;;Reversible adiabatic processes hold this quantity constant, and the Carnot cycle consists of expansions and compressions that keep either temperature or this quantity constant. For monoatomic ideal gases, this value is calculated by the Sackur-Tetrode equation.  Maxwell's Demon is able to decrease this value without expending work. The Second Law of Thermodynamics suggests that this value has an "arrow of time," because it always increases over time. For 10 points, what amount of energy unable to perform work is the measure of disorder in a system?.;;entropy
;;One phase of this battle was Operation Stosser, a failed paratrooper attack on the Baraque Michel Crossroads. An offensive by the 1st SS Panser Division resulted in the Malmedy Massacre during this event. The sieges of St. Vith and  Bastonne occurred during it. In Bastonne that Anthony McAuliffe responded to a demand for surrender during this battle with the one-word reply "Nuts!" For 10 points, the Germans failed to reach the Meuse River in which 1944 offensive, named for the indentation that was created in the Allied line?.;;(Battle) (of) (the) Bulge
;;This term was first coined by Cora Dubois and further elucidated in a 1954 lecture given by Kalervo Oberg. Oberg noted that symptoms of this malady include the "tropical stare," "excessive concern over drinking water," and a "terrible longing to be back home." Oberg further noted that in this condition, "the  environment has not changed. What has changed is [one's] attitude towards it." For 10 points, give this term referring to the disorientation and eventual disgust one feels upon having to live in a new human environment.;;culture shock
;;In this film, an eyeless dealer sells a drug called "Clarity." Colin Farrell plays a mustachioed, gum-chewing investigator who is gunned down by this movie's antagonist. The protagonist seeks out  Leo Crow, who was hired to pretend that he kidnapped and killed the protagonist's son Sean. Agatha is one of the "precogs," who foresees murders before they happen in, for 10 points, what Steven Spielberg-directed film starring Tom Cruise as a Precrime detective?.;;Minority Report
;;In one story by this author, Julian accompanies his bigoted mother, Mrs. Chestney, on an integrated bus. This author wrote a novel in which Enoch Emery steals a mummy from a museum while working with the preacher Hazel Motes. This author of  "Everything that Rises Must Converge" and Wise Blood wrote a short story in which the Grandmother takes her family to Red Sammy's Diner before being killed by the Misfit. For 10 points, name this exemplar of the Southern Gothic style who wrote "A Good Man is Hard to Find.".;;(Mary) (Flannery) O'Connor
;;The west pediment of the Temple of Zeus at Athena shows this god in the center of a scene depicting the Lapith women being abducted by centaurs. Praxiteles depicted this god leaning against a tree-trunk, about to kill a lizard in a depiction of him as  "Sauroktonos." Leochares depicted this god extending his left hand, from which dangles his cape, in the "Belvedere" sculpture of this god. For 10 points, name this figure who was sometimes depicted standing on the Omphalos, a sacred navel-stone near this god's Oracle at Delphi.;;Apollo
;;Under this President, the Force Acts were used to prosecute Ku Klux Klan members. He used the slogan "Let us have peace" in his campaign against Horatio Seymour. This President's secretary, Orville Babcock, was indicted for participating in the  Whiskey Ring. This President was in power during the Panic of 1873 and headed the second half of Reconstruction. For 10 points, name this man whose two White House terms were plagued by corruption, tarring the reputation he had earned as the victorious Union commander in the Civil War.;;(Ulysses) (Simpson) Grant
;;This philosopher expressed his concern for the humans, not the horses, who survived a stable fire. This man claimed that reciprocity was the single best word to live by, thus formulating his Silver Rule. This compiler of the  Spring and Autumn Annals formulated the ideas later taught by Mencius. He described benevolence as li and created an ethics centered on ren. He advocated the "mandate of heaven," and collected his teachings in the Analects. For 10 points, name this Chinese thinker whose school opposed Daoism.;;Confucius|Kong Fuzi KONG(-)foo(-)tsee
;;One of this author's poems notes that the laurel "withers quicker than the rose." This author urged "Give crowns and pounds and guineas, but not your heart away" in his poem "When I was One and Twenty." This poet of "To an  Athlete Dying Young" also wrote of a man who "eats his victuals fast enough." That poem by this author also states that "malt does more than Milton can to justify God's ways to man." For 10 points, name this poet of "Terence, this is stupid stuff," which is found in his collection A Shropshire Lad.;;(Alfred) (Edward) Housman
;;The beginning of this country's independence was the "Cry of Ipigranga." The gradual end of slavery in this country was declared in the Law of the Free Womb. Soon afterwards, the Golden Law entirely ended slavery here. One president of this country was named  Getulio Vargas (zhe-TOO-lee-oh VAHR-gahs). This country's first emperor was the expatriate Pedro I. For 10 points, name this country, that was discovered by Pedro Cabral for Portugal, and is the largest country in South America.;;(Federative) (Republic) (of) Brazil|(Republica) (Federativa) (do) Brasil
;;A scar on this man's thigh from a wound suffered during a boar hunt leads his servant and childhood nurse Euryclea (you-RIH-klee-uh) to recognize him. Sacrifices of the sacred cattle of Helios led to a disaster, of which this man was the only survivor. He pretended to be named  "no man" in order to blind the Cyclops Polyphemus (pall-uh-FEE-mus). This man's dog Argos died upon seeing him return from Troy after ten years to defeat his wife Penelope's suitors. For 10 points, name this king of Ithaca and hero of a namesake epic.;;Odysseus|Ulysses(;)|Ulixes
;;This painter depicted treasures lining the floor and soldiers stabbing writhing concubines as a monarch in white and gold reclines on a bed in his The Death of Sardanapalus. This artist also executed a work that includes dead revolutionaries on the ground and a boy waving two  pistols. Central to that painting is a bare-breasted woman who holds a musket in one hand and the tricolored French flag in the other. For 10 points, name this French painter of Liberty Leading the People.;;(Eugene) Delacroix del(-)uh(-)CWAH|(Ferdinand) (Victor) (Eugene) Delacroix
;;The largest part of this organ is divided into Brodmann areas. One part of this organ, the substantia nigra, produces dopamine; that part, like its striatum, is part of the basal ganglia. Those components are implicated in  Parkinson's disease and Huntington's disease. The lobes of one part of this organ include the occipital and parietal, and this organ includes a portion involved in motor control called the cerebellum. For 10 points, name this central organ of the nervous system, contained in the cranium.;;brain
;;This man led a legion of the navy during the Uruguayan Civil War. He objected to the granting of Savoy and Nice (NEECE) to France under the terms of the Treaty of Villafranca, which contributed to his dislike of  Camillo Cavour. The annexation of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies by Sardinia resulted from this man's Expedition of the Thousand. For 10 points, name this figure of the Risorgimento (ree-SOR-jee-MEN-toh) who led the Red Shirts as part of his campaign to unify Italy.;;(Giuseppi) Garibaldi
;;Along with a bordering area of its northeastern neighbor, this state's southern counties form the cotton-growing "Little Dixie" region. The North Canadian River flows past its capital, and the Arkansas River goes through its second-largest city, the home of  Oral Roberts University. It has counties named for both Delaware and Texas, the latter of which joins Beaver and Cimarron to form a notable geographic feature of this state. Large universities here are located at Stillwater and Norman. For 10 points, name this state that features a western panhandle and Tulsa.;;Oklahoma
;;One part of this work focuses on Prince Qamar (KAH-mar), who uses magical keys to fly a mechanical ebony horse. In the frame story of this work, one character collaborates with her sister Dunyazad to prolong her marriage to King Shahryar. Every evening in this work, that character breaks off her  stories of such characters as Ali Baba and Aladdin to prevent her execution. For 10 points, name this collection of stories that are told by Scheherazade (shuh-HERR-uh-zod).;;(The) Arabian Nights' (Entertainments)|(The) Thousand and One Arabian Nights(;)|Alf layla wa(-)layla(;) (accept) (anything) (reasonable) (that) (mentions) (both) nights and (either) (the) (number) 1001|(some) (form) (of) (the) (word) Arabian|(both)
;;This composer used the viola d'amore in Juditha Triumphans, one of his three oratorios. He composed a set of twelve concerti including The Hunt and Storm at Sea, which was entitled The Contest Between Harmony and Invention. His most famous works are accompanied by  sonnets that feature a "lamenting shepherd," "chattering teeth" and imitation bird calls. That work has four concertos, including La Primavera and L'inverno (lin-VAIR-no). For 10 points, name this Baroque Italian creator of the Four Seasons.;;(Antonio) Vivaldi
;;One way of approximating this method involves using graphed values to determine the midpoint of the height of a rectangle. A similar approximation of it can be done by setting equally spaced y-values of a graphed function as the heights of a  trapezoid. When given upper and lower limits, this method is described as being definite. This operation's indefinite form is the same as the antiderivative. For 10 points, name this operation of calculus that can be represented by the area under a curve and which is the opposite of derivation.;;integration|integrals
;;This figure tricked Alviss out of marrying his daughter by questioning him until he turned into stone. This son of the giantess Jord rides in a chariot drawn by a pair of goats, whom he eats and resurrects when he's hungry. This husband of  Sif is fated to die after taking nine steps while battling the serpent Jormungandr (YOUR-mun-gand-er) at Ragnarok. This god wields the hammer Mjollnir (muh-YOHL-neer), which shoots lightning bolts. For 10 points, name this red haired son of Odin, the Norse god of thunder.;;Thor|Donner|Donar(;)|Thunaraz
;;This author wrote "we thought it was the Judgment day" during "that night your great guns, unawares, shook all our coffins as we lay" in his poem "Channel Firing." Boldwood shoots and kills Sergeant Troy in this man's novel about Bathsheba Everdene, set in  Wessex. In another of this author's novels, the title character leaves after Richard Newson returns to claim his daughter, Elizabeth-Jane. For 10 points, what author of Far From the Madding Crowd wrote about Michael Henchard in The Mayor of Casterbridge?.;;(Thomas) Hardy
;;In one play by this author, Hugo Barine kills Hoederer (HOY-dur-er), but is unaware that the Party wants to create a martyr. This author of Dirty Hands wrote about the sweetish sickness that afflicts Antoine Roquentin in his novel  Nausea. His play about the interactions of Ines, Garcin, and Estelle inspired the saying "Hell is other people." For 10 points, name this author of No Exit and other French existentialist works.;;(Jean(-)Paul) (Charles) (Aymard) Sartre
;;Aides under this man were ordered to always be in possession of a comb, and referred to said comb as "the football." In June 2009, he participated in a musical comedy dubbing himself a "Superstar" as a fundraiser for a cancer charity. He became infamous for proclaiming "I'm not  giving it up for nothing" in reference to a privilege he found "golden" in tapped 2008 telephone calls. For 10 points, name this former governor of Illinois who is facing charges of corruption for trying to sell a US Senate seat.;;(Milorad) Blagojevich blu(-)GOY(-)uh(-)vich|(Rod) Blagojevich
;;One member of this organization gave the "Ballot or the Bullet" speech and was suspended for using the phrase "chickens coming home to roost" to describe the Kennedy assassination. This organization planned the Day of Absence in parallel with the Million Man March. Moving towards radicalism under its current leader  Louis Farrakhan, it was earlier expanded by a man who was born as Elijah Poole. For 10 points, name this black-superiority group, founded by the mysterious Wallace Fard, whose spokesman in the 1960s was Malcolm X.;;(the) Nation of Islam
;;He commemorated "the founder of Danish literature" by composing the Holberg Suite. "Wedding Day at Troldhaugen" and "March of the Trolls" are part of his piano Lyrical Pieces. "Solveig's Song,"  "Morning Mood" and "In the Hall of the Mountain King" are in the first suite of his most notable work. For 10 points, name the romanticist composer of the incidental music for Peer Gynt, a play by Henrik Ibsen, a fellow Norwegian.;;(Edvard) Grieg
;;In one novel by this author, the Magistrate attempts to return a crippled, blinded girl to her people following Colonel Joll's brutality. This author of Waiting for the Barbarians wrote about Lucy welcoming her father David Lurie to her home, after David loses his job as a professor for  seducing a student. For 10 points, name this South African author of Disgrace and a work about a harelipped gardener, Life & Times of Michael K.;;(John) (Maxwell) Coetzee
;;The two primary forms of this religion are known as Rada and Petro. Its ceremonies include the kanzo and the taking of the ason, the latter of which involves ascending to the priesthood as either a mambo or a houngan (HOON-gahn). This religion reveres the  crossroads as the intersection between the earthly and spirit worlds, and venerates lwa (LO-uh) such as Ogoun (OH-"goon") and Legba. In this religion, nasty lwa (LO-uh) can create zombies. For 10 points, name this religion, most popularly practiced in Haiti.;;voodoo|voudon
;;This language's written form was derived from Nabatean script. It is spoken by the Mizrahi Sephardic population. This language's Maghrebi variety borrows some words and pronunciations from Berber and is spoken in areas like  Algeria and Morocco. The earliest example of this language in writing may be on a tomb unearthed in Syria. The Koran is written in this language. For 10 points, name this Semitic language commonly spoken in the Middle East and North Africa, and which is the liturgical language of Islam.;;Arabic
;;This man created a confederation of Greek states called the Panhellenion. A cult dedicated to his young companion Antinous (AN-tin-ooce) arose after the youth's death. This emperor saw to the completion of a massive temple of Zeus begun centuries earlier, the  Pantheon, after which he assumed the title Olympius. He put down the Bar Kokhba (bar COKE-buh) revolt in Judea after succeeding Trajan as emperor. For 10 points, name this Roman emperor who built a namesake wall in Northern Britain.;;Hadrian|Adrian(;)|(Caesar) (Traianus) Hadrianus (Augustus(;))|(Publius) (Aelius) Hadrianus
;;This man made use of an inverted telescope to size the proportions of his hometown, which he depicted in a painting of buildings on the river Schie (SHE). This artist of Girl Interrupted at Her Music depicted his own backside as he sits down to paint in his work The  Art of Painting. He showed a woman looking over her left shoulder, wearing a blue headdress while a piece of white jewelry hangs from her ear. For 10 points, name this Dutch artist who painted View of Delft and Girl with a Pearl Earring.;;(Jan) Vermeer|(Johannes) Vermeer
;;This movement consulted with German academic Rudolf von Gneist to create a constitution. One uprising against this movement was led by Saigo and was called the Satsuma rebellion. An important document of this movement was the  Charter Oath. Reforms resulting from this movement included the repartitioning of the daimyo's land. The Tokugawa shogunate was overthrown and the emperor was returned to power during, for 10 points, what nineteenth century movement which Westernized Japan?.;;Meiji restoration|Meiji Ishin
;;This man names an algorithm that takes numbers a and b and returns the answer of the algorithm on numbers b and a mod b. That algorithm computes the greatest common divisor. He proved that there are infinitely many primes, and he wrote a work in which the first  four books deal with plane geometry and include the Pythagorean Theorem and the parallel postulate. For 10 points, name this Greek mathematician who wrote Elements and is considered the father of geometry.;;Euclid of (Alexandria)
;;In this country, a conspiracy to assassinate King Joseph I was crushed by the Marquis de Pombal. One dictator of this country was an economist who established the Estado Novo. This country, which was ruled by Antonio  Salazar, was controlled by the Braganza Dynasty until the twentieth century. It was called Lusitania by the Romans and was given the land east of the line of demarcation in the Treaty of Tordesillas (tor-deh-SEE-yas). For 10 points, name this Iberian country which suffered a 1755 earthquake in its capital of Lisbon.;;Portugal
;;This nation's northern end is Jaffna Peninsula. This nation is nearly connected to its northwestern neighbor by a chain of limestone shoals called Adam's Bridge, but is in fact separated by the Palk Strait and the Gulf of Mannar. Although the  Sinhalese people are the majority in this country, a minority ethnic group sponsors the militant Tamil Tigers. For 10 points, name this island nation that was once called Ceylon and is located in the Indian Ocean.;;(Democratic) (Socialist) (Republic) (of) Sri Lanka|Shri Lamka Prajatantrika (Samajaya) (di) (Janarajaya(;))|Ilankai Jananayaka (Choshalichak) (Kutiyarachu)
;;This painter contrasted a figure placing forehead to knee with a hand holding an egg in his work The Metamorphosis of Narcissus. Multiple images of a colorfully garbed Venus de Milo appear in this artist's Hallucinogenic Toreador. This creator of the Mae West Lips Couch and the  Lobster Telephone painted a work in which ants swarm a pocket watch and three clocks appear to melt. For 10 points, name this mustachioed Spanish Surrealist who painted The Persistence of Memory.;;(Salvador) Dali|(Salvador) (Domingo) (Felipe) (Jacinto) Dali i (Domenech)
