Egypt and received the Ten Commandments from God.;;Moses|Moshe(;)|Musa
;;This man was killed on an altar by Neoptolemus, and he achieved a concession by reminding another figure of the death of Peleus. This man's sons Lycaon (liu-KAY-on) and Polydorus were killed on the same day in the Trojan War. Another of his sons was abandoned on Mount Ida after a prophecy foretold the destruction of the city of which this man was king. This man ransomed the corpse of another of his sons from Achilles. For 10 points, name this father of Paris and Hector and husband of Hecuba, who was the last king of Troy.;;Priam|Podarces
;;This country was the location of the prison S-21, the site of over 15,000 executions, and Hun Sen was elected prime minister here in 1985. In this nation, the government of Lon Nol was overthrown in 1975, and this country invaded by Vietnam in 1979. For 10 points, name this Southeast Asian nation that was the scene of the "Killing Fields" under the brutal dictatorship of the Khmer Rouge and Pol Pot.;;Cambodia
;;This number, which is equal to the amount of gas that occupies twenty-two point four liters at STP, is defined in terms of twelve grams of carbon-twelve. Dividing the ideal gas constant by this number gives Boltzmann's constant, and dividing the Faraday constant by this number gives the fundamental charge. For 10 points, name this number equal to the number of particles in a mol, or approximately 6.022 times ten to the twenty-third.;;Avogadro's (constant)
;;The KDEL retention sequence signals which proteins remain in this organelle, and one of this organelle's functions is glycosylation (gly-COSS-ill-AY-shun) of proteins. COPI (cop one) and COPII (cop two) proteins aid in transporting proteins between the Golgi body and this organelle. The presence or absence of ribosomes on the surface of these organelles determines whether they are of the "rough" or "smooth" variety. For 10 points, name this organelle that helps fold and transport proteins.;;endoplasmic reticulum|ER
;;This man's marriage to Isabella of Groucester was annulled due to their familial relationship. This ruler became heir to his brother's French possessions in the Treaty of Le Goulet. This man's kingdom was placed under interdict by Innocent III when he refused to accept Stephen Langton as Archbishop of Canterbury. This man was the youngest son of Henry II and Eleanor of Aquitaine. For 10 points, name this English king forced by his barons at Runneymede in 1215 to sign the Magna Carta.;;John of (England)|John Lackland
;;This city is home to a self-proclaimed seven-star hotel. This city is ruled by the Maktoum family, and the man-made Palm and World Islands are found off the coast of this city. The government of this city has been criticized due to its lax standards for treatment of this city's large guest worker population. In 2006, a company owned by the government of this city controversially attempted to purchase the contracts to operate six United States seaports. For 10 points, name this home of the world's tallest building, the largest city in the United Arab Emirates.;;Dubai|Dubayy
;;Vitamin B12 or folate deficiency lead to the megaloblastic (MAY-guh-lo-BLAST-ic) type of this disease. Some genetic diseases cause overactivity of the spleen and so lead to this disorder. Misshapen red blood cells lead one variety of this disorder, and low iron intake leads to its most common definition. For 10 points, name this illness, generally defined as a decrease in levels of hemoglobin or of red blood cells.;;anemia
;;This element forms cluster compounds with iron, and those cluster compounds are important to enzymes like coenzyme Q-cytochrome c reductase (CO-EN-zime "Q" SY-toe-krome "C" ree-DUCK-tase). Bonds between two of this element, which form between cysteine (SIS-teen) residues, are critical to protein conformation. This element has an isotope that forms an eight-atom ring. For 10 points, name this element associated with the smell of rotten eggs, with atomic number sixteen.;;sulfur
;;This poet described Nature as "red in tooth and claw" in an elegy written for Arthur Henry Hallam. This author wrote "I hope to see my Pilot face to face" in a poem that represents the journey of the soul after death with the image of a sailor "crossing the bar." This author of Idylls of the King commemorated a tragic charge at the Battle of Balaclava with the lines "half a league, half a league / half a league onward / all in the valley of death / rode the six hundred." For 10 points, name this Victorian poet of "The Charge of the Light Brigade.".;;(Alfred(,)) (Lord) Tennyson
;;This work argues that rulers should not employ mercenaries because they are only motivated by money. This work's eighteenth chapter advises rulers to be like the lion and the fox. Leaders praised in this work include Septimius Severus and Cesare Borgia [say-za-ray BOR-zha]. This work argues that fortune is more important than virtue. For 10 points, name this political treatise which was written for Lorenzo de' Medici [may-DEE-chee] by Niccolo Machiavelli.;;(The) Prince|(Il) Principe
;;One of this author's characters owns a charter boat that he uses to run guns between Florida and Cuba. That character, Harry Morgan, is the protagonist of his novel To Have and Have Not. This author wrote about El Sordo's last stand in a novel in which Maria falls in love with the bridge bomber Robert Jordan during the Spanish Civil War. This author wrote a novel in which Catherine Barkley is impregnated by Frederick Henry on the Italian front in World War I. For 10 points, name this author of For Whom the Bell Tolls and A Farewell to Arms.;;(Ernest) (Miller) Hemingway
;;This mountain range includes the easternmost range formed in the Alleghenian Orogeny. The Draa River runs through part of this mountain range and Jbel Toubkal is the highest peak of this mountain range. Marrakech lies not far from this mountain range, which forms part of the southern boundary to the Strait of Gibraltar. For 10 points, name this mountain range that runs through Tunisia, Algeria, and Morocco in North Africa.;;Atlas Mountains
;;This author wrote a work in which herdsmen engage in amoebaean singing in the time after the assassination of Julius Caesar. Another work by this author describes beekeeping. This author wrote about harpies cursing a crew of men to eat their own tables and of the sibyl at Cumae leading the husband of Creusa to the underworld. For 10 points, name this poet of Eclogues and Georgics who described the defeat of Turnus and the suicide of Dido in the Aeneid.;;(Publius) Vergilius (Maro)
;;A 1653 Swiss war with this name was sparked by the devaluation of the currency used in Bern. A conflict named for this type of person caused Martin Luther to publish a pamphlet called "Against the Murderous, Thieving Hordes" of this class. Richard II's betrayal of John Ball, Jack Straw, and Wat Tyler ended a 1381 rebellion named for these people. The fourteenth century Jacquerie (JACK-ehr-ee) was named for a derogatory term for French members of this class. For 10 points, name this humble class of people known as serfs in Russia.;;peasants
;;This god lives in the hall of Gladsheim, which is built from spears and shields. This god owns Gungnir, a spear that always hits its target, as well as Draupnir, a gold ring that replicates itself, making this god rich. Because he acquired the wisdom of Mimir, this god has only one eye. This god's wife is Frigg and his son is Thor, and this god rules Valhalla. For 10 points, name this leader of the Norse gods.;;Odin
;;This politician wrote the "Camillus" essays and drafted George Washington's farewell address. This man proposed government policies of assuming all wartime debts and subsidizing industry in his "Report on Public Credit" and "Report on Manufactures." This proponent of a strong federal government was killed in a duel by Aaron Burr. For 10 points, name this Founding Father who rebuilt the American economy as the first Secretary of the Treasury.;;(Alexander) Hamilton
;;This author wrote that "dying is an art like anything else. I do it exceptionally well." Another of this woman's works opens with "You do not do, you do not do anymore, black shoe." That work by this author calls the title character "Panzer man" and announces "I'm through!" Those works, "Lady Lazarus" and "Daddy," were collected in this woman's Ariel. This author also wrote a novel in which Buddy Willard dates a girl who undergoes shock treatment after trying to kill herself. For 10 points, name this creator of Esther Greenwood and author of The Bell Jar.;;(Sylvia) Plath|(Victoria) Lucas
