;;This writer wrote a sonnet comparing himself to "bare ruin'd choirs, where late the sweet birds sang." Another of his poems argues that "love is not love / which alters when it alteration finds." This poet mocked cliched expressions of lovers in a sonnet admitting that the eyes of his mistress are  "nothing like the sun." His sonnets include "Let me not to the marriage of true minds / admit impediments" and "Shall I compare thee to a summer's day." For 10 points, name this Elizabethan author of Cymbeline and Hamlet.;;(William) Shakespeare
;;The only woman named in this text also titles this work's 19th chapter, and another chapter contains a letter to Solomon from the Queen of Sheba. In addition to "Miryam", another section of text contains the throne verse and is called "The  Cow". The chapters of this text are arranged in length from shortest to longest and are called suras. This text is supplemented by oral records of its transmitter's deeds, the hadith, and was first given on the Night of Power by Gabriel to Muhammad. For 10 points, name this primary religious text of Islam.;;(The) Qur'an|al(-)Qur'an
;;Asymmetrical production of this hormone inhibits elongation of cells on one side of the apical hook. Synthesis of this hormone is stopped after the seedling is exposed to light, and its triple response consists of loss of gravitropism, inhibition of elongation, and lateral swelling in stems. Production of this hormone is increased after  wounding, and silver salts delay senescence by inhibiting it. For 10 points, name this plant hormone that stimulates fruit ripening and has chemical formula C2H4.;;ethylene|ethene
;;This state's last Democratic senator won in 1974, Frank Church, and this state's ski resort of Sun Valley featured the world's first chairlift. This state features the Silver Valley, out of which flows the Coeur d'Alene River, which, after it passes through its namesake lake, becomes the  Spokane, which mostly flows through another state. Governed by Butch Otter, this state features Nez Perce County, whose county seat, Lewiston, is the furthest inland seaport in the Western United States and sits at the confluence of the Clearwater and Snake. For 10 points, name this forty-third state, a potato producer with capital Boise.;;Idaho
;;The protagonist of this story moves onto a painting of a woman fur after all of his furniture is removed from his room. The protagonist frightens three boarders with large beards by coming forward to listen to his sister playing the violin. The protagonist's sister  Greta feeds him with rotten vegetables, although he is seriously injured when his father throws apples at him. At the beginning of this story, the protagonist awakens from "uneasy dreams" to discover that he is no longer human. For 10 points, name this story about the transformation of Gregor Samsa into an insect, written by Franz Kafka.;;(The) Metamorphosis|(Die) Verwandlung
;;This thinker stated that humans are inclined towards sympathy and influenced Hume by positing a "sixth sense" to move ethics beyond the fickleness of motives in The Theory of Moral Sentiments. This economist used the example of a pin factory to support the division of labor, and he claimed that acting in self-interest promotes the good of society and that the free market is not chaotic but self-regulated in his most famous work. For 10 points, name this English economist who wrote The Wealth of Nations and formulated the invisible hand.;;(Adam) Smith
;;One character created by this author is advised by Dr. Livesey to stop drinking after a stroke. Another character created by this author beats Sir Danvers Carew to death, much to the horror of Mr. Utterson. In a novel by this author, Abraham Grey defects to join another character hired by Trelawney, and a young boy is given a map by  Billy Bones. A novel by this author describes a mutiny against Alexander Smollett, who sails aboard the Hispaniola with Jim Hawkins. For 10 points, name this author of Treasure Island and The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde.;;(Robert) (Louis) Stevenson
;;A thermistor forming one arm of a Wheatstone bridge is used in one variation of this technique. A Karl Fischer one is intended to detect small volumes of water. Murexide may be used for complexometric ones, often carried out with EDTA, and this technique is over at an inflection point, many of which are possessed by polyprotic acids, called the  "equivalence point," at which point an indicator ideally will change color. For 10 points, name this analytic technique in which a buret filled with an acid or base of known concentration is added to a known volume of unknown concentration.;;titration
;;This structure's Serello contains the Hall of the Boat and and a room whose wooden dome symbolizes the heavens, the Hall of the Ambassadors. This structure's garden of the Generalife was built to emulate paradise. Its  harem contains the Court of the Lions, and it was constructed by the Nasrid dynasty during the fourteenth century before being taken over by Ferdinand and Isabella in 1492. For 10 points, name this Muslim palace complex in Grenada, Spain.;;(the) Alhambra
;;One leader of this country made the "History Will Absolve Me Speech" after a disastrous attack on the Moncada Barracks. Another leader of this country came to power in the Sergeant's Revolt. Pierre Soule's ploy to purchase this nation was outlined in the  Ostend Manifesto. The United States supported this nation's dictator Fulgencio Batista, and had earlier warred with this nation's colonizer after the Maine exploded in its capital's harbor. For 10 points, name this Caribean subject of a long standing US embargo, ruled until recently by Fidel Castro.;;(Republic) (of) Cuba
;;The top of this painting shows a flying fish with a rod dangling a red sphere over it. At the bottom of this work, a human carries a clam containing another human inside. The middle panel of this work depicts nudes dancing in a sphere, and depicts many  strawberries and owls. Its right panel contains a knife protruding from two human ears as well as people being crucified on musical instruments in hell. For 10 points, name this triptych portraying people hedonistically enjoying sensual pleasure in the title location, painted by Hieronymus Bosch.;;(The) Garden of Earthly Delights
;;After his downfall, he was imprisoned in the island of Ponza, although he was more famously transferred to the location where Opeartion Eiche took place, Gran Sasso. He ruled the Salo Republic after being rescued by Otto Skorzeny. He was able to gain power through the Acerbo Law, which allowed for any party to seize power with only 25% of the votes. He took credit for making the  trains run on time after Luigi Facta was prevented by Victor Emmanuel III from stopping the March on Rome. For 10 points, name this fascist leader of Italy.;;(Benito) Mussolini
;;Stars within this constellation include Saiph and the Trapezium Cluster. Barnard's Loop is a nebula within this constellation, whose other nebulae include the  Horsehead Nebula and Messier Object 42, with which this constellation shares its name. Its most prominent feature consists of the stars Alnitak, Alnilam, and Mintaka, and other stars in this constellation include Bellatrix, Rigel and Betelgeuse. For 10 points, name this constellation often referred to as "the hunter" and known for its belt.;;Orion
;;In 2008, the major opposition party in this country suffered a factional split, with members who seek more representation for rural interests forming the "Hunter" group of that party. This country's current prime minister took office in 2007 and soon thereafter issued a formal apology for the  "stolen generations." Following the eleven-year prime ministry of Liberal Party leader John Howard, this country changed governments to the Labour Party of current premier Kevin Rudd. For 10 points, name this country where strife continues over policy towards aborigines.;;(Commonwealth) (of) Australia
;;This actor's breakout role came as the alcoholic ACLU lawyer George Hanson. Another of his characters demanded that a waitress "hold it between her knees" after ordering a chicken salad sandwich without the chicken salad. Besides appearing in Easy Rider and Five Easy Pieces, this actor played the neighbor of Greg  Kinnear's Simon and reluctant benefactor to Helen Hunt's Carol, Melvin Udall, in As Good As It Gets. This actor, who played the Joker in Batman, also played an Irish mob boss named Frank Costello. For 10 points, name this actor who played Randle McMurphy in One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest and starred in The Departed and The Shining.;;(Jack) Nicholson
;;This ruler won the Battle of Solebay during the "disaster year," when his kingdom was invaded by Munster and Cologne. This ruler did nothing to stop the lynching of Johan de Witt, and his rule was bookended by the two statholderless periods. This ruler was challenged by the previous ruler of his domain at the  Battle of the Boyne, which occurred along with the dismantling of the Dominion of New England in the bloodless Glorious Revolution. For 10 points, name this co-ruler of England with Mary, a Dutch king from the house of Orange.;;William III (of) (England)
;;One of this author's short stories tells of a girl who has an imaginary friend named Jimmy Jimoreeno. In another of his short stories, a boys' club leader named "The Chief" tells stories of Chinese bandit who was deformed when his head was placed in a vice grip. This author of "Uncle Wiggily in Connecticut" and "The  Laughing Man" also wrote about a family of child prodigies including Seymour, who shoots himself after telling Sybil about bananafish. Another of his characters leaves Pencey Prep to visit his sister Phoebe, and loathes "phonies." For 10 points, name this author who created Holden Caulfield in The Catcher in the Rye.;;(Jerome) (David) Salinger
;;This city is home to a giant statue of General Thomas Hooker, and major streets in its center include Tremont Street. A dam on the river that runs through this city is home to its Science Center museum, and major subway stations include Downtown Crossing and Park Street. This city contains a state capitol building on top of its richest neighborhood, Beacon Hill, its subway system is called the "T". Containing a large public park called this city's "common", for 10 points name this home of Fenway Park, the largest city in Massachusetts.;;Boston
;;In one story in this book, a poor farmer cooks his beloved pet falcon to demonstrate his affection for Monna. The third story in this book focuses on Melchizedek, a Jew who convinces Saladin of the importance of religious tolerance by telling a parable about three rings. Shakespeare's All's Well That Ends Well is based on a story in this  collection, whose narrators include Emilia, Paminea and eight others escaping the plague in Florence. For 10 points, name this Giovanni Boccaccio collection of one hundred stories set over ten days.;;(The) Decameron
;;In August 2009, a sixty billion dollar contract to harvest this substance in Australia, in an operation known as the "Gorgon Project," was signed by Japan, South Korea, and a US energy company. All cars sold in Iran can run on this  energy source, which also powers about a fifth of public buses in Washington, D.C. For 10 points, identify this substance, often found alongside petroleum deposits, which is comprised primarily of methane and provides a low-pollution energy source.;;natural gas
;;They are controlled by the PER and TIM proteins, and they can be lost if the pineal gland is removed from birds. In fungi and protists, they are a property of individual cells, and in mammals, they are controlled by the  suprachiasmatic nuclei. They can be either free-running or entrained by zeitgebers, such as a cycle of light and dark. For 10 points, name these "biological clocks" that govern activities that repeat roughly every 24 hours.;;circadian rhythms
;;He considered legal, traditional, and charismatic domination in his The Three Types of Legitimate Rule. A lecture by this thinker entitled Politics as a Vocation defined the  state as that entity with a monopoly on the legitimate use of violence. His best-known work refers to bureaucracy with a phrase that Talcott Parsons famously translated as an "iron cage" and tracks the urge to accumulate wealth to Ben Franklin and more directly to John Calvin. For 10 points, name this author of The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism.;;(Max) Weber
;;This author declared "hence vain deluding joys" in a poem hailing the goddess Melancholy. This author of the companion poems "L'Allegro" and "Il Penseroso" wrote "Who kills a man kills a creature, God's image; but he who destroys a good book...kills the image of God" in an essay arguing in favor of freedom of the  press. This author wrote an epic poem beginning "Of man's first disobedience, and the fruit / of that forbidden tree," which describes a meeting of devils like Beelzebub in Pandemonium where Satan resolves to tempt mankind. For 10 points, name this British author of Areopagitica and Paradise Lost.;;(John) Milton
;;Sections added to this ballet include a pas de deux for the prima ballerina Anna Sobeshchanskaya and a Russian dance for the ballerina Pelageya Karpakova. A "Dance of the Corps and the Dwarves" appears during a party in this ballet's third act, which contains a set of nationalist dances including a mazurka and a Neopolitan dance. At that ball, a prince accidentally vows his love to Odile thanks to the machinations of an evil magician and is forced to live without  Odette. For 10 points each, name this ballet about a woman forced by the sorcerer von Rothbart to live as the title bird during the day, composed by Tchaikovsky.;;Swan Lake
;;In one of this man's works, Madame von Satow and the bear-killer Ulfheim are among the visitors to a spa, and at the end of that work, Arnold Rubek and Irene von Satow die in an avalanche. In another of his works, Gregers Werle ruins the family of Hjalmar Ekdal. In addition to writing  When We Dead Awaken and The Wild Duck, this man also wrote about Nils Krogstad's blackmailing of Nora Helmer, who leaves her husband Torvald. For 10 points, name this Norwegian playwright of A Doll's House.;;(Henrik) Ibsen
;;One part of this layer was discovered by Inge Lehmann, and just above this layer is the Gutenberg Discontinuity. S waves are completely absent in this region, which lies beneath the D-Double-Prime layer. Part of this layer is made of nickel-iron fluid whose  eddy currents are responsible for the Earth's magnetic field. The lowest part of this layer is solid because of intense pressure. It is divided into inner and outer parts. For 10 points, name this layer of the Earth that is beneath the mantle and forms the planet's center.;;(the) core
;;Ethnarch Venizelos was appointed Prime Minsiter of this country after the 1909 Goudi coup. High ranking officials here faced the Trial of the Six after a 1922 coup. The 1832 Convention of London appointed the Bavarian prince Otto king of this country after a bloody revolution led by  Alexander Ypsilantis. In the 1960s the US backed "The Regime of the Colonels" in this country. During World War II, forces from this country pushed an Italian invasion back into Albania, forcing Hitler to intervene. For 10 points, name this country with capital at Athens.;;Greece
;;The main character's Uncle Max appeared for a week in this comic strip. This strip features Mabel Syrup's classic work Hamster Huey and the Gooey Kablooie. Adventures had by the protagonist may be in the form of Spaceman  Spiff, or else triggered by his flying time machine or transmogrifier, both a cardboard box. That protagonist enjoys a game whose rules are redefined as he chooses, a luxury he does not enjoy in Miss Wormwood's classes. The main character's club Get Rid of Slimy GirlS, or GROSS, is targeted against Susie Derkins. For 10 points, name this comic strip by Bil Watterson about a boy and his stuffed tiger.;;Calvin and Hobbes
;;A sonnet by this author condemns the "squeamish and emasculate crusade" against the "grim dominion" of Emile Zola's art. This author's poem urging a man to "go to the western gate," "Luke Havergal," is set in this author's fictional village of Tilbury Town. The title character of one of this author's poems eyes a  "khaki suit with loathing," and instead loves the Medici and "the days of old. Another of this author's title characters is "admirably schooled in every grace" and "richer than a king," but "one calm summer night / Went home and put a bullet through his head." For 10 points, name this American poet of "Miniver Cheevy" and "Richard Cory.".;;(Edwin) (Arlington) Robinson
;;This dynasty's Ferghana born founder defeated Lodhi at the first battle of Panipat. One ruler of this dynasty took the title Alamgir, or Conqueror of the Universe after fighting the Deccan Wars against Shivaji and the Marathas. Its last ruler was  Bahadur II, but it is better known for its auspicious beginnings under Babur and Akbar the Great, and for the construction of the Taj Mahal to honor Shah Jahan's wife. Its final ruler only controlled Delhi and was exiled by the British following the Sepoy Mutiny. For 10 points, name this largely Muslim Indian empire.;;Mughal Empire
;;In this work, the story of Gyges' ring is used to support Thrasymachus's formulation of justice as the "advantage of the strong." This work's third book discusses the need for a "noble lie" to support the title concept, and it outlines that concept's decline from  timocracy to tyranny. This work uses the metaphor of prisoners watching shadows on a wall to illustrate the Theory of Forms through the Allegory of the Cave. For 10 points, name this Platonic dialogue that states that philosopher-kings would be the ideal rulers of the titular state.;;(The) Republic
;;A variety of one of these objects is named for Archimedes and usually used to transport water. One quantity especially relevant to these objects comes in "actual" and "ideal" forms and may be found as the ratio of  resistance force to force applied or input distance to output distance. These objects all have a mechanical advantage greater than one. For 10 points, name this set of six objects, including the wheel and axle, wedge, inclined plane, screw, pulley, and lever.;;simple machines
;;One movement in a symphony by this composer is based on his unfinished opera The Free Judges, and that symphony quotes the "Dies Irae" chant and uses an "idee fixe" to represent a woman the main character desires. This composer included the Rakoczi March in his opera The  Damnation of Faust. He was commissioned by Paganini to write a tone poem with a viola solo based on a Byron poem, Harold in Italy. This composer wrote a work that depicts and artist who attempts suicide by opium, takes a "March to the Scaffold." For 10 points, name this composer of Symphonie Fantastique.;;(Louis(-)Hector) Berlioz
;;This figure refuted Samuel Seabury in The Farmer Refuted and supported Alexander MacDougall's lobbying in the Newburgh conspiracy, ultimately calling for the revision of the Articles of Confederation while in Princeton. Madison objected strenuously to the general welfare clause in his  Report on Manufactures. This native of Nevis and founder of the New York Post was second in command of the army during the Quasi-War with France. For 10 points, name this first treasury secretary, a staunch Federalist murdered by Aaron Burr.;;(Alexander) Hamilton
;;His coronation saw over a thousand people trampled to death when a rumor spread that there wasn't enough beer to go around at Khodynka Field. Sergei Zubatov of the secret police worked with Father Gapon to petition of this ruler, but the protesters were shot down by the Imperial Guard in  "Bloody Sunday." Shocked by an attack on Port Arthur, he declared war several days later, and a year later that war was ended by the Treaty of Portsmouth. Ruler of Russia during the first World War, he was succeeded by Karensky. For 10 points, name this last czar of Russia.;;(Czar) Nicholas II|(Nikolay) (Alexandrovich) (Romanov)
