;;One character in this work disguises himself as Caius, though he is the Earl of Kent. At this work's end, Kent turns down an offer to rule alongside Albany, whose wife lusts after Edmund, who dies at  Edgar's hands after betraying their father, the Duke of Gloucester. This play ends with the death of a woman who told her father she loves him as a daughter should, despite the flattery of sisters Regan and Cordelia. For 10 points, name this play about Cordelia and her sisters, daughters of the title monarch in this work by William Shakespeare.;;King Lear
;;Older names for this band included Feedback and The Hype. Their early works included the EP Three as well as better known entries, such as Boy and  War. Following September 11, their songs "One" and "Walk On" off Achtung Baby became widely played on MTV. For 10 points, give the name of this rock band which has released How to Dismantle an Atomic Bomb and The Joshua Tree, whose Irish members include The Edge and Bono.;;U2
;;An experiment with similar results to it was later conducted by Trouton and Noble. Lorentz argued that the negative result of this experiment was caused by length contraction. This experiment used two mirrors and a  beamsplitter, one of its namesake's interferometer. The fringe shift ended up being within the margin of error, meaning that the earth's movement relative to the substance in question did not appear to exist. For 10 points, name this experiment named for two scientists that was used to disprove the existence of ether.;;Michelson(-)Morley experiment
;;This entity's notable features include Gould's Belt and the great rift. It causes the zone of avoidance because of its concentrated dust. At its center is the radio emitting  Sagittarius A-star. It includes the Scutum-Crux, Perseus, and Orion arms. It has a halo full of globular clusters and a flattened disk. Near this object is the Large Magellanic cloud. In three billion years this barred spiral will collide with its neighbor, Andromeda. For 10 points, name this galaxy that is home to Earth.;;(the) Milky Way Galaxy
;;In one of this author's works, the gangsters Roma, Givola, and Giri help in The Resistable Rise of Arturo Ui. He wrote another play in which Kattrin folds laundry on top of a cannon and Yvette sings "The Fraternization Song." In that play, Ellif kills peasants and  Swiss Cheese is more law abiding, but they are both executed during the Thirty Years War. For 10 points, name this German playwright of Mother Courage and Her Children whose character Mack the Knife appears in The Threepenny Opera.;;(Bertolt) Brecht
;;This man gave descriptive names to the four temperaments in order to study transmarginal inhibition, or the body's proclivity to shut down when faced with overwhelming pain and stress. This man introduced cut several nerve endings in his extensive study of animal  digestive systems, which won him a Nobel for Medicine. This man didn't actually ring a bell to signal the animals he's best known for studying, but did collect their saliva as they responded to stimuli. For 10 points, name this proponent of classical conditioning, a Russian who trained dogs.;;(Ivan) (Petrovich) Pavlov
;;This artist left both his Death of Actaeon and Flaying of Marsyas unfinished at his death. One of his works shows a deity approaching an abandoned lover in a chariot pulled by two cheetahs, while another shows a sarcophagus and depicts two versions of a woman. In addition to  Bacchus and Ariadne and Sacred and Profane Love, he painted a depiction of a nude woman who covers her genitalia with one of her hands. For 10 points, name this Renaissance painter of the Venus of Urbino.;;Titian|Tiziano Vecelli
;;This author described an old woman who asserts "life for me ain't been no crystal stair" in his poem "Mother to Son." This author's poem "Dream Variations" imagines "night coming tenderly, black like me." The speaker of another of this author's poems declares that his  "soul has grown deep" like the Congo, Nile, and the Mississippi. For 10 points, name this Harlem Renaissance poet of "The Weary Blues" and "The Negro Speaks of Rivers.".;;(James) (Mercer) (Langston) Hughes
;;This phase of mitosis sees the binding of Cdh1 and the subsequent cleavage of securin and M-phase cyclin. The lengthening of polar microtubules and shortening of kinetochore microtubules help separate  spindle poles during this phase. It is the shortest stage of mitosis, and it sees the migration of sister chromatids to opposite ends of the cell in preparation for the formation of daughter nuclei. For 10 points, this is what phase of mitosis that follows metaphase and precedes telophase?.;;anaphase
;;This work ends by extolling freedom from "dirty wind, fire, and water." The narrator of this poem mentions a rose "where some buried Caesar bled" and many translations of this work begin with the word "Awake!" One stanza of this poem describes "Eternal Saki" pouring from a bowl. The narrator of this poem describes "singing in the Wilderness" after mentioning "A  Jug of Wine, A Loaf of Bread, and Thou" For 10 points, name this series of hundreds of quatrains famously translated by Edward Fitzgerald and written in the twelth century by Omar Khayyam.;;Rubaiyat of (Omar) (Khayyam)
;;In one work by this composer, Ninetta sings the prayer "Deh tu reggi in tal momento" as she is led to the scaffold, before discovering that the silver spoon was taken by The  Thieving Magpie. In another opera, which is rarely played except for its overture, Gessler decrees that the villagers must bow to his hat on top of a pole. That opera's title character succeeds in shooting an apple on top of his son's head. For 10 points, what Italian bel canto composer is known for William Tell and The Barber of Seville.;;(Gioachino) (Antonio) Rossini
;;This man moved to Saratoga to study art with the portrait artist William Page. This man employed Timothy O'Sullivan and Alexander Gardner, the latter of whom produced "A Harvest of Death." He produced The Gallery of Illustrious Americans before focusing on documenting a brewing  conflict. That new focus included almost being captured while working during the First Battle of Bull Run. For 10 points, name this American who took many photographs of both Abraham Lincoln and the Civil War.;;(Mathew) Brady
;;The L-system can generate these entities, as it is capable of describing many iterated function systems. The most famous example of these is defined in terms of whether points on the complex plane, when iteratively squared, are bounded. The Hilbert curve is a  space-filling one of these. Examples of these include the Menger sponge, the Sierpinski carpet, and the Koch snowflake. For 10 points, name these self-similar geometric structures exemplified by the Mandelbrot set.;;fractal
