;;In this religion, manbo and oungan are the priestesses and priests in cities. Ounsi and ountogi perform music in the ceremonies of this religion, which celebrates Danbala on St. Patrick's Day. People in this religion believe they possess a "gros-bon-ange" and a "ti-bon ange." This religion worships the god Bondye, and reveres the spirits  Legba and baron Samedi, two of its "loas." For 10 points, name this religion, derived from African traditions and common in Haiti, that has namesake dolls.;;voodoo|vodun(;)|vodou(;)|Vaudou
;;One band from this country reached number one on the United States singles chart with 1989's "The Look." In addition to Roxette, this country is the home of the band that sang "Carrie" and a song that begins "We're leaving together, but still it's farewell," "The Final Countdown." This home country of Europe, The  Hives, and Ace of Base also was the origin of the group that achieved massive success with "Waterloo," "Mamma Mia" and "Dancing Queen." For 10 points, name this country, the home of ABBA.;;Sweden
;;The second wave involved in this event was led by Stephen of Cloyes, but its members were sent home by Philip II after reaching Saint-Denis. The translation of the Latin word "pueri" has led to some confusion as to the identity of the participants in this event. The first group involved in this crusade was led by a shepherd from Germany, and its dismal  failure may have included the sale of some of its members into slavery. For 10 points, name this Crusade which attempted to peacefully take Jerusalem in 1212, which failed entirely after recruiting youthful members.;;(the) Children's Crusade
;;The aggressive deforestation of this country's native birch trees in the Middle Ages, combined with its lack of sufficient agricultural reproduction, led Jared Diamond to examine it in Collapse. It has more land covered by  glaciers than the rest of Europe combined. This country's Pingvellir Natural Park includes an amphitheatre that hosted its first parliament, the Althing. Sitting atop the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, it gained the newly formed volcanic island of Surtsey in 1963. For 10 points, name this nation with capital at Reykjavik.;;Iceland
;;Those classified as plagioclase are triclinic and include andesine and anorthite, while barium ones are monoclinic and include celsian and hyalophane. Another classification, alkali, applies to those such as orthoclase and microcline that fall between the  potassium variety and albite. These rocks have a name from the German for field rock or rock without ore, and their crystals can sometimes be found in granite. For 10 points, the orthoclase type of what group of minerals, the most abundant group found in the earth's crust, has a Mohs hardness of six?.;;feldspars
;;In one of this author's works, the Marquis de Montauran leads the title peasants of Brittany in a movement against the French Revolution. In addition to writing The Chouans (SHOE-awnz), this author created a novel in which neither Delphine nor Anastasie come to help their father after he suffers a stroke. "Private Life," "Country Life," and  "Parisian Life" are some of the parts of his nintey-five part series that inludes Pere Goriot. For 10 points, name this French author who set out to depict all aspects of nineteenth-century society in his Human Comedy.;;(Honore) (de) Balzac
;;The meiotic counterpart to this phase sees the collection of transverse filaments to create a synaptonemal complex and the packing of homologs to form bivalents. In plants, during this phase, actin fibers line up; they will later guide the formation of cell plates during cytokinesis. During this phase, microtubules connect to  kinetochores, the mitotic spindle forms, the nuclear envelope disappears, and chromatin is condensed to form chromosomes. For 10 points, name this phase preceded by metaphase, the first phase of mitosis.;;prophase
;;This man appointed Eduard Shevardnadze (SHEV-ard-NOD-zay) to succeed Andrey Gromyko as foreign minister. This man's rise to power was aided by the patronage of party idealist Mikhail Suslov. Films such as Repentance and Agoniya were distributed  freely during his rule. The hardline State Emergency Committee led a coup against this man in August of 1991. For 10 points, name this man who succeeded Konstantin Chernenko, and whose policies of glasnost and perestroika liberalized the Soviet Union.;;(Mikhail) Gorbachev
;;This student of Zelig Harris put forth the "Minimalist Program" for current research into a concept he originated. That concept deals with transitions between deep and surface structures. He wrote about that concept in a work which contains the meaningless yet grammatically correct sentence,  "Colorless green ideas sleep furiously." That work, Syntactic Structures, introduced his concept of transformational-generative grammar. For 10 points, name this MIT linguist and left-wing political writer.;;(Avram) (Noam) Chomsky
;;One section of this piece is a B major cappricioso that uses series of sixteenth notes to depict children quarreling in the namesake garden, the Tuileries. A solo tuba represents oxen hauling a wagon in the "Bydlo" movement of this piece, and an alto saxophone solo appears in the "Old Castle" movement of the version  orchestrated by Ravel. This suite, that contains several "Promenade" sections, ends with a musical depiction of a sketch of some city gates, "The Great Gate of Kiev." For 10 points, name this suite inspired by a show of Victor Hartmann's artwork, composed by Modest Mussorgsky.;;Pictures at an Exhibition
;;This text presents a story about a man who became the king of Lydia through murder, seduction, and a magical piece of jewelry, the Ring of Gyges. It identifies the four excellences of a city, and attributes courage to auxiliaries and wisdom to guardians. The main character of this work also notes that kings should be  philosophers. Another story presented in this work involves prisoners who are able to see shadows but not the fire that creates them. For 10 points, the Allegory of the Cave is introduced in what Platonic dialogue, concerning the nature of justice in the title utopian society?.;;(The) Republic|Politeia
;;Nikolai Chernyshevsky (CHAIR-nuh-CHEF-skee) wrote What Is to Be Done? as a response to one of this man's novels. This author used that controversial novel to a depict a man who tramps through swamps looking for frogs to dissect. The affairs of nobility drive the plot of his story "First Love" and his play A Month in the Country. This writer, who created a term for a person with no place in society in his Diary of a Superfluous Man, also wrote a novel in which Pavel challenges a  medical student to a duel over the hand of Fenichka. For 10 points, name the author who wrote about Arkady Kirsanov (ARK-uh-dee kur-SAH-nawf) and his nihilist friend Bazarov in Fathers and Sons.;;(Ivan) (Sergeyevich) Turgenev
;;One motif found in this structure is a line of rearing cavalry, which is accompanied in one part by the Peplos scene. The first version of this structure replaced the hekatompedon (HECK-uk-TOMP-eh-don_, and a sculpture housed in its naos is now lost. A  cannonball destroyed some sculptures in the south metope (MEH-toe-pay) of this structure, which contained scenes from the Centauromachy (sen-TOR-oh-mock-ee). This structure is part of a complex that also includes the Erechtheum. It was sculpted by Iktinos and Kallikrates (cal-ICK-ruh-teez). For 10 points, name this temple that once included the Elgin marbles and was dedicated to Athena on the Acropolis.;;(the) Parthenon
;;The Pound-Rebka experiment confirmed the existence of a red shift associated with this force. The potential energy associated with this force is equal to the kinetic energy at an object's escape velocity. It is proportional to the product of the  masses of two objects over the square of the distance between them by Newton's Law of Universal [this]. For 10 points, name this weakest of the four fundamental forces, a theory of which was supposedly devised by Isaac Newton after an apple fell on his head.;;gravity|gravitational (force(;))|gravitational red shift until (red)
;;The narrator of one of this author's poems states, "Do not Weep. War is Kind." This author's Active Service was based on the Greco-Turkish War, and he also went to Cuba to cover the Spanish-American War. In one of his stories, after accusing Johnnie of cheating in a card game and beating him in a fist fight, the Swede is stabbed and killed in "The  Blue Hotel." The protagonist of another work by this author, who is ashamed of his lack of wounds, abandons "the tattered soldier" to die. For 10 points, Jim Conklin inspires Henry Fleming in The Red Badge of Courage by what American writer?.;;(Stephen) Crane
;;While he accompanied his wife Jane Apreece to Europe to receive an award from Napoleon, he was asked to investigate a mysterious substance isolated by Bernard Coutrois that he later identified as the element iodine. Although Carl Scheele first isolated chlorine, this chemist argued for its classification as a separate element and named it. He refused to patent an invention that used iron gauze to prevent  methane from leaking from a torch into the surrounding mine, a development known as his namesake lamp. For 10 points, name this scientist whose work was built upon by Michael Faraday.;;(Humphry) Davy
;;This man's talks with Nehru led to the formulation of "The Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence." This politician survived an assassination attempt on his way to Bandung Conference. He played a crucial role in creating the United Front of Kuomintang (gwoh-min-DONG) and Communists against Japan by peacefully settling the  Xian (SHEE-ahn) Incident. In 1972 he normalized Sino-Japanese relations and worked with Henry Kissinger to strengthen China's ties with the U.S. For 10 points, who was this first Premier of the People's Republic of China?.;;Zhou Enlai
;;One poem by this author describes his childhood as "In the great city, pent 'mid cloisters dim, And saw nought lovely but the sky and stars," while insisting that his sleeping child's life will be better. Another poem by this man tells of a "damsel with a dulcimer" who sings of Mount Abora near the "stately  pleasure dome," which is built by the title figure on the river Alph. This poet also told of an old man whose story of misfortune begins when he uses a crossbow to shoot an albatross. For 10 points, name this poet of "Kubla Khan" and "The Rime of the Ancient Mariner.".;;(Samuel) (Taylor) Coleridge
;;The first phase of this battle saw an attack late in the day by the forces of Baron Riedesel, but, fortunately for the Americans, three brigades under Ebenezer Learned had earlier been transferred to support their left flank. The second phase of this battle included the death of the British commanders Major Acland and Simon Fraser, as well as the capture of over half of the British field artillery. Those conflicts at  Freeman's Farm and Bemis Heights comprise, for 10 points, which Revolutionary War battle, in which the forces of John Burgoyne were stopped in New York by the Americans under Horatio Gates and Benedict Arnold?.;;(Battle) (of) Saratoga
;;This author wrote a novel in which the title character aborts her child, whom she would have named Pride, entitled Ann Vickers. Another novel by him sees America become a fascist state under President Buzz Windrip. In addition to  It Can't Happen Here, he wrote a novel about Carol Kennicott and other denizens of Gopher Prairie, Minnesota, Main Street. This author's title characters include a womanizing evangelist, Elmer Gantry, and a real-estate worker from Zenith. For 10 points, name this author of Babbitt.;;(Sinclair) Lewis
;;The American Anti-Imperialist League formed to oppose this war, which was encouraged by reports about the cruelty of "Butcher" Weyler. The USS Oregon sailed over fourteen thousand miles to participate in this war. During this war, one commander issued the directive "you may  fire when ready, Gridley," and the U.S. won the battles of Las Guasimas and El Caney. The U.S. emerged as a naval power by winning the battles of Santiago and Manila Bay during this war. For 10 points, name this war, sparked by the explosion of the USS Maine in Havana, which resulted in the United States taking control of the Phillippines and Cuba.;;Spanish(-)American War
;;As a signaling molecule, this molecule can activate P2 membrane receptors. Paul Boyer showed that the purpose of a certain proton gradient is to remove it from its namesake synthase. During muscle contraction, the heads of the myosin molecule hydrolyze this molecule. In plants, this molecule is synthesized in the  thylakoid membrane of the chloroplasts. Two molecules of it are synthesized as the end product of glycolysis. For 10 points, name this compound that is sometimes referred to as the "energy currency" of the cell.;;ATP|adenosine(-)5(-)triphosphate
;;An autobiographical work by this author begins by describing days, months, and years as travelers of eternity. He abandoned his early "shriveled chestnuts" style. One of his later poems focuses on the sound of water as a frog jumps in to a pond. This author of The  Narrow Road to Deep North lived in the Genroku era. He used kigo, or "season words," richly in his works. For 10 points, what poet, who traveled around Japan under the Tokugawa Shogunate, was a master of the seventeen-syllable haiku?.;;(Matsuo) Basho|(Matsuo) Munefusa
;;In 1996 the "Defence Line" surrounding this city became a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Just east of this city is the neighborhood of IJburg (A-burg), which is built on artificial islands. This city is on the southwestern shore of the IJsselmeer (A-sell-mere), a freshwater remnant of the  Zuider Zee (ZI-der ZAY). It is sometimes known as the "Venice of the North" for its many canals. This city is served by Schiphol airport, which, like most of this city, is located below sea level. For 10 points, name this largest city in, and capital of, the Netherlands.;;Amsterdam
;;This composer reused a triplet motif from his Romance for Piano for Six Hands in the second movement of a work by him, which begins with piano chords and low Fs that resemble the tolling of  bells. Another work by this composer is based on a painting by Arnold Bocklin and uses the Dies Irae theme. This composer wrote variations on a violin caprice in his Rhapsody on a Theme of Paganini. For 10 points, name this Russian Romantic composer of The Isle of the Dead.;;(Sergei) (Vasilievich) Rachmaninoff
;;His scientific innovations, including the extraction of zinc from tailings in the "froth flotation" process, were published in his book Principles of Mining. During World War I, he was the head of the U.S. Food Administration, a position that vaulted him into the Supreme Economic Council after the war, and enabled him to set up a Quaker relief group to help with the logistics of distributing food in Europe. His support of Warren Harding led to his appointment as Secretary of  Commerce, a post which he left to run against the first Catholic candidate, Al Smith, for President. For 10 points, name this President under whose single term the Great Depression began.;;(Herbert) Hoover
;;The title character of one work of literature from this nation is enraged when a hare-lipped girl that he loved is stoned to death. This country was the home to the author of that work, Barabbas, who also wrote about Piccoline in The Dwarf. Another author from here wrote chamber plays, such as the one in which Jacob Hummel takes revenge on Arkenholz, The Ghost Sonata. Another work from this nation sees the  valet Jean have an affair with an idealistic woman who commits suicide with a razor. For 10 points, name the home of Par Lagerkvist and the author of Miss Julie, August Strindberg.;;Sweden
;;Since this model's formulation, it has been modified by the natural-rate hypothesis into an expectations-augmented version. Robert Lucas supported the "policy ineffectiveness proposition" by stating that this construct is temporary and that this theory depends on workers being "fooled." Belief in this model was eroded by the  stagflation of the 1970s. For 10 points, name this economic graph which purports to show that inflation rises when unemployment drops and vice-versa.;;Phillips Curve
;;One member of this literary family wrote a parody of a Tennyson poem about a sea monster, entitled "MacCracken." In a poem by another person of this surname, "fruits which unknown orchards bore" are presented to Laura and Lizzie. The brother of this family collected his sonnets in The House of Life and responded to Poe with "The  Blessed Damozel," while the sister of this name wrote "Goblin Market." For 10 points, give this common surname of the sister-and-brother poets in the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood, Christina and Dante Gabriel.;;Rosetti
;;This people believed in a celestial realm called the Hanan Paca and a lower realm called the Ukhu Paca, while humans resided in the middle realm, Cay Paca. Sacred sites known as Huacas (WAH-kuz) were used in rituals by this culture. They believed that their civilization was founded by Mama Ocllo and Manco Capac, a descendent, through Inti, of their creator deity,  Viracocha. A great flood around the shores of Lake Titicata also features in the myths of, for 10 points, what South American civilization whose language, Quechua, was spoken in their capital of Cuzco?.;;Incans|Incas
;;This city's lower classes were known as the "popolo minuto" and led by the wool carders in the 1378 Revolt of the Ciompi (chee-AHM-pee). One of this city's political factions broke into "white" and  "black" groups after defeating the Ghibellines. This home of the Guelphs saw a period of intense religious zeal during the Bonfire of the Vanities under Savonarola. For 10 points, name this city, that supported countless Renaissance artists under Lorenzo the Magnificent and other members of the Medici family.;;Florence|Firenze
;;Only fragments survive of this man's comedic play The Tracking Satyrs. He wrote a play in which Deianeira (DIE-uh-NARR-uh) accidentally kills Heracles with the shirt of Nessus, The Women of Trachis. One of his plays is the middle part of a trilogy and is set "at  Colonus." His two plays about the outwitter of the Sphinx make up a trilogy, along with a play about a niece of Creon, who insists on burying Polyneices (PALL-ee-NEESE-eez) despite Creon's decree. For 10 points, name this playwright whose "Theban Plays" include Antigone (an-TIG-uh-nee) and Oedipus Rex.;;Sophocles
;;This man painted Jesus wrapped in a red loincloth and flanked by two angels, one in red and one in green, in his depiction of the Crucifixion. The Hall of Constantine, Room of Heliodorus, and Room of the Fire in the Borgio were among the  stanzae painted for the Pope's residence by this artist. This painter of the Sistine Madonna painted a man in blue reclining on a series of steps near Averroes (AV-err-OH-ess) and Pythagoras. For 10 points, name this artist who painted The School of Athens.;;Raphael|(Raphael) Sanzio
;;A character in this movie proclaims that tigers love pepper but hate cinnamon. In another scene in this film, a police officer notes that large persons sometimes take two shocks with a taser to put down. One of this movie's key plot points involves the transfer of a  "Holocaust ring" from a dentist to a stripper. Ken Jeong plays the villainous Mr. Chow in, for 10 points, what 2009 movie starring Bradley Cooper and Zach Galifinakis, about a night in Vegas gone awry?.;;(The) Hangover
;;This organization's political wing lost its coalition partner, the Freedom Union, which rendered it politically defunct. Its leaders often wore black Madonna buttons, and its early programs were tied to the Catholic Social Teaching policies. This organization went underground when it was outlawed by the Sejm (SAME), and it teamed with the PUWP to elect  Tadeusz Mazowiecki (TAD-oysh maz-uh-WISH-kee) as its nation's first non-Communist premier in forty years. This organization began during a strike in the Gdansk shipyards. For 10 points, name this trade union, founded by Lech Walesa, that broke Soviet power in Poland.;;Solidarity|Solidarnosc(;)|Independent Self(-)Governing Trade Union
;;This artist depicted seventeenth-century Britain in Cromwell Dissolving the Long Parliament. He also created Biblical scenes such as Saul and the Witch of Endor and Saul Before Samuel and the Prophets. Although this man is not Albert Pinkham Ryder, he created a work called Death on a Pale Horse. This man depicted a political agreement in Penn's Treaty With the Indians, but he is best known for a work that depicts a prominent  Canadian battle from the French and Indian War. For 10 points, name this American painter who depicted the demise of the title character at the Plains of Abraham in The Death of General Wolfe.;;(Benjamin) West
;;High pressures are usually needed to synthesize this element's black allotrope, while its violet allotrope is sometimes named after Johann Hittorf, who was the first to recrystallize it from molten lead. In its red allotrope, one of its usual tetrahedral bonds is broken, allowing bonding with neighboring tetrahedrons and a more stable structure. Its  white allotrope has alpha and beta forms depending on the temperature and is the most volatile and reactive allotrope; hence its use as an additive in napalm. For 10 points, name this chemical element, number 15, which was used in early matches.;;phosphorus|P
;;This man was killed with a lance tipped with the venom of a stingray. After his death, his son by an extramarital affair, Telegonus, married his wife, and his son by his wife married the mother of Telegonus. His affair that produced Telegonus occurred on Aeaea, where Hermes gave him moly to allow him to resist  Circe's magic. Along with his son Telemachus, he slew over one hundred suitors for his wife Penelope. For 10 points, name this king of Ithaca whose journey back from the Trojan War was told by Homer.;;Odysseus|Ulysses
