;;This poet wrote of "great wings beating still above the staggering girl" in his "Leda and the Swan." This author of a series of poems about Maud Gonne wrote of a place "that is no country for old men" in another poem. This author of "Sailing to Byzantium" warned that "a terrible beauty is born" in a poem about an unsuccessful uprising. This poet wrote "things fall apart, the center cannot hold" in "The Second Coming." For 10 points, name this Irish poet and author of "Easter, 1916.".;;(William) (Butler) Yeats
;;In 2011, Discovery Health Channel will be replaced by a network named for this person, who opened a "Leadership Academy for Girls" in South Africa in 2007. She played Sophia in Steven Spielberg's film of Alice Walker's novel The Color Purple. Tom Cruise declared his love for Katie Holmes while jumping on this person's couch. In 2004 she gave away 276 G6 Pontiacs to members of her audience. For 10 points, name this founder of O Magazine and Harpo Productions, who recently announced that her talk show would end production in 2011.;;(Oprah) Winfrey|Oprah
;;One character in this novel plans to leave with two others on a ship to Bristol after the Election Sermon. That character later lets down her hair and removes an item of clothing, frightening her illegitimate daughter. Reverend Dimmesdale drops dead after being kissed by that daughter, Pearl, and displaying the title emblem on his chest. For 10 points, name this novel in which Hester Prynne, after being unfaithful to Chillingworth, is compelled to wear a red "A," a work by Nathaniel Hawthorne.;;(The) Scarlet Letter
;;The victor of this battle was able to deal with an uphill cavalry charge with no cavalry of his own. This battle ended when the winner surrounded the forces of Abd el-Rahman (ROCH-mon). The winner of this battle earned the nickname "the hammer" while fighting for the Merovingians (mer-oh-VIN-jee-unz) in 732. For 10 points, name this battle at which Charles Martel halted the advance of Islam into France.;;(Battle) (of) Tours|(Battle) (of) Poitiers(;)|(Battle) (of) (the) Court of the Martyrs
;;An ancient playwright from what is now this country wrote about a king who forgets his betrothed until reminded by a ring. An epic poem from this country depicts another king, who must ally with a monkey to reclaim his wife from Ravana (ruv-VAH-nuh). In another of this country's epics, the Kaurava (core-AH-vuh) and Pandava (pon-DAH-vuh) brothers fight a war that is interrupted by the "song of God." For 10 points, identify this home country of the epic poems Ramayana (rahm-eye-AH-nuh) and Mahabharata (mah-hah-BRA-tuh).;;(Republic) (of) India|Bharatiya (Ganarajya)
;;One national park in this country contains area sacred to the Anagu people. That park contains a set of domed rock formations known as The Olgas and the largest extrusive sandstone in the world. That park is located near Alice Springs, the second largest city in this country's Northern Territory, and is called Uluru-Kata Tjuta (oo-LOO-roo KAH-tah teh-YOO-tuh) Park. The largest city in this country is home to a performing arts center that has a white, sail-like roof. For 10 points, name this country that contains a notable opera house in Sydney.;;(Commonwealth) (of) Australia
;;He commemorated "the founder of Danish literature" by composing the Holberg Suite. "Wedding Day at Troldhaugen" and "March of the Trolls" are part of his piano Lyrical Pieces. "Solveig's Song," "Morning Mood" and "In the Hall of the Mountain King" are in the first suite of his most notable work. For 10 points, name the romanticist composer of the incidental music for Peer Gynt, a play by Henrik Ibsen, a fellow Norwegian.;;(Edvard) Grieg
;;In one scene in this play, the protagonist is horrified when a woman tries to sell her "flowers for the dead." That character leaves Belle Reve to live on Elysian Fields Avenue in New Orleans. This play's protagonist says that she has "always depended on the kindness of strangers." The sister of the protagonist in this play, Stella, is married to the brutish Stanley Kowalski. This play ends with the attendants of an asylum taking away Blanche Dubois. For 10 points, name this play written by Tennessee Williams.;;(A) Streetcar Named Desire
;;This group of mammals contains the order Microbiotheria (MY-kro-BYE-oh-THAIR-ee-uh), whose only species, monito del monte (mo-NEE-toe del MON-tay), is found in South America. Like monotremes, organisms in this order lack a corpus callosum (CORE-pus kuh-LOSS-um). Although they give birth live, their short gestation period forces their young to fully develop for up to several months in their most distinctive feature. For 10 points, name this group of mammals known for their distinctive pouch, which includes koala bears and kangaroos.;;marsupials|Marsupialia
;;This economist criticized his country's decision to return to the gold standard in "The Economic Consequences of Mr. Churchill." That title paralleled this economist's earlier criticism of the Treaty of Versailles, The Economic Consequences of the Peace. This man's best-known work argued against liquidationism, claiming that governments could stimulate the economy through deficit spending. For 10 points, name this British economist who wrote The General Theory of Employment, Interest, and Money.;;(John) (Maynard) Keynes
;;One poem by this man compares his love to a "melody that's sweetly played in tune" and a certain flower "that's newly sprung in June." Another poem by this man notes that "we'll take a cup of kindness yet" in honor of the title time period. A third poem by this man claims that "the best-laid schemes o' mice an' men gang aft agley." For 10 points, name this poet of "A Red, Red Rose," "Auld Lang Syne," and "To A Mouse," who is known for his use of the Scottish dialect.;;(Robert) Burns
;;This disease's original meaning as "siphon" refers to the increased frequency of urination among patients. One form of this condition is characterized by the complete failure of the beta cells in the Islets of Langerhans (LANE-gur-"hans"). Obesity may cause the "adult-onset" form of this disease. This disease requires patients to constantly monitor their blood glucose level. For 10 points, name this medical condition in which the body does not get enough insulin.;;diabetes mellitus
;;This country was ruled by the Solomonic Dynasty from the overthrew of the Zagwe (ZOG-way) Dyansty in 1270 to the twentieth century, when the Marxist Derg took power. This country defended itself at the Battle of Adowa from invasion by Italy. Its ruler at the time was Emperor Menelik II. This country's last emperor was venerated as an incarnation of God by Rastafarians. For 10 points, identify this east African country, once ruled by Haile Selassie (HIGH-lay suh-LAH-say), from which Eritrea split off in 1993.;;(Federal) (Democratic) (Republic) (of) Ethiopia|Ityoppya
;;In one story by this author, Julian accompanies his bigoted mother, Mrs. Chestney, on an integrated bus. This author wrote a novel in which Enoch Emery steals a mummy from a museum while working with the preacher Hazel Motes. This author of "Everything that Rises Must Converge" and Wise Blood wrote a short story in which the Grandmother takes her family to Red Sammy's Diner before being killed by the Misfit. For 10 points, name this exemplar of the Southern Gothic style who wrote "A Good Man is Hard to Find.".;;(Mary) (Flannery) O'Connor
;;Interactive and Zero Knowledge ones are recent additions to computational theory, while Appel and Haken's work on the four color theorem used a computer assisted one. Types include direct, by exhaustion, and by contradiction which is also refered to as reductio ad absurdum. Starting with known facts and axioms, they use inductive and deductive reasoning to reach a conclusion followed by the phrase QED. For 10 points, identify these arguments from math and logic that attempt to show that something is true.;;proof
;;This colony's namesake river was explored by Adriaen Block. This colony's constitution was hidden from Edmund Andros in the Charter Oak. In 1639, this colony proclaimed one of the first written constitutions in the Americas, its "Fundamental Orders." Roger Sherman hailed from this state, making it the namesake of a Constitutional Convention compromise between the Virginia and New Jersey plans. For 10 points, identify this state, founded by Thomas Hooker, which later merged with the New Haven colony.;;Connecticut
;;Perugino (pair-uh-JEE-no) painted the birth of Moses as part of a series on the south wall of this structure. One wall in this structure includes a self-portrait in the flayed skin of St. Bartholomew. That work shows a beardless Jesus enthroned on a cloud, floating above eternally damned. This room has a painting of nine scenes from the book of Genesis. It is home to the fresco of The Last Judgement, and an image of God reaching out to give life to Adam is found here. For 10 points, name this room in the Vatican City, whose ceiling Michelangelo painted.;;(the) Sistine Chapel|Cappella Sistina
;;The process in which polymers form bridges between flocs of these compounds is called flocculation (FLOCK-yu-LAY-shun). Scattering of light by these compounds is the Tyndall (TIN-doll) Effect. Classifications of them include gel, foam, sol, and emulsion. This term denotes a mixture that is neither a solution nor a suspension. For 10 points, name this heterogeneous mixture of particles dispersed in a continuous phase, examples of which include mayonnaise and paint.;;colloids
;;One character in this work disguises himself as both the Knight of the Wood and Knight of the White Moon. That character, Samson Carrasco (cah-RAS-co), eventually convinces the title character of this novel to return home. The title character of this work chooses to rename a peasant "Dulcinea" (DOOL-seh-NAY-uh). This novel includes the horse Rocinante (ROW-sih-NON-tay), whom the title character uses to charge some windmills, and the servant Sancho Panza. For 10 points, name this work, about a Spaniard obsessed with chivalry, by Miguel de Cervantes (ser-VAHN-tayz).;;(The) (Ingenious) (Hidalgo) Don Quixote kee(-)HO(-)tay (of) (la) (Mancha)|(El) (ingenioso) (hidalgo) don Quixote de (la) (Mancha)
;;One example of these objects was discovered by Andrew Lawson, and they are studied by an observatory at Parkfield. Grabens (GRAH-benz) and horsts are bordered by either normal or reverse forms of these boundaries, which consists of the hanging wall and the footwall. Depending on the direction of the movement, they are characterized as either dip-slip or strike-slip. Between tectonic plates, they occur at transform boundaries. For 10 points, name these fractures of the crust created by two plates moving past each other, exemplified by the San Andreas one.;;faults|fault lines(;)|(transform) fault
;;At the 2009 White House Correspondents Association dinner, this man was the subject of the line "I hope his kidneys fail." In 2004, the ACLU of Florida defended this man when state officials attempted to seize his medical records in a probe over illegal use of Oxycontin. In December 2009, he stated "I don't think there's one thing wrong with the health care system" after being rushed to a Hawaii hospital for chest pains. For 10 points, name this influential conservative who hosts the most-listened-to radio show in the United States.;;(Rush) (Hudson) Limbaugh III
;;One dynasty that ruled this country had rulers nicknamed "Philadelphus" and "Soter" (SEW-ter). Another ruler of this country was defeated by a fleet led by Agrippa at the Battle of Actium. That ruler had successfully fought her brother Ptolemy XIII (TAHL-uh-mee the thirteenth) for rule of this country, with the help of her lover Julius Caesar. For 10 points, name this African country, once ruled by Cleopatra VII (the seventh), that contains the Great Pyramid at Giza.;;(Arab) (Republic) (of) Egypt|Masr(;)|Misr(;)|Kimi(;)|Kemet
;;Recent improvements in these devices include perpendicular recording and native command queuing. An important metric in their performance is seek time and they have multiple rotating platters which are manipulated by heads. Concentric circles on the platters are known as tracks, which have smaller parts called sectors that can store 512 bytes. For 10 points, name this piece of hardware which stores the files on a computer, which generally has more storage space than the no longer as common floppy disk.;;hard drive|hard disk (drive(;))|HDD(;)|hard disk
;;In 1951, a treaty signed in this city ended the U.S. occupation of Japan following World War II. This city was the site of the White Night Riots, which protested the exoneration of a man charged with killing Mayor George Moscone. Diane Feinstein became this city's mayor following that killing, which also claimed the life of gay rights activist Harvey Milk. For 10 points, name this California city, which suffered devastating 1906 and 1989 earthquakes.;;San Francisco
;;Allred and Rochow (ROE-shou) developed one formula to calculate this property, which can also be calculated by taking the arithmetic mean of electronic affinity and ionization energy in the Mulliken scale. The most commonly used scale for this property, developed by Linus Pauling, gives fluorine a value of just under 4.0. For 10 points, name this chemical property that describes the ability of an atom to attract electrons towards itself in a covalent bond.;;electronegativity
;;This composer celebrated the end of the War of the Austrian Succession with a suite for a festival in Green Park. This man wrote an orchestral suite for George I, which was played on a barge as the king and his party sailed up the Thames River. He composed Music For the Royal Fireworks and Water Music. This man composed an oratorio whose second part ends with a movement inspired by a passage from Revelation called the "Hallelujah" chorus. For 10 points, name this German-born composer of the Messiah.;;(George) (Frideric) Handel
;;This philosopher equated despair with original sin in The Sickness Unto Death. One of his works includes a section called "Diary of a Seducer." He introduced the "Knight of Faith" and the "Knight of Infinite Resignation" in a work that discusses Abraham's willingness to sacrifice Isaac. He also wrote a work that contrasts the aesthetic and ethical stages of life. For 10 points, name this existentialist who wrote Fear and Trembling and Either/Or.;;(Sren) (Aabye) Kierkegaard