;;One member of this family designed the Tuileries and masterminded the attempted assassination of the Protestant leader Gaspard de Coligny. Another member of this family attempted to replicate Plato's Academy at the villa of Careggi. That member also established this family's fortune through the Tolfa alum mines monopoly. Another member of this family was targeted by the Pazzi plot. For 10 points, Catherine, Cosimo, and Lorenzo the Magnificent were among the members of what powerful family based in Florence?.;;Medici family
;;In this novel, the Petit-Picpus is a convent of refuge, and the Friends of the ABC is a student group. One of the principle characters is saved from the Thernadiers, whose son Gavroche was shot after making fun of soldiers while standing on a barricade. Marius Pontmercy falls in love with Fantine's mother Cosette in this work. For 10 points, name this novel in which Inspector Javert pursued Jean Valean, a work of Victor Hugo.;;(Les) Miserables|(The) Pitiable Ones|(anything) (similar)
;;This country's principal leader following its independence was Jose Francia, who was known as "El Supremo." The Colorado Party has been a longtime force in this country. In 1989, Andres Rodriguez led a coup against this country's longtime leader, Alfredo Stroessner (STRUHS-nur), and Francisco Solano Lopez led this country into a disastrous war in 1864. For 10 points, name this South American country that lost over half of its total population during the War of the Triple Alliance.;;Paraguay
;;This man depicted a giant egg in a cage in his painting Elective Affinities. He depicted a train moving out of a fireplace with a clock on the mantle. He also painted a man in a bowler hat with a green apple in front of his face in his work Son of Man. One of his most famous paintings depicts a pipe with "This is not a pipe" written in French beneath it. For 10 points, name this Belgian surrealist painter of Time Transfixed and The Treachery of Images.;;(Rene) Magritte
;;This substance activates its 5-HT receptors, and tyrosine (TY-ro-seen) is the metabolic precursor of this substance. It is released in the Raphe (RAW-fay) nuclei. Overdoses of this neurotransmitter (NUR-oh-"TRANS"-mitt-ur) can lead to high heart rate and muscle twitching, and this neurotransmitter's levels have been shown to increase with exercise. This substance's "reuptake inhibitors" include Zoloft and Prozac. For 10 points, name this neurotransmitter, low levels of which can cause depression.;;serotonin
;;Due to support from two separate parties, one candidate in this election had both Thomas E. Watson and Arthur Sewall as running mates. The winner in this election employed campaign manager Mark Hanna. That winner of this election successfully ran a "front porch campaign," opting not to travel. The Democratic nominee argued against about putting a "crown of thorns" on the "brow of labor" in a speech supporting free silver, the Cross of Gold speech. For 10 points, name this election in which William Jennings Bryan lost to William McKinley.;;1896 United (States) (Presidential) (Election)
;;In 1960, this SI unit was redefined using an orange line in the spectrum of krypton-86. It is the ratio of one Joule to one Newton, and when squared, it is the ratio of one Newton to one Pascal. It was originally defined using a platinum rod, then a platinum-iridium bar in Paris, but its most recent definition is dependent on the speed of light. For 10 points, give this base unit used in measurements of periods, wavelengths, and distances, the SI unit of length.;;meter
;;This author wrote about a woman who tries to romantically involve herself with Simon Rosedale and maintain a friendship with Lawrence Selden. This creator of Lily Bart in House of Mirth also wrote about Mattie Silver, who attempts to sled into a tree. In another of this woman's works, Countess Ellen Olenska tries to have a relationship with the husband of May Welland, a New York socialite. This author created Newland Archer and wrote the novel Ethan Frome. For 10 points, name this female American author who wrote The Age of Innocence.;;(Edith) Wharton|(Edith) (Newbold) Jones
;;The third movement of this composer's second piano sonata is written as a funeral march. This composer's G-major Andante spianato [spee-uh-NAH-tow] is paired with his Grande Polonaise Brillante. He was the first composer to write ballades for the piano. This composer also used A major chords to start off his "Military" Polonaise. For 10 points, name this Polish Romantic composer of Fantasie-Impromptu, the "Revolutionary" Etude, and the "Minute" Waltz.;;(Frederic) (Francois) Chopin
;;For any functions circle and star, this property states that a circle quantity b star c equals quantity a circle b star quantity a circle c. This property is often used when one quantity does not have like terms. Applying this property is the opposite of factoring out common factors. For 10 points, give this property that says that three times quantity two x plus one equals six x plus three.;;distributive property|distribution
;;This organization runs Food for Life, the world's largest vegetarian food bank. Members seek to go 'Back to Godhead,' or to become fully conscious of its namesake deity. It was founded in 1966 by the Swami Prabhupada [prah-boo-PAH-dah]. It was quickly named for the first two words of its Maha Mantra. For 10 points, identify this new religious movment, a branch of Hinduism, associated with chanters wearing orange robes.;;Hare Krishnas|International Society for Krishna Consciousness|ISKCON
;;Pahoehoe is produced by many of these geological features, which generally do not generate pyroclastic flows. A fissure in one of these geological features can create a curtain of fire. These features are usually formed through effusive eruptions and have very low-viscosity, fluid lava that can spread over long distances, making some of these features the largest mountains on earth. For 10 points, name these gentle-sloped volcanoes that include Mauna Loa and Kiluaea.;;shield volcanoes
;;In this work, a Nigerian considers straightening hair to be "mutilation." Mrs. Johnson pays an unwelcome visit to Mama and describes a bombing in this play. George Murchison courts Beneatha in this work, who prefers Asagai. In this play, Mr. Lindner tries to dissuade a family from moving. Willy Harris runs off with money invested in a liquor store in this work. This play ends with Walter Lee's family moving into a white neighborhood. For 10 points, name this play about the Younger family, by Lorraine Hansberry.;;(A) Raisin in the Sun
;;Years before Paris, this figure joined the Lapith Pirathos (PEER-ah-thoos) in kidnapping a young Helen of Troy. This man killed the Crommyonian (CROW-mee-OH-nee-inn) Sow and a bandit who stretched people out on a bed. This killer of Procrustes caused the death of his father Aegeus by forgetting to change the black flags of his ships for white flags. This man abandoned Ariadne (AIR-ree-ADD-nee) after she gave him the sword and thread he needed to navigate the labyrinth. For 10 points, name this mythical King of Athens who killed the Minotaur.;;Theseus
;;Although this television show was based on a Robert Sawyer book, the only character the two have in common is Lloyd Simcoe, who works for CERN in the book but the NLAP on TV. Simcoe has a vision that in six months he will be with Olivia Benford in, for 10 points, what ABC show that stars Joseph Fiennes as Olivia's husband Mark and John Cho as Demetri Noh, an FBI agent who does not experience the title phenomenon?.;;Flashforward
;;This treaty provided for one side to settle more than three million dollars in debts. After the initial failure of the Wilmot Proviso, the Senate also voted down an attempt to attach that Proviso to this treaty. Nicholas Trist was the chief negotiator of this treaty. This treaty included the American government paying fifteen million dollars for a land transfer. This treaty established a boundary at the Rio Grande river. Through this treaty, America gained control of California. For 10 points, name this treaty that ended the Mexican-American War.;;(Treaty) (of) Guadalupe Hidalgo
;;The sodium salt of this element's hydride is used as a soft reducing agent in organic chemistry, and most laboratory glassware is heat-resistant because it is fifteen percent this element's oxide. This element is used to dope germanium to enhance p-type conductivity. It forms compounds with hydrogen that are given prefixes like nido- and arachno-. Three atoms of this element form a compound analogous to benzene by alternating with three atoms of nitrogen. For 10 points, name this element found in ulexite (OO-lex-ite) and borax with atomic number five.;;boron|B