;;This poet wrote of "great wings beating still above the staggering girl" in his "Leda and the Swan." This author of a series of poems about Maud Gonne wrote of a place "that is no country for old men" in another poem. This author of  "Sailing to Byzantium" warned that "a terrible beauty is born" in a poem about an unsuccessful uprising. This poet wrote "things fall apart, the center cannot hold" in "The Second Coming." For 10 points, name this Irish poet and author of "Easter, 1916.".;;(William) (Butler) Yeats
;;The Palermo stone is an early record of the existence of this deity, whose popularity skyrocketed after the Ennead and Ogdoad merged. This deity's wife traveled to Byblos to find his body after his brother locked him in a coffin and threw it into the river. A fish devoured one of his organs after this figure's outraged brother  chopped and dismembered him into fourteen pieces. Thirteen of those pieces were recovered; the fourteenth was replaced by a golden penis by his wife, Isis. For 10 points, name this Egyptian god of the dead and father of Horus.;;Osiris|Usiris(;)|Asar(;)|Aser(;)|Ausar(;)|Ausar(;)|Wesir(;)|Usir(;)|Usire(;)|Ausare
;;In one work by this man, the murdered Donald Willsson tries to expose corruption in Personville, Montana. That novel by this man is about the Continental Ops and is titled  Red Harvest. Julie Wolf's murder is investigated by Nick and Nora Charles in his The Thin Man. Another of this man's characters has the client Brigid O'Shaughnessy, who tries to seduce the detective Sam Spade. For 10 points, name this author of the "hard boiled" novel The Maltese Falcon.;;(Samuel) (Dashiell) Hammett
;;One character in this work obsessively makes shoes in order to relieve his guilt at not being able to save a man from the guillotine. Another of its characters recognizes her brother Solomon but is blackmailed into secrecy after it is revealed that Solomon has been spying for the British and the  French. That woman, Miss Pross, shoots Madame Defarge in order to protect Lucy Manette, who is in love with Charles Darney. For 10 points, name the novel, in which Sydney Carton sacrifices himself to save Charles, a work by Charles Dickens.;;(A) Tale of Two Cities
;;This psychologist referred to his brand of psychology as a "third force" apart from Freudianism and behaviorism. This man elaborated on a concept first proposed in The Organism by Kurt Goldstein. In Towards a Psychology of Being, he put forth a concept of human  motivation divided into five levels, including safety, esteem, and self-actualization. For 10 points, identify this psychologist who developed a namesake "hierarchy of needs.".;;(Abraham) (Harold) Maslow
;;Two characters in this work claim they have found a beast when they come upon the body of a downed pilot. A silent conversation in this work seems to take place between Simon and an animal head on a pole. Two groups form early on in this novel, one of which is originally made up only of  choir boys. One rule created in it gives the right of speech to the holder of a conch shell. A boulder in this novel kills Piggy, who sides with Ralph against Jack. For 10 points, name this novel about a group of boys stranded on an island, by William Golding.;;Lord of the Flies
;;This artist of the Gypsy Madonna painted an infant sticking his right arm into a sarcophagus, surrounded by a vain woman draped in white and a naked woman covered in red, in his allegory Sacred and Profane Love. This student of  Giorgione (jor-JO-nee) depicted two maids rummaging through a chest in a painting that inspired Manet's (mah-NAYZ) Olympia. In that painting by this artist, a dog slumbers at the feet of a reclining woman who only wears a bracelet. For 10 points, name the Venetian painter of Venus of Urbino.;;Titian|(Tiziano) Vecellio
;;One member of this team asked his Twitter followers, "Do 'woodchucks' really exist? If so, someone twit me a pic." This team stood by idly as the Raptors' Jarrett Jack tied his shoes on the clock during a blowout. This team, that goes on an annual  "Circus" road trip, drafted a point guard whose SAT score got the University of Memphis in trouble. Their roster includes Tyrus Thomas and Joakim (JOE-a-keem) Noah. For 10 points, name these United Center tenants whose roster stars Derrick Rose.;;Chicago Bulls|(Chicago) Bulls
;;Eleanor Roosevelt founded the Tractors for Freedom Committee to ransom the hostages captured during this event. Once this operation's location was selected, it was known as Operation Zapata; earlier, the overall goal was called Pluto. This event featured a drop of over one hundred fifty  paratroopers in Operation Falcon. Weak CIA support led to the failure of, for 10 points, what April 1961 attempt to oust Castro from Cuba, which was named for the body of water where the volunteers landed?.;;Bay of Pigs invasion|Bahia de Cochinos
;;This author wrote a work that sees Tony, Charis, and Roz each encounter their long dead classmate Zenia. This author of The Robber Bride wrote a novel centering on Snowman's participation in the Extinctathon and another in which the protagonist, formerly married to Luke, lives in a residence run by  Serena Joy and her husband, the Commander. That novel by this writer takes place in the Republic of Gilead and is narrated by Offred. For 10 points, name this Canadian author who wrote Oryx and Crake and The Handmaid's Tale .;;(Margaret) (Eleanor) Atwood
;;Like anorexia, one type of this disease can lead to Kussmaul (KOOSS-mall) breathing indicative of severe ketoacidosis (KEE-tow-ASS-id-OH-siss). Other symptoms of this disease include fatigue, thirst, hunger, and frequent urination. Type 2 of this disease often results from  obesity in adults, while Type 1 occurs in juveniles and is a result of the body attacking beta cells in the islets of Langerhans. For 10 points, name this illness in which the pancreas does not produce enough insulin or in which cells become insulin resistant.;;diabetes mellitus
;;This man claimed that "subjectivity is truth" in his attack on Hegelianism, the Concluding Unscientific Postscript, and equated despair with original sin. One of his works includes the section "Diary of a Seducer." This author of The Sickness Unto Death contrasted the "Knight of  Faith" and the "Knight of Infinite Resignation" in his discussion of Abraham's willingness to sacrifice Isaac. He also contrasted the aesthetic and ethical stages of life. For 10 points, name this existentialist who wrote Fear and Trembling and Either/Or.;;(Sren) (Aabye) Kierkegaard
;;This man has termed his strategy for keeping control of projects away from business and political interests as the "organization of the artist." He originally named his Dancing House in Prague after Fred Astaire and Ginger Rogers. One building designed by this architect has a monorail running through it. This designer of the  Experience Music Project also used the Nervion River for the backdrop of a sailboat-shaped museum. For 10 points, name this Canadian architect of the Guggenheim Museum in Bilbao.;;(Frank) Gehry
;;In this novel, the protagonist's group is described as "mule drivers" and "mud diggers." The protagonist abandons a "tattered man" and his colleague Jim Conklin. Wilson takes care of the protagonist of this work, believing him  wounded, when in fact he was hit in the head with a rifle. At the end of this novel, the 304th Regiment is victorious. For 10 points, name this novel featuring Henry Fleming's adventures and maturation in the Civil War, a work by Stephen Crane.;;(The) Red Badge of Courage
;;In this work, which begins when one character leaves a gate open, a character played by the flute mocks another for being unable to fly. The return of the oboe at the end of this composition signifies that one character has been swallowed alive and is  quacking from the stomach of a character represented by the French horns. A clarinet represents the cat, and a bassoon represents the grandfather of one title character. For 10 points, name this work in which a boy outsmarts a canine, composed by Sergei Prokofiev.;;Peter and the Wolf
;;The Kufa (KOO-fuh) version of this text settles on dividing it into 6,236 ayahs (eye-AHZ), the largest of the four competing numbers. Other systems include a way to read it in one week, which divides it into seven manazils (muh-NAH-zeelz), and a way to read it in a month, comprised of thirty  juz (JEWZ). The most frequently used chapterization of this book creates sections such as "The Key" and "The Cow," called suras (SOO-rahz). For 10 points, name this sacred text which was revealed in the early seventh century by Gabriel to Muhammad, in Islamic belief.;;al(-)Quran|(The) Koran
;;As a child, this ruler survived both the Parliament's Fronde and the Princes' Fronde. This king issued the Edict of Fountainbleu (FON-ten-blow), which revoked the  Edict of Nantes (NONZ). This ruler fought the War of Spanish Succession to put his grandson Philip V on Spain's throne. This king legendarily declared "I am the State" and built a massive palace at Versailles (ver-SAI). For 10 points, name this absolutist French monarch, who ruled for seventy-two years and was known as the Sun King.;;Louis XIV
;;The EPR paradox requires that either this principle or locality must be broken. One of the consequences of this principle is the existence of the Tolman-Oppenheimer-Volkoff limit of neutron stars, because it provides for the degeneracy pressure that supports them. Although  bosons do not obey it, this law applies for all particles governed by Fermi-Dirac statistics. For 10 points, what principle, which states that no two fermions can share all four quantum numbers, forces electrons in the same subshell to have different spin?.;;(Pauli) Exclusion Principle
;;This river's valley was the subject of the Johnston Unified Water Plan, which involved using Lake Tiberias as a reservoir. It is formed from the confluence of the Hasbani, Dan, and Banyas; a secret project attempted to divert the Hasbani and Banyas to the Yarmuk River instead. Use of this river is a point of contention between  Israel and the country named for this major source of the Dead Sea. For 10 points, name this river which is mentioned in many gospel songs because, in the Bible, it is where Jesus is baptized.;;Jordan River
;;One sign of this disease is paired helical filaments formed from tau protein. One explanation for this disease attributes it to reduced synthesis of acetylcholine (uh-SEE-tul-KO-leen). The frequent development of this disease by age forty among those with Down syndrome lends credence to a hypothesis that it stems from a precursor protein coded for on chromosome twenty-one. That hypothesis attributes this disease to the  buildup of amyloid (AA-mill-oid) beta plaques. For 10 points, name this common form of dementia, which causes confusion and memory loss.;;Alzheimer's (disease)
;;In the myths of the Pacific Northwest, one of these animals creates the world by dropping a stone in the ocean and by hurting Seagull until he drops a box. In Celtic myth, Morrigan takes the form of one of these birds to scout her battlefields. Two of these named  "thought" and "memory" fly out from Hlidskjalf (HLID-skee-yalf) to give a one-eyed god news about Midgard. Huginn (HOO-gin) and Muninn (MOO-nin) are two of these animals, the two servants of Odin. For 10 points, name these black birds, also known as corvids, that are typically associated with ill luck.;;ravens|crows(;)|corvids prior (to) (mention)
;;Forty-two etudes for this instrument were written by Rodolphe Kreutzer. Beethoven wrote a sonata for piano and this instrument for Kreutzer. Yehudi Menuhin performed Elgar's concerto for this instrument with the composer conducting. This instrument was played professionally by Isaac  Stern, Jascha Heifetz, and Fritz Kreisler. Itzhak Pearlman plays this instrument. Two of them appear in a string quartet. For 10 points, name this wooden instrument played with a bow, which is higher pitched than a cello or viola.;;violin
;;This anthropologist studied female-dominated tribes in Papua New Guinea, including the Arapesh and the Tchambuli [cham-BOO-li], in her book Sex and Temperament in Three Primitive Societies. Derek  Freeman considered the results of her most famous study to be an "anthropological myth." That study investigated adolescence in a village on the island of Tau. For 10 points, name this American anthropologist who wrote Coming of Age in Samoa.;;(Margaret) Mead
;;Physical evidence of this phenomenon is searched for by TAMA300, Geo600, VIRGO, and LIGO. Einstein rings are created by lensing, or bending of the light, by it. Propagating at the speed of light, it is considered the  curvature in space-time in general relativity. This phenomenon was studied by Galileo at the Leaning Tower of Pisa and becomes exponentially high near black holes. For 10 points, name this attractive fundamental force, which on Earth causes objects to accelerate at 9.8 meters per second squared.;;gravity|gravitational force(;)|gravitational waves
;;This country's twentieth-century politics were dominated by the Golkar Party, led by men such as Jusuf Habibie (JOO-suff huh-BEE-bee). This modern-day country was once home to the huge trading empire of Srivijaya (SHRIV-uh-JAY-uh). This country's current capital also served as the capital of the  Dutch East Indies under the former name Batavia. Its first two presidents were Suharto and Sukarno. For 10 points, name this country, which in 2002 suffered a terrorist attack at a hotel on Bali.;;(Republic) (of) Indonesia|(Republik) Indonesia
;;One character in this novel, Senka, is a deaf survivor of the Buchenwald concentration camp. In one of its scenes, Cesar gives a cigarette butt to the main character instead of Fetyukov. Most of the characters in this novel are "zeks." The title character of this work is also known as  Shukov and was imprisoned after escaping a German prisoner of war camp during World War II. For 10 points, name this work, about twenty-four hours of the title character's experiences in a gulag, by Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn (sohl-zhuh-NEET-sin).;;One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich|(A) Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich(;)|Odin Den Iz Zhizni Ivana Denisovicha
;;The victor of this battle was able to deal with an uphill cavalry charge with no cavalry of his own. This battle ended when the winner surrounded the forces of Abd el-Rahman (ROCH-mon). The winner of this battle earned the nickname "the  hammer" while fighting for the Merovingians (mer-oh-VIN-jee-unz) in 732. For 10 points, name this battle at which Charles Martel halted the advance of Islam into France.;;(Battle) (of) Tours|(Battle) (of) Poitiers(;)|(Battle) (of) (the) Court of the Martyrs
;;The modern definition of these groups was proposed by Ernst Mayr, who advocated the use of a "biological concept" of it. A "keystone" group of this type, such as Pisaster, is an indicator of the effect of pollution. Theodosius Dobzhansky (dobe-ZAN-ski) gave a genetic explanation for the creation of these divisions, focusing on how they are created by reproductive  isolation. The process by which these groups form can be allopatric, sympatric, or peripatric. For 10 points, binomial nomenclature consists of genus along with what other taxonomic rank?.;;species
;;In one of this author's novels, Fanny Elmer reads a Henry Fielding novel to get closer to a man obsessed with the past. The title character of that novel is the Cambridge-educated son of Betty Flanders. In another work by this writer, Lucrezia marries the depressed World War I veteran  Septimus Smith. In that work by her, the psychiatrist Sir William Bradshaw, Peter Walsh, and Lady Rosseter attend a dinner party hosted by the narrator, Clarissa. For 10 points, name this author of Jacob's Room and Mrs. Dalloway.;;(Virginia) Woolf|(Adeline) (Virginia) Stephen
;;One painting with this color in the title depicts a partially-lit menorah at the bottom and a burning synagogue in the upper right; that Mark Chagall painting depicts a crucifixion in this color. The 1906 murder of an architect with this last name sparked the "Trial of the Century." This color rose represented the House of  York in the Wars of the Roses, and a mountain range of this name contains Mount Washington. This color also is the name of the albumen-containing part of an egg. For 10 points, give this color that in chess denotes the player with first move.;;white|White Crucifixion(;)|(Stanford) White(;)|white rose(;)|White Mountains(;)|(egg) white
;;This author's second known play, The Babylonians, earned him a prosecution for the way the leader of his city was depicted. That prosecution was referred to in this man's later play The Acharnians. This playwright depicted the danger of learning from  Socrates in his work The Clouds. Another play by this man sees the women of Greece withhold themselves to bring about peace. For 10 points, name this Greek comedic playwright of The Birds and Lysistrata.;;Aristophanes ARR(-)is(-)TAH(-)fuh(-)neez
;;Ancient names for this river include Rav and Itil. The Gorky Hydroelectric Plant and reservoir were built on it in 1955. Penza and Vasilsursk are cities that lie on one of its tributaries, the Sura. The city of Udmurtia marks the start of another tributary called the Kama. A canal connecting it to another river that begins in Novomoskovsk, the  Don, provides a navigable link between the Sea of Azov and the Caspian Sea. It flows east to Kazan and then south into the Caspian Sea. For 10 points, name this western Russian river, the longest in Europe.;;Volga River
;;One version of this scene depicts a washer-woman with her hand in a bucket, looking at two male servants clad in blue and green. That version of this scene shows a cloud of ethereal spirits around a lamp at the upper left, and places the main participants of this scene on a diagonal axis. In addition to  Tintoretto's rendition, another painting of this event shows an effeminate John to the left of a blue-sashed figure who holds his palms upward on a long table. For 10 points, name this depiction of Christ's final meal.;;(The) Last Supper|(Il) Cenacolo(;)|L'ultima cena