;;After Monsieur Remontel's shop was destroyed in this nation, Louis-Philippe ordered a naval invasion under the command of Charles Baudin, sparking the Pastry War. France again intervened in this country's affairs when Napoleon III backed the coronation of  Maximilian I as its emperor. Maximilan was executed by a firing squad in 1867 after the overthrow of his monarchy by partisans led by Benito Juarez and Porfirio Diaz. For 10 points, name this North American nation, once home to the Aztec empire.;;Mexico
;;Members of this religion believe in protecting the "tenth gate" of the human body, through the wearing of a dastar. Also on the head, the principles of kesh and kanga command members of this religion to refrain from cutting their  hair and carry a comb at all times. Those are among the "Five Ks" that initiated adults in this religion must follow. For 10 points, identify this monotheistic faith, which grew out of the mingling of Hinduism and Islam in the Punjab (POON-job) region of India, and was founded by Guru Nanak.;;Sikhism
;;One severe type of this disease results in a mutation at Xp21, and onset usually occurs before age 5. Gower's sign is used to diagnose that type of this disease, in which excess calcium enters and degrades the sarcolemma. Drooping of the eyelids is a sign of the  myotonic form of this illness. Along with the Duchenne (doo-SHEN) type of this disease, a less severe type named for Becker delays complete wasting of the legs and pelvis as late as age 30. For 10 points, name this disease in which skeletal muscle atrophies.;;muscular dystrophy
;;This figure's uncle was warned to beware a man with only one sandal, which made Pelias surrender out of fear when this man appeared to claim the throne of Iolcus. This man's wife convinced the daughters of Pelias to cut up their father, and that wife  poisoned this hero's lover Glauce (GLAO-kay). This man sowed dragon's teeth at the command of king Aeetes, and his crew was saved from death by his wife Medea. For 10 points, name this Greek hero who was head of the Argonauts as part of his quest for the Golden Fleece.;;Jason
;;This author contrasted how the Indian caste system prevented the creation of an urban elite with messianic Judaism in his works The Religion of India and Ancient Judaism. This thinker defined governments as having a monopoly on force in Politics as a Vocation, but is best known for a work which quoted Ben Franklin's belief that time is  money. For 10 points each, name this German sociologist who studied the effect of Calvinism on economic development in The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism.;;(Max) Weber VAY(-)ber
;;Menetrier disease results in changes to this organ. The Fundic glands in this organ includes parietal cells which secrete important chemicals to this organs function. This organ has folds called rugae (ROO-gay) and is home to Helicobacter  pylori. Gizzards are an example of this organ, and ruminants such as cows have four. The pyloric sphincter controls flow from this organ to the small intestine and the esophagus empties into it. For 10 points, name this acidic organ that breaks down food using acid.;;stomach
;;This man attacked the unwillingness of recusants to swear allegiance in his tract Pseudo-Martyr. He wrote a collection of poems commemorating the death of Elizabeth Drury, including "Of the Progress of the Soul." He man wrote, "Thy firmness makes my circle just" in a poem comparing lovers to a  compass. This man stated that killing the title creature was "cruel and sudden" in another of his poems because the blood of two lovers was mixed within that animal. For 10 points, name this English poet of "Valediction: Forbidding Mourning" and "The Flea.".;;(John) Donne
;;This author wrote about a character who is forced to become a window cleaner after publishing an article about Oedipus. In that novel, the protagonists own a dog that dies of cancer, named Karenin. Franz and  Sabina are characters created by this author in a novel whose protagonists die when they are crushed while changing a tire. In a novel featuring Tomas and Teresa, this author wrote about a female photographer taking pictures of tanks rolling in to crush the Prague Spring. For 10 points, name this Czech author of The Unbearable Lightness of Being.;;(Milan) Kundera
;;One player with this surname was selected with the eighth pick after the team that selected him failed to turn in the seventh pick in time, allowing the Panthers to draft Jordan Gross. Two players with this surname successfully blocked their suspensions after taking a banned substance called "StarCaps." A nose tackle with this surname signed with the  Vikings as a free agent after playing for the Buffalo Bills, and is known as "Fat Pat." For 10 points, identify this surname of Pat and Kevin, a namesake "wall" of defensive tackles for Minnesota.;;Williams
;;One quantity with this appellation is equal to q one times q two over four pi times the electric constant times the radius. Crucial to defining another quantity known by this name for a system is the zero point. Systems based on conservative forces always have this property. Force is equal to the negative  derivative of this quantity with respect to position. For gravity, this is equal to mgh. For 10 points, name this term that denotes a form of energy that results from position within a force field, an example of which is that of a rock at the top of a hill.;;potential energy
;;In one work by this painter, a satyr's head is covered by a large helmet, while three other satyrs play with war equipments around Venus and Mars. His only signed work features rocky walls and a path zigzagging below a roof and a circle of dancing angels. That painting, influenced by  Savonarola, is The Mystical Nativity. His most famous work, collected in the Uffizi Gallery, features Zephyr carrying Chloris and blowing the title character standing on a shell. For 10 points, what "Little Barrel" painted Primavera and The Birth of Venus?.;;(Sandro) Botticelli
;;Colonists in what became this state settled its first capital after sailing on a fleet commanded by Christopher Newport. The colony here was governed by William Berkeley until 1677, when he was recalled due to  Bacon's rebellion. During a meeting in this state, Patrick Henry proclaimed "Give me liberty or give me death!" The House of Burgesses served as this colony's legislature and met in Williamsburg. During the civil war, the confederacy moved its capital to Richmond in this state. For 10 points, name this state, home to the Jamestown colony.;;Virginia
;;In this opera, "Nous avons en tete (nooz ah-VON ahn tet) une affaire" is sung by the smugglers Dancaire and Remendado. Its main character sees her death in tarot cards. This opera is based on a novel by Prosper  Merimee (may ri MAY). Don Jose loves the title cigarette factory worker, and Escamillo (es-cuh-MEE-yo) sings the "Toreador Song," in this opera. For 10 points, name this opera about the title gypsy girl who sings an "habanera," a work by Georges Bizet (bi-ZAY).;;Carmen