;;In one of this author's novels, Charles Holloway uses a wax bullet to kill the Dust Witch, and Jim Nightshade is saved from a sinister merry-go-round. In another of this author's novels, the protagonist is disquieted by the death of Clarisse McClellan, and tries to memorize Bible verses before meeting Faber and murdering his boss Beatty. This author of  Something Wicked This Way Comes wrote a novel about a character who is pursued by the Mechanical Hound after deciding to stop burning books. For 10 points, name this author who wrote about the fireman Guy Montag in Fahrenheit 451.;;(Ray) Bradbury
;;This thinker wrote about a professor who irritates his department with the Index of Irrational Expectations, Montgomery Marvin. In a non-fiction work, he attributed the dependence effect to advertising, and noted that demand rises with production. That work, originally titled "Why the Poor are Poor," criticizes the paramount position of production and the consequent emphasis of GDP and GNP. This ambassador to  India under the Kennedy administration introduced and attacked the concept of conventional wisdom. For 10 points, name this economist and author of The New Industrial State and The Affluent Society.;;(John) (Kenneth) Galbraith
;;The fifth movement of this piece uses staccato notes to represent the dancing of unhatched birds. In the second to last movement of this suite, a series of rapidly rising octaves represents the flight of a witch. This suite's movements are interspersed with  Promenades representing the composer walking to view Victor Hartmann's paintings, such as The Great Gate of Kiev, which inspired the name of this work. For 10 points, name this suite by Modest Mussorgsky which represents its movements as pieces in the title art gallery.;;Pictures of an Exhibition|Pictures at an Exhibition(;)|Pictures from an Exhibition(;)|Kartinki s vystavki
;;One president of this country sent troops to help the Pope recapture Rome as part of a scheme to marginalize the Party of Order. Eighteen years prior, this country's Legitimist faction was defeated during the Three Glorious Days of the  July Revolution, which overthrew Charles X of this country. During an earlier revolution in this country, Committee of Public Safety leader George Danton opposed the Reign of Terror. For 10 points, name this country where the Jacobins executed Louis XVI, shortly before the rise of Napoleon.;;France
;;This is the largest city along the Sudhurland highway. Since 1801, its population has grown from 307 total inhabitants to over sixty percent of its country's residents. A central heating system completed in 1943 utilizes nearby hot springs. Its geographic center is  Laekjartorg Square, which is near a statue commemorating its legendary first resident, Ingolfur Arnarson. This city is home to the Althing, the world's oldest parliament. For 10 points, name this capital of Iceland.;;Reykjavik
;;This poet asked "What is the metre of the dictionary?/ The size of genesis?" in the last of a sequence of four sonnets entitled "Altarwise by Owl-Light." This author wrote a radio play about Organ Morgan, Captain Cat, and the other residents of Llareggub, entitled  Under Milk Wood. One of his poems observes characters "crying how bright/ Their frail deeds might have danced in a green bay" and is addressed to "you, my father, there on the sad height." For 10 points, name this poet who urged his father to "rage, rage against the dying of the light" in his villanelle "Do not go gentle into that good night.".;;(Dylan) Thomas
;;One song by this artist claims its addressee is "like an Indian Summer in the middle of winter" and ends by declaring "in your eyes I'd like to stay." One music video by this singer shows Penn and Teller getting kicked out of a hotel room before the singer's fortune changes. This singer also wrote songs with the lyrics "You change your mind like a girl changes clothes" and one mentioning "The taste of her cherry chapstick." For 10 points, name this recording artist of the songs Thinking of You, Waking Up in Vegas, Hot N Cold, and I Kissed a Girl.;;(Katy) Perry|(Katheryn) (Elizabeth) Hudson
;;One character in book work notes that eighty five is a lucky number, and this book ends with a waiter translating the word "Tiburon." This book concludes with the title character dreaming about lions, and the title character allays fears of "Tigers of Detroit and the Indians of Cleveland" by thinking of "the great  DiMaggio." The boy Manolin helps the title character after he is unable to keep the sharks from eating the largest marlin ever caught off of Havana harbor. For 10 points, name this novella about the Cuban fisherman Santiago, written by Ernest Hemingway.;;(The) Old Man and the Sea
;;During this event, the house of Arthur Allen was taken over and became known as its leaders "Castle." The namesake of this event issued a "Declaration of the People" that called for the surrender of many members of the gentry. One cause of this event was disagreement over how to handle nearby Indians. Its members were largely  indentured servants, and this rebellion ended when its namesake died of dysentery after burning Jamestown. For 10 points, name this 1676 rebellion against governor William Berkeley in colonial Virginia.;;Bacon's Rebellion
;;An architect from this country designed Turning Torso, and that man collaborated to produce L'Hemisferic , part of The City of Arts and Sciences. One building in this country features a floral dog designed by Jeff Koons. Home to Santiago Calatrava, this country is also home to an unfinished church designed by the architect of the Casa Mila, Antonio Gaudi. For ten points, name this country home to a Frank Gehry designed branch of the Bilbao, as well as a pavilion designed by Mies van der Rohe, whose other works of architecture include the Escorial, and the Prado.;;Spain
;;In one of this man's plays, an old couple commits suicide by jumping into the sea upon the arrival of a mute orator, who fails to deliver a message to invisible guests such as the Colonel, the Belle, and the Emperor. In another of this author's plays, the exit of the Fire Chief causes two couples to speak in nonsense words and syllables. A third play by this author ends with  Berenger refusing to turn into one of the title animals. For 10 points, name this French absurdist playwright of The Chairs, Rhinoceros, and The Bald Soprano.;;(Eugene) Ionesco
;;One aspect of this belief system forbids the ingestion of pork, salt, or large fish in order to increase livity. Texts studied in this religion include The Promise Key, a modification of the Bible containing four books of Athlyi, the Holy Piby. In addition to practicing i-tal, adherents of this faith believe in "everliving life" and reject  Babylon, or western culture, in favor of Zion, or Africa. For 10 points, identify this religion founded by Marcus Garvey that regards Haile Selassie as the incarnation of Jha, or God, prominent in Jamaica.;;Rastafarianism
;;This author wrote about a man flung onstage who struggles to retrieve a carafe marked WATER in his play Act Without Words. One of his title characters continually eats bananas, and listens to recordings of his past life. At the end of another of this author's plays, a wheelchair-bound man learns that he has no more painkiller and sends away his servant  Clov in order to await his death. In addition to Krapp's Last Tape and Endgame, he wrote a play in which Lucky and Pozzo encounter Vladimir and Estragon. For 10 points, name this author of Waiting for Godot.;;(Samuel) Beckett
;;The Giotto probe studied one body of this type, and confirmed that they typically have albedos below 4%. An early model for the composition of these bodies is the "Gravel Bank" model, and their composition was studied by the  "Deep Impact" probe. The cloud of gas around them is known as a coma, and their tails point in the direction of the solar wind. Many of these objects originate in the Oort Cloud. For 10 points, name these astronomical bodies, which are commonly called "dirty snowballs.".;;comets
;;Early in this battle, the forces of Solomon Meredith captured hundreds of men under James Archer during fighting in McPherson's Woods. Edward Johnson's forces were destroyed in the attempt to take Culp's Hill during this engagement, which also saw fighting at  Cemetary Hill. The first day of this battle saw intense fighting over the wheat field and the peach orchard. John Hood was this three-day battle in July of 1863 that included Pickett's charge and culminated in George Meade's defeat of Robert E. Lee in Pennsylvania.;;(Battle) (of) Gettysburg
;;In the Letter to the Galatians, Paul uses this figure as a metaphor for the Jewish tradition that is now rejected for Christianity. Pilgrims on the hajj recall this figure's mother's search for water by running between two hills and drinking from the well of Zam Zam. In Islamic tradition, this figure's father attempted to kill him on  Mount Moria, while in Jewish tradition it is his brother who God demands to be sacrificed. For 10 points, name this eldest son of Abraham and Hagar who was sent into the desert by his stepmother Sarah, the brother of Isaac.;;Ishmael
;;One phase of this war saw the Duke of Ormonde routed at the Battle of Rathmines. One side in this conflict had forces commanded by Prince Rupert of the Rhine. The Eastern Association was one large army that was replaced when the Self-Denying Ordinance allowed one side to create the efficient  New Model Army. After victories at Langport, Naseby, and Preston Pans, one side of this conflict conducted Pride's Purge and executed King Charles I. For 10 points, name this war in which Oliver Cromwell and the parliamentarians defeated English royalists.;;English Civil War
;;Claude Monet poked fun at this painting in a work set in the Fontainebleu forest that includes a woman in a large yellow dress and a man reclining on the ground. One figure in this painting rests her head on her fingers and looks directly at the viewer. A yellow hat with a blue ribbon and a basket of fruit are among the items discarded at its lower left, and a woman reaches into the water in the background. This work caused a scandal for its depiction of a nude women in the company of two clothed men, one of whom wears a fur hat and holds a cane. For 10 points, name this painting whose figures are engaged in the title repast, by Edouard Manet.;;Luncheon on the Grass|Dejeuner sur l'herbe
;;One phylum in this clade consists of a single extant species with X and Y sex chromosomes determining its microsporangiate and megasporangiate forms. Another phylum in this clade produces male gametophytes in pollen strobili, and its ovules form on modified branches that form a seed  cone. Those two phyla contain Gingko biloba and conifers, respectively. This clade takes its name from the Greek for "naked seed." For 10 points, name this taxonomic group of seed-bearing plants that, unlike angiosperms, do not produce flowers.;;gymnosperms
;;In this novel, an Italian sleepwalker is killed off when an artillery bombards her at Normandy, and the protagonist is sent to jail for murder because of Vittlar's testimony. Jan Blonski has an affair with the protagonist's mother Agnes, whose husband Alfred commits suicide by swallowing a badge. The protagonist of this work decides to stop  growing at the age of three, when he chooses to start beating the title object. This novel is followed up by Cat and Mouse and Dog Years in its author's Danzig Trilogy. For 10 points name this novel about Oscar Matzerath, written by Gunter Grass.;;(The) Tin Drum|(Die) Blechtrommel
;;This artist created a wood sculpture of a withered, aged Mary Magdalene, and a slim figure holds a narrow shield with a cross on it in one of his sculptures for Orsanmichele, a depiction of St. George. This artist supposedly ordered his marble to "speak, damn you, speak!" while creating a statue of the bald prophet Habbakuk. This sculptor of an equestrian statue of  Gattamelata also sculpted the first freestanding nude since antiquity, an effeminate boy with one foot on the severed head of Goliath. For 10 points, name Italian Renaissance sculptor of a bronze David.;;Donatello|Donato di (Niccolo) (di) (Betto) (Bardi)
;;Critic Louis Leroy claimed that "Wallpaper in its embryonic state is more finished" than one of this man's paintings. He used the view from his window in St. Thomas' Hospital to paint the Houses of Parliament and his more natural series include Poplars and Haystacks. Other paintings he completed after moving to Giverny include a series depicting Rouen Cathedral. He also painted the water lilies in his garden over two hundred and fifty times and his depiction of the Le Havre harbor gave his movement its name. For 10 points name this French painter of Impression, Sunrise.;;(Claude) Monet
;;This author concluded that the "self-same Power that brought me there brought you" in his poem subtitled "On Being Asked, Whence Is the Flower," "The Rhodora." This author noted that on bare grounds, his "mean egotism vanishes" and he becomes "part or particle of God" in an essay comparing himself to a "transparent  eyeball." He advocated the intellectual independence of his country in his Harvard lecture "The American Scholar." For 10 points, name this Transcendentalist predecessor of Thoreau whose essays include "Nature" and "Self-Reliance.".;;(Ralph) (Waldo) Emerson
;;This quantity can be calculated using the Kapustinskii equation, and a constant proportional to this quantity can be calculated using the Ewald method and is named for Madelung. Another method for finding it involves the reciprocal of an exponent that falls between 5 and 12 and is named for  Born and Lande. This quantity can be determined experimentally using a method that atomizes a substance to measure enthalpy, the Born-Haber cycle. For 10 points, name this quantity denoting the strength of bonds in an ionic solid, which is also the amount of energy needed to separate the molecules of a crystal into an ionic gas.;;lattice energy|lattice enthalpy
;;He ceded Amphipolis to Athens as preparation for his invasion of Paeonia, where he defeated an Illyrian invasion of his homeland. Isocrates worked to convince this man to lead a Greek invasion of Persia, and he was made president of the Thessalian League. This man was killed by his lover Pausanias. This commander won a key victory when his son destroyed the  Sacred Band at the battle of Chaeronea, and Demosthenes gave a series of speeches warning about his power. For 10 points, name this Macedonian king and father of Alexander the Great.;;Philip II of (Macedon)|Philip of Macedon
;;Infants and some adults with this disorder exhibit light-colored clumps of connective tissue on the outside of the iris called Brushfield spots. Some studies have shown that increased expression of certain tumor suppressor genes in people with this disorder leads to resistance to most kinds of cancer. Sufferers of this disorder often have a single crease across the palm, defects in the septum between the heart ventricles,  almond-shaped eyes due to epicanthic folds, and moderate to severe mental retardation. For 10 points, name this disorder caused by a trisomy of chromosome 21.;;Down syndrome|trisomy 21 until (mention)
;;This thinker later rejected his theory that demand would remain the same if a government finances its spending through debt or taxes in his namesake equivalence. He argued in favor of a metal-based currency in The High Price of Bullion and claimed that elevated rent was one of the many negative effects of  Corn Laws. He also declared that trade was more beneficial than developing all goods and services within an economy in Principles of Political Economy and Taxation. For 10 points, name this English formulator of the law of comparative advantage who also developed the iron law of wages.;;(David) Ricardo
;;This statement does not hold if velocity at time zero is known and the time of interest is the past. It is illustrated by a thought experiment involving a gamma-ray microscope, in which a photon and electron collide. A corollary to this statement involves  energy and time, and one side of this inequality is h bar over two. For 10 points, give this statement that there is a minimum product of the inaccuracies of measuring a particle's momentum and position, which is named after a German physicist.;;Heisenberg uncertainty (principle)|(Heisenberg) uncertainty principle(;)|(Heisenberg) indeterminacy principle(;)|(Heisenberg) uncertainty relations
;;One of this thinker's works argues that a private language is not possible using a thought experiment about a beetle in a box. That work by this philosopher asserts that both games and languages have a family resemblance. Besides writing Philosophical  Investigations, he inspired the Vienna Circle with a short work of highly subdivided propositions numbered one to seven, concluding that "whereof one cannot speak, one must pass over in silence." For 10 points, name this German philosopher of Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus.;;(Ludwig) (Josef) (Johann) Wittgenstein
;;One character in this poem "singeth loudly his godly hymns / That he makes in the wood," and that hermit, along with a pilot and his boy, saves the title character. This poem's title character sees "Four times fifty living men...dropped down one by one" after watching a dice game played between Death and Life-in-Death. This poem opens with a story being told to a  Wedding Guest, and includes the line "Water, water, every where / Nor any drop to drink." For 10 points, name this poem about the misfortunes of a sailor who shot an albatross, written by Samuel Taylor Coleridge.;;(The) Rime of the Ancient Mariner
;;The duplication of Hox genes may explain a notable event during this time period, whose major landmasses include Laurentia, Baltica, and Gondwona. Archaeocyathids both appeared and went extinct during this period, and the Ediacara organisms appear to have gone extinct early in this first period of the  Phanerozoic Eon. The fossil record from it is dominated by trilobites, and this period of the Paleozoic Era was followed by the Ordovician Period. For 10 points, name this geological period which saw the proliferation of many new species of life, an event known as its namesake "explosion.".;;Cambrian Period
;;This author criticized the Avignon papacy in the collection Liber sine nomine, which he withheld from his collection of letters to friends, Epistolae Familiaris. He wrote a series of biographies in Latin called On Illustrious Men and depicted the Battle of Zama and Hannibal's invasion of Italy in his epic poem about Scipio Africanus,  Africa. A poetic form named for this man consists of an octave followed by a sestet. For 10 points, identify this Italian namesake of a type of sonnet, whose Canzoniere ("can-zo-NYEH-ray") expresses his love for Laura.;;Petrarch|(Francesco) Petrarca
;;One episode of this show, features a pimp named Alabaster Jones voiced by Snoop Dogg. This television show features the Nine Rivers country club, which only admits Asians. This series originally featured Heimlich County School District, specifically centering on Tom Landry Middle School.  Bazooms is an analogue to Hooters on this series, and one character who drinks Alamo Beer and drives the Bugabago uses the alias Rusty Shackleford, Dale Gribble created by Mike Judge and Greg Daniels. For 10 points, name this animated TV series, recently terminated by Fox, centering on an Arlen, Texas family.;;King of the Hill
;;One character created by this author obtains his nickname because he prefers to staple people's hands with a Samsonite stapler. This author examined the title author's "fixation on blackness" and belief that black men embodied "blind, furious, unreasoning rage" in the essay "An Image of Africa: Racism in Conrad's Heart of Darkness." This author of  Anthills of the Savannah wrote a novel whose main character beats Nwoye, helps kill Ikemefuna, and eventually hangs himself after the arrival of European missionaries to Umuofia. For 10 points, name this Nigerian author of a book about Okonkwo, Things Fall Apart.;;(Chinua) Achebe
;;This city includes districts such as Kampong Baharu and Kenney Hill, and the Gombak River meets another river in this city. The Bukit Nanas, or Pineapple Hill, is a forest reserve located in this city, and this city's Moorish-style buildings include the Sultan Abdul Samad Building. A city to this city's south named Putrajaya is the administrative center of this city's country, and this city's ocean port is Port Kelang. For 10 points, name this home of the Petronas Towers, the capital of Malaysia.;;Kuala Lumpur