;;This thinker attacked Thomas Munzer (MOONT-zer) in the pamphlet Against the Murderous and Thieving Hordes of Peasants. This leader worked closely wth Philip Melanchthon (meh-LANK-thun), who explained this man's beliefs in the  Augsburg Confession. His most famous writing was addressed to Archbishop Albert of Mainz (MINEZ) and led to his excommunication by Pope Leo X. That writing was nailed to the doors of the Castle Church at Wittenberg (VIT-en-burg). For 10 points, what German monk protested the sales of indulgences in his 95 Theses, thereby starting the Protestant Reformation?.;;(Martin) Luther
;;In this novel, Demoiselle Alisande la Carteloise (car-tel-WAH) goes by the name Sandy. Hugo is saved from imprisonment in this novel and joins the Man Factory. Its central character is given the title "The Boss." Early in this work, the main character meets the page  Clarence. Its title character is saved from execution by accurately predicting a solar eclipse. For 10 points, name this novel about Hank Morgan's adventures after an industrial accident transports him back in time to Camelot, written by Mark Twain.;;(A) Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur's Court
;;Devadatta tried to kill this prophet, whose Fire Sermon preached that detachment liberates people from burning desires. He was disturbed by the sights of a dying man, a corpse, and an ascetic man, signs of the suffering he had been shielded from. After  meditating under the Bodhi (BO-dee) tree for forty-nine days, this prophet became enlightened. For 10 points, name this prophet who taught the Eightfold Path and founded a religion based on achieving nirvana.;;(the) Buddha|Siddhartha Gautama
;;This phylum includes the deadly species Chironex fleckeri (kye-ROW-nex fleh-CARE-ee). Obelia and air ferns are in its class Hydrazoa. Anthozoa, a mostly sessile class in this phylum, includes sea  anemones. Members of this phylum have two forms, the medusa and the polyp, and they are characterized by their namesake specialized cells for capturing prey, some of which are the stinging nematocysts (neh-MAH-toe-sists). For 10 points, name this phylum of marine animals that includes corals and jellyfish.;;Cnidaria nih(-)DARE(-)ee(-)uh
;;This composer wrote a tone poem in which the English horn represents a mythical bird of the underworld. This man also wrote an orchestral suite which depicted such images as the castle of Karl Knutsson. Besides writing The Swan of Tuonela (TOO-o-nay-la) and the Karelia Suite, this composer wrote a symphonic poem meant to protest  Russian censorship within his home country. His Lemminkainen (LEM-enk-eye-nen) Suite was inspired by his country's national epic, the Kalevala. For 10 points, name this composer of Finlandia.;;(Jean) Sibelius sey(-)BAIL(-)ay(-)us
;;Debye (duh-BYE) fixed the maximum phonon frequency for a theory of this, which works better at low temperatures than the Einstein model. It is equal to three times the gas constant divided by the molar mass according to the Law of  Dulong (doo-LONG) and Petit. The calorie is defined in terms of this for water, which is about 4.186 kilojoules per kilogram Kelvin. 10 points, name this amount of energy to raise a unit amount of a material by one degree.;;specific heat capacity
;;After kicking a preseason extra point against the Patriots, this athlete stated that he was Esteban, "the most interesting footballer in the world." He was fined for holding a dollar bill during a replay challenge and for donning a  poncho and sombrero after scoring a touchdown against the Lions. This player was drafted out of Oregon State by the Cincinnati Bengals. For 10 points, name this NFL wide receiver who, in 2008, legally changed his name to reflect the number on his jersey in inaccurate Spanish.;;(Chad) Ochocinco|(Chad) Johnson(;)|(Chad) Hachi Go
;;This ruler secured funding for his military campaigns from France in the Treaty of Barwalde. He earlier gained Livonia in the Truce of Altmark, which he forced upon his cousin Sigismund III. This leader famously used mobile and rapid-firing artilleries to defeat Count Tilly at  Breitenfeld. When this leader was killed at the Battle of Lutzen fighting against Wallenstein, he was succeeded by his daughter Christina. For 10 points, what member of the House of Vasa and a hero of the Thirty Year's War was a "Great" king of Sweden?.;;Gustavus II (Adolphus)|(Gustav) (Adolf)|(Gustav) (the) (Great)
;;The personification of waters in this kingdom's mythology, Apsu (OP-soo), was defeated and used as a foundation for a temple by Ea (EY-uh) or Enki. The Tablet of Destinies was affixed to Kingu, the son of a monster in this mythology. That monster's defeat was told in the  Enuma Elish (EH-noo-muh eh-LEESH), the creation myth of this kingdom, which ends in Tiamat's (TEE-uh-motz) defeat by Marduk (MAR-dook), for whom a ziggurat was built in this kingdom's capital. The Ishtar Gate is in, for 10 points, what Mesopotamian city once the center of an empire ruled by the lawmaker Hammurabi?.;;Babylon accept (word) (forms(;)) (accept) Sumeria (until) (Enuma) (Elish)
;;This author cautioned against "an American society gone awry, training individuals for roles they could not assume," in a work categorizing the Plains Indians as Dionysian and the Zuni as Apollonian. By using war propaganda and the diaries of captured soldiers, this woman categorized  Japanese national character without ever having visited the country. For 10 points, name this anthropologist who wrote Patterns of Culture and who described guilt versus shame cultures in The Chrysanthemum and the Sword.;;(Ruth) (Fulton) Benedict
;;The Doon Valley lies in this range's Shivalik (SHEE-vuh-leek) Hills, which are home to Gujjar (GOO-jur) tribes in the Mohan Pass. This range's largest lake is the brackish Pangong, situated just below Changla (SHONG-lah) Pass. This range is the origin of the Irrawaddy (ERR-uh-wah-dee) River. Much of this range is populated by  Sherpa tribes. It contains the peaks Lhotse (LOTE-seh) and Kangchenjunga (KAN-chen-JOON-guh) as well as K2. For 10 points, name this mountain range, which is the longest in Asia and contains Mount Everest.;;Himalayas|Himalayan Range
;;In one short story, this author wrote of Mrs. Sinico, whose rejection by Mr. Duffy prompts her to drunkenly wander in front of a train. In one of his stories, the protagonist debates whether to quote Robert Browning before recalling his wife Gretta's adolescent love, Michael Furey. This author wrote a novel in which Father  Arnall's sermon scares the protagonist. In that autobiographic novel, this author created Stephen Dedalus, who reappears in a novel that features Molly and Leopold Bloom. For 10 points, name this author of Dubliners, A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man, and Ulysses.;;(James) (Augustine) (Aloysius) Joyce
;;One method of assigning values in this system involves making one digit represent whether the number is positive or negative. That method is known as the sign-and-magnitude representation. Another method of assigning negative values in this system takes a positive number, inverts that number's digits, and then adds one. That method is called the  two's complement representation. Numbers in this system are made up of values called bits. For 10 points, name this numbering system that differs from the decimal system by only using zeros and ones.;;binary number (system)|base(-)two number (system)
;;This President became embroiled in the Travelgate controversy early in his presidency. The Americorps program was created during this man's administration. This signer of the Brady Bill oversaw the military's adoption of the  "Don't Ask Don't Tell" policy and presided over military actions in Bosnia and Somalia. This President was hampered by the Whitewater Scandal and appointed Madeline Albright as Secretary of State. For 10 points, name this U.S. President who was impeached following an affair with Monica Lewinsky.;;(William) (Jefferson) (Bill) Clinton|(William) (Jefferson) Blythe III
;;One of this architect's buildings has a facade with upper level Ionic and lower level Doric columns. This architect of the Palazzo Chiericati (puh-LOTS-oh CHAIR-ee-COT-ee) designed the residence called "La Malcontenta." In 1774, the bell tower of his Church of San Giorgio Maggiore (san JOR-jee-oh mah-JOR-ee) collapsed. The original massive  dome on one of his designs was never executed due to this architect's death. For 10 points, name this Italian architect of the Villa Rotonda who wrote an architectural treatise called Four Books of Architecture.;;(Andrea) Palladio
;;According to legend, this man brought Greece the alphabet. When Illyria was destroyed, Zeus turned this figure and Harmonia into black serpents and sent them to the Elysian Fields. This man was ordered by the oracle at Delphi to cease his quest to find his sister  Europa and to settle at the spot where a cow lay down. This man created a race of armed men known as Spartoi after planting dragon's teeth. For 10 points, name this founder of Thebes.;;Cadmus
;;On the left of this painting is a distorted, wailing mother who holds her dead child. Its top depicts a woman's arm holding a lantern, above which a light bulb shines. In the center of this painting, a horse is being  stabbed with a spear. In 2003, a reproduction of this painting was covered leading up to the war in Iraq. This black-and-white work was a response to the actions of the Condor Legion of the Luftwaffe (LOOFT-voff-uh). For 10 points, name this work painted by Pablo Picasso after the bombing of a Basque town.;;Guernica GARE(-)nee(-)kah
;;One book by this author details an abbey whose motto is "Do What Thou Wilt." This man who wrote of the Abbey of Theleme described a search for the Oracle of the Divine Bottle. This author created a character who was born after his mother played tag on the green, which resulted in the birth out of her left ear of a child who required  17,913 cows to provide his milk. This writer used the pseudonym Alcofribas Nasier to create a giant born of Grangosier and Gargamelle. For 10 points, name this French author who created Gargantua and Pantagruel.;;(Francois) Rabelais
;;This quantity is increased in the proximity effect, which results from current crowding in materials that are close together. This quantity is proportional to the length of a wire and inversely proportional to the cross section of a wire. The  "sea of electrons" effect makes this quantity low in metals. It is equal to potential over current according to Ohm's (OMEZ) Law. For 10 points, identify this measure of a material's opposition to the flow of steady current through it.;;(electrical) resistance
;;Some members of this phylum keep their bodies clean through the use of pedicellaria (pe-deh-sell-AIR-ee-uh). Its species have a system of interlocking calcium carbonate plates called stereom. Many members of this phylum exhibit  pentaradial symmetry, and have tube feet called podia. Podia are found at the end of this phylum's main method of movement and respiration, the water-vascular system. For 10 points, name this phylum of sea cucumbers and starfish, which has a Greek name that describe its members' spiny skin.;;Echinodermata|echinoderms
;;In 1875 this man published the results of his experiments on localizing tones produced by tuning forks, and followed it with his Theory of Sound two years later. This man worked out that the intensity of low-frequency blackbody radiation was inversely proportional to the fourth power of wavelength, and derived the proportionality constant in that equation with James  Jeans. This man proposed his namesake elastic scattering to explain why the sky is blue. For 10 points, name this physicist that won the 1904 Nobel Prize for his isolation of argon.;;(Lord) Rayleigh|(John) (William) Strutt(,) (Lord) (Rayleigh)
;;The first chapter of this book is entitled "A Fable for Tomorrow" and tells of a harmonious town suddenly hit with a "strange blight." A parody of this book is "The Desolate Year," which imagined a world where insects ran amok. That parody of this work was produced by the  Monsanto Corporation, which, along with other companies, objected to this book's criticism of the pesticide DDT. For 10 points, name this landmark environmentalist book written by Rachel Carson.;;Silent Spring
;;This country's forces stopped invading Italy after losing the Battle of Fornovo, thwarting the plans of this country's king, Charles VIII, to conquer Naples. This country's Wars of Religion pitted the Duke of  Guise (GEEZ) against three kings named Henry. The last of those kings, Henry IV, ended the conflict by proclaiming that this country's capital was "worth a mass." For 10 points, name this country whose Protestants were known as Huguenots.;;France
;;Rudyard Kipling wrote a response to this poem in which he bemoaned that "the thirty million English sent twenty pounds and four!" The action of this poem is completed while "all the world wonder'd." The speaker reveals "someone had  blunder'd," but the title group rides "into the valley of death" after deciding "their's not to reason why, their's just to do and die." For 10 points, name this Alfred, Lord Tennyson poem about a group of six hundred British soldiers who ride into Russian cannon fire.;;(The) Charge of the Light Brigade
;;In the presence of a magnetic field, the energy separation between the most and least stable of these orbitals is two times the field magnitude in units of Bohr magnetons. Electrons delocalizing from these orbitals leads to resonance. Elements with this subshell partially filled include  halogens, which have five electrons in it. Overlaps between examples of these orbitals, when left unhybridized, lead to pi bonds. For 10 points, give the letter that denotes the three orbitals that make up a namesake subshell that is filled after the s subshell.;;p orbitals
;;This composer wrote movements entitled "The Farewell" and "Wine in Spring" for one of his works. This composer wrote an "adagietto" movement in the middle of his fifth symphony in C-sharp minor. One of his symphonies quotes Frere Jacques as a funeral march. His eighth symphony requires an  extremely large chorus and orchestra, and ends with a scene from Faust. His works include The Song of the Earth and symphonies nicknamed "Titan" and "Resurrection." For 10 points, name this composer of the "Symphony of a Thousand.".;;(Gustav) Mahler
;;He was killed in Sicily when the daughters of Cocalus (coh-CAH-lus) placed him in a boiling bath. This mythical figure is one of the judges of the underworld along with his brother  Rhadamanthys (RAD-uh-MAN-this), and Aeacus (eye-EE-kus). His wife placed herself in a hollow wooden cow devised by Daedalus to fulfill her Poseidon-inflicted lust for the bull. For 10 points, what king of Crete demanded seven Athenian youths and seven maidens to feed the Minotaur?.;;Minos
;;In one story by this author, the bathwater near Aliokhin turns brown; later, Ivan tells Burkin of his brother Nikolai, who became supercilious after acquiring an estate on which he could plant the title Gooseberries. He wrote a play in which a serf discovers that he has been boarded up inside his longtime home to die; that servant, Firs, has remained after  Lopakhin purchased the title location, long owned by Madame Ranevskaya. For 10 points, name this author of The Cherry Orchard.;;(Anton) (Pavlovich) Chekhov
;;In December 2009, this man's nephew was one of eight people killed by police during an Ashura (ah-SHUR-uh) demonstration. Though his time as prime minister in the 1980s ended due to a dispute with Ali Rafsanjani (ROFF-sahn-JAH-nee), he later became president of the Academy of Arts. He advocated for an expansion of  women's rights and the loosening of censorship during June 2009 elections. For 10 points, identify this Iranian opposition leader who lost a disputed presidential election to Mahmoud Ahmedinejad (MACH-mood ah-meh-DIN-uh-zhod).;;(Mir) (Hossein) Mousavi
;;John C. Adams attempted to find this object. Compared to its neighbor, it has excess internal heat. This body has rings named after Lassell, Galle, and Leverrier. It has been home to such disturbances as Scooter and the Great Dark Spot. Scattered Disk objects and  Kuiper Belt objects are both members of the class of objects that orbit beyond it. Its moons include Nereid and Proteus, and its largest moon is Triton. It is locked in a three-to-two resonance with Pluto. For 10 points, name this eighth planet from the Sun.;;Neptune
;;This ruling was presaged by a case arising out of Texas four years earlier, Sweatt v. Painter. The question "Show me the doll that is the nice doll" was included in one of the arguments in this case. It was followed a year later by an order that  "all deliberate speed" be employed to implement its decision. The namesake of this case was the father of a third-grader who had to cross railroad tracks each morning. For 10 points, name this 1954 Supreme Court case, which ruled segregated public schools unconstitutional.;;Brown v(.) (Board) (of) (Education) (of) (Topeka(,)) (Kansas)|(Board) (of) (Education) (of) (Topeka(,)) (Kansas) (v(.)) Brown
;;One building in this city consists of a white dome with yellow towers holding cables up protruding from the top. A banquet house in this city has a Peter Paul Rubens-painted ceiling and was designed by Inigo Jones. Richard Rogers designed the Millennium  Dome in this city. St.-Martin-In-The-Fields is a church found in a square that commemorates Lord Nelson in this city. The Crystal Palace burned down in this city, which is also the site of Trafalgar square. For 10 points, name this city that Christopher Wren worked in, the site of Westminster Abbey and Big Ben.;;London
;;This author grouped some of his plays into such divisions as Plays Pleasant, Plays Unpleasant, and Plays for Puritans. The title character of one play by this man is engaged to the scholar Adolphus Cusins and debates accepting money from the munitions manufacturer Andrew  Undershaft. Another play by this author includes the Hungarian Nepommuck and Colonel Pickering, who bets against Henry Higgins' ploy to turn a cockney flower seller into a lady. For 10 points, name this Irish playwright of Major Barbara who wrote of Eliza Doolittle in Pygmalion.;;(George) (Bernard) Shaw