;;The speaker of one poem in this collection prefers to look "up in perfect silence at the stars." Aside from "When I Heard the  Learn'd Astronomer," poems in this collection include "Out of the Cradle Endlessly Rocking" and a long poem whose speaker sounds his "barbaric yawp over the roofs of the world," "Song of Myself." Several of this collection's poems paid tribute to Abraham Lincoln, including "O Captain! My Captain!" For 10 points, name this 1855 poetry collection by Walt Whitman.;;Leaves of Grass
;;In one of this director's films, a psychologist travels to Lund to receive an honorary degree and recalls his childhood lover Sara, whom he associates with a patch of plants. Besides that movie about Isak Berg, this director created a movie starring Max von Sydow in which the knight Antonius Block must play  chess for his life with Death. That movie is titled for an object which is opened in the Book of Revelation. For 10 points, name this Swedish director of Wild Strawberries and The Seventh Seal.;;(Ernst) (Ingmar) Bergman
;;This country was known as Pannonia by the ancient Romans, and it is populated by the descendants of a Khazar group. Its capital once consisted of two separate cities separated by the Danube, the names of which combined to form its new name. This nation is northeast of  Croatia, south of Slovakia, and northwest of Romania. For 10 points, name this Central European country, once part of the Dual Monarchy with Austria, with capital at Budapest.;;Hungary
;;This figure was buried in Shechem on land that his father obtained from Hamor's family. His two sons, Mannaseh and Ephraim, who were given shares in their grandfather's inheritance. While in prison, this man counseled a baker and a cupbearer, and he suggested the building of storehouses to alleviate the famine predicted in the  Pharaoh's dreams about skinny and fat cows. For 10 points, name this Biblical son of Jacob who relocated the Israelites to Egypt and had a multicolored coat.;;Joseph|Yoseif(;)|Yusuf
;;In one novel by this author, the protagonist travels to the Ajanta Caves, where he remembers a promise to see a figure beneath the falls. That figure bears three moles on his torso and dies after failing to see Satoko. This author wrote about a failed capitalist plot in Runaway Horses, whose protagonist believes Toru and Ying Chan to be reincarnations of his friend Kiyoaki. This author wrote those novels about lawyer Shigekuni Honda. For 10 points, name this  Japanese author of The Sea of Fertility, who committed seppuku on television.;;Mishima Yukio|Hiraoka Kimitake(;) (power) (mark) (continues) (despite) (the) (For) (10) (points(,)) () (so) (award) (15) (if) (someone) (buzzes) (on) (the) (giveaway)
;;This process can be performed by a continuous-feed or pot-type system. One type of this technique requires a water aspirator, mechanical pump, and diffusion pump; that technique is performed at low pressures and known as the "vacuum" type.  Azeotropes are mixtures of liquids that cannot be further separated using the fractional form of this technique, because the liquid that goes through the condenser has the same composition as the liquid that is evaporated. For 10 points, name this method of separating liquids in a mixture by their boiling points.;;distillation
;;A case connected to this event, which established Congress's right to compel testimony, was McGrain v. Daugherty. Investigation into this event was begun by John Kendrick, supported by Robert M. La Follette, and led by Senator Thomas Walsh. This event saw property at  Elk Hills leased to Edward Doheny and some namesake property leased to Harry Sinclair by Albert Fall. For 10 points, name this scandal during the admiinistration of Warren G. Harding, named for a Wyoming oil field.;;Teapot Dome scandal
;;One remix of this song features the new lyrics "you had my chain, you beared my name, then we had champagne." That remix starts out "knew I would love you like a fat kid love food" and features Jah Cure and Lil Wayne. This song's singer claims that he's "been  spending way too long checking [his] tongue in the mirror" so that his "breath fogged up the glass." The singer of this song believes that "before the cool done run out [he'll] be giving it his bestest." For 10 points, name this song in which "it cannot wait," as sung by Jason Mraz.;;I'm Yours
;;Some viruses use the "rolling circle" version of this process. The Meselson-Stahl experiment confirmed that this process is  semiconservative. Its namesake "fork" consists of a leading strand and a lagging strand, the latter of which features Okazaki fragments. Enzymes involved in this process include ligase [LIE-gaze], helicase [HEE-luh-caze], and polymerase [puh-LIM-er-aze]. For 10 points, name this process by which genetic material gets copied.;;(DNA) replication accept RNA replication for (the) (first) (sentence) (only)
;;In one scene in this work, festivities are interrupted so a scop can tell of an uprising against the Frisians. In it, Wealthow assures the proper succession to the throne by giving the protagonist a necklace. It opens by describing the ruler  Scyld Scefing. The protagonist uses the weapon Hrunting during one scene. The end of this work describes the loyalty of Wiglaf during a fight with a dragon while the primary antagonist attacks the mead hall Heorot of King Hrothgar. For 10 points, name this epic poem concerning a hero who slays the monster Grendel.;;Beowulf
;;This event created the Red Forest in the Zone of Alienation. It was exposed after Sweden discovered its results. Backlash from an attempt to cover it up led to the acceleration of  glasnost. This event caused the evacuation of Pripyat, the city where it actually occurred. During it, a fireball displaced the steel-and-concrete lid and the graphite core caught on fire during removal of control rods for an experiment. For 10 points, fifty-seven direct radiation deaths were caused by what 1986 incident at a Ukrainian nuclear power plant?.;;(the) Chernobyl disaster (accept) Chernobyl meltdown|(anything) (reasonable) (mentioning) Chernobyl
;;This experiment's results were deemed fraudulent by Gerard Holton; current measurements that put its results off by about one percent mean that its calculations were five standard deviations off. Its setup involved two parallel metal plates through which an  electric field could be created and turned on and off rapidly, allowing isolation and measure of terminal velocity. From there, Stokes' Law was used to figure out the weight. For 10 points, name this experiment that measured the charge of an electron.;;(Millikan) oil drop experiment|Millikan experiment