;;This author created the fictional authors Herbert Quain and Pierre Menard, the latter of whom reproduces word-for-word two passages from Don Quixote. Captain Madden the spy Dr. Yu Tsun, who imagines a "Garden of Forking Paths," in a story by this author. This man wrote about a Hebrew letter that symbolizes the entire universe in the story "The Aleph." He also described an infinite hexagonal "Library of Babel" in one of his short stories. For 10 points, name this Argentine author whose fantastical short stories are collected in Ficciones.;;(Jorge) (Francisco) (Isidoro) (Luis) Borges Acevedo
;;The epigraph for one of this author's novels is "only connect." In that novel by this man, the intellectual Schlegel sisters connect with the more business-minded Wilcox family. In a later novel, this author describes the sexual assault trial of Dr. Aziz, who allegedly assaulted Adela Quested in the Marabar Caves. Another novel by this author centers on Lucy Honeychurch, who ventures to Rome and rents the novel's titular lodging. For 10 points, name this English author of A Room With a View, Howards End, and A Passage to India.;;(Edward) (Morgan) (E(.)) (M(.)) Forster
;;Literary inspired compositions by this man include his overture to Sheridan's The School for Scandal and an opera based on the work of James Agee, Knoxville: Summer of 1914. One of this man's works was prominently featured in the Oliver Stone film Platoon, and he also composed the opera Vanessa. For 10 points, name this American composer of Adagio for Strings,.;;(Samuel) Barber
;;This poet wrote of one figure who "like a star, beacons from the abode where the Eternal are" in his elegy on the death of another poet. This man addressed the title bird of another poem with the line "Hail to thee, blithe Spirit!" This author wrote about a description of "Two vast and trunkless legs of stone" given by "a traveler from an antique land" in his poem "Ozymandias." For 10 points, name this author of "Adonais," "Ode to the West Wind," and "To a Skylark," who was the husband of the author of Frankenstein, Mary.;;(Percy) (Bysshe) Shelley
;;He summarized his beliefs in the Encyclopedia of the Philosophical Sciences. He wrote about the doctrine of being and doctrine of essence in The Science of Logic. He set out his political philosophy in Elements of the Philosophy of Right. He postulated that the tension between a thesis and its antithesis results in a synthesis in his namesake dialectic. For 10 points, name this German Enlightenment philosopher who wrote Phenomenology of Spirit.;;(Georg) (Wilhelm) (Friedrich) Hegel
;;This author collected his play about Vivie, a girl who learns that her mother has become rich by running brothels, in his Plays Unpleasant. In one of this author's plays, a poor girl decides to marry Freddy Eynsford-Hill after a professor bets Colonel Pickering that he can teach her how to act like a lady. For 10 points, name this British playwright of Mrs. Warren's Profession, who wrote about the transformation of the Cockney flower girl Eliza Doolittle in Pygmalion.;;(George) (Bernard) Shaw
;;An early engagement in this conflict, the Battle of Dorylaeum, resulted in defeat for Kilji Arslan. This campaign was launched after an appeal by Alexius I Komnenos. One of this campaign's leaders, Godfrey of Bouillon, gained more influence once Bohemond of Taranto took Antioch. A predecessor to this engagement was led by Peter the Hermit, known as the Peasant's Crusade. This campaign's primary target was the Seljuk Empire. For 10 points, name this military venture launched at the Council of Clermont by Pope Urban II, which took Jerusalem in 1099.;;First Crusade
;;One of this author's characters has a custody battle with Madeleine over their daughter June. That character created by this author writes unsent letters to such people as President Eisenhower. This author of Humboldt's Gift and Herzog wrote a book in which Eugene visits the Wariri tribe and leaves Africa with a lion cub. Another of this author's books is a picaresque tale of a Chicago Jew who is the brother of Simon and Georgie and serves in World War II. For 10 points, name this author of Henderson the Rain King and The Adventures of Augie March.;;(Saul) Bellow|(Solomon) Bellows
;;The exploits of one of this empire's rulers was detailed in the Black Obelisk. One of its leaders, Esar-Haddon, oversaw the conquest of Egypt, and that man murdered his brother Sennacherib (SEN-uh-CHAIR-ihb). A library of over 22,000 tablets was assembled by one of its rulers, Assurbanipal, and Sargon established a dynasty of this empire. For 10 points, name this ancient empire of the Middle East, with capital at Nineveh.;;Assyrian (empire)
;;This leader, who was born at Tintagel Castle, was raised by Ector because he was conceived out of wedlock. He left for the Isle of Avalon to heal his wounds after fighting his son Mordred at the Battle of Camlan. After his struggle against Carmelide, he married that king's daughter Guinevere despite Merlin's warnings. For 10 points, Camelot belonged to what son of Igraine and.;;(King) Arthur
;;One novel by this author is set mostly in the Maison Vauquer. That work features characters like a criminal referred to as Cheater-of-Death, whose real name is Vautrin. Vautrin tries to set up a duel for the socially ambitious law student Rastignac, but he ends up more interested in the title character's daughter Delphine. For 10 points, name this author whose Human Comedy included works like Cousin Bette (BET), Eugenie Grandet (oo-jay-NEE gran-DAY), and Father Goriot (gore-ee-OH).;;(Honore) (de) Balzac
;;In the study of graphics, an object with this name functions as the complement to a raster. The Cauch-Schwarz inequality concerns the multiplication of two of these objects. The triangle inequality concerns the addition of these objects. These objects sum is found by the parallelogram rule. These generalizations of numbers are the inputs of a cross product and a dot product, and many of them feature x,y, and z components. For 10 points, name these quantities with a magnitude and direction, distinguished from scalars.;;vectors
;;One ruler during this war disappeared after the Battle of White Mountain. One portion of this conflict was not ended until eleven years after the main peace in the Treaty of the Pyrenees. This war featured the general Albrecht von Wallenstein. One phase of this war involved an invasion by the Swedes under Gustavus Adolphus. This war was started shortly after the second Defenestration of Prague. For 10 points, name this war that reaffirmed the earlier Peace of Augsburg through its Peace of Westphalia, in which fighting lasted from 1618 to 1648.;;Thirty Years' War
;;One work of this type has no violins in the orchestra other than a soloist in the "Sanctus" movement. That work by Gabriel Faure [for-AY] includes the non-standard "Pie Jesu" [PEE-yay YAY-soo] movement for soprano soloist. One work of this type was commissioned by Count Walsegg [VAWL-sayg] and has sections like the "Lacrymosa" [LAH-cree-mow-suh] and "Offertorium" that were completed by Franz Sussmayr. [SOOS-my-er] Verdi wrote one of these for Allesandro Manzoni. Mozart died before he could complete his version of this Roman Catholic rite. For 10 points, name this variant on the mass, meant to revere the dead.;;Requiem Mass
;;One novel by this author describes the investigation into the Vicario brothers' murder of Santiago Nasar and is titled Chronicle of a Death Foretold. Another novel by this author of The Autumn of the Patriarch sees a strike at a banana plantation followed by a five-year rainfall, which brings about the decline of the village of Macondo. For 10 points, name this Colombian magical realist author who wrote about Fermina Daza's marriage to Juvenal Urbino in Love in the Time of Cholera, and who created the Buendia family in One Hundred Years of Solitude.;;(Gabriel) Garcia Marquez
;;The outer surface of these structures are covered in a material that contains amelogenins (AM-uh-lo-JEN-ins) instead of collagens. Another part of these structures is covered by cementum (see-MEN-tum); that part is the root, whose central part is the pulp. The primary type of these structures are typically lost starting around age six. Enamel covers the upper surface of, for 10 points, what structures used to chew food?.;;teeth
;;Although it is not Sparta, the ancestors of this city's aristocratic families were known as the Sparti. Amphion and Zethus built the walls of this city, which was named after the wife of Zethus. One queen of this city blinded herself after realizing she had married her son; that son had solved the riddle of the Sphinx to become king of the city. One son of Jocasta and Oedipus (EH-duh-pus), Polynices (PO-lee-NEE-sez), recruited six other heroes to help him regain the throne of this city from his brother Eteocles. For 10 points, name this city in Boeotia (be-O-sha) against which seven fought.;;Thebes