;;The second and third editions of this text contained the essay General Scholium, in which its author dealt proclaimed that he frames no hypotheses, as well as a set of Rules of Reasoning in Philosophy, which was followed by a list of Phenomena. Its second book fought against the astronomical hypothesis of vortices, while the third book, On the System of the World, contained derivations of  Kepler's Laws and explanations for the movements of Jupiter's Moons and comets. For 10 points, name this scientific text that also outlined theories On the Motion of Bodies, the principal work of Isaac Newton.;;Principia Mathematica|Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy
;;This man wrote a novel in which Peter and his schoolteacher father, George Caldwell, long to escape Alton; that is this author's The Centaur. This creator of black Vietnam veteran Skeeter wrote a story about a trio of bare-shouldered girls and Sammy, who resigns from a job at an  A&P. A character created by this author inherits a Toyota dealership, marries Janice, and is Remembered in a 2001 novella, which follows books where that character is at Rest and Rich. For 10 points, name this author who created Harry Angstrom in Rabbit, Run.;;(John) (Hoyer) Updike
;;This deist attempted to oppose the new Cult of Reason by founding the Cult of the Supreme Being. Along with his colleague Louis de Saint-Just, this man was the target of the Thermidorian Reaction. One observer exclaimed "The blood of  Danton chokes him!" during the guillotining of this man. For 10 points, name this leader of the Committee of Public Safety, who oversaw the "Reign of Terror" during the French Revolution.;;(Maximilien) (Francois) (Marie) (Isidore) (de) Robespierre
;;The first form of this biological material to develop is lanugo, which typically gives way to vellus after birth. The arrector pili, smooth muscles cells associated with it, contract in response to cold or fright. It consists of three concentric layers known as the medulla, cortex, and cuticle, the latter two of which are made of hard  keratin. This material is found on the skin of all mammals. For 10 points, give this material that is found in such places as armpits, beards, and eyelashes.;;hair
;;This President sent Winfield Scott to Maine during the Aroostook War. As a Senator, this politician set up a political organization known as the Albany Regency. This man was the first candidate for president of the  Free Soil Party. This man became President at the start of an economic panic caused in part by his predecessor's Specie Circular. That panic helped cause this President's loss to William Henry Harrison in 1840. For 10 points, name this New Yorker who was the handpicked successor to Andrew Jackson as President.;;(Martin) Van Buren
;;This artist, and percussionist Rashied Ali, are the only two performers on the album Interstellar Space. This performer got his start at the Five Spot Cafe in Thelonious Monk's quartet. One of this man's seminal albums includes the tracks "Cousin Mary," "Countdown," and "Naima." This practitioner of the "sheets of sound" technique played alongside Cannonball Adderly on  Miles Davis's Kind of Blue. For 10 points, name this jazz composer and performer whose albums include A Love Supreme, and who recorded the tenor saxophone songs "Giant Steps" and "My Favorite Things.".;;(John) (William) Coltrane
;;One character in this work is described as "like an old-stone savage armed," and it asks "Where are the cows?" before declaring "But here there are no cows." In another part, the speaker notes how he could "say 'Elves' to him," before discussing the "boulders that have fallen each to each." This poem is set "on a day we meet to  walk the line" and the speaker asserts "He is all pine and I am apple orchard." For 10 points, name this poem in which a man will not go behind his father's saying of "Good Fences Make Good Neighbors," written by Robert Frost.;;Mending Wall
;;The protagonist of this novel has a fling with her professor, Thomas Callahan, who dies in a car bombing shortly before the death of Gavin Verheek. This novel ends in the Bahamas, where the protagonist has met up with journalist Gray Grantham. The insidious Victor Mattiece is behind the nefarious deeds of this novel, whose protagonist is a  Tulane law student, who theorizes that two Supreme Court Justices were murdered so that a Louisiana oilman could drill in a certain bird's endangered habitat. For 10 points, name this novel by John Grisham, in which the title memorandum is named for a type of seabird.;;(The) Pelican Brief
;;These entities are considered phaneritic if they are produced slowly or aphantic if they are more rapid, a combination of the both would be porphyritic. The composition of these materials leads to them being classified as  felsic or mafic, and all batholiths are composed of them. This rock type includes andesite and periodite, as well as the material that makes up much of the oceanic crust. For 10 points, rhyolite, gabbro, basalt, granite are what types of rocks, whose name suggest their origin by lava or magma?.;;igneous rocks
;;This man served as a bodyguard for his mentor George Wishart, until Wishart's burning at the stake forced this man to take the pseudonym "John Sinclair" and enter servitude on a French galley. The three years he spent in Geneva inspired this man to create an organization known as The  Kirk. For 10 points, name this author of the History of the Reformation in Scotland who founded the Presbyterian Church.;;(John) Knox
;;One of this author's title characters is a superhuman warrior who burns a Quran. This man wrote about the St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre in his play The Massacre at Paris and collaborated with Thomas Nashe on Dido, Queen of Carthage. Sir Walter Raleigh responded to one of his poems that begins "Come live with me and be my love," "The  Passionate Shepherd to His Love." The title character of one of his plays dies in a boiling cauldron after scheming against the Christians. For 10 points, name the playwright of Tamburlaine the Great who described Barrabas in The Jew of Malta before dying in a barfight.;;(Christopher) (Kit) Marlowe
;;In the Aeneid, Aeneas meets Achaemenides (eye-kah-MEN-id-eez), who has been trapped by one of these creatures that wears "a ponderous whistle." After the murder of Asclepius for raising the dead, Apollo took revenge on these creatures in order to spite Zeus, as these creatures were responsible for creating Zeus's  thunderbolt. After encountering "no man," one of these creatures has to call upon his father Poseidon to spite his enemy Odysseus for blinding him. For 10 points, name this race of Polyphemus (pah-LIFF-uh-muss), who were giants with only one eye.;;Cyclops|Cyclopes
;;This composer's Opus 20 broke with the Galante style by including non-symmetrical phrases and giving each instrument an equal voice. This composer was the first to regularly include dance forms such as the minuet in his symphonies, which include ones named "Philosopher" and  "Drumroll." This composer's "London symphonies" include one whose second movement interrupts the theme of "Twinkle, Twinkle Little Star" with a sudden crashing chord. For 10 points, name this classical Austrian composer of the "Surprise" symphony.;;(Franz) (Joseph) Haydn
;;This nation's highest point is the Tajumulco Volcano. Ancient cities such as Nakbe and Xulnal (SHOOL-nawl) are prominent in this nation's Mirador Basin. This country's postal system was built by the United Fruit Company. Its northerneastern neighbor was once called British Honduras, but is now known as  Belize. This country also borders regular Honduras, as well as El Salvador. For 10 points, name this country found to the southeast of Mexico.;;(Republic) (of) Guatemala|(Republica) (de) Guatemala
;;In one poem by this writer, the speaker notices smallest things that were overlooked before in "The last Night that She lived." In another work by this author, the speaker notes "how public, like a frog" to tell the name to "an admiring bog." Earlier, that speaker asks "Don't tell! / They'd banish us, you know" before declaring, "I am  Nobody." The horses' heads face toward eternity in another work, in which the speaker is in carriage with the title figure and Immortality. For 10 points, name the Amherst poet of "Because I could not stop for death.".;;(Emily) Dickinson
;;This painter showed a brunette in red and green leaning over a blonde girl in white who is sitting at an instrument in his depiction of Two Girls at the Piano. This artist depicted a woman in a striped dress leaning over the back of a park bench in a painting that shows couples dancing at an outdoor ball. This father of the noted  film director of The Rules of the Game, Jean, also depicted Gustave Caillebote wearing a straw hat under an awning. For 10 points, name this artist of La Moulin de la Galette and The Luncheon of the Boating Party.;;(Pierre) (Auguste) Renoir
;;In 1194, a political shift took place in this culture as a new "league" was formed among its cities, replacing the alliance built by prior kings from this group, Hunac Ceel and Kukulkan. Classical period kings of this group, such as Pakal, only ruled one city. This civilization's Post-Classic period began in 900 CE with the mysterious  depopulation of its highlands. Bonampak, Palenque (pah-LEN-kay), Tixal, and Copan were among the centers of this group, which played the "pitzil" ball game. For 10 points, name this group whose Gautemalan and Yucatan cities included Chichen Itza.;;Mayans
;;After the love interest to the title character of this novel saves her friend from a band of gypsies, she decides that she isn't really interested in him after all. One mystery in this novel centers around the anonymous gift of a piano to the niece of Miss Bates. This book's characters suspect that the piano was given to her by her step-sister's husband, Mr.  Dixon. It is not until later that Jane Fairfax and Frank Churchill's secret engagement is revealed and the title character, who mentors Harriet Smith, realizes that it was Mr. Knightley whom she was actually in love with the whole time. For 10 points, name this Jane Austen novel about a romantic busybody.;;Emma
;;This thinker said that simplicity and fruitfulness are the keys for economics to be a scientific discipline in his essay "The Methodology of Positive Economics." The idea that consumers base their consumption on long-term income is the basis of his "permanent income hypothesis." He collaborated with his wife Anna Schwartz on A  Monetary History of the United States, and he produced the TV series Free to Choose. For 10 points, name this American economist, a major figure of monetarism and the Chicago school.;;(Milton) Friedman
;;A solid, liquid, or dense gas produces a spectrum of all wavelengths according to the first of this man's Three Laws of Spectroscopy. Those laws were discovered by this man and Robert Bunsen, with whom he discovered cesium and rubidium. He is best known for two  rules, one of which states that the total potential change over an entire circuit is zero, and the other of which states that the sum of all currents entering a junction equals the sum of all currents leaving it. For 10 points, name this German physicist with namesake Loop and Junction Rules.;;(Gustav) Kirchhoff
;;In John 6, verse 9, this figure asks how five barley loaves and two fishes could feed five thousand people. Pope Paul VI sent relics of this saint to Greece in 1964. Legend states that he travelled up the Dnieper river to establish the future location of Kiev. He was executed on the order of Aegeas (aa-JEE-us) in Patrae, and he was supposedly crucified on an  X-shaped cross. For 10 points, name this patron saint of Russia and Scotland, the brother of St. Peter.;;(Saint) Andrew
;;This quantity can be calculated by taking the nuclear charge and dividing it by the square of the covalent radius. Another way to calculate this property involves calculating the square root of three types of bond dissociation energies. This property is often calculated as the average  of electron affinity and the first ionization energy. It is calculated by the Mullikan Scale, and francium has the lowest value for this property. It was first proposed by Linus Pauling, who gave fluorine a value of 4.0. For 10 points, name this tendency of an atom to attract electrons toward itself in a covalent bond.;;electronegativity
;;This man's book The Saviors of God elucidates his idea that God is not dead but is waiting to be created in the image of individuals that need him. This developer of "metacommunism" wrote a novel in which The Widow is stoned and beheaded after Pavli drowned himself in the ocean. He also described a figure who has a romantic relationship with  Mary Magdalene, and he wrote a "modern sequel" to The Odyssey. For 10 points, name this author of The Last Temptation of Christ and Zorba the Greek.;;(Nikos) Kazantzakis
;;Classes within this phylum include Holothuroidea and Crinoidea. Members of this phylum possess ambulacral grooves that assist in food transport and locomotion as well as ampullae and tube feet, a system known as the  water vascular system. Members of the most well-known class are known for their ability to regenerate lost arms. This phylum takes its name from the Greek for "spiny skin." For 10 points, name this marine phylum which includes sea urchins, sand dollars, and starfish.;;Echinodermata|echinoderms
;;The title character of this film runs a charitable foundation for "Little Urban Achievers." In one scene of this film, the protagonist rubs a pencil over the indentation left on a notepad to discover that another character has drawn an obscene stick figure. A character in this film is repeatedly told "you're out of your  element" when he inquires about the soiled rug that sets the plot in motion. The title character of this film has a trophy wife named Bunny, who gets kidnapped. For 10 points, name this Coen brothers movie starring John Goodman as Walter Sobchack and Jeff Bridges as a slacker named "The Dude.".;;(The) Big Lebowski
;;One musical piece by a composer from this country includes the "Ritual Dance of Fire" movement, and is titled Love, the Magician. One musical composition set in this country contains the movement "In the Generalife," and depicts "Nights in the Gardens" of this country. One composer from this country wrote a ballet about a miller who suspects his wife of adultery, The  Three-Cornered Hat. For 10 points, name this country, the home of Isaac Albeniz and Manuel de Falla (FYE-uh), which was musically depicted by Albeniz in the piece Iberia.;;(Kingdom) (of) Spain|(Reino) (de) Espana
;;His study of convicts on Sakhalin Island led to his short story about a felon named Yakov titled "The Murder." His time in Yalta inspired hsi short story about Dmitry Gurov's and Anna von Diederitz's love affair, titled "The Lady with the Dog." An impoverished landowner named Waffles appears in one of his plays about Sonya's relative,  Uncle Vanya, which was premiered by the Moscow Theatre despite the disastrous opening of his play about Arkadina and Trigorin. For 10 points, name this Russian doctor and playwright of The Seagull and The Three Sisters.;;(Anton) Chekhov
;;This ruler seized power from the provisional government of Manuel Urrutia. Before his success, this man retreated into the Sierra Maestra following the failure of the Granma expedition. This man led the 26th of July Movement and a desperate attack on the Mocanda barracks. This man was responsible for exiling convicts, the mentally ill, and political dissidents from his country in 1980's  Mariel Boatlift. He ousted Fulgencia Batista from power in 1959, and in 2008, he handed control to his brother Raul. For 10 points, name this longtime Communist dictator of Cuba.;;(Fidel) Castro
;;This man painted a banner featuring Athena stomping out the flames of love, with Cupid bound to a tree, which is now lost. He painted an unflattering fresco of the Pazzi (POT-see) conspirators on the Palazzo Vecchio. This man's art was greatly influenced by his dedication to  Savonarola, and he depicted Zephyr and some falling flower petals in his Primavera. For 10 points, name this Italian artist of a painting that shows a figure emerging from a giant shell, The Birth of Venus.;;(Sandro) Botticelli|(Alessandro) (di) (Mariano) Filipepi
;;This man showed that it is not possible to determine whether a finite input and program will eventually terminate. When one object named for this scientist features a set of rules calling for only one action in any given situation, then it is called deterministic. In addition to working with a halting problem, this man names a  thesis along with the developer of lambda calculus, about the existence of a namesake machine for every algorithm. For 10 points, name this man that names a thesis along with Alonzo Church, whose namesake machine consists of an infinite tape and is often used to simulate computer algorithms.;;(Alan) Turing
;;In the final scene of this work, Mariatta becomes impregnated by eating a berry and gives virgin birth. As a result, the protagonist of this work sails away, which symbolizes Christianity taking over the native myth system ruled by Ukko. Another significant event in this poem is  Lemminkainen's (LEM-un-KAI-nenz) shooting of the Swan of Tuonela (twah-NELL-uh). This work was an inspiration for many musical pieces by Jean Sibelius. For 10 points, Vainamoinen's (VAI-nuh-MOY-nenz) quest for the magical mill Sampo occurs in what national epic of Finland?.;;(the) Kalevala
;;This island was the base of operations for the rebellion of Euphemius against the Byzantines; Euphemius later offered this island to an Arab army. After the eleventh-century Battle of Misilmeri, this island was conquered by Roger Guiscard. Peter III of Aragon took control of it after most of its French population was killed during its namesake  "Vespers." This target of World War II's Operation Husky was once united, in an eponymous kingdom, with Naples, and was home to the Greek colony of Syracuse. For 10 points, name this birthplace of the Mafia that is a large Italian island.;;Sicily
;;The grave of Dr. Valentine McGillycuddy is located atop this state's highest point. This state is home to two major cave systems, Jewel Cave and Wind Cave, as well as a work of art started by Korczak Zio?kowski and the Homestake Mine. Lakes Oahe, Sharpe, and Francis Case are located on the Missouri River in this state, which is the home of the  Pine Ridge Indian Reservation. Rapid City is the fastest-growing city, though Sioux Falls is its largest city. For 10 points, what is this state that contains the Badlands and Mount Rushmore?.;;South Dakota
;;In an elegy to General Wooster, this writer noted "How, presumtuous shall we hope to find, Divine acceptance with the Almighty mind." In another work, this poet expresses gratitude for being "taught to understand that there's a God, that there's a Savior too" and notes that she "may be refined, and join the angelic train." That work appeared in her  Poems on Various Subjects, Religious and Moral, which was prefaced with "attestations" by Boston men. For 10 points, name this poet of "On Being Brought from Africa to America," the first African-American woman to be published.;;(Phillis) Wheatley
;;In a posthumously published work of this philosopher, a skeptic named Philo discusses the nature of God. This philosopher was so loathed in his day for his near-atheism that a woman once refused to pull him out of a bog, in which he was drowning, until he recited the Lord's Prayer. This author of  Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion put forth his opinion on miracles in a reworking of the first book of his Treatise of Human Nature, entitled the Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding. For 10 points, name this Scottish empiricist of the eighteenth century.;;(David) Hume
;;The Dole Effect involves the occurrence of this element, which is tested for in the Winkler test. James Dewar was the first to produce the liquid form of this element. When four of this element bonds together, it is called  "red," and this gas is the only diatomic one to exhibit its own magnetic moment. This third most abundant element in the universe is present in ozone. For 10 points, name this chemical element directly above sulfur on the periodic table, with a chemical symbol O.;;oxygen|O until (mentioned)
;;This sociologist wrote The Rejection and the Meaning of the World, and defined a state as an entity with a monopoly on the legitimate use of physical force in Politics as a Vocation. Talcott Parsons translated several of this man's works into English, including Economy and Society. In his most famous work, he argued that  Calvinism influenced the development of market economies. For 10 points, name this sociologist, who wrote The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism.;;(Max) Weber
;;One novel by this author features a visit to Eliot's Pulpit and sees the feminist Zenobia committing suicide after Hollingsworth betrays her for her half-sister. In another work by him, Hepzibah feels shame when poverty forces her to open a penny shop, and she eventually leaves her estate behind to Holgrave, a descendant of  Matthew Maule. For 10 points, name the author of The Blithedale Romance and The House of the Seven Gables, who wrote about Pearl and her adulterous mother Hester in The Scarlet Letter.;;(Nathaniel) Hawthorne