;;This author asked "What's wrong with someone laughing as they tell the truth?" and proclaimed "there is a middle ground in things." This poet wrote lyric poems praising the beauty of Pyrrha and advising Licinius to follow the golden mean. This poet coined the expression "Homer nods" in an epistle which argues that the best epic poems begin  "in medias res." He created the phrase "carpe diem," or "seize the day," in the eleventh of his Odes. For 10 points, name this Roman poet of "Ars Poetica.".;;Horace|(Quintus) Horatius Flaccus
;;Members of this country's nobility formed the Confederation of Targowica (TAR-go-VEET-sah). That confederation opposed this country's May Third Constitution. Attempts to support the sovereignty of this nation include the Bar Confederation and an insurrection led by Thaddeus  Kosciuszko (kuh-SHOES-ko). Those attempts occurred while this country was paired with Lithuania. Prussia, Austria, and Russia's partitions of this country long wiped it from the map. For 10 points, name this country that was later divided between Germany and Russia during World War II.;;(Republic) (of) Poland|(Rzeczpospolita) Polska(;)|Polish(-)Lithuanian (Commonwealth)
;;Along with John Hicks, this man developed a theory of normal backwardation in futures trading. This man led the British delegation at the Breton Woods Conference; after an earlier postwar settlement, he denounced the heavy  reparations placed on Germany in his Economic Consequences of the Peace. He introduced the concept of demand-determined economic output in a work describing how government fiscal policy could regulate extremes in business cycles. For 10 points, name this author of the General Theory of Employment, Interest, and Money.;;(John) (Maynard) Keynes
;;Dissatisfaction with this man's painting The Martyrdom of Saint Maurice for the Escorial ended his chances at receiving royal patronage. In one of this man's paintings, the artist's son Jorge Manuel is located on the left with a handkerchief in his pocket bearing the artist's signature. That painting shows Saints  Stephen and Augustine placing the title figure in a tomb. For 10 points, name this painter of The Burial of Count Orgaz and View of Toledo.;;El Greco|(Domenikos) Theotokopoulos
;;This figure once disguised her lover Ottar as a boar, and she owns a falcon skin that allows the wearer to transform into a bird. Her mother Skaoi is the goddess of winter and archery. The giant Thrym refused to return Mjolnir unless he was allowed to marry this figure, who rides in a chariot drawn by  cats. She receives half of all slain warriors in her hall, Folkvangr, and Loki once stole her necklace Brisingamen. For 10 points, identify this Norse goddess of love and beauty.;;Freya
;;This man was twice elected to the Senate to fill vacancies, caused by the resignations of Robert Hayne and Daniel Huger. In 1844 John Tyler nominated this man for Secretary of State; he had previously served as Monroe's Secretary of War. In an 1837 speech, this man proclaimed slavery a  "positive good," and in 1828 he wrote the South Carolina Exposition and Protest, which argued for nullification. For 10 points, name this Vice-President during Andrew Jackson's first term, who left the Cabinet in a dispute over tariffs and states' rights.;;(John) (Caldwell) Calhoun
;;Her last performance was in Cortege of Eagles. She retold the story of St. Joan of Arc in Seraphic Dialogue. She had Isamu Noguchi design many of her sets. Her performance in Clytemnestra was set to music by Halim El-Dabh. She is better known for working with  Aaron Copland on a ballet that told of two setters in rural Pennsylvania. For 10 points, name this American dancer who choreographed Appalachian Spring.;;(Martha) Graham
;;In one novel by this author, Carlo Campanati is canonized by a man who recounts his 81 years with an 81 chapter memoir. In addition to creating gay rights activist Kenneth Toomey in Earthly Powers, this author created a character whose face is spat upon by P.R. Deltoid, a "post-corrective advisor." In that novel, which opens at a  milkbar, the Beethoven's Ninth-loving Alex leads his droogs to violence and is subjected to the Ludovico Technique. For 10 points, name this British author of A Clockwork Orange.;;(Anthony) Burgess|(John) (Burgess) Wilson
;;Two characters in this opera sing a duet in which they stutter due to the excitement of being reunited, shortly before Monostatos tries to destroy the temple. One of its arias, "Hell's vengeance boils in my heart," reaches a  high F6. Two lovers in this opera are Papageno (pa-pa-GAY-no) and Papagena (pa-pa-GAY-na). Tamino meets the The Queen of the Night, who tries to convince her daughter Pamina to kill priest Sarastro in this work. For 10 points, name this opera about an enchanted instrument, by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart.;;(The) Magic Flute|(Die) Zauberflote
;;Sverdrup's theory describe movement in these bodies, which experience transport and spirals named after Ekman. These bodies contain manganese nodules at their bottoms. Recently, problems have emerged with low oxygen areas in them called  dead zones. They can be divided into different layers, such as pelagic and abyssal. The thermohaline circulation in them helps drive their currents. For 10 points, name these very large bodies of water, examples of which include the Arctic and the Indian.;;oceans
;;After quickly offering peace terms at the conclusion of the Winter Siege, this man promptly broke those terms in the Summer Siege. The effect of those sieges was to remove the Toyotomi family from power. Earlier, this man had defeated the forces of Ishida Mitsunari at the Battle of  Sekhigahara. A Japanese poem claims that this man says to "Wait" if a bird will not sing, while Hideyoshi claims "Make it want to sing" and Oda Nobunaga suggests, "Kill it." For 10 points, name this founder of a namesake Japanese shogunate that lasted from 1603 until 1868.;;Tokugawa Ieyasu (ee(-)ay(-)YAH(-)soo)|(Ieyasu) Tokugawa
;;One work by this thinker argues for a system of "perfect equality" and posits that freedom good for men is also good for women. This man asserted that the individual is sovereign and insists that governments follow the "harm principle" in another work. This author of The  Subjection of Women argued that all ethical principles must stem from the "greatest happiness" principle. For 10 points, name this English philosopher who wrote On Liberty and Utilitarianism.;;(John) (Stuart) Mill
;;One form of this property, named for Dirac, exists for magnetic monopoles and is symbolized g. The Cronin-Fitch experiment observed violation of symmetry between this and parity. Color is a form of this for the strong force. Kirchoff's junction rule is a consequence of  conservation of one form of it. For 10 points, susceptibility to fundamental forces is governed by what property, the electric variety of which is symbolized Q and measured in coulombs?.;;charge