;;One city in this country contains the revolutionary Schroder House. It controls the popular tourist island of Texel. A 1953 flood in this country led to the construction of the Delta Works. This country is also home to a world renowned university at Leiden. Its highest point can be found just outside its southern city of  Maastricht. This country contains both the delta of the Rhine River and the Anne Frank House. For 10 points, name this country home to such cities as Utrecht, Rotterdam, and Amsterdam.;;(Kingdom) (of) (the) Netherlands|Holland(;)|(Koninkrijk) (der) Nederlanden
;;This man argued against empiricism by noting that melting wax changes some of the wax's qualities, yet we know it is the same wax. This man was asked by Princess Elizabeth of Bohemia to explain how an immaterial soul can cause a body to move in a correspondence. He claimed that he could  doubt everything except the fact that he exists. He is the namesake of a belief in mind-body dualism. For 10 points, name this author of Discourse on the Method and Meditations on First Philosophy, who is credited with saying "I think, therefore I am.".;;(Rene) Descartes day(-)CART
;;One painting by this man shows an exchange between Maurice of Nassau and Ambrosio Spinola. This artist painted a portrait of his slave Juan de Pareja (pah-RAY-huh). Irish painter Francis Bacon based a series of works on this artist's portrait of  Pope Innocent X. One of his paintings shows himself at the left next to a large canvas, a mirror showing the reflection of the king and queen in the background, and the Infanta Margarita in the center. For 10 points, name this Spanish artist who served in the court of King Philip IV and painted Las Meninas.;;(Diego) Velazquez accept (Diego) (Rodriguez) (de) (Silva) (y) Velazquez
;;Motoo (moe-TOE-oh) Kimura's neutral theory states that this phenomenon is the main cause of molecular evolution. In one type of this phenomenon, a small number of individuals start a new population; that type is known as the  founder effect and can result from a population bottleneck. Its effects are greater in small populations, and it is one of the influences which can cause deviation from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. For 10 points, name this phenomenon involving chance variations in allele frequency.;;(genetic) drift|(allelic) drift
;;This battle saw the early death of Ariabignes (err-ee-AA-big-neez) and a feint attack to escape Ameinias (aa-MAIN-ee-as), inspiring the losing commander to note "my men have become women, and my women men." The losers of this battle included  Mardonius and Queen Artemisia. This battle was fought betweem Artemisium and Mycale (mee-CAL-ay) respectively. The victors in this battle, led by Themistocles (thuh-MIST-oh-cleez), defeated a larger fleet off an island near Athens. For 10 points, name this major Greek naval victory in the Persian Wars.;;(Battle) (of) Salamis
;;In one short story by this author, ten high schoolers are blindfolded and sent into a boxing match won by Tatlock. That story became the first chapter of this man's only novel and is entitled "Battle Royal." Herbert Bledsoe is the president of the college, and a  back-to-Africa supporter named Ras the Destroyer criticizes the Brotherhood, in that same novel by this author, who created a narrator living illegally in an all-white apartment building near Harlem. For 10 points, name this author of Invisible Man.;;(Ralph) (Waldo) Ellison
;;This rock is similar in composition to pegmatite and aplite, and it can be classified as I or S type. This rock is a common component of batholiths. It has relatively high sodium and potassium levels compared to magnesium and calcium. A finer-grained form is rhyolite. It is rich in alkali feldspars and  quartz. It is less dense than basalt, which causes oceanic plates to subduct below tectonic plates made of this type of rock. For 10 points, name this light-colored felsic igneous rock which makes up a major portion of the continental crust.;;granite
;;This figure is shown seated and bare-chested, holding a sword in his left hand and pointing his right hand to the sky, in a statue by Horatio Greenough. The larger-than-life statue of this man at Federal Hall in Wall Street was executed by John Quincy Adams Ward. To the viewer, he is the  leftmost of the figures in another statue, in which he is the only one with visible lapels. For 10 points, name this man who was depicted as the leftmost of the four presidents on Mount Rushmore, the first president.;;(George) Washington
;;This company offered a namesake million dollar prize for any group that improved its rating algorithm by ten percent or more. This company was accused of "throttling" for its practice of delaying services to its most active customers. This company uses Microsoft Silverlight for its  "Watch Instantly" feature, and recently expanded to the Xbox 360 and Playstation 3. For 10 points, name this company that allows customers to rent DVDs through the mail by paying a monthly fee.;;Netflix
;;This man wrote about a conscientious objector who "was more brave than me, more blond than you" in his poem "i sing of Olaf glad and big." Zulu and the jester Surplice (sur-PLEECE) are among the characters in La Ferte Mace (fert MOSS) concentration camp in this author's autobiographical novel  The Enormous Room. Another poem by this man begins "anyone lived in a pretty how town." For 10 points, name this American poet who often shunned traditional punctuation and capitalization.;;(Edward) (Estlin) Cummings
;;Johann Lambert names a model of the diffuse form of this phenomenon. None of this phenomenon occurs when the angle of incidence with a boundary is Brewster's angle. Its "specular" form involves only one  incoming and outgoing direction. Its "total internal" form occurs in fiber-optic materials and occurs at angles above the critical angle from the normal. Its "retro" form can be achieved by using three perpendicular mirrors. For 10 points, name this phenomenon, in which light hits a surface and rebounds in the other direction.;;reflection
;;An attempt to solve the "problem of demarcation" that defines this field was advanced in a book that set out the "falsification" principle, called "the logic of" this kind of "discovery," which was written by Karl Popper. Later, a sociological analysis of this field's development, which claims that it proceeds through "paradigm  shifts," was written under the title "the structure of" this kind of "revolutions," by Thomas Kuhn. For 10 points, identify this intellectual pursuit, which abides by a hypothesis-centered "method" advanced by Francis Bacon.;;science|scientific(;)|(other) (word) (forms)
;;This series of conflicts began with a dispute over the town of Messana. In the second of these conflicts, Hasdrubal met defeat at Metaurus River. In the buildup to the last of these wars, Cato the Elder ended every speech by advocating the complete  destruction of the enemy. Battles in these wars included Lake Trasimene (trah-SIM-eh-nee), Cannae, and Zama, where Scipio defeated Hannibal. For 10 points, name this three-war struggle for control of the Mediterranean between the Romans and Carthaginians.;;Punic Wars
;;This man made a thirty-minute televised speech called "A Time for Choosing" in support of Barry Goldwater. This man was criticized for testing a live radio microphone with the joking statement "I've just signed legislation outlawing  Russia forever. The bombing begins in five minutes." He fired thousands of striking air traffic controllers early in his Presidency, and he was shot by John Hinckley. For 10 points, name this politician, who defeated Jimmy Carter to win the presidency in 1980.;;(Ronald) (Wilson) Reagan
;;Wavefunctions of the particle in a box use this function because it can be made to meet the boundary conditions. The Gibbs phenomenon occurs in a method that approximates any function using this function and its derivative, which is called a Fourier (FOR-ee-ay) series. The magnitude of a  cross-product is proportional to this function of the angle between the vectors. This function's law is the equality, for a triangle, of each side's ratio to this function of the side's angle. Its reciprocal is the cosecant. For 10 points, name this function, equal in trigonometry to the ratio of the opposite side to the hypotenuse.;;sine
;;In his best-known work, this economist argued that sports such as football result in a "one-sided return to barbarism." He wrote a work on "the conduct of universities by business men" titled The Higher Learning In America. He also wrote about the  "captains of industry" in The Theory of Business Enterprise. For 10 points, name this Norwegian-American economist who coined the term "conspicuous consumption" in The Theory of the Leisure Class.;;(Thorstein) Veblen
;;This woman was the mother of Henry VIII's first wife, the hard-to-divorce Catherine. This queen's private confessor forced Marranos (mah-RAHN-os) and Moriscos (more-EES-cos) to undergo an auto-da-fe (auto-dah-fey). She worked with her husband to capture  Grenada and complete the Reconquista (reh-con-KEE-stuh). Torquemada (TOR-kay-MAH-dah) revived the Inquisition under her rule, which also saw the unification of the two largest Spanish kingdoms. For 10 points, name this queen of Castile who created modern Spain by marrying the king of Aragon, Ferdinand.;;Isabella (I) (of) (Castile)|Isabella (of) (Castile(;))|Isabella (the) (Catholic(;))|Isabel la (Catolica)
;;This value for a substance can be obtained using the Baume scale or a hydrometer. For an ideal gas, it is equal to the ratio of the product of molar mass and pressure to the gas constant times temperature. It is symbolized by rho. Among the natural elements,  osmium and iridium have the highest value of this. Though this quantity typically increases upon freezing, its decrease when water freezes explains why ice floats. For 10 points, name this ratio of mass to density, which, for water, is about one gram per milliliter.;;density|specific gravity
;;This author's political pamphlets, including The Shortest Way with the Dissenters, landed him in Newgate in 1702. One of his characters so annoys a ship with preaching that he is put ashore in China. Another of this author's protagonists was based on Alexander  Selkirk and is assisted by Friday. For 10 points, name this Englishman who wrote Moll Flanders, A Journal of the Plague Year, and a tale of a man deserted on an island, Robinson Crusoe.;;(Daniel) Defoe|(Daniel) Foe
;;Unusually for a Spanish-speaking South American nation, this country is less than fifty percent Catholic. Part of this country's border with Brazil runs through Lake Mirim, and this country is itself bisected east to west by the Rio Negro. Its capital sits on the north side of the estuary separating it from  Argentina, the Rio de la Plata. For 10 points, identify this country in the southeastern part of South America, whose capital has a name meaning "I see a mountain," Montevideo.;;(Oriental) (Republic) (of) Uruguay|(Republica) (Oriental) (del) Uruguay
;;One character in this novel is obsessed with a shoe that belonged to her adopted daughter Agnes as a baby. In this book, Clopin is a king of the vagabonds who tries to hang the poet Pierre Gringoire (grin-WAR). Another character has a pet goat named Djali (JAH-lee). In this novel,  Phoebus is a captain of the King's Archers who is stabbed by the villain Archdeacon Frollo. For 10 points, name this Victor Hugo novel in which the gypsy Esmeralda is loved by the deformed bell ringer Quasimodo.;;(The) Hunchback of Notre Dame|Notre(-)Dame de Paris
;;This musician quoted the hymn Gaudeamus Igitur (GOW-dee-ah-muhs ih-gih-tour) in a work written in response to an honorary doctorate this man received from Breslau. This man created a work in imitation of a Catholic mass using texts from the Luther Bible titled A German Requiem. He composed the  Tragic and Academic Festival overtures. His first symphony was nicknamed "Beethoven's Tenth." For 10 points, name this German composer known for his Lullaby.;;(Johannes) Brahms
;;This person signaled his support for a loosening of censorship in his speech "On the Correct Handling of Contradictions Among the People." This man's third wife became a key figure in the Gang of Four, which helped this man organize the Red Guards in support of the  Cultural Revolution. Earlier, this man was a key figure in the Long March, which allowed his party to come to power and launch such programs as the Great Leap Forward. For 10 points, name this politician who died in 1976 after twenty-seven years as the Communist leader of China.;;Mao Zedong|Mao Tse(-)tung
;;This man painted a woman dressed in black holding the hand of a bedridden girl, in a work based on the death of his sister. This painter of The Sick Child created a work showing a red-haired woman comforting a man, called Love and Pain. That work has mistakenly become called Vampire, and is part of this man's  Frieze of Life series. Another of his works from that series shows two figures on the left under a red sky, behind a face-grabbing central figure with his mouth agape. For 10 points, name this Norwegian painter of The Scream.;;(Edvard) Munch
;;This poet lamented the loss of "that store...counted best" that now "in ashes lie" in one poem. Another poem by this writer claims that "friends, less wise than true" "snatcht" "the ill-formed offspring of [this poet's] feeble brain." Those works by this poet are titled "Upon the Burning of Our House" and "The  Author to Her Book." Some of this woman's works were published without her knowledge by her brother-in-law in England. For 10 points, name this seventeenth century American female poet of The Tenth Muse Lately Sprung Up in America.;;(Anne) Bradstreet
;;The last step in this compound's synthesis is the demethylation (DEE-meth-uh-LAY-shun) of lanosterol (luh-NOST-uh-rawl). The rate-determining step of this compound's synthesis is determined by HMG-CoA ("H"-"M"-"G" co-"A") reductase activity. That step is targeted by drugs known as  statins, which prevent this compound's synthesis. This compound is transported in assemblies whose "low-density" variety is mainly responsible for atherosclerosis (AATH-er-ohs-cler-OH-sis). For 10 points, name this waxy, steroid compound.;;cholesterol
;;This economist criticized his country's decision to return to the gold standard in "The Economic Consequences of Mr. Churchill." That title paralleled this economist's earlier criticism of the Treaty of Versailles, The Economic Consequences of the  Peace. This man's best-known work argued against liquidationism, claiming that governments could stimulate the economy through deficit spending. For 10 points, name this British economist who wrote The General Theory of Employment, Interest, and Money.;;(John) (Maynard) Keynes
;;One member of this philosophical school wrote about its "Maxim," which helps define terms with clarity, in "How to Make Our Ideas Clear." This school inspired the ideas found in Democracy and Education. Another of its proponents wrote The  Principles of Psychology and gave a series of lectures that dubbed this school "A New Name for Some Old Ways of Thinking." This school informed Charles Sanders Peirce and John Dewey. For 10 points, William James was one proponent of what philosophical school, which focused on practicality?.;;pragmatism accept (word) (forms)
;;In this novel, Mrs. Phelps is moved to tears when the protagonist reads "Dover Beach" and Mildred is obsessed with her gigantic television set. The protagonist of this work seeks solace with his teenage neighbor  Clarisse. The professor Faber helps the protagonist of this novel escape from the Mechanical Hound. That protagonist kills Captain Beatty and memorizes parts of Ecclesiastes. For 10 points, name this novel about Guy Montag, which was named by its author, Ray Bradbury, for the temperature at which books burn.;;Fahrenheit 451
;;One battle in this conflict saw Antero Rubin's forces come close to defeating "Fighting Joe" Wheeler at Las Guasimas (gwah-SEE-mahs). Leonard Wood commanded the First Volunteer Cavalry in this conflict, which was dubbed a "splendid little war." This war included the Battle of  San Juan Hill, in which Teddy Roosevelt led the charge of the "Rough Riders." For 10 points, name this war that was sparked by the explosion of the USS Maine and saw the U.S. gain influence over the Philippines, Puerto Rico, and Cuba.;;(the) Spanish(-)American War
;;One painting in this style depicts a young man reclining in the bushes looking up the pink dress of his lover, who is seated on the title object. One artist who worked in this style, Francois Boucher, produced "cabinet paintings" for Madame de  Pompadour. Another artist who worked in this style painted well-dressed members of the nobility at fetes galantes (FET guh-LONT). For 10 points, name this eighteenth-century art movement exemplified by Jean-Honore Fragonard's The Swing and Jean-Antoine Watteau's Embarkation for Cythera.;;Rococo
;;This man created the covert Special Operations Executive that was headed by Hugh Dalton. Herbert Asquith appointed this man First Lord of the Admiralty, a post which he resigned after Gallipoli. He served as his own Minister of Defense while attending the  Tehran and Yalta Conferences, along with Roosevelt and Stalin, as one of the Big Three. For 10 points, name this man who succeeded Neville Chamberlain as prime minister of Great Britain and led the country through World War II.;;(Winston) (Leonard) Spencer(-)Churchill
;;In one of this author's novels, soldiers kill a barber who throws a beer mug at a prostitute. He also wrote a series of novels that chronicles three generations of a family whose patriarch romances single women he meets at the grocery store. In the first of that series, Amina is struck by a car and exiled from her home because she left without permission. This author wrote the novels  Sugar Street, Palace Walk, and Palace of Desire. For 10 points, name this Egyptian author of the Cairo Trilogy.;;(Naguib) Mahfouz