;;The causal gene for this disease was identified by Francesco Ramirez in 1991. It is caused by a defect in the production of the glycoprotein fibrillin-1, which is needed in the genesis of elastin fibers. This disease affects all connective tissue, but its most common symptoms include a dilated  aorta and abnormally long, slender extremities. For 10 points, Michael Phelps and Abraham Lincoln are commonly misidentified as sufferers of what syndrome?.;;Marfan Syndrome
;;One farm in this battle was attacked by troops under D'Erlon. This battle was immediately preceded by one at Ligny, where the troops under Friedrich von Bulow were not used. During this battle, one commander failed to reinforce the success of Michel Ney. Prussian troops at this battle were commanded by  Blucher and arrived on the French right flank late in the fighting. This battle ended the "Hundred Days" of one commander. For 10 points, name this battle that took place in Belgium, an 1815 victory for the Duke of Wellington and final defeat for Napoleon.;;(Battle) (of) Waterloo
;;The artist Nicias painted in the details of some of this man's works. The courtesan Phryne (FRIN-ey) was the model for one of his statues. One of his statues shows a boy god leaning against a tree that is being climbed by a lizard. In addition to Apollo Sauroctonos, this man created a work that Pliny the Elder believed to be the finest statue in the world,  Aphrodite of Cnidus (kin-EYE-duss). For 10 points, name this Greek sculptor of Hermes Carrying the Infant Dionysus.;;Praxiteles
;;In one play by this author, Lady Muldoon's estate is the setting of a play seen by Moon and Birdboot. This author wrote a play that switches between the present and 1809, involving the phrase "carnal embrace," which is pondered by Thomasina Coverly. Besides The  Real Inspector Hound and Arcadia, this author wrote a play wherein the two title characters play Questions, watch The Tragedians, flip a coin several times, and meet their end in England. For 10 points, name this playwright of the Hamlet spinoff Rosencrantz and Guildenstern are Dead.;;(Tom) Stoppard|(Tomas) Straussler
;;This particle serves as a mediator in the quantum field with which it shares its name, whose nonzero vacuum expectation value allows symmetry breaking. Its mass is estimated to be approximately 140 times that of a proton, has spin zero, and explains the difference between the W and Z bosons and the  massless photon, as it is thought to give mass to the gauge photons. The Large Hadron Collider was designed to search for this particle, sometimes called the "God particle." For 10 points, name this particle, the only Standard Model particle yet to be observed.;;Higgs boson
;;Seth Warner led this group in the capture of Crown Point. This group often met in the Catamount Tavern. This group originally worked to expel settlers from New York from the New  Hampshire Grants. It played a key role in winning the Battle of Bennington. For 10 points, name this group of Vermont militiamen who helped capture Fort Ticonderoga during the Revolutionary War under the leadership of Ethan Allen.;;Green Mountain Boys
;;This author wrote of a successful lawyer who loses his sense of meaning in life, Omar, in The Beggar . A bureaucrat accused of taking bribes, Isa, appears in his Autumn Quail. A more controversial work by him analyzed the three Abrahamic religions and was called The Children of Gebelawi. Such religious controversies led to the near-fatal 1994 stabbing of this author, whose magnum opus features Yasin witnessing Ahmad with his mistress. This author's major  trilogy includes Sugar Street and Palace Walk. For 10 points, name this author of The Cairo Trilogy who became the first Egyptian winner of the Nobel Prize in Literature.;;(Naguib) Mahfouz
;;One of the primary driving forces behind this phenomenon is the high number of coordination numbers an element can have. This process can be seen when two elements are above and below the transition temperature, which feature two different crystal systems. One example of this property is exhibited by  iron becoming austenite at higher temperatures, but ferrite at lower. For 10 points, name this phenomenon exemplified by coal, graphite, and diamond, in which an element comes in multiple forms.;;allotropy accept (word) (forms)
;;One myth attached to this man says he was loved by a princess named Scylla, who ended up drowning and being turned into a seabird. This man died at Sicily, where a special invention dumped boiling water into his bath, scalding him to death. After his athletic son Androgeos was killed, this man demanded a cruel burden from Athens, which was eventually stopped by  Theseus. He was ultimately killed by Daedalus, who built the Labyrinth for him. For 10 points, name this legendary king of Crete, whose name inspired that of the monster produced by his wife's mating with a bull, the Minotaur.;;Minos
;;Late in his career, this artist painted many scenes of nude women bent over a circular metallic tub. This artist differed from other major Impressionists by not painting "en plein air." This artist created wax sculptures such as  Little Dancer of Fourteen Years, and depicted a melancholy woman wearing a light peach-colored dress sitting in front of a glass of alcohol in The Absinthe Drinker. For 10 points, name this French painter who drew bodies in motion in his many paintings of ballet dancers and racehorses.;;(Edgar) Degas
;;This man made a pact in 1950 with Liaquat Ali Khan that allowed certain return rights to refugees and pledged not to recognize forced conversions. This man oversaw the annexation of Goa in 1961. He gave the "Tryst With Destiny" speech on the eve of his country's independence in  1947. In 1929, this man presided over the Lahhore session of the Indian National Congress. For 10 points, name this father of Indira Gandhi and first prime minister of independent India.;;(Jawaharlal) Nehru
;;One collection of six works for this ensemble are named "Sun" for the design on their first published edition. A work of this kind, written in Spillville, Iowa, is nicknamed "American" and is by Anton Dvorak (duh-VOR-jack). One of these works makes use of the melody of "Deutschland, Uber Alles" and is not for piano, but is nicknamed "The Emperor." Joseph  Haydn is not only called the "Father of the Symphony," but also the "Father of" these works. For 10 points, name this ensemble, which consists of two violins, a viola, and a cello.;;string quartet
;;In one novel by this man, Stephen Wonham collapses on the railroad crossing after breaking his promise not to drink. In addition to The Longest Journey, this author also wrote a novel in which Charles beats Leonard Bast to death with a German sword. In that novel by this man, the romantic Schlegels eventually reconcile with the materialistic Wilcox family and live together at the title  estate. For 10 points, name this author of Howards End, who also wrote of Dr. Aziz's frustration with the British in A Passage to India.;;(Edward) (Morgan) Forster
;;The theory responsible for the existence of this location was formulated following the study of the Kulpa Valley earthquake of 1909, and P-waves increase in velocity when they reach this location. Located about 75 km beneath the  Tibetan plateau, it is closer to the surface beneath the ocean, where it is only about 7 km deep. Project Mohole attempted to drill to this location, which is is named for the Croatian seismologist that discovered it. For 10 points, identify this boundary between the mantle and the Earth's crust.;;Mohorovicic (Discontinuity)
;;A dimensionless number named after this man indicates whether or not convection will occur. A scattering named after this man does not change the wavelength of light. The quantity 1.22 times the wavelength over the aperture diameter, a  "criterion" for the resolution of two images, is named after this man. Along with Jeans, this man names an equation for blackbody radiation that applies only at long wavelengths. For 10 points, name this English physicist who won the 1904 Nobel Prize in Physics for his discovery of argon.;;(Lord) Rayleigh|(John) (William) Strutt(,) (Third) (Baron) (Rayleigh)
;;Perelandra is the second book in this author's Space Trilogy, which centers on Elwin Ransom. A character known as the Patient is the subject of the correspondence between Wormwood and the title demon in his The  Screwtape Letters, and he also wrote a work of apologetics entitled Mere Christianity. His most famous series contains works like The Magician's Nephew and follows the Pevensie children. For 10 points, name this author of The Chronicles of Narnia, which opens with The Lion, the Witch, and the Wardrobe.;;(Clive) (Staples) Lewis
;;In an oligopoly situation, the curve measuring this quantity has a unique kinked shape. Increase in price of complementary goods lowers this quantity. For Veblen goods, an increase in price  increases this quantity. The Slutsky Equation relates compensated and uncompensated varieties of this quantity, named after Hicks and Marshall, respectively. Keynes did extensive work on its "aggregate" form. For 10 points, identify this economic concept, which describes a willingness and ability to pay for a product, and is often contrasted with supply.;;demand
;;This man wrote about a figure that "launches forth filament, filament, filament, out of itself" in "A Noiseless Patient Spider." That work, as well as one that ends with the speaker going outside to look at the sky, "When I  Heard the Learn'd Astronomer," is collected in the deathbed edition of this author's major book. Another of his poems, in which the narrator sounds his "barbaric yawp over the roofs of the world" features the line "every atom belonging to me as good belongs to you." For 10 points, name the poet of "Song of Myself," who also eulogized Lincoln in "When Lilacs Last in the Dooryard Bloom'd" and "O Captain! My Captain!".;;(Walt) Whitman
;;This artist created a bronze sculpture of a headless, armless figure. In another work, he showed six men about to sacrifice themselves. The Falling Man, The Prodigal Son, and Ugolino are works included in a sculpture group by this man. This sculptor of Monument to Balzac was accused of using a  live model for his The Age of Bronze, and he also created The Burghers of Calais. Paolo and Francesca da Rimini kiss and a man holds his chin in sculptures from this man's The Gates of Hell. For 10 points, name this French sculptor of The Thinker.;;(Francois(-)Auguste(-)Rene) Rodin
;;While Archimedes only identified three of them, Heron of Alexandria, as well as many of the scientists of the Renaissance, listed their number as five. In his work On Mechanics, Galileo became the first to realize that they do not actually create energy, they can only transform it. One of them can be constructed with a sheave and a rope, and several utilize the ability to  convert torque into a linear force. Screws, wedges, wheel and axles, pulleys, levers, and inclined planes are all examples of, for 10 points, which non-complex devices that provide a mechanical advantage?.;;simple machines
;;Cave-in-Rock, a large cave on the banks of this river, was a hideout for river bandits. The Shawnee Lookout site on the banks of this river is an important archeological site, and the city of Paducah was a strategic locations on this river at the start of the Civil War. Tributaries of this river include the Licking and Kanawha, as well as the Big and Little  Miami Rivers. Major cities located on this river include Louisville. For 10 points, identify this river formed by the confluence of the Monongahela and Allegheny Rivers at Pittsburgh.;;Ohio River
;;This man established the convent at Prouille consisting of women converted from heresy. He held a meeting with sixteen colleagues known as the capitulum fundationis that adopted a set of regulations for his organization. His namesake organization received recognition from Pope Honorius III in 1216 and was informally known, thanks to a Latin pun, as the  "dogs of God." For 10 points, identify this founder of an eponymous Catholic order of preachers that was honored in the names of two Caribbean countries.;;(Saint) Dominic|(Santo) Domingo de (Guzman)
;;One disease that affects this entity comes in a primary biliary form, which results in xanthoma. This entity includes cavities such as the Space of Mall and the Space of Disse. Kuppfer cells in this organ degrade red blood cells. Scar tissue replaces functional tissue in  cirrhosis, a disease of this organ that can be caused by excessive alcohol use. For 10 points, hepatic veins drain blood from what organ, useful for detoxifying the blood?.;;liver
;;This country's independence movement began after a performance of an opera about a revolution in Naples, The Mute Girl of Portici. Swedish U.N. leader Dag Hammarskjold (HAM-err-skyold) was attempting to reach a settlement between this European country and one of its colonies during the 1961 plane crash which claimed Hammarskjold's life. This country was responsible for the  "rubber atrocities" and supplied the United States with uranium during its time governing the Congo. For 10 points, name this country, led by three kings named Leopold, which continues to suffer linguistic struggles between French and Flemish speakers.;;(Kingdom) (of) Belgium
;;One part of this work closes with a man on opium being put in a chest that is stolen by two userers. This work closes with the Marquis of Saluzzo being tricked by his wife. This book begins with Ciapelletto lying about being a priest. Some of the most noted stories from this work describe a woman who loyalty is tested by her husband,  Griselda, and a man who kills a prized falcon in order to serve a meal to his guest. For 10 points, name this collection of tales told by refugees fleeing Florence during the Black Death, written by Giovanni Boccaccio.;;(the) Decameron
;;In one opera by this composer, the aria "spin, spin, fair maiden" is sung at Daland's house. Henry the Fowler and Elsa of Brabant are characters in his opera that includes a famed bridal chorus. This composer wrote about a cursed ship in his opera The  Flying Dutchman. His operas based on Arthurian legend include Parzival and Lohengrin. This composer also wrote parts for three Norns, gathered by Brunnhilde's rock, to end an opera cycle whosparts include Das Rhiengold. For 10 points, name this composer of the Ring Cycle.;;(Wilhelm) (Richard) Wagner
;;This group did battle with the Gorgons on the island of Atlantis under the leadership of Myrine (my-REE-nay), but were unable to finish them off. Another leader of this group, Penthesilea (PEN-theh-sih-LAY-uh), was killed by Achilles during the Trojan War. Another of their leaders was kidnapped by  Theseus, leading to a war between this group and Athens. A different leader of this group willingly gave her girdle to Heracles. For 10 points, name this group of warrior women whose name came from their tradition of burning off their right breast.;;Amazons
;;This man wrote about Mrs. Miller's drifting into schizophrenia in his story "Miriam." CBS president Bill Paley led a group of New York socialites in ostracizing this author over unflattering depictions in his unfinished novel Answered Prayers. The character of Idabel Thompkins in this author's  Other Voices, Other Rooms was based on this author's childhood friend Harper Lee. Murderers Perry Smith and Dick Hickock appear in another of his works. For 10 points, name this author of In Cold Blood and Breakfast at Tiffany's.;;(Truman) Capote|(Truman) Persons
;;The hymns Veni Creator Spiritus and Veni Sancte Spiritus were composed for this occasion. In The First Prayer Book of Edward VI, this event was referred to as Whitsunday. It commemorates a Biblical incident in which Jesus gave the Apostles the power to speak to people in all language. Most Christian groups consider it an extension of a  Jewish holiday that commemorates the giving of the law to Moses on Mount Sinai. For 10 points, name this seventh Sunday after Easter in Christianity, the equivalent to the Jewish holiday Shavout (shuh-VOO-it).;;Pentecost
;;This painting was defaced in 2003 when someone glued a picture of the September 11 terrorist attacks to it. Three women stand in front of this painting in Grant Wood's Daughters of Revolution. The title figure stands with his left leg forward, while behind him James  Monroe carries a flag and several figures attempt to navigate through ice floes. For 10 points, name this painting which depicts a famous event of December 25, 1776, by Emanuel Leutze.;;Washington Crossing the Delaware
;;Its original name was Latin for "pine cone," but its current name is Karachy-Balkar for "Thousand Mountain." Glaciers on this feature feed the Baksan, Kuban, and Malka rivers. It was once climbed simultaneously by 400 mountaineers to celebrate the surrounding province's anniversary. This inactive volcano located in the  Caucasus straddles the Russian-Georgian border. For 10 points, name this mountain, the tallest in Europe.;;(Mount) Elbrus
;;This man wrote the lost oratorio Juditha Triumphans and the violin concerto collection La stravaganza. The sixth, eighth, and tenth of this man's L'estro armonico concertos are frequently performed, as are the first four works from his The Contest Between  Harmony and Invention. In those four works, this composer provided such instructions as "the drunkards have fallen asleep" and "the barking dog." For 10 points, name this composer of "L'inverno" and "La Primavera," two of his Four Seasons.;;(Antonio) (Lucio) Vivaldi
;;He was elevated to a starting position after the departures of Paul Thompson and Rhett Bomar. In his first game, he broke Josh Heupel's school record for passing yards in a half, with 363 against North Texas. His father, an insurance agent, advised him to get an  insurance policy for injury before the 2009 season, a move that would turn prophetic during a game against BYU. For 10 points, name this quarterback, who suffered a sprained shoulder one play after becoming Oklahoma's all-time passing leader.;;(Sam) Bradford
;;This man worked with Arctic explorer Fridtjof (FRIT-joff) Nansen as a relief worker in Russia after World War I. One of this man's chief political adversaries was Jens Christian Hauge. This man served as minister-president under Reich commissioner Josef Terboven. This founder of the  Nasjonal Samling fascist party was executed in 1945. For 10 points, name this Norwegian politician, whose collaboration with the Nazis made his name a synonym for "traitor.".;;(Vidkun) Quisling
;;In this poem, Blancandrin suggests a false treaty negotiation and offer of baptism as a feint to King Marsilion, the ruler of Saragossa. A traitor punished by drawing and quartering in this work is the protagonist's stepfather Ganelon. Archbishop Turpin blesses the Twelve Peers and ultimately convinces the title character of this epic to  blow the horn Oliphant, which causes his death. Two-hundred-year-old King Charlemagne mourns the death of the title Paladin at Roncevaux (RON-seh-voh) Pass in, for 10 points, what medieval French epic about a battle with Moors?.;;(The) Song of Roland|Chanson de Roland
;;A "universal constant" associated with this curve is equal to radical two plus the natural log of the quantity one plus radical two. That constant is the ratio of the arc length between the two points where this curve intersects the latus rectum to the semilatus rectum. This curve is the set of points equidistant from a point called the  focus and a line called the directrix. This is the only conic section with a single vertex. For 10 points, name this curve traced out by any quadratic equation ax2 + bx + c.;;parabola
;;This man was convicted of corruption in 1712 and spent time in the Tower of London. This founding member of the Kit-Cat Club was forced to resign from Parliament following British military defeats in the War of Jenkins' Ear. He earlier gained prominence after his successful handling of the  South Sea Bubble. For 10 points, name this Whig politician, who is considered to be Great Britain's first prime minister.;;(Robert) Walpole
;;One of this man's poems describes the title entity as a "vulture, whose wings are dull realities" and a "true daughter of Old Time." Poems by this author of "Sonnet To Science" and "Ulalume" (OO-la-LOO-may) include one describing mimes eaten by the "crawling shape" of "The  Conqueror Worm" and one set in a "kingdom by the sea." This poet of "Annabel Lee" describes the "tintinnabulation" of "The Bells" and opens another poem with "Once upon a midnight dreary, while I pondered, weak and weary," describing a creature fond of saying "nevermore." For 10 points, name this poet of "The Raven.".;;(Edgar) (Allan) Poe
;;Animals in this order are the only member of their class to have interclavicles, and the adults do not have teeth. They do not have genetic imprinting, and the largest family in this order is Tachyglossidae (TACK-ee-GLOSS-id-ay). One member of this order has ten sex chromosomes and a sense of  electroreception. Long-beaked and short-beaked are the names given to the types of echidna in this order, which are found exclusively in New Guinea and Australia. For 10 points, name this order of mammals whose members, including the platypus, lay eggs.;;monotremes|monotremata
;;This anthropologist asserted that culture exists to fulfill our basic human needs in The Scientific Theory of Culture. Two of his works deal with "crime and custom" and "sex and repression" in savage society. He also wrote the introduction to a study by his student  Jomo Kenyatta, Facing Mount Kenya. His most famous work discusses the Kula exchange. For 10 points, name this anthropologist, whose works on the Trobriand Islanders include Coral Gardens and their Magic and Argonauts of the Western Pacific.;;(Bronislaw) Malinowski