;;One of the characters of this work wishes for a copy of the tales Undine and Sintram, and that character wrote a play called "The Witch's Curse." Another character in this work gets punished for bringing pickled limes to school, and Annie Moffat is a friend of one of the characters. Frederick Bhaer ultimately marries one of the title characters, who is a daughter of Marmee March. For 10 points, Meg, Beth, Amy, and Jo are the title characters of what novel by Louisa May Alcott.;;Little Women
;;The Fujiwhara effect describes how these phenomenon can orbit about each other and sometimes merge. The center of these phenomenon usually exhibit the stadium effect, and these phenomena can also cause water to pile up on coastlines to higher than sea level. The severity of these phenomena is measured on the Saffir-Simpson Scale, and notable features of these occurrences include storm surges and eyes. For 10 points, name these low-pressure storm systems that include ones named Wilma and Katrina.;;Tropical cyclone|hurricane|typhoon
;;One novel by this author features the murder of the doctor Danvers Carew. The central event of another of this author's novels is perpetrated by the captain of the Covenant, Hoseason, at the behest of the unscrupulous uncle Ebenezer. This author wrote the sequel Catriona to follow that work about David Balfour, which was entitled Kidnapped. In another of this man's novels, Israel Hands attempts to kill Jim Hawkins, who outsmarts Long John Silver's pirates. For 10 points, name this creator of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde and writer of Treasure Island.;;(Robert) (Louis) (Balfour) Stevenson
;;This country is home to Cardinal Jaime Sin, who helped lead the People Power Revolution against this nation's government. In one war in this country, Frederick Funston led a counter insurgency that squelched the guerilla leader Emilio Aguinaldo. This country's "Freedom Constitution" was created by Corazon Aquino (uh-KEE-noh) after the fall of the dictator Ferdinand Marcos. Along with Guam, Puerto Rico, and Cuba, this country was gained by the U.S. after the Spanish American War. For 10 points, name this country whose shores witnessed the Battle of Manila Bay.;;(Republic) (of) (the) Philippines|(Republika) (ng) Pilipinas
;;This element's tetraethyl (TET-ruh-EE-thul) form used to be used as an anti-knock agent in gasoline, and it features with sulfuric acid in car batteries. This element's major ore is its sulfide, galena (guh-LEEN-uh). Discoveries of this element's toxicity largely ended its presence in pipes, though it is still used in radiation shielding, as it has the highest atomic number of any stable element. For 10 points, name this element no longer used in paint, which has symbol Pb.;;lead|Pb until (mentioned)
;;This author wrote a play about a woman who is separated from her lover Simon after the Fat Prince orchestrates a coup. That play includes the judge Azdak, who mistakenly divorces Grusha and her peasant husband. This author of the Caucasian Chalk Circle wrote about the siblings Kattrin, Eilif, and Swiss Cheese in another play set in the Thirty-Years' War. This author wrote about Jonathan Peachum, the friend of Mack the Knife, in another play. For 10 points, name this German author who collaborated with Kurt Weill on The Threepenny Opera.;;(Eugen) (Bertolt) (Friedrich) Brecht
;;This politician gave the Seventh of March speech during his last attempt to run for president on the Whig ticket. In response to the Foote Resolution, this man debated with Robert Hayne during the Nullification Crisis. This man argued for his alma mater in Dartmouth v. Woodward. This politician negotiated a treaty which resolved the Caroline Affair and Aroostook (uh-ROO-stuk) War with Baron Ashburton in 1842. For 10 points, name this Massachusetts Senator and two-time Secretary of State, who was part of the Great Triumvirate with Henry Clay and John C. Calhoun.;;(Daniel) Webster
;;In one film appearance, this character follows a man to the Filet of Soul restaurant, where he meets Mr. Big. In another appearance, this character fights with Red Grant on the Orient Express. In a later film, he defeats Le Chiffre [SHEEF] in a game of Texas Hold Em. For 10 points, name this main character of From Russia With Love, Live and Let Die, and Casino Royale.;;(James) Bond
;;An autoimmune disease that affects this organ is called celiac (SEE-lee-ak) disease, and a Meckel's (MECK-ulz) diverticulum (DYE-vur-TICK-you-lum) can occur here at birth. This organ is where Vitamin B12 is absorbed. Food is allowed into this organ, whose first segment absorbs iron, by the pyloric sphincter. For 10 points, name this organ lined by villi, whose three segments are the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum.;;small intestine
;;This composer wrote tone poems like The Rock and The Isle of the Dead. This composer inverted the notes of another composer's twenty-fourth caprice to write the eighteenth variation of a work for piano and orchestra. A, G-sharp, and C-sharp triple octaves begin this composer's Prelude in C-sharp minor, which is nicknamed "The Bells of Moscow." One of this man's works is a choral symphony based on Poe's "The Bells." For 10 points, name this late Russian Romantic who composed Rhapsody on a Theme by Paganini.;;(Sergei) (Vasilievich) Rachmaninoff
;;This substance displays a Bennett pinch and will often obey the Carlqvist relation, and transverse ion waves named for Alfven occur in these materials. One special case of z-pinches in these materials is called a Birkeland current. These entities possess net positive layers called Debye sheaths, and an important temperature and density measure of these materials may be obtained by a Langmuir probe. For 10 points, name this phase exhibited by Tesla coils and lightning bolts, a partially ionized gas often considered to be the fourth state of matter.;;plasma
;;This President signed an Amnesty Act and a Civil Rights Act mandating equal treatment in "public accommodations" that was struck down in the so-called "Civil Rights Cases" by the majority opinion of Justice Bradley. This man adopted the slogan "Let us have peace" in his campaign against Horatio Seymour. This man presided over the Panic of 1873 and the end of Reconstruction. For 10 points, name this president elected after the term of Andrew Johnson, a former Civil War general.;;(Ulysses) (S(.)) Grant|(Hiram) (Ulysses) Grant
;;Three fortissimo chords open one of this type of composition in C sharp minor, one of the most famous works of Rachmaninoff. One of these in D by Frederic Chopin is nicknamed the "Raindrop," and Chopin wrote one for every major and minor key. J.S. Bach wrote two volumes of The Well-Tempered Clavier containing fugues paired with these compositions, and Debussy composed one "to the Afternoon of a Faun." For 10 points, name this type of short composition whose name implies that it precedes another work.;;prelude
;;In one convention held in this city, the "voice from the sewer" helped nominate Franklin D. Roosevelt for a third term. Abraham Ribicoff (RIH-bi-koff) denounced the "Gestapo tactics on the streets" of this city during another convention. During that convention, the Justice Department arrested a group, including Jerry Rubin and Abbie Hoffman, known as this city's namesake "Seven." For 10 points, name this site of the 1968 Democratic National Convention, where massive protests were met with violence from policemen working for its mayor, Richard J. Daley.;;Chicago
;;This man painted a gambler reaching into his back pocket to pull out a club card in his The Cardsharps. Jesus's arm is outstretched while dining with three other men in this painter's The Supper at Emmaus. This painter used chiaroscuro (CARE-uss-CORE-oh) to depict a man named Levi at a table with four other men collecting taxes while St. Peter and Jesus enter. For 10 points, name this Italian painter of The Calling of Saint Matthew.;;Caravaggio|(Michelangelo) Merisi
;;This body of water will lie at the eastern end of the planned Manych Ship Canal. The humid Hyrcanian Forest is a temperate rain forest that lies south of this body of water in the Alborz Mountains. Baku, Azerbaijan lies on a peninsula that juts into this body of water, and the Volga empties into this lake. For 10 points, name this largest lake in the world, which is sandwiched between the Caucasus, Iran, and Russia.;;Caspian Sea