;;This author wrote about an impresario putting a panther in a cage, which was once used by a starved man who never found the food he liked. That story is "A Hunger Artist." Another character created by this author lives with Frau Grubach (frow GRUE-bahk) and is taken to court. A different work by this author shows a man slowly wasting away after waking up one morning as a bug. This author created Joseph K. and Gregor Samsa. For 10 points, name this author of The Trial and "The Metamorphosis.".;;(Franz) Kafka
;;In 2003, this leader removed his country from the Commonwealth of Nations in protest of pending suspension from the group. In 2005, he ordered the destruction of temporary housing as part of "Operation Drive Out the Rubbish." A 2008 power sharing agreement saw Morgan Tsvangirai (suh-VAIN-guh-ree) become the Prime Minister, while this man retained the Presidency and his ZANU-PF retained control of the Army. For 10 points, name this dictator of Zimbabwe.;;(Robert) Mugabe
;;Joyce Carol Oates claimed that the most memorable remark in this play is that the title character is "liked...but not well liked." A character in this play gave up a football scholarship after he flunked a math class. One scene in this play takes place at Frank's Chop House, where Biff tells Happy that he stole a pen from Bill Oliver. This play ends with Linda talking to the grave of her dead husband. Willy Loman commits suicide by means of an automobile crash in, for 10 points, what play by Arthur Miller?.;;Death of a Salesman
;;The speaker of this poem describes an "eli eli lamma lamma sabachthani (sah-BOK-tah-nee) saxophone cry that shivered the cities." This poem's third section features the refrain "I'm with you in Rockland." The second section of this poem repeatedly refers to Moloch. The opening of this poem describes the "angel-headed hipsters" as "starving hysterical naked." For 10 points, name this Beat Generation poem that begins "I saw the best minds of my generation destroyed by madness" and was written by Allen Ginsberg.;;Howl
;;This man coined the term "symphonic poem," which is exemplified by a piece this man composed based on a poem by Alphonse de Lamartine (lah-mar-TEEN), titled Les Preludes. He was inspired by The Divine Comedy to write his "Dante" Symphony. A Hans von Bulow and the Rakoczi (rah-COK-zee) March are among the pieces in one collection by this man. His virtuosity as a touring pianist inspired his namesake mania to sweep Europe. For 10 points, name this composer of the Hungarian Rhapsodies.;;(Franz) Liszt
;;Christmas Disease is caused by a defect in this structure, as is Duchenne (du-SHEN) muscular dystrophy. Martin-Bell Syndrome is a symptom of a "fragile" one of these structures. Inactive ones condense and become a Barr body. An abnormally low number of these structures in a person can lead to amenorrhea (AY-MEN-oh-REE-uh) and infertility in Turner Syndrome. For 10 points, name this structure that contains the genetic cause of hemophilia, two of which are found in women.;;X chromosome
;;After the death of Shirkuh (SHUR-kuh), this man became the vizier of Nur ad-Din (NUR ahd DIN). This ruler ended the reign of the Fatimid dynasty in Egypt, and founded the Ayyubid (EYE-oo-bid) dynasty. He captured Reginald of Chatillon (shah-tee-YON) and Guy of Lusignan (GEE of LOO-seen-YON) at the Battle of the Horns of Hattin, and he recaptured Jerusalem from the Crusaders in 1187. For 10 points, name this Muslim ruler who fought Richard the Lionhearted during the Third Crusade.;;Saladin|Salah ah(-)Din Yusuf
;;This data structure implements hash tables, stacks, and queues (KYOOZ). "Packed" ones store multiple contiguous elements in one word. Associative ones can have strings for indices. These structures may be replaced by linked lists so that they can grow and shrink, and a naive search method on this structure succeeds in linear time. For 10 points, name this linear data structure in which each element can be accessed by its index.;;arrays
;;This body of water's Vozrozhdeyina (vahz-RAHZ-din-ey) Island was once the site of a bioweapons facility. The construction of the Dike Kokaral (koh-kuh-RAHL) Dam raised the northern half of this sea by eight meters. That is in sharp contrast to the effects of the construction of the Qaraqum (KAR-uh-koom) Canal and other irrigation measures, that caused its water levels to plummet drastically during the twentieth century. The Amu Darya and Syr Darya rivers feed, for 10 points, which Asian sea, shared between Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan?.;;Aral Sea
;;The only work by this painter that is permanently held in the United States is his portrait of Ginevra di Benci (jih-NAVE-ruh dee BEN-chee). He depicted the angel Uriel holding the infant John the Baptist, who is ushered towards the infant Christ by Mary. This artist of Lady with an Ermine used the sfumato (sfoo-MAH-toe) style to paint his works. This artist of Virgin of the Rocks traced out ideal human proportions in his sketch of the Vitruvian Man. For 10 points, name this artist who also painted the enigmatically smiling Mona Lisa.;;Leonardo da (Vinci)|(Leonardo) (di) (ser) (Piero) da Vinci
;;Shell companies created by this corporation included a pair named JEDI and Chewco. This company's former president Jeffrey Skilling is serving a twenty-four-year prison sentence, and former CEO Kenneth Lay died after being convicted in 2006. This company's collaboration with the firm Arthur Andersen inspired the Sarbannes-Oxley Act, by using "creative accounting" tactics that allowed it to rise to fifth on the Fortune 500. For 10 points, name this Houston-based energy corporation whose collapse triggered a wave of corporate bankruptcies in 2002.;;Enron Corporation
;;In reaction to this character's death, her fiancee spits on the king and then falls on a sword. This character proclaims "if it's a crime, then it's a crime that God commands" to defend an action that she cannot persuade her sister Ismene (iz-MEE-nee) to assist with. Defying a decree of Creon, she performs burial rites for her brother Polynices (pahl-uh-NEE-keez). For 10 points, identify this daughter of Oedipus (ED-uh-poss) and title heroine of a Greek tragedy by Sophocles.;;Antigone an(-)TIH(-)go(-)nee
;;The AKS algorithm tests to see if an entity is one of these and Wilson's theorem gives a condition for them. Their namesake theorem states that the probability of a number being this is about one over the natural log. They can be found using the Sieve of Eratosthenes (air-uh-TOSS-thuh-neez). Euclid proved there were infinitely many of them and types of these are named for Fermat and Mersenne. For 10 points, name these numbers that have no divisors other than one and itself.;;prime numbers
;;Alpheus Williams took command of the slain Joseph Mansfield's Twelfth Corps during this battle, and James Longstreet's artillery drove back Richardson in the Bloody Lane here. This battle was affected by the discovery of "Special Order 191," containing the Confederate battle plans, and it was quickly followed by the Emancipation Proclamation. It featured Ambrose Hill's crucial counterattack and McClellan's refusal to press on. For 10 points, name this 1862 loss for Lee in Maryland, which was the bloodiest battle of the Civil War.;;(Battle) (of) Antietam|(Battle) (of) Sharpsburg
;;This instrument now performs music that was written for the basset horn in the classical era. It has three registers, including one called "chalumeau" (shah-loo-MOE). One performer of this instrument was nicknamed "The King of Swing." A glissando on this instrument opens George Gershwin's Rhapsody in Blue. This woodwind has one reed and is most commonly played in its B flat and A types. For 10 points, name this instrument played by artists such as Jimmy Dorsey and Benny Goodman.;;clarinet
;;This author's political pamphlets, including The Shortest Way with the Dissenters, landed him in Newgate in 1702. One of his characters so annoys a ship with preaching that he is put ashore in China. Another of this author's protagonists was based on Alexander Selkirk and is assisted by Friday. For 10 points, name this Englishman who wrote Moll Flanders, A Journal of the Plague Year, and a tale of a man deserted on an island, Robinson Crusoe.;;(Daniel) Defoe|(Daniel) Foe
;;The mansion of John Neville was burned down during this event. The "Watermelon Army" called to put it down was led by "Light Horse Harry" Lee and, for the last time in American history, the sitting President. The cause of this insurrection was a scheme to gain more money for the government devised by Alexander Hamilton. For 10 points, name this rebellion centered in western Pennsylvania, which arose against an excise tax on the namesake liquor.;;Whiskey Rebellion
;;This man conceived of a creature that could open a trap door through which only fast-moving particles could enter; that creature, supposedly contradicting the Second Law of Thermodynamics, is his "demon." Oliver Heaviside formulated the current form of his most famous work; his main contribution to that work was the addition of a displacement current to Ampere's Law. For 10 points, name this Scottish physicist who derived four namesake equations that describe electromagnetism.;;(James) (Clerk) Maxwell
;;In one TV show, this character's ability to communicate with sea monsters aids in the arrest of Nute Gunray (noot GUN-ray). Joe Morgenstern of The Wall Street Journal called this character a "Rastafarian Stepin Fetchit on platform hoofs, crossed annoyingly with Butterfly McQueen." He reveals that he has been banished for clumsiness after Qui-Gon Jinn frees him from Boss Nass on Naboo. For 10 points, name this widely panned computer-generated Gungan who travels with Jedi Knights in Star Wars: The Phantom Menace.;;Jar Jar Binks
;;One of these creatures was a ferryman who was slain by Heracles after trying to rape the hero's wife, but got his revenge when his poisonous blood burned the hero to death. The wisest of them was an immortal master of medicine and tutored such heroes as Jason and Achilles (uh-KILL-ees). Nessus and Chiron (KY-ron) were members of this race, who were known for their savage wars with the Lapiths. For 10 points, name these creatures from Greek mythology, who were half-men, half-horses.;;Centaurs|Kentauroi
;;One character in this work saves the life of Ogier (OH-zheer) the Dane. One group in this work is betrayed by the evil Ganelon. That betrayal in this work leads to the ambushing of Archbishop Turpin and Oliver by Saracens at Roncesvalles (RON-seh-valz) Pass. The title character blows his "olifant" horn so hard that his temples burst open, and he dies calling for Charlemagne to avenge his death. For 10 points, name this French epic poem.;;(The) Song of Roland|(La) Chanson de Roland
;;This figure created the tides when he was tricked into trying to drink the entire ocean. In one story, he dressed up as the goddess of love in order to retrieve a possession stolen by Thrym. This god's chariot was pulled by two goats, and his weapon required a belt and gloves to wield. At Ragnarok, he will kill and be killed by Jormungandr (YOR-mung-ahnd-er), or the Midgard Serpent. This wielder of the hammer Mjollnir (ME-oll-neer) is, for 10 points, what Norse god of thunder?.;;Thor
;;One phase of this battle was Operation Stosser, a failed paratrooper attack on the Baraque Michel Crossroads. An offensive by the 1st SS Panser Division resulted in the Malmedy Massacre during this event. The sieges of St. Vith and Bastonne occurred during it. In Bastonne that Anthony McAuliffe responded to a demand for surrender during this battle with the one-word reply "Nuts!" For 10 points, the Germans failed to reach the Meuse River in which 1944 offensive, named for the indentation that was created in the Allied line?.;;(Battle) (of) (the) Bulge
;;This element is incorporated into glutamine ("GLUE"-tuh-"mean") and glutamite ("GLUE"-tuh-"might") in a process known as assimilation of this element. The presence of this element in fertilizer causes "dead zones" in polluted water. Legumes ("LAY"-gyumez) convert this element into more biologically usable form in a process known as this element's "fixation." For 10 points, name this element whose diatomic ("DIE"-uh-tom-ick) form is an inert gas that makes up about seventy-eight percent of the atmosphere.;;nitrogen|N
;;A character named Oswald responds to this story by telling of a man named Symkyn (SIM-kin) who is cuckolded by a pair of Cambridge students. John the carpenter suspends himself from the ceiling in a bathtub after another character convinces him a flood is imminent. In this story, Nicholas scorches the backside of the clerk Absolon after seducing Allison, the wife of John. For 10 points, name this vulgar second story from The Canterbury Tales.;;(The) Miller's Tale
;;These compounds are called "killed," "semikilled," "capped," or "rimmed" depending on the degree of oxidation. One type of these compounds can be divided into austenitic (OS-ten-it-ick), ferritic (fer-RIT-ick), or martensitic (MAR-ten-zit-ick) types depending on the chromium and nickel content. Inexpensive production of these compounds was first obtained by using an air blast to remove impurities; that process was named after Henry Bessemer. For 10 points, name these metals that are produced by adding elements to pig iron.;;steels
;;This religious figure was rebuked by Paul for his prejudice against Gentile Christians in the Incident at Antioch (ann-tee-OCK). This brother of Andrew cut off the ear of Malchus during Jesus's arrest, and this saint refused to be crucified in the same manner as Christ. This individual denied Jesus three times after the Crucifixion, though he had been told that he would be the rock upon which the Church would be built. For 10 points, name this Apostle of Jesus considered to be the founder of the Catholic Church and holder of the keys of Heaven.;;(Saint) Peter|Petros(;)|Cephas
;;The protagonist of one of this author's works decides not to blackmail Bertha in order to protect Lawrence Selden. Another character created by this author remains faithful to May Welland even though he loves May's Polish cousin. This author created Lily Bart in the novel The House of Mirth and Newland Archer in The Age of Innocence. She also created a character who loves Mattie Silver and tries to commit suicide by sledding into an elm tree. For 10 points, name this American author of Ethan Frome.;;(Edith) (Newbold) (Jones) Wharton