;;The narrator of one of his works tells the story "Apropos of the Wet Snow" and obsesses with the thought of revenge against an officer who shoved him, before attending a farewell party of Zverkov. That title character created by this author talks about his liver problems in  Notes from the Underground. This member of Petrashevsky Circle, who was once nearly executed, also wrote about Zamyotov, a young detective who visits a St. Petersburg student concerning the murder of two sisters. For 10 points each, what Russian author wrote of Raskolnikov's suffering in Crime and Punishment?.;;(Fyodor) (Mikhaylovich) Dostoevsky
;;Prior to one battle, this man's forces were cut off from the main army due to a surprise attack at Brandy Station. This man amused his contemporaries by routinely wearing a cape and a peacock-feather hat in emulation of the Cavalier style from two centuries earlier. This man arrived too late to Gettysburg to provide useful  information to the Confederates, and he was killed at the Battle of Yellow Tavern. For 10 points, name this Confederate cavalry officer, whom Robert E. Lee called the "eyes of the army.".;;(James) (Ewell) (Brown) (Jeb) Stuart
;;Smart rubber uses them to reform itself when it is torn because they can reform instantaneously in that substance. In DNA, three of them occur between  complementary base pair purines, and two between pyrimidines. They also account for the relatively high boiling point of water and the low density of ice. For 10 points, which type of bond is found between an electronegative atom such as oxygen or nitrogen and its namesake element?.;;hydrogen bonds
;;This poem imagines something that "watered heaven with tears" and asks "what art could twist the sinews of thy heart?" This poem is often considered the counterpart of another poem that state "God gave thee such a tender voice" and repeats "God Bless Thee!" Asking "What the hammer? What the chain?" and "Did he who make the  lamb make thee," this poem concludes by inquiring "What immortal hand or eye could frame they fearful symmetry?" For 10 points, name this poem about a creature "burning bright, in the forests of the night," written by William Blake.;;(The) Tyger
;;This thinker responded to the "hand" argument of G.E. Moore in his essay "On Certainty." In another philosophical work, he analyzes a shopping list of "five red apples" and considers the "beetle in a box" as an analogy for pain. His explanation that there can be no private language and that humans use "language games" appears in  Philosophical Investigations. Another of his works ends with the proposition, "What we cannot speak about we must pass over in silence." For 10 points, name the logical positivist author, who threatened Karl Popper with a fireplace poker several years after writing Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus.;;(Ludwig) Wittgenstein
;;One painting by this artist contains a brown sea with dark clouds overhead next to a sunset and depicts the "throwing overboard" of the "dead and dying" due to a "Typhoon coming on." A dark black wave rises over a general's army in this artist's  Snow Storm: Hannibal Crossing the Alps. This artist painted a ship "tugged to her last berth to be broken up" as well as a painting set on the bridge of Maidenhead, a Brunel-designed construction that is part of the Great Western Railway. For 10 points, name this British artist of Rain, Steam, and Speed.;;(Joseph) (Mallord) (William) Turner
;;One of the men involved in planning the crucial event at this location had previously devised Operation Intercept while working under Eugene Rossides. Bernard Barker was one of the five men arrested at this place. Rose Mary Woods claimed to have erased  eighteen and a half minutes of a conversation about the events that happened here, and Mark Felt was the source for much of what the public knew about the crime that took place at this hotel. For 10 points, a 1972 burglary of the Democratic Party's headquarters at what hotel caused a scandal that ultimately led to the resignation of President Nixon?.;;Watergate Hotel
;;This novel opens with the protagonist dreaming about a man reading a book, then screaming, "What shall I do?" At one point in this work, Pliable and Obstinate join the title character, and Mr. Wiseman guides that character to a village where only honest men live. Later in this novel, the protagonist battles a hideous monster called Apollyon and enters  Vanity Fair, which is controlled by Beelzebub. The subtitle "from This World to That Which is to Come" describes Christian's journey from the City of Destruction to the Celestial City in, for 10 points, what religious allegory by John Bunyan?.;;(The) Pilgrim's Progress From (This) (World) (to) (That) (Which) (Is) (to) (Come)
;;The largest known one of these structures is named after the town of Vredefort, South Africa. One known as "Shiva" may be linked to the Deccan traps. One of these in Ontario is home to the Sudbury mining basin, and several of these are located along the 38th parallel in the middle of the United States. These sites often contain  shocked quartz. They include the Chicxulub one located north of the Yucatan Peninsula. For 10 points, identify these structures formed from meteorites colliding with the Earth.;;(meteor) (impact) craters
;;This composer produced a score for a movie based on a Yuri Tynyanov book about a fictional military officer. In another work by him, the son of the King of Clubs attempts to rescue princesses who are encased in the titular  citrus fruit. In addition to writing the Lieutenant Kije Suite and The Love for Three Oranges, this composer used a clarinet to represent a cat and a bassoon to represent the grandfather in a child-oriented work. For 10 points, name this Russian composer of Peter and the Wolf.;;(Sergei) Prokofiev
;;This author was so disgusted upon seeing Pope Julius II commanding an army that he wrote a satirical dialogue about that Pope being kept outside the gates of heaven after death, Julius Exclusus. In his day, he achieved popularity for his collection of proverbs, Adagia, and for his instruction on simplifying Catholicism, The  Handbook of the Christian Knight. The personified daughter of Wealth and Youth narrates another of his satires, which advocates for Christian humanism. For 10 points, name this Dutch author of The Praise of Folly.;;(Desiderius) Erasmus
;;An energy level that lies inside the band gap of superconductors it named after this scientist, as well as a temperature below which degeneracy occurs, creating his namesake gas. He described a paradox which questioned the commonality of extraterrestrial life, since there has been no evidence of alien technology. This man named the neutrino, and along with Paul  Dirac, discovered a namesake statistics that apply to particles named after him. For 10 points, name this winner of the 1938 Nobel Prize for developing the first sustained nuclear chain reaction.;;(Enrico) Fermi
;;Walter the Penniless was defeated during this conflict by Kilij Arslan. In one part of this conflict, Shahanshah lost fifty thousand Fatimid troops at Ascalon. Among the stated justifications for this event were assisting Alexius Comnenus. Peter the Hermit led a popular section of this campaign, which caused the establishment of the Kingdom of  Jerusalem. The phrase "God Wills it!" was uttered by the crowd at a meeting that called for this armed event to begin. For 10 points, name this military campaign called by Pope Urban II at the Council of Clermont, the first of a series of expeditions to retake holy lands in the name of God.;;First Crusade
;;This figure turned Lamia into a monster and killed Lamia's children. Tiresias became a priest of this deity after turning into a woman. A cloud in the shape of this figure gave birth to the centaurs after being impregnated by Ixion. This goddess sent two serpents to kill the infant  Heracles, and she later forced Heracles to carry out the twelve labors for Eurystheus (yur-ISS-thee-us). This firmly anti-Trojan goddess repeatedly tried to block Aeneas's mission. For 10 points, name this goddess who also antagonized Io and Semele when they dallied with Zeus, her husband.;;Hera|Juno
;;This country's museum, known colloquially as The Sofia, makes up one vertex of its "Triangle of Art." One architect from this country was sponsored by the Guell family to design a series of Art Nouveau park benches and build the Temple of the  Holy Family. One museum in this country was designed using computer technology to resemble a ship. For 10 points, name this European country that is the location of a Frank Gehry-designed Guggenheim Museum and the Prado.;;Spain
;;In one of his poems, he tells of a soldier who, upon encountering his childhood home, contrasts the progress of civilization with the "Summer isles of Eden" in the Orient land of his birth. Another one of his poems features a group of mariners who take comfort in their unity as they leave their worldly cares behind for an "enchanted stem/ Laden with flower and fruit." In addition to "Locksley Hall" and "The  Lotos-Eaters," he published a collection of poems after the death of his friend Arthur Hallam. For 10 points, name this British poet of In Memoriam, who immortalized the Battle of Balaclava in his work "The Charge of the Light Brigade.".;;(Alfred(,)) (Lord) Tennyson
;;Important transcription factors in this organ's development include neurogenin 3 and Pdx-1. Tumors in this organ can cause Zollinger-Ellison syndrome. Fluids from this organ empty into the Duct of Wirsung. Hormomes produced here include ghrelin, and its delta cells secrete somatostatin.  Alpha cells in its Islets of Langerhans produce glucagon, but it is better known for a product produced in its beta cells. For 10 points, name this organ that secretes insulin.;;pancreas
;;After hearing of how enamored with the sound of bullets this man was, George II noted that only an inexperienced man could hold such an opinion. Along with Lighthorse Harry Lee, this man was one of the commanders of the Watermelon Army. This man was the target of the  Conway Cabal, which attempted to replace him with Horatio Gates. He was the last man to lead troops into battle while serving as President of the United States, doing so against the Whiskey Rebellion. For 10 points, name this Mount Vernon resident, whose troops spent a winter in Valley Forge during the Revolutionary War.;;(George) Washington
;;One work titled after this place exclaims "Again brutish necessity wipes its hands upon the napkin of a dirty cause" and asks "how can I turn from" this place "and live?" That work is Derek Walcott's poem entitled "A Far Cry From" this place. Another work titled after this place is a memoir depicting the characters of Farah Aden and Denys Finch Hatton, who work with the author on a  coffee plantation. For 10 points, name this continent that titles Isak Dinesen's memoir, "Out of" here.;;Africa
;;One of these entities causes the polarization plane to be moved in the Faraday Effect, and the Voigt Effect involves birefringence caused by one of these entities. When a strong one of these disrupts orbital and spin angular momentum, it is the Paschen-Back Effect, which is an amplified form of the spectral line splitting caused by one of these entities called the  Zeeman Effect. One of these fields is formed whenever an electric field's strength changes; that phenomenon was proven by Maxwell when he modified Ampere's law. For 10 points, name this type of field that is responsible for the properties of nickel and iron's attraction to each other.;;magnetic field
;;Gaetano Mosca stated that all governments were facades for this type of government. A case study of Germany's labor-oriented Social Democratic party was used by Robert Michaels to show that, due to organizational needs, this type of government will always arise, in a theory called the "iron law" of this. This term is often used to describe the  Russian speculators who bought former state enterprises during the 1990s privatization. For 10 points, give this term which describes government by a small, non-aristocratic class.;;oligarchy (accept) (word) (forms)
;;This man abandoned a plan to ride an elephant because the animal couldn't fit through an arch; he was trying to ride the elephant during a triumph for his victories in Africa, which was granted to him by Sulla. After a series of defeats including Dyrrachium and Ilerda, this leader of the Populares fled to Egypt, where he was  beheaded by Pothinus. Earlier, this man angered Crassus by trying to take credit for defeating Spartacus. For 10 points name this loser of the Battle of Pharsalus, a member of the First Triumverate who fought Julius Caesar in a civil war.;;Pompey the (Great)|(Gnaeus) Pompeius Magnus
;;One work by this author was interpreted as mocking Chinese immigrants by the Irish middle class readers it was actually mocking. A short story by this author sees Thomas drown when a mine camp is hit by a flash flood. This editor of The Overland Monthly also wrote a work telling of a gambler who is found dead along with the rest of a group of  exiles. For 10 points, name this author of "The Heathen Chinee," "The Luck of Roaring Camp," and "The Outcasts of Poker Flat.".;;(Francis) (Bret) Harte
;;Henry's law equates a version of this quantity to the product of solute concentration and a compound-dependent constant. It is directly proportional to  temperature according to Gay-Lussac's Law, and partial ones proportional to the mole fraction are covered by Dalton's Law. For 10 points, name this quantity measured in pascals and equal to force divided by unit area.;;pressure
;;In this country, a major political party's breakaway faction, calling itself the "Everyone's Party" or "Your Party" won five seats in the most recent general election. This country's Communist party retained nine seats, and eighteen defeated candidates retained seats through the "block" system, in that same recent election in this country. For only the second time in the last  fifty years, this country's Democratic Party took power from its more dominant Liberal Democratic Party, following the resignation of Taro Aso. For 10 points, identify this country which saw a seismic shift in political power in its 2009 general election, which made Hatoyama Yukio its new prime minister.;;Japan
;;A modern technique for performing this action uses luciferase, ATP sulfurylase, and released pyrophosphate. That technique does not require an autoradiograph or monomers with missing three prime hydroxyls. A better known method uses  chain terminators, known as dideoxynucleotides (DIE-de-ox-ee-NEW-clee-oh-tides), with attached dyes in four columns. That method is named for Frederick Sanger. For 10 points, name this problem of determining the order of A,T,C, and Gs in a particular set of DNA.;;(DNA) sequencing
;;In one drama by this man, the title character finds a secret bank book after a tip from the Duchess of Berwick; that book shows that her husband has been giving money to another woman. That work by this man ends when the title object is returned by Mrs. Erlynne to her daughter, Margaret. This man also wrote a work in which it is revealed that Miss  Prism left a handbag with a baby in a train station. For 10 points, name this Irish playwright of Lady Windermere's Fan and The Importance of Being Ernest, whose only novel was The Picture of Dorian Gray.;;(Oscar) Wilde
;;The Scandinavian-inspired mansion Vikingsholm sits near the coast of Emerald Bay in this body of water. The only island in this body of water is Fanette Island, and Eagle Falls flows directly into it. The Truckee River flows directly from this  lake to Pyramid Lake. Towns near this lake include the host of the 1960 Winter Olympics, Squaw Valley. The closest major city to it is Reno, Nevada. For 10 points, name this lake on the California-Nevada border, which is a major tourist attraction due to its numerous nearby ski resorts.;;(Lake) Tahoe
;;The Ackermann function cannot be expressed without using this procedure, and every effectively calculable function is general this by Church's thesis. All functions defined by course-of-values this are primitive this, and operations expressed using the "tail" form of this may easily be translated into  iteration. Binary search uses this process to repeatedly divide a list into halves. Often used to calculate elements of the Fibonacci sequence or values of the factorial function, for 10 points, name this process wherein a function calls itself.;;recursion|(word) (forms) (such) (as) recursive
;;This man was excommunicated from the Catholic Church after he issued a harsh prison sentence to Archbishop Aloysius Stepinac (ALL-oh-ish-uss steh-PEE-notch). For such sins as bugging his sleeping quarters, this man fired his heir apparent, Aleksandar Rankovic (rahn-CO-vich). This leader was the first Secretary-General of the  Non-Aligned Movement, having been expelled from the Soviet-run Cominform in 1948. For 10 points, name this one-time partisan fighter during World War II, who ruled from 1953 to 1980 in Yugoslavia.;;(Josip) (Broz) Tito|(Josip) Broz
;;This composer's D-major violin concerto contains a raucous Hungarian-inspired third movement, and is dedicated to Joseph Joachim. One of his compositions was based on Kelar Bela's csardas. He set passages from Martin Luther's translation of the Bible in another of his works, which was inspired by the deaths of Schumann and this composer's  mother. His use of the rhythm of another composer's "fate knocking on the door" motif led to his first symphony being dubbed "Beethoven's Tenth." For 10 points, name this composer of the Hungarian Dances, German Requiem, and namesake "Lullaby.".;;(Johannes) Brahms
;;In one work, this character describes the doctrines of his mentor, Diotima, about love. This character relates the story of Er to demonstrate the immortality of the soul, and refutes Thrasymachus's idea that justice is "the advantage of the stronger." This character compares himself to a gadfly stinging a lazy horse to describe his method of questioning established beliefs, and defends himself from  Meletus's charges of atheism and corrupting the youth of Athens in the Apology. For 10 points, name this subject of Meno, Crito, and Phaedo, as well as many other dialogues by his student Plato.;;Socrates
;;In one of this composer's operas, the lead tenor sings "Di quella pira" after learning that his mother is going to be burned to death on a pyre. That opera by this composer contains an aria about walking through fire, "Stride (STREE-day) la Vampa," and ends with Azucena revealing that the Count di Luca has executed his brother, Manrico. This composer of the  "Anvil Chorus" wrote the aria "La Donna e Mobile" for his tragic opera about a jester. He composed another opera that ends with Radames dying in a tomb along with an Egyptian princess. For 10 points, name this Italian composer of Il Trovatore, Rigoletto, and Aida (eye-EE-duh).;;(Giuseppe) Verdi
;;One character in this novel loves Pietro Crespi and dies after she finishes weaving a funeral shroud. Another character in this book goes insane and is tied to a chestnut tree. One of that man's sons has seventeen children, all with the same name, and spends much of his time carving golden fish. Those characters,  Amaranta (ah-mahr-AHN-tah), Jose Arcadio, and Colonel Aureliano, are all members of the Buendia (bwen-DEE-uh) family. For 10 points, name this novel which takes place in Macondo and is the magnum opus of Gabriel Garcia Marquez.;;One Hundred Years of Solitude|(A) Hundred Years of Solitude(;)|Cien anos de soledad
;;In Jainism, this holiday celebrates the tirthankara Mahavira's passage into Nirvana. In Sikhism, Guru Hargobind's release from prison is celebrated on this festival. Kali is the subject of this holiday's devotion in Bengal. Other  worshippers use this holiday to commemorate Hanuman, Lakshmana, Sita, and Rama's return to the city of Ayodhya. It's fourth day is the first day of Karttika. For 10 points, name this holiday in Hinduism that involves lighting millions of candles across the country.;;diwali|divali
;;One novel by this man describes Gene Harrogate, who mishandles watermelons and tried to shoot bats with poisoned meat. In another of his novels, Alejandra convinces her aunt to pay the ransom for two men who meet Jimmy Blevins. Besides writing about Suttree and John Grady Cole, this author also described a kid who travels with Captain White and later the Glanton gang. This author's Cities of the Plain and The Crossing are collected in his Border Trilogy, along with  All the Pretty Horses. For 10 points, name this author of the contemporary Westerns Blood Meridian, The Road, and No Country For Old Men.;;(Cormac) McCarthy
;;This man ruled over a court that stripped a Rhode Island veteran of his farm in West v. Barnes. This man negotiated a treaty with Britain that led to the British abandonment of forts in the Northwest; that treaty was so unpopular that this man was burned in effigy all over the U.S. This man warned about foreign influence in four of his contributions to the  Federalist Papers. This man also presided over a case in which a state cited its sovereignty to deny the ability of a citizen to sue it. For 10 points, name this Founding Father who presided over Chisholm v. Georgia because he was the first Chief Justice of the Supreme Court.;;(John) Jay
;;This poet wrote of having "a house on high erect, Fram'd by that mighty Architect" after waking to "thund'ring noise, and piteous shrieks" in one poem. In that work, this poet also described how "pleasant things in ashes lie" after the title event. This poet wrote another work in which the title object is described as an "ill-formed offspring of" a  "feeble brain." For 10 points, name this American poet of Verses Upon the Burning of Our House and The Author to Her Book, who wrote The Tenth Muse Lately Sprung Up in America in colonial Massachusetts.;;(Anne) Bradstreet