;;One of this author's poems includes the line "I am the doubter and the doubt." In addition to "Merlin" and "Brahma," this man wrote, "Unmeasure still my Shakespeare sits lone as the blessed Jew." This author stated "beauty is its own excuse for Being" in his poem "The Rhodora." He used the metaphor of the transparent eyeball in his essay Nature. For 10 points, name this author of the essay The Over Soul and the lecture The American Scholar who was also a leader of the American transcendentalist movement.;;(Ralph) (Waldo) Emerson
;;The RAN cycle is involved in transport into this organelle, and proteins in this organelle's membrane include FG porins (PORE-ins), and this organelle is suppoprted from the inside by a mesh made of lamin (LAM-min) proteins. Erythrocytes (uh-RITH-ro-"sites") lack this organelle, and one structure inside this organelle contains fibrillar (FIH-brill-ar) centers and synthesizes ribosomes. For 10 points, name this organelle, which contains the majority of a cell's genetic material and thereby acts as its control center.;;nucleus
;;One novel by this author describes Colonel Joll, who wages a campaign against the title warriors. This author of Elizabeth Costello and Waiting for the Barbarians fictionalized the life of Dostoevsky in his The Master of Petersberg. Another novel by this man tells of a college professor studying Lord Byron who is fired for seducing a student. For 10 points, name this South African author of Life and Times of Michael K who wrote about David Lurie in Disgrace.;;(John) (Maxwell) Coetzee COAT(-)zee(-)uh
;;One of this man's compositions was inspired by a George Meredith poem about a creature that takes flight "till lost on his aerial wings in light." "A Bold Young Sailor" and "The Captain's Apprentice" are tunes in this man's Norfolk Rhapdody No. 1, and he also wrote a work inspired by a much earlier English composer, Thomas Tallis. For 10 points, name this British composer of The Lark Ascending and Fantasia on Greensleeves.;;(Ralph) (rafe) Vaughn Williams
;;This number is equal to the sum of the infinite series as n goes from zero to infinity of one over n factorial. First studied as an application of compound interest by Jacob Bernoulli, it is equal to the limit as x approaches infinity of the quantity one plus one over x to the xth power. This number is the only positive real number that, when taken to the xth power, is equal to its derivative. For 10 points, identify this number named for a Swiss mathematician, the base of the natural logarithm, equal to approximately 2.718.;;e|Euler's number
;;This man set translations of J.P. Jacobsen poems like "The Song of the Wood Dove" in his Gurreleider. [gur-uh-LEED-ur] The "Dance Around the Golden Calf" is one of the songs in his opera Moses and Aron. This man composed a work based on a Richard Dehmel poem about a woman's confession to her lover that she is carrying the child of another man, Transfigured Night. This man also composed Pierrot Lunaire. [peer-OH loo-NAIR] For 10 points, name this composer who developed atonality and serialism, or the twelve-tone method.;;(Arnold) Schoenberg
;;The protagonist of this novel beats his friend Gus after a delay in robbing Mr. Blum's delicatessen. Characters in this novel include the lawyer Boris Max and the communist Jan Erlone. The protagonist of this work takes a job as a chauffeur for his landlord, Mr. Dalton. The main character of this novel accidentally suffocates Dalton's daughter Mary with a pillow, rapes and murders his girlfriend Bessie Mears, and is jailed and executed. For 10 points, name this novel about Bigger Thomas, which was written by Richard Wright.;;Native Son
;;This man believed that a proposed alliance from Honoria, the sister of Emperor Valentinian III, was a marriage proposal, causing him to demand half of the Western Empire as a dowry. The husband of Ildico (ill-DEE-koh), this man became absolute ruler of his people after murdering his brother Bleda. After a meeting with Pope Leo I, this man withdrew from his attempt to take Rome in 451 CE. For 10 points name this Scourge of God, the ruler of the Huns.;;Attila the (Hun)
;;An author from this country wrote a work of twenty-seven chapters arranged in a three by three by three pattern, like one titled "The Infinite Lawn." Another work by that author from this country has sections about Olinda and Armilla; that work features Kublai Khan asking Marco Polo about places he has been, and eventually he is asked to describe his native Venice. For 10 points, name this home to the author of Palomar and Invisible Cities, surnamed Calvino.;;Italy
;;Lead and bismuth are separated in a process of this type named for Betts. The first law of this technique, which was formulated by Faraday, states that the separated mass is proportional to the amount of charge passed through. One example of this technique breaks down water into hydrogen and oxygen gas. For 10 points, name this reaction, in molecular bonds are broken via the application of electric current.;;electrolysis
;;An ancient empire from this modern nation had a symbolic Golden Stool; that empire was the Ashanti, and a state named after the Ashanti in the modern nation with this name has capital Kumasi. This nation was once called the Gold Coast by the British, and its first prime minister was Kwame Nkrumah (KWAH-may NKROO-muh). For 10 points, name this country, home to recent Secretary-General of the United Nations Kofi Annan.;;Ghana
;;This author wrote about speculation in the Chicago Board of Trade Building in his novel The Pit. That novel joins the unfinished work The Wolf in this author's Epic of Wheat trilogy. This author wrote about a dentist who is left handcuffed to a corpse in death valley when Trina wins the lottery in one of his novels. Another work by this author features Magnus Derrick and concerns the powerful railroads strangling wheat growers. For 10 points, name this California-based regionalist American author of McTeague and The Octopus.;;(Benjamin) (Franklin) Norris
;;He was already known for his unique singing voice when XM radio made his speaking voice famous, as well, on the Theme Time Radio Hour. The cover of his second album shows him freewheeling down a New York street with his girlfriend, Suzie Rotolo. That album's first track asks, "How many roads must a man walk down before you can call him a man?". In 2009, he released a holiday album entitled Christmas in the Heart. For 10 points, what singer-songwriter was dubbed "the voice of a generation" for songs such as "Like a Rolling Stone" and "Blowin' in the Wind"?.;;(Bob) Dylan|(Robert) (Allen) Zimmerman
;;The Papagayo (PAH-pah-GYE-oh) and Tehuano (tay-HWAN-oh) types of this phenomenon are crucial to Central American ecosystems. This phenomenon is measured using the Beaufort Scale. Energy can be harvested from this phenomenon using namesake turbines. A a drop in temperature in the presence of this phenomenon is its namesake "chill." For 10 points, name this movement of air from high pressure to low pressure.;;wind
;;This meeting led to an agreement that restored the Papal States thanks to the efforts of Ercole Consalvi (ehr-KOHL con-SAL-vee). The incompetent Marquis of Labrador represented Spain at this meeting. Through this assembly, Russia and Prussia received the Duchy of Warsaw. The skilled negotiation of Talleyrand at this meeting ensured lenient terms for France. The Viscount Castlereagh represented Great Britain at this assembly. For 10 points, name this meeting hosted by Clemens von Metternich, which decided the fate of post-Napoleonic Europe from the capital of Austria.;;(Congress) (of) Vienna
;;The Sackur-Tetrode equation can be used to obtain this quantity for ideal gases. One definition can be found by multiplying the logarithm of the multiplicity of a macrostate by Boltzmann's constant. If this quantity reaches a maximum, the universe may experience heat death. Maxwell's Demon can cause a decrease in this quantity, which is stated to always increase by the Second Law of Thermodynamics. For 10 points, name this quantity represented by S that in thermodynamics can refer to the measure of disorder in a system.;;entropy
;;This author described how American architectural forms were displaced by Europeans in From Bauhaus to Our House. His other nonfiction includes a chronicle of the Merry Pranksters, led by Ken Kesey, in The Electric Kool-Aid Acid Test, and a book about the early days of NASA, The Right Stuff. A virtuous female student is shocked to find debauchery at an elite Southern college in one of this author's novels. For 10 points, name this white-suit-wearing Richmond native who wrote I Am Charlotte Simmons and The Bonfire of the Vanities.;;(Thomas) (Kennerly) (Tom) Wolfe(,) (Jr(.))