;;This lake is home to the United States' first National Lakeshore. Islands in this lake include Madeline Island, the largest of the Apostle Islands, but the largest island in this lake is a national park named  Isle Royale. This lake is noted for its shipwrecks around Whitefish Point, including the 1975 Edmund Fitzgerald sinking. The Ojibwe called this lake "big water," and it is the largest freshwater lake in the world by surface area. For 10 points, name this lake with ports of Duluth and Marquette, the largest of the Great Lakes.;;(Lake) Superior
;;The costs that make responding to this phenomenon irrational are termed either menu costs or shoeleather costs. The NAIRU (NAY-roo) gives the lowest possible level of unemployment at which this phenomenon increases. The real interest rate on a loan is calculated by subtracting the rate of this phenomenon from the  nominal interest rate. The relationship between this phenomenon and unemployment is shown in the Phillips Curve. It is measured by the Consumer Price Index. For 10 points, name this general rise in prices over time.;;inflation
;;One of this author's characters is sent to a factory, where he cleans wine bottles, by the cruel Murdstone. Upon learning that character of this writer is not a girl, Betsey Trotwood leaves in a huff. He created a man who marries Dora Spenlow after joining with  Micawber to discover the machinations of Uriah Heep. This author also wrote about a woman always clad in her wedding dress, Miss Havisham, who briefly hosts Pip. For 10 points, name this author of David Copperfield and Great Expectations.;;(Charles) (John) (Huffam) Dickens
;;This artist depicted a man in a red and green pointed cap, who is leaning out of a window and befouling an upside-down globe, as part of a painting showing a hundred literal depictions of Netherlandish Proverbs. A plowman and a shepherd go about their work, ignorant of the crash into the water behind them, in his  Landscape With the Fall of Icarus. This painter also showed men and dogs returning to a village and rows of celebrants eating pies. For 10 points, name this artist of Hunters in the Snow and Peasant Wedding.;;(Pieter) Bruegel the (Elder)|(Pieter) Bruegel De (Oudere(;))|(Peasant) Bruegel(;)|(Boeren) Bruegel
;;This physicist proposed the parton (PAR-tawn) model of hadron collisions. His namesake "point" occurs at the 762nd digit of pi. Along with Schwinger and Tomonaga, he won the Nobel Prize for developing  quantum electrodynamics, or QED. He also explained why the Challenger exploded and developed some namesake diagrams to represent particle interactions in quantum field theory. For 10 points, name this Caltech physicist who enjoyed playing the bongos.;;(Richard) (Phillips) Feynman
;;One character on this show was named after Chevy Chase and Dan Aykroyd's characters in Spies Like Us. That character, Emmett Milbarge, briefly forced Big Mike out of office before getting shot. Chevy Chase himself played the head of  FULCRUM, a secret society trying to get its hands on the Intersect computer. In this show's pilot, Bryce Larkin destroyed the Intersect and e-mailed its contents to this show's title character. For 10 points, name this NBC show on which Zachary Levi plays the titular employee of the "Nerd Herd" at the Burbank Buy More.;;Chuck
;;The "Skaguay Military Campaign" represented this state in the Spanish-American War and was organized by Soapy Smith. One imperial power in this state never conquered its Tlingit peoples, despite winning the Battle of Sitka. The only continental incursion by a foreign power occurred at its islands of Attu and  Kiska. The Good Friday Earthquake and Exxon Valdez oil spill were disastrous for this state, which was purchased in 1867 by Seward. Home to the Klondike gold rush, for 10 points, name this 49th state and largest state in America.;;Alaska
;;Isis once poisoned this god in order to blackmail him into divulging his true name. Another story says that Thoth had to make 1,077 pleas in order to convince the goddess representing his eye to return home. Mehen and Set helped defend this god when he traveled on the barque ("BARK") Mandjet, during which time he was attacked by the  serpent Apep. He sent Hathor to Earth in the form of Sekhmet to punish man, and he was often syncretized with Amun. For 10 points, identify this Egyptian god of the sun.;;Ra|Re(;)|Re(-)Horakhty(;)|Amun(-)Re
;;The Lemniscate of Bernoulli is the inverse transform of these figures that, when centered at the origin, have the parametric equations "x equals a secant t" and "y equals b tangent t." They can be defined with a line called the transverse axis, and they are the shape of the orbit of an  unbound object. It is defined as the set of all points on a plane such that the difference between the two focal points is constant. For 10 points, name this conic section that has an eccentricity greater than one, exemplified by the graph of y equals one over x.;;hyperbola
;;One naval battle during this war involved the destruction of a force under Hugues Quieret (hue-GUH key-EHR-eh) and Nicolas Behuchet. John the Blind of Bohemia died in a battle during this war in which one prince 'won his spurs.' Another battle in this war saw the victorious side use  longbows and mud to win. This war began with the death of Philip IV and Edward III's claim to another throne. For 10 points, name this war which had the Battles of Sluys, Crecy, and Agincourt, by which the English were essentially removed from mainland France.;;Hundred Years' War
;;In one play by this man, the chorus persuades the title character to stop sitting on a stone sacred to the Furies. This author wrote the fragmentary satyr play The Tracking Saytrs. In another play by this author,  Ismene refuses to help her sister. This author of Electra also wrote of a character who kills Laius at a crossroads and blinds himself after discovering he slept with his mother Jocasta. For 10 points, name this Greek playwright of Antigone and Oedipus Rex.;;Sophocles
;;This man teamed with Ella Fitzgerald to record an album of songs from Porgy and Bess. This man recorded "Heebie Jeebies" with his band known as "the Hot Five." This musician popularized  "When the Saints Go Marching In." He sang "I hear babies crying, I watch them grow, they'll learn much more, than I'll never know" in another song. For 10 points, name this New Orleans-based jazz trumpeter nicknamed Satchmo who sang about "trees of green, red roses too" in "What a Wonderful World.".;;(Louis) Armstrong
;;This man was lowered over a wall in a basket to escape from a city where he had been greeted by Ananias. He brought food from Antioch to Jerusalem to help relieve a famine; like his mission to Cyprus, that journey was undertaken with  Barnabas. He participated in the stoning of St. Stephen, but converted to Christianity after hearing a voice ask "Why do you persecute me?" on the road to Damascus. For 10 points, name this author of epistles to the Romans, Corinthians, and several other groups, who along with Peter is the main focus of the Acts of the Apostles.;;(Saint) Paul|Saul of (Tarsus)