;;One of this artist's paintings depicts the white Eiffel Tower in a window behind this artist himself, painting a horse. Another of this painter's canvasses contains four floating, cloak-clad figures around the central scene, which is also surrounded by tumbling houses and a burning synagogue. This artist of Self-Portrait with  Seven Fingers and The White Crucifixion often depicted scenes from his hometown of Vitebsk. He painted two upside-down houses above the large faces of a lamb and a green-skinned man in another of his canvasses. For 10 points, name this Jewish painter from Belarus who painted I and the Village .;;(Marc) Chagall|(Moshe) Shagal
;;This politician's half-brother Austen won a Nobel Peace Prize for negotiating the 1925 Locarno Pact. This man was appointed Chancellor of the Exchequer by Stanley Baldwin, a man whom he subsequently replaced as Prime Minister. This politician made his own internal party rival into the First Lord of the  Admiralty. For 10 points, name this British prime minister who claimed he had achieved "peace in our time" when he signed the 1938 Munich Pact with Adolf Hitler, but was replaced by Winston Churchill two years later.;;(Neville) Chamberlain
;;Characters in this work include the tax collector Binet, and Bournisien, who has theological arguments with an apothecary. The protagonist meets Leon at a performance of Lucia di Lammermoor after a failed  operation on Hippolyte's clubfoot precipitates her family's financial troubles. Her former lover, Rodolphe Boulanger, refuses to help her, and she commits suicide by swallowing arsenic. For 10 points, name this novel about the wife of Charles, by Gustave Flaubert.;;Madame Bovary
;;By the free-electron model, the resistivity of a metal is proportional to the square root of this quantity. Wien's Law states that the peak wavelength for blackbody emission is proportional to one over this quantity. By the Stefan-Boltzmann Law, the flux emitted by a blackbody is proportional to the  fourth power of this quantity. The rate of heat transfer is proportional to the gradient of this quantity, which is related to the average kinetic energy of a system's molecules. For 10 points, name this quantity measured in scales named after Kelvin and Fahrenheit.;;temperature|T
;;One commander in this battle received word of his opponents' approach from Vitalis, a vassal of Odo. This battle was preceded by a landing at Pevensey. One commander in this battle had recently defeated the forces of  Harald Hardrada and Tostig at Stamford Bridge. That commander was killed during this battle by an arrow to the eye, according to the Bayeux Tapestry. For 10 points, name this 1066 battle in which Harold II was killed by the forces of William the Conqueror, who successfully invaded England by winning here.;;(Battle) (of) Hastings
;;This philosopher criticized infinitesimal calculus in The Analyst, and wrote that "Ideas can only resemble Ideas" in A Treatise Concerning the Principles of Human Knowledge. His most famous work is a dialogue in which one character represents John Locke, and which presents his belief that "to  be is to be perceived." For 10 points, name this philosopher who wrote Three Dialogues between Hylas and Philonous and shares his name with a California university.;;(George) Berkeley
;;Special types of these include ones that are indexed by non-integer values or begin at index 1 and stores children at 2n and 2n+1, and are known as hash tables and heaps, respectively. Addressing in this structure uses  pointers to refer to a specific memory address. A one-dimensional one of these can also be known as a vector. For 10 points, name this data structure, analogous to the matrix in mathematics, which stores multiple elements of the same type in contiguous memory locations.;;array
;;One of this author's poems calls mankind "the glory, jest, and riddle of the world!" and advises "Know then thyself, presume not God to scan." After being asked to write a couplet for a monument commemorating Newton, this author wrote "Nature and Nature's laws lay hid in night: God said, Let Newton be! And all was light." This author wrote a poem in which sylphs fail to prevent the Baron from using  scissors to cut off some of Belinda's hair, and he used heroic couplets to write "An Essay on Criticism" and "An Essay on Man." For 10 points, name this eighteenth-century English poet of "The Rape of the Lock.".;;(Alexander) Pope
;;This man argued for the system of government "that is most likely to succeed" and attempted to rally British and American support in his "Letter from Jamaica." This leader's chief of staff won the battles of Pichincha and Ayacucho. This man won one battle with his future vice president, Francisco Santander, at Boyoca, and this leader also commanded Antonio Jose de  Sucre. This ruler was the first president of a country he created, Gran Colombia. For 10 points, name this man who worked against Spanish rule as "The Liberator" in South America.;;(Simon) Bolivar
;;In one story by this author, a man is burning a cradle and two sets of clothes when he discovers that it is he, Armand Aubigny (AW-bin-yee), and not his exiled wife, who is secretly biracial. In addition to writing "Desiree's Baby," this author described Louise Mallard's death from a  heart attack after her supposedly dead husband walks in the door in "The Story of an Hour." This writer also wrote a novel in which painting, moving into the "pigeon house," and dating Robert Lebrun all fail to satisfy New Orleans resident Edna Pontellier (poh-TELL-yeh). For 10 points, name this writer of The Awakening.;;(Katherine) (O'Flaherty) (Kate) Chopin
;;This player's 41 runs batted in during September 2006 was the highest single-month total since July 1962. In that same month, he hit his 49th home run of the season, breaking the previous franchise single-season record. One notable 2009 home run by this player was retrieved by a twelve-year -old girl, who was allegedly bribed with candy into giving this player his  200th career home run, an accomplishment that he took fewer career games to achieve than any previous player. For 10 points, name this 2006 National League MVP, a power-hitting first baseman for the Philadelphia Phillies.;;(Ryan) Howard
;;This and the Faraday constant are the only two constants appearing in the Nernst equation, and in the Arrhenius equation, e is taken to the power of negative activation energy divided by the product of temperature and this constant. It is equal to  Boltzmann's constant multiplied by Avogadro's number. For 10 points, name this constant equal to approximately 8.3 joules per mole Kelvin and which appears with pressure, volume, temperature, and number of moles in a law modeling the "ideal" variety of its namesake state of matter.;;(universal)|(ideal) gas constant
;;One leader of this country overthrew Carol II with help from the Iron Guard, a fascist group in this nation. The new puppet king, Michael, later overthrew his former fascist ally, Ion  Antonescu. Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej (GYOR-gyeh gyor-GYOO-desh) was replaced as leader of this country by another Communist, whose rule of this country was ended when that man and his wife Elena were executed on Christmas in 1989. For 10 points, name this Eastern European country once ruled by Nicolae Ceausescu (chow-SESS-koo).;;Romania
;;At the beginning of this novel, a sunflower oil spill leads to the accidental decapitation of Berlioz. Another character in this novel is temporarily decapitated during a black magic act at the Variety Theatre. One of the title characters hosts a Satanic ball after flying naked on a broom to Apartment Fifty, and the other title character is the author of a novel about  Pontius Pilate. Azazello and Behemoth, a talking cat, accompany the Devil during his visit to Moscow in, for 10 points, what novel by Mikhail Bulgakov?.;;(The) Master and Margarita|Master i Margarita
;;This figure's mother was turned into a tree that produced the Balm of Gilead. This figure was conceived after Cinyras was seduced by his daughter Myrrha. Drops of this man's blood turned into anemone (ah-NEH-mow-nee). Aphrodite killed Orpheus to spite Calliope (cuh-LIE-oh-pee) for giving this man to  Persephone (per-SEF-uh-nee) for half of the year. This figure's beauty was so prized that he was hidden in a chest until his violent death. For 10 points, name this beautiful mortal who was killed by a boar sent by a jealous Ares.;;Adonis
;;This architect of the General Motors Technical Center in Warren, Michigan is known for his "thin-shell" designs, such as the Kresge Auditorium at MIT and the TWA terminal at New York's  JFK Airport. He is also responsible for the main terminal at Washington's Dulles Airport. His best known work, the tallest monument in the United States, sits at the Jefferson National Expansion Memorial and is in the shape of a catenary curve. For 10 points, name this Finnish-American architect who designed St. Louis's Gateway Arch.;;(Eero) Saarinen
;;This molecule acts as a cofactor in catecholamine synthesis, such as the conversion of dopamine to norepinephrine. Ingestion of this molecule may decrease the risk or severity of cataracts, and it may help regenerate other  antioxidants such as Vitamin E. Ingestion of large doses of this molecule was advocated by Linus Pauling, though it does not appear to help prevent the common cold. For 10 points, name this vitamin that prevents scurvy and is found in citrus fruits.;;(Vitamin) C
;;Pat Callahan sends the protagonist of this novel to jail when he assaults his wife's boss Connor. The protagonist relates his story to the guests of Hind's Hotel and later meets Ostrinsky, who introduces him to  socialism. The protagonist leaves the Back of the Yards after his child drowns in urban muddy water. Earlier, Ona, his wife, had died in childbirth. For 10 points, name this novel about the Lithuanian immigrant Jurgis Rudkis, who works in the Chicago meatpacking industry, written by Upton Sinclair.;;(The) Jungle
;;Llewellyn Thomas gives his name to a relativistic corrected form of this effect, and accurate prediction of this of the perihelion of Mercury is seen as success for general relativity. This phenomenon in magnetic fields is named for Larmor. This concept plays a key role in Milankovitch cycles, and one cycle of this for the Earth is  26,000 years. It can occur when a torque causes a motion of the angular momentum vector. For 10 points, name this phenomenon seen in seen in the movement of a spinning top.;;precession
;;He led some militia who were famously characterized by their opponents as "Regulars, By God!" at the Battle of Chippewa. This man chose William Alexander Graham as his running mate in one election after beating out Millard Fillmore and Daniel Webster for the Whig Party nomination. During the Civil War, this figure designed the  blockade system known as the Anaconda Plan. This general led American forces in the march to Mexico City after assaulting Veracruz in the Mexican War. For 10 points, name this general, known as "Old Fuss and Feathers.".;;(Winfield) Scott
;;This man often used myths of the Bororo as examples and discussed the development of etiquette from a free code to compulsory in his The Origin of Table Manners. That work appeared along with another that claims the transition from nature to culture comes through heating of food, this man's The  Raw and the Cooked. This man developed a school in his field through such works as The Elementary Structures of Kinship. For 10 points, name this writer of Mythologiques, a French anthropologist who wrote Structural Anthropology.;;(Claude) Levi(-)Strauss
;;Two people with this last name discovered an effect relating to electric currents in Rochelle salts. The 1935 winners of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry were the son-in-law and daughter of those people. The namesake of original SI unit for  radioactivity was a member of this family, and the current SI unit is named for the man with whom this family worked, Henri Becquerel. For 10 points, give this name shared by a family of Nobel laureates who discovered the elements polonium and radium, most notably Pierre and his wife, Marie.;;Curie
;;Self advancement among practitioners of this religion is described by the Bridge to Total Freedom. In this religion, the ARC and KRC triangles govern the stability of society. This religion emphasizes auditing, which it believes can occur with the help of E-meters. Volcanoes with hydrogen  bombs detonated inside were thought to have made thetans stick together in this religion, which despises an ancient alien named Xenu (ZEE-noo). For 10 points, name this religion that was built around the theory of dianetics by founder L. Ron Hubbard.;;(Church) (of) Scientology
;;The application of this theorem usually involves the construction of its namesake surface, such as its "pillbox." This theorem can be derived from Coulomb's Law by integrating over a Dirac delta function. In integral form, this expression is usually formulated in terms of a surface integral that is proportional to the enclosed  charge, while its differential version states that the divergence of the electric field is proportional to the charge density. For 10 points, identify this law, one of Maxwell's Equations and named for a German scientist.;;Gauss' Law
;;One character in this work is nicknamed "Twenty-two Calamities." That man's financial mismanagement leads to the central event. At one point of this work, a hiker is given a gold piece by a character in financial ruin. At the end of this work, the old servant Firs is abandoned, and Varya, the lover of the merchant  Lopakhin, urges Madame Ranevsky to sell the title estate. For 10 points, the sound of axes chopping down trees is heard from offstage at the end of what play by Anton Chekhov?.;;(The) Cherry Orchard|Vishniovy Sad
;;Objects on the surface of this entity are described by Sporer's Law and were not as visible during the Maunder Minimum. The SOHO spacecraft, which sends telemetry about this object to Earth, occupies a Lagrange point of an orbit around this astronomical object. Voyager 1 and 2 passed through a  termination shock, which was formed because of this object. This object emits a stellar wind of plasma that produces the Northern Lights, and its corona is visible during an eclipse. For 10 points, name this stellar body at the center of the solar system.;;(the) sun|Sol
;;This man gained prominence for quelling a revolt of Asturian miners before becoming commandant of the Canary Islands. Under this man's rule, the Sindicato Vertical was the only legal trade union. This man oversaw the fusion of the Carlist and  Falange parties. In 1969, this man designated Juan Carlos as his official successor. Despite receiving aid from Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy during his country's civil war, this man kept his country neutral during World War II. For 10 points, name this Nationalist dictator of Spain from 1939 to 1975.;;(Francisco) Franco
;;In one work by this man, a group of boys often swim around a minesweeping ship, in which Mahlke finds a sanctuary from ridicule about his large Adam's apple. In another work by this author, a raid on a post office results in the execution of Jan Bronski. In that work by this man, the main character's father dies by swallowing a political  badge. A main character created by this author receives a certain musical object at age three, when he decides to stop growing. For 10 points, name this German author of the Danzig trilogy, which includes Cat and Mouse and The Tin Drum.;;(Gunter) Grass
;;This city's Federal District is bounded by the Riachuelo River and Avenida General Paz. This city's Pyramid of May is located in the Plaza de Mayo. The Avenida Corrientes and Calle Lavalle are home to a large theater district in this city. This city is also the location of the Casa Rosada, from which this nation's leaders have  addressed mass audiences. For 10 points, name this city, which is located at the point where the Parana River delta widens to form the Rio de la Plata, and serves the capital of Argentina.;;Buenos Aires
;;The central figure in this painting was modeled by Victorine Meurent. Other models used for this painting included Ferdinand Leenhoff and the artist's brother Eugene. An empty boat can be seen in the background of this painting, next to a woman in a white dress who bends and dips her hand into the  water. In the bottom left of this painting, a basket overflows with food onto a blue dress. This painting's forefront depicts two fully dressed men standing next to a nude woman who looks directly at the viewer. For 10 points, name this Edward Manet painting.;;(The) Luncheon on the Grass|(Le) dejeuner sur l'herbe
;;This wife of Asterius possessed a bronze robot that hurled stones at unwanted strangers, and a hound that always caught whatever he was hunting. Those creatures were Talos and Laelaps. Two of this woman's sons serve alongside Aeacus (eye-EEK-us) as judges of the dead. While searching for this woman, her brother  Cadmus founded Thebes. After being carried off to Crete, this Phoenician princess bore Sarpedon, Rhadamanthys (rad-uh-MAN-thus), and Minos. For 10 points, name this woman who was abducted by Zeus in the form of a white bull.;;Europa
;;In one of this man's dramas, Hilaret and Capatain Constant expose the corruption of Justice Squeezum. A cow eats Tom Thumb in his The Tragedy of Tragedies. After this man's career in the theater ended with the passage of the Licensing Act of 1737, he wrote a novel in which Lady Booby attempts to corrupt the title character,  Joseph Andrews. For 10 points, name British author of a novel abot a foundling who loves Jenny and was discovered by Squire Allworthy, Tom Jones.;;(Henry) Fielding
;;The score for this ballet contains a pounding combination of an F flat chord and an E-flat seventh chord played two hundred times in its section "Dances of the Adolescent Girls." This ballet climaxes with a young girl dancing herself to death in its final act, "The Sacrifice." This ballet's awkward, primitive movements, choreographed by  Vaslav Nijinsky, and its strongly dissonant music inspired a riot at its 1913 premiere. For 10 points, name this ballet composed by Igor Stravinsky, which depicts a pagan ritual.;;(The) Rite of Spring|(Le) Sacre du Printemps
;;One commander at this battle ordered the metal beaks removed from some of the ships. Prior to this engagement, one side had beseiged Famagusta. The winning force at this battle was an alliance assembled by Pope Pius V that included Andrea Doria of Genoa and Don John of Austria. The  Holy League defeated the forces of Selim II at, for 10 points, what 1571 naval battle that checked Ottoman power in the Mediterranean?.;;(Battle) (of) Lepanto
;;One poem by this author opens "I have done it again. One year in every ten" and describes skin as "Bright as a Nazi lampshade." Another work of this poet describes the title character as "Big as a Frisco seal" and confesses "I have always been scared of you, With your Luftwaffe, your gobbledygoo." One character created by this author works at a fashion magazine and is dumped by Buddy Willard before ending up in a  mental institution. For 10 points, name this author of "Lady Lazarus," who used Nazi imagry in the poem "Daddy" and wrote about Esther Greenwood in The Bell Jar before her oven-assisted suicide.;;(Sylvia) Plath
;;Under the rule of this dynasty's ruler al-Mustakfi, its capital was siezed by the Buyids. The eighth ruler of this dynasty, al-Mutasim, was the first to employ Turkish mercenaries. This dynasty was founded when Abu Muslim defeated the last caliph of a preceding dynasty, Marwan II, at the battle of the Great Zab River, and it was once ruled by the legendarily opulent  Harun al-Rashid. The rule of this dynasty ended in 1258, when Baghdad fell to the Mongols. For 10 points, identify this second great Muslim dynasty, which overthew and succeeded the Umayyad caliphate in 750.;;Abbasid Dynasty|Abbasid Caliphate
;;This man wrote the pamphlet Essays Before a Sonata. His second string quartet is supposed to represent a political argument and a reconciliation between four men. He incorporated popular tunes, such as "Hallo Ma Baby," into the dissonant  Central Park in the Dark, The sections "Emerson," "Hawthorne," "The Alcotts," and "Thoreau" appear in another of this man's works. For 10 points, name this American composer of the Concord Sonata and Three Places in New England.;;(Charles) Ives
;;Succulent organisms obtain a main reactant of this reaction series by breaking down malate to pyruvate in crassulacean acid metabolism. In this reaction chain, G3P is formed after the reduction of 1,3-Bisphosphoglycerate (BI-FOSS-fo-GLISS-er-ate) by NADPH. The first step of this reaction chain is catalyzed by  rubisco and requires an intake of carbon dioxide. The end product of this reaction series in the stroma is converted to glucose. For 10 points, name this carbon-fixation cycle that follows the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis.;;Calvin(-)Benson(-)Bassham (Cycle)
;;This person gained promotion to his highest office in part due to his speech "Soldier's Faith." This justice argued that "the life of the law has not been logic; it has been experience" in his book The Common Law. This justice controversially wrote "three generations of imbeciles are enough" in a majority opinion upholding a Virginia compulsory sterilization law, and dissented in Abrams v. U.S. to protest the misapplication of his  "clear and present danger" doctrine. He argued that the First Amendment does not protect someone "falsely shouting fire in a theatre" in Schenck v. U.S. For 10 points, name this Supreme Court justice, known as "The Great Dissenter.".;;(Oliver) (Wendell) Holmes(,) (Jr(.))