;;Operation Blitz was one attempt to quell an uprising in this country, which included the Lari Massacre and was led by Dedan Kimathi (DEE-dahn key-MAH-tee). More recent rulers of this country have included Daniel arap Moi (MOY), who was opposed by Richard Leakey. A 2007 election in this country saw Raila Odinga (RYE-luh oh-DING-guh) controversially lose to Mwai Kibaki (mu-WHY kee-BAH-kee). For 10 points, name this location of the Mau Mau rebellion and homeland of Barack Obama's father.;;(Republic) (of) Kenya
;;In this novel, Matt Bonner's yellow mule is given a mock funeral by the entire town. One character in it is beaten after cutting a plug of tobacco and saved from drowning by grabbing a swimming cow's tail. The heroine of this work marries a man with huge toenails and unwashed feet, Logan Killicks, before running off to Eatonville with Jody Starks. The protagonist also marries Tea Cake, whom she shoots in self-defense after he gets rabies. For 10 points, name this novel about Janie Crawford by Zora Neale Hurston.;;Their Eyes Were Watching God
;;Shaders of this type can perform effects such as bump mapping. Rendering "sub" this changes the chromatic composition and is often used in font display. They are not directly encoded for in vector files, but they are used in raster, or bitmap files. The number of these on a monitor is referred to as resolution. For 10 points, name this smallest unit of a computerized image, which are often measured in "megas" when talking about digital cameras.;;pixel
;;A comedic scene in this play sees a porter pretending to be Hell's gatekeeper. Near the end of this play, the title character muses about the creeping of "tomorrow, and tomorrow, and tomorrow" before comparing life to a tale "full of sound and fury." A key scene in this play features a sleepwalking woman envisioning a spot of Duncan's blood on her hands. The title character is ultimately slain by a man "not of woman born," Macduff. For 10 points, name this Shakespearean tragedy about a murderous king of Scotland.;;(The) (Tragedy) (of) Macbeth
;;This thinker argued that the belief in an omnipotent, invisible god led to the development of abstract thought in his book Moses and Monotheism. He outlined his belief that people have a death instinct in his book Beyond the Pleasure Principle. This man argued that women are envious of the power of male genitalia. He theorized that the mind was divided into the superego, the ego, and the id. For 10 points, name this Austrian psychiatrist who developed psychoanalysis.;;(Sigmund) Freud|(Sigismund) (Schlomo) Freud
;;One novel by this author examines three former students of Lord Lugard College, including information minister Christopher Oriko and newspaper editor Ikem Osodi (EE-kem oh-SO-dee). That novel is centered in the fictional country of Kangan and is called Anthills of the Savannah. This man also wrote a novel in which the main character kills the boy Ikemefuna (ICK-eh-meh-FOO-nah) and beats his wife during the Week of Peace. For 10 points, name this Nigerian author of a work about the Igbo tribe member Okonkwo (oh-CONK-whoa), titled Things Fall Apart.;;(Albert) (Chinualumogu) Achebe
;;People who have been arrested for arranging these activities in recent years include Wang Fengyou (WONG feng-YOO), who used ant farms as a cover. The original one of these was started with thirty dollars worth of European postage stamps by an Italian immigrant to the U.S. This term refers to any investment plan that pays dividends out of the funds put down by new investors until collapsing. For 10 points, name this type of scam, for which Bernard Madoff is now serving a lengthy prison sentence.;;(a) Ponzi scheme
;;A 1770 struggle in New York City over this group's attempt to erect a large pole led to the Battle of Golden Hill. A chapter of this group raided the HMS Gaspee. Many of these groups branched out from the smaller local organizations created in opposition to the Currency Act, the Committees of Correspondence. A leading chapter of this organization was led by Samuel Adams and raided a ship dressed as Indians in the Boston Tea Party. For 10 points, name this patriotic organization that was a driving force of the American Revolution.;;(the) Sons of Liberty
;;Low acetylcholine (uh-SEE-till-KO-leen) levels in the brain are thought to cause this disease, in which tau protein forms "tangles." It may also be caused by accumulation of amyloid (AMM-uh-loyd) beta plaques. This disorder is often managed with the drug memantine (muh-MAN-teen). This disease kills neurons of the hippocampus (HIP-oh-KAM-pus), causing dementia. For 10 points, name this neurodegenerative (NUR-oh-dee-JEN-ur-uh-tiv) illness that leads to memory loss and decreased cognitive ability in the elderly.;;Alzheimer's disease
;;This woman was the mother of Henry VIII's first wife, the hard-to-divorce Catherine. This queen's private confessor forced Marranos (mah-RAHN-os) and Moriscos (more-EES-cos) to undergo an auto-da-fe (auto-dah-fey). She worked with her husband to capture Grenada and complete the Reconquista (reh-con-KEE-stuh). Torquemada (TOR-kay-MAH-dah) revived the Inquisition under her rule, which also saw the unification of the two largest Spanish kingdoms. For 10 points, name this queen of Castile who created modern Spain by marrying the king of Aragon, Ferdinand.;;Isabella (I) (of) (Castile)|Isabella (of) (Castile(;))|Isabella (the) (Catholic(;))|Isabel la (Catolica)
;;One character in this novel has his flesh eaten by janissaries (JAH-nuh-ser-eez). Another character, Jacques the Anabaptist, drowns in the harbor of Lisbon during an earthquake. The protagonist of this work was long tutored at Castle Thunder-Ten-Tronckh by a caricature of Leibniz (LYBE-nitz) named Dr. Pangloss. For 10 points, name this French satire of "optimism," written by Voltaire.;;Candide(:) (Or(,)) (Optimism)|Candide(:) (Ou(,)) (L'Optimisme)
;;The Supreme Court ruled that this organization was Constitutional in the Ashwander case. Republican Presidential nominee Wendell Wilkie first came to prominence by crusading against this agency. It aided Alcoa in producing aluminum for warplane parts by building the Fontana Dam, and it had an administrative center in Muscle Shoals, Alabama. For 10 points, name this New Deal organization that provided jobs by constructing hydroelectric plants in the namesake river valley.;;Tennessee Valley Authority|TVA
;;This organ is attached to the body cavity by the falciform (FALL-sih-form) ligament. Gluconeogenesis (GLUE-ko-NEE-oh-JEN-uh-sis) and cholesterol synthesis occur in this organ. One of two major blood vessels connected to this organ is the portal vein. The gallbladder stores bile produced by this larger organ. Failure of this organ causes skin and eyes to yellow in a condition called jaundice (JOHN-diss). For 10 points, name this organ afflicted by diseases like hepatitis and cirrhosis (sih-ROW-sis), which filters poisons from the body.;;liver
;;Members of this band shared a house at 710 Ashbury Street in San Francisco. This group included the song "Playing in the Band" and a cover of "Johnny B. Goode" on their "Skull and Roses" album. The surviving members of this band dropped one word from its name and played at an inaugural ball for President Obama. They are better known for songs such as "Truckin'" which attracted legions of namesake fans to their shows. For 10 points, name this rock group that included Bob Weir, Phil Lesh, and Jerry Garcia.;;(The) Grateful Dead
;;One poem by this author repeats the line "come live with me and be my love." This author of "The Passionate Shepherd to His Love" wrote a play about a figure who addresses a speech to Helen of Troy, asking "was this the face that launch'd a thousand ships?" In another play by this author, Barabas falls into a boiling cauldron. For 10 points, name this English dramatist who wrote Tamburlaine, Doctor Faustus, and The Jew of Malta before dying in a tavern brawl.;;(Christopher) Marlowe
;;The winning side of this battle had just been defeated at Artemesium (arr-tuh-MEEZ-ee-um). The commander who won this battle was later ostracized and forced to work for the son of its loser. That winning commander, Themistocles (thuh-MIST-oh-cleez), fulfilled a prophecy of achieving victory through wooden walls, by using the superior maneuverability of his force's triremes (TRY-reemz) to defeat the fleet of King Xerxes (ZERK-sees). For 10 points, name this 480 BCE naval battle which resulted in the defeat of the Persian fleet by the Greeks.;;(Battle) (of) Salamis
;;For one year, this god served as shepherd to King Admetus (odd-MEE-tus) as penance for killing the Cyclops. After this god won a contest judged by the Muses, he flayed Marsyas (MAR-see-ahs) for his audacity. This god slew a dragon that lived in the caves of Mount Parnassus after it chased his mother. This slayer of Python is sometimes credited with inventing the lyre due to his patronage of music. His mother, Leto, also gave birth to his twin Artemis. For 10 points, name this Greek god who is often distinguished from Helios but was a god of the Sun.;;Apollo|Phoebus
;;This quantity is increased in the proximity effect, which results from current crowding in materials that are close together. This quantity is proportional to the length of a wire and inversely proportional to the cross section of a wire. The "sea of electrons" effect makes this quantity low in metals. It is equal to potential over current according to Ohm's (OMEZ) Law, and it is effectively zero in superconductors. For 10 points, identify this measure of a material's opposition to the flow of steady current through it.;;(electrical) resistance
;;This man's first symphony was composed in the style of Haydn and thus nicknamed the "Classical." He wrote an opera where Fata Morgana curses a prince to be enamored with fruit entitled The Love For Three Oranges. This composer used the timpani and bass drum to depict gunshots, an oboe to represent a duck, and strings and French horns to signify the two title characters. For 10 points, name this composer of Peter and the Wolf.;;(Sergei) (Sergeyevich) Prokofiev
;;At one point in this work, the helmsman Palinurus (PAH-lee-NOR-us) drifts off to sleep, falls into the ocean, and drowns. The good friends Nisus (NEE-suss) and Euryalus (yurr-ee-AH-luss) appear in both the raid in Book Nine and the funeral games in Book Five. This poem ends with the hero killing Turnus to avenge the death of Pallas. Earlier, its hero's departure from Carthage causes Dido to kill herself. For 10 points, identify this epic Latin poem, by Virgil, which depicts a Trojan refugee coming to Italy.;;(the) Aeneid uh(-)NEE(-)id
;;This city has eleven Michelin three-star restaurants, more than any other in the world. It is divided into twenty-three wards, and was the site of Frank Lloyd Wright's Imperial Hotel, which survived the 1923 earthquake here. This city's most expensive department stores are in Ginza. It is served by the Narita Airport and was once called Edo. The most populous city on Honshu is, for 10 points, what capital of Japan?.;;Tokyo
;;This element combines with nitrogen and sulfur to form compounds largely responsible for acid rain. Four of these atoms combine with chlorine to form the perchlorate ion. This element's triatomic version forms a layer which protects the Earth from ultraviolet radiation and is known as ozone. Its diatomic form used in respiration. For 10 points, name this element which combines with two hydrogen atoms to form water.;;oxygen|O
;;This painter depicted treasures lining the floor and soldiers stabbing writhing concubines as a monarch in white and gold reclines on a bed in his The Death of Sardanapalus. This artist also executed a work that includes dead revolutionaries on the ground and a boy waving two pistols. Central to that painting is a bare-breasted woman who holds a musket in one hand and the tricolored French flag in the other. For 10 points, name this French painter of Liberty Leading the People.;;(Eugene) Delacroix del(-)uh(-)CWAH|(Ferdinand) (Victor) (Eugene) Delacroix
;;This man came in second to John Bell while running for the sole presidential nomination of the Constitutional Union Party. He was soon removed from office as governor for opposing secession. After a presidential term that he did serve, this man was succeeded by Mirabeau (MEER-uh-boh) Bonaparte Lamar. He led an army to victory at San Jacinto, the battle that secured Texan independence. For 10 points, name this two-term President of Texas and namesake of that state's most populous city.;;(Samuel) Houston
;;This person attempted to reconcile his religion with neighboring clans by incorporating the gods Manat, al-Uzza, and al-Lat. He rode the legendary flying horse Buraq during his Night Journey to Jerusalem. His wives included Khadija (kah-DEE-juh) and Aisha (eye-EE-shuh), whose father Abu Bakr (BEK-ur) became this man's first successor. This prophet repudiated the Satanic Verses and embarked on the first hajj (HAHJ) to Medina from his home town of Mecca. For 10 points, name this prophet who founded Islam.;;(Ab?) (al(-)Q?sim) Muhammad ibn ('Abd) (All?h) (ibn) ('Abd) (al(-)Muttalib) (ibn) (H?shim)
;;The title character of this novel is left a sizeable amount of money by the copper magnate Dan Cody. Elsewhere, the gangster Meyer Wolfsheim claims credit for fixing the 1919 World Series. Its narrator goes out with the professional golfer Jordan Baker. The death of Myrtle in a car crash causes George Wilson to shoot the title character in his swimming pool. For 10 points, name this novel in which Nick Carraway and Daisy Buchanan attend parties in West Egg, a critique of Jazz Age excess by F. Scott Fitzgerald.;;(The) Great Gatsby
;;The lifecycles of these phenomena are driven by the movement of air by water called the "rear flank downdraft." These phenomena occur in an accessory cloud that extends beneath a cumulonimbus known as a wall cloud. They are given a rating from zero to five depending on their severity according to a scale named for Pearson and Fujita. They are most prevalent in a region occupying the Great Plains and Midwest, known as their namesake "alley." For 10 points, name these destructive, rotating columns of air that spring from funnel clouds.;;tornadoes
;;This man wrote an overture incorporating the song Gaudeamus Igitur (GAW-deh-AH-mus I-gi-TER) that is often contrasted with his Tragic Overture. A czardas (ZAR-das) inspired the fifth of his Hungarian Dances. This composer of the Academic Festival Overture used the Lutheran bible for the text of his German Requiem. For 10 points, name this composer of a namesake lullaby.;;(Johannes) Brahms