;;This composer's Shakespeare-inspired works include an incidental music to Hamlet and the Overture-Fantasy Romeo and Juliet. His last symphony opens with a brooding bassoon solo, and its waltz-like second movement features an unusual  5/4 (five-four) time. His earlier symphonies include the "Polish" and one inspired by Ukranian folk songs, the "Little Russian." Another work by this man uses "La Marseillaise" and actual canons to evoke the Battle of Borodino. For 10 points, name this composer of Symphony Pathetique and the "1812 overture.".;;(Pyotr) (Ilich) Tchaikovsky
;;This nation's city of Magdalena was the site of the world's largest oil spill ever, and this nation claims the South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands. Along with its western neighbor, this country is home to the Mapuche, and it is also the site of the southern half of the river  Parana. This nation also claims the Malvinas Islands and is divided from two of its northern neighbors by the Rio de la Plata. This nation is home to the pampas, which are home to its gauchos. For 10 points, name this nation with capital at Buenos Aires.;;Argentina
;;This period saw the arrival of Matteo Ricci, and the "Southern" branch of this dynasty was ruled by the Prince of Fu after the suicide of the Chongzhen Emperor. It saw the use of the "eight-legged essay" in civil service examinations, as well as the restoration of the Grand Canal and construction of the Forbidden City by the Yongle Emperor, who sponsored  Zheng He's voyages. Coming to power after the White Lotus rebellion and founded by the Hongwu Emperor, for 10 points, name this dynasty following the Yuan and renowned for its pottery.;;Ming Dynasty
;;In one of this man's works, the wife of Sam Evans has an affair with scientist Ned Darrell. That play about Nina Leeds is entitled Strange Interlude. In another of his plays, General Ezra Mannon is killed by his wife in a modern day updating of The  Oresteia. This author also created the actor James and his morphine-addicted wife Mary, both members of the Tyrone family. For 10 points, name this playwright who penned Mourning Becomes Electra and Long Day's Journey Into Night .;;(Eugene) O'Neill
;;His short story collections include the posthumously published The Hero of Currie Road. and the earlier Tales From a Troubled Land. The lives of Albert Lululi and Hendrik Verwoerd inspired this founder of the Liberal Party to write the novel  Ah, but Your Land is Beautiful. A man tries to find his cousin Gertrude after his son Absalom is accused of murder in his novel about the characters of Arthur Jarvis and Stephen Kumalo. For 10 points, name this writer of Cry, the Beloved Country, who lived and worked in South Africa.;;(Alan) Paton
;;It must be protonated to participate in Hoogsteen pairing. In somatic hypermutation, it is targeted by AID. It but not an important modification of it is modified by bisulfite. Its nucleotide triphosphate form is used in the biosynthesis of some phospholipids. De-amination of this base results in  uracil. In imprinting, a methyl group is added to this base. This pyrimidine is normally involved in three hydrogen bonds in DNA. For 10 points, name this nitrogenous base that normally pairs with guanine in DNA.;;cytosine|C
;;Though organisms in this phylum have a central nerve ring around the gut, no organism in this phylum contains a brain. This phylum's excretory system is linked to the circulatory system, and opens into the environment at the madreporite (MAD-ruh-POR-ite). Organisms in this phylum contain  tubefeet, which are part of the water vascular system. This phylum contains the simplest deuterostomes (DOO-ter-oh-STOMEZ). The adults of all members of this phylum are pentaradially symmetrical. For 10 points, name this phylum that contains sea urchins and starfish.;;Echinodermata|echinoderms
;;This author commemorated the double wedding of Henry Gilford and William Peter by writing a poem that repeats the refrain "Sweet Thames run softly, till I end my song." In another of this author's poems, Archimago and Duessa attempt to deceive a knight who represents holiness. In an allegory written by this author of "Prothalamion,"  Gloriana represents Queen Elizabeth and Una is rescued by the Redcross Knight. For 10 points, name this sixteenth century English poet of The Faerie Queene.;;(Edmund) Spenser
;;This man's approval of Suharto's war crimes in East Timor was one of the subjects addressed in a book by Christopher Hitchens about his fictional "trial." He criticized the "massive retaliation" nuclear strategy, influencing Kennedy with his doctrine of "flexible response." Other strategies he developed included "shuttle diplomacy" to settle the  Yom Kippur War and "detente" (day-TONT) with the Soviet Union. For 10 points, name this National Security Advisor and Secretary of State, who oversaw the U.S. withdrawal from Vietnam under Nixon and Ford.;;(Henry) (Alfred) Kissinger
;;The title characters of one of this author's plays include Schweizer, Roller, and Razmann. That play of his centers on the conflict between Franz and Karl Moor, the latter of whom fights feudal authorities by becoming an outlaw. One of his poems calls its title subject "beautiful spark of the gods." He wrote a play about a  forester who refuses to bow before Gessler's cap and engages in an archery contest. As a playwright, he wrote William Tell and The Robbers. For 10 points, name this eighteenth-century German author who wrote "Ode to Joy.".;;(Johann) (Christoph) (Friedrich) (von) Schiller
;;One division of this type of person is into the "cenobitic" and "eremitic" approaches. William of Aquitaine attempted to reform the lives of these people by founding an institution at Cluny. An attempt to regularize these people was made by a man from Nursia, and is known as the Rule of Saint  Benedict. Because they live away from the world, they are distinguished from similar groups who minister to the lay population, known as friars. For 10 points, Augustinians, Cistercians, and Trappists are among the orders of what Christian religious devotees?.;;monks|nuns
;;This athlete grew up in Italy and starred at Philadelphia's Lower Merrion High School. In the summer of 2007, he demanded to be traded, which he later revoked. More recently, this player was the subject of a Spike Lee documentary, entitled him  "Doin' Work." The fallout from 2003 allegations of sexual assault has been largely erased by his on-court actions, notably in 2006, when he scored 81 points against the Toronto Raptors. For 10 points, identify this erstwhile teammate of Pau Gasol and shooting guard of the Los Angeles Lakers.;;(Kobe) Bryant