;;This conflict was ended by the Treaty of Casco. Benjamin Church and Josiah Winslow were victorious in this conflict's most decisive battle, which was known simply as the Great Swamp Fight. An account of this war was written by  Mary Rowlandson while in captivity. The two main opponents in it had earlier been allies under Massasoit, the sachem of the Wampanoag tribe. For 10 points, name this conflict between Native Americans and the Plymouth Colony, usually called after the Wampanoag chief's anglicized name.;;King Philip's War|Metacomet's (War)
;;The Homestake experiment confirmed that this object emits neutrinos. The SOHO mission was launched to observe this object, whose magnetic field flips every eleven years. This object emits spicules from its chromosphere and mass ejections of plasma from its  corona. Its photosphere contains areas of low temperature that appear dark, its namesake "spots." For 10 points, name this star which contains ninety-nine percent of the mass of the solar system.;;(the) sun|Sol
;;One of this author's title characters fears that a guard will discover a hidden piece of steel in his mitten. This author wrote novels about the mathematician Gleb Nerzhin and Oleg Kostoglotov, who is confined in the title hospital. This author of The First Circle and  Cancer Ward created a character with the last name Shukov who works for group 104, and wrote a book exposing the conditions of the Russian prison camps. For 10 points, name this Russian author of The Gulag Archipelago and One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich.;;(Aleksandr) Solzhenitsyn
;;One section of this text explains that Darius's former kingdom did not rebel against Alexander the Great after his death because he used ministers, and it describes three levels of human intellect in the part about  selecting ministers. The author warns against flatterers, cruelty, and generosity, and adds that qualities of both the fox and the lion are important. The title figure was supposedly based on Cesare Borgia. For 10 points, name this text dedicated to Lorenzo de Medici outlines the proper ways to maintain political power, a work of Niccolo Machiavelli.;;(The) Prince|(Il) Principe
;;This man appointed Levi Woodbury to the Supreme Court and countered the effects of the Black Tariff by signing the Walker Tariff into law. This politician defeated John Bell in a bid to become Speaker of the House. This president chose George M. Dallas as his running mate after emerging as the dark horse candidate to defeat Van Buren in the convention. As president, he acquired the  Oregon territory and signed the treaty of Guadeloupe Hidalgo after winning the Mexican American War. For 10 points name this expansionist eleventh president of the United States.;;(James) (Knox) Polk
;;This artist's works include a limestone disk surrounded by twelve chairs and a gate that features bisected circles-within-circles. Those works, The Table of Silence and The Kiss Gate, can be found near the town of Targu Jiu, along with another of his works, a huge tower made of rhomboid iron modules. He adapted his Maiastra series to create sculptures that used elongated marble and bronze shapes to capture the pure essence of  flight. For 10 points, identify this Romanian sculptor who created The Endless Column and Bird in Space.;;(Constantin) Brancusi accept (variants) (on) (the) (pronunciation) (BRIN(-)koosh)
;;In this author's last novel, Ned bribes Lightning to win a race with a fish, and Boon Hogganbeck marries the prostitute Miss Corrie. This author wrote a short story ending with the image of a "long strand of iron-gray hair" in a bed next to a man killed with arsenic marked "For Rats," Homer Barron. Besides writing The  Reivers and "A Rose for Emily," this author wrote a book partly narrated by the mentally retarded Benjy and the suicidal Quentin Compson. For 10 points each, name this author from Mississippi who used Yoknapatowpha County as the setting of his novels As I Lay Dying and The Sound and the Fury.;;(William) Faulkner
;;Varieties of this mineral include onyx, jasper and chalcedony, and it is one of the few minerals to feature conchoidal fracture. Its piezoelectric properties have resulted in its being used in clocks and watches. After feldspar, it is the most  common mineral on Earth, and it is the most common on the Earth's surface. Common varieties of it include citrine and amethyst. For 10 points, name this crystalline form of silica, a mineral with chemical formula SiO2 and a Mohs hardness of seven.;;quartz
;;This author a book about a philosopher's love for Semire, Azora, and finally Astarte, the queen of Babylon. In another book by this author, the protagonist meets the Anabaptist Jacques after fleeing a battle between the Bulgars and the Abares. In that novel by this author, the protagonist's mentor contract syphilis and is hanged at an auto-da-fe following the  Lisbon earthquake. One of this author's title characters is evicted from Castle Thunder-ten-Tronckh for kissing Cunegonde. For 10 points, name this French author who mocked Dr. Pangloss's optimistic philosophy in Candide.;;Voltaire|(Francis(-)Marie) Arouet
;;BCD, one way of storing these objects, is close to the way humans use them, and the Gray code representation of them differs among adjacent points by one bit. Commonly used in microprocessors is two's complement notation for denoting these objects, and one format used in scientific computing comes in standard and double forms specified by IEEE 754. That technique uses a mantissa, sign bit, and  exponent and is called floating point, while most operations on these are fixed point and are done by the Arithmetic Logic Unit. For 10 points, name these abstract entities which can be shifted, added, or multiplied by a computer.;;numbers
;;This state's 1123 treaty with the Kingdom of Jerusalem was known as the Pactum Warmundi. This city teamed with the Papal States to oppose the early League of Cambrai. Its government was known as the Signoria, an institution that was sometimes rolled into the  Council of Ten. During the Fourth Crusade, this city used an offer of transportation to eliminate rivals like Zadar and Constantinople in a plan connived by the devious Doge Enrico Dondolo. For 10 points, name this one time republic whose strong navy was probably related to its numerous canals.;;(Republic) (of) Venice
;;This artist portrayed the power of irrationality in his painting of a sleeping man surrounded by bats and owls. This artist included that work, The Sleep of Reason Produces Monsters, in his series of Capriccios. He painted a man in a white shirt standing with his arms raised in the air while facing a line of French  soldiers about to fire, and his depiction of Saturn Devouring His Son is part of his Black Paintings. For ten points, name this Spanish artist of The Nude Maja and The Third of May, 1808.;;(Francisco) (Jose) (de) Goya y (Lucientes)
;;The central character of this novel listens to the work of Otto Skadelig and is spit upon by the social worker P. R. Deltoid. This novel begins in the Korova Milk Bar and its first section ends with the central character incapacitated by an "oozy." The title of this book comes from F. Alexander's magnum opus, and its second section is dedicated to the corrective  Ludovico technique. The protagonist of this novel loves Beethoven's Ninth Symphony and commands Dim, Pete, and George, his droogs, while performing acts of "ultraviolence." For 10 points, name this dystopian novel by Anthony Burgess.;;A Clockwork Orange
;;This figure tricked Lycurgus into thinking his son was an ivy plant and killing him. After being kidnapped by a group of sailors, this deity transformed all but Acoetes into dolphins. This god drove Pentheus mad and caused him to be ripped apart by the  Maenads, and as a reward for caring for Silenus, this god granted Midas the golden touch. This god was reborn from Zeus' thigh after his mother was burnt to death after seeing Zeus in his full glory. For 10 points, name this son of Semele, the Greek god of agriculture, wine, and revelry.;;Dionysus|Bacchus
;;One character in this novel nicknames himself "resurrection man" since he unearths fresh bodies to sell to medical students. Besides Jerry Cruncher, who works for the seedy Tellson's Bank as a runner, this novel describes a man driven insane by his prison sentence, who is rescued with the help of Jarvis Lorry. That character is the father of a young woman sometimes called a "golden thread." At the end of this novel, Miss Pross shoots Madame  Defarge in order to allow that woman, Lucy Manette, to escape Paris. For 10 points, name this novel in which Sydney Carton sacrifices himself to save Charles Darney during the French Revolution, written by Charles Dickens.;;(A) Tale of Two Cities
;;The main crossing of this river is the Ava Bridge, its delta is bordered by the Arakan Mountains to the west and the Pegu Mountains to the east, and it rises in the Languela glacier. This river empties into the Andaman Sea and it is formed by the confluence of the Nmai and Mali rivers. This river's main tributary is the Chindwin River, the port of Mandalay lies on this river, and the Rangoon River is one of its distributaries. For 10 points, name this major river of Burma.;;Irrawaddy River|(Ayeyarwady)
;;A variant on this concept includes a video camera and an internal television. Objective collapse theories attempt to resolve this apparent paradox by setting size or complexity criteria. It was intended as a critique of the Copenhagen interpretation, and featured a  hammer triggered to release and break a flask of hydrocyanic acid if an atom decays. For 10 points, name this thought experiment in which, until the box is opened, a superposition of live and dead states is the best way to describe the title creature.;;Schrodinger's cat
;;This country was the site of the Great Lakes Refugee Crisis. The murder of Belgian soldiers from UNAMIR in this country led to the implementation of this country's Zone Turquoise. Gregoire Kayibanda wrote a manifesto named after one of this country's ethnic groups, and the RPF rebel group was formed in this country by Fred Rwigema. Civil unrest in this country occurred when Juvenal Habyarimana's  plane containing Burundi's president was shot out of sky. For 10 points, name this African country in which Hutus and Tutsis were at the front of its genocide.;;Rwanda
;;One disease of this body part is known as Prasad's syndrome when present with mania. Another disorder of this organ causes one's eyes to bulge and a non-pitting edema to develop on the lower extremities. Those conditions affecting this gland are Hashimoto's disease and  Graves's disease. This gland secretes a hormone that inhibits osteoclast activity, calcitonin. For 10 points, name this butterfly-shaped gland, located inferior to the Adam's apple, which secretes the hormones triiodothyronine and thyroxine, and is enlarged in the iodine deficiency disease goiter.;;thyroid gland
;;After the Churning of the Ocean of Milk, this figure stole amrita for the adityas in the form of a beautiful woman. As a dwarf this figure requested three levels of land to live on in order to defeat Bali, and he once defended Vedas against Haygriva in the form of a fish. This god, who appeared as Mohini,  Vamana and Matsya, also appeared as a blue skinned king who rescued Sita from Ravana and served as an advisor and charioteer to Arjuna. For 10 points, name this Indian sustainer god and member of the trimurti, who descended to earth in nine avatars, including Rama and Krishna.;;Vishnu
;;One hundred and twenty of this city's full citizens were captured at the Battle of Sphacteria. In 371 BC, this city was defeated by Epaminondas at the Battle of Leuctra, causing it to lose power to Thebes. Soldiers from this city-state carried shields marked with a capital lambda and wore a scarlet robe. This city-state's general  Lysander won the Battle of Aegospotomi against its major rival, and it was often rocked by revolts of helots. For 10 points, name this militaristic Greek city-state which fought the Peloponnesian War against Athens.;;Sparta|Lacedaemon
;;A poem by Lamartine inspired this composer's tone poem Les Preludes. This teacher of Carl Tausig used a Nikolas Lenau poem as the basis for a work also known as "The Dance in the Village Inn," one of his Mephisto Waltzes. This composer of the  Transcendental Etudes included an arrangement of the Rakoczy March in a series of piano pieces influenced by Magyar rhythms. For 10 points, name this Hungarian composer known for his virtuosity at the piano, who composed the Hungarian Rhapsodies.;;(Franz) Liszt|Liszt Ferenc
;;This element was combined with xenon to form the first two-element noble gas compound, and its compound with uranium is used as fuel for nuclear reactors. Compounds of this element with chlorine and carbon were banned due to their depleting the  ozone layer. This element is added to municipal water supplies and toothpaste to prevent cavities, and has the highest ranking on the Pauling scale, meaning it is the most electronegative element. For 10 points, name this element with atomic number nine and symbol F.;;fluorine
;;In one work by this author, the protagonist is blackmailed by Franz Kromer after lying about stealing apples. In addition to that novel about the organist Pistorius and the student Emil Sinclair, this author wrote a novel set in Castalia in which Joseph Knecht earns the title of Magister Ludi. This author of  Demian wrote a novel in which Hermine is stabbed in Pablo's Hall of Mirrors by Harry Haller. In another of his novels, the title prince learns enlightenment from the ferryman Vasudeva. For 10 points, name this German author of The Glass Bead Game, Steppenwolf, and Siddhartha.;;(Hermann) Hesse
;;This island was the site of the Bronze Age Torreen Culture, and it contains the Scandola Nature Reserve. This island's longest river, the Golo, begins near Monte Cinto, its highest point. In the eighteenth century, Pasquale  Paoli founded the world's first democracy on this island, although it was short lived. This island lies north of the Strait of Bonifacio and south of the Liguria Sea. With capital at Ajaccio, for 10 points, name this island north of Sardinia controlled by France, the birthplace of Napoleon.;;Corsica|(La) Corse
;;In one of this author's works, the unveiling of a skeleton next to the words "Follow your leader" reveals a rebellion aboard the San Dominick to Amasa Delano. This author collected short stories like "The Lightning-Rod Man" in his Piazza Tales. In a novella by this author, the title character is taken aboard the Bellipotent, where he is accused of mutiny by John  Claggart. This author of "Benito Cereno" and Billy Budd wrote a novel whose narrator joins Queequeg and Ahab on a hunt for a white whale. For 10 points, name this American author of Moby-Dick.;;(Herman) Melville
;;During the new moon, this figure was considered to be blind and was known as Mekhenty-er-irty. The Greeks adapted him into the god of silence Harpocrates. His severed hands were recovered by Sobek, who also once saved this god's four sons, who guarded the canopic jars. He once tricked his most famous rival into using a stone boat in a race and into eating this god's  semen, which he had hidden in lettuce. This sky god came to power by avenging the death of his father and defeating his uncle Set. For 10 points, name this falcon-headed Egyptian god, the son of Isis and Osiris.;;Horus
;;This politician described the legislature serving during his term as the "do-nothing Congress." This man owed much of his success to the political machine of Tom Pendergast. This president desegregated the military, recognized Israel, and served during the passage of the Taft-Hartley act. One election won by this man featured an  erroneous headline that declared his defeat by Thomas Dewey. For 10 points, name this Democratic president, who won the election of 1948, ordered the bombing of Hiroshima, and instituted the Marshall Plan.;;(Harry) Truman
;;Extremely blocky, steep-sided types of these landforms occur when they form under glaciers, and are known as tuyas. Their activities can form cryptodomes, which, when moved from their original location, are known as coulees. Their actions are sometimes described as phreatic or  plinian depending on whether they create large amounts of steam. They can create flows of pahoehoe or aa, and they come in composite, shield, and cinder cone varieties. For 10 points, name these openings in the earth's crust that allow magma to come to the surface, exemplified by Krakatoa and St. Helens.;;volcanos
;;One of this author's major poems includes a four hundred line speech by Pythagoras which criticizes eating the meat of animals. This author lamented being punished for "carmen et error" in his poem Tristia, and described the progress of his affair with Corinna in his  Amores. This poet's satirical guide for the best ways to commit adultery may have caused Augustus to exile him from Rome. Another of this author's poems describes Daphne turning into a laurel tree, among numerous other transformations. For 10 points, name this Roman poet of The Art of Love and Metamorphoses.;;(Publius) Ovidius (Naso)|(Publius) (Ovidius) Naso
;;This actor spoke the line "Look at this. Look at what they make you give." while his character was dying in The Bourne Identity, a movie where he played rival assassin The Professor. He appeared as Walter Raleigh in Elizabeth: The Golden Age and protected Monica Belluci from Paul Giamatti's Hertz as Smith in Shoot 'Em Up. For 10 points, name this British actor who portrayed Dalton Russell in Inside Man and Dwight McCarthy in Sin City before starring in Alfonso Cuaron's Children of Men.;;(Clive) Owen
;;One of this element's allotropes has a three hundred twenty atom unit cell, and each major allotrope feature in some capacity twelve-atom icosahedra. Stock and Pohland isolated a compound of this element and nitrogen that is isoelectronic and isostructural to benzene. Compounds of this element with hydrogen feature three center two electron bonds and are described by Wade's rules as hypho, arachno, nido, and closo. This element is isolated from  ulexite and borax. For 10 points, name this element with atomic number five and symbol B.;;boron
;;This opera's aria "Hell's vengeance boils in my heart" reaches a high F6, and is sung by a character who, along with Monostatos, tries to destroy a temple in the final scene. Another character is a birdcatcher who is reunited with his similarly-named lover at the end of this opera. During this opera, Sarastro sings a prayer to Isis and Osiris in order to protect  Tamino, who must undergo an ordeal to win Pamina. For 10 points, name this Mozart opera about the Queen of the Night, Papagena, and Papageno, who is given the title instrument.;;(The) Magic Flute|(Die) Zauberflote
;;Pyotr Grinyov is the main character in this author's romanticized view of Pugachev's Rebellion, The Captain's Daughter. He adapted the story of Don Juan in The Stone Guest, which, like his play Mozart and Salieri, was collected in his collection Little Tragedies. After a storm floods the Neva, Evgeny curses a statue of the Peter the Great, causing it to come to life, in this author's poem The  Bronze Horseman. This author died after dueling his wife's lover, but not before writing a verse novel about the poet Vladimir Lensky's death in a duel. For 10 points, name this Russian author of Eugene Onegin.;;(Aleksandr) Pushkin
;;Among the first animals to possess this structure were the fish Haikouicthys. Consisting of a core of glycoproteins enveloped by two helices of collagen fibers, it secretes the protein sonic hedgehog homolog, which is important in the development of neurons. It forms during  gastrulation by the epiblasts that comprise the floor of the amnion cavity, and it leads to the formation of the neural plate. Extending to the sphenoid bone, for 10 points, name this structure found in the embryos of all chordates, the precursor of the vertebral column.;;notochord
;;Norman Dello Joio provided the score for a work by this choreographer about the life of Joan of Arc, Seraphic Dialogue. The sculptor Izamu Noguchi designed a minimalist set for a solo piece by this choreographer intended to depict a pioneer woman. Along with  Frontier, this graduate of the Denishawn School of Dance choreographed dances for a composition that includes a set of variations on the Shaker hymn "Simple Gifts." For 10 points, name this American dancer and choreographer who choreographed Aaron Copland's piece Appalachian Spring.;;(Martha) Graham