;;This individual disintegrated a diamond to form carbon dioxide with the same weight in carbon, thus discovering that diamonds were an allotrope of carbon. That discovery helped him conceive of a theory of conservation of mass. This scientist named the gas oxygen after repeating Joseph Priestly's experiments with so-called "dephlogisticated (DEE-flaw-JIS-tick-AY-ted) air." For 10 points, name this French chemist executed by the French Revolution, nicknamed "the father of chemistry.".;;(Antoine) Lavoisier LAH(-)vu(-)ah(-)SEE(-)eh
;;In one work by this man, the murdered Donald Willsson tries to expose corruption in Personville, Montana. That novel by this man is about the Continental Ops and is titled Red Harvest. Julie Wolf's murder is investigated by Nick and Nora Charles in his The Thin Man. Another of this man's characters has the client Brigid O'Shaughnessy, who tries to seduce the detective Sam Spade. For 10 points, name this author of the "hard boiled" novel The Maltese Falcon.;;(Samuel) (Dashiell) Hammett
;;The personification of fresh waters in this kingdom's mythology, Apsu (OP-soo), was defeated and used as a foundation for a temple by Ea (EY-uh) or Enki. The Tablet of Destinies was affixed to Kingu, the son of one monster in this mythology. That monster's defeat was told in the Enuma Elish (EH-noo-muh eh-LEESH), the creation myth of this kingdom, which ends in Tiamat's (TEE-uh-motz) defeat by Marduk (MAR-dook), for whom a ziggurat was built in this kingdom's namesake capital. The Ishtar Gate is located in, for 10 points, what Mesopotamian city, the center of an empire once ruled by the lawmaker Hammurabi?.;;Babylon
;;In the myths of the Pacific Northwest, one of these animals creates the world by dropping a stone in the ocean and by hurting Seagull until he drops a box. In Celtic myth, Morrigan takes the form of one of these birds to scout her battlefields. Two of these named "thought" and "memory" fly out from Hlidskjalf (HLID-skee-yalf) to give a one-eyed god news about Midgard. Huginn (HOO-gin) and Muninn (MOO-nin) are two of these animals, the two servants of Odin. For 10 points, name these black birds, also known as corvids, that are typically associated with ill luck.;;ravens|crows(;)|corvids prior (to) (mention)
;;Members of this kingdom can produce carcinogenic aflatoxins (AFF-luh-TOCK-sins). An important phylum in it is Ascomycota (ASS-ko-my-KO-tuh). Mycorrhizae (my-CORE"-iz-ay) in this kingdom form important symbiotic relationships with plant roots. Important structures of organisms in this kingdom include the parisitic haustoria (how-STORE-ee-uh) and the filamentous hyphae (HY-fee). For 10 points, name this kingdom that includes yeasts, molds, and mushroom-producing organisms.;;fungi
;;The title character of one of this author's novels accidentally causes the drowning of Chicken Little. In addition to creating Sula, this author wrote about Macon Dead's search for identity in Song of Solomon. Another work by this author includes characters such as Cholly and Pecola Breedlove, who yearns for the title facial feature in The Bluest Eye. Sethe kills her daughter rather than send her back into slavery in another novel by, for 10 points, what American author of Beloved?.;;(Toni) Morrison|(Chloe) (Ardelia) Wofford(;)|(Chloe) (Anthony) Wofford
;;This man created the covert Special Operations Executive that was headed by Hugh Dalton. Herbert Asquith appointed this man First Lord of the Admiralty, a post which he resigned after Gallipoli. He served as his own Minister of Defense while attending the Tehran and Yalta Conferences, along with Roosevelt and Stalin, as one of the Big Three. For 10 points, name this man who succeeded Neville Chamberlain as prime minister of Great Britain and led the country through World War II.;;(Winston) (Leonard) Spencer(-)Churchill
;;This man wrote a long poem whose title character is separated from her lover Gabriel Lajeunesse (LAH-zhoo-NESS) during the Great Upheaval of Nova Scotia. Another of his poems is about an event of which "hardly a man is now alive who remembers." That poem describes a trip "through every Middlesex village and farm" after two lamps glow in the Old North Church. This poet wrote Evangeline and "Paul Revere's Ride." For 10 points, name this nineteenth century American poet of a work about the husband of Minnehaha, called The Song of Hiawatha.;;(Henry) (Wadsworth) Longfellow
;;In September 2009, this country withdrew a video promoting tourism, which seemed to imply that a citizen of this country had conceived a child with a stranger on a vacation here. In January 2010, police in this country arrested a man with an axe at the home of Kurt Westergaard (VEST-er-guard). Westergaard has been under police protection since the Jyllands-Posten (yih-LONDZ PAHS-ten) newspaper in this country published his work in 2006. For 10 points, name this country which was targeted by demonstrations in the Middle East over Westergaard's caricatures of Muhammad.;;(Kingdom) (of) Denmark|(Kongeriget) Danmark
;;After kicking a preseason extra point against the Patriots, this athlete stated that he was Esteban, "the most interesting footballer in the world." He was fined for holding a dollar bill during a replay challenge and for donning a poncho and sombrero after scoring a touchdown against the Lions. This player was drafted out of Oregon State by the Cincinnati Bengals. For 10 points, name this NFL wide receiver who, in 2008, legally changed his name to reflect the number on his jersey in inaccurate Spanish.;;(Chad) Ochocinco|(Chad) Johnson(;)|(Chad) Hachi Go
;;One character in this play suggests "be thou familiar, but by no means vulgar" and "neither a borrower nor a lender be" to his son. Another person in this play is exhorted "Get thee to a nunnery!" One man in this play holds the skull of a jester and opines "Alas, poor Yorick!" In another speech from this play, the title character notes that it is nobler to suffer "the slings and arrows of outrageous fortune." For 10 points, name this Shakespeare play in which the title character ponders the question "To be or not to be.".;;(The) (Tragedy) (of) Hamlet(,) (Prince) (of) (Denmark)
;;One short story by this author features a Chinese spy who attempts to convey knowledge of Belgian artillery positions to Germany. Another of his stories details the inside of a library that contains every possible book. "The Garden of Forking Paths" and "The Library of Babel" are among this author's short stories collected in Ficciones (FICK-see-OH-nace). For 10 points, name this blind Argentinean author of "El Aleph.".;;(Jorge) (Luis) Borges BOR(-)hace
;;This number to the power of itself is about 0.20788, or e to the negative pi over two power. This number is multiplied times the sine function in De Moivre's formula. It is related to e, pi, 1 and 0 by Euler's identity. This number is equal to its own fifth power, and both it and its opposite are the solutions to the equation x^2+1=0. Used to form complex numbers, for 10 points, identify this number equal to the square root of -1 and is represented by a single letter.;;i|(the) imaginary unit
;;One character in this work witnesses the death of the public official Marmeladov (mar-MEL-ah-dohv), who falls under a carriage. The main character of this work is eventually forced into telling the truth by the investigator Porfiry. Another man in this novel goes into the publishing business with Dunya and is named Razumihin (rah-ZOO-mee-hin). The protagonist of this work is followed to Siberia by the prostitute Sonya after killing a pawnbroker and her sister. For 10 points, name this novel about Raskolnikov (rass-CALL-nih-koff) by Fyodor Dostoevsky (doze-toy-EV-skee).;;Crime and Punishment|Prestupleniye i Nakazaniye
;;In one play by this author, a scholar lusts after Gretchen and attends the demonic festival of Walpurgis (voll-PURR-giss) Night. Another of his works is about an artist realizing he will never win the love of Charlotte (SHAHR-LO-tuh), prompting that character to shoot himself. That work by this author, The Sorrows of Young Werther (VER-tur), is an example of the Sturm und Drang literary movement. For 10 points, name this German author who wrote about a man selling his soul to Mephistopheles (MEF-uh-STOFF-a-lees) in the play Faust.;;(Johann) (Wolfgang) (von) Goethe GURR(-)tuh
;;One king of this dynasty lacquered the capital city walls at incredible cost. This dynasty suppressed Mohism (MOE-izm) and was eventually overthrown by Liu (loo) Bang. One ruler of this dynasty led the "burning of books and burying of scholars" campaign. This dynasty ended the Warring States period, imposed legalism, and started building the Great Wall under this dynasty's founder, Shi Huang Di (SHE wong DEE). For 10 points, name this predecessor of the Han dynasty which brutally unified China.;;Qin CHIN (dynasty)
;;The complexometric (kom-PLEX-oh-MET-rick) type of this technique uses chelating (KEE-lay-ting) compounds such as EDTA ("E-D-T-A"). Inflections in the graph of this technique occur at a point when the amount of two solutions are equal; that point is the equivalence point. This technique enables one to find the concentration of an acid or base by using it to neutralize a solution of known concentration. For 10 points, name this technique that uses a buret (byur-ET) to slowly add a solution of known concentration to a solution of unknown concentration.;;titration
;;This composer had a serenade and his thirty-fifth symphony commissioned by the Haffner family. This composer's works were catalogued by Ludwig von Kochel (KUR-kel). he composed a singspiel (SHING-shpiel) opera where Pamina accompanies Tamino to the temple of Sarastro. The thirteenth of his serenades is known by the title A Little Night Music. Franz Sussmayr (SOOS-mayer) finished the Requiem mass this composer wrote on his deathbed. His forty-first symphony ends with a double fugue and is called Jupiter. For 10 points, name this Austrian composer of The Magic Flute.;;(Wolfgang) (Amadeus) Mozart
;;The war sparked by this event featured a siege of La Rochelle by the Royalists under Prince Henry and was known as the Fourth War of Religion. Among its victims was the admiral Gaspard de Coligny (cuh-LIN-yee), who was stabbed at his home by Henry of Guise (GEEZ). This even ended Catherine de Medici's image as a conciliator, as she was one of its primary instigators. For 10 points, name this event of August 1572, in which about three thousand Huguenots were killed by a Parisian mob on a Catholic feast day.;;Saint Bartholomew's Day Massacre
;;These compounds are synthesized from aldehydes (AL-duh-hides) in the Strecker synthesis. Their side chains, sometimes known as R groups, face outwards in beta sheets. They also form alpha helices (HEEL-uh-seez). One of these compounds, encoded by the start codon AUG (A-U-G), is methionine (muh-THIGH-oh-neen). Eight of the twenty common types of these are essential, because they cannot be synthesized by the human body. For 10 points, name these building blocks of proteins.;;amino acids
;;Critics of this policy were subjected to the Rivonia Trial and imprisoned on Robben Island. The National Party won a 1948 election on a campaign for this policy. The Truth and Reconciliation Commission examined this program after F.W. de Klerk agreed to end it. For 10 points, name this policy, opposed by the African National Congress and Nelson Mandela, which constituted the system of racial segregation in South Africa between 1948 and 1994.;;apartheid
;;This painter contrasted a figure placing forehead to knee with a hand holding an egg in his work The Metamorphosis of Narcissus. Multiple images of a colorfully garbed Venus de Milo appear in this artist's Hallucinogenic Toreador. This creator of the Mae West Lips Couch and the Lobster Telephone painted a work in which ants swarm a pocket watch and three clocks appear to melt. For 10 points, name this mustachioed Spanish Surrealist who painted The Persistence of Memory.;;(Salvador) Dali|(Salvador) (Domingo) (Felipe) (Jacinto) Dali i (Domenech)
;;This term refers to the total radiant flux of a system. For fluids, this quantity is given by the product of pressure and volumetric flow rate. In circuits, this quantity is equal to voltage squared over resistance. In rotational systems, it is torque times angular velocity. It can be calculated by multiplying force and velocity. For 10 points, name this measure of work done in an amount of time, whose unit is the watt.;;power
;;This composer parodied Richard Wagner's (REE-card VOG-nerz) Tristan and Isolde (eye-SOLE-duh) in his Children's Corner Suite . "The Play of the Waves" is a movement in one of his works. He composed a solo piano work entitled Suite Bergamesque (bur-guh-MESK). Stephane Mallarme inspired this man's Prelude to the Afternoon of a Faun. He composed La Mer (MARE) and "Clair De Lune." For 10 points, name this French Impressionist composer.;;(Achille(-)Claude) Debussy
;;In honor of his perseverance in traveling upriver, this man was given the name "Bula Matari" (BOO-luh mah-TAH-ree), meaning "Breaker of Rocks." This Welsh-born man became a journalist after fighting in the American Civil War. The New York Herald financed his 1874 expedition to trace the course of the Congo River, three years after his journey to locate a missing Scottish missionary. He found the missionary several months later, in poor health, at Lake Tanganyika (tahn-gahn-YEE-kuh). For 10 points, what explorer reportedly uttered the greeting "Dr. Livingstone, I presume"?.;;(Henry) (Morton) Stanley|(John) Rowlands
;;This material is divided into I-type and S-type by the White-Chappell system. The QAPF ("Q-A-P-F") diagram depicts the different types of this material that form when its constituent parts combine in different amounts. Oceanic tectonic plates subduct beneath continental ones because basalt is denser than this type of rock. The volcanic analogue of this type of plutonic rock is rhyolite. For 10 points, name this rock comprised of quartz and feldspar, which takes its name from the Latin word for its coarse grains.;;granite
;;This man declared that "the war in Vietnam is but a symptom of a far deeper malady within the American spirit" and coined the phrase "injustice anywhere is a threat to justice everywhere" in his Letter From a Birmingham Jail. This pastor of Dexter Avenue Baptist church spoke of an America where "little black boys and black girls will be able to join hands with little white boys and white girls as sisters and brothers." For 10 points, name this civil rights leader who gave the I Have a Dream speech.;;(Martin) (Luther) King(,) (Jr(.))