;;An actor elected in 1998 as president of this country was jailed for corruption in 2007. A mayor in the south of this country proclaimed that, "only death can stop [him] from running" for governor, after gunmen killed his family, and over fifty other people, in a 2009 ambush. 2009 also saw the death of the woman who, in  1986, toppled the regime of Ferdinand Marcos in this country. For 10 points, name this island nation which is home to current president Gloria Arroyo and recently deceased activist Corazon Aquino (core-uh-ZONE ah-KEE-no).;;(Republic) (of) (the) Phillipines|(Republika) (ng) Pilipinas
;;The approximation for the period of these objects must include an infinite expansion when dealing the large amplitude variety of this object. Chaotic systems can be displayed by setting a large one of these into motion. The period of the  simple type of this object equals two pi times the square root of its length over gravity. One type of this object is used to show the rotation of the earth and is named for Foucault (foo-KOH). For 10 points, name this physical object often demonstrated using a swinging mass suspended by a string.;;pendulums|(large) (amplitude) pendulums(;)|(double) pendulums(;)|(simple) pendulums(;)|(Foucault) pendulums
;;This poet remembers when "I was young and easy under apple boughs" and concludes "I sang in my chains like the sea" in his "Fern Hill." He wrote another poem that describes "wild men who caught and sang the sun in flight" and how "blind eyes could blaze like meteors and be gay." In that poem, he claims that  "old age should burn and rave" and urges "rage, rage against the dying of the light." For 10 points, name this Welsh-born poet of "Do Not Go Gentle into That Good Night.".;;(Dylan) (Marlais) Thomas
;;This composer wrote a symphony that uses two Dresden Amens and quotes from "A Mighty Fortress is Our God" to commemorate the anniversary of the Augsburg Confession. This composer of the Reformation symphony wrote eight books of six piano pieces each in his Songs Without Words. He wrote the oratorios St. Paul and Elijah. He commemorated a trip to  Scotland with his sister Fanny in the Hebrides (HEH-brid-eez) Overture. For 10 points, name this Romantic composer of a wedding march for A Midsummer Night's Dream.;;(Jakob) (Ludwig) (Felix) Mendelssohn Bartholdy|(Jakob) (Ludwig) (Felix) (Mendelssohn) Bartholdy(;)|(Jakob) (Ludwig) (Felix) Mendelssohn(-)Bartholdy
;;Their strength as a function of distance can be modeled by the Lennard-Jones potential. Their namesake also names an equation of state which modifies the ideal gas law. Unlike covalent and ionic bonds, they are caused by changes in the  polarizations of nearby molecules. One variety of them arises between nonpolar molecules due to induced dipoles, and is known as London dispersion forces. For 10 points, identify these generalized weak intermolecular forces, which are named after a Dutch scientist.;;Van der Waals forces
;;One of this artist's images shows a gangway that divides an upper deck full of men from a lower deck full of women, all recent immigrants from Bremen. He joined with people like Edward Steichen to form a group that advocated "pictoralism." This publisher of Camera Work joined F. Holland Day to lead the Photo-Secession movement. This photographer of The Steerage took many photos of the hands of a woman who painted pictures of  cattle skulls and flowers. For 10 points, name this American artist who took many photos of his wife, Georgia O'Keeffe.;;(Alfred) Stieglitz
;;This structure is described by the Schlafli Symbol 4,3. Prince Rupert's problem deals with two of these and it is a equilateral zonohedron. It has thirteen axes of symmetry and eleven different nets. An analogue in one higher dimension is the tesseract, and it is the dual of the  octahedron. Its surface area is twenty four times its radius squared and its volume is eight times its radius cubed. They have twelve edges, six faces, and eight vertices. For 10 points, name this three dimensional construct with six square faces.;;cube
;;This city's upscale areas include Abu Nuwas Street and the Al-Mansur district. In the Middle Ages, this city was the home to the House of Wisdom, a major center of translation and science. This former capital of the  Abassid Empire is divided in two by the Tigris River. Its current neighborhoods include the fortified Green Zone and a large slum known as Sadr City. For 10 points, name this former seat of power for Saddam Hussein, which remains the capital of Iraq.;;Baghdad
;;The central character of this novel declares "we want to smash other people" and calls a chemist "twenty times as useful as any poet." The protagonist of this work falls in love with a widow, Madame Odintsov (OH-deent-sohv), who finally kisses him on his deathbed before marrying a lawyer. The protagonist's protege,  Arkady Kirsanov (AHR-kah-dee KEER-sah-nohv), abandons revolution in this work to become a magistrate. For 10 points, name this novel, centering on the nihilist (NYE-uh-list) Bazarov (BAH-zah-rohv), and written by Ivan Turgenev (tur-GAIN-ev).;;Fathers and Sons|Fathers and Children(;)|Otcy i Deti
;;One ruler with this last name was assassinated by Operation Blue Star after advising Fakruddin Ali Ahmed to declare a state of emergency. Another leader with this last name encouraged people to create khadi, or homespun clothing, and led a  march to Dandi to protest a tax on salt. For 10 points, identify this surname shared by Indian Prime Minister Indira, and Mohandas, whose non-violent protests earned him the nickname "Mahatma.".;;Gandhi
;;This man's first symphony sets poems from Whitman's Leaves of Grass and contains the movements "The Explorers" and "On the Beach at Night Alone". He wrote a piece for violin and orchestra based on a George Meredith poem that depicts a  bird rising up to the heavens. Another of this man's works was inspired by the music of the composer of the motet Spem in alium. For 10 points, identify this British composer of A Sea Symphony and The Lark Ascending who wrote fantasias on "Greensleeves" and on a Theme by Thomas Tallis.;;(Ralph) Vaughan Williams
;;This politician decried the forced removal of Ali Maher as an attack on his nation's sovereignty. After his country's defeat in a war with Israel, this man united with Muhammad Naguib to lead the Free Officers movement in a rebellion against the monarchy. Later, his undertaking of the  High Dam project in part caused the resulting reservoir to be named for him. His nationalization of a major waterway sparked the Suez Canal Crisis. For 10 points, name this Egyptian president and pan-Arab leader who was succeeded by Anwar Sadat.;;(Gamal) (Abdel) Nasser
;;One poem by this author opens with orders to "pile the bodies high," and to "shovel them under," to let the title substance "work." Another poem by this author of "Grass" sees the title entity coming on "little cat feet." This poet described "magnetic curses" flung by a "Player with Railroads  and Freight Handler to the Nation" in a work that declares a certain location the "City of the Big Shoulders" and "Hog Butcher for the World." For 10 points, name this American poet of "Fog" and "Chicago.".;;(Carl) Sandburg
;;It is the result of the BPP formula and Machin-like formulas. Divided by four, it is equal to the Gregory series. When dividing it by two, it is the answer to Buffon's needle problem. It is multiplied times i in Euler's (OY-lurz) identity. Lindermann proved that it is  transcendental, implying that the circle cannot be squared. It is equal to 180 degrees divided by one radian. For 10 points, name this number, equal to the ratio of a circle's circumference and its diameter, and symbolized by a Greek letter.;;pi
;;This state is the namesake of an outdated alternate name for francium. A man from this state kills Trampas in a duel and marries the schoolteacher Molly Wood in a novel by Owen Wister. A plan calling for representation in the U.S. legislature to be  proportional to population was introduced at the Constitutional Convention by delegates from this state. During a 2006 Senate race in this state, the Republican incumbent lost in part due to using an ethnic slur against a Jim Webb campaign volunteer. For 10 points, name this "Old Dominion" and "mother of Presidents.".;;(Commonwealth) (of) Virginia
;;This god threw himself onto a funeral pyre and then became the planet Venus. He mixed the bones from the previous four worlds with his own blood to create humanity. The twin brother of this god is a dog-faced lightning deity named  Xolotl (SHO-lot-el). This god was once exiled by the "smoking mirror" Tezcatlipoca (TEZ-kat-lee-poe-kah). Because this god had light skin and a light beard, believers made the grave mistake of confusing this feathered serpent with Hernan Cortes (cor-TEZ). For 10 points, name this chief deity of the Aztecs.;;Quetzalcoatl ket(-)ZAL(-)co(-)ahh(-)tl
;;Changing this situation to make the reward worth more than the temptation creates a stag hunt, which has two Nash equilibria as compared to one for this situation. Merrill Flood, Melvin Dresher, and Robert  Axelrod were among the scholars who studied this scenario as applicable to nuclear arms. The "tit for tat" strategy is one approach to this situation. For 10 points, identify this fundamental game theory problem, in which two suspects must each choose to defect or cooperate.;;(the) prisoner's dilemma
;;The distance from a hydrogen atom nucleus that an electron is most likely to be found is known as this man's namesake radius. This man posited that simultaneous wave-particle duality was impossible to observe as part of the  Copenhagen interpretation of quantum mechanics he created with Heisenberg (HIGH-zuhn-buhrg). This man's model of the atom modified that of Rutherford. For 10 points, name this physicist who posited that atoms consist of negatively charged electrons that follow circular orbits around a dense, positively charged nucleus.;;(Niels) Bohr
;;The only work by this painter that is permanently held in the United States is his portrait of Ginevra di Benci (jih-NAVE-ruh dee BEN-chee). In another work, he depicted the angel Uriel holding the infant John the Baptist, who is ushered towards the infant Christ by Mary. This artist of Lady with an Ermine used the sfumato (sfoo-MAH-toe) style to paint his works. This artist of  Virgin of the Rocks traced out ideal human proportions in his sketch of the Vitruvian Man. For 10 points, name this artist who also painted the enigmatically smiling Mona Lisa.;;Leonardo da (Vinci)|(Leonardo) (di) (ser) (Piero) da Vinci
;;During this war, Phineas Riall declared "Those are regulars, by God!" Congreve rockets were used during the Battle of Bladensburg in this war. Oliver Perry declared "We have met the enemy and they are ours" after the Battle of  Lake Erie during this war. It was instigated due to the impressment controversy and the "land hunger" of the "War Hawks." It included the burning of the White House, and was ended by the Treaty of Ghent. For 10 points, name this war between the U.S. and Britain, which began in the namesake year.;;(War) (of) 1812
;;One of this author's fictional characters watches dead rats pile up, treats Father Paneloux, and stays in contact with his wife, who left Oran. In an essay, this author confronts the absurdity of existence by referencing a Greek figure who rolled a rock up a hill in The  Myth of Sisyphus. In one of this novels, a character learns his mother has died and shoots an Arab on the beach. Protagonists created by this author include Dr. Rieux (ree-OO) and Meursault (mer-SOH). For 10 points, name this French existentialist who wrote The Plague and The Stranger.;;(Albert) Camus ca(-)MOO
;;This composer wrote about Don Magnifico trying to arrange a marriage to Ramiro for Clorinda or Tisbe, the stepsisters of the title character, Cinderella. This composer created an opera in which the title character repeats his own name in "Largo al Factotum" and Doctor Bartolo's ward marries Count  Almaviva. He wrote about a revolt against Gesler by a Swiss patriot in an opera that involves an apple on Jemmy's head that must be shot off. For 10 points, name this composer of The Barber of Seville and William Tell.;;(Gioachino) (Antonio) Rossini
;;A central symbol of this religion is a hand with a wheel on its palm. One sect of this religion requires that members be "sky-clad," or nude, and the other sect believes that the figure Mallinath was female. This religion, which is divided into the  Svetambara (sh-VET-ahm-bara) and Digambara (DEE-gam-bara) sects, venerates twenty-four "ford-builders" or tirthankaras (TEAR-than-karas), including the final one, Mahavira. For 10 points, name this Indian religion which emphasizes ahimsa, or nonviolence.;;Jainism
;;This author noted that "When one is tired of London, one is tired of life," and claimed that "Patriotism is the last refuge of the scoundrel." This writer was the first to refer to John Donne and his contemporaries as the metaphysical poets in his work  Lives of the Most Eminent English Poets. This man wrote one work about a trip he took to Scotland with a friend. A biography about this man was written by that friend, James Boswell. For 10 points, name this English author of the Dictionary of the English Language.;;(Samuel) Johnson
;;A New Year's Eve tradition in this city is to eat twelve grapes at the Puerta del Sol. Upon gazing upon this city's ornate Segovia Bridge, one figure suggested either selling the bridge or buying a new river. Though it sits on the banks of the tiny Manzanares, it boasts such attractions as a former hospital that became the Queen Sofia Museum and the Las Ventas  bullfighting ring. This city was originally a fortress defending Toledo (toe-LAY-doh), and was chosen as capital for its neutrality. For 10 points, name this home to the Prado and capital of Spain.;;Madrid
;;In honor of his perseverance in traveling upriver, this man was given the name "Bula Matari" (BOO-luh mah-TAH-ree), meaning "Breaker of Rocks." This Welsh-born man became a journalist after fighting in the American Civil War. The New York Herald financed his 1874 expedition to trace the course of the  Congo River, three years after his journey to locate a missing Scottish missionary. He found the missionary several months later, in poor health, at Lake Tanganyika (tahn-gahn-YEE-kuh). For 10 points, what explorer reportedly uttered the greeting "Dr. Livingstone, I presume"?.;;(Henry) (Morton) Stanley|(John) Rowlands
;;A meeting in this city set the precedent of allowing "Minority Treaties" at the Paris Peace Conference. One meeting in this city officially recognized the independence of Romania, Serbia, and Montenegro. The colonizing efforts of Pierre de Brazza prompted another meeting in this city, which began a "Scramble." That  1884 conference in this city regulated Europe's colonization of Africa. In 1878, a congress here signed a treaty to amend the Treaty of San Stefano. For 10 points, name this city that was the center of the Weimar Republic and is now the capital of Germany.;;Berlin
;;This author claims that "diffusion" gives an organism a "death-wish" in a book explaining "Eros" and "Thanatos" titled Beyond the Pleasure Principle. Another work by this author gives examples such as Otto's administration of some chemicals that caused an infection, which is called  "Irma's Injection." Another of this man's patients was known as Anna O. For 10 points, name this psychologist who proposed a division of the psyche into the "id," "ego," and "superego," and who wrote The Interpretation of Dreams.;;(Sigmund) Freud|(Sigismund) (Schlomo) Freud
;;In one game, this character takes control of weapons such as the AIMS-20 and the Samurai. Another game introduces this character's "sense," a feature that slows the game down and highlights useful objects and enemies. Those games, Nightfire and Everything or Nothing, are not based on  movies, unlike a game in which he fights Alec Trevelyan and Xenia Onatopp. For 10 points, name this protagonist of Goldeneye 007, who returned in the 2008 game Quantum of Solace.;;(James) Bond
;;In a memoir of his imprisonment, this man described hearing the voices of the revolutionary Victor Banjo and his grandfather Adekunle Fajuyi (AH-day-KUN-lay fah-JOO-yee]. That memoir is The Man Died. This man also wrote a play in which Elesin Oba strangles himself after seeing his dead son Olunde. That play is  Death and the King's Horseman . A play by this man set in Ilujinle (EE-loo-JIN-lay) sees Bale (BAH-lay) win the hand of Sidi. For 10 points, name this Nigerian playwright of The Lion and the Jewel.;;(Akinwande) (Oluwole) Soyinka
;;This composer was inspired by a John Clanvowe poem to write his organ concerto "The Cuckoo and the Nightingale." This composer of such keyboard suites as "The Harmonious Blacksmith" commemorated the end of the War of Austrian Succession by writing his Music for the  Royal Fireworks. This composer wrote a piece that was premiered on the barge of King George I. This man's most famous work includes parts such as "For Unto Us a Child Is Born" and a "Hallelujah Chorus." For 10 points, name this composer of Water Music and Messiah.;;(George) (Frideric) Handel
;;The components of this structure are rearranged by flippases (FLIP-aze-iz) and scramblases (SCRAM-blaze-iz). The sodium-potassium pump transports ions through it. The Davson-Danielli model of this structure was supplanted by the  fluid mosaic model, which characterizes it as a phospholipid (foss-foe-LIP-id) bilayer embedded with proteins and other molecules. For 10 points, name this semi-permeable structure which surrounds cells.;;cell membrane|plasma membrane
;;One poem by this author repeats the line "come live with me and be my love." This author of "The Passionate Shepherd to His Love" wrote a play about a figure who addresses a speech to Helen of Troy, asking "was this the  face that launch'd a thousand ships?" In another play by this author, Barabas falls into a boiling cauldron. For 10 points, name this English dramatist who wrote Tamburlaine, Doctor Faustus, and The Jew of Malta before dying in a tavern brawl.;;(Christopher) Marlowe