;;This state was the location of the Sleepy Lagoon murder, which helped tip off the Zoot Suit Riot. The Donner party got lost and resorted to cannibalism in this state. The highway patrol of this state pulled over Marquette Frye, causing the Watts Riots to happen in this state's largest city. This state was home to the short lived Bear Flag Republic. James Marshall's discovery at Sutter's Mill in this state caused the Gold Rush of 1849. For 10 points, name this western state that has its capital at Sacramento.;;California
;;Robert K. Merton attempted to explain this phenomenon by applying a concept earlier used to discuss suicide. In addition to Merton's use of "anomie" to explain this behavior through "strain theory," it can be explained by control theory or social learning theory. In the U.S., this phenomenon is catalogued in "Uniform Reports" by the FBI. Many international organs are concerned with the kind of this behavior that is defined as "against humanity." For 10 points, name this social phenomenon, which can be a felony or a misdemeanor.;;crime
;;A feature that can promote this process in eukaryotes (you-KAIR-ee-"oats") is called a TATA box. This process forms a polycistronic ("PAUL"-ee-sis-TRON-ic) product when it occurs on the entire lac operon. An enzyme called integrase (IN-tuh-"grace") follows a reversal of this process, which is done by viruses like HIV. This process is followed by the addition of a five prime cap and a three-prime poly-adenosine tail. For 10 points, name this process, the creation of a molecule of RNA complementary to a strand of DNA.;;transcription
;;This artist depicted winged angels playing musical instruments in the side panel to his Virgin of the Rocks. This artist of a portrait of Ginevra de Benci was taught by Verrocchio (ver-OH-kee-oh). This artist sketched a man whose arms and legs are shown in two different positions inscribed within a circle and a square in The Vitruvian Man. Another of this man's works had a mustache scrawled on it by Marcel Duchamp and is also called La Gioconda. For 10 points, name this Italian painter of a famous enigmatic smile in the Mona Lisa.;;(Leonardo) da Vinci|Leonardo
;;One character in this novel opens the side of his dead beloved's coffin and wills that one side of his coffin be opened facing her so their bodies can mingle. In this novel, one character marries Isabella to get revenge on her brother Edgar. This novel is narrated by Nelly Dean and Mr. Lockwood, who begins this novel by renting Thrushcross Grange. Set in the moors of north England, this novel focuses on the love between Catherine Earnshaw and Heathcliff. For 10 points, name this only novel by Emily Bronte.;;Wuthering Heights
;;In one of this composer's operas, the title character is inspired to pretend Donati is still alive when his daughter Lauretta sings O mio babbino caro. This composer of Gianni Schicchi (jee-ahn-ee shee-chee) also wrote an unfinished work in which Nessun Dorma is sung before Calaf answers three riddles. This composer wrote another opera in which Cio-Cio San (cho-cho san) kills herself over Lieutenant Pinkerton. For 10 points, name this Italian composer of Turandot and Madame Butterfly.;;(Giacomo) (Antonio) (Domenico) (Michele) (Secondo) (Maria) Puccini
;;In one short story by this author, Ben Price does not arrest Ralph Spencer. In another of this man's works, Bill and Sam try to make two thousand dollars by kidnapping the son of Ebenezer Dorset, but end up paying Dorset two hundred fifty dollars to take his son back. This author of "A Retrieved Reformation" also wrote about a set of combs and a watch chain for which Jim and Della make sacrifices to give to each other. For 10 points, name this American short story author of "The Ransom of Red Chief" and "The Gift of the Magi.".;;O(.) Henry|(William) (Sydney) Porter
;;This state was the site of the Brooks-Baxter War. This was the home state of the general known as the "Stonewall of the West," Patrick Cleburne (CLAY-burn). Samuel Curtis established Union control of this state near Elkhorn Tavern at the Battle of Pea Ridge. Winthrop Rockefeller was a governor of this state that attempted to desegregate this state's schools. This state's governor Orval Faubus opposed the integration of nine students at Central High in this state's capital. For 10 points, name this home of the Little Rock Nine.;;Arkansas
;;This nation's capital was founded by Pedro de Valdivia, who defeated the native Mapuche people. This nation contains the world's largest copper mines at Chuquicamata and Escondida. This nation's most important seaport, Valparaiso, houses its legislature. Easter Island is owned by this nation, which splits Tierra del Fuego with its eastern neighbor. It controls Cape Horn, the southernmost point in South America. For 10 points, name this long, narrow country on the Pacific, which lies west of the Andes and Argentina, and has its capital at Santiago.;;(Republic) (of) Chile
;;Vincent Oge led a mulatto revolt in this country. This nation was terrorized by a secret police force known as the tonton macoutes during the reign of a father and son from 1957 to 1986. Jean Bertrand Aristide helped bring about the downfall of that family when "Baby Doc" Duvalier was forced to flee this nation in 1986. For 10 points, name this Carribean nation in which Jacques Dessalines, Henri Christophe, and Toussaint L'Ouverture led a slave revolt to gain independence from France.;;(Republic) (of) Haiti
;;This country's Porkkala (pohr-KAH-lah) base was returned in 1955, and Risto Ryti (RIH-sto RYE-tee) formed a coalition government in this nation following an invasion. General K.M. Wallenius (vah-LAYN-ee-us) led a fascist movement in this nation. Kaarlo Stahlberg was its first president. This country faced a civil war between Red and White factions in 1918, and the Mannerheim Line was a fortification against this nation's eastern neighbor. For 10 points, name this country that fought the Winter War against the Soviet Union.;;Finland
;;This author's version of the Don Juan legend called The Stone Guest is one of his four "Little Tragedies." This author wrote about a flood that causes Evgenni (yv-GEN-y) to curse a statue in his poem The Bronze Horseman. In one of this man's short stories, Hermann learns the combination of "Three, Seven, Ace" from a countess but loses when he plays the title "Queen of Spades" instead. This author wrote a verse novel in which the title character kills Lensky in a duel in a fight over Tatyana and Olga. For 10 points, name this Russian author of Eugene Onegin (oh-NAY-gen).;;(Alexander) Pushkin|(Aleksandr) (Sergeyevich) Pushkin
;;This figure wandered over the Aleian Plain in grief after the loss of his children. This figure asked Poseidon to flood the Xanthian (ZAN-thee-an) Plain to win one battle. He was sent to Lycia with a message that he was to be killed. That message resulted from a false claim by King Proteus's wife, Stheneboea (s-TEH-NAY-bo-EE-uh), that this man had raped her. Iobates instead sent this man to kill a creature with a lion's head, goat's body, and snake's tail. For 10 points, name this Greek hero who was lamed after trying to fly Pegasus to heaven, who earlier slayed the Chimera.;;Bellerophon
;;This man proposed the "Epigenetic principle" that dictates our development through resolving crises such as learning to trust or mistrust as an infant. One of this man's works analyzes how a man was able to grow enough to be comfortable starting the Reformation. Another of his psychohistories analyzes "The origins of Militant Nonviolence" by studying an Indian pacifist. This author of Young Man Luther and Gandhi's Truth created the eight stages of psychosocial development. For 10 points, name this psychologist who coined the term "identity crisis.".;;(Erik) (Homburger) Erikson
;;One of this author's characters has a child named Sorrow and stabs Alec. In addition to that work in which Angel Clare flees to Brazil, this author wrote a novel in which Donald Farfrae vies with Michael Henchard for the title position. Another work by this man describes Eustacia Vye falling in love with Clem Yeobright when he comes back to Egdon Heath. For 10 points, name this British author of The Mayor of Casterbridge, Tess of the D'Urbervilles, and The Return of the Native.;;(Thomas) Hardy