;;This man collaborated with Frankie Yale to help Johnny Torrio win a war against Big Jim Colosimo. A veteran of the James Street Boys and Five Points Gang in Brooklyn, he later held onto his power by ordering executions of Bugs Moran's followers in a garage. Before he was jailed on tax evasion charges in 1931, this figure was responsible for the St. Valentine's Day Massacre in 1929. He made his money in bootlegging and was often known as "Scarface." For 10 points, name this Prohibition-era mobster who controlled crime in Chicago.;;(Alphonse) (Al) Capone
;;Carmody and Britton-Robinson name two "universal" solutions of this type. These solutions can be prepared by solving an equation that multiplies 2.303 to a term containing K-sub-w and K-sub-a; that equation used for these solutions is the Henderson-Hasselbalch (HOSS-el-BOCK) equation. These solutions usually consist of a weak acid or base and its conjugate acid or base, such as the carbonic acid-bicarbonate (bi-CAR-bo-NATE) system in the blood. For 10 points, name these solutions that keep pH consistent.;;buffers
;;The Doon Valley lies in this range's Shivalik (SHEE-vuh-leek) Hills, which are home to Gujjar (GOO-jur) tribes in the Mohan Pass. This range's largest lake is the brackish Pangong, situated just below Changla (SHONG-lah) Pass, and this range is the origin of the Irrawaddy (ERR-uh-wah-dee) River. Much of this range is populated by Sherpa tribes. It contains the peaks Lhotse (LOTE-seh) and Kangchenjunga (KAN-chen-JOON-guh) as well as K2. For 10 points, name this mountain range, which is the longest in Asia and contains Mount Everest.;;(the) Himalayas|Himalayan Range
;;This psychologist referred to his brand of psychology as a "third force" apart from Freudianism and behaviorism. This man elaborated on a concept first proposed in The Organism by Kurt Goldstein. In Towards a Psychology of Being, he put forth a concept of human motivation divided into five levels, including safety, esteem, and self-actualization. For 10 points, identify this psychologist who developed a namesake "hierarchy of needs.".;;(Abraham) (Harold) Maslow
;;Mutations in these entities can result in Leigh Syndrome. These structures carry their own maternally inherited genomes independent of the nucleus. Lynn Margulis (MAR-goo-LYS) postulated that both chloroplasts and these entities evolved from symbiotic bacteria within a host cell. Within the matrix of these organelles, pyruvate (PIE-roo-VATE), NADH, and glucose undergo the Krebs cycle, and they are divided by cristae (CREES-tay). For 10 points, name this organelle responsible for the synthesis of ATP, which supplies cellular energy.;;mitochondria|mitochondrion
;;This author wrote several essays about John Brown, such as "A Plea for Captain John Brown." He notes "that government is best which governs least" in "Civil Disobedience." This author's best-known work contains sections such as "Where I Lived, and What I Lived For" and "The Pond in Winter." That work describes his life in the woods in Massachusetts. For 10 points, name this transcendentalist author of Walden .;;(Henry) (David) Thoreau
;;One political organization of this ideology was led by Oswald Mosely, and was called the "British Union of" this position. This term is derived from the Latin word for the bundle of sticks carried in front of important Roman figures. This ideology calls for a "corporatist state" and came to power under the Falange (fuh-LANJ) in Spain. This ideology was advocated by the Blackshirts during the March on Rome. For 10 points, identify this political movement which gained power between the World Wars, particularly in Italy under Benito Mussolini.;;fascism|fascist|(other) (word) (forms)
;;This poet remembers when "I was young and easy under apple boughs" and concludes "I sang in my chains like the sea" in his "Fern Hill." He wrote another poem that describes "wild men who caught and sang the sun in flight" and how "blind eyes could blaze like meteors and be gay." In that poem, he claims that "old age should burn and rave" and urges "rage, rage against the dying of the light." For 10 points, name this Welsh-born poet of "Do Not Go Gentle into That Good Night.".;;(Dylan) (Marlais) Thomas
;;They had a rivalry with the Phillies known as the City Series until they moved from Philadelphia in 1955. This organization's use of statistical analysis in personnel decisions was the focus of Michael Lewis's book Moneyball. Current players on its roster include catcher Kurt Suzuki and American League Rookie of the Year Andrew Baily. For 10 points, name this American League West team that competes in the Bay Bridge series with the nearby San Francisco Giants.;;(Oakland) Athletics|Oakland Athletics
;;The Thornton Wilder adaptation of this play cuts the scene in which a husband asks his wife if she has been to the confectioner's shop. That husband has his wife stuff two macaroons in her mouth before offering some to Dr. Rank and Kristine Linde. This play contains the "first serious conversation" between that husband in wife in eight years of marriage. This play ends with the wife slamming the door on her way out. Nora Helmer leaves her husband Torvald in, for 10 points, what play by Henrik Ibsen?.;;(A) Doll's House|(A) Doll House(;)|(Et) Dukkehjem
;;One algorithm that accomplishes this purpose is the Bees algorithm, which mimics the behavior of a swarm of bees. The A-star algorithm accomplishes this purpose in a best-first manner. Algorithms that accomplish this purpose on a tree do so in a depth-first or breadth-first manner. An exhaustive method of accomplishing this task is called the brute-force type, which is contrasted with the "informed" or "heuristic" type. For 10 points, name this task that takes an input and returns a solution, exemplified by the Google algorithm.;;search algorithms
;;One poem by this author declares "East is East and West is West, and never the twain shall meet." This man wrote a story in which the title character, "the oldest Old Thing in England" meets the children Dan and Una. One novel by this author of "Puck of Pook's Hill" focuses on a character who grows up on the streets of Lahore and becomes a spy for the British. In another of his works, Akela sings a death song to Mowgli. For 10 points, name this British author of Kim and The Jungle Book.;;(Joseph) (Rudyard) Kipling
;;In 1972, a major earthquake struck this country's capital; relief money was misappropriated by the corrupt administration of dictator Anastasio Somoza Debayle (ah-nuh-STAH-see-oh so-MOH-zah deh-BUY-lay). This country was the first in North America to elect a female president, Violeta Chamorro, and is currently led by Daniel Ortega. During the 1980's, the United States funded a right-wing group in this nation. For 10 points, name this Central American country which was divided by a civil war between the Sandinistas and the Contras.;;(Republic) (of) Nicaragua|(Republica) (de) Nicaragua
;;These particles have a half life of over ten to the thirty two years. Along with an anti-neutrino and an electron, these particles are a product of minus beta decay. They are the main particle accelerated in experiments at the Large Hadron Collider. The fusion of two of these in the sun is its namesake chain reaction. They consist of two up quarks and one down quark, giving it a positive charge. For 10 points, name these subatomic particles that along with neutrons reside in the nucleus.;;protons
;;On the left of this painting is a distorted, wailing mother who holds her dead child. Its top depicts a woman's arm holding a lantern, above which a light bulb shines. In the center of this painting, a horse is being stabbed with a spear. In 2003, a reproduction of this painting was covered leading up to the war in Iraq. This black-and-white work was a response to the actions of the Condor Legion of the Luftwaffe (LOOFT-voff-uh). For 10 points, name this work painted by Pablo Picasso in response to the bombing of a Basque town.;;Guernica GWARE(-)nee(-)kah
;;While campaigning for Barry Goldwater, this man gave the nationally televised "A Time for Choosing" speech. This man's press secretary James Brady was disabled by the assassination attempt of John Hinckley, Jr., against this President. His administration saw the sale of arms to the Middle East in the Iran-Contra Affair. In one speech, this politician asked Mikhail Gorbachev to tear down the Berlin Wall. For 10 points, name this "Great Communicator" and Republican president of the 1980s.;;(Ronald) (Wilson) Reagan
;;The Crystal one of these features in Utah is an example of one powered by carbon dioxide. The "Great Basin" of them is home to the extremophile T. aquaticus, whose DNA polymerase operates at unusually high temperatures and allows PCR to function. These features form along fault lines near volcanic activity. Their mechanism typically requires stored water to be heated and released, often on a regular timetable. For 10 points, name these geological formations that periodically discharge water, exemplified by Yellowstone's Old Faithful.;;geysers
;;One character in this novel, Senka, is a deaf survivor of the Buchenwald concentration camp. In one of its scenes, Cesar gives a cigarette butt to the main character instead of Fetyukov. Most of the characters in this novel are "zeks." The title character of this work is also known as Shukov and was imprisoned after escaping a German prisoner of war camp during World War II. For 10 points, name this work, about twenty-four hours of the title character's experiences in a gulag, by Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn (sohl-zhuh-NEET-sin).;;One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich|(A) Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich(;)|Odin Den Iz Zhizni Ivana Denisovicha
;;This country is the site of the world-renowned surfing location G-Land. This country's state philosophy is the Pancasila, and its music is traditionally played on the gamelan. This country contains prominent temples at Prambanan (prahm-BAH-nahn) and Borobudur (BOR-oh-buh-door), as well as the extinct volcano Krakatoa. It has more Muslim residents than any other country in the world. For 10 points, name this Southeast Asian country that is made up of islands such as Bali, Sumatra, and Java.;;(Republic) (of) Indonesia|(Republik) Indonesia
;;This politician engineered the Three Emperors League to ally his country with Russia and Austria. This proponent of "blood and iron" instititued the Kulturkampf (CULL-toor-kamf) against his country's Catholic Church. He published the Ems Dispatch, the immediate cause of the Franco-Prussian War. In 1871, he orchestrated the unification of Germany. For 10 points, name this Prussian prime minister who was known as the Iron Chancellor.;;(Otto) (von) Bismarck
;;This composer used a theme written by Frederick the Great to construct his collection The Musical Offering. His works are categorized with BWV numbers. Felix Mendelssohn revived this composer's St Matthew Passion. This composer of a Mass in B Minor and The Goldberg Variations dedicated a series of six concertos to the Margrave of a German state. For 10 points, name this great baroque German organist and composer of The Brandenburg Concertos.;;(Johann) (Sebastian) Bach
;;When heated and measured at 260 nanometers, this molecule undergoes a hyperchromic shift. The H and Quadruplex forms use Hoogsteen pairing and other forms include Z, A, and B. This polymer can be artificially made through chain termination, and it differs from its counterpart by the lack of a 2 prime hydroxyl. Its sequence is usually presented five prime to three prime, and it uses the bases adenine, cytosine, guanine, and thymine. For ten points, name this molecule that stores the genetic information of a cell.;;DNA|deoxyribonucleic acid
;;One of this poet's works asserts that "the soul selects her own society then shuts the door." This poet of "I taste a liquor never brewed" and "I'm nobody! Who are you?" extensively used dashes in her poems and was known as The Belle of Amherst. One poem by this author describes a slow ride "toward eternity" in a carriage with Immortality and another figure. For 10 points, name this nineteenth century American poet of "I heard a fly buzz when I died" and "Because I could not stop for Death.".;;(Emily) (Elizabeth) Dickinson
;;This President's Agriculture Secretary was the future president of the Mormon church, Ezra Taft Benson. His policy towards the Soviets, known as "brinksmanship," was guided by his Secretary of State, John Foster Dulles. This President created the Interstate Highway System and deployed Army troops to protect the Little Rock Nine. For 10 points, name this man who was twice elected, on a ticket with Vice-President Richard Nixon, as a Republican President during the 1950s, after serving as Supreme Allied Commander during World War II.;;(Dwight) (David) Eisenhower
;;A fourteenth-century novel from this country begins with three characters swearing an oath in a peach garden. A later novel from this country focuses on a character who learns seventy-two ways to transform himself. That work from this country describes the Monkey King's trek to retrieve Buddhist scriptures. For 10 points, name this country whose novels Journey to the West and Romance of the Three Kingdoms were written during its Ming Dynasty.;;(People's) (Republic) (of) China|Zhonghua Renmin (Gongheguo(;))|Zhongguo
;;This man names a function that gives the number of positive integers that are less than or equal to n and relatively prime to n. His namesake "characteristic" defines a polyhedron based on its number of vertices minus its number of edges plus its number of faces. This man formulated his namesake "circuit" when he proved that there was no way for a person to traverse each of the Seven Bridges of Konigsberg once and only once. For 10 points, name this Swiss mathematician whose namesake number is the base of the natural logarithm.;;(Leonhard) Euler OY(-)ler|Euler's (totient) (function(,)) Euler characteristic(,) (etc(.)) (at) (any) (time)
;;One early kingdom from this place, which successfully defended itself against China's Sui (swee) dynasty, was the Silla. Another kingdom here was founded by General Yi Seong-gye (YEE song YAY); that kingdom was ruled by Taejo (TIE-joe) and was called the Joseon (JOE-sahn). This region was split at the thirty-eighth parallel by a demilitarized zone following a Cold War conflict. For 10 points, name this entity, currently home to countries founded by Syngman Rhee and Kim Il Sung.;;Korean (peninsula)
;;Subunits of this structure are designated by their rates of sedimentation when centrifuged. This structure binds to a sequence upstream from a prokaryotic (PRO-"care"-ee-OTT-ick) AUG (A-U-G) codon known as the Shine-Dalgarno sequence. This structure contains A, P, and E sites. This structure's namesake type of RNA is found in the nucleolus (nu-clee-OLE-us). This organelle is attached to the endoplasmic reticulum (EN-doe-PLAZ-mick ruh-TICK-yu-lum) when its product is intended for secretion. For 10 points, name this site of protein synthesis.;;ribosome
;;This author cautioned against "an American society gone awry, training individuals for roles they could not assume," in a work categorizing the Plains Indians as Dionysian and the Zuni as Apollonian. By using war propaganda and the diaries of captured soldiers, this woman categorized Japanese national character without ever having visited the country. For 10 points, name this anthropologist who wrote Patterns of Culture and who described guilt versus shame cultures in The Chrysanthemum and the Sword.;;(Ruth) (Fulton) Benedict
;;This man set poems by King David in his Symphony of Psalms. His Dumbarton Oaks concerto was written during his neo-classical phase. "The Adoration of the Earth" is a section of a ballet he wrote using polytonality. In one ballet by this composer, maidens are held captive by the ogre Katschei (CAT-shay) play with golden apples until Prince Ivan frees them with help from the title creature's feather. For 10 points, name this Russian composer of Petrushka, The Firebird and The Rite of Spring.;;(Igor) Stravinsky
;;As a child, this ruler survived both the Parliament's Fronde and the Princes' Fronde. This king issued the Edict of Fountainbleu (FON-ten-blow), which revoked the Edict of Nantes (NONZ). This ruler fought the War of Spanish Succession to put his grandson Philip V on Spain's throne. This king legendarily declared "I am the State" and built a massive palace at Versailles (ver-SAI). For 10 points, name this absolutist French monarch, who ruled for seventy-two years and was known as the Sun King.;;Louis XIV
;;This figure's brothers are Sarpedon and Rhadamanthus (RAA-duh-MAN-thuss), who, like this figure, judges the dead in the underworld. After his son Androgeus was murdered by rival athletic competitors, this ruler concluded a deal with Athens to send him seven men and seven women to feed a certain figure. This figure's wife Pasiphae (PAH-suh-fay) slept with a bull to produce this king's namesake creature, who was slain by Theseus with the help of Ariadne. For 10 points, name this Cretan king who had the labyrinth built to house the Minotaur.;;Minos