;;Opposition to this person's policies was organized by the Secret Army Organization. This man was appointed Prime Minister by Rene Coty during the turbulent period of the Algerian question. The constitution that created the  Fifth Republic was drafted by this man, who became that republic's first president. Earlier, this man led his country's opposition to the Vichy regime. For 10 points, name this man who, during World War II, led the Free French Forces against Nazi rule.;;(Charles) (Andre) (Joseph) (Marie) de Gaulle
;;This woman was given flowers by the Horae (HOR-eye), gold necklaces by the Charities, and the ability to weave and sew by Athena. Her only child was a survivor of the catastrophic Flood named Pyrrha (PEER-uh). This wife of  Epimetheus committed a notorious action that was conceived by Zeus as a punishment to mankind for accepting fire from Prometheus. That action left hope, even as the spirits of evil filled the world. For 10 points, identify this woman in Greek mythology, who removed the lid of a namesake "box.".;;Pandora
;;Electromagnetic metamaterials can have a negative value for this quantity. This value is equal to the square root of the product of a medium's permittivity and permeability. A material has two different values for this in  birefringence. The ratio of this value for two media is related to the ratio of sines of its namesake angles by Snell's Law. For 10 points, name this ratio of the speed of light in a vacuum to the speed of light in a medium, which is about 1.33 for water.;;index of refraction|refractive index(;)|ior
;;Central to this type of device is an actuator, also called a voice coil. On Windows machines, these hardware pieces use FAT32 or NTFS file systems. Virtual memory allows the computer to store pages on these as opposed to  RAM. The use of multiple ones is allowed via RAID technology, and most modern ones use the Serial ATA interface. For 10 points, name this piece of computer hardware, which consists of a read-write head and a series of platters and has a capacity typically measured in gigabytes.;;hard drive|hard disk drive(;)|HDD
;;Eighty percent of this country's population took a surname meaning "master of the blue wolf" after last names were re-legalized here in 1995. Following this country's 1924 proclamation of a Communist state, its capital received a new name meaning "Red Hero." The desolate areas of this country's west and south are dominated by the  Altai Mountains and the Gobi Desert. For 10 points, name this Asian country found south of Russia and north of China, which was the home of conquering horsemen in the late Middle Ages.;;Mongolia|Mongol Uls
;;Sidney Rigdon was one of this group's earliest spokesmen. Militant groups connected to this religion became known as Danites. Along with Paiute Native Americans, some members of this group were perpetrators of the Mountain Meadows Massacre. They fought a namesake "war" with the U.S. government in the 1850s. They were driven  out of Missouri and Illinois to a place they called "Deseret." For 10 points, name this group, founded by Joseph Smith, that was led to the Great Salt Lake in Utah by Brigham Young.;;Mormons|LDS(;)|(Church) (of) (Jesus) (Christ) (of) Latter(-)Day Saints
;;The phallic obsession of one member of this family prompted Constantin Brancusi to sculpt Princess X. One member of this family is depicted with bare breasts, lounging on a divan that is carved from marble. This clan's patriarch is nude and holds a spear and an apple in a statue that depicts him as Mars. A member of this family who married into the Borgheses,  Pauline, was sculpted as "Venus Victrix" by Antonio Canova. For 10 points, name this family whose patriarch was sculpted on horseback after his victory at Austerlitz, a clan headed by Napoleon.;;Bonaparte
;;A military coup in this country installed a ruler who became one of the leading figures in Operation Condor. This country's independence movement was helped by the Battle of Chacabuco. This country's first supreme director fought in that battle and was named  Bernardo O'Higgins. For 10 points, name this South American country that, in 1973, switched from the socialist rule of Salvador Allende (EYE-end-ay) to the dictatorship of Augusto Pinochet (PEE-noh-chayt).;;(Republic) (of) Chile|(Republica) (de) Chile
;;This man wrote about a hunchback that tricks another character to think he is that character's beloved Silvestre. That work is "Mario and the Magician." This man wrote a novel in which Ludovko Settembrini (loo-DUV-ko set-em-BREE-nee) and Leo Naphta are among  Hans Castorp's acquaintances in a sanitarium in Switzerland. He also wrote a novel in which Gustav von Ascehenbach (GOO-stahv vahn AH-shen-bok) stays in the title city despite a cholera epidemic. For 10 points, name this German author of The Magic Mountain and Death in Venice.;;(Thomas) Mann
;;In Hindu myth, the fish Matsya (MAHT-sha) protected Manu from one of these events. In Norse myth, Bergelmir (BUR-gul-meer) and his wife founded Jotunheim (YO-tun-hime) after surviving one of these. In Babylonian myth, the gods decided to create one of these to punish humanity for being too loud, but Ea warned  Utnapishtim (OOT-nuh-PISH-tim) about it. Archaeologists suggest that all of these myths may have been based on a real event that occurred around 5500 BCE. For 10 points, identify this kind of catastrophe, that was also survived by Noah.;;(great) floods|(great) deluges
;;This former resident of Antwerp plans to leave her home on Election Day, but she doesn't make it. This woman embroiders gloves for Governor Bellingham. Earlier, this character's lover was driven to madness by a mysterious doctor who is finally revealed to be  Chillingsworth, this character's husband. For 10 points, name this Massachusetts resident who is the lover of Dimmesdale, mother of Pearl, and wearer of the title object in Nathaniel Hawthorne's The Scarlet Letter.;;Hester Prynne|(Hester) Prynne
;;Horace Greeley characterized the aim of this event as "but the assertion of a natural right." Thomas McClintock read from Blackstone's Commentaries here. The central organizers of this event had earlier joined William Lloyd Garrison at the World  Anti-Slavery Conference. It included a speech by Frederick Douglass as well as the reading of the Declaration of Sentiments by Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady Stanton. For 10 points, name this 1848 conference that began the women's suffrage movement and was held in a namesake New York village.;;Seneca Falls Convention
;;It is the number of stages in Lawrence Kohlberg's theory of moral development, the title number of "Crises" described in a 1962 book by Richard Nixon, the number of French composers in a grouping that includes Darius Milhaud (DAR-ee-oos ME-yoh) and Arthur Honegger, and the number of days in a  1967 war that ended with Israel controlling the Gaza Strip. It is also the third triangular number and smallest perfect number, and appears three times in the Number of the Beast. For 10 points, give this number that equals a half-dozen.;;six
;;When graphing the results of this method, multiple transition regions can be seen when a chemical worked with is polyprotic (POL-ee-PRO-tick). Those graphs of this method's curves can be used to approximate the  equivalence point. Color changing substances such as methyl red and phenolphthalein (FEE-noll-thail-leen) are often used as indicators during this process. For 10 points, name this common chemistry lab technique that uses a substance with a known pH to find the unknown pH or concentration of a solution, and often makes use of a buret (burr-ET).;;(acid(-)base) titration
;;One work of art that exemplifies this movement depicts an airplane firing rockets to destroy an enemy fighter. An artist associated with this movement worked out of a studio called the Silver Factory. The painting  Whaam! emerged from this movement, and was created with the Ben-Day dot technique by Roy Lichtenstein. This movement also saw the creation of fifty silk-screen images of Marilyn Monroe and a painting of a solitary Campbell's Soup can. For 10 points, name this 1960s artistic movement exemplified by the works of Andy Warhol.;;Pop Art
;;In Exodus, this event occurred to a large number of people at Gilgal. One variation of this practice involves the extraction of a single drop of blood. In Islam, this event is known as Khitan or tahara, and is typically performed around seven years of age. In Judaism, this practice is performed by a  mohel eight days after birth. It was performed on Abraham when he was 99 years old, and is known as a Brit Milah. For 10 points, name this practice that involves cutting off the foreskin of a male.;;circumcision|Brit Milah(;)|Bris Milah
;;Before being executed, this man stated, "I did not wrong, but right." J. E. B. Stuart unsuccessfully attempted, under a flag of truce, to get this man to surrender. Two of this insurgent's twenty children were killed during his most famous operation, which was put down by United States Army Colonel  Robert E Lee. Earlier, this man executed five members of the Law and Order Party at Pottawatomie Creek. For 10 points, name this radical abolitionist who tried to spark a slave revolt by attacking the armory at Harpers Ferry, Virginia.;;(John) Brown
;;In this work, Mr. Graves supplies a three legged stool. A popular belief amongst the townspeople in this work is that "corn be heavy soon." One character is seen at the beginning of this story guarding a pile. An important object in this work is supplied by the manager of the coal business, Mr. Summers. After names are  drawn from a black box, Tessie Hutchinson screams, "It isn't fair," as she realizes her impending doom. For 10 points, name this short story by Shirley Jackson about the annual stoning in a small town.;;(The) Lottery
;;This author wrote a novel in which the pages of a book by Aristotle are poisoned by Jorge (HOR-hay) of Burgos, in a scheme discovered by Adso of Melk and his mentor, William of Baskerville. Another novel by this author has the narrator study a manuscript by Colonel Ardenti which claims that the  Knights Templar will take over the world in 1944. That novel by him sees Belbo, a friend of Casaubon, hanged from the titular device in the Musee des Arts et Metiers (myoos-AY days arts ay MAY-tee-ay). For 10 points, name this Italian author of The Name of the Rose and Foucault's Pendulum.;;(Umberto) Eco
;;This composer parodied Richard Wagner's (REE-card VOG-nerz) Tristan and Isolde (eye-SOLE-duh) in his Children's Corner Suite . "The Play of the Waves" is a movement in one of his works. He composed a solo piano work entitled  Suite Bergamesque (bur-guh-MESK). Stephane Mallarme inspired this man's Prelude to the Afternoon of a Faun. He composed La Mer (MARE) and "Clair De Lune." For 10 points, name this French Impressionist composer.;;(Achille(-)Claude) Debussy
;;In this opera, Detective Archdale searches for the male lead, who woos Crown's lover. The female lead in this opera is beaten on Kittiwah Island by Sportin' Life, who sings "It  Ain't Necessarily So." One of the title characters in this opera uses cocaine, and the other is crippled. This opera's libretto is by DuBose Heyward. It includes an aria about "when the livin' is easy" entitled "Summertime." For 10 points, name this opera focusing on two Catfish Row residents by George Gershwin.;;Porgy and Bess
;;This poet, at age four, supposedly had a vision where God "put his head to the window." While working as an engraver, this writer developed his own mythological system centered on the deity Urizen (oo-RYE-zen). This author repeatedly asked "who  made thee?" in one poem. Another poem by this man is about a creature "burning bright, in the forest of the night" and asks, "What immortal hand or eye could frame thy fearful symmetry?" For 10 points, name this poet whose Songs of Innocence and of Experience contains both "The Lamb" and "The Tyger.".;;(William) Blake
;;Followers of this politician often use the tactic of "entryism." This man founded the Fourth International, which opposed the concept of "socialism in one country." This Russian negotiator at the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk was the leader of the  Red Army during the Russian Civil War. He was ultimately assassinated by Ramon Mercader with an ice-axe. For 10 points, name this Communist who, after losing a power struggle with Stalin in 1928, was expelled from the Party and forced to flee to Mexico.;;(Leon) Trotsky|(Lev) (Davidovich) Bronshtein
;;This river contains the Priest Rapids Dam as well as an important Native American fishing site at Kettle Falls. During World War Two, the Manhattan Project conducted nuclear research at Hanford, a site on this river. Lewis and Clark passed by this river in what is now Tri-Cities. It also the site of Franklin Delano Roosevelt Lake, a lake  made from the creation of the Grand Coulee Dam. Its largest tributary is the Snake River and Portland lies on both the Willamette and this river. For 10 points, name this long river that flows through Oregon and Washington.;;Columbia River
;;One family created by this author has Adelaide Fouque as progenitor; that family includes, distantly, Jacques Lantier, an engine driver who is the title "human beast" of one of his novels. This author described his aim as "naturalist," to contrast with Balzac, in constructing a twenty-novel cycle about the title family, Les  Rougon-MacQuart (lay rou-ZHOHN muh-CAR). For 10 points, name this author who published a letter condemning the French government for the Dreyfus affair titled "J'accuse.".;;(Emile) Zola
;;The prime candidate to harness this process as an energy source is a torus-shaped machine, the tokamak (TOE-kuh-mak), which will hopefully allow deuterium (doo-TARE-ee-um) and tritium to overcome the Coulomb barrier. This process requires the particles involved to overcome electric  repulsion, which demands extremely high temperatures. The proton-proton variety of this process occurs in stars, and the "cold" type is largely seen as spurious. For 10 points, name this process in which atoms combine to form a heavier element.;;(nuclear) fusion
;;Leaders of this party included Kentucky governor James Greene Hardy and gangster William Pool. This party arose from organizations including Charles Allen's Order of the Star Spangled Banner. This party ran Andrew Jackson Donnelson along with  Millard Fillmore in the election of 1856. It drew nativist support for its anti-Catholic and anti-immigration views. For 10 points, name this political party which took its name from the response members were supposed to give when asked for information.;;Know(-)Nothing Party|(the) Know(-)Nothings(;)|(the) American Party
;;This chemist's namesake cell consists of a zinc anode in sulfuric acid and a carbon cathode in nitric or chromic acid. With Henry Roscoe, he studied the formation of hydrogen chloride and the use of electrolysis to isolate pure metals. With Gustav  Kirchhoff, he analyzed the emission spectra of heated elements, leading to the discovery of cesium and rubidium. For those projects, he worked with Peter Desaga (deh-SAH-guh) to develop a laboratory device for heating samples. For 10 points, name this German chemist, who lends his name to a gas burner.;;(Robert) Bunsen
;;This empire's capital moved from Niani to Kangaba after the reign of Mahmud III. It developed after a victory at the battle of Kirina over Sumanguru by this empire's founder,  Sundiata Keita. Another ruler of this kingdom was so rich that his gold-strewn pilgrimage to Mecca caused prices to shoot up in Cairo. For 10 points, name this West African kingdom, once ruled by Mansa Musa from the city of Timbuktu.;;(Kingdom) (of) Mali|(the) Mali Empire(;)|(the) Manding Empire(;)|Manden Kurafa
;;This author created Rotpeter, a former circus ape who learns to talk, in "A Report to an Academy." Frieda's fiancee K is not able to take his job as a surveyor in this man's novel The Castle. Another protagonist of a work by this man is killed in a quarry for an unknown crime in The  Trial . In one story by this author, a man who was trying to raise money to send his sister to the conservatory has apples thrown at him. For 10 points, name this author, who described Gregor Samsa's transformation into a bug in "The Metamorphosis.".;;(Franz) Kafka
;;One of this artist's paintings shows three older women, one holding a teacup, in front of Emanuel Leutze's (LOYT-zuh's) Washington Crossing the Delaware. Another of his paintings depicts a man pushing back a red curtain to reveal Washington chopping down a cherry tree. This artist used his  sister and dentist as models for another painting whose background shows a white house with a cathedral-like upper window. For 10 points, name this Iowa painter, who depicted a pitchfork-wielding farmer in American Gothic.;;(Grant) (DeVolson) Wood
;;The pro-trade Walker Tariff was passed during the term of this President, who was asked to demonstrate the location of spilled blood by Abraham Lincoln's Spot Resolutions. After this man's ambassador John Slidell failed to negotiate a purchase, this President sent the army across the  Nueces (new-EY-seys) to initiate a war. During his term, the U.S. annexed Texas and gained the Oregon Territory. For 10 points, name this dark horse President who fought with Mexico.;;(James) (Knox) Polk
;;This poet acknowledged that "if little by little you stop loving me I shall stop loving you little by little" in "If You Forget Me." This man noted "maybe January light will consume my heart" in his poem "I Do Not Love You Except Because I Love You." This poet wrote of a "body of a woman" with "white hills, white thighs" in the first of his  Twenty Love Poems and a Song of Despair. He included the section "The Heights of Macchu Picchu" in his collection Canto general. For 10 points, name this communist Chilean poet.;;(Pablo) Neruda|(Neftali) (Ricardo) (Reyes) Basoalto
;;During this war, one side built a long pontoon bridge over the Genitchi Strait. One side in this war defended Home Hill during the Battle of Inkerman.  Florence Nightingale earned the moniker "Lady with the Lamp" for tending to wounded soldiers during this war. At one of its battles, Cardigan and Raglan sent a unit headlong into Russian artillery at Balaclava. For 10 points, name this war which pitted the French, British, and Ottomans against the Russians from 1853 to 1856.;;Crimean War