;;One king of this name joined Conrad III to fight the Second Crusade. The eleventh king of this name annexed Burgundy after the death of Charles the Bold, and was opposed by the League of the Public Weal. A third king of this name declared the Duke of Anjou the king of Spain, sparking the War of the  Spanish Succession. The sixth king of this name was known as "the Fat," and the eleventh was known as "the Spider." Another king of this name ordered the construction of Versailles. For 10 points, give this name shared by eighteen kings of France, including one known as the "Sun King.".;;Louis
;;This psychologist classified reactions as primary, secondary, and tertiary circular, and described mental structures that he called "schemas." He studied how children understand that things that can no longer be seen  still exist, a theory he called object permanence. His best-known theory classifies child maturation into four periods known as sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational and formal operational. For 10 points, name this Swiss psychologist known for his theory of cognitive development.;;(Jean) Piaget
;;According to one account, he captured the pirate Thomas of Longoville while journeying to France to ask Phillip IV for aid. That story comes from the "Actes and deidis" of this man composed by Blind Harry. Despite using the "schiltron" formation, he was crushed at the battle of  Falkirk. Earlier, he teamed with Andrew Moray to defeat the forces of John de Warenne at Stirling Bridge. He ceded his position to Robert the Bruce and was captured and drawn and quartered by Edward II. For 10 points, name this hero of Scottish independence.;;(William) Wallace
;;This phenomenon happens as a result of sound waves inducing density fluctuations in water in the Debye-Sears effect, while when involving x-rays and a crystal lattice this phenomenon is named for Bragg, and through a circular aperture it leads to a pattern named for Airy. Its far-field type is named for  Fraunhofer, while its near-field type involves integrals named for Fresnel. This phenomenon may be explained by the principle that every point on a wavefront is its own source, which is named for Huygens. For 10 points, name this optical phenomenon where a wave encounters an obstacle and bends around it.;;diffraction
;;In the first section of To the Lighthouse, Mrs. Ramsay suddenly recalls this poem's line "Someone had blundered." This poem's sixth and final stanza asks "When can their glory fade?" Its fourth stanza states that "Cossack and Russian / Reel'd from the sabre stroke / Shatter'd and sunder'd." This poem asserts  "Theirs not to reason why / Theirs but to do and die, and begins "Half a league, half a league /Half a league onward /All in the valley of Death / Rode the six hundred." For 10 points, name this poem by Alfred, Lord Tennyson about an event during the Crimean War's Battle of Balaclava.;;(The) Charge of the Light Brigade
;;Early in his reign, this ruler defeated and incorporated the Keriat, Merkit and Naiman peoples into his empire. This leader who created the Yassa law code died while campaigning against the Tanguts, although his last major campaign was against the Khwarezmian dynasty in Iran and Central Asia. This ruler employed generals such as Jebe and  Subotai, who used tactics developed by this man including psychological warfare and mass use of cavalry. He was the father of Ogedei and the grandfather of Batu, Hulegu, and Kublai. For 10 points, name this founder of the Mongol Empire.;;(Genghis) Khan|Temujin
;;With two of his students, this man proposed a hidden-variables critique of quantum mechanics which involved a paradox named for him, Podolsky, and Rosen. He co-names a condensate of atoms cooled to near absolute zero that become a coalesced quantum mechanical entity with  Bose, and he argued for the existence of atoms by analyzing Brownian motion. His more famous theories include one that postulates the speed of light to be a constant and which was later expanded to include gravity. For 10 points, identify this scientist who formulated the equation e equals m c squared.;;(Albert) Einstein
;;This author retold the Odyssey in her novella The Penelopiad and wrote a novel about Simon Jordan, who researches the murder of Thomas Kinnear. Another of her novels ends with the protagonist being taken by Nick away from the home of Serena Joy. This author of  Alias Grace, The Robber Bride, and The Blind Assassin wrote a dystopian novel set in the Republic of Gilead which centers on Offred ("of Fred"). For 10 points, name this Canadian author of The Handmaid's Tale.;;(Margaret) (Eleanor) Atwood
;;The laws of this belief system are compiled in a book about "Rejecting the Daevas," and this religion contrasts the concepts of asha and druj. One variant on this religion believes that a time god fathered the central spirits of this religion, and that the first man was  Gayomart. Some believers in this religion follow Zurvan, and many are laid on Towers of Silence after they die. Holy texts of this religion include the Gathas and the Vendidad. For 10 points, name this religion that contrasts the evil Angra Mainyu with Ahura Mazda, follows the Avestas, and was founded in Persia.;;Zoroastrianism|Parsiism
;;One of this author's poems is set "down by the dank tarn of Auber/ In the ghoul-haunted woodland of Weir," and ends with the speaker encountering his dead lover's grave. In another of his poems, angels perform "the tragedy, Man," and affirm that its hero is "The Conqueror Worm." This author of  "Ulalume" wrote a poem about a woman who "loved with a love that was more than love" in "a kingdom by the sea" before being killed by jealous angels, and a poem whose speaker mourns Lenore before hearing a "tapping" at his "chamber door." For 10 points, name this poet of "Annabel Lee" who wrote about a bird that repeats "Nevermore" in "The Raven.".;;(Edgar) (Allan) Poe
;;Reginald Reynolds delivered a letter announcing to Lord Irwin the intent to stage this event. This event's instigator spent over eight months in Yerwada Jail for it. Although this event began on March 12 with seventy-eight volunteers, by its end on April 6, the procession had grown to over  two miles in length. This event ended at Dandi when its leader boiled a lump of mud. For 10 points, name this 1930 march to the sea, which ended when Mahatma Gandhi illegally produced a certain spice.;;Salt March|Salt Satyagraha
;;The splitting of spectral lines by one of these is known as the Stark effect. This quantity may be crossed with its duality transform to give the Poynting vector. The cross of susceptibility and this quantity times the permittivity of free space is the  polarization. Its flux through a closed surface is proportional to the amount of enclosed charge by Gauss's law. For 10 points, give this quantity, the gradient of the electric potential, equal to charge over radius squared.;;electric field
;;In one aria in this opera, the title character compares love to a rebellious bird, and states that she will only love a man who does not love her. Minor characters in this opera include Mercedes and Frasquita, companions of the title character, and the innkeeper Lillas Pastia. In Act I, Micaela delivers a message to a character who later stabs the title character because she leaves him for  Escamillo, a bullfighter. For 10 points, name this opera based on a novella by Prosper Merimee, the most famous work of Georges Bizet.;;Carmen
;;This play's first scene sees Abram get into a fight with Sampson and Gregory, resulting in a judgment from Prince Escalus. Later in this play's first act, one character describes the fairy Queen Mab on the way to a party, where the protagonist forgets his infatuation with Rosaline. One of this play's title characters drinks a potion that simulates  death for twenty four hours after visiting Friar Lawrence. During this play, the deaths of Tybalt and Mercutio cause to tensions rise between the Capulets and the Montagues in Verona. For 10 points name this Shakespeare tragedy about two "star-cross'd lovers.".;;Romeo and Juliet
;;All four of Landau's "unattackable" problems concerned these entities. One of those problems, Legendre's conjecture, claims that for all positive integers n, one of them is found between n squared and quantity n plus one squared; another states that any even integer greater than two can be written as a sum of two of them and is known as the  Goldbach conjecture. Many encryption methods rely on multiplying two of them, and they can be found using the sieve of Eratosthenes. For 10 points, name these numbers whose only factors are one and themselves.;;prime numbers|primes
;;In one novel by this author, Shadrack organizes a National Suicide Day. In that novel by this author, Chicken Little drowns in a river after being thrown in by Nel Wright and the title character watches as her mother burns in the front yard. In another novel by this author, the fear of Schoolteacher causes a slave to kill her  baby and escape with her daughter Denver to 124 Bluestone Road, where the title character's ghost haunts Sethe. For 10 points, name this African-American author of Sula and Beloved.;;(Toni) Morrison|(Chloe) (Ardelia) Wofford
;;This artist created a cycle of paintings called The Months, which included such paintings as The Harvesters and The Return of the Herd. He also depicted a ploughman who is oblivious to a boy falling from the sky in Landscape with the  Fall of Icarus. He painted two servants carrying a tray of porridge during the titular celebration in Peasant Wedding, and created a work illustrating literal representations of Flemish proverbs. For 10 points, name this sixteenth century Dutch painter of Hunters in the Snow.;;(Pieter) Bruegel the (Elder)
;;One recent work from this country, written to "counter fundamentalism," alludes to George Orwell and is titled 1Q84 (one-Q-eight-four). Another work from this country begins with the assertion "I am a Cat," while an author from this country included the novels The Decay of the Angel and Spring Snow in his tetralogy The  Sea of Fertility. Novels set in this country include The Sound of the Mountain, The Woman in the Dunes, and Snow Country. For 10 points, name the country in which Basho wrote haikus.;;Japan|Nihon(;)|Nippon
;;This man fought the Quadi, and divided society into the honestiores and humiliores. Lucius Verus served as his co-emperor, and he fought the Marcomanni. This man's son was overthrown by Pertinax, and this emperor's rule followed that of Antonius Pius. The father of  Commodus, this emperor followed a movement founded by Zeno of Citium. For 10 points, name this last of the Five Good Emperors, who wrote about his Stoic philosophy in the Meditations.;;(Caesar) Marcus Aurelius Antoninus (Augustus)|Marcus Annius Verus
;;In November 2008, the Democratic Caucus stripped a Congressman from this state of the chair of the Energy and Commerce committee. This state is represented by both of the two longest-serving current incumbents in the House, John Dingell and John  Conyers. Its former three-term Republican governor, John Engler, was unseated in 2002 by Canadian-born Jennifer Granholm. For 10 points, name this state, represented by Senator Carl Levin, which has been hit particularly hard by the troubles of Big Three auto makers.;;Michigan
;;This document predated the Fourteenth Amendment in its call for all non-vagabonds to enjoy the "privileges and immunities" of free citizens. It provided that colonels and all ranks below be appointed by legislatures, and this document ends with an invocation of the "Great Governor of the World." It preapproves allowing its provisions to extend to  Canada, but its stance on militias was ambiguous and it did not allow Congress to directly assess taxes. For 10 points, name this document that established a "league of friendship" between the newly independent colonies of America.;;(The) Articles of Confederation and (Perpetual) (Union)
;;This man's namesake goods differ from Giffen goods because their definition considers preference rather than demand. He discussed universities run by businessmen in The Higher Learning in America , and argued that businessmen may benefit from work that harms the community in The Theory of  Business Enterprise. His most famous work introduced the term "conspicuous consumption." For 10 points, name this economist who wrote The Theory of the Leisure Class.;;(Thorstein) Veblen
;;This nation was the site of the Cossack led Khmelnytsky Uprising, and from 1655 to 1660 it was controlled by Sweden in a period known as "The Deluge." This country was united by Ladislaus I in the early fourteenth century under its Piast dynasty. During the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, this country and its northeast neighbor were both ruled by the Jagiellon dynasty. The Molotov-Ribbentrop pact allowed the  September 1, 1939 two-pronged invasion of this country during World War II. For 10 points, name this European country which was the heart of the Duchy of Warsaw during the Napoleonic Wars.;;Poland|Polish(-)Lithuanian Commonwealth until (Lublin) (is) (read)
;;This figure's son by the giantess Rindr was born with the sole purpose of killing another of his sons. His hall Valaskjalf contains his throne Hlidskjalf, and he receives half of the einherjar. With his brothers Vili and Ve, this god created Ask and Embla, and he later hung upside down impaled with his own  spear to learn the secrets of the runes. He is served by the ravens Hugin and Munin and his possessions include the spear Gungnir and the eight-legged horse Sleipnir. With his wife Frigg, he fathered Hodr and Baldur. For 10 points, name this chief god of the Norse pantheon.;;Odin|Oden(;)|Wotanaz(;)|Wodin(;)|Woden
;;In this war, Marshal Achille-Francois Bazaine lost the battles of Mars-la-Tour and Gravelotte and was surrounded at the fortress of Metz. This conflict was provoked in part by reaction to a telegram describing a meeting between Count Benedetti and King William. In one of this war's battles, the forces of Patrice  Mac-Mahon were routed by Helmuth von Moltke at Sedan, a battle in which Napoleon III was captured. For 10 points, identify this 1870 to 1871 war between two namesake countries which resulted in the unification of Germany.;;Franco(-)Prussian War|Franco(-)German War
;;One of this man's works has a solo trombone open its "Tuba Mirum" movement. A C-D-F-E motif is used in a double fugue that concludes his last symphony. The only two symphonies he wrote in a minor key were both in G minor, and those were his 25th and 40th. He wrote twelve variations on the melody of  "Twinkle Twinkle Little Star" for piano, and Franz Sussmayr completed his mass for the dead. He composed a serenade for strings entitled Eine Kleine Nachtmusik. For 10 points, name this child prodigy composer of an unfinished Requiem and the Jupiter Symphony.;;(Johann) (Chrysostom) (Wolfgang) (Amadeus) Mozart|(Johannes) (Chrysostomus) (Wolfgangus) (Theophilus) Mozart
;;One type of this process used with temparature-sensitive organic substances uses steam to lower the temperature to which the substances much be heated. Another type of this process uses a Kugelrohr apparatus and is a short-path version of the "vacuum" type of this process. This process does not work for substances that deviate from  Raoult's law, azeotropes, and the "fractional" type of this process distinguishes compounds with similar boiling points. For 10 points, name this experimental technique that separates the components of mixtures based on boiling points.;;distillation
;;One character in this work, Bergotte, dies while staring at Vermeer's View of Delft. The narrator of this work becomes obsessed with jealousy over his lover Albertine, and describes the rise of the Verdurins. Set largely at Combray, its sections include The  Guermantes Way and Time Regained. Its first section, Swann's Way, includes a scene in which the narrator's memories are sparked by the taste of a madeleine cake. For 10 points, name this magnum opus of Marcel Proust.;;In Search of Lost Time|Remembrance of Things Past(;)|A la recherche du temps perdu
;;This figure once disguised himself as Enipeus to father Pelias and Neleus on Tyro, and some stories claim that this figure was raised on Rhodes by the Telchines. After raping a Lapith woman, this deity turned her into the male hero Caeneus, and he also fathered Chrysaor and Pegasus with Medusa. With Apollo, this god built walls for King  Laomedon of Troy, and he lost the contest for the patronage of Athens to Athena. With Amphitrite, he fathered the conch-horn-wielding fish-man Triton. For 10 points, name this Greek god of earthquakes and the sea.;;Poseidon
;;One of this author's characters is deeply saddened by Herr Breman's demise, leading him to hold a conference featuring Mr. Lewis and Mr. Dupont, before he is branded a Nazi sympathizer. Another of this author's characters served for a man that invited Herr von Ribbentrop to his estate before working for Mr. Farraday. A novel by this author focuses on the characters Miss Kenton, Lord  Darlington, and his butler Stevens. For 10 points, name this author of The Unconsoled and The Remains of the Day, a British novelist born in Japan.;;(Kazuo) Ishiguro
;;Early in this novel, Pietro Crespi commits suicide because he cannot marry the orphan Rebeca. A major character in this novel first thinks that he has seen the largest diamond in the world when gypsies present him with ice. The work concludes when  Melquiades's prophecies are fulfilled, and a baby with a pigtail is born after Amaranta rsula and Aureliano commit incest. For 10 points, name this novel set in Macondo and following the Buendia family, written by Gabriel Garcia Marquez.;;One Hundred Years of Solitude|Cien anos de soledad
;;This artist painted a mosaic in the Chigi Chapel depicting the creation of the world, as well as portraits of Baldassare Castiglione and Pope Julius II. Dante Gabriel Rossetti and John Millais were members of a movement attempting to return to the paintings created  before the works of this artist, whose most famous work is located in the Stanza della Segnatura in the Vatican and centers around Plato and Aristotle. For 10 points, name this Renaissance artist of The School of Athens.;;Raphael Sanzio
;;This poet wrote that he heard "the sound of that advancing multitude / Which soon shall fill these deserts" in his poem about the "gardens of the desert," "The Prairies." Another poem by this author describes a figure "darkly seen against the crimson sky," and asserts that the being which guides its "certain flight" will also "lead [his] steps aright." This poet depicted "The innumerable caravan which moves / To that mysterious realm" in a poem about coming to terms with  mortality, whose name means "meditation upon death." For 10 points, name this American poet of "To a Waterfowl" and "Thanatopsis.".;;(William) (Cullen) Bryant
;;This anthropologist wanted to study a living and functioning folklore and found a disagreement between that folklore and the culture of one society in the work Zuni Mythology. Another work by this anthropologist described the Zuni as Apollonian, while the  Kwakiutl were Dionysian and the Dobu schizophrenic. Another work by this woman distinguished between shame and guilt cultures. For 10 points, name this American anthropologist and student of Franz Boas, who wrote the works Patterns of Culture and The Chrysanthemum and the Sword.;;(Ruth) Benedict accept (Ruth) Fulton
;;The CKM matrix explains several reactions mediated by this interaction, which Cronin and Fitch showed violates CP symmetry and which Glashow, Salam, and Weinberg showed emerged from the breaking of an SU(2) x U(1) gauge symmetry. Madame Wu's experiment that demonstrated parity violation relied on a  pion decay mediated by this force, and this force governs the conversion of an up quark into a superposition of down quarks. For 10 points, name this force essential to nuclear decays, mediated by the W and Z bosons, which has much less influence over subatomic particles than the one mediated by gluons, the strong force.;;weak nuclear (force)|weak interaction