;;Upon arriving in the title locale of the opera in which he appears, this character sings that "news has a kind of mystery." He later recollects his hamburger stand in Hawaii. This character's arrival is marked by the piece "The Landing of the Spirit of '76." This operatic character watches a performance of The Red Detachment of Women with his wife. He is the title character of an opera in which a portrait of a chairman comes to life and dances to a "foxtrot for orchestra" with Madame  Mao. For 10 points, name this operatic character, whom composer John Adams depicted "in China" in an interpretation of his 1973 diplomatic breakthrough.;;(Richard) (Milhous) Nixon
;;This instrument plays the melody of the Kol Nidre in a composition by Max Bruch. J. S. Bach's six suites for this instrument begin with a prelude consisting of eight-note arpeggiated chords. Anton Dvorak (duh-VOR-jack) composed a B minor concerto for this instrument, and Edward Elgar's concerto for this instrument was popularized by Jacqueline du Pre. This instrument is tuned an octave lower than a  viola, and its notable players include Mstislav Rostropovich, Pablo Casals, and Yo-Yo Ma. For 10 points, name this string instrument that is held upright on the ground while playing.;;cello|violincello
;;This book is divided into sections of four stories each, including "The Twenty-Six Malignant Gates" and "Queen Mother of the Western Skies." A four-year old child named Bing drowns in this work, traumatizing one family. Another character in this book is suffering strain in her marriage to Ted Jordan, and Lena is recovering from bulimia. The title group of this novel is composed of three mothers and four daughters, who meet every month to play  mah-jongg and reminisce about their former lives in China. For 10 points, name this book by Amy Tan.;;(The) Joy Luck Club
;;In 1999, a violent outburst from the direction of this constellation was at first thought to have revealed the closest black hole to Earth. Its namesake triplet consists of the Lagoon Nebula, the Omega Nebula, and the Trifid Nebula. It lies between the center of the  Milky Way and the planet Earth, and it is home to a star formation known as the teapot. For 10 points, Rukbat is the brightest star in which constellation often depicted as a centaur holding a bow and arrow?.;;Sagittarius
;;The role of Innogen was removed from early editions of this play. One character in this play constantly asks the Sexton to make a note of things. Another character in this play is accused of infidelity when her maidservant Margaret is confused with her. That misunderstanding is orchestrated by Conrade and Borrachio, who work with Don  John in his attempt to undermine the marriage of Claudio and Hero, until they are arrested by Dogberry. For 10 points, name this Shakespeare play set in Messina, in which Don Pedro plays matchmaker to Beatrice and Benedick.;;Much Ado About Nothing
;;In Spanish, this construction is formed by replacing the "o" in the first personal singular form with the ending for the opposite type of verb. In English, it exists in fixed phrases such as "until death do us part" and "long live the king." In Italian, this construction is used in clauses subordinated to the phrase "I think that," in contrast to French, where the  indicative would be used. For 10 points, name this grammatical mood, which typically expresses emotion, opinion, or uncertainty.;;subjunctive mood
;;As majority floor leader of the House during the War of 1812, he earned the nickname "Young Hercules." His wife Floride (pronounced like "Florida") initiated the social boycott of Peggy Eaton during the Petticoat Affair. He replied to a Jefferson Day toast by stating, "The Union, next to our liberty, the most dear." That quote reflected his belief that any state could declare an  act of Congress unconstitutional, a view expressed in his South Carolina Exposition and Protest. For 10 points, name this South Carolina politician who formulated the doctrine of nullification and was a compromise Vice-President to two of his political opponents, John Quincy Adams and Andrew Jackson.;;(John) (C(.)) Calhoun
;;This work's sections include "Of the Substance of Angels Absolutely Considered" and "Of Christ's Manner of Life." It consists of a series of questions, objections, and responses, which often quote Aristotle, whom this work refers to as "The Philosopher." Its first part presents five proofs of the existence of God, and its final part was left unfinished after its author had a spiritual experience in 1273. It was written by a prominent  student of Albertus Magnus and the titan of Scholastic philosophy. For 10 points, name this systematic work by Thomas Aquinas which purports to collect all Catholic theology.;;Summa Theologica|Summa Theologiae
;;This woman took the place of her sister after her sister's death in an arranged marriage with the count Alexandre. After Alexandre was guillotined, this woman took up the name Rose and entered an affair with Paul Barras. This Martinique native was notorious for her bad teeth and spendthrift personality. Through her daughter Hortense, she became an ancestor of the  monarchs of Belgium, Greece, Luxembourg, and Sweden. For 10 points, name this first "empress of the French," who was coronated at Notre Dame by her second husband, Napoleon Bonaparte.;;Josephine de (Beauharnais)
;;The largest minority group in this country are the Shan people. One of its major rivers, the Salween, empties into the Gulf of Martaban. This country is home to the Shwe Dagon Pagoda, and  Mandalay is a major transportation hub of this nation. The Naga Hills lie on this nation's border with India, and the major river of this nation is the Irrawaddy. For 10 points, name this Southeast Asian nation, a former British colony where a military junta suppressed protests by monks in 2007.;;Burma|Myanmar
;;One of the founders of this art movement used pasted paper and charcoal in his collage Le Courrier. Another of its founders painted Nude in a Black Armchair and depicted jagged women with African masks in another painting. That founder of this movement showed five Barcelona  prostitutes in the aforementioned painting, also created a work that uses a lightbulb and a bull to commemorate the bombing of a Basque city. For 10 points, name this movement to which the paintings Les Demoiselles d'Avignon and Guernica belong, which was pioneered by Georges Braque and Pablo Picasso.;;Cubism
;;One character in this novel must choose to defend the father of a woman he loves or the protagonist of this work; another of its characters, Little Gavroche, is killed during a political riot. The protagonist of this work is required to carry a yellow passport to note that he is a  felon. The Bishop of Digne saves the main character's life by claiming he has given a candlestick as a gift. This novel's protagonist gives away Cosette when she marries Marius. For 10 points, name this Victor Hugo novel in which a loaf of bread is stolen by Jean Valjean.;;(Les) Miserables
;;During a journey taken by this man, he has five bad dreams, each of with is interpreted by a friend as a good omen. In addition to taking that journey to the Cedar Forest, where he helps kill the demonic guardian  Humbaba, this hero rejects the advances of Ishtar. That action which causes the death of his wild friend, Enkidu. This two-thirds-god, one-third-man figure fails to gain immortality despite the aid of Utnapishtim. For 10 points, name this king of Uruk, the subject of a Sumerian epic that is one of the oldest works of narrative literature.;;Gilgamesh|Bilgames
;;This instrument plays the melody of the Kol Nidre in a composition by Max Bruch. J. S. Bach's six suites for this instrument begin with a prelude consisting of eight-note arpeggiated chords. Anton Dvorak (duh-VOR-jack) composed a B minor concerto for this instrument, and Edward Elgar's concerto for this instrument was popularized by Jacqueline du Pre. This instrument is tuned an octave lower than a  viola, and its notable players include Mstislav Rostropovich, Pablo Casals, and Yo-Yo Ma. For 10 points, name this string instrument that is held upright on the ground while playing.;;cello|violincello
;;One of his first actions after taking power was to give Kabaka Mutesa a state burial. This leader expelled over eighty thousand Asians from his country. This man overthrew Milton Obote and forced Operation Thunderball, when he allowed Palestinian separatists to land a plane full of Israeli hostages at  Entebbe airport in his country. This leader was finally overthrown when his attempt to annex the Kagera region caused Julius Nyerere of Tanzania to depose him. For 10 points, name this fan of boxing and cannibalism who lasted most of the 1970s as an infamous dictator of Uganda.;;(Idi) Amin Dada
;;This man reworked a piece he wrote for Eugene Goossens into a finale for his third symphony. This man composed a work based on a visit to a dance hall with Carlos Chavez that incorporated Mexican folk music, his El Salon Mexico. He composed the score for a work that follows newlyweds on the  frontier, incorporating the Shaker hymn "Simple Gifts." For 10 points, name this composer who created the work Fanfare for the Common Man and worked with choreographer Martha Graham on Appalachian Spring.;;(Aaron) Copland
;;A problem posed by Hadamard attempts to find the largest value for one of these entities given the elements of a set. Differential equations can be solved using one called the Wronskian, and these entities can be computed using the technique of expansion by minors. Ratios of these are used to find solutions to systems of equations via  Cramer's Rule. If this value is zero, the matrix associated with it is singular. For 10 points, name this mathematical concept that, for a two by two matrix a b; c d, is equal to a d minus b c.;;determinant
;;Members of this movement rioted after learning that some of their leaders, such as Henry Vincent, were imprisoned in the Westgate Hotel in Newport. This movement was popularized by a namesake Thomas Carlyle pamphlet, and it took its name from a document drafted by William Lovett. This movement advocated the  secret ballot, universal male suffrage, and payment for Members of Parliament among its six demands. For 10 points, name this mid-nineteenth-century social movement in Great Britain, which wrote a petition known as the People's Charter.;;Chartism|Chartists
;;One string theory proposal treats them as fuzzballs and a proposed way of extracting energy from them is the Penrose process. The Reissner-Nordstrom type have nonzero charge. The conjecture that they can be completely described by charge, angular momentum, and mass is known as the no hair theorem. One region of them is known as ergosphere, and they can be created by  compacting a mass below its Schwarzschild radius. Information can not travel back past their event horizon, and at their centers are singularities. For 10 points, name these objects from which no mass or light can escape.;;black holes
;;During a dinner scene in this work, a professor of oriental religion is chastised for his nationalistic views. In a meeting with a chess player, the main character of this novel watches a mirror break into miniature versions of himself. After a discussion with  Hermine, the protagonist notices a cinema playing The Ten Commandments. At a dress ball, this novels main character is invited to the Magic Theater, a place "For Madmen Only." For 10 points, name this novel about Harry Haller and his half-man, half-canine nature, a work of Herman Hesse.;;Steppenwolf
;;This psychologist argued that "moving toward others," "moving against others," and "moving away from others" were the three unhealthy trends. She organized the Association for the Advancement of Psychoanalysis after being expelled from the New York Psychoanalytic Institute. She argued against the concept of the death instinct and libido in works such as Feminine Psychology and The Neurotic Personality of Our Time.  For 10 points, name this psychologist, who introduced the concept of womb envy.;;(Karen) Horney
;;The magnitudes of constructs of this type are related to J-coupling constants in proton NMR spectroscopy, according to the Karplus equations. One construct of this type is also known as the "dihedral" type, and applies when four or more atoms are bonded in a straight chain. For a central molecule with two sigma bonds, the magnitude of a construct of this type  decreases by one-third when a lone pair is present, which is the major difference between a linear and a bent molecule. For 10 points, name these figures important in molecular geometry, which come in "bond" and "torsional" varieties, and are typically measured in degrees.;;angles|(torsional) angles(;)|(bond) angles(;)|(dihedral) angles
;;This deity trips a figure named Lit and kicks him into a pyre. This deity, assisted by some items given by Grid, defeats Geirrod, but fails to wrestle Eli, who is really Old Age. This deity cannot pick up the cat of  Utgard-Loki, but does make Thialfi into his apprentice. This figure bears the sons Magni and Modi, kills Hrungnir (RUNG-neer) over his wife Sif, and goes fishing with Hymir (IM-eer), who cuts his line before he can rope in the Midgard Serpent. He is killed by that serpent at Ragnarok despite being able to wield Mjollnir (MYOLL-neer). For 10 points, name this Norse god of thunder and son of Odin.;;Thor
;;Franz Schubert's sixth and ninth symphonies are known as the "Little" and "Great" symphonies in this key. A series of eighth notes "traditionally played by a beautiful girl" is referred to as "The Pulse" in the Terry  Riley work called "In" this key. The "Jupiter" Symphony was also written in this key, to which instruments such as the flute are tuned. The relative minor of this key is A minor. For 10 points, name this key that has no sharps or flats.;;C major
;;In 2007, he stated that Thomas Eagleton was the source of a quote that this journalist used in a 1972 column stating that George McGovern was in favor of "amnesty, abortion, and acid." The co-founder of the column Inside Report, he was the host of a CNN show with  Roland Evans, In 2003, after Joseph Wilson claimed that George W. Bush distorted intelligence in order to justify invading Iraq, this man outed Wilson's wife Valerie Plame as a CIA operative. For 10 points, name this long-tenured conservative commentator, a former mainstay on Crossfire, who died in August 2009.;;(Robert) Novak
;;This author wrote a novel about a man who sneaks on board the steamship Fidele, where he interacts with the passengers during April Fool's Day masquerades. Another of his works features a scene where a man is shaved by Babo, ostensibly his faithful servant but actually his captor. Besides The Confidence Man and  "Benito Cereno," this man wrote a novella that ends with the handsome-faced title character saying "God bless Captain Vere!" before being hanged. For 10 points, name this American author of Billy Budd and a novel about Starbuck, Queequeg, and Ahab's pursuit of a great white whale, Moby-Dick.;;(Herman) Melville
;;During this holiday, one person announces that they lean on a pillow to remind themselves they can relax. Another person on this holiday is supposed to ask "Why is this night different from all other nights?" The other questions that are supposed to be asked at dinner during this holiday discuss eating only  bitter herbs which are dipped twice, and why Matzah is eaten during this holiday. This holiday commemorates the night when the angel of death skipped the houses of Jews when he killed Egyptians. For 10 points, name this Jewish holiday that features the seder.;;Passover|Pesach
;;The results of this experiment were disputed by Felix Ehrenhaft, who claimed to have gotten values that were a fraction of the minimum possible value. Since the scale of this experiment was on a very small level, Stokes' Law was invalid, which meant that the pressure had to be adjusted in order to find he effect of the viscosity of air. However, an error resulted in the final value to be off by about one percent. It used two  charged parallel metal plates, creating a potential difference, which was then adjusted such that the electric force perfectly counteracted the force of gravity on the titular substance. For 10 points, name this experiment that resulted in the discovery of the charge of the electron.;;(Millikan) Oil Drop Experiment|Millikan Experiment
;;This man incorporated characters created by other authors, including Fitzgerald's T.J. Eckleburg, Heller's Yossarian, and Roth's Nathan Zuckerman, into his novel about Ormus Cama and Vina Apsara's rock band VTO, The  Ground Beneath Her Feet. The large-eared Aadam (ah-dahm) and "Parvati the witch" are among the title group of another novel by this author, which partially takes place at Mary Pereira's pickle factory and features Saleem Sinai trying to lead all the people born as India achieved independence. For 10 points, name this author of Midnight's Children and The Satanic Verses.;;(Salman) Rushdie
;;One ruler of this nation was killed during an attempted invasion at the Battle of the Three Kings. This nation received a new constitution during the long dictatorship of economist Antonio  Salazar. One dynasty in this country was started by John IV, who ended Spanish rule of this nation and created the Braganza dynasty. Alexander VI gave this country rights to lands east of a line of demarcation in the Treaty of Tordesillas (TOR-day-SEE-yass). For 10 points, name this Iberian nation, whose explorers included Bartolomeu Dias and Vasco de Gama.;;Portugal|Portuguese Republic(;)|(Republica) Portuguesa
;;This operation can be performed nowhere on the Weierstrass function, and L'Hopital's rule uses this function to evaluate limits of indeterminate forms. If this operation can be performed, the function must be continuous, though the converse does not hold. The  chain rule is useful for performing this operation on composite functions, and Leibniz' notation for it is written as d y over d x. For 10 points, name this measure of the instantaneous rate of change of a function, often represented by the slope of a tangent line.;;derivative|differentiation
;;This body of water it is fed by the Olifants River, below which this river is navigable. Its mouth is located at Xai-Xai (shy-shy), which it reaches after draining the Waterburg Biosphere. One of its tributaries, the Shoshe, forms part of the Botswana-Zimbabwe border before joining this river. Called the  Krokodil near its source, it flows through Mozambique and was described by Kipling as "great, green, greasy/" For 10 points, name this second-longest of the rivers that flow to the Indian Ocean from Africa.;;Limpopo River
;;This character notes how "on horror's head horrors accumulate." His mother received a piece of cloth engraved with strawberries by an Egyptian sorceress. This man uses his clown to send away some pesky musicians, and he is married to Brabanzio's daughter. This character is warned about  "jealousy, a green eyed monster" before he smothers his wife with a pillow. For 10 points, name this commander of Cassio and husband of Desdemona who suffers at the behest of Iago and is the title Moor of a Shakespeare play.;;Othello
;;A Russian mission to this moon, "Grunt," had its launch delayed from October 2009 to 2011. The Kaidun meteorite is thought to be a remnant of this moon. The largest crater on this moon is the Stickney crater. Iosif Shklovksy claimed that this moon was of  artificial origin while attempting to explain why it is slowly spiraling into the planet it orbits. For 10 points, name this moon that is both closer to Mars and larger than its neighbor, Deimos.;;Phobos