;;This main explained his opposition to the Vietnam War in American Power and the New Mandarins, which developed ideas he first published in "The Responsibility of Intellectuals." This creator of a namesake hierarchy for categorizing formal languages coined the phrase "poverty of the stimulus." He demonstrated a syntactically correct yet  meaningless sentence with the sentence "colorless green ideas sleep furiously" in "The Independence of Grammar," a chapter from his most famous work. For 10 points, name this MIT linguist who created the theory of generative grammar and wrote Syntactic Structures.;;(Noam) Chomsky
;;In Plasmodium, proteases (PRO-tee-aze-iz) are found in the "food" type of these organelles. In one form, they contain a substance called cell sap. In plants, proteins called aquaporins (ock-wuh-PORE-inz) are found in the membrane surrounding this organelle, called the  tonoplast (TOE-noh-plast). This organelle can take up as much as ninety percent of a plant cell. This organelle maintains the plant's rigidity by causing a pressure called turgidity that is determined by its water content. For 10 points, name these storage organelles found in many cells.;;vacuole
;;This goddess punished the stingy Alcinoe (al-SEE-know), who ultimately leapt into the sea. Punishment for watching this goddess bathe may have been the cause of Tiresias's (tye-REE-see-us) blindness. This goddess won a contest when her  olive tree was deemed more useful than Poseidon's salty well. This daughter of Metis turned Arachne into a spider after losing a weaving contest. She was born when Hephaestus split Zeus's head open. For 10 points, name this Greek goddess of wisdom and war.;;Athena|Minerva(;)|Pallas
;;Surrounding this city are Yerba Buena Island and a revitalized neighborhood called Treasure Island. Hunter Point was the site of its large naval shipyard and tourists typically enjoy seafood at its  Fisherman's Wharf. One section of this city is known as the Castro District and it contains the oldest Chinatown in North America. For 10 points, name this California city whose other major sites include Alcatraz Island and the Golden Gate Bridge.;;San Francisco
;;Calculations involving these mixtures often involve rearranging an equation with negative log of the acid dissociation constant, or pKa [pee-kay-ay]. That Henderson-Hasselbalch equation can then be used to find the strongest point for these mixtures, which is often when pKa is equal to pH. These solutions are made by mixing together a  weak base and its conjugate acid or a weak acid and its conjugate base. For 10 points, name this type of solution, that used in chemistry when adding acids or bases to a solution to make sure there is only a small change in pH.;;buffer solutions
;;According to the Talmud, these people worshipped the figure of a dove, which they built on Mount Gerizim. Though these people do not recognize the book of Psalms as canonical, they do celebrate Purim. This is the ethnicity of the woman from Sychar that Jesus talked to at Jacob's  Well, and of a person who ministered to a wounded traveler after a priest and a Levite had already passed by. For 10 points, give this ethnic group that split from the Jews, one of whom features in a parable about a "good" one.;;Samaritans
;;Arcangelo (ar-CAN-jel-oh) Corelli wrote in this kind of composition's "grosso" variant. Johannes Brahms's opus 102 is a "double" one for cello and violin. They are usually written in three movements that are fast, slow, and fast, and performers often improvise a  cadenza in them. Mstislav (MIS-ti-slahv) Rostropovich was the dedicatee of two of these kinds of compositions by Shostakovich with a cello solo part. They are often written for a soloist to be accompanied by an orchestra. For 10 points, name these works, which include "Brandenburg" ones by Bach.;;concertos
;;One queen from this family is believed to have ordered the Huguenot Gaspard de Coligny's (gahs-PARD day co-LIN-yeez) assassination. One Pope from this family refused to annul Henry VIII's first marriage. A woman from this family is blamed for the  St. Bartholomew's Day massacre. A different Pope from this family was in power when Martin Luther began the Reformation. Savonarola was a monk who gained control of a city from this family. For 10 points, name this family that produced Clement VII, Leo X, and Lorenzo the Magnificent, and ruled Florence.;;(de) Medicis
;;Along with James Freed, this man designed a building in which forty-five-degree angle beams support dark tinted glass. This designer of the Jarvits Center also worked on projects like the Fragrant City Hotel and Hancock Tower. One of his buildings is supported by five steel columns to resemble growing  bamboo shoots. He consulted Feng Shui masters for his Bank of China Tower. He truncated a pyramid for his design to the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. For 10 points, name architect who designed the pyramid entrance at the Louvre, who is Chinese-American.;;(I(.)) (M(.)) Pei|(Ieoh) (Ming) Pei
;;This author wrote, "Perfection is terrible, it cannot have children," in a poem that discusses pregnancy. This author of the poem "The Munich Mannequins" also wrote about "you do not do, you do not do" to open a poem about a man "with a Meinkampf look." Philomena Guinea provides financial support for the protagonist of this writer's  only novel, in which a girl obsessed with the Rosenbergs undergoes psychiatric treatment with Dr. Nolan. For 10 points, name this American author who wrote about magazine intern girl Esther Greenwood in The Bell Jar.;;(Sylvia) Plath
;;One obstacle to the completion of this project was the traversal of Montezuma Marsh, where at least a thousand workers died from swamp fever. This project's completion was celebrated by Mayor Wilkeson, who poured a keg of  Atlantic Ocean water into this structure. This project ended in the Commercial Slip of Buffalo, was advocated by Dewitt Clinton, and started in Albany. For 10 points, identify this crucial nineteenth-century shipping route, which extends to the namesake Great Lake.;;Erie Canal
;;This man's "little tragedies" include The Stone Guest and Mozart and Salieri. His poem The Bronze Horseman is a tale of St. Petersburg. Several of this man's works were later adapted to operas, including  Ruslan and Ludmila, The Tale of Tsar Saltan, and Boris Godunov. One of this author's title characters rejects Tatyana, only to fall in love with her later. That title character kills his friend Vladimir Lensky. For 10 points, name this Russian author of Eugene Onegin (yoo-JAY-nee on-YAYG-in).;;(Alexander) (Sergeyevich) Pushkin
;;A ship named for this man sunk the British flagship HMS Hood, prompting Winston Churchill to give a three-word order to sink that ship. This man helped put in place Adalbert Falk's May Laws as a part of his work against the Catholic Church called the  Kulturkampf (COUL-tour-kahmpf). He used Realpolitik (RAY-ahl-POH-loh-tik) on behalf of Wilhelm I (VILL-helm the first) to create the German Empire in 1871. For 10 points, identify this "Iron Chancellor" of Prussia and Germany.;;(Otto) (Eduard) (Leopold) (von) Bismarck
;;This author wrote a play about sexual harassment charges filed by a female student against her professor and depicted the strained relationship between Dan Shapiro and Deborah Solomon in Sexual Perversity in Chicago. This author of Oleanna wrote of the plot to steal a coin collection for a junk shop by Dan, Bob, and  Teach. He wrote about a contest set up by Mitch and Murray that requires that Dave and George compete with the has-been Shelley Levine and hotshot Ricky Roma. For 10 points, name this playwright of Glengarry Glen Ross.;;(David) Mamet
;;During this President's administration, the CIA helped overthrow Guatemala's leader Jacobo Arbenz. His farewell address warned about the dangers of the "military industrial-complex." This man's Vice-President participated in the  Kitchen Debate with Nikita Khrushchev and gave a speech discussing the dog Checkers. This man twice defeated Adlai Stevenson on a ticket with Richard Nixon. For 10 points, name this successor of Harry Truman as President, who was the former Supreme Allied Commander in World War II.;;(Dwight) (David) Eisenhower
;;One work by this man explains verbal acts known as "mands." Another work by this psychologist argues that the prevalence of a belief in free will has limited the possibility for social engineering. This psychologist wrote Verbal Behavior and  Beyond Freedom and Dignity. He also invented an air crib for infants and experimented on pigeons. For 10 points, name this American behaviorist, who created a namesake box to research operant conditioning.;;(Burrhus) (Frederic) Skinner
;;This particle's namesake mechanism purports to explain how W and Z particls acquire mass through spontaneous symmetry breaking. Its namesake field is thought to impart mass to the particles of the Standard Model. Known as the  "God particle," it is one of the particles being sought using the Large Hadron Collider. For 10 points, name this type of boson that is the only particle in the Standard Model which has yet to be observed.;;Higgs boson
;;This performer was inspired by Ray Noble's song "Cherokee" to record "Ko-Ko" with his band. His quintet included Duke Jordan, Tommy Potter, Max Roach, and Miles Davis. That quintet performed early  be-bop music, which he helped pioneer. Several of his compositions, such as "Ornithology" and "Birdfeathers," have become jazz standards. For 10 points, name this alto saxophonist whose original nickname, "Yardbird", was simplified to "Bird.".;;(Charlie) (Bird) Parker
;;One of these items was discovered in the body of Orochi by Susanoo (soo-sa-NO-wo) in Japanese mythology. Another was forged by Weyland (VIE-lond) and used by Sigurd to defeat Fafnir. Those items were called, respectively, Kusanagi (KOO-suh-NAH-gee) and Gram. Another of these items bears the inscriptions "take me up" and "cast me away" and has its accessory discarded by  Morgan le Fay. Another one was pulled from a stone by the son of Uther Pendragon. The Lady of the Lake gave Arthur, for 10 points, what kind of weapon exemplified by Excalibur?.;;swords
;;Benny Goodman commissioned a clarinet concerto from this composer. One of his tone poems is about a "popular type dance hall in Mexico City" and is entitled El Salon Mexico. This composer included readings of this Gettysburg address in his Lincoln Portrait. One of this composer's ballets includes the sections  "Buckaroo Holiday" and "Hoe-Down." Another of his ballets includes an arrangement of the Shaker hymn "Simple Gifts." For 10 points, name this American composer of Rodeo and Appalachian Spring.;;(Aaron) Copland
;;Prince William of Orange successfully defended the crossroads of Quatre-Bras (KWAT-ruh-brah) in this battle. The farm of La Haye Sante (luh EYE sant) was surrounded by Marshal Ney in this engagement, which was won when  Blucher's (BLOO-kurz) Prussians entered the fray. This battle ended the Hundred Days after the losing commander returned from Elba. For 10 points, name this 1815 battle in Belgium, at which the Duke of Wellington crushed Napoleon's last army.;;(Battle) (of) Waterloo
;;This country contains the world's largest piece of limestone, the Nullarbor Plain. The Morning Glory Cloud can be seen off the north of this country in the Gulf of Carpentaria. The lowest and highest points in this nation are Lake Eyre and Mount  Kosciusko, respectively. This home of the Great Dividing Range contains the cities of Darwin, Adelaide, and Brisbane and is separated from Tasmania by the Bass Strait. Located next to the Great Barrier Reef is, for 10 points, what country that occupies an entire continent?.;;(Commonwealth) (of) Australia
;;The Haoma plant plays an important role in this religion. In it, the idea of chaos and disorder is known as Druj and a group of divine spirits is called the  Amesha Spenta. This religion's evil spirit is referred to as Angra Mainyu. Adherents of this religion believe in exposing corpses to the elements, typically in structures known as Towers of Silence. The holy text of this religion is known as the Avesta, and its supreme deity is Ahura Mazda. For 10 points, name this dualistic Persian religion, whose founder is alternately called Zarathustra.;;Zoroastrianism (accept) Zarathustraism (until) (read)
;;This man used the metaphor of the "tangled bank" in his most famous theory, and later wrote about The Formation of Vegetable Mould through the Action of Worms. His ideas were later debated between  Bishop Wilberforce and T.H. Huxley, who was known as this man's "bulldog." This author of The Descent of Man noticed variation in the beaks of Galapagos Finches while traveling on the HMS Beagle. For 10 points, name this British naturalist who described his theory of natural selection in On the Origin of Species.;;(Charles) (Robert) Darwin
;;The arrangement of this painting's central group was inspired by Raimondi's (rye-MON-deez) engraving of Raphael's Judgment of Paris. In the background of this painting, a woman looks downward and dips her bucket into a stream. A man in a flat tasseled hat gestures to his left in this work, which depicts a woman, modeled on Victorine Meurent (mo-RAHNT), who reclines and looks toward the viewer. It depicts a  nude woman among two clothed men who are enjoying the title meal. For 10 points, name this painting of a picnic, by Edouard Manet.;;Luncheon on the Grass|(Le) dejeuner sur l'herbe
;;This novel is the setting of The Flame Trees of Thika. In another novel set in this country, Inspector Godfrey attempts to solve the murder of Chui, Kimeria, and Mzigo. That novel, Petals of Blood, is by this country's most famous novelist,  Ngugi wa Thiong'o. Another novel set in this country begins, "I had a farm in Africa, at the foot of the Ngong Hills;" parts of that novel depict the author's views toward the Masai, Kikuyu, and other natives of this country. For 10 points, name this present-day country that provided the setting for Isak Dinesen's Out of Africa.;;(Republic) (of) Kenya
;;The sixth ruler of this empire reinstituted the jizya (JEEZ-ya) tax and was named Aurangzeb (AH-rung-zeb). Another ruler of this empire lost most of its lands to Sher Shah Suri and was named Humayun (HOO-mah-yuhn). A  mausoleum was built after the death of Mumtaz, the wife of this empire's ruler, Shah Jahan. This empire was founded by Babur and reached its greatest height under the rule of Akbar. For 10 points, name this Muslim empire that ruled over India.;;Mughal Empire
;;One problem that occurs in this organ involves the blocking of its neck in Hartmann's pouch. Along with affecting the pancreas, the secretion of cholecystokinin (KOHL-uh-SIS-toh-KEE-nin) causes this organ to release its contents into the  small intestine. This pear-shaped organ is located in a fossa, or a small depression, that places this organ directly beneath another with which it shares a common duct. For 10 points, name this organ that is found directly underneath the liver, and is responsible for the storage of bile.;;gallbladder
;;One poem by this author declares "East is East and West is West, and never the twain shall meet." This man wrote a story in which the title character, "the oldest Old Thing in England" meets the children Dan and Una. One novel by this author of "Puck of Pook's Hill" focuses on a character who grows up on the streets of  Lahore and becomes a spy for the British. In another of his works, Akela sings a death song to Mowgli. For 10 points, name this British author of Kim and The Jungle Book.;;(Joseph) (Rudyard) Kipling
;;The third section of this poem features the Smyrna merchant Mr. Eugenides (yoo-JEN-id-eez). Other characters in this poem include Tiresias, who is described as having "wrinkled dugs," and Madame  Sosostris. Its final section, "What the Thunder Said," ends with the repetition of the Sanskrit word "shantih." It also contains sections titled "The Burial of the Dead" and "A Game of Chess." For 10 points, name this poem which begins by characterizing April as "the cruellest month" and was written by T. S. Eliot.;;(The) Waste Land
;;A character in this novel goes to London to get a haircut, earning the ire of another character, who condemns the protagonist for scolding Miss Bates. This novel sees a woman from Bath marry Mr. Elton after he is rejected by the protagonist. Its protagonist tries to  set up her best friend with Frank Churchill, who is secretly engaged to Jane Fairfax. This novel's protagonist, a friend of Harriet Smith, marries Mr. Knightley. For 10 points, name this novel about the matchmaking antics of the titular Miss Woodhouse, a work by Jane Austen.;;Emma
;;In one of this author's novels, the protagonist's prizewinning drawings win him the love of Miriam, but he is in love with the suffragette Clara. This author of the short story "The Rocking-Horse Winner" also wrote a work set at an estate in Wragby, where  Constance and the gamekeeper Oliver Mellors have an affair. For 10 points, name this author who created Paul Morel in Sons and Lovers and also wrote the oft-censored Lady Chatterly's Lover.;;(David) (Herbert) (Richards) Lawrence
;;The radiative decay of this particle has a half-life on the order of at least ten to the thirty-five years. A technique in analytical chemistry measures the precession of the magnetic moments of nuclei (NOO-clay-eye) with an odd number of these particles, which is a type of  NMR. This particle is composed of two up quarks and one down quark. Two of these particles and two neutrons comprise an alpha particle. For 10 points, name this first-generation hadron which is equivalent to the H-plus ion and is the positively charged component of an atomic nucleus.;;proton
;;The largest city of this nation is the site of the Askari Monument. The region of Arusha in this country contains Mount Meru and the Ngorongoro (ENG-guh-RAHN-guh-ro) Crater, as well as the Olduvai Gorge. This country is the site of the highest peak in Africa, Mount  Kilimanjaro. Along with its western neighbors Burndi and Rwanda, it made up the colony of German East Africa. For 10 points, what country, whose capital is Dodoma and economic center is Dar es Salaam, was formed by the union of Zanzibar and Taganyika?.;;(The) (United) (Republic) (of) Tanzania|(Jamhuri) (ya) (Muungano) (wa) Tanzania