;;One running back at this university ran for over seven yards per carry as a junior and scored five touchdowns in the 1988 Holiday Bowl. In 2007 this school's current head football coach tiraded at reporters to go after him, claiming,  "I'm a man! I'm forty!" Those alumni are Barry Sanders and Mike Gundy. In 2009 it defeated Georgia to earn a top five ranking before losing at home to Houston. For 10 points, name this university whose stars include wide receiver Dez Bryant, and which plays an in-state rivalry game with the University of Oklahoma.;;Oklahoma State University
;;An amendment to the bill which legalized this program was added by Everett Dirksen while other members of Congress were at a luncheon. Edward Stettinius served as the first head of the this program. Operation Cedar was part of this program which replaced  Cash and Carry and was similar to the earlier Destroyers for Bases Agreement. For 10 points, name this program under which the United States provided billions of dollars worth of war material to China, the Soviet Union and Allied Nations during World War Two.;;Lend(-)Lease
;;This country fought Norway in the Battle of Largs under King Alexander III. It's centuries old pact with France was known as the Auld Alliance. Mary of Guise married one king of this country who died just after losing the battle of Solway Moss. This country's reformation was pioneered by the galley slave and  Presbyterianism founder John Knox. England's Stuart dynasty began when James VI of this country became James I of England. For 10 points, name this formerly independent British country found to the north of England.;;Scotland
;;This figure is thought to have fathered Sobek with Neith. He referred to as the "Lord of the Northern Sky" in the Book of the Dead. In order to protect Ra during his journey through the underworld, this deity battled the serpent Apep every night. This god's wife  Nepthys cheated on him and gave birth to Anubis. This god was tricked into giving the throne of united Egypt to his brother's son after he stole Horus's eye. For 10 points, name this Egyptian god of evil and chaos who chopped up and killed his brother Osiris.;;Set|Seth|Seteh|Sutekh
;;One rebellion in this city led to temporary rule by the Sixteen. This city's streets were said to be impervious to the building of barricades after it was renovated under Baron Haussmann. It lends its name to that treaty ending the  Seven Years' War, and for two months this city was the home of a government crushed by Marshall MacMahon and led by Louis Auguste Blanqui, its namesake commune. For 10 points, name the city on the Seine that was the site of the execution of people like Marie Antoinette and Robespierre.;;Paris
;;After singing the aria "Pari siamo!", this work's title character greets his daughter in the duet "Figlia! Mio padre!" This opera's title character sings "Bella figlia dell'amore" as its antagonist attempts to woo Maddalena, and this work opens with that  antagonist's aria "Questa o quella". The title character, who suffers from the curse of Count Monterone, hires the assassin Sparafucile to kill the Duke of Mantua, who sings the canzone "La donna e mobile". For 10 points, identify this opera based on Victor Hugo's Le roi s'amuse, a Verdi work about a jester.;;Rigoletto
;;The Eotvos equation relates temperature and this property, and the Marangoni effect involves gradients in it. LaPlace's law gives an inverse relationship between this value and the radius of alveoli in the lung. Because bile lowers this quantity for  urine, it can be used to test for jaundice in the Hays test, and this property causes liquid to rise through thin tubes in capillary action. This quantity, which is measured in dynes per centimeter, is lowered by surfactants like detergents. For 10 points, name this property of liquids caused by intermolecular attractive forces that allows some insects to walk on water.;;surface tension
;;Usman dan Fodio founded the Sokoto Caliphate in this country in the early 19th century, and its Jos Plateau served as the center of the Nok civilization. Port Harcourt serves as the capital of this nation's Rivers State, and its city of Kano is the center of its Hausa people. This nation is bordered to the south by the Bight of Bonny and Bight of Benin, which are parts of the Gulf of Guinea, and the Republic of Biafra was a secessionist movement here led by its Igbo people. For 10 points, name this African nation whose largest city is Lagos, and whose capital is Abuja.;;(Federal) (Republic) (of) Nigeria
;;This author wrote a story about a German whose crocodile swallows the narrator's friend alive. Makar and Varvara exchange letters in this author's novel Poor Folk, and another of his novels depicts the life of convicts in Siberia. This author of The  House of the Dead described the parable of the Grand Inquisitor in a novel about Smerdyakov, who murders Ivan Karamazov. Another novel by this author centers on the murder of a pawnbroker by Raskolnikov. For 10 points, name this Russian author of Crime and Punishment.;;(Fyodor) (Mikhaylovich) Dostoyevsky
;;The specificity of these objects was discovered by Marshall Nirenberg. Their name was coined by Sydney Brenner, who matched two of them to the "amber" and "ochre" mutations. Along with "opal," those colors have been used to describe the three ones that cause termination. The  wobble effect occurs when the value of the last component of one is changed but the product is unaltered. Methionine is produced by the "start" one, which is designated by the sequence AUG. For 10 points, name these triples of base pairs that specify the production of an amino acid.;;codons
;;The protagonist of this novel is banned from the Men's House after emptying a spittoon on a preacher's head. This novel was expanded from a short story in which young men are forced to box blindfolded, "Battle Royal." The protagonist of this novel joins the  Brotherhood, which is opposed by Ras the Exhorter; the resulting tension culminates in a race riot in Harlem which leads the protagonist to start a new life underground. For 10 points, name this masterpiece of Ralph Ellison.;;Invisible Man
;;This thinker invented a simple teaching machine, which rewards correct answers to a set of questions. This thinker stated that "people are bodies" and argued against free will in one work, and postulated the "mand" in his  Verbal Behavior. This author of Beyond Freedom and Dignity created the school of radical behaviorism and authored Walden Two, and tracked the reponses of rats and pigeons to the environment in operant conditioning chambers. For 10 points, name this 20th century American psychologist.;;(Burrhus) (Frederic) Skinner
;;Late in the play he appears in, this character claims that "[his] own tears / Do scald like molten lead." He calls himself "a man / more sinned against than sinning" in a scene which sees him yell "Blow winds, and crack your cheeks!" and encounter a man disguised as Tom o'Bedlam. He is led to shelter by  Gloucester after rushing into a storm, accompanied only by the disguised Earl of Kent and his Fool. At the beginning of the play named for him, he divides his kingdom between Albany and Cornwall. For 10 points, name this monarch who titles a Shakespeare play about his daughters Goneril, Regan, and Cordelia.;;(King) Lear
;;This president authorized Operation Urgent Fury after the execution of Maurice Bishop. This president signed the Goldwater-Nichols Act to reform the Department of Defense. He justified the Kemp-Roth Tax Cut with the Laffer Curve, and during a strike he fired eleven thousand  air traffic controllers. The Tower Commission investigated his administrations for the actions of Caspar Weinberger and Oliver North. For 10 points, name this president during the Iran-Contra affair who asked Gorbachev to tear down the Berlin Wall.;;(Ronald) Reagan
;;One probable cause of event was a dispute over a debt between Edward Gerrish and John Goldfinch. In the trial that followed it, Robert Treat Paine led the prosecution. Thomas Preston was the commanding officer present at this event and  Crispus Attucks was the first to die. The Townshend Acts had earlier prompted the buildup of the troops who took part in this event. An engraving of this conflict by Paul Revere stirred up anti-British sentiment. For 10 points, name this 1770 event in which British soldiers fired on American colonists in Massachusetts.;;Boston Massacre
;;Edvard Munch created a version of this painting including a bowl of fruit and a nude woman facing directly towards the viewer, in which the title figure is laid out on a bed. The top half of this painting is depicts nothing but a black wall, while the bottom half contains a wooden box with the artist's signature on it and an inkwell on top. The title figure holds a  note in his left hand and a quill in his right after being murdered in his bathtub by Charlotte Corday. For 10 points, name this painting depicting an assassination which took place in 1793, by Jacques-Louis David.;;(The) Death of Marat
;;This author wrote a story about a wizard who creates a fireproof man by dreaming of him in the title location. In addition to "The Circular Ruins," this author wrote about a Frenchman who decides to recreate rather than translate the title novel in his short story  "Pierre Menard, Author of the Quixote." In another of this author's stories, an endless series of hexagonal rooms contain an endless series of four hundred and ten page books. For 10 points, name this Argentine author of The Library of Babel who republished his story The Garden of Forking Paths as part of his collection Ficciones.;;(Jorge) (Luis) Borges
;;This thinker rejected to Erasmus' formulation of free will in his work and claimed that humans without God were ruled by Satan in On the Bondage of the Will. This man was ordered to recant his heretical beliefs in the papal bull "Exurge Domine", which was written by Leo X in response to a a set  of statements against abuses of the Church, including the sale of indulgences, that this man posted on the cathedral in Wittenberg. For 10 points, name this German theologian who delivered the Augsburg Confession at the Diet of Worms and sparked the Protestant Reformation with his 95 Theses.;;(Martin) Luther
;;This ruler provided aid to Yermak after Yermak conquered the khanate of Sibir, and this man convened the first Zemsky Sobor. This ruler was defeated by Stephen Bathory in the Livonian War, and he founded a secret police force called the  oprichina. This Rurik dynasty ruler killed his namesake son in a rage in 1581, and he was succeeded by his advisor Boris Godunov. For 10 points, name this first Russian ruler to have the title of Tsar, a man infamous for his ruthlessness.;;Ivan IV|Ivan the Terrible
;;The Stribeck curve gives this quantity as a function of steady-state velocity. Laws involving this quantity were first discovered by Leonardo da Vinci, but mathematically written two centuries later by Charles Coulomb. For a body on an incline, the coefficient associated with it is equal to the tangent of the incline angle. The  "static" version of this quantity is proportional to the normal force and independent of the area of contact. For 10 points, name this force that retards the motion of an object sliding along a solid surface.;;friction
;;This organization included a branch called the Political Consultative Committee. One man responsible for the creation of this organization was Nikolai Bulganin. In 1968, Albania withdrew from this organization, and, in 1985, it was renewed for another twenty years. This organization was responsible for the invasion of  Czechoslovakia during the Prague Spring. The main reason for the creation of this organization was as a response to the creation of NATO. For 10 points, name this defensive alliance led by the Soviet Union and declared in Poland.;;Warsaw Pact|Warsaw Treaty (of) (Friendship(,)) (Cooperation(,)) (and) (Mutual) (Assistance(;))|Warsaw Treaty (Organization)
;;This place is home to Kirkpatrick basalt, found on Mt. Kirkpatrick, and one mountain chain here are the Pensacolas. The Onyx river flows into lake Vanda near the McMurdo sound on this landmass, and it is divided into east and west by mountains named for it. An island near it is named  Deception island, and one settlement here is called Vostok. It is split into places like Wilkes land, Queen Maude Land, and Ellsworth Land, and the Amundsen sea is adjacent to it. Home to Mount Erebus and the Ross Ice Shelf, for 10 points, name this continent where people can visit the South Pole.;;Antarctica
;;One character in this novel corrects the shepherd Peter as he describes how Chrysostom died out of love for Marcela, and later discovers the helmet of Mambrino in the possession of a barber. This novel begins with the title character reading books like Amadis of Gaul, which inspire him to rename his horse  Rocinante. The title character attempts to save Dulcinea by charging at giants, despite his squire insisting that he is only attacking windmills. For 10 points, name this novel about the title character's adventures with Sancho Panza, written by Miguel de Cervantes.;;Don Quixote de (la) (Mancha)
;;This thinker rejected the objective form of the title concept for the subjective in The Science of Logic. This thinker argued that men like Caesar and Napoleon advanced the title concept and asserted that German society was the peak of human development in two of his works. In his most famous work, this author of Lectures on the Philosophy of  History and The Philosophy of Right described the evolution of consciousness towards "Absolute Knowledge" and the synthesis of the thesis and antithesis to form the "dialectic". For 10 points, name this German philosopher, author of The Phenomenology of Spirit.;;(Georg) (Wilhelm) (Friedrich) Hegel
;;An alternative to this equation contains a factor of Boltzmann's constant times temperature over Planck's constant and is known as the Eyring equation. The Eyring equation uses free energy as an independent variable, whereas this equation divides  activation energy by the product of temperature and the ideal gas constant; in addition, this equation's pre-exponential factor is not temperature-dependent. For 10 points, name this equation that is used to find the rate of a reaction and is named after a Swedish chemist.;;Arrhenius equation
;;This dynasty was politically dominated by Liu Jin and Wei Zhongxian. This dynasty was founded by the Hongwu emperor, and the reign of its Yongle emperor included the construction of the Forbidden City. The voyages of Zheng He took place during the reign of this dynasty, which was overthrown by the  Manchus, and ruled in between the Yuan and Qing dynasties. For 10 points, name this dynasty that ruled China from 1368 to 1644, which lends its name to a type of vase.;;Ming Dynasty
;;Several short stories by this author are narrated by Mr Mulliner, while a character known as the Oldest Member narrates most of his stories about golf. The pig-obsessed Lord Emsworth is featured in many of his stories set at Blandings Castle, and many of his characters are members of the  Drones Club, including Bingo Little and a man with aunts named Agatha and Dahlia, Bertie Wooster. For 10 points, name this British comic author who created Wooster and his resourceful butler, Jeeves.;;(Pelham) (Grenville) Wodehouse
;;This position was played by the player who scored the winning run off of Francisco Cabrera's single to win the 1992 NLCS for the Braves, Sid Bream. A man nicknamed Double X, the second player to hit 500 career home runs, Jimmie Foxx, also played this position, and as did the first player to achieve over 3,000 career hits, Cap Anson. For 10 points, name this position played by Lou Gehrig and currently played by Prince Fielder, Jason Giambi, and Albert Pujols.;;First Base
;;Francisco-Miguel Marques has hypothesized a stable cluster of four of these particles, which consist of two down quarks and one up quark. When these particles are in free space they rapidly undergo beta decay and have an average lifespan of about fifteen minutes. Discovered in 1932 by James  Chadwick, the number of these particles determines the isotope of an element, and their number is included in atomic mass but not atomic number. For 10 points, name this subatomic particle with no net electric charge, slightly heavier than a proton.;;neutron
;;This author wrote about a gambler being attacked in Fort Romber, Nebraska, in a story about a Swede who picks a fight in a building owned by Pat Scully. This author wrote a story about four men, including a cook and an oiler, who attempt to row to Mosquito Light Inlet after being stranded at sea. In a novel by this author, the protagonist meets the "tattered man" after  deserting Wilson and Jim Conklin during battle. This author of The Blue Hotel and The Open Boat wrote a novel about Henry Fleming, who discovers the true nature of the Civil War. For 10 points, name this author of The Red Badge of Courage.;;(Stephen) Crane
;;A pronominal phenomenon known as voseo occurs in some dialects of this language. The word for "or" in this language undergoes a sound change when it precedes a word starting with an O sound. The imperfect subjunctive has two interchangeable conjugations, one ending in  ra and one ending in se, and there are two verbs for "to be," ser and estar. For 10 points, name this Romance language spoken in countries like Cuba and Argentina.;;Spanish|espanol(;)|castellano
;;This author satirized the Catholic Church by describing the noise made by the popehawk and the bishophawks on Ringing Island. This author unfavorably contrasted official dogmas with a fictional religious institution whose motto is "Do as you will," the Abbey of Theleme. One of this author's characters is taught a humanistic education by Ponocrates after climbing Notre Dame and  urinating on the crowd below, causing a massive deluge. Under the pen name Alcofribas Nasier, this author wrote about the adventures of Friar John and Panurge in a book named for two giants. For 10 points, name this medieval French author of Gargantua and Pantagruel.;;(Francois) Rabelais
;;The leaders of this movement derived from the Hakka, and it sought to outlaw gambling and tobacco use. Its minister of state was killed by Wei Chang-Hui, and it suffered the desertion of Shih Ta-Kai. Frederick Ward defended Shanghai from this rebellion, which was finally defeated with help by the  Ever-Victorious Army under Charles Gordon. It grew out of the God Worshippers Society, and it takes its name from the "Heavenly Kingdom of Great Peace." For 10 points, name this 1860s rebellion against the Manchus, whose leader, Hong Xiuquan, thought he was the younger brother of Jesus Christ.;;(the) Taiping Rebellion
;;This thinker claimed that all language is metaphor in "On Truth and Lies in a Non-Moral Sense." He critiqued the "herd mentality" of previous thinkers, and wrote a philosophical autobiography with chapters including "Why I Write Such Great Books" and "Why I am a Destiny". This author of Human, All Too Human and  Ecce Homo outlined the difference between Appolonian and Dionysian aesthetics in The Birth of Tragedy, and discussed the prophesy of the Ubermench in Also Sprach Zarathustra . For 10 points, name this German philosopher of Beyond Good and Evil, who claimed that "God is dead.".;;(Friedrich) (Wilhelm) Nietzsche
;;After being goaded, this character describes winning a swimming contest over Brecca. When this character perishes, his kinsman declares that the eleven men around him will be exiled. This avenger of Scyld receives the Naegling after diving to a bottom of the lake and finishing his task by the ninth hour. The protector of the  Heorot, this character receives the Hrunting from Unferth, and is assisted by Wiglaf in his final fight against a dragon. For 10 points, name this Geat who slays Grendel in a namesake Old English epic.;;Beowulf
;;This figure's son won Hippodomia after defeating Oenomaus in a chariot race, and his daughter was turned into a rock on Mount Sipylus, where she is said to weep when snow melts above it. Pindar's first Olympian ode states that this figure stole nectar and ambrosia from heaven and gave it to the  mortals, and another legend states that he killed his son and fed him to the gods. For 10 points, name this father of Niobe and Pelops who was punished by having water and fruit placed just beyond his grasp.;;Tantalus