;;In one painting by this artist, a woman sits with a dog and book in her lap as a girl looks through a fence at a cloud of steam. This painter of The Railway depicted his favorite model Victorine Meurent in a work in which a black cat stands on a bed as an African servant brings  flowers to the completely nude title figure. In another of his works, a bather is in the background next to an empty boat as two clothed men picnic with a naked woman. For 10 points, name this French impressionist painter of Olympia and Luncheon on the Grass.;;(Edouard) Manet
;;This economist argued that central planning and vertical integration replace supply and demand in large corporations in The New Industrial State. His most famous work popularized the phrase "conventional wisdom" and illustrated how post-World War II income  disparities arose partly from a wealthy private sector despite a poor public sector. For 10 points, name this economist who argues that the title condition could be achieved with more public spending in The Affluent Society.;;(John) (Kenneth) Galbraith
;;The direct cause of the end of this war was an ultimatum that the country where it largely took place accept the Vienna Conference. Piedmont-Sardinia joined this war to present the case for Italian independence at the peace conference. The 8th Hussars and parts of the 17th Lancers  charged three squadrons in the best-known event of this war, which took place during the Battle of Balaclava and was immortalized in a Tennyson poem. For 10 points, name this war that featured the nursing exploits of Florence Nightingale and the Charge of the Light Brigade.;;Crimean War
;;This composer dramatized a Romanian legend about nine brothers who turn into deer in his only large choral work. He parodied Shostakovich in an opus following his last of six string quartets. He used a keyboard instrument that strikes steel plates with hammers in another piece. Before fleeing the Nazis, this composer of Cantata Profana, Concerto for  Orchestra,, and Music for Strings, Percussion, and Celesta collaborated with countryman Zoltan Kodaly (code-EYE) to collect folk music. For 10 points, name this Hungarian composer.;;(Bela) (Viktor) (Janos) Bartok
;;The "shocked" form of this mineral is found in the K-T boundary. When the suffix "-ite" is added to the name of this mineral, it names a metamorphic rock that forms from sandstone. This is the only non-feldspar mineral on the QAPF diagram. It is the second-most-abundant mineral of the continental  crust after feldspar, with which it combines to form granite. This mineral is a seven on the Mohs scale of hardness. For 10 points, name this mineral made up of tetrahedral silicon dioxide crystals, which comes in "rose" and amethyst varieties.;;quartz
;;One prophecy said that this event would end when a man returned from exile on Lemnos. During this event, Pandarus broke a truce, and one participant fell in love with the Amazon queen Penethesilea (PEN-thess-eh-LAY-uh).  Philoctetes (fih-LOK-teh-teez) used the bow of Heracles to fulfill the conditions for ending this event, which drew to a close after Laocoon (lay-AH-co-ahn) was attacked by snakes for warning against Greeks bearing gifts. For 10 points, name this mythical conflict over the abduction of Helen, fought between Greeks and a certain city.;;(the) Trojan War
;;One family of these are described as VLIW, including the Itanium one. They can be superscalar or SMT. Many of them use pipelining, or the breaking down of execution into stages including fetch/decode and using the arithmetic  logic unit. They use fast pieces of memory called registers, and high performance ones have large caches. For 10 points, name this core part of a computer that does the majority of computations, which have clock frequencies ranging from megahertz to gigahertz.;;CPU|Central Processing Unit
;;Invading troops in this country were killed in a 1982 fire in its longest road tunnel. The northern part of this country can be accessed from its capital by taking the Salang or Kushan passes. This country's highest peak is Noshaq, located in the  Hindu Kush range. The Registan desert is located in this country's Kandahar province. This country's southeastern city of Jalalabad lies near the Khyber Pass, which is on this country's border with its southern neighbor, Pakistan. For 10 points, name this country whose capital is Kabul.;;Afghanistan
;;This man declined to supervise the construction of fortifications near Tangiers, though he did design the chapel for Pembroke College in Cambridge. His son of the same name by Faith Coghill wrote a family memoir, Parentalia, completed his major work, and placed the inscription on his tombstone  "If you seek his memorial, Look around you." His major work was completed from his "Great Model" after most of it was destroyed in a fire in 1666. St. Paul's Cathedral was designed by, for 10 points, which British architect of more than fifty churches?.;;(Christopher) Wren
;;In a short story by this author, Aylmer kills his wife Georgiana in the process of removing an imperfection from her cheek. This author wrote a novel in which a monk stalking Miriam is murdered by an Italian who resembles Praxiteles's sculpture of a marble faun. This author collected short stories such as "Dr.  Heidegger's Experiment" in Twice-Told Tales. He also wrote novels about the Pyncheon family and the adultery of Hester Prynne. For 10 points, name this American author of The House of the Seven Gables and The Scarlet Letter.;;(Nathaniel) Hawthorne
;;A tank battle in Amran escalated a 1994 civil war in this country that ended with the defeat of the YSP. This country's north was ruled by a Mutawakelite (moo-tah-WOK-ah-lite) Kingdom until 1962, and it remained separate from the south of this country until a  1990 unification. This country's south was colonized by the British as the Aden Protectorate. Al-Qaeda operatives killed seventeen sailors on the USS Cole when it was docked in a port of this country. For 10 points, name this Arabian country.;;(Republic) (of) Yemen
;;In one work by this writer, the socialist midwife Mary Pereira switches the protagonist with Wee Willie Winkie's son at his birth. The protagonist has a nasal defect that causes telekinesis. That book, which was designated the best in a twenty-five-year period by the "Booker of Bookers," follows  Saleem Sinai and other characters who are born on August 15th, 1947, the day India gained independence. For 10 points, what author of Midnight's Children earned a fatwa from Ayatollah Khomeini for his characterization of Muhammad in The Satanic Verses?.;;(Salman) Rushdie
;;This man defended his poetry by writing "Kill my style/and you break Pavlowa's legs/and you blind Ty Cobb's batting eye." He wrote a poem in which he notes that the title place is wicked because he has ".seen your painted women and the gas lamps luring the farm boys." This man wrote a collection of children's tales called  Rutabaga Stories, and described the "War Years" and "Prairie Years" of one of his subjects. For 10 points, name this biographer of Abraham Lincoln and the poet of "Chicago.".;;(Carl) Sandburg