;;During a 1076 synod held in this city, Henry IV demanded the abdication of Pope Gregory VII. An 1122 agreement named for this city ended the investiture controversy and is known as this city's "concordat." At a later meeting in this city, a defendant proclaimed  "Here I stand; I can do no other" after being summoned by Charles V to defend himself against charges of heresy. For 10 points, name this German city where Martin Luther appeared at a 1521 Diet (DEE-et).;;Worms
;;Spanish architect Santiago Calatrava designed a namesake "Spire" for this city. This city is also the site of the Robie House, an exemplar of the Prairie Style. William Le Baron Jenney designed the Home Insurance building in this city, and a series of temporary buildings designed here by Daniel Burnham was known as the  White City. Frank Gehry designed this city's recently completed Millennium Park. For 10 points, name this city whose suburb of Oak Park was home to much of Frank Lloyd Wright's work, and which contains the building formerly known as the Sears Tower.;;Chicago(,) (Illinois)
;;This author wrote about a dim boy who gains the title nickname after breaking a vessel of milk in "Aloysha the Pot." In another of this author's works, the title noble is inspired by the servant Gerasim after falling off a ladder while hanging a curtain. He also wrote a novel in which  Pierre Bezukhov believes he is destined to assassinate Napoleon, and a novel whose title character falls in love with Vronsky and throws herself in front of a train. For 10 points, name this Russian author of Anna Karenina and War and Peace.;;(Leo) (Nikolayevich) Tolstoy
;;This man and his wife started the New Life Movement, a nationalist, Confucian-based response to Communism. This man agreed to fight against the Japanese after being held captive for two weeks in the  Xian (SHEE-ahn) Incident. This man's country was twice shelled from across the Formosa Strait by the party that had defeated this man's forces in a civil war. While fighting Mao Zedong, this man moved his government to the island of Taiwan. For 10 points, name this one-time leader of the Kuomintang (GWO-min-DONG) and president of the Republic of China, who succeeded Sun Yat-Sen.;;Chiang Kai(-)shek|Chiang Chieh(-)shih(;)|Chiang Chung(-)cheng(;)|Jiang Jieshi
;;This painter depicted three umpires in a work variously known as Game Called Because of Rain or Bottom of the Sixth. The center of another of his paintings features an old man and old woman serving a turkey; that painting,  Freedom from Want, is part of this man's Four Freedoms series. This man's depiction of Rosie the Riveter appeared on the May 29, 1943 cover of a magazine. For 10 points, name this illustrator who, from 1916 to 1963, produced covers for the Saturday Evening Post.;;(Norman) (Percevel) Rockwell
;;This politician's campaign manager, William Dudley, bribed groups of voters dubbed the "blocks of five." As president, he oversaw the coup that ousted the ruling dynasty of Hawaii. This man's Presidency occurred alongside the "Billion Dollar Congress," which passed the  Sherman Antitrust Act, Sherman Silver Purchase Act, and McKinley Tariff for him to sign. This Indiana native chose Whitelaw Reid to replace Levi Morton as his Vice Presidential candidate when he lost to the incumbent he had defeated four years earlier. For 10 points, name this President who served between the two terms of Grover Cleveland and was the grandson of former president William Henry.;;(Benjamin) Harrison
;;Thing bound for this organelle are enclosed in COPI (COPE-one) or COPII (COPE-two). Proteoglycans are formed here via glycosylation. It is divided into cis, medial, and trans compartments, and in this organelle, mannose-6-phosphate is  added to proteins destined for the lysosome. It receives proteins transported from the endoplasmic reticulum and modifies them before their final destination. For 10 points, name this organelle that sorts and ships proteins, name for its Italian discoverer.;;Golgi apparatus|Golgi bodies
;;One of this author's characters is a Corsican that assaults a person for making advances to a young boy at a library, and is identified as "The Self-Taught Man." Another of this author's characters is a mother who throws her child off a balcony and talks to a postal clerk before another character strokes a bronze mantelpiece. This author wrote a novel about  Antoine Rosquentin and a play in which Inez and Estelle's bickering leads Garcin to state "Hell is other people." For 10 points, name this write of Nausea and No Exit.;;(Jean(-)Paul) Sartre
;;This psychologist pioneered the study of transmarginal inhibition, the body's response to overwhelming stimuli. His work on digestion involved induced fistulas and earned him the Nobel Prize. The behaviorists made use of the result of his most famous  experiment, which demonstrated the theory of classical conditioning. For 10 points, name this Russian psychologist who conditioned dogs to salivate in response to a stimulus which they associated with being fed.;;(Ivan) Pavlov
;;This man's experiences in World War I were the subject of his textbook Infantry Attacks. He led victorious troops at the Battle of the Kassine Pass and oversaw the seige of Tobruk. He was forced to take poison after it was revealed that he had contact with the  July Plotters. Earlier, this commander was defeated by British forces at the Battle of El-Alamein. For 10 points, name this German general of World War II who was nicknamed "the Desert Fox.".;;(Erwin) Rommel
;;One bridge in this city was designed by Alexandre Chan to have its arches cross from one side of the bridge to the other. That structure, the JK Bridge, crosses from this city over Lake Paranoa. This city is divided through its center by the Eixo Monumental (EH-shew moan-oh-men-tall). This city was  designed by Lucio Costa to have the shape of an airplane. For 10 points, name this South American city whose government buildings were designed by Oscar Niemeyer, and which replaced Rio de Janeiro as capital of Brazil.;;Brasilia
;;The Great White Spot refers to a series of storms periodically appearing on the surface of this planet. Christiaan Huygens was the first to discover one of its moons, and with another scientist he lends his name to a spacecraft studying it. It is the only planet in the solar system that is less dense than water, and its moons include  Iapetus, Janus and Rhea. Its most notable feature has a gap known as the Cassini Division. For 10 points, name this planet which is orbited by Titan and possesses an extensive ring system, the sixth planet from the sun.;;Saturn
;;The final section of this novel describes a sermon delivered by Reverend Shegog. This novel's narrators include a student who drowns himself in the Charles River on June 2, 1910. It also includes the mother of Versh, T.P. and Frony, namely, the matriarchal servant  Dilsey. One character in this novel, who is castrated after attacking a girl, loves his promiscuous sister Caddy. Another character in this novel is the Harvard-educated son of Jason and brother of Benjy, Quentin. For 10 points, name this novel about the decay of the Compsons, written by William Faulkner.;;(The) Sound and the Fury
;;The Riemann hypothesis conjectures that every non-trivial root of the zeta function has a real part equal to this. Multiplying this number by the quantity one plus the cosine of two x is equal to cosine squared of x. Using Heron's formula requires one to multiply the  perimeter of the triangle in question by this number, and finding the square root of a number is equivalent to taking it to this power. For 10 points, identify this number, equal to the sine of thirty degrees.;;one(-)half
;;In this novel, the servant Grimaud has learned to communicate with hand signals. The maid Kitty falls in love with the protagonist of this novel, whose assassination is pardoned in advance by a priest. This novel was followed by the sequels The  Vicomte of Bragelonne and Twenty Years After. The puritan jailer Felton is no match for the charms of the antagonist of this novel, who conspires with Cardinal Richelieu to reveal the queen's affair. For 10 points, name this novel in which Milady De Winter is foiled by Aramis, Athos, Porthos, and D'Artagnan.;;(The) Three Musketeers|(Les) Trois Mousquetaires
;;This country defeated Spanish forces at Callao in 1866 and was later the home of the ARPA party. Revolutionary movements in this country included one founded by a former philosophy professor and one that took hostages at the Japanese embassy in this country in 1996. This home to the Tupac Amaru Revolutionary Army and the  Shining Path joined with Bolivia to fight Chile in the War of the Pacific. This nation's controversial President Alberto Fujimori was opposed in an election by novelist Mario Vargas Llosa (YO-suh). For 10 points, name this country, the home of the Incan city of Machu Picchu.;;(Republic) (of) Peru
;;According to legend, this painting was inspired by its artist eating some Camembert cheese while trying to figure out how to complete his landscape of Port Lligat. Twenty-three years after its completion, its artist painted The Disintegration of this painting. This painting depicts golden cliffs in the right background, a  swarm of ants in the left foreground, and a barren tree across which one of its most notable features is draped. For 10 points, name this Salvador Dali painting, which features melting clocks.;;(The) Persistence of Memory
;;Carl Bildt argues that this action would be beneficial because the country involved in this proposed action controls the Nabucco pipeline. Major obstacles to the realization of this goal include the use of Article 301 to silence dissenters and the requirement to abolish the death penalty in order to perform this action. Other opponents note that the  lira currency of the nation in question is not strong enough, and thus would devalue a certain multinational currency. For 10 points, identify this hot-button issue in European politics, which, if accomplished, would see extensive use of the euro currency in Istanbul.;;(the) admission of Turkey to (the) European Union liberally (accept) (alternative) (phrasings) (of) (the) (answer) (that) (get) (the) (basic) (concept) (across(,)) (such) (as) Turkey joining the European Union|(anything) (like) (that(;)) (accept) E(.)U(.) in (place) (of) (European) (Union) (in) (all) (cases)
;;The omega minus one of these particles was predicted by Murray Gell-Mann. A strangeness number is added to this class of particles, which is equal to negative one times the number of strange quarks included in one of these particles, and they are organized via the  Eightfold Way. These particles are made of up of three quarks. For 10 points, identify this class of particles, which includes the protons and neutrons.;;baryons
;;On the battlefield of Kurukshetra (KOO-rook-SHEH-truh), Bhishma (BEECE-muh) recites the thousand names for this deity. A conch, lotus, and mace are held by this deity, who assumed the form of a fish, Maitsya, and appeared to Manu. One form of this deity will appear at the end of the Kali Yuga and is known as Kalki, but better known  forms include a deity who frolics with some Gopis and councils Arjuna in the Bhagavad Gita. In addition to assuming the forms of Krishna and Rama, this deity forms the trimurti with Brahma and Shiva. For 10 points, name this preserver of Hindu mythology.;;Vishnu
;;Wagner designed the bass version of this instrument, which is pitched an octave below the version tuned in F. This instrument plays a solo in Charles Ives's The Unanswered Question. Variants of this instrument are the flugelhorn and cornet.  Fanfares often employ this instrument, which has three valves. This instrument was performed by Ornette Coleman, Dizzy Gillespie, and Louis Armstrong. For 10 points, name this brass instrument that is neither the trombone nor the French horn.;;trumpet
;;One of this man's books states that is better for children to be "unaware of divinity than to offend it." That book contains "The Profession of a Savoyard Priest," and was written by this author of Discourse on the Origin of Inequality. This fan of the "noble savage" wrote a didactic novel about an experimental method of education,  Emile, and emulated St. Augustine by titling his autobiography Confessions.For 10 points, name this philosopher who explained the concept of the "general will" and opined "Man is born free but everywhere he is in chains" in his major political work. The Social Contract .;;(Jean) (Jacques) Rousseau
;;Along with glycolic acid, this molecule forms a synthetic polymer used in tissue engineering. This molecule is recycled in the Cori Cycle. Unlike in another pathway, the most common pathway for producing this molecule does not produce carbon dioxide along with ATP; in addition to  ethanol, this molecule is a common result of fermentation. This molecule is produced by muscles under anaerobic conditions. For 10 points, name this acid found in sour milk.;;lactic acid|lactate
;;In one story by this author, the narrator imagines that two dogs are exchanging amorous letters and that he has been crowned king of Spain. This author also wrote a play in which the Mayor is fooled by Khlestakov. One story by this author involves a trip by Kovalyov to Kazan Cathedral to view a  body part exiting a carriage. In this author's best-known story, Akaky Akakievich haunts Saint Petersburg after the title garment is stolen from him. For 10 points, name this Russian author of "The Nose" and "The Overcoat.".;;(Nikolai) (Vasilievich) Gogol
;;Forces from this country lost the Battle of Maritsa despite overwhelming odds. One treaty signed in this country was the Treaty of Karlowitz. One partisan from this country assassinated Murad I at a battle that took place on the Field of Blackbirds. Despite losing their king Stefan Lazar, this country won the Battle of  Kosovo. More recently, this country split with Montenegro. For 10 points, name this Balkan nation that has its capital at Belgrade.;;Serbia
;;Plays by this author include one where Santa Claus becomes a scientist. In one poem by this author, the speaker wants to know "how do you like you blue-eyed boy, Mister Death." This poet collected many works in Tulips and Chimneys, and wrote a novel about B's imprisonment in France, The  Enormous Room. This author wrote "someone married their everyones" and "up so floating many bells down" in his poem "anyone lived in a pretty how town." For 10 points, name this American poet, who was lax on capitalization and punctuation.;;(Edward) (Estlin) Cummings
;;The unit cell volume of a single silicon crystal figures into a popular calculation to determine the value of this constant. This constant was originally discovered by Johann Loschmidt, who, for his efforts, names the number density of particles instead. This constant's namesake also proposed  a law stating that the number of molecules in an ideal gas depends on the volume of the gas. This constant once figured into the equivalent of 32 grams of oxygen, which is one mole. For 10 points, name this constant, 6.02 x 1023 molecules, named after an Italian chemist.;;Avogadro's number
;;Men at Arms, Officers and Gentlemen, and Unconditional Surrender make up this author's Sword of Honour trilogy. He wrote about Paul Pennyfeather in Decline and Fall, and Tony is held hostage in Brazil at the end of his novel, A  Handful of Dust. He satirized sensationalist journalism in Scoop, and he wrote a novel about the Catholic Marchmain family's estate which is narrated by Charles Ryder. For 10 points, name this author of Brideshead Revisited.;;(Evelyn) Waugh
;;An early short story featuring this novel's protagonist sees her "in Bond Street." One character in this work has hallucinations about his friend Evans before jumping out of a window. Other characters include Sally Seton, with whom the protagonist shared a memorable kiss, and Peter Walsh, whom the protagonist regrets not marrying.  Septimus Smith's suicide casts a palor over Clarissa's party in, for 10 points, what novel by Virginia Woolf?.;;Mrs(.) Dalloway
;;In 1924, this political party was defeated because of the forged Zinoviev letter. This party took power under Harold Wilson in 1964, after its main opponent was rocked by the Profumo scandal. This party's health minister, Aneurin Bevan, spearheaded the creation of the National  Health Service. Ramsey MacDonald was the first Prime Minister to be elected from this party, which did not win a general election in the "wilderness years" of 1979 to 1997, when it opposed John Major and Margaret Thatcher. For 10 points, name this British political party of Tony Blair, which was founded by a confederation of workers' unions.;;Labour Party
;;In one story, this figure attempts to marry one god's daughter by revealing her secret name while playing the drums, but he cannot be understood. In another story, this figure captures a leopard, a python, and some hornets using a pit, a bamboo pole, and a  gourd, which leads to this figure becoming the owner of all stories. This figure often interacts with his mother, Asase Yaa (ah-SAH-say YAH), and his father, Nyame (nee-AH-may). For 10 points each, name this West African trickster god, whose form is that of a spider.;;(Kwaku) Anansi
;;One of this event's principal leaders was Louis Charles Delescluze, and its factions included the Proudhonists and Blanquists. The Tuileries Palace was destroyed during this event. Adolphe Thiers oversaw the quelling of this uprising, whose supporters tried to defend it with street barricades. Ultimately, it was suppressed during the  Bloody Week, when twenty thousand of its supporters were killed. For 10 points, name this radical insurrection that took over a European capital in 1871.;;(the) (Paris) Commune
;;This author wrote about Alice Mellings's weak attempts at Communism in The Good Terrorist. The Four Gated City is the final work in her five-part series about Martha Quest's coming of age. Moses slowly befriends the racist white farmer Mary, before killing her, in this author's novel The  Grass is Singing. Another of her novels is composed mostly of Anna Wulf's writings in blue, red, black, and yellow journals. For 10 points, name this Rhodesian-born author of The Golden Notebook.;;(Doris) Lessing|(Doris) (May) Taylor(;)|(Jane) Somers
;;One composer with this last name collaborated with the librettist Hugo von Hofmansthal on the operas Adriane in Naxos and Elektra. Another composer with this last name wrote upbeat pieces like the "Tritsch-Tratsch Polka" and "Wine, Women, and Song". This last name is shared by the composer of  Tales from the Vienna Woods and the "waltz king." For 10 points, give this last name shared by the composer of "On the Beautiful Blue Danube.".;;Strauss
;;One character in this novel is bitten in the ankle by Skulker, which causes her to spend five weeks at Thrushcross Grange. After Frances dies in childbirth in this novel, her son is mistreated by his guardian, who makes  Hareton an illiterate farm boy. Another character in this book marries Isabella after becoming mysteriously rich and then mistreats the drunken Hindley, while Edgar Linton marries Catherine Earnshaw. For 10 points, name this novel that tells of Heathcliff's attempts at love and revenge at the title estate, a novel by Emily Bronte.;;Wuthering Heights
;;One mythical figure with responsibility for this activity is the Hindu consort of Shiva named Durga. The Greek deity of this type was trapped in a jar by the Aloadai (al-OH-uh-dye) twins. That god of this type was also caught in a metallic web built by  Hephaestus to catch him sleeping with Aphrodite. The Greek god of this domain was the owner of the dogs Phobos and Deimos. For 10 points, name this activity of which Ares was the patron.;;warrior (gods)