;;An ion containing this element along with fluorine and oxygen has been predicted stable. In one experiment, the nuclei of this element were fired at a thin layer of gold atoms. Superfluidity has been observed in both its isotopes three and four. This element is the lightest with a full s subshell. Its nuclei are alpha particles. For 10 points, name this gas with atomic number two.;;helium|He
;;The antibiotic tetracycline (TET-ruh-"sigh"-klin) acts by inhibiting this process. During this process, proteins called elongation factors allow a molecule with a characteristic cloverleaf structure to enter the A site. That molecule carries with it an amino acid joined by an ester bond and possesses a three-base sequence called an anticodon (ANN-"tie"-KO-don). Always beginning with methionine and ending with the stop codon, for 10 points, name this process by which a strand of mRNA is turned into a protein.;;translation
;;One author born in this country wrote the verse novel The Golden Gate. The author of A Suitable Boy is from this country, as is the author of The Interpreter of Maladies. The earliest literature of this country includes a drama about a maiden whose signet ring is swallowed by a fish. The only Nobel Laureate from this country wrote a collection of poems that has a preface by Yeats and literally means "Song-Offerings." For 10 points, name this home country of Rabindranath Tagore and Kalidasa, the latter of whom wrote in Sanskrit.;;(Republic) (of) India|Bharat Ganarajya
;;The "woven" form of this tissue is less organized and weaker, while the stronger form is called "lamellar." This tissue forms structures that are called "sesamoid" (SESS-uh-moyd) when they are embedded in tendons. The inorganic component of this tissue consists of the mineral hydroxyapatite ("high"-DROX-ee-APP-uh-"tight"). This tissue can become porous after menopause in osteoporosis. For 10 points, name this tissue, the component of the skeleton.;;bone
;;This author instructed the title character to "go to the Western gate" in his poem "Luke Havergal." This creator of the fictional Tilbury Town wrote of a man who was "born too late" and "coughed, and called it fate, and kept on drinking." In addition to that poem about a "child of scorn," this poet wrote about a man observed by the "people on the pavement" whenever he went downtown. That character created by this man inexplicably "went home and put a bullet through his head." For 10 points, name this American poet, the creator of "Miniver Cheevy" and "Richard Cory.".;;(Edwin) (Arlington) Robinson
;;One modification of this policy was proposed by Richard Olney during the Venezuelan border dispute. This policy was famously opposed by George Canning. Caribbean debts were the impetus for a "corollary" to this policy. This policy was proposed by its namesake's Secretary of State, John Quincy Adams. For 10 points, name this cornerstone of American foreign policy named for the president under whose administration it was introduced, the doctrine which set forth a policy of U.S. opposition to European intervention in the Americas.;;Monroe Doctrine
;;One author with this last name wrote a poem about a woman who befriends Marian Erle and falls in love with her cousin Romney. In addition to that author of Aurora Leigh, another author with this last name wrote a poem about the murder trial of Guido Franceschini as well as dramatic monologues such as "Rabbi Ben Ezra" and "Fra Lippo Lippi." A poet with this last name asked, "How do I love thee? Let me count the ways," in Sonnets from the Portuguese. For 10 points, give the shared last name of the husband-and-wife poets Elizabeth Barrett and Robert.;;Browning
;;Its Courgette (core-ZHET) program takes advantage of machine instruction labels. It is the source of the a distributed storage system called Bigtable and a distributed compute framework called MapReduce. Hidden classes are important in its V8 project which is used for its chromium project. The home of a namesake code repository service and it recently announced a programming language called Go. For 10 points name, this large technology company best known for Internet searching.;;Google
;;This man's friends include the socialist Seneca Doane and a group known as "the Bunch." This character travels to Maine with his best friend Paul Riesling. This man encourages his son Ted to elope with Eunice Littlefield after his wife Myra falls ill. This character who has an affair with Tanis Judique slips back into a life of conformity and conservatism at the end of the work in which he appears. He is a resident of the fictional locale of Zenith, Winnemac. For 10 points, name this titular real estate salesman of a novel by Sinclair Lewis.;;(George) (Folansbee) Babbitt
;;The standard of care is used to determine whether one type of these acts has been committed. Aside from negligence, types of these acts include nuisance, which is the act of interfering with a person's enjoyment of their property, and defamation, which is divided into slander and libel. For 10 points, name these wrongful acts which are remedied in civil law, usually by awarding damages.;;torts|delicts
;;In 1871, this city was the namesake of a treaty that settled the Alabama Claims. Fifty years later, Charles Evans Hughes orchestrated the Five-Power Pact, which limited capital ship tonnage, at this city's namesake Naval Conference. In 1990, a mayor of this city was caught smoking crack in a hotel room. This home of Marion Barry's political career adopted a new license plate in 2000 that reads "taxation without representation." For 10 points, name this city, which was designed by Pierre L'Enfant and includes Georgetown and Capitol Hill.;;Washington(,) (D(.)C(.))|DC(;)|District of Columbia
;;This force is necessary for the phenomenon of rolling without slipping; during that motion, this force is sometimes known as traction. The kinetic coefficient of this force is a constant, and is less than the maximum static coefficient, which is proportional to the normal force. For 10 points, name this force that retards motion of an object across a surface with which it is in contact.;;friction
;;One author from this nation wrote an epic poem called the Lusiads, and another wrote novels such as The Stone Raft and one in which an ophthalmologist's wife is the only figure not afflited with the title condition, Blindness. The former novel sees the Iberian peninsula break off from the rest of Europe. A series of forty-four love poems by Elizabeth Barret Browning were disguised as though they were written by someone from this country. For 10 points, name this nation home to Jose Saramago, which is visited by Candide in time for an earthquake in Lisbon.;;Portugal
;;One character in this novel is an African-American doctor named Benedict Copeland. In this work, the socialist Jake Blount eats all of his meals at the New York Cafe, which is owned by Biff Brannon. Other characters in this novel include Mick Kelly, who takes a job at Woolworth. That main character of this work kills himself after the death of his friend Spiros Antonapoulos. This novel begins by noting that "In the town there were two mutes, and they were always together." For 10 points, name this novel about John Singer, written by Carson McCullers.;;(The) Heart is a Lonely Hunter
;;While serving in this government post, Frank Kellogg sponsored a namesake pact with French foreign minister Aristide Briand (ah-riss-TEED bri-AND). Cyrus Vance opposed a rescue attempt of American hostages while serving in this post. Cordell Hull promoted the Good Neighbor Policy while serving in this post. Dean Rusk defended the Vietnam War while serving in this capacity. William Seward served in this post under Abraham Lincoln. Thomas Jefferson was the first to hold this post. For 10 points, name this government post held by Madeleine Albright and Colin Powell.;;(United) (States) Secretary of State
;;A reagent with this element makes alkenes (AL-keenz) from carbonyl (CAR-bo-NEEL) compounds in the Wittig (VIT-tig) reaction. Its black form has a structure like graphite. Its white allotropes has a tetrahedral structural unit, and the red kind forms a network of those tetrahedrons chained together. For 10 points, name this element, whose oxide is found in the backbone of DNA, and which is located immediately below nitrogen on the Periodic Table.;;phosphorus|P