;;This effect can be used to calculate the number of free electrons in a wire by measuring the drift velocity. A quantum version of this effect was discovered by Klaus von Klitzing. When measuring this effect, a namesake  probe is calibrated using a known magnetic field strength. This effect can distinguish between negative charges moving in one direction and positive charges moving in the other, because the voltage differences will be opposite in magnitude. For 10 points, name this effect in which an applied magnetic field causes a voltage difference.;;Hall effect
;;One mountin in this range is Mount Alvernia, and one subrange of this range is the Sibillini. A war including the Battle of Caudine Forks, the Samnite wars, took place in this mountain range. This range includes the Maritime Alps, and the tallest mountain in this range is Corno Grande. This range is home to San Marino, and it ends in Calabria and runs through Umbria. The Tiber River flows from, for 10 points, which mountain range, often called the "backbone of Italy"?.;;Apennines
;;In one poem, this author wrote "America it's them bad Russians" and "America I've given you all and now I'm nothing." In another poem, this author describes grabbing a "skeleton thick" sunflower and sticking it at his side. This author wrote "lord lord lord caw caw caw" at the end of an elegy for his mother Naomi,  "Kaddish." Another of his poems repeats "I'm with you in Rockland," denounces Moloch, and begins "I saw the best minds of my generation destroyed by madness." For 10 points, name this American beat generation poet of "A Supermarket in California" and "Howl.".;;(Irwin) (Allen) Ginsberg
;;One painting by this artist sees tormented souls claw at the title vessel as it carries the title character and Virgil across the River Styx. The title character of another of his paintings lies resignedly back as invading forces destroy his possessions and kill his concubines. A third of his works depicts two pyramidally-organized groups of Greek victims of the title event. The central figure of his best-known work carries a musket in one hand and the tricolore in the other. For 10 points, name this artist of The Barque of Dante, The Death of Sardanapalus, The Massacre at Chios, and Liberty Leading the People.;;(Eugene) Delacroix|(Ferdinand) (Victor) (Eugene) Delacroix
;;This architect created a system of proportion based on human measurements, the Modulor system. He designed the Palace of Justice and numerous other buildings in Chandigarh, India. Works such as the Notre Dame du Haut chapel exemplify the five points of architecture he outlined in Towards a New Architecture, and he is best remembered for a building in Poissy which is elevated by pilotis. For 10 points, name this Swiss-French architect of the Villa Savoye.;;Le Corbusier|(Charles(-)Edouard) Jeanneret
;;The larval dragon fly contains a trachaea on the rectum which serves as this structure. Spiracles often guide movement through this structure in some cartilagenous animals, and these structures are often covered by a bony osculum. These structures make use of the  countercurrent exchange system to transfer oxygen to the blood, and they are sometimes used to describe the pharyngeal slits that chordates are born with. For 10 points, name these respiratory structures that enable fish to breathe.;;gills
;;One statue of this deity served as the model for Hiram Powers's sculpture The Greek Slave, and is named for Medici. Praxiteles's sculpture of this deity standing nude and holding a drapery in one hand was purchased by the town of Knidus. Another sculpture of this deity is attributed to Alexandros of Antioch, and portrays this  goddess wearing a drapery about to slip off her hips. That sculpture of this goddess was discovered in 1820 on the Greek island Milos, and is missing both arms. For 10 points, name this goddess of love.;;Venus|Aphrodite
;;The Lewis-Randall rule is related to this law by the Gibbs-Duhem equation, and it can be derived from the Duhem-Margules equation. The relation between the chemical potential of solute atoms and infinite dilution is given by the proportionality constant in this law. That constant in this law is found experimentally by measurements taken at a liquid-vapor equilibrium. It explains how divers get "the  bends" and why a bottle of soda fizzes when it's opened. For 10 points, name this law that relations the dissolved concentration of a gas to the gas's partial pressure above the solvent.;;Henry's (Law)
;;This author described the meeting of George and Sabina in Atlantic City in a play about the Antrobus family, which survives an ice age and a flood. This author wrote a novel about the deaths of Esteban, Uncle Pio, and the Marquesa de Montemayor. This author of  The Skin of Our Teeth also wrote a play in which George Gibbs marries Emily Webb, who revisits her twelfth birthday after dying in Grover's Corners. For 10 points, name this American author of The Bridge of San Luis Rey and Our Town.;;(Thornton) (Niven) Wilder
;;This man's minister Peter Barsymes established a monopoly over silk manufacture. Victories fought by his generals include the Battle of Daraa and the the Battle of Tricamarum. This ruler paid tribute to Khosrow I to establish an "Eternal Peace" and much of his policy was created by Tribonian. Although he was nearly deposed for Hypatius by mobs watching  chariot races, Belisarius was able to suppress the Nika Riots. He also compiled Roman laws in his namesake Code. For 10 points, name this Byzantine emperor who commissioned the Hagia Sophia.;;Justinian I
;;This man lectured on the history of British juries as part of a twenty-four-hour filibuster in 1957. In protest of a speech by Minneapolis mayor Hubert Humphrey, this man joined with Mississippi governor Fielding Wright to run for President, picking up four states' electoral votes in 1948 as the  States Rights Democratic Party candidate. Six years later, he won election to the Senate as a write-in candidate, for the first of eight terms. For 10 points, name this one time segregationist leader who retired at age 100 after serving forty-eight years as a Senator from South Carolina.;;(James) (Strom) Thurmond
;;This author wrote a poem whose speaker remembers hearing "the sea lisp[ing]" the "low and delicious word Death" on "Paumanok's shore" as a child. Another of this author's poems lists parts of the body before declaring "these are not the parts and poems of the Body only, but of the Soul." This author of  "Out of the Cradle Endlessly Rocking" and "I Sing the Body Electric" wrote an elegy for a man who "lies / Fallen cold and dead" as well as the poem "Song of Myself." For 10 points, name this poet who lamented the assassination of Lincoln in "O Captain, My Captain," and wrote the collection Leaves of Grass.;;(Walt) Whitman
;;This artist designed toys such as a red fish with sharp teeth on rollers in his early years. This artist of the sculptures Snake and the Cross and Swizzle Sticks designed a sculpture in which a white sphere sits next to a wood stump designed to represent the rock of Gibraltar. This artist designed Bent Propeller for the World Trade Center, and pioneered a form of sculpture in works like La Spirale and  Lobster Trap and Fish Tail. For 10 points, name this American artist who designed moving sculptures called mobiles.;;(Alexander) Calder
;;This man's namesake effect refers to the likelihood of lab equipment failure while he was in the room. He proved the spin-statistics theorem, and explained the apparent violation of conservation of energy and momentum in beta decay by proposing the  neutrino. His best-known contribution applies to fermions and states that no two of them can have the same quantum state. For 10 points, name this 1945 Nobel Laureate in Physics, who has an eponymous Exclusion Principle.;;(Wolfgang) (Ernst) Pauli
;;This thinker argued that capitalism resulted from primitive accumulation instead of original accumulation. This thinker labeled the idea that value exists in goods by themselves as "commodity fetishism." His book Critique of the  Gotha Program argues that an ideal society would follow the principle "from each, according to his ability; to each, according to his needs," although he felt that a more equal society could only be achieved through the dictatorship of the proletariat. For 10 points, name this author of Das Kapital, who cowrote The Communist Manifesto along with Friedrich Engels.;;(Karl) Marx
;;This politician caused a split in his party by rejecting the demands of William Yancey. One of this man's policies was attacked in his rival's Peoria Speech. This creator of the Freeport Doctrine was instrumental to the passage of the Compromise of 1850. He designed the  Kansas-Nebraska Act before a split in his party caused John Breckinridge to receive more electoral votes than this man in the election of 1860. For 10 points, name this proponent of popular sovereignty, a Democratic Illinois senator who opposed Abraham Lincoln in a series of debates.;;(Stephen) (Arnold) Douglas
;;This type of motion can be modeled with a symmetric rigid rotor in Poinsot's construction. Magnetic moments of particles experience the Larmor type of this phenomenon around an external magnetic field, a form used in nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. In cases where this motion causes an  axis to make a cone, the direction of this motion is orthogonal to the torque. For 10 points, name this phenomenon exhibited by gyroscopes, in which the direction of the axis of a rotating body shifts.;;precession
;;In one play by this author, Chance Wayne tries to blackmail Princess Kosmonopolis with a tape of her discussing smuggling hashish into the United States. In another of his plays, a condom embarrassingly falls out of Alvaro's pocket after he shows body art to Serafina. In addition to  Sweet Bird of Youth and The Rose Tattoo, this author also wrote a play about the Pollitt family's patriarch Big Daddy and the relationship between Brick and Maggie. For 10 points, name this American playwright of Cat on a Hot Tin Roof.;;(Tennessee) Williams
;;After this god's wife built a child out of the mud, he sliced that child's head off. This figure voluntarily drank the Halahala poison, and he fathered a war god named Skanda. This deity was often depicted with a blue throat on the dwarf Apasmara holding an hourglass. This god, whose dancing form is known as Nataraja, was forced to put the head of an  elephant on Ganesh. This husband of Parvati is most often shown as a four-armed cosmic dancer. For 10 points, name this Hindu god of destruction, a member of the Trimurti along with Brahma and Vishnu.;;Shiva|Siva|Siwa
;;In one of this author's novels, a postcard sent to Marketa with the message "Long Live Trotsky" gets Ludvik Jahn in trouble with his country's authorities. A dog named Karenin dies of a tumor in another of this author's novels, which begins by rejecting Nietzsche's concept of eternal recurrence. In his best-known novel, the university professor Franz has an affair with Sabina, the mistress of Tomas, after  Prague Spring. For 10 points, name this Czech author of The Joke and The Unbearable Lightness of Being.;;(Milan) Kundera
;;This man supported the Plan de Casa Mata which led to the downfall of Augustin Iturbide. This ruler signed the treaty of Velasco with David G. Burnet and his forces killed over 350 men in the Goliad Massacre. He fled to Cuba after being overthrown by Ignacio Commonfort and Benito Juarez. This man lost part of his  leg fighting the French, and he lost his fake leg during the Battle of Cerro Gordo. Earlier, this man lost at the battle of San Jacinto to Sam Houston. For 10 points, name this Mexican president and general whose forces took the Alamo.;;(Antonio) (de) (Padua) (Maria) (Severino) (Lopez) (de) Santa Anna y (Perez) (de) (Lebron)
;;The Hox genes NANOG and Oct-4, as well as the transcription factor SOX2, are critical to maintaining the function of these cells, which require fibroblasts called feeder cells to be grown in cultures. A property of them may be induced in other cells by the oncogene cMyc. The inner mass cells of the blastocyst are  pleuripotent ones, while only the cells of the morula are truly totipotent. For 10 points, name this class of cells, able to differentiate into specialized cell types while replenishing themselves through mitosis.;;stem cells
;;This thinker outlined a world government to prevent wars in his essay "Perpetual Peace." One of this philosopher's describes the beautiful, good, agreeable and sublime forms of the aesthetic. This thinker attempted to discern whether synthetic a priori knowledge was possible, and became a philosopher after reading Hume's challenge to induction. This author of  Critique of Judgement argued that an action was ethical only if it could be universally applied without contradicting itself. For 10 points, name this philosopher who devised the "categorical imperative" and wrote Critique of Pure Reason.;;(Immanuel) Kant
;;This loser of the Battle of the Golden Spirs petitioned for safe passage through the Pyrenees at the conclusion of the Aragonese Crusade. This ruler was the subject of the bulls Clericos Laicos and fueded with the issuer of Unum Sanctum, Boniface VIII. He roasted Jacques de Molay after his debt to the  Knights Templar caused him to use his influence over Clement V to disband the organizationt. For 10 points, name this late Capetian king of France, who gained his nickname from his good looks.;;Phillip IV of (France)|Phillip the Fair
;;One of this man's poems declares "Long live the weeds and the wilderness yet," while another parenthetically asks "Who knows how?" after describing "Whatever is fickle, freckled." Another of his poems asks "Why do men now not reck his rod?" after equating the title object with the ooze of oil, and begins "the world is charged with" the title phenomenon. This author of "The  Wreck of the Deutschland" wrote a poem about a "morning's minion," "The Windhover," as well as a poem beginning "Glory be to God for dappled things." For 10 points, name this Jesuit priest, an English poet who used sprung rhythm in his poems "God's Grandeur" and "Pied Beauty.".;;(Gerard) (Manley) Hopkins
;;This man was second-in-command to Jose Millan Astray during experiences he would later write about in his Diary of a Battalion. This man would later succeed Astray as commander of his country's foreign legion after the third Rif War. This man merged the Carlist and  Falange parties in his country during a civil war that removed Manuel Azana from power. He was succeeded as head of state by Juan Carlos I. For 10 points, name this man whose victory in his country's civil war allowed him to become the long time dictator of Spain.;;(Francisco) Franco Bahamonde
;;Scenic byways in this city include Colonel By Drive, which runs along the Rideau Canal, and the Rideau River terminates in this city. In 2001 it amalgamated with its suburbs such as Nepean and Gloucester. This city lies along its namesake river across from Gatineau, and landmarks within this city include the Peace Tower, Macdonald-Cartier International Airport, Confederation Boulevard, and 24 Sussex Drive, whose current resident is Stephen Harper. For 10 points, name this second most populated city in Ontario, the capital city of Canada.;;Ottawa
;;One of this author's works deals with the death of Tao Chi'en, and another describes Irene Beltran's affair with Francisco Leal. In addition to Portrait in Sepia and Of Love and Shadows, this author wrote a novel about a modern Scheherazade,  Eva Luna. Her most famous novel follows the clairvoyant Clara and other members of the del Valle family. For 10 points, name this author of The House of the Spirits, a cousin of a former Chilean president.;;(Isabel) Allende
;;This artist produced a series of photographs with Edward Muybridge, and a painting by this artists depicts a group of students at the title location. In addition to The Swimming Hole, one work by this artist includes the Girard Avenue Bridge and a depiction of the artist and his friend, and another work by this artist depicts a procedure performed to resolve a case of osteomyelitis of the femur. For 10 points, name this artist known for his scenes of Philadelphia life, who painted Max Schmitt in a Single Scull and The Gross Clinic.;;(Thomas) Eakins
;;This man received financial support from a group known as the Secret Six. One plan organized by this man reacted to the sack of Lawrence by murdering five men in Franklin County in the  Pottawatomie Massacre. This man used the name Isaac Smith in a plan that caused the deaths of the marine Luke Quinn and two of this man's sons. That plan by this man ended after a raid on an engine house resulted in his arrest by Robert E. Lee. For 10 points, name this abolitionist who organized a raid on a federal armory in Harpers Ferry.;;(John) Brown
;;This author wrote a short novel about Maurice Bendrix's obsession with his former lover Sarah Miles. This author created a character nicknamed "Ticki" who is given hints about how to find smuggled diamonds by the Syrian Yusef and has an affair with Helen Rolt. This author wrote a novel about Major  Scobie, as well as a novel about a man who goes by the name the Whiskey Priest as the last cleric in his Mexican province. For 10 points, name this Catholic British author of The End of the Affair, The Heart of the Matter, and The Power and the Glory.;;(Henry) (Graham) Greene
;;The Limay and Neuquen rivers are located near this country's city of Bariloche, and this country is home to the Perito Moreno glacier. Comodoro Rivadavia is a center for oil production in this country, and this country shares Iguazu Falls with its neighbor. Provinces in this country include Mendoza, which is home to this country's tallest mountain, and this country's capital city includes the district of San Telmo and landmarks such as the Pink House. That city is located on the Rio de la Plata. For 10 points, name this country home to the mountain Aconcagua, with capital at Buenos Aires.;;Argentina
;;The protagonist of this novel is forced into her first marriage after kissing Johnny Taylor. In this novel, Sam Watson is married to the protagonist's friend Pheoby, and supports the protagonist's husband, an embattled mayor who marries her to further his political career in  Eatonville. The protagonist leaves the old farmer Logan Killicks for Jody Starks, but leaves him to move to the Everglades and live with Tea Cake. For 10 points, name this novel written in dialect about Janie Crawford, a work by Zora Neale Hurston.;;Their Eyes Were Watching God
;;This man fought a duel with John Randolph, and he unsuccessfully attempted to send delegates to the Congress of Panama. This man was inspired by the ideas of Friedrich List and Alexander Hamilton to promote protectionist economic policies, creating the  "American System" adopted by his Whig Party. Andrew Jackson claimed that this man became Secretary of State due to a "Corrupt Bargain" he made with John Quincy Adams, and this man was the architect of the Missouri Compromise. For 10 points, name this Kentucky politician known as the "Great Compromiser.".;;(Henry) Clay
;;Writers from this country include Gerald Murnane and the author of Remembering Babylon, David Malouf. Another writer from this country wrote Riders in the Chariot and a novel about the titular German explorer's voyage across this country. The author of Illywhacker and Oscar and Lucinda,  Peter Carey, is from this country. For 10 points, name this nation home to such authors as Patrick White and Thomas Keneally, as well as Oodgeroo Noonuccal and other Aboriginal poets.;;Australia
;;This book recommends leaving a scapegoat in the desert for Azazel. This book opens with instructions regarding the nature of burnt sacrifices, and its sixteenth and twenty-third chapters discuss rites for Yom Kippur. This book places seafood that lacks  fins and scales on a list of things that are abominations to God. Chapters seventeen through twenty six of this book are often referred to as the "Holiness code." For 10 points name this book which precedes Numbers and follows Exodus, the third book of the Old Testament.;;(Book) (of) Leviticus