;;This author wrote a story in which the title body part is covered with a Jesus tattoo, "Parker's Back." One of her novels is about the teenage preacher Francis Marion Tarwater, and she also wrote a story in which Julian's racist mother is smacked with a purse after demeaning a black child. In another story by this author, Mrs.  Crater pays Tom Shiftlet to marry her mute daughter Lucynell. In her most famous story, a family is murdered by "The Misfit." For 10 points, name this American author of "The Live You Save May Be Your Own" and "A Good Man Is Hard to Find.".;;(Flannery) O'Connor
;;This philosopher defined one of the title concepts of one of his works as an irrational belief in the natural world. He claimed that philosophy must begin in medias res. This author wrote a five-volume work which treats the title concept "in science," "in art" and "in religion" and is titled The  Life of Reason. For 10 points, name this author of of Skepticism and Animal Faith, a Spanish-American philosopher who claimed that "those who cannot remember the past are condemned to repeat it.".;;(George) Santayana
;;Organisms that both perform this process and respire aerobically make use of leghemoglobin. This process is performed by the filamentous actinomycetes, which are symbiotic with mountain lilacs, and by  Rhizobium, which infect legumes to form root nodules. In this process, three successive pairs of hydrogen atoms are added to the namesake gas to form two molecules of ammonia. For 10 points, name this process by which a common, inert gas is converted into a biologically useful form.;;nitrogen fixation
;;She received small royalties for one of her most famous products due to uneven partnerships with Theophile Bader and Pierre Wertheimer. Karl Lagerfeld became head designer of her firm. A silk suit worn to a 1938 masquerade party, known as the "Watteau," is among the creations of this  designer, who popularized the "little black dress." For 10 points, name this French designer who created a namesake "Number 5" perfume.;;(Coco) Chanel|(Gabrielle) (Bonheur) Chanel
;;One work of this artist shows him conversing with Frederick H. Milliken on its right, while, in the center, a group of white-clad people surround an unconscious woman. This man depicted a group of six nude boys frolicking around in some water in his painting The  Swimming Hole. This painter also completed a work that shows a crowd of twenty-one students focused on the surgery in front of them. For 10 points, name this American artist, who depicted medical professors performing surgeries in his paintings The Agnew Clinic and The Gross Clinic.;;(Thomas) Eakins
;;One of this country's cities contains the Mazar-e-Quaid, a mausoleum named for this country's founder. Another of this country's cities contains Food Street in its cultural haven, Gawalmandi, as well as this country's film industry, Lollywood. This country is divided into four provinces, including  Sindh and Balochistan, and contains the peak K2. The Khyber Pass connects Afghanistan with this country, whose largest cities are Lahore and Karachi. For 10 points, name this nation, whose capital is Islamabad, and which disputes the territory of Kashmir with India.;;(Islamic) (Republic) (of) Pakistan
;;The opening skirmishes in this battle saw John Buford hold against A.P. Hill before being overrun by Richard Ewell. Longstreet and Lee disagreed over whether to punch a hole in the line at this battle, whose victorious commander had recently replaced the loser at Chancellorsville, Joseph Hooker. Top. For 10 points, name this battle that included Pickett's Charge and was fought at a site in Pennsylvania that later hosted an Abraham Lincoln "Address.".;;(Battle) (of) Gettysburg
;;This man's final book claims Judaism is a renouncing religion. That book by this man argues that the title figure was likely an Egyptian who was killed for his beliefs. Another book by this author considers "oceanic" feelings and argues that the supression of instincts leads to misery. Besides  Moses and Monotheism and Civilization and Its Discontents, this thinker wrote a book claiming that certain experiences are products of wish fulfillment. For 10 ponts, identify this author of The Interpretation of Dreams who was the Austrian founder of psychoanalysis.;;(Sigmund) (Schlomo) Freud
;;The inept policemen Duff and Blathers investigate a burglary in this novel, which also includes the discovery that a painting owned by one character depicts the protagonist's mother, Agnes Fleming. The protagonist of this novel is prevented from learning his identity when Old Sally steals a golden locket. The title character of this work is apprenticed to the  undertaker Mr. Sowerberry. Bill Sikes murders Nancy, who is protecting the title character of, for 10 points, what Charles Dickens novel about an orphan who joins the Artful Dodger in Fagin's gang?.;;Oliver Twist
;;This concept was first developed by Thomas Harriot, though Leibniz wrote to the Jesuit missionary Claudio Grimaldi in an attempt to convince the Chinese emperor to institute it. Boolean algebra is done entirely in this system, in which multiplication is effectively reduced to addition. Digits in this number system are known as  bits, and this system is the basis for modern computing. For 10 points, name this number system in which the only digits are 0 and 1.;;binary number (system)
;;Forces from this country were soundly defeated at the Battle of Maysalun Pass during its move for independence. The Roman Emperor Elagabalus was from this modern day country. It was a French mandate until World War II, and since the overthrow of Saddam Hussein, has been the world's only Baathist country. It was ruled until 2000 by Hafez  al-Assad, who, before coming to power, opposed this country's 1964 federation with Egypt to form the United Arab Republic. For 10 points, name this country which lost the Golan Heights to Israel during the Six Day War, and is the only primarily Arab country designated by the U.S. as a "state sponsor of terrorism.".;;Syrian (Arab) (Republic)
;;One of this man's works contains a character named Van Veen and is subtitled "A Family Chronicle." This man's son publish his incomplete The Original of Laura. This writer of the autobiography Speak, Memory created a work featuring the spontaneous combustion of a monkey and the character Cincinnatus, who is accused of "gnostic turpitude." This author of  Invitation to a Beheading wrote a work about John Shade and Charles Kinbote, and also created Dolores Haze. For 10 points, name this author of Pale Fire, who created Humbert Humbert Lolita.;;(Vladimir) (Vladimirovich) Nabokov
;;One battle during this war occurred near the village of Offus and resulted in a loss for the Duke of Villeroi (VEE-leh-WAH) at Ramillies (RAH-mee-yay). Another battle in this war was lost by the Duke of Tallard in the town of  Blenheim (BLEN-um). That battle in this war saw the collaboration of Eugene of Savoy and the Duke of Marlborough. This war started when a will designated the future Philip V as the heir to Charles II. For 10 points, name this war that led to Bourbon rule of its namesake country, was the last war of Louis XIV, and was ended by the Treaty of Utrecht in 1713.;;(War) (of) (the) Spanish Succession
;;The velocity width of a galaxy in the Tully-Fisher relation is measured by the shift in spectral lines and by this effect, and a Lorentz offset in the relativistic form of this effect was observed in the Ives-Stilwell Experiment. This effect is used in echocardiography to find the  velocity of blood. The velocity of a wave is divided by the velocity of the wave plus the velocity of the source for stationary observers in the classical form of this effect, which is why an ambulance siren's pitch is higher as it approaches. For 10 points, name this effect that explains why frequencies from an approaching object increase.;;Doppler Effect
;;Wilson's theorem states that, for a prime number p, this function of the quantity p plus one is congruent to negative one modulo p, and the Stirling approximation approximates this function for large values. This function appears in the denominators of terms of the Taylor series and is generalized by the  gamma function. This function gives the number of ways to arrange n distinct objects. For 10 points, name this function, which for a number n is equal to the product of all of the positive integers less than or equal to n.;;factorial
;;On the left of this painting, a man covers his face with his hands, and three dead bodies like in the bottom left corner. The action of this painting is illuminated in-scene by an enormous lantern. Along with its companion  piece, The Charge of the Mamelukes, it depicts Spanish resistance to Napoleon's forces. A line of men in black hats point their muskets at the central figure, a man in a white shirt with arms raised. For 10 points, name this painting depicting "The Execution of the Defenders of Madrid" on the namesake day, a work of Francisco de Goya.;;(The) Third of May(,) 1808
;;The hyperbolic version of this function is e to the x plus e to the negative x, all over two, and the dot product of two vectors is equal to the product of the length of the vectors multiplied by this function of the angle between them. A generalization of the  Pythagorean Theorem to non-right triangles includes this function and is known as its namesake "law." Its reciprocal is the secant function. For 10 points, name this trigonometric function, often represented as the ratio of the adjacent side to the hypotenuse in a right triangle.;;cosine
;;This poet wrote "unweave a rainbow, as it erewhile made" in a work where Lycius dies after the serpent aspect of Lamia is revealed. He wrote about a "season of mists and mellow fruitfulness" in "To Autumn," and set another poem in an "elfin grot" where a knight has a vision of  "pale kings and princes." Besides writing "La Belle Dame Sans Merci," this author addressed another work to an "unravished bride of quietness" and stated that "Beauty is truth, truth beauty." For 10 points, name this Romantic poet of "Ode on a Grecian Urn.".;;(John) Keats
;;This man stated that the value of freedom was the presence of the "power to be an individualized self" in The Public and Its Problems. This man was cited as the last worthwhile American philosopher by Richard Rorty, largely due to the social commitment that this man demonstrated in a work that defines the goal of  schooling as socialization. For 10 points, name this philosopher who exerted enormous influence on contemporary theories of education by writing the book Democracy and Education.;;(John) Dewey
;;One poet from this country described the color of the vowels as "A black, E white, I red, O blue, U green." A medieval poet from this country asked "where are the snows of yesteryear?" in his poem The Ballad of Dead Ladies." Another poet from this country included his poems "The Swan" and "The Litanies of Satan" in a collection divided into sections such as "Death," "Revolt," and "Spleen and Ideal," entitled The  Flowers of Evil. A novelist from this country wrote about Captain Nemo in Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea. For 10 points, name this European country, the home to Arthur Rimbaud (ram-bo), Charles Baudelaire, and Jules Verne.;;France|(the) French Republic(;)|Republique francaise
;;A namesake bird of this island is the flightless "Native-hen." The northwest portion of this island features the large rain forest named the Tarkine. This island once was home to the Thylacine, now thought to be extinct. That animal, this island's eponymous  "Tiger," featured a pouch on both sexes. This island also features a namesake "oak," which is actually a eucalyptus tree. It is separated from a larger island by the Bass Strait. For 10 points, name this island with capital at Hobart, a state of Australia perhaps best known for its namesake "Devil.".;;Tasmania
;;William Howard Russell served as the first war correspondent in newspaper history while covering this conflict. Camillo di Cavour sent troops to this war from the Kingdom of Sardinia to gain leverage for the Italian unification movement. This conflict saw one side form the "thin red line" at the Battle of  Balaklava, where the Earl of Cardigan ordered the "charge of the light brigade." For 10 points, name this war of the 1850s, in which France, Great Britain, and the Ottoman Empire fought Russia over the namesake peninsula.;;Crimean War
;;One response to this experiment used milk and crackers over a course of two months under the direction of Mary Cover Jones. Burning newspaper was used in this experiment, during which one man wore a Santa Claus mask. Rosalie Rayner helped run this experiment, whose subject lived in the Harriet Lane Hospital. That subject of this experiment heard a  hammer strike a steel bar at specific times. For 10 points, name this classical conditioning experiment that taught a little boy to fear furry animals, and was run by John B. Watson.;;Little Albert experiment|Albert B(.) experiment
;;Works in this musical form include Julius Fucik's Entry of the Gladiators. Jeremiah Clarke's "trumpet voluntary" is also known as the "Prince of Denmark's" one of these. Johann Strauss senior composed one named for Radetzky. Felix Mendelssohn wrote one for the  wedding in A Midsummer Night's Dream . Ones by an American composer include the Washington Post and The Stars and Stripes Forever. For 10 points, name this kind of composition, which John Philip Sousa often composed for military bands.;;marches
;;One of this man's works imagines "faith in their hands shall snap in two" and states "Dead men naked they shall be no one." Another of his poems states "Time held me green and dying though I sang in my chains like the sea." In addition to  "Death Shall Have No Dominion" and "Fern Hill," this author imagined "words had forked no lightning," and "blind eyes" that "blaze like meteors," and states "Old age should burn and rave at close of day." For 10 points, name this poet that urged "Rage, Rage Against the Dying of the Light," in his "Do Not Go Gentle Into That Good Night.".;;(Dylan) Thomas
;;Pausanius claims that the original group of these figures had three members, including Aoide (ay-OH-id-ay). Three of them, Nete (NEE-tee), Mese (MAY-see), and Hypate (HIP-uh-tay), were the only three worshiped at Delphi. The footfalls of Pegasus were said to have created their fountain Hippocrene (hip-AH-cruh-nee), which was located on a mountain sacred to them, Helicon. They also spent time at Mount  Parnassus. Their ranks included Euterpe (YOU-ter-pay) and Clio, whose respective domains were music and history. For 10 points, name these Greek goddesses who inspired artistic creation.;;(the) Muses
;;Amino acids are least soluble at the isoelectric point, a point on the curve associated with this lab technique. Finding the end point for this lab technique requires substances like  phenolphthalein and litmus, which are known as indicators. The curve associated with this technique has an inflection point when the amount of a reagent added from a buret is the same as the amount of analyte in the sample; that point is the equivalence point. For 10 points, name this technique that is used to determine the unknown concentration of a known reactant.;;titration|titration curve
;;He fathered Vidar with the giantess Grid, and has only one eye because he traded the other for a drink from the Well of Wisdom. He has two wolves named Geri and Freki and two  ravens named Huginn and Muninn, and he can see the entire world from Hlidskalf (LID-skalf), his throne. He will be killed by Fenrir at Ragnarok, and owns the horse Sleipnir, the spear Gungnir, and the ring Draupnir. For 10 points, name this chief god of the Norse pantheon.;;Odin|Wotan
;;The iroha (ear-oh-ha) poem uses every character in this language exactly once. A thirty-six-line poetic form that developed in this language requires two verses about blossoms and three verses about the moon. That form,  kasen (kah-sen), is one type of this language's "linked poems," which evolved from this language's aristocratic renga (renn-guh) poetry. Another of this language's literary forms, the zuihitsu, (zwee-heet-sue) was used to write The Pillow Book by Sei Shonagon (sai show-nuh-gawn). For 10 points, name this language, which was also used in the medieval novel The Tale of Genji.;;Japanese|Nihongo
;;Survivors of this battle were defeated two weeks later at the Battle of Cape Ortega, and one side here should have been commanded by Francois Etienne de Rosily. At this battle, Cuthbert Collingwood led one column in the Royal Sovereign, and Federico Gravina led the smaller of the two allied fleets here. The flagship Bucentaure was captured along with Admiral  Villeneuve, although the victorious commander here died onboard the HMS Victory. For 10 points, name this 1805 defeat of the Franco-Spanish fleet by the British under Horatio Nelson.;;(Battle) (of) Trafalgar
;;One character in this work tells Mollie that ribbons are badges of slavery. In another part of this novel, Moses comforts himself with the fantasy that there are seven Sundays a week in the Sugarcandy Mountain. Another character thinks that the solution to everything is "I will  work harder" and is sent to "retirement" at a glue factory. In this work, which features the lovable Boxer, the sheep mindlessly repeat the slogan, "Four legs good, two legs bad." For 10 points, Snowball and Napoleon represent Trotsky and Stalin, respectively, in what allegorical work by George Orwell?.;;Animal Farm
;;Integrating a streamline path for Euler's Equation gives this statement. The simplified form of this statement often omits the rho-p-z term. The equation of continuity and this statement help to explain the  Venturi Effect, and Torricelli's Law is a special case of this principle. This principle states that an increase in velocity of a fluid causes a decrease in its pressure due to the conservation of energy, and this statement helps explain lift. For 10 points, name this principle of fluid dynamics named after a Swiss mathematician.;;Bernoulli's (Principle)
;;According to legend, this leader wielded the powerful "sword of Mars." This leader died of a terrible nosebleed the day after marrying Ildiko. He forced Theodosius to sign the Third Peace of Anatolius. This leader was convinced by  Pope Leo I to end his invasion of Italy. This leader lost the Battle of Chalons to the combined forces of the Romans and Visigoths. This leader took sole power in his empire after the death of his brother Bleda in 445 CE, and became known as the "scourge of God." For 10 points, name this leader of the Huns.;;Attila the (Hun)
;;This class of hormones is synthesized via ent-kaurene. Lack of this diterpinoid acid can cause dwarfism in some plants. In grapevines this hormone is responsible for the development of tendrils, and it promotes femaleness in corn. It was first identified by Eiichi  Kurosawa, who was studying "foolish seedling" disease in rice. For 10 points, name this plant hormone that promotes plant growth, flowering, and stem elongation.;;gibberellins
;;This author's characteristic style was parodied in Nathanael West's novel A Cool Million. One character created by this author is taught how to read by Fosdick and is given a new suit by Frank Whitney. This author of Paul the Peddler and  Mark, the Match Boy wrote many books in which a greedy banker agrees to buy a poor family's only cow, as well as books about poor orphans like Richard Hunter, who rise in status by hard work and thrift. For 10 points, name this American author of Ragged Dick , as well as numerous other "rags to riches" books.;;(Horatio) Alger