;;The narrator of this work asks "Is there, is there balm in Gilead?" after calling the title character a "prophet" and a "thing of evil." This poem ends with the title character sitting atop a "pallid bust of Pallas" over a door. The narrator of this poem thinks he hears a tapping and "rapping at [his] chamber door." The title character only says the word "Nevermore." For 10 points, name this Edgar Allen Poe poem which opens "Once upon a midnight dreary" and concerns a black bird visiting the narrator after the death of Lenore.;;(The) Raven
;;These substances fill their lowest unoccupied molecular orbital in one theory about them that calls them electron pair acceptors. They donate protons according to Brnsted-Lowry (BRAWN-sted LAU-ree) theory. These compounds produce a hydronium ("high"-DRO-nee-um) ion according to another definition, by Arrhenius (are-REN-ee-us). These substances can also be defined as having a pH of less than seven. For 10 points, name these chemicals that can be neutralized with bases.;;acids|(Lewis) acids(;)|(Brnsted(-)Lowry) acids(;)|(Arrhenius) acids
;;This man argued that an "impartial spectator" is the driving force of moral judgments in his book The Theory of Moral Sentiments. A later work by this thinker argues against relying on "the benevolence of the butcher," and uses the example of a pin factory to explain the division of labor. This philosopher advanced the idea that economies are organized by the sum of individual self-interests, which he called the "invisible hand." For 10 points, name this Scottish thinker who advanced his free-market ideas in The Wealth of Nations.;;(Adam) Smith
;;One character in this opera possesses a 999 year lease from Goro. In this opera, the "Humming Chorus" takes place as the main character awaits the USS Abraham Lincoln in the harbor. That character meets her husband's new wife Kate after singing "Un Bel Di." The musical Miss Saigon is a modern adaptation of this opera. For 10 points, name this opera by Giacomo Puccini (pu-CHEE-nee) centering on the relationship between the American Lieutenant Pinkerton and the title character, the Japanese Cio-Cio [cho-cho] San.;;Madame Butterfly|Madama Butterfly
;;The narrator of this novel listens to Father Mapple's passionate sermon on Job after staying in the Spouter Inn in New Bedford. In it, the young Pip becomes demented after being abandoned by Stubb in the middle of the night. One character's death by rope is prophesied by the turbaned Parsee Fedallah in this novel. Sympathetic characters in this work include the harpooner Queequeg and the first mate Starbuck. For 10 points, name this Herman Melville novel narrated by Ishmael in which Captain Ahab pursues the title white whale.;;Moby Dick(,) (or(,)) (The) (Whale)
;;One disease affecting this organ arises from alpha 1-antitrypsin (ONE AN-tie-TRIP-sin) deficiency. This organ is served by divisions of the trachea (TRAY-key-uh) called bronchi (BRAWN-kye), which divide into bronchioles (BRAWN-key-oles). Alveoli (al-vee-OH-lye) are where blood provided to this organ by the pulmonary artery exchanges oxygen for carbon dioxide. The left of these organs, which is degraded in emphysema (EM-fuh-ZEE-muh), has one fewer lobe than the right. For 10 points, name these organs used in breathing.;;lungs
;;The first character of this name had a weakness against wood and fought villains such as Solomon Grundy and Harlequin. The most famous person to hold this title became the Spectre until his 2005 resurrection to retake this title. This role was first occupied by Alan Scott, while a later version was replaced after turning into the villain Parallax. Ryan Reynolds is slated to play this character in a 2011 film. His identities include Kyle Rayner and Hal Jordan. For 10 points, name this DC superhero who gets his color from a power ring.;;Green Lantern
;;At one point in this novel, Noah leaves his family to live by a river and survive on fish. Characters in this novel include the preacher Jim Casy, Connie Rivers, and Rivers' wife, Rose of Sharon. Another character in this novel dies crossing the Mojave Desert. That character's husband doesn't want to leave Oklahoma in this novel, although the rest of the central family supports the trek to California. For 10 points, name this novel about the Depression-era Joad family by John Steinbeck.;;(The) Grapes of Wrath
;;This organ's head is removed in Whipple's operation. Some people have a second duct in this organ, the duct of Santorini. The acinar cells of this organ are stimulated by cholecystokinin (co-luh-sis-toe-KIN-in). This organ is connected to the bile duct by the duct of Wirsung (VEER-sung). The delta cells of this organ produce somatostatin (so-mat-oh-STAT-in), and it also produces glucagon. For 10 points, name this organ which contains the islets of Langerhans, whose beta cells produce insulin.;;pancreas
;;From 1856 to the end of the Civil War, this person led the New York branch of William Lloyd Garrison's American Anti-Slavery Society. Later, she edited The Revolution along with Parker Pillsbury and Elizabeth Cady Stanton, and she joined with Stanton again to found NAWSA (NAW-suh). She and her three sisters tried to register to vote in the 1872 presidential election, but they were first denied, then arrested for voting. For 10 points, name this pioneer of women's rights, who was honored by having her image put on a dollar coin.;;(Susan) (Brownell) Anthony
;;The distance from a hydrogen atom nucleus that an electron is most likely to be found is known as this man's namesake radius. This man posited that simultaneous wave-particle duality was impossible to observe as part of the Copenhagen interpretation of quantum mechanics he created with Heisenberg (HIGH-zuhn-buhrg). This man's model of the atom modified that of Rutherford. For 10 points, name this physicist who posited that atoms consist of negatively charged electrons that follow circular orbits around a dense, positively charged nucleus.;;(Niels) Bohr
;;The service on this holiday begins with a quote from Mark, Chapter 1, verse 15, that includes the command "Repent, and believe the Gospel." The Orthodox observe the similar holiday of Clean Monday due to differences in calendars. In Western churches, it occurs forty-six days before Easter. The characteristic emblem of this first day of Lent is created by burning the leaves used on Palm Sunday. For 10 points, identify this Christian observance, in which a cross is drawn on worshippers' foreheads using the namesake substance.;;Ash Wednesday
;;One leader of this country was shot by Mehmet Ali Agca (AKH-chuh) and oversaw this country's establishment of diplomatic relations with Israel in 1993. Pietro Gasparri signed the Lateran Treaty to create this nation. Eugenio Pacelli (you-JEEN-ee-oh puh-CHEL-ee) and Karol Wojtyla (VOY-chuh-luh) were two rulers of this nation, who each adopted new names after being elected by the College of Cardinals. For 10 points, name this country that is surrounded by Italy and was once headed by Pope John Paul II.;;(State) (of) (the) Vatican City|(the) Holy See(;)|(Il) (Stato) (della) (Citta) (del) Vaticano
;;In a novel written in this language, Amina is hit by a car and Fahmy is shot by the British. That novel, Palace Walk, is part of a trilogy in this language with Palace of Desire and Sugar Street. The story of Morgiana, who kills forty thieves for Ali Baba, was also written in this language. The tales of Sinbad are presented in this language by Scheherazade (shuh-her-uh-ZOD). For 10 points, name this language used by Naguib Mahfouz (nah-GEEB mock-FOOZ), as well as in The Thousand and One Nights and the Quran.;;Arabic|al(-)Arabiya
;;In one phase of this process, the Z-scheme provides energy to reduce adenine (ADD-uh-neen) derivatives. One type of this process requires PEP carboxylase (car-BOX-ih-lace) and physically separates its two phases; that process is called CAM. One component of this process is the reaction of RuBP catalyzed by rubisco (roo-BISS-ko); that reaction is part of the Calvin cycle. For 10 points, name this process, which occurs in and around the chloroplasts (KLOR-oh-PLASTS) in leaves, by which plants turn carbon dioxide and light into sugars.;;photosynthesis|light(-)dependent reactions until (two)
;;One incident which occurred during this event was the Taiyuan (TIE-won) Massacre, in which Christian missionaries were killed. This event was quelled by the Eight-Nation Alliance and secretly encouraged by the Dowager Empress. Its instigators believed themselves invulnerable to bullets and referred to itself as the Society of Righteous and Harmonious Fists. For 10 points, name this uprising which lasted from 1899 to 1901 during the Qing (CHING) Dynasty and attempted to expel foreigners from China.;;Boxer Rebellion|(anything) (reasonable) (mentioning) (the) Boxers
;;One of this author's protagonists is sheltered by a family that brings guns to church to continue their feud with the Shepherdsons. That protagonist's inability to thread a needle ruins the ruse that he was a girl named Sarah Williams. This author of several works set on the Mississippi River wrote about a title character's escape from Widow Douglas and Miss Watson with the slave Jim. For 10 points, name this author of Huckleberry Finn and Tom Sawyer.;;(Mark) Twain|(Samuel) (Langhorne) Clemens
;;One set of these objects is orthogonal with respect to a Gaussian weighting function, and another is used to solve Laplace's (luh-PLAH-sez) equation in spherical coordinates; those sets of these objects are named for Hermite (er-MEET) and Legendre (luh-ZHAN-druh). Writing a Taylor series attempts to approximate a differentiable function as one of these objects. One of these is guaranteed to have a number of roots equal to its degree by the fundamental theorem of algebra. For 10 points, name these functions of a variable and its powers, such as x squared plus two x plus one.;;polynomials
;;In one play by this author, Hugo Barine kills Hoederer (HOY-dur-er), but is unaware that the Party wants to create a martyr. This author of Dirty Hands wrote about the sweetish sickness that afflicts Antoine Roquentin in his novel Nausea. His play about the interactions of Ines, Garcin, and Estelle inspired the saying "Hell is other people." For 10 points, name this author of No Exit and other French existentialist works.;;(Jean(-)Paul) (Charles) (Aymard) Sartre
;;This country's city of Spanish Lookout is home to its only commercially viable oilfields. The tallest peak in this nation is named after Arthur Conan Doyle. Its borders are partially defined by the Sarstoon and Hondo rivers. This country's capital used to be a coastal city named for the country, but the devastating 1961 Hurricane Hattie forced a new planned capital to be built inland. For 10 points, name this country, that was once called British Honduras, a Caribbean scuba-diving haven with capital at Belmopan.;;Belize
;;Rudyard Kipling wrote a response to this poem in which he bemoaned that "the thirty million English sent twenty pounds and four!" The action of this poem is completed while "all the world wonder'd." The speaker reveals "someone had blunder'd," but the title group rides "into the valley of death" after deciding "their's not to reason why, their's just to do and die." For 10 points, name this Alfred, Lord Tennyson poem about a group of six hundred British soldiers who ride into Russian cannon fire.;;(The) Charge of the Light Brigade
;;One work by this composer includes the aria "Sanctus fortis" and a chorus of souls singing Psalm 90 in its two parts. This composer adapted a Cardinal Newman poem into The Dream of Gerontius and included "Dorabella" and "Nimrod" as part of a greater work. He described several friends in his Enigma Variations and compiled a set of six military marches including the tune "Land of Hope and Glory." For 10 points, name this English composer whose first Pomp and Circumstance march is commonly played at graduations.;;(Sir) (Edward) (William) Elgar
;;This quantity can be somewhat overcome in biological systems by hydrogen tunneling. When this quantity rather than product stability determines which product is formed, the reaction is said to be under kinetic control. The Arrhenius (ar-REN-ee-us) equation relates it to temperature and reaction rate. This is the amount of energy between the reactants and the transition state. For 10 points, identify this energy barrier that must be overcome for a reaction to take place.;;activation energy|free energy of activation
;;Followers of this politician often use the tactic of "entryism." This man founded the Fourth International, which opposed the concept of "socialism in one country." This Russian negotiator at the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk was the leader of the Red Army during the Russian Civil War. He was ultimately assassinated by Ramon Mercader with an ice-axe. For 10 points, name this Communist who, after losing a power struggle with Stalin in 1928, was expelled from the Party and forced to flee to Mexico.;;(Leon) Trotsky|(Lev) (Davidovich) Bronshtein
;;One title character created by this author is the captain of the Ghost. Ernest Everhart fights the Oligarchy in his work The Iron Heel. Another of his title characters fights with Lip-Lip. The main character of a different work by this author defeats Spitz in a brawl and wins a thousand dollars for John Thornton. For 10 points, name this American author of the short story "To Build A Fire" and the novels The Sea-Wolf, White Fang, and The Call of the Wild.;;(Jack) London|(John) (Griffith) Chaney
;;Lonsdaleite is a hexagonal type of this mineral associated with meteor impacts. Individual units of this mineral are classified based on the amount of nitrogen and boron in the lattice. This mineral is most commonly found in lamproite and kimberlite. It consists of sp3 carbon bonded in a tetrahedral network. When sold commercially, it is rated in terms of its color, clarity, cut, and carat. It rates a ten on the Mohs scale. For 10 points, name this valuable gem that is the hardest known mineral.;;diamond
;;Critical assistance at this battle came from an alliance with the Choctaw under Pushmahata. This battle was fought on the grounds of Chalmette Plantation and also involved naval aid from pirate Jean Lafitte. Edward Packenham's British troops were defeated here, though neither commander was aware that the Treaty of Ghent had ended the war two weeks before this battle was fought. For 10 points, what final Battle of the War of 1812 was a victory for Andrew Jackson on the Gulf of Mexico?.;;(Battle) (of) New Orleans
;;While traveling as an ordinary peasant with Hermes, this god was so impressed with their hospitality that he turned Baucis and Philemon into trees and spared them from a flood. The Korybantes (CORE-ee-ban-tees) banged their swords and shields to cover this god's cries when he was cared for by the goat Amalthea (ah-MAL-thay-uh) as an infant. This god's mother Rhea substituted a stone for him at birth so his father Cronus wouldn't eat him. For 10 points, name this father of Athena and Ares and wife of the jealous Hera.;;Zeus|Jupiter(;)|Jove
;;This leader cited an earthquake and Church influence as reasons for the failure of his initial efforts in the Cartagena (CAR-tuh-HAY-nuh) Manifesto. This winning commander at Carabobo (CAH-ruh-BO-bo) issued a decree threatening death to those not following him. After the Battle of Boyaca (boy-uh-CAH), this leader sent Sucre (SUE-cray) and San Martin (sahn mar-TEEN) to fight in Ecuador and Peru. For 10 points, name this president of Venezuela, Bolivia, and Gran Colombia who was the "liberator" of five South American nations.;;(Simon) (Jose) (Antonio) (de) (la) (Santisima) (Trinidad) Bolivar Palacios (y) (Blanco)
;;One character in this novel is obsessed with a shoe that belonged to her adopted daughter Agnes as a baby. In this book, Clopin is a king of the vagabonds who tries to hang the poet Pierre Gringoire (grin-WAR). Another character has a pet goat named Djali (JAH-lee). In this novel, Phoebus is a captain of the King's Archers who is stabbed by the villain Archdeacon Frollo. For 10 points, name this Victor Hugo novel in which the gypsy Esmeralda is loved by the deformed bell ringer Quasimodo.;;(The) Hunchback of Notre Dame|Notre(-)Dame de Paris
;;This man acted as an arbitrator in the aftermath of the War of the Triple Alliance, giving a disputed area to Paraguay. This President signed a bill allowing women to practice law at the Supreme Court. His attempt to defend the gold standard was thwarted when Congress overrode his veto of the Bland-Allison Act. This man was derided by opponents as "His Fraudulency," because his election was secured by discarding certain votes from Oregon and Florida. For 10 points, name this President who defeated Samuel Tilden in the tainted 1876 election.;;(Rutherford) (Birchard) Hayes