;;This phenomenon can occur in a "dusty" variant produced by macroscopic dust particles. Tonks and Langmuir name oscillations in this kind of material. If those waves are shorter than the Debye length, they will undergo a collisionless amplitude loss called Landau damping in this substance. In the earth's magnetic field, this comprises the  Van Allen belt. Solar wind is made up of this, as are comet tails. This substance is created when part of a gas is ionized with equal parts positive and negative charges. For 10 points, name this "fourth state of matter.".;;plasma
;;One of this artist's early works is Woman Reading in a Garden, and she also depicted her mother in Reading Le Figaro. This artist depicted a woman carrying a child and a man rowing in The Boating Party. In her most famous work, a water jug sits at the bottom right and a  child's feet dangle into a washbasin as her mother holds her. For 10 points, name this American painter of The Bath, who moved to Paris to work with her fellow Impressionists.;;(Mary) Cassatt
;;Besides Raney nickel, another catalyst named for Raney that dehydrogenates alcohols is named after this element, and the sulfate of this element is used in a chemical reagent that detects the presence of monosaccharide and disaccharide sugars. Benedict's solution contains ions of this element. It can be extracted from coveline and chalcosine, and its oxide is found alongside  yttrium and barium in a superconductor. For 10 points, name this metal that alloys with zinc to form brass and tin to form bronze, an element with chemical symbol Cu.;;copper
;;This figure guided Nausicca to Odysseus after appearing to her in a dream, and this deity raised Erichthonuis after almost being raped by Hephaestus. This deity helped Herakles retrieve Cerberos from the underworld. After being defeated in a weaving contest, this goddess turned  Arachne into a spider. This goddess was often depicted with an owl, and her most famous temple was the Parthenon. For 10 points, name this deity who sprung fully-grown and armored out of Zeus's head. the Greek goddess of wisdom.;;(Pallas) Athena|(Pallas) Athene|Athena Parthenos
;;The apothecary Mr. Harris is sent for when one character contracts an illness in this novel. The central family of this work is left impoverished after their father leaves Norland estate to his son by another marriage. Anne accidentally reveals her sister Lucy Steele's secret engagement to one character. Mr. Willoughby spurns  Marianne after learning she is poor, forcing her to settle for Colonel Brandon, and Edward Ferrars finally proposes to Elinor. For 10 points, name this Jane Austen in which the two Dashwood sisters represent the title qualities.;;Sense and Sensibility
;;Lagrange proved that any integer can be represented as the sum of at most this many squares, and this is the largest integer such that polynomials of this degree have general solutions. Any map can be colored with at most this many different colors, according to the "[BLANK]  color theorem." The discriminant of a standard quadratic is equal to b squared minus this number multiplied by a times c. The simplest Platonic solid, the tetrahedron, has this many faces. For 10 points, name this smallest composite number.;;four
;;This case took one of its key phrases from the Francis Thompson poem Hound of Heaven. This case included Briggs v. Elliot and Gebhat v. Belton in its ruling, and was a companion case to Bolling v Sharpe. It was reopened in 1978 to address the issue of "Open Enrollment," and its ruling of  "all deliberate speed" was used to force Orval Faubus to yield to the National Guard at Central High in Little Rock. For 10 points name this Warren Court decision in which the segregation in a Kansas school district was ruled unconstitutional.;;Brown v(.) (Board) (of) (Education) (of) (Topeka) (Kansas)
;;One derivative of this language group is a predominately female script that uses phonetic characters, Nu Shu. Documents in this language group are sometimes annotated with ruby characters known as bopomofo. In this lanugage group, the semantic root of a character is known as the  radical. This language group's romanizations include Wade-Giles and Hanyu Pinyin. For 10 points, name this language group in the Sino-Tibetan family that includes Hokkien, Wu, Cantonese, and Mandarin and is used in the world's most populous nation.;;Chinese languages|Sinitic languages
;;In one of, this author's novels, Gilliatt attempts to save the steam ship Durande. In another of this author's novels, Sister Gudule is tormented by an embroidered shoe that reminds her of the child that was taken from her. This author of The Toilers of the Sea wrote a novel in which a man imprisoned for stealing a  loaf of bread adopts Cosette and is constantly pursued by Inspector Javert, as well as a novel about the bellringer Quasimodo. For 10 points, name this author of The Hunchback of Notre Dame and Les Miserables.;;(Victor) Hugo
;;This psychologist wrote about "The Need for Creative People" in his posthumously published essay collection, The Farther Reaches of Human Nature. In that book, he also explains the "Jonah complex." After reading The  Organism by Kurt Goldstein, this psychologist created a concept that he arranged with esteem, belonging, safety, and physiological concerns. For 10 points, name this psychologist who put "self-actualization" atop of a pyramid that must be fulfilled in order, called his namesake "hierarchy of needs.".;;(Abraham) (Harold) Maslow
;;This man and his elder brother negotiated a peace treaty at Margus after he razed Singidunum. Honoria sent him a ring asking him to save her from an arranged marriage, and this man murdered his brother and co-ruler Bleda. Theodosius II negotiated tribute to this man, and he was planning to invade  the eastern Roman empire when he died on his wedding night. Valentinian the third allied with the Visigoth Theodoric the first to defeat this man at the Catalaunian Planes near Chalons. For 10 points, name this "scourge of God" and ruler of the Huns.;;Attila the (Hun)
;;He wrote the "Antar" Symphony and the tone poem Sadko. He wrote one work that includes a recurrent "Alborada" and ends with a "Fandango" dance, the Capriccio Espagnole. This composer used church hymns in his Russian Easter Overture. He completed Borodin's opera Prince Igor and orchestrated Mussorgsky's  Night on Bald Mountain. One of his operas includes a scene where Prince Guidon transforms into an insect, which is represented by a violin. For 10 points, name this composer of Scheherezade and The Tale of Tsar Saltan, which includes "The Flight of the Bumblebee.".;;(Nikolai) Rimsky(-)Korsakov
;;Like cyanobacteria, this structure contains the cytochrome B6F complex, which works to transfer protons and electrons over a membrane in this structure. This structure contains carotenoids like beta-carotene, which have yellow and red pigments, and in this organelle,  rubisco is used in a cycle that fixes carbon within the stroma. This organelle is the site of the Calvin cycle, and contains the thylakoid membrane that makes up grana. For 10 points, name this organelle that generates glucose and fructose after performing photosynthesis, a plant organelle that has the green pigment chlorophyll.;;chloroplast|thylakoid until (organelle)
;;One member of this school formed a group known as the "Left Column" after leaving it, and is best remembered for his work on the headquarters of the German Trade Union School. That member, Hannes Meyer, succeeded this school's founder as its leader in 1928, and was himself succeeded by a man who followed the dictum that "less is more," Ludwig Mies van der Rohe. For 10 points, name this school of architecture founded by Walter Gropius, whose name means "house of building.".;;(Staatliches) Bauhaus
;;Albert de Gondi was influential in the decision to commit this act, which signaled the end of a truce made at the Peace of Saint-Germain-en-Laye. Pope Gregory XIII praised those involved in this event, which was signaled by the ringing of  church bells. This event was sparked by the outrage stemming from the assassination of Admiral Gaspard de Coligny. For 10 points, name this event perpetrated by Catherine de' Medici and Charles IX, in which Catholics massacred Huguenots in 1572 in Paris.;;Saint Bartholomew's Day Massacre
;;One character in this novel, Charles Tansley, states that women cannot paint or write during a party whose guests include Paul Rayley. The first section of this novel describes the visiting poet Augustus Carmichael, and children of this novel's main female character include novel include Camelia, Andrew, and James, whose lives are chronicled in its second section,  "Time Passes." In its third section, Lily Briscoe finishes a portrait before journeying to the title structure. For 10 points, name this stream-of-consciousness novel about the Ramsay family, written by Virginia Woolf.;;To The Lighthouse
;;This empire moved north of the Tugela River after losing a devastating battle to forces commanded by Andries Pretorius. This empire expanded by using a new weapon, the assegai, and used impi to defeat its neighbors during the Mfecane. Under Cetshwayo, this empire destroyed British troops in the Battle of  Isandlwana, although it suffered a significant setback in 1838 after losing the Battle of Blood River to Boer settlers. For 10 points, name this empire that controlled most of southern Africa in the nineteenth century under the leadership of Shaka.;;Zulu Empire|amaZulu
;;Stravinsky wrote one of these works that was has a toccata, two arias, and a capriccio movement, which was recorded by Hilary Hahn. J.S. Bach wrote a "double" one of these works in D minor which only uses a string orchestra. Tchaikovsky and Beethoven both wrote their versions of this kind of work in D major. Brahms dedicated his work of this type to Joseph Joachim. Vivaldi wrote four that were accompanied by  sonnets. Well-known performers of these kinds of works include Isaac Stern and Itzhak Perlman. For 10 points, name this kind of work for an orchestra and a string soloist, which are exemplified by The Four Seasons.;;violin concertos
;;One author from this country wrote a story whose narrator believes that classic texts contain the secret message "Eat People!" That author from this country also wrote a story about the hapless Ah Q, and this country's only Nobel Laureate wrote the novel  Soul Mountain. One novel from this country details a monkey king's voyage to India. Journey to the West and The Romance of the Kingdoms are two of the four classic novels of this country. For 10 points, name this country, whose classic novels were written during the Ming and Qing dynasties.;;(People's) (Republic) (of) China|Zhonghua Renmin Gongheguo
;;Along with Welchman, this scientist names a "bombe" that would test rotor settings using a "crib." One formulation named after this man was used to demonstrate that the halting problem is undecidable. He devised a test in which a person converses with both another person and a  machine impersonating a person, in order to determine whether the machine can effective act human. For 10 points, name this mathematician and computer scientist who helped the Bletchley Park team break the Enigma code, who names an artificial intelligence test, and whose "machines" can be adapted to simulate the logic of any computer algorithm.;;(Alan) (Mathison) Turing
;;One form of these reactions has a modification using ethylene glycol known as the Huang Minlon modification. Another form of these reactions uses liquid ammonia to convert aromatic rings to cyclohexane. Another form uses zinc amalgam and is effective for aryl-alkyl ketones and, like a similar reaction that uses heated hydrazone, has an end product of alkanes. More common examples use LAH or other hydride donors to turn ketones into secondary alcohols.  Birch, Clemmensen, and Wolff-Kishner, are, for 10 points, types of what reaction in which an atom or molecule gains electrons and that is usually paired with oxidation?.;;reduction
;;This country briefly had a female dictator named Ana Pauker, and during World War II this country was ruled by the Legion of St. Michael or the Iron Guard Party. This country gained territory from its northern neighbor in the Treaty of Trianon. Historic regions within this country include  Bessarabia and Wallachia, while the city of Cluj-Napcoa is the capital of its northern region, Transylvania. A 1989 revolution in this country ended in the televised military execution of its long-time Communist dictator, Nicolae Ceasescu. For 10 points name this Eastern European country with capital at Bucharest.;;Romania
;;The title of the first volume of Deleuze and Guattari's Capitalism and Schizophrenia criticizes this concept. Ernest Jones used this concept to explain Hamlet's behavior, and its creator theorized that it gives rise to castration anxiety, and that overcoming it gives rise to the superego. For 10 points, name this male counterpart of the Electra complex, in which, according to Freud, a son has a repressed fixation for his mother and antipathy towards his father.;;Oedipus complex
;;A modern poet from this country wrote the poem "It is Worthy." One author from this country wrote a novel whose narrator ventures to Madame Hortense's hotel. This country's earliest works include a poem that divides human existence into a Golden Age, a Silver Age, a Bronze Age, a Heroic Age, and an Iron Age,  Works and Days. The author of The Last Temptation of Christ is from this country, which was also the birthplace of the playwright of Antigone and Oedipus Rex. For 10 points, name this modern-day country whose ancient authors include Sophocles and Homer.;;Greece|Hellenic Republic
;;This letter denotes the lowest unfilled electron subshell in copper, and while a subshell denoted by this letter is filled in manganese, the 3d subshell is not. Palladium is unique in that it  lacks electrons in this subshell at the fifth energy level. This subshell corresponds to a second quantum number of zero, and is the only one that exists at the first energy level. For 10 points, name this spherical electron subshell, whose name is an abbreviation for its historical name, "sharp.".;;s
;;In one of this artist's paintings, a woman's face can be seen in a mirror as she sits at a virginal, and in a similarly themed painting, three people crowd around a piano. In addition to The Concert and The Music Lesson, this artist created a painting in which a female in blue representing Clio is being painted by the artist, known as The Art of Painting. This artist may have used a  camera obscura to achieve the extremely realistic lighting in his paintings, include one of a woman wearing a blue head scarf and the title piece of jewelry. For 10 points, name this seventeenth century Dutch painter of Girl with a Pearl Earring.;;(Johannes) Vermeer
;;This author collected poems such as "The Flies in the Moochkap Teahouse" and "The Highest Sickness" in My Sister--Life. One of this author's novels is partially set at the Varykino estate, and includes a character who attempts to get the money to marry Pavel Antipov by shooting  Komarovsky. The title character of this author's major novel is torn between his wife Tonya and Lara during the upheaval of the Russian Civil War. For 10 points, name this Russian author who was censored by the Soviet Union for writing Doctor Zhivago.;;(Boris) Pasternak
;;This body of water's namesake community was established by the treaty of Chaguaramas. One fruit that is grown on islands here is called the stinky toe, which one can purchase in Basseterre. The Mosquito coast runs along this body of water, and  Montego Bay is an inlet of it. Mount Pelee is an active volcano that formed the Leeward island that was home to Josephine Bonaparte in this sea. Home to islands like Curacao, St. Kitts and Nevis, and Martinique, the Bay of Pigs is part of it. For 10 points, name this sea that includes the countries Dominica, Haiti, Cuba, and Jamaica.;;Caribbean sea
;;This man feuded with Paul Cyr over who should succeed him in one role, leading to his follower Alvin O. King winning an election. This man wrote a predictive account of his actions if he were to beat FDR in 1936 in My First Days in the White House. While a senator, this politician came up with a wealth redistribution plan that promised to make  "every man a king." This creator of "Share Our Wealth" was assassinated by Carl Weiss at the capitol building in Baton Rouge. For 10 points, name this politician nicknamed the Kingfish, who dominated Louisiana politics.;;(Huey) (Pierce) Long
;;After ripping apart Silus with two trees, this figure raped his daughter Peregrine and fathered Melanippus. Along with the Lapith prince Pirithous, he kidnapped a young Helen. This man also slayed the enormous Crommyonian sow and killed the people-stretching bandit  Procrustes. His father Aegeus died when this hero forgot to change his ship's sails from black to white after Ariadne used a long piece of string to help him out of the labyrinth. For 10 points, name this mythological founder of Athens and slayer of the Minotaur.;;Theseus
;;In one of this author's works set in Brooklyn's Red Hook district, the illegal Italian immigrant Marco kills Eddie Carbone after being reported to the authorities. In another of his plays, the slave Tituba prepares a potion that Abigail Williams wants to use to kill Elizabeth  Proctor. The protagonist of another of his plays works for Howard Wagner and disappoints his son Biff by cheating on his wife Linda before killing himself for the insurance money. For 10 points, name this American author of A View from the Bridge who wrote about the Salem witch trials in The Crucible and Willy Loman in Death of a Salesman.;;(Arthur) Miller
;;This group's ideology was based on the Anka Doctrine and its rule was contested by exile groups like GRUNK and FUNK. This group took power from Lon Nol and kept King Sihanouk as a figurehead. This group attempted to build an agrarian society in  Kampuchea by resetting the calendar to "year zero", and operated S-21, one of its "killing fields." It took its name from the empire that built Angkor Wat. For 10 points, name this group led by Pol Pot, a 1970s Communist group which perpetrated a genocide in Cambodia.;;Khmer Rouge
;;Kearns-Sayre syndrome is a disease associated with malfunction of this organelle. Nonsyndromic deafness, ataxia, and neuropathies may result from mutations in this organelle's DNA, which is inherited entirely from the mother. The inner of this organelle's two membranes has compartments called  cristae and contains the matrix, which contains enzymes that oxidize pyruvate. It produces much of the cell's supply of ATP through oxidative phosphorylation. For 10 points, name this energy-generating organelle.;;mitochondria|mitochondrion
;;This country is separated from its southwestern neighbor by the Durand Line. It was modernized in great part by Amanullah Kahn. Daoud Kahn abolished this country's monarchy in 1973, and ruled as president until the Saur Revolution of the Marxist PDPA. The CIA backed  Mujahedeen rose up against the PDPA, causing Premier Brezhnev to order the Soviet Union to invade this country from 1979 to 1986. For 10 points, name this nation in which Mullah Omar headed the Taliban government up to and during the United States invasion in 2001.;;Afghanistan
;;One author from this country wrote one of the first novels about Buddhism, The Pilgrim Kamanita. Besides Karl Gjellerup, another author from this country included the short story "Babette's Feast" in her collection Seven Gothic Tales, and wrote an autobiography about living on a coffee plantation near  Nairobi under the pen name Karen Blixen. Another author from this country wrote the short stories "The Little Match Girl" and "The Little Mermaid." For 10 points, name this country home to the author of Out of Africa, Isak Dinesen, and the author of "The Ugly Duckling," Hans Christian Andersen.;;(Kingdom) (of) Denmark|(Kongeriget) Danmark
;;This concept is invoked to resolve the Kleene-Rosser paradox. Divide and conquer algorithms are based on the multi-branch type of this strategy, and all functions of this type can be transformed into iterative functions using a stack. Examples of this method include the solution to the  Towers of Hanoi problem and defining the Fibonacci sequence. For 10 points, name this method of defining function in which the definition applies the function itself, also a means of solving problems in computer science by solving many smaller instances of the same problem.;;recursion