;;Ricercares (ry-chur-CAR-ayz) and canzonas (can-ZOH-nuz) were early examples of this musical form. They begin with one voice stating the theme, and another voice entering later to play the theme in a different key. J. S. Bach (BAHK) wrote "The  Art of" this type of music. Bach also paired pieces in this musical form with preludes in The Well-Tempered Clavier (kluh-VEER). For 10 points, name this musical form consisting of many voices in imitative counterpoint, which Bach also paired with a toccata (tow-Kah-tuh) in D minor.;;fugues (fyoogs)
;;After kidnapping Helen, this man accompanied his friend on an abortive kidnapping attempt in the underworld, which ended with him being stuck to a chair until he was rescued by Heracles. This companion of  Pirithous (PEER-uh-thoos) left one lover on Naxos after she helped him navigate a certain area with a ball of string. This hero killed the Crommyonian (CRAH-mee-oh-nee-un) sow and married the Amazon Hippolyta, making her the queen of Athens. For 10 points, name this hero who navigated the labyrinth and killed the Minotaur.;;Theseus
;;One leader of this country was shot by Mehmet Ali Agca (AKH-chuh) and oversaw this country's establishment of diplomatic relations with Israel in 1993. Pietro Gasparri signed the Lateran Treaty to create this nation. Eugenio Pacelli (you-JEEN-ee-oh puh-CHEL-ee) and  Karol Wojtyla (VOY-chuh-luh) were two rulers of this nation, who each adopted new names after being elected by the College of Cardinals. For 10 points, name this country that is surrounded by Italy and was once headed by Pope John Paul II.;;(State) (of) (the) Vatican City|(the) Holy See(;)|(Il) (Stato) (della) (Citta) (del) Vaticano
;;In a story by this author, a girl saves the Aubain (ow-BAN) family from a charging bull and is eventually consoled by a parrot named Loulou. This author of "A Simple Heart" also wrote a novel in which Monsieur Rouault's (roo-ALTS) farm girl captivates the husband of Heloise. In that work by this man, Heloise dies penniless, which opens the door for the title character to marry a country  doctor named Charles. This author created a woman who has affairs with Leon and Rodolphe. For 10 points, name this man who wrote Madame Bovary.;;(Gustave) Flaubert
;;In one of this man's poems, the narrator claims "I'se been a-climbin' on, and reachin' ladders, and turning corners" after telling her child "life for me ain't been no crystal stair." In another poem by this author of "Mother to Son," the speaker asserts "my soul has grown deep like the  rivers." In another work, this poet asks if something "dr[ies] up, like a raisin in the sun?" For 10 points, name this poet of "The Negro Speaks of Rivers" who asked "What happens to a dream deferred?" in his poem "Harlem.".;;(James) (Mercer) (Langston) Hughes
;;This man's band recorded the track "Syeeda's Song Flute" for an album they made in 1959. He recorded a jazz version of "My Favorite Things." Along with Cannonball Adderley, he was a saxophonist in Miles Davis's band during the recording of Kind of Blue. One of his works includes the movements "Acknowledgement," "Resolution," "Pursuance," and "Psalm." This  tenor saxophonist's band recorded the album Giant Steps. For 10 points, name this performer of A Love Supreme.;;(John) Coltrane
;;One poem describes a woman "beloved in life of" this man. That poem mentioning this man is about Anne Rutledge and is found in Spoon River Anthology. One elegy for this man laments the "great star" in the "western sky in the night." Another elegy for him proclaims "the ship is  anchor'd safe" and that for this person "they call, the swaying mass, their eager faces turning." For 10 points, name this President, whose death was lamented in Whitman's "O Captain! My Captain!".;;(Abraham) Lincoln
;;In the run-up to World War II, this city was the location of a Nazi plot that assassinated Engelbert Dolfuss and put Kurt Schuschnigg in power. Polish king John Sobieski helped defend this city in 1683 in an event that allegedly led to the invention of the  croissant. That was the second of two sieges, the other being 1529, in which the Ottomans tried to take this seat of Hapsburg power. For 10 points, name this city which served as the site of an 1815 Congress that redrew the borders of post-Napoleonic Europe.;;Vienna|Wien(;)|Viden(;)|Becs
;;The singer of this song states, "life starts when the church ends." This song wishes that Bob Marley rests in peace. The singer states that he is "up at Bed-Stuy." This song is used as Derek Jeter's walkup music. The singer of this song claims he is the "new  Sinatra." Its title location is a "concrete jungle where dreams are made of." For 10 points, name this Jay-Z song featuring Alicia Keys with a chorus that states, "Let's hear it for New York.".;;Empire State of Mind
;;This present-day U.S. state was besieged during the War of Jenkins' Ear. The northern boundary of this state was established in Pinckney's Treaty. The Treaty of Payne's Landing forced one Native American tribe to relinquish holdings in this state. This state was ultimately acquired by the U.S. in the  1819 "Transcontinental Treaty" between John Quincy Adams and Luis de Onis. For 10 points, name this former Spanish colony, which was the location of three Seminole Wars and the center of an Electoral College dispute in the 2000 Presidential election.;;Florida
;;This philosopher alleged that man could conceive of a shade of blue he had never seen, and he also claimed that no miracle had ever been proven. His distinction between matters of fact and relations among ideas is known as his  "fork." He explored rational belief in a discussion between Cleanthes (clee-AN-theez), Philo, and Demea (DEH-mee-uh) in his Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion. His publication awoke Immanuel Kant from a "dogmatic slumber." For 10 points, name this Scottish thinker who wrote An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding.;;(David) Hume
;;This man painted three depictions of his bedroom in a house he shared with Paul Gauguin. This painter depicted a mustachioed man in front of a pool table while other patrons huddle at tables in his The Night Cafe. He showed a woman pouring out four cups of coffee in a work that shows  peasants at the dinner table. Another work by this man shows a cedar tree and the church spire of Saint-Remy (sahn reh-MEE) jutting into the swirling sky. For 10 points, name this Dutch Post-Impressionist who painted The Potato Eaters and The Starry Night.;;(Vincent) (Willem) van Gogh
;;This type of function is asymptotically equal to a recurrence of F of N over 2 plus a constant. The complex form of this function for a given input can have infinite outputs separated by multiples of two pi. Its derivative is equal to one  over x and the sum of two of these on values x and y is equal to this function of the quantity x times y. Changing the base of this operation by dividing it by its value for the new base. For 10 points, name this type of function that is that returns the inverse of an exponential and comes in natural and log varieties.;;logarithm|log(;) (accept) natural logarithm and (variants)
;;This thinker viewed society as a "superorganism" evolving towards a perfect equilibrium. This thinker's ideas were applied to American society by William Graham Sumner. In books such as  Social Statics, this thinker argued that regulations to help the poor interfered with natural selection. For 10 points, name this British social Darwinist who coined the phrase "survival of the fittest.".;;(Herbert) Spencer
;;In Act IV of this play, one character declares "We are such stuff as dreams are made on." One character meets the jester Trinculo and the butler Stephano and drunkenly offers to become their slave. That character and  Ariel were condemned by Sycorax. The presumed death of Alonso's son leads Alonso inland, where he finds Ferdinand performing tasks for the island's ruler, the exiled Duke of Milan. That figure, Prospero, eventually reclaims his kingdom from Antonio in, for 10 points, what play about a brutal storm by William Shakespeare?.;;(The) Tempest
;;While staying in Midian, this figure protected seven shepherdesses from rude shepherds and won the hand of Zipporah. This figure quelled unrest by ensuring a steady supply of quail and manna. This figure once made water appear by striking a  rock with his staff, which he gained after observing God in a burning bush and killing a cruel slave overseer. This brother of Aaron received the tablets of the Ten Commandments after warning Pharaoh of the ten plagues. For 10 points, name this central figure in the book of Exodus.;;Moses|Moshe Rabbeinu
;;In a 2002 election against Matt Salmon, this politician publicly rebutted rumors of being a lesbian. This Democratic politician was succeeded by Republican Jan Brewer when she resigned to take a Cabinet position in 2009. This former governor of  Arizona was criticized, following the December 2009 attempt by Umar Abdulmutallab (ahb-DOOL-muh-TAH-lahb) to destroy a Northwest Airlines flight, when she said "the system worked." For 10 points, identify this current Secretary of Homeland Security.;;(Janet) Napolitano
;;The enzyme adenylate cyclase (aa-DEN-uh-late SIK-laze) produces a "cyclic" secondary messenger from this molecule. This molecule is produced by an enzyme with a characteristic "gun barrel" structure, in which an axle-like structure turns and adds a  phosphate group to another molecule. Glycolysis (gli-CAHL-uh-sis) results in the net creation of two of these molecules, which are also produced in oxidative phosphorylation (FOS-for-uh-LAY-shun). For 10 points, name this molecule referred to as the "energy currency of the cell.".;;ATP|adenosine 5(-)prime triphosphate
;;One section of a work by this author compares the Bank of England's charging of interest to the production of bad Baroque art. This author wrote a poem that compares people to "petals on a wet, black bough" called "In a Station of the Metro." This poet translated "The River Merchant's Wife," a poem by  Li Po. One work by this author was written partially in Pisa, Italy, where he lived due to Fascist sympathies that led to his confinement after World War II in an American mental hospital. For 10 points, name this author of the Cantos.;;(Ezra) (Weston) (Loomis) Pound
;;This language does not use syllables, but moras. An n at the end of a syllable in this language counts as a separate mora. Generally speaking, it uses the particle ga to indicate a subject and wa to indicate a topic. This language uses various scripts, including one based on  Chinese characters, kanji, and two syllabic scripts, hiragana and katakana. For 10 points, name this language spoken in Tokyo.;;Japanese|Nihongo
;;This man set poems by King David in his Symphony of Psalms. His Dumbarton Oaks concerto was written during his neo-classical phase. "The Adoration of the Earth" is a section of a ballet he wrote using polytonality. In one ballet by this composer, maidens held captive by the ogre Katschei (CAT-shay) play with golden apples until Prince  Ivan frees them with help from the title creature's feather. For 10 points, name this Russian composer of Petrushka, The Firebird and The Rite of Spring.;;(Igor) Stravinsky
;;While serving as a mercenary in the Netherlands, this man was recruited by Robert Catesby. His efforts were thwarted by Francis Tresham, who warned Lord Monteagle to stay home. This man is  burned in effigy on "bonfire night" in England each November 5. His goal was to restore Catholicism to England by by blowing up Parliament while King James I and the entire Protestant nobility were inside. For 10 points, name this chief executor of the Gunpowder Plot.;;(Guy) Fawkes
;;Pip and Daggoo are two of the black characters in this book. Dough-boy and Fleece supply the rest of the crew with food in this work. In this novel, the white turban-wearing servant Fedallah offers gloomy prophecies. The old blacksmith Perth, the first mate  Starbuck, and the harpoon-wielding Queequeg are other occupants of the Pequod, a sailing ship from Nantucket. Captain Ahab chases a white whale in this story, which is told by the narrator Ishmael. For 10 points, name this novel by Herman Melville.;;Moby Dick(,) (or(,)) (The) (Whale)
;;Two members of a group led by this man rescued King Phineus (fin-AY-us) in Asia from some bothersome harpies. Those men, Zetes (ZEE-teez) and Calais (cah-LAY-iss), were children of the North Wind. Other members of that group led by this man included Odysseus's grandfather Autolycus (AW-toe-LYE-kus), Nestor, and  Meleager (MEL-ee-EY-ger). With the help of a potion brewed by the daughter of King Aeetes (eye-EE-teez), this hero was able to elude a dragon and secure the Golden Fleece. For 10 points, name this onetime husband of Medea and leader of the Argonauts.;;Jason
;;This man painted his childhood friend in a rowing competition in the Schuylkill (SKOO-kull) River in his work Max Schmitt in a Single Scull. He depicted nude bathers in The Swimming Hole. In one of his paintings, a woman shields her eyes below a  scribe who sits on a raised desk taking operative notes. In that work by this artist, four assistants hold a retractor while a professor operates on a patient's femur at the Jefferson Medical College. For 10 points, name this Philadelphia artist of The Gross Clinic.;;(Thomas) Eakins
;;In historiography, this word refers to the fallacious study of history as a march of progress towards the present. This term also refers to the party, led by Robert Walpole, which dominated mid-eighteenth-century British politics before passing the Great Reform Bill. These original opponents of the  Tories also share their name with an American party, formed by Henry Clay and other anti-Jacksonian elements. For 10 points, identify this party, under whose banner William Henry Harrison and Zachary Taylor were elected to the Presidency.;;Whig Party|whigs(;)|Whiggish view (of) (history(;))|(other) (word) (forms)
;;One lake in this state is formed by the Fort Randall Dam and is called Francis Case Lake. This state is the location of the Oahe Dam and Lake Oahe. Both those dams are on the Missouri River while it is in this state. This state's highest point, Harney Peak, is located in place also home to the  Sturgis Motorcycle Rally. This state home to Badlands National Park has its southwest covered by the Black Hills. For 10 points, name this state with cities Sioux Falls and Pierre, which is also the location of Mount Rushmore.;;South Dakota
;;The static form of this force typically has a coefficient larger than the coefficient of the kinetic form of this force. Those coefficients are represented by the Greek letter mu (MEW). The kinetic coefficient is found by taking the value of this force over the value of the  normal force. This force works perpendicular to gravity and the normal force and in opposition to an applied force. For 10 points, name this force that occurs between two objects moving against one another, which causes objects to slow down as they move over a rough surface.;;friction force
;;This playwright wrote about a woman who forges her father's signature to get money from Krogstad. In one of this man's plays, waste pollutes baths that employ Dr. Thomas Stockmann. This man wrote a play where Judge  Brack discovers the owner of a pistol that Eilert Lovborg used to kill himself. George Tessman's wife shoots herself in a play by this author of An Enemy of the People. Torvald Helmer, a bank manager, is left by his wife Nora in another play by, for 10 points, what author of Hedda Gabler and A Doll's House ?.;;(Henrik) (Johan) Ibsen
;;This instrument represents The Unanswered Question in an Ives work for it, flutes, and strings. Haydn wrote a concerto for the inventor of the modern version of this instrument. One piece with this musical instrument in its name was excerpted from the Prince of Denmark's March by Jeremiah  Clarke, and its known as this instrument's "voluntary." For 10 points, identify this valved instrument, whose noted modern players included Miles Davis, Louis Armstrong, and Dizzy Gillespie.;;trumpet
;;One movement named after this city attempted to implement the reforms of Ota Sik; following the destruction of that movement, Gustav Husak ascended to power in this city. This city was home to the suspicious death of Jan Masaryk. In another event in this city, followers of Jan  Hus threw seven people out of a window onto pikes; two hundred years later a similar event in this city sparked the Thirty Years' War. For 10 points, name this city home to a 1968 "Spring" liberalization movement and three Defenestrations.;;Prague
;;A comedic scene in this play sees a porter pretending to be Hell's gatekeeper. Near the end of this play, the title character muses about the creeping of "tomorrow, and tomorrow, and tomorrow" before comparing life to a tale "full of  sound and fury." A key scene in this play features a sleepwalking woman envisioning a spot of Duncan's blood on her hands. The title character is ultimately slain by a man "not of woman born," Macduff. For 10 points, name this Shakespearean tragedy about a murderous king of Scotland.;;(The) (Tragedy) (of) Macbeth
;;Allred and Rochow (ROE-shou) developed one formula to calculate this property, which can also be calculated by taking the arithmetic mean of electronic affinity and  ionization energy in the Mulliken scale. The most commonly used scale for this property, developed by Linus Pauling, gives fluorine a value of just under 4.0. For 10 points, name this chemical property that describes the ability of an atom to attract electrons towards itself in a covalent bond.;;electronegativity
;;Benjamin Hays's call for churches to be more involved in society steered this man away from a medical career. Doctors dubbed him "a sneeze away from death" after Izola Ware Curry stabbed him with a letter opener; ten years later, he was killed at the  Lorraine Motel. He joined with Ralph Abernathy to form the Southern Christian Leadership Conference after his involvement in the Montgomery bus boycott. For 10 points, name this man who was shot in Memphis four years after the March on Washington, where he delivered the "I have a dream" speech.;;(Martin) (Luther) King(,) (Jr(.))|(Michael) King(,) (Jr(.))