;;John Donne's "The Sun Rising," in which the sun is personified as a "busy old fool," uses this poetic device. John Keats's "Ode on a Grecian Urn" uses this device when the speaker addresses the images on the side of the ancient vessel. Another example of this device occurs in Julius Caesar when Mark Antony talks to the title character's corpse. For 10 points, what literary term describes this rhetorical device, in which something inanimate or absent is spoken to as though it could respond?.;;apostrophe
;;The phonological loop was introduced as part of the "working" model for this faculty. One form of it is improved by "chunking." That form of this faculty is related to George Miller's idea that it is governed by the number seven plus or minus two. The assassination of John F. Kennedy is commonly cited as eliciting the "flashbulb" form of this faculty. For 10 points, name this faculty that is commonly divided into long-term and short-term varieties and is lost by sufferers of amnesia.;;memory|(short(-)term) memory
;;The relative abundance of one of these elements to potassium gives a rock sample's time since recrystallization. One of these elements is the net product of the C-N-O cycle in stars. The hexafluoride (HEX-uh-FLOOR-ide) of one of these elements was the first compound formed using one of them; they are typically inert. For 10 points, name these elements with full electron shells, a group that includes argon and helium.;;noble gases|inert gases (until) (inert(;))|Group VIIIA(;)|Group 18
;;A misquoted passage from Tertullian is the basis for the saying that this term describes the belief in Christ. Albert Camus defines and examines it in his essay The Myth of Sisyphus, in which he claims that even though this word describes life, everyone need not commit suicide. This word also completes the name of a type of logical refutation in which the argument is "reduced" to it. For 10 points, name this word that also names a type of ridiculous theater associated with Eugene Ionesco.;;absurdity (accept) absurdism(;) absurdo(;) absurdum|(any) (reasonable) (word) (form)
;;At the border of the alpine version of this biome, stilted trees called krummholz (KRUM-holes) are found. This environment is prone to solifluction (sol-ih-FLUCK-shun). A version of this biome is found on the Colorado Plateau. Lichens (LYE-kens) and reindeer mosses are found in this biome; those plants are fed upon by caribou in the Arctic version of this biome. This biome contains frozen soil known as permafrost. For 10 points, name this cold "treeless plain" biome found in places like Alaska.;;tundra
;;One actor with this surname claimed Tosca was a plagiarization of his play Nadjezda (na-JEZ-da) and married Georgianne Drew. In addition to nineteenth century stage actor Maurice, and the portrayer of Mr. Potter in It's a Wonderful Life, Lionel, an actress with this surname starred with Cameron Diaz and Lucy Liu in Charlie's Angels. That actress with this surname also played the female leads in The Wedding Singer and 50 First Dates. For 10 points, name this theatrical family whose youngest member made her acting debut in the film E.T and is named Drew.;;Barrymore
;;One character in this novel dreams about a pious discourse delivered by the Reverend Jabez Branderham. The main male character starves himself to death after learning that Cathy plans on marrying Hareton. Hareton does not inherit his father Hindley's estate at the this novel's title location. This novel opens with Mr. Lockwood's arrival at Thrushcross Grange, and was published under the pseudonym "Ellis Bell." For 10 points, name this work about Catherine Earnshaw and Heathcliff, the only novel by Emily Bronte.;;Wuthering Heights
;;A 2002 study by Lonnie Thompson suggested that the Furtwangler (firt-VAIN-glur) Glacier, located on this structure, will disappear by 2015. The northern route of this location features the Rongai gate, while the Lemosho route leads to the Shira plateau. Mount Meru lies to the west of this mountain. In 1889, Hans Meyer ascended Kibo, the highest of this mountain's three peaks. For 10 points, name this mountain that is known as "Uhuru" in Swahili and is the tallest mountain in Africa.;;(Mount) Kilimanjaro
;;This man announced that his country would "let a hundred flowers bloom" during a brief relaxation of censorship. This man's wife Jiang Qing (jang ching) was part of the radical Gang of Four. He supported the Red Guard's efforts to remove Western influence in the Cultural Revolution. This participant in the Long March supported the Great Leap Forward and took control of his nation after forcing Chiang Kai-shek (CHANG kai-SHEK) to flee to Taiwan. For 10 points, name this "Chairman" of the People's Republic of China.;;Mao Zedong|Mao Tse(-)Tung
;;The disparate organizations that today represent this denomination are organized into large Yearly Meetings, which issue this denomination's Books of Discipline. One concept unique to this denomination suggests that God's presence is signified by an "inner light." This denomination's Peace Testimony causes its members to oppose warfare. George Fox founded this denomination, for which William Penn founded Pennsylvania as a safe haven. For 10 points, name this denomination also known as the Religious Society of Friends.;;Quakers|(the) (Religious) Society of Friends prior (to) (mention)
;;The namesake coefficient of this process is given by the Einstein relation, and this phenomenon is described by Fick's Laws. In cells this process can be facilitated, active, or passive. It can be viewed as a consequence of the Brownian motion of many particles. When this concept is applied to water across a membrane, it is called osmosis. For 10 points, name this process through which particles move from high to low concentrations.;;diffusion
;;This man made use of an inverted telescope to size the proportions of his hometown, which he depicted in a painting of buildings on the river Schie (SHE). This artist of Girl Interrupted at Her Music depicted his own backside as he sits down to paint in his work The Art of Painting. He showed a woman looking over her left shoulder, wearing a blue headdress while a piece of white jewelry hangs from her ear. For 10 points, name this Dutch artist who painted View of Delft and Girl with a Pearl Earring.;;(Jan) Vermeer|(Johannes) Vermeer
;;One poet from this country wrote the line "A black, E white, I red, U green, O blue" in his "Sonnet of the Vowels." A medieval poet from this country asked "where are the snows of yesteryear?" One of this country's most-read poets collected the poems "Benediction" and "The Albatross" in a volume divided into such sections as "Wine" and "Spleen and Ideal." For 10 points, name this country whose poetic tradition includes Paul Verlaine, Arthur Rimbaud (rem-BO), and the author of The Flowers of Evil, Charles Baudelaire.;;France|French Republic(;)|Republique Francaise
;;A politician in this state, Solomon Sharp, was assassinated by romantic rival Jereboam Beauchamp in one of the biggest scandals of the 1820s, this state's namesake "tragedy." Shortly thereafter, a man from this state became Secretary of State due to an alleged "corrupt bargain." This site of the Civil War battles of Perryville and Mill Springs was the birthplace of both Jefferson Davis and Abraham Lincoln. For 10 points, identify this home state of Henry Clay, where the Wilderness Road was built by Daniel Boone.;;Kentucky
;;Operations in them include unicasting, multicasting, and broadcasting. Topologies for them include star, tree, and mesh. Protocols used with these include ARP, ICMP, and UDP. One can create a virtual private one of these inside an existing one. They often include switches, hubs, or routers, and ways to create them include ethernet and Wi-Fi. For 10 points, name this term for a group of interconnected computers.;;(computer) network
;;While serving as a mercenary in the Netherlands, this man was recruited by Robert Catesby. His efforts were thwarted by Francis Tresham, who warned Lord Monteagle to stay home. This man is burned in effigy on "bonfire night" in England each November 5. His goal was to restore Catholicism to England by by blowing up Parliament while King James I and the entire Protestant nobility were inside. For 10 points, name this chief executor of the Gunpowder Plot.;;(Guy) Fawkes
;;One of these events occurred during the Late Devonian (duh-VO-nee-un) Period, and other notable events of this type include the Ordovician-Silurian (or-doe-VISH-ee-un sill-UR-ee-un), Permian-Triassic and End Triassic. The best known of these events occurred at the end of the Cretaceous Period and was likely caused by by an asteroid's impact. For 10 points, name these events in which all living members of multiple species were wiped out.;;(mass) extinctions
;;This man founded a congress in Natal to fight discrimination while serving as a lawyer in South Africa. This man was followed from Sabarmati (sah-bar-MAH-tee) to Dandi in a march protesting a British tax on salt. That protest followed his philosophy of passive resistance called satyagraha (SAHT-ee-uh-grah-ha). This man was assassinated by Nathuram Godse (NAH-too-rahm GAWD-say) while on his way to pray. For 10 points, name this leader of the independence movement that eventually led to the creation of Pakistan and India.;;(Mahatma) Gandhi|(Mohandas) (Karamchand) Gandhi
;;This organ includes the fornix (FOR-nix) and mammillary (MAM-uh-LAIR-ee) region in the hypothalamus (HIGH-po-THAL-uh-mus). The amygdala (uh-MIG-duh-luh) is part of this organ's limbic system. The pons connects the medulla oblongata (meh-DOO-luh obb-lon-GOT-uh) to the rest of this organ. In humans, the largest part of this organ is the cerebral cortex. For 10 points, name this organ housed inside the cranium that controls the nervous system.;;brain
;;Johnson's men attacked a Union line near Culp's Hill in this battle. One major rout in this battle came when flanking fire caused a brigade led by Brockenbrough to flee through Trimble's position and both brigades fled to Seminary Ridge. A major turning point in this battle was an assault on the Union position at Cemetery Ridge, which James Longstreet predicted would go badly. For 10 points, name this battle that included Pickett's Charge and saw a major Union victory on July 3, 1863, followed by an "address" from Abraham Lincoln.;;(Battle) (of) Gettysburg
;;In one novel by this man, the orphan Esther Summerson is raised by one of the parties in the lawsuit Jarndyce v. Jarndyce. Another work by him is about the husband of Agnes Wickfield. In that novel by this man, Uriah Heep hires Micawber at a law firm. This author of Bleak House created a character who revisits his job with Fezziwig after Jacob Marley's ghost, bound in chains, haunts him. For 10 points, name this author of David Copperfield who created Ebenezer Scrooge in A Christmas Carol.;;(Charles) (John) (Huffam) Dickens
;;The minimum total distance from a point to all the vertices of one of these objects is the Fermat point. Ceva's theorem describes the condition in which lines from all of the vertices of these objects intersect at a single point. In Euclidean geometry, the sum of the angles of one of these objects is pi radians. The area of these objects can be found using Heron's formula, as well as the formula one half base times eight. For 10 points, name these shapes divided into scalene, isoceles, and equilateral types.;;triangles
;;One author from this country wrote Concerning Famous Men. Another native of this country wrote of life in Auschwitz in If This is a Man. This country was also home to a man who wrote of his "vital spirit" trembling before his love in The New Life and a work in which the protagonist is led through the city of Dis by Virgil. For 10 points, name this home country of Primo Levi, as well as Petrach and the author of Inferno, Dante.;;Italy|Italian (Republic(;))|(Repubblica) Italiana
;;This composer wrote the "Scarbo" movement in a solo piano work. This man wrote the dance suite The Tomb of Couperin (COO-puh-rin) and Gaspard de la Nuit (GOS-pard day la NOO-ey). He also created the most widely played orchestration of Mussorgsky's Pictures at an Exhibition and wrote Pavane For A Dead Princess. This man wrote a Spanish dance with a theme that begins in the flutes and is repeated in all sections of the orchestra. For 10 points, name this French composer of the repetitive Bolero.;;(Maurice) Ravel|(Joseph(-)Maurice) Ravel
;;The static form of this force typically has a coefficient larger than the coefficient of the kinetic form of this force. Those coefficients are represented by the Greek letter mu (MEW). The kinetic coefficient is found by taking the value of this force over the value of the normal force. This force works perpendicular to gravity and the normal force and in opposition to an applied force. For 10 points, name this force that occurs between two objects moving against one another, which causes objects to slow down as they move over a rough surface.;;friction force
;;Towards the end of this work, the speaker becomes again "an overstaid fraction." Section Six of this work compares grass to "the handkerchief of the Lord." Early in this poem, the speaker declares himself "one of the roughs, a cosmos." The final section of this poem asks the reader to "look for me under your bootsoles" and declares "I sound my barbaric yawp over the roofs of the world." For 10 points, name this centerpiece of Leaves of Grass by Walt Whitman, which begins "I celebrate myself.".;;Song of Myself
;;During this President's time in office, Zebulon Pike explored the American southwest. This man refused to listen to his Treasury Secretary, Albert Gallatin, who advised this man not to sign the Embargo Act. This President also sent the Corps of Discovery to Oregon; that expedition, led by Lewis and Clark, explored the lands that this man acquired in the Louisiana Purchase. For 10 points, name this writer of the Declaration of Independence, who became the third President after winning the election of 1800 over John Adams.;;(Thomas) Jefferson
;;One tradition associated with this holiday involves throwing pieces of bread into flowing water. This holiday includes the recitation of poems called piyuttim (pee-YOO-teem). This holiday is celebrated on the first and second of Tishrei. Like the Day of Atonement that occurs ten days after it, this holiday includes the blowing of the shofar (SHOW-far). Eating round, sweet bread and apples dipped in honey are other traditions of this holiday. For 10 points, name this holiday, the Jewish New Year.;;Rosh Hashanah
;;In a short story by this man, the gangsters Al and Max go into a diner looking for Ole Andreson. In a novel by this writer of "The Killers," Robert Cohn has an affair with Lady Brett Ashley. Another of his novels describes the World War I retreat from Caporetto. Frederick Henry impregnates the nurse Catherine Barkley in that book by this author, who also wrote about Santiago catching a marlin in Cuba. For 10 points, name this writer of The Sun Also Rises, A Farewell to Arms, and The Old Man and the Sea.;;(Ernest) (Miller) Hemingway
;;One member of this group had a brother who married Pandora, and another was the mother of the muses, Mnemosyne (neh-MAH-zuh-nee). The leader of this group used a diamond sickle to castrate his father and take power before swallowing his five children. The Hecatonchires (heck-uh-TAHN-keer-ayz) and Cyclopes (SIGH-klah-peez) helped to overthrow this group that was led by Cronos. For 10 points, name this race of Greek gods who were overthrown by Zeus and the Olympians, and whose name now refers to something large or powerful.;;Titans
;;This country fought the War of the Oranges with its eastern neighbor. In 1961, India forcibly annexed this country's colony of Goa, but it held on to its African colonies until the Carnation Revolution. This nation saw the formation of the Estado Novo under the rule of Antonio Salazar, and had earlier been rocked by a 1755 earthquake in its capital. For 10 points, name this country which colonized Angola and Mozambique and was the home of Henry the Navigator and Vasco de Gama.;;Portugal|Portuguese Republic(;)|Republica Portuguesa
;;In the second act of this ballet, the main characters are entertained by the "Dance of the Reed Flutes." A suite named for this ballet includes the Spanish, Arabian, and Chinese dances and the "Waltz of the Flowers." This ballet incorporated the celesta for its "Dance of the Sugar Plum Fairy." During this ballet, the Mouse King is defeated by the title object, which is given to Clara on Christmas Eve by Herr Droselmayr. (Dross-el-me-yer) For 10 points, name this ballet about a soldier toy, by Tchaikovsky.;;(The) Nutcracker|Shchelkunchik