;;The Maritz one of these is also called the Five Shilling one and occurred at the start of the first World War. One of these that happened during the Meiji (MAY-gee) Restoration in Japan is called the Satsuma. One called Chimei (chee-MAY), or Red Eyebrows, was carried out against the Xin dynasty of Wang Mang. Another one of these actions carried out against Emperor Ling of Han was called Yellow Turban. For 10 points, name these events that include one which established a namesake Heavenly Kingdom of Great Peace at Nanjing and was named for Taiping, and another called the Boxer one.;;rebellions
;;Ralph Bagnold's work on the formation of these entities, though written in 1941, is still mostly accurate. Barchans (BAR-chanz) are formed where there is little of their namesake substance, which is made up of particles of diameter between 0.1 and 1.6 millimeters. The most common type of these objects is the crescentic type, which are wider than they are long. Star ones are found in the Namib and Sahara Deserts. For 10 points, name these massive hills built by wind-blown sand.;;(sand) dunes
;;This nation is home to the volcanoes Iztaccihuatl (ISS-TACK-see-WAT-el) and Popocatepetl (PO-po-COT-uh-PET-el). Another volcano here is a cinder cone that first appeared as a hole in a corn field and within 10 years grew 9,012 feet. The Bay of Campeche borders this country, whose tourist destinations include Cozumel, Cabo San Lucas, Tijuana (tee-WAHN-uh), and Cancun. For 10 points, name this country in which Ciudad Juarez (SEE-oo-dad WAR-ez) sits on the other side of the Rio Grande from Texas.;;Mexico|United Mexican States(;)|Estados Unidos Mexicanos
;;One form of this country was created in opposition to the Union of Arras. That Union of Utrecht in this country took part in the Eighty Years War before gaining independence. This country was led during that war by William the Silent against the rule of Philip II. Another William who led this country also ruled Great Britain after the Glorious Revolution. For 10 points, name this country often ruled over by the house of Orange, a country which was once a Spanish possession in the Low Countries along with Luxembourg and Belgium.;;(Kingdom) (of) (the) Netherlands|(Koninkrijk) (der) Nederlanden(;)|Holland(;)|Dutch Republic
;;One character in this opera, Peter, is taken to jail as a material witness by the detective after Robbins is killed by a cotton hook wielded by Crown. One character in this opera is frequently asked to head to New York with a 'happy dust' dealer called Sportin' Life. This opera focuses on the inhabitants of Catfish Row, and it features the arias It ain't necessarily so and the lullaby Summertime. For 10 points, name this opera whose title characters are a cripple and the woman he loves, a work written by George Gershwin.;;Porgy and Bess
;;This composer set Gerald Bullett's "The English Galaxy of Shorter Poems" for voice and harp in his Ceremony of Carols. In another work by this composer, variations A through M on a theme are each played by a different instrument of the orchestra, and each variation is based off a theme from Purcell's Abedalzar. Another work by this composer sets Wilfred Owen to music. For 10 points, name this British composer of War Requiem and A Young Person's Guide to the Orchestra.;;(Edward) (Benjamin) Britten
;;One book by this author sees Mickey construct an airplane out of dough in order to retrieve a bottle of milk to bake a cake. That book by this author, In the Night Kitchen, has been frequently challenged and banned for nudity. He also wrote a book in which a character "making mischief" in a wolf costume is named king by staring into a bunch of yellow eyes and never blinking. For 10 points, who is this author who gained international recognition in 1963 for his colorful fanged monsters in the book Where the Wild Things Are?.;;(Maurice) (Bernard) Sendak
;;One character in this work is saddened when he is persuaded to consent to the shooting of his dog by Carlson. The two main characters of this work are forced to flee when one is accused of raping a girl in Weed. That alleged rapist in this novella is haunted by the memory of his Aunt Clara. At the end of this work, one character accidentally kills Curley's wife, and is then shot by the other main character. For 10 points, name this novella about the ranch hands George Milton and Lennie Small, which was written by John Steinbeck.;;Of Mice and Men
;;An usurper of these peoples was Gelimer, and one of their greatest leaders was the target of plots of Majorian in 460 CE and Basiliscus in 468. That great leader was the father of Huneric, and their North African kingdom was destroyed by Belisarius. They achieved their greatest success under Gaiseric, who led them in sacking Rome in 455 CE. 10 points, name this Germanic group whose name has become synonymous with wanton destruction.;;Vandals
;;This artist depicted disfigured and naked men trying to get into a boat that bears three people in his painting The Barque of Dante. In another work, this artist painted an Ottoman on a horse that is rearing above a group of thirteen Greek civilians. This painter of The Women of Algiers also created a work in which a man in a top hat participates in a mob that is led by a woman in a Phrygian cap, holding a tricolor flag. For 10 points, name this French Romantic artist who painted Massacre at Chios and Liberty Leading the People.;;(Ferdinand) (Victor) (Eugene) Delacroix
;;One former kingdom located in this present-day country was led by Taksin (tok-SIN) and called Thonburi (ton-burr-EE). Taksin was quickly replaced by General Chakri as a ruler in this place, after expelling Burmese invaders in this country. Upon gaining the throne of this country, Chakri took the name Rama I. This country is the only one in Southeast Asia that was never colonized by Europeans, and was once called Siam. For 10 points, name this nation with a capital at Bangkok.;;(Kingdom) (of) Thailand
;;This composer remarked "the devil may play it" about his four-movement Wanderer Fantasy, which he himself could never play. This composer's first successful song was "Gretchen at the Spinning Wheel." Part of his incidental music to Rosamunde may have originally been meant for the finale of this composer's eighth symphony, which had only two movements when he died. For 10 points, name this Austrian composer of the Unfinished Symphony and Trout Quintet.;;(Franz) (Peter) Schubert
;;This element is single-bonded to itself in hydrazine ("HIGH"-druh-zeen) and triple-bonded to carbon in cyanide. This element forms in the second of three steps of a cycle of stellar fusion reactions, and the oxide that this element forms when it takes a plus one charge is known as laughing gas. This element's diatomic form contains a triple bond. For 10 points, name this element whose diatomic form is the gas most prevalent in the earth's atmosphere.;;nitrogen|N
;;This tissue's basic functional unit is activated by calcium binding to troponin-C (truh-POH-nin-"C") and is bounded by the Z-line. That unit is called the sarcomere (SAR-co-meer). A disease that affects this tissue is named for Duchenne and is called its "dystrophy." This tissue, which can be smooth, cardiac, or skeletal, forms structures such as the gluteus maximus ("GLUE"-tee-us MAX-ih-mus) and the deltoid (DEL-toyd). For 10 points, name this tissue, which attaches to bone and contracts in order to permit motion.;;muscle
;;Haydn composed one of this kind of piece labeled "for troubled times," which has been nicknamed "Lord Nelson." Beethoven wrote one in C Major given the Latin title Solemnis. It includes the movements "Kyrie," "Gloria," "Credo," "Sanctus," and "Agnus Dei." Palestrina wrote one named for Pope Marcellus. Bach's only complete one of these was in B Minor. For 10 points, name this sacred musical setting of the Catholic liturgy to accompany services every Sunday.;;Masses
;;One author from this country is a UC Berkeley professor who wrote The Captive Mind. This country's national epic contains a description of "Pocketknife" and is titled Mister Thaddeus. One author from this country wrote a historical trilogy that opens with With Fire and Sword and described Nero's persecution of Christians like Lydia in Quo Vadis?. Eliazer loses his faith by the end of one novel set in a concentration camp here. For 10 points, name this Central European country, the setting of Elie Wiesel's Night.;;(Republic) (of) Poland|(Rzeczpospolita) Polska