;;Pope Leo IX condemned this man's proposed marriage to the daughter of Baldwin V as incestuous, and one of his most trusted advisors was Lanfranc of Pavia. He had his brother Odo imprisoned for raising troops without his permission, and this man  commissioned the Domesday survey. This man oversaw the building of the Tower of London, and the Bayeux Tapestry depicts this man's defeat of Harald Godwinson. For 10 points, name this king of England who won the Battle of Hastings in 1066.;;William I|William the Conqueror
;;The Japanese Palace is part of this city's Zwinger museum complex, and it is home to the planned community of Hellerau. This city saw its designation as a UNESCO World Heritage site revoked in 2009, and namesake porcelain industry moved to nearby Meissen in the early 18th century. It is located on the Elbe River, and this city is the capital of Saxony. For 10 points, name this German city, the site of a massive allied bombing raid during World War II.;;Dresden
;;This author wrote the preface to Frantz Fanon's The Wretched of the Earth. The protagonist of one of this author's novels listens to "Some of These Days" to come to terms with a condition that overwhelms him when he looks at the roots of a chestnut tree. This author adapted the Orestia into his play The  Flies, and he wrote a novel contrasting the Self-Taught Man with Antione Roquentin. For 10 points, name this French author of Nausea and a play in which a room in Second Empire style becomes the eternal home of Inez and Garcin, No Exit.;;(Jean(-)Paul) Sartre
;;This figure's brothers included Jabal and Jabel, the fathers of farmers and musicians, and Tubal-Cain, the inventor of metalworking. This man cursed his grandson Canaan after Caanan's father had seen this figure drunk and naked. This father of Shem, Japheth and  Ham made a covenant with God after receiving an olive branch from a dove. That covenant took place on Mount Ararat and was symbolized by a rainbow. For 10 points, name this biblical figure who was ordered God to build an ark to survive a great flood.;;Noah|Noe|Noyach
;;The Oren-Nayar model describes the diffuse of this phenomonenon, which is assumed to be Lambertian in simple models, and which occurs when surfaces are not smooth. That type contrasts with the  specular type. This phenomenon is absent when the angle of incidence of a particular ray is Brewster's angle. The "law of" this phenomenon states that the angle of incidence and its namesake angle are equal. For 10 points, name this optical phenomenon whose total internal type occurs beyond the critical angle, which involves waves being bounced back to its origin.;;reflection
;;This author asserted that "love is the whole and more than all" in one poem, and repeated the line "with up so floating many bells down" in another. This author of "my father moved through dooms of love" described a time "when the world is puddle-wonderful" in his poem "in Just-." He wrote a novel detailing the time he spent in a French  prison camp during World War I, and asked "how do you like your blueeyed boy/Mister Death" in his poem "Buffalo Bill's defunct." For 10 points, identify this author of "anyone lived in a pretty how town" and The Enormous Room, known for his eccentric typography and capitalization.;;(Edward) (Estlin) Cummings
;;This artist painted a scene in which the owner of the title location stands behind a billiards table, although his legs mysteriously do not appear. staring out of the painting. This painter also created a depiction of a small room lit by a single overhead lamp, in which a meal is eaten by five simple peasants seated at a table. While this artist of The  Night Cafe was in an insane asylum in Saint-Remy, he painted a small village under a brightly lit night sky. For 10 points, name this Dutch painter of The Potato Eaters and The Starry Night.;;(Vincent) (Willem) van Gogh
;;One subclass of these compounds was shown by Charles Pedersen to allow potassium permanganate to dissolve in benzene. This functionality, produced in the Ullman reaction, is exemplified by tetrahydrofuran, and its polycyclic form is its crown variety. An alkyl halide reacts with an alkoxide ion to produce these compounds in the Williamson synthesis, and they are defined by the presence of an  oxygen atom bonded to two aryl or alkyl groups. For 10 points, name these compounds whose diethyl variety was once used as an anesthetic.;;ether
;;According to one account, this figure was killed by Herakles for stealing Geryon's oxen; another account claims she aroused the wrath of Amphitrite. In a third account, this lover of Glaucus was transformed out of jealousy by Circe. This woman was turned into a  creature with twelve feet, the body of a dog, and six heads, each of which devoured a sailor as a ship passed through the Strait of Messina. For 10 points, name this sea monster located directly across from the whirlpool Charybdis.;;Scylla
;;This state raised a namesake "Column" to fight in the American Civil War, and Admiral John Sloat occupied cities in this state during the Mexican War. Before being named to the Supreme Court, Earl Warren was a governor of this state. The town of Sonoma in this state was the center of  the Bear Flag Republic. This state was home to the first Republican Party presidential candidate John Fremont. James Marshall's discovery at Sutter's Mill in this state prompted the 1849 gold rush. For 10 points, name this western state home to Ronald Reagan and Richard Nixon.;;California
;;As a boy, this figure prophecied that a fortress kept collapsing because it was built over a red dragon fighting a white dragon. This figure was imprisoned forever after falling in love with Nimue, Uther Pendragon after that son pulled a sword from a stone. For 10 points, name this mythological wizard who advised King Arthur.;;Merlin
;;Holospora obtusa can have a symbiotic relationship with the caudatum variety of this organism, while bursaria can host photosynthetic endosymbionts. Didinium almost exclusively consumes this organism, whose  macronucleus can contain eight hundred copies of a chromosome. Like similar organisms, this organism ingests via a cytostome and uses contractile vacuoles. For ten points, name this freshwater ciliate which moves about thanks to the cilia covering its body.;;paramecium
;;This composer used Psalm 137 as the basis for his piece "Va pensiero," or the Chorus of the Hebrew Slaves. That chorus is from his opera about the Jewish exile in Babylon. Another of his choruses precedes "Stride La Vampa" (STREE-day luh VOM-puh) and appears in his opera about the gypsy Azucena (AH-zoo-KAY-nuh). In addition to composing Nabucco (NAH-buh-coe) and creating the  Anvil Chorus in Il Trovatore (ill troh-vuh-TOR-ay), this composer wrote operas about the courtesan Violetta and an Egpytian princess. For 10 points, name this composer of La Traviata and Aida.;;(Giuseppe) (Fortunino) (Francesco) Verdi
;;This poet wrote a long autobiographical poem involving an ascent of Mount Snowdon, as well as a poem asserting "the child is father of the man." His poems "Strange fits of passion have I known" and "A slumber did my spirit seal" were dedicated to Lucy. This author of  "Ode: Intimations of Immortality" wrote a poem inspired by a "host of golden daffodils," "I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud," and co-wrote Lyrical Ballads along with Samuel Taylor Coleridge. For 10 points, name this English Romantic poet of "The Prelude" and "Tintern Abbey.".;;(William) Wordsworth
;;This man described a solo piano work he composed in 1901 as being "inspired by the sound of water". That piece, Jeux d'eau, was written two years after a work that opens with a French horn solo, his Pavane for a Dead Princess. This man attempted to outdo Balakirev's Islamey with the extremely difficult  "Scarbo", the last section of his Gaspard de la Nuit. His best-known work features an ostinato snare drum rhythm over which a Spanish theme is incessantly played. For 10 points, identify this French composer of Bolero.;;(Maurice) Ravel|(Joseph(-)Maurice) Ravel
;;A German shipment of twenty thousand rifles was intercepted on the way to this event. Three days before it began, Roger Casement was captured and imprisoned. This event began when Padhraic Pearse led the capture of a post office, and it was sparked by the suspension of the  Home Rule Bill. The failure of this event transformed Sinn Fein from a political to revolutionary organization. For 10 points, name this 1916 event in which Irish nationalists took over much of Dublin during the week after a certain April holiday.;;Easter Rebellion|Easter Rising
;;The speaker of one of this author's poems remembers seeing a "tiny spherule traced with lines / Of Nature's geometric signs" after his family woke up and "looked upon a world unknown." This poet lamented "When faith is lost, when honor dies / the man lies dead" in a poem lambasting Daniel Webster for supporting the Fugitive Slave Act, "Ichabod." He wrote about an aged woman from  Frederick who tells Stonewall Jackson "shoot, if you must, this old gray head / But spare your country's flag," as well as a poem subtitled "A Winter Idyll." For 10 points, name this nineteenth century Quaker poet of "Barbara Freitche," "Maud Muller," and "Snow-Bound.".;;(John) (Greenleaf) Whittier
;;A drop in this quantity in the universe allowed for the ability to form hydrogen atoms. The value for this quantity known as the lambda point separates helium I from the superfluid helium II. This quantity is related to a particle's speed by the  Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution, and is measured by the Rankine scale. Gay-Lussac's Law states that pressure is directly proportional to it. For 10 points, name this quantity measured by the Kelvin and Fahrenheit scales.;;temperature
;;Citizens of this state freed Anthony Burns in open defiance of the Fugitive Slave Act. Horace Mann reformed the public schools of this state, which was the site of the Utopian community Brook Farm. The American industrial revolution was sparked by textile mills built in this state's city of  Lowell. The Missouri Compromise separated Maine from this state, which was represented by Senators Charles Sumner and Daniel Webster. For 10 points, name this state where the American Revolution began with battles at Lexington and Concord.;;Massachusetts
;;The primitive kidney produces retinoic acid, which stimulates this process in females and suppresses it in males. A prolonged resting phase during this process is known as the dictyotene stage, and the Edward and Klinefelter syndromes result from  nondisjunction during it. This process results in oogenesis and spermatogenesis, and this process as a whole evolved from the binary fission of prokaryotes. Resulting in the creation of four haploid daughter cells, for 10 points, name this type of cell division whose second stage is very similar to mitosis.;;meiosis
;;In one poem by this author, the narrator concludes "speak through my words and my blood" after "scal[ing] the ladder of the earth" to reach the title location. This poet concluded a set of poems with one that begins "Tonight I can write the saddest lines." This author wrote poems "to Conger Chowder" and "to an Artichoke" as part of his Elemental Odes, and included "The Heights of Macchu Picchu" in his collection  Canto general. For 10 points, name this Chilean poet of Twenty Love Poems and a Song of Despair.;;(Pablo) Neruda|(Neftali) (Ricardo) Reyes Basoalto
;;Some of this thinker's lesser known works include "What Are Poets For?" and "The Origin of the Work of Art." He succeeded Edmund Husserl as the chair of philosophy at Freiburg University, where he delivered the speech "What is Metaphysics?" His key idea consists of a person's existentiality, fallenness and thrownness, and is called  dasein. For 10 points, name this Nazi-sympathizing German philosopher who never finished his magnum opus Being and Time.;;(Martin) Heidegger
;;This leader criticized another country's military in his Discord Among the Enemy, while this man criticized his own country's lack of a mobile, professional army in his The Army of the Future. This successor of Rene Coty opposed Britain's entry into the European Economic Community, and problems in  Algeria brought this man to power a second time with the creation of the Fifth Republic. For 10 points, name this man who worked against the Vichy Regime as leader of the Free French during World War II.;;(Charles) (Andre) (Joseph) (Marie) de Gaulle
;;Alexander Borodin's second work of this type has a third movement "Nocturne" and is in D major. Beethoven's Grosse Fugue was written for this ensemble. One of these by the man who is credited with inventing their form includes the melody of "Deutschland Uber Alles" and is called the "Emperor." Franz Schubert wrote one that has a movement of variations on his song  "Death and the Maiden." The four movement works named for these ensembles were written with lots of plucking by Bartok, and Haydn "fathered" them. For 10 points, name this ensemble of a cello, a viola, and two violins.;;string quartet
;;This equation is applied to find delta-P in one derivation of the Kutta-Joukowski theorem. A limited derivation of this statement can be found by integrating Euler's equation, and a special version of this statement manifests itself in the Venturi effect. Pitot tubes use this principle to measure  velocity. It states that the conservation of energy mandates that the sum of kinetic energy density, potential energy density, and pressure is a constant along a streamline, under a steady flow with incompressible fluids. For 10 points, name this principle named for a Swiss scientist, which helps explain how an airfoil creates lift.;;Bernoulli's (principle)
;;J.K. Paasikivi and Urho Kekkonen developed this nation's neutral stance during the Cold War. The Lapua Movement pushed for a coup following this nation's Civil War, which was won by the Whites. This nation violated the democratic peace theory in the  Continuation War, which followed a war in which this nation used the motti strategy to win the Battle of Suomussalmi. Site of fighting in the Ladoga Karelia and the Mannerheim Line, for 10 points, name this Scandinavian country invaded by the Soviet Union in the Winter War.;;Finland|Suomi
;;The speaker of one poem by this author fears "Eyes I dare not meet in dreams," which supposedly do not appear "in death's dream kingdom." This poet wrote "in the beginning is my end" in a poem divided into sections such as "The Dry Salvages" and "Burnt Norton." The narrator of another poem by this author wonders  "Do I dare / disturb the universe?" This author wrote "this is the way the world ends / not with a bang, but a whimper" in his poem "The Hollow Men." For 10 points, name this American-born British poet of "The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock" and "The Waste Land.".;;(Thomas) (Stearns) Eliot
;;Although it is not the cochlea, this structure has some neuronal cells linked by ribbon synapses. Blood flow in this structure's capillaries can be measured using blue field entoptoscopy to test for Scheerer's phenomenon. The inner and outer plexiform layers are part of this structure, which contains a red dot in Tay-Sachs patients and is subdivided into the  fovea and macula. At the point where the optic nerve exits this structure, a blind spot occurs. For 10 points, name this light-sensitive tissue in the inner surface of the eye, which contains photoreceptors like rods and cones.;;retina
;;In this country, the Dutch native Henrik Verwoerd was assassinated by Dimitri Tsafendas, and members of the "Spear of the Nation" were charged with conspiracy in the Rivonia Trials. Steve Biko was killed by police in this country, and a protest by people who wanted to be taught in English led to police violence in  Soweto. The treaty of Vereeniging ended the independence of the Orange Free State and the Transvaal in this modern day country, which had been settled by Boers who spoke Afrikaans. For 10 points, name this country that ended apartheid soon before Nelson Mandela became its first black president.;;(Republic) (of) South Africa
;;This law was first derived by Benoit Clapeyron, and its namesake constant is equal to the Boltzmann constant multiplied by Avogadro's number, which equals approximately 8.3 joules per mole Kelvin. A modification of this law takes into account attractive forces and particle volume and is named for  van der Waals. It can be thought of as a combination of Avogadro's, Boyle's, and Charles's laws. For 10 points, name this equation of state approximating behavior of its namesake state of matter, often represented as PV equals nRT.;;ideal gas law
;;This composer's piano pieces include three "Venetian boat songs," "Spinning Song," and "Spring Song." This composer's fourth symphony ends with a lively saltarello, and his short piano pieces are collected in his Songs Without Words. This composer wrote a Bergomask representing the dance of  Nick Bottom and a famous Wedding March based on a Shakespeare play set in the forest of Arden. For 10 points, name this nineteenth century German composer of the "Italian" symphony and incidental music to A Midsummer Night's Dream.;;(Felix) Mendelssohn
;;In one play by this author, "Schoolboy" Barton records "That's All Right" and dumps Vera, but is arrested when walking from his mother's funeral. This author wrote a play about Boy Willie, who wants to sell an instrument that Berniece insists on keeping. This author of Two Trains Running and  Seven Guitars wrote a play that includes the never-seen Alberta, who has an affair with the man married to Rose, garbageman Troy Maxson. For 10 points, name this author of the "Pittsburgh Cycle," which includes The Piano Lesson and Fences.;;(August) Wilson
;;One of this god's sons pursued the nymph Syrinx, causing her to turn into reed pipes. This god killed the giant Argos in order to allow Zeus to abduct Io, and gave the herb moly to Odysseus to help him defeat Circe. This father of Priapus and  Pan was the god of trade and thieves, and traveled on a pair of winged sandals. For 10 points, name this messenger of the Greek gods, whose Roman equivalent was Mercury.;;Hermes
;;In one novel by this author, Mr. Campbell and Mr. Davidson notice that the title character failed to take off his seaboots, despite that character's memory of a World War II stranding at sea. This author also wrote a novel in which the discovery of a downed airman leads to the death of Simon. In that work by this author,  Roger lets loose a boulder that crushes Piggy and the conch. For 10 points, name this author of Pincher Martin, who also wrote about a group of British boys like Ralph and Jack who lose control on an island without adult supervision in Lord of the Flies.;;(William) (Gerald) Golding
;;This thinker defended Christianity against freethinkers in Alcipheron and attacked the notion of fluxions and their use in calculus in The Analyst. He argued that human knowledge exists of only ideas and spirits in one work and argued against the rational  materialism of Locke in another. He most famously claimed that esse est precipi or "to be is to be perceived". For 10 points, name this idealist English philosopher, the author of Three Dialogues Between Hylas and Philonous, and namesake of a university in California.;;(Bishop) (George) Berkeley
;;This leader won the siege of Taillebourg after a failed revolt with his brothers Henry and Geoffrey against his father. He defeated Isaac Komnenos to take control of Cyprus, which led to his capture by Leopold V, Duke of Austria, who ransomed him to his mother. This ruler gave power to William Longchamp in his absence and spent his final years battling a former ally,  Phillip II of France. This son of Eleanor of Aquitaine was succeeded by King John. For 10 points, name this English king who fought Saladin in the Third Crusade, known for a fiery epithet.;;Richard I|Richard the Lionhearted
;;A novel from this country focuses on Dr. Pimko, who turns the kidnapped writer Johnnie into a young boy, and is called Ferdydurke. An author from this country wrote the historical novel The Teutonic Knights and a novel about Nero's arbiter Petronius,  Quo Vadis. The title character of Sophie's Choice is from this country, which was the birthplace of Isaac Bashevis Singer. For 10 points, name this country home to Witold Gombrowicz and Henryk Sienkiewicz, which is the setting of all novels about Auschwitz.;;(Republic) (of) Poland|(Rzeczpospolita) Polska