;;In one novel by this man, the Jew Abraham Zogoiby (zuh-GOY-bee) traces his ancestry back to the last Muslim ruler of Granada. Another novel by this author of The Moor's Last Sigh includes a mass sterilization that takes place during Indira Gandhi's rule and is about the first child born in an independent India, the psychic Saleem Sinai. One novel by this man opens with Saladin Chamcha (CHAHM-chuh) and Gibreel Farishta (fuh-REESH-tuh) falling out of a hijacked plane. For 10 points, name this author of Midnight's Children and The Satanic Verses.;;(Ahmed) (Salman) Rushdie
;;Mark Twain wrote an essay on the "literary offenses" of this creator of Chingachgook (ching-GOCH-guk), who is the father of one of this author's title characters, Uncas. The Pioneers, The Prairie, and The Deerslayer are among the works he wrote about a character variously known as "the trapper" and "Hawkeye." For 10 points, name this American author who wrote about Natty Bumppo in the Leatherstocking Tales, which includes his The Last of the Mohicans.;;(James) (Fenimore) Cooper
;;This term was first coined by Cora Dubois and further elucidated in a 1954 lecture given by Kalervo Oberg. Oberg noted that symptoms of this malady include the "tropical stare," "excessive concern over drinking water," and a "terrible longing to be back home." Oberg further noted that in this condition, "the environment has not changed. What has changed is [one's] attitude towards it." For 10 points, give this term referring to the disorientation and eventual disgust one feels upon having to live in a new human environment.;;culture shock
;;One type of these creatures, Danio rerio (DAH-nee-oh RAY-ree-oh), is an important model organism. These creatures use counter current circulation and a lateral line sensory system. One class of them includes the "lung" type and the once-believed-to-be-extinct Coelacanth (SEE-luh-kanth). Common types of these organisms are divided into classes Osteichthyes (OSS-tee-ICK-thees) and Chondrichthyes (KON-DRICK-thees) based on the presence of a bone or cartilage skeleton. For 10 points, name these aquatic verbrates, examples of which include koi and sharks.;;fish
;;In one of this man's operas, the "liebestod" occurs after Queen Mark's wife falls in love with an Arthurian knight. This composer wrote an opera where Senta falls in love with a ghostly ship captain cursed to roam the seas, entitled The Flying Dutchman. This man wrote a four-opera cycle about magical jewelry forged by a dwarf, which also features the heroic Siegfried and the valkyrie [valk-REE] Brunnhilde. For 10 points, name this German composer of the cycle called The Ring of the Nibelungs. [NEE-buh-lungs].;;(Richard) Wagner VAG(-)ner
;;The prime candidate to harness this process as an energy source is a torus-shaped machine, the tokamak (TOE-kuh-mak), which will hopefully allow deuterium (doo-TARE-ee-um) and tritium to overcome the Coulomb barrier. This process requires the particles involved to overcome electric repulsion, which demands extremely high temperatures. The proton-proton variety of this process occurs in stars, and the "cold" type is largely seen as spurious. For 10 points, name this process in which atoms combine to form a heavier element.;;(nuclear) fusion
;;One mythical creature said to inhabit this desert spews forth sulfuric acid and is known as the "death worm." Dinosaur eggs and assorted fossils can be found in the Nemegt (neh-MECHT) Basin in the northwest part of this desert, which is widest between Lop Nor and Lake Bosten. Found between the Pamirs and the Greater Khingan, with a western arm extending to the Tarim basin in Xingjian (SHIN-jee-ahn) Province, this desert is north of the Tibetan plateau. For 10 points, name this desert located in Mongolia and China.;;Gobi Desert
;;One character on this show reveals that she has been faking a speech impediment while on a date with the wheelchair bound Artie. Another character on this show convinces her boyfriend Finn that she became pregnant when they shared a hot tub. Matthew Morrison plays Mr. Schuster, who returns to the title organization after founding the Acafellas. The cheerleading coach Sue Sylvester antagonizes the central group of this show set at McKinley High School. For 10 points, name this FOX show about a high school singing club.;;Glee
;;This author distinguished "perfect" from "imperfect" critics in essays from his book The Sacred Wood. This man wrote of "shape without form, shade without colour" in a poem that declares, "This is the way the world ends, not with a bang, but a whimper," titled "The Hollow Men." Another poem by this man uses the line "Shantih shantih shantih" to end the section "What the Thunder Said." For 10 points, name this poet who wrote the line "April is the cruellest month" to open that poem, "The Waste Land.".;;(Thomas) (Stearns) Eliot
;;The amplitude of these phenomena is zero at the amphidromic (AM-fi-DRO-mik) point. These phenomena are analogous to the forces that dictate the Roche limit, the closest distance at which natural satellites can orbit a body without disintegrating. They are strongest during syzygy (SIZZ-uh-jee), when the "spring" ones occur. The weakest ones are called "neap" ones. Displacement due to these forces varies the most in Canada's Bay of Fundy. For 10 points, name these changes in the sea level caused by gravitational forces exerted by the sun and moon.;;tides (accept) tidal forces
;;One character in this work leads thirty-two unsuccessful revolts against the Conservative government. Another character in this novel is nicknamed Remedios the Beauty and floats into the sky while folding laundry. This work ends after one character sees his son carried off by ants. That follows the prediction of a parchment written by Melquiades (mel-KYE-uh-dees). This work depicts Jose Arcadio and other members of the Buendia family in Macondo. For 10 points, name this work of magical realism written by Gabriel Garcia Marquez.;;One Hundred Years of Solitude|(A) Hundred Years of Solitude(;)|Cien anos de Soledad
;;One of these items was discovered in the body of Orochi by Susanoo (soo-sa-NO-wo) in Japanese mythology. In addition to Kusanagi (KOO-suh-NAH-gee), another of these was forged by Weyland (VIE-lond) and used by Sigurd to defeat Fafnir. In addition to Gram, another of these bears the inscriptions "take me up" and "cast me away" and has its accessory discarded by Morgan le Fay. That object is confused with another of these that was pulled from a stone by the son of Uther Pendragon. The Lady of the Lake gave Arthur, for 10 points, what kind of weapon exemplified by Excalibur?.;;swords
;;In a story by this author, a girl saves the Aubain (ow-BAN) family from a charging bull and is eventually consoled by a parrot named Loulou. This author of "A Simple Heart" also wrote a novel in which Monsieur Rouault's (roo-ALTS) farm girl captivates the husband of Heloise. In that work by this man, Heloise dies penniless, which opens the door for the title character to marry a country doctor named Charles. This author created a woman who has affairs with Leon and Rodolphe. For 10 points, name this man who wrote Madame Bovary.;;(Gustave) Flaubert
;;This term comes from an Irish word meaning "outlaw" and was applied to Royalists who opposed Oliver Cromwell's Irish campaign in 1649 and 1650. It was also used to describe those who supported James II's right to succeed Charles II to the English throne, and those who supported the British monarchy during the American Revolution. It later became a nickname for those who opposed the Whigs, then the Liberals, and then Labour. For 10 points, give this common name for the British Conservative Party.;;Tory|Tories
;;The arrangement of this painting's central group was inspired by Raimondi's (rye-MON-deez) engraving of Raphael's Judgment of Paris. In the background of this painting, a woman looks downward and dips her bucket into a stream. A man in a flat tasseled hat gestures to his left in this work, which depicts a woman modeled on Victorine Meurent (mo-RAHNT) who reclines and looks toward the viewer. It depicts a nude woman among two clothed men who are enjoying the title meal. For 10 points, name this painting of a picnic, by Edouard Manet.;;Luncheon on the Grass|(Le) dejeuner sur l'herbe
;;This poet wrote a work commemorating the "glory of a next Augustan age" and "a golden age of poetry and power." He recited his poem that claimed "the land was ours before we were the land's" at the inauguration of John F. Kennedy. This man wrote a poem in which the narrator has "miles to go before" he sleeps. The speaker of another of this man's poems "took the one less traveled by, and that has made all the difference." For 10 points, name this author of "The Gift Outright," "Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening," and "The Road Not Taken.".;;(Robert) (Lee) Frost
;;This composer inserted a "war interruption" into the "Agnus Dei" (OG-nus DAY-ee) section of his Missa Solemnis. Archduke Rudolf of Austria became the namesake of this composer's "Emperor" piano concerto. Napoleon' name was replaced with "the memory of a great man" atop this composer's third symphony, the Eroica (eh-ROW-eh-kuh). This composer used the poem "Ode to Joy" in his Ninth Symphony. "Fate knocking at the door" describes a four-note motif in his Fifth Symphony. For 10 points, name this German composer, who went totally deaf.;;(Ludwig) (van) Beethoven
;;This party won eight electoral votes by carrying Maryland in its best showing in a Presidential election. It grew out of a secret society called the Order of the Star-Spangled Banner and advocated a twenty-one-year residency period before citizenship. Former President Millard Fillmore was its nominee in 1856, and campaigned on its usual platform of excluding Irish Catholic immigrants. For 10 points, name this political party, which gained its nickname from its members' habit of denying any awareness of the group.;;Know(-)Nothing Party|(the) Know(-)Nothings(;)|(the) American Party
;;At the same time that this creature was born, another figure, who is variously depicted as a giant or a flying boar, also came into being. That companion was named Chrysaor (CHRIS-ay-ore). When this creature appeared, it had blood on its mane and could only be harnessed with a golden bridle. It came forth from the neck of the beheaded Medusa. Later, this creature resisted an attempt to invade the home of the gods by throwing off Bellerophon (bell-AIR-uh-fahn). For 10 points, name this winged horse of Greek myth.;;Pegasus
;;These cells are deformed in drepanocytosis (druh-PAN-oh-SIGH-toe-sis), a condition for which there exists a heterozygote (HET-uh-row-ZY-goat) advantage against malaria; that disease of these cells is better known as sickle-cell disease. If these cells are too old to function, they are destroyed by the spleen. In vertebrates, mature examples of these cells have no nucleus, while immature versions are called erythroblasts (uh-RITH-row-blasts). For 10 points, identify these cells which carry oxygen in the blood.;;red blood cells|erythrocytes(;)|RBCs
;;In a 2002 election against Matt Salmon, this politician publicly rebutted rumors of being a lesbian. This Democratic politician was succeeded by Republican Jan Brewer when she resigned to take a Cabinet position in 2009. This former governor of Arizona was criticized, following the December 2009 attempt by Umar Abdulmutallab (ahb-DOOL-muh-TAH-lahb) to destroy a Northwest Airlines flight, when she said "the system worked." For 10 points, identify this current Secretary of Homeland Security.;;(Janet) Napolitano
;;This nation's ports were blockaded by France during the Pastry War. This nation achieved its independence after Father Hidalgo issued the Cry of Dolores. In the twentieth century, this country's government was dominated by the PRI, which finally lost the presidency in 2000 to Vicente Fox. In the nineteenth century, this country's leaders included Benito Juarez (HWAH-rez) and Santa Anna. For 10 points, name this country that was invaded by the United States during the presidency of James Polk.;;Mexico|(United) Mexican States(;)|Estados Unidos Mexicanos
;;One method of calculating values in this set involves using Binet's (BIN-ay's) Formula. The values in this set can also be found by summing up the numbers in the shallow diagonals of Pascal's Triangle. Dividing a term in this set with the previous term will give an approximate value for the golden mean. Each term in this sequence is equal to the addition of the two previous terms. For 10 points, what is this series of numbers, named for an Italian mathematician, that starts out "one, one, two, three, five?".;;Fibonacci sequence|Fibonacci numbers
;;In this novel, the protagonist's group is described as "mule drivers" and "mud diggers." The protagonist abandons a "tattered man" and his colleague Jim Conklin. Wilson takes care of the protagonist of this work, believing him wounded, when in fact he was hit in the head with a rifle. At the end of this novel, the 304th Regiment is victorious. For 10 points, name this novel featuring Henry Fleming's adventures and maturation in the Civil War, a work by Stephen Crane.;;(The) Red Badge of Courage
;;Court intrigue within this empire pitted Dara Shikoh (DAH-ruh SHEE-coe) against Aurangzeb (ore-ANG-zeb). The last ruler of this empire, Bahadur (BAH-huh-door) Shah II, was exiled for suspected involvement in the Sepoy Rebellion. This empire's greatest ruler created a new religion that combined Islam with Hinduism, Jainism, and Christianity. For 10 points, name this empire that was ruled by Akbar (OCK-bar) and Babur (bah-BOO-er) and lasted from the sixteenth to nineteenth centuries in India.;;Mughal Empire|Moghul Empire
;;This composer wrote a symphony that uses two Dresden Amens and quotes from "A Mighty Fortress is Our God" to commemorate the anniversary of the Augsburg Confession. This composer of the Reformation symphony wrote eight books of six piano pieces each in his Songs Without Words. He wrote the oratorios St. Paul and Elijah. He commemorated a trip to Scotland with his sister Fanny in the Hebrides (HEH-brid-eez) Overture. For 10 points, name this Romantic composer of a wedding march for A Midsummer Night's Dream.;;(Jakob) (Ludwig) (Felix) Mendelssohn Bartholdy|(Jakob) (Ludwig) (Felix) (Mendelssohn) Bartholdy(;)|(Jakob) (Ludwig) (Felix) Mendelssohn(-)Bartholdy
;;This man gained populist clout by repealing the Cumberland Road Bill. As President, he oversaw the First Seminole War; previously, he led the militia that suppressed Gabriel Prosser's slave revolt, as Governor of Virginia. This man's Presidency also saw the Missouri Compromise and the collapse of the Federalist Party, which led to the "Era of Good Feelings" and his nearly unanimous re-election. For 10 points, identify this President who proclaimed that European nations could not interfere in the Western Hemisphere in his namesake "doctrine.".;;(James) Monroe
;;One character in this novel abandons Helene and becomes a Freemason after shooting Dolohov in a duel. A different character falls in love with the caddish brother of Helene, named Anatole, after meeting him at the opera. Another character in this novel believes Napoleon Bonaparte is the Antichrist and sets out to assassinate him. Prince Andrey dies in battle in this novel, leaving Natasha Rostova to marry Pierre Bezhukhov. For 10 points, name this long Leo Tolstoy novel.;;War and Peace|Voyna i mir
;;The "indifference" type of these constructs show points at which different bundles of goods provide equal utility to a consumer. Another one of these entities is used to derive the Gini coefficient and is named for Lorenz. One of these entities illustrates the correlation between tax rate and tax revenue and is named for Laffer. Another of these entities shows the inverse relationship between unemployment and inflation and is named for Phillips. For 10 points, name these economic entities whose types also include the supply and the demand.;;(economic) curves
;;The transverse asymmetry of this structure can be altered by flippases (FLIP-ay-says), floppases (FLOP-ay-says), and scramblases (SCRAM-blay-says). This structure contains peripheral, integral, and lipid-anchored proteins. Some of those proteins function as pumps and channels to transport substances that cannot diffuse across this structure. This structure is often modeled as a "fluid mosaic" or a "phospholipid bilayer" (FOSS-fo-lip-id BYE-lay-ur). For 10 points, identify this structure that surrounds a cell.;;(cell) membrane|(plasma) membrane
;;One member of this philosophical school wrote about its "Maxim," which helps define terms with clarity, in "How to Make Our Ideas Clear." This school inspired the ideas found in Democracy and Education. Another of its proponents wrote The Principles of Psychology and gave a series of lectures that dubbed this school "A New Name for Some Old Ways of Thinking." This school informed Charles Sanders Peirce and John Dewey. For 10 points, William James was one proponent of what philosophical school, which focused on practicality?.;;pragmatism