;;A story prefaced to William Caxton's translation of the Aeneid tells of a merchant's attempt to converse with a Middle English-speaking woman who does not understand this word, and only knows of "eyren." This word is "baydah" in Arabic, "yaytso" in Russian, and "ji dan" in Mandarin. It is "oon" (oh-AHN) in classical Greek and  "ovum" in Latin, which is why animals that feed primarily on these are called "oviparous." For 10 points, identify this food item, which is known as "l'oeuf" in French and "el huevo" (WAY-voh) in Spanish.;;eggs
;;Some of these organisms possess ptychocysts (TIKE-oh-sists), which help to create the tube in which they live. This phylum is characterized by the presence of nematocysts, which are  poison-injecting organelles. This phylum's body plan includes a jelly-like middle layer called the mesoglea, and its two body forms are the polyp, like sea anemones, and medusa, like the Portuguese man-of-war. For 10 points, name this phylum that includes corals and jellyfish, named for its stinging cells.;;Cnidaria
;;This phrase was reversed in Miguel de Unamuno (OO-nah-MOO-know)'s The Tragic Sense of Life. It was originally presented as an argument against the possibility of a demon that sends false sense data. It first appeared in 1637's  Discourse on Method, where it was presented as the only assertion that can stand up to methodical doubting, because a mind must exist in order to doubt. For 10 points, give this phrase which formed the basis of Rene Descartes's (day-CARTZ) philosophy.;;Cogito ergo sum|I think(,) therefore I am(;)|Je pense donc je suis
;;One of this author's works features a schoolmaster named Old Porteous and his friend George Bowling, who grew up in Lower Binfield. He also wrote about timber merchant John Flory and the Indian Dr. Veraswami. This author of Coming Up for Air was inspired by his time in the Imperial Police to write  Burmese Days and the anti-imperialist essay "Shooting an Elephant." He also criticized fascism in a work featuring the villainous Napoleon, a Stalin stand-in who is a pig. For 10 points, name this British author of Animal Farm.;;(George) Orwell|(Eric) (Arthur) Blair
;;In the aftermath of this event, one figure declared he wanted to smash a certain organization into a thousand pieces and scatter it into the wind. One side in this event massed at Rendezvous Point Zulu under Grayston Lynch, and this operation was designed to aid one side in The War Against the Bandits. Much of the action of this event took place on  Giron (hee-ROHN) Beach, where a group of exiles nicknamed Brigade 2506 were defeated by government forces. For 10 points, name this failed CIA backed invasion of Cuba ordered by John F. Kennedy.;;Bay of Pigs Invasion|Bahia de los Cochinos
;;In the USA show The 4400, Jordan Collier takes over this city and renames it "Promise City." This is the location of the Work Bench where Sam Oliver works in the CW show Reaper. Dark Angel was set in a futuristic version of this city, which is also home to the coffee shop  Cafe Nervosa and the radio station KACL on another show. Characters who reside in this city on another show include Richard Webber, Miranda Bailey, and Meredith Gray. For 10 points, name this setting of Frasier and Gray's Anatomy.;;Seattle(,) (Washington)
;;A man in this painting wears a green hat and carries a scythe next to a woman in a blue skirt. A scene at the left of thing painting depicts a woman in a green skirt milking a white  cow. The curving horizon at the back of this painting contains a row of houses, two of which are upside-down. Two overlarge figures loom at the left and right of this painting, and one of those figures holds a tree in his hand at the bottom middle of this work. For 10 points, name this painting that shows a lamb nose-to-nose with a green-faced man, a work of Marc Chagall.;;I and the Village
;;In one play written during this period, the violator of Laurencia is strangled in his prison cell, and an entire town confess to the crime. In another play written during this period, the King of Poland locks his son Sigismundo in a tower and convinces him that living is a series of apparitions. The plays The Sheep Well and Life is a Dream were written during this period. For 10 points, name this literary period of the 1500s and 1600s, exemplified by such writers as  Pedro Calderon de la Barca and Lope de Vega.;;(the) (Spanish) Golden Age accept Siglo de Oro(;)|Golden Century(;) (award) (15) (points) (for) (a) (post(-)FTP) (buzz) (within) (power)
;;Spacecraft using the gravity-assist or slingshot method are making use of a form of this event without contact. A different form of this event occurs in the modeling of a ballistic pendulum. Another modeling of this event comes from the double ball drop. These situations include events in which two objects remain  separate and those in which objects stick together, known as elastic and inelastic. For 10 points, name this event generally modeled by two spheres with different momentums or directions hitting one another.;;collisions|(elastic) collisions(;)|(inelastic) collisions
;;Later rulers of this dynasty were known as "do-nothing kings" and allowed much of their power to their Mayors of the Palace, who came from a family line that eventually subsumed this dynasty. An early ruler of this dynasty defeated the Roman official Syagrius and was the first to unite all of his peoples. In addition to  Clovis I, the final ruler of this dynasty was Childeric III, who was deposed by Pepin the Short. For 10 points, name this dynasty that was succeeded by the Carolingians and ruled the Kingdom of the Franks until 751 CE.;;(the) Merovingian Dynasty (accept) Merovingians(;)|Merovings
;;This man obliterated Pharnaces II at the Battle of Zela. After losing at Gergovia, this general successfully staged a siege by outward and inward facing walls around a fort. This victor over  Vercingetorix (VER-sin-GET-uh-ricks) at the Battle of Alesia led the Populares against the Optimates in a civil war which ended with the decisive defeat of his rival Pompey at Pharsalus. For 10 points, name this Roman general who began that civil war by crossing the Rubicon and who later became dictator and was murdered on the Ides of March.;;(Gaius) (Julius) Caesar
;;This opera includes a chorus of peasants who sing "Gira la Cote" and "A, Per L'Ultima volta!" the latter of which warns the protagonist about a curse. The title character sings "In Questa Reggia" before telling the protagonist three riddles. In this opera,  Liu serves the former king of Tartary. The title character employs the ministers Ping, Pang, and Pong, and is attempting to figure out the protagonist's name, which is Calaf. For 10 points, name this opera that features the aria "Nessun Dorma," a work by Puccini set in China.;;Turandot
;;One king of this city, who was a son of Hephaestus, was wrapped in a snake and put into a chest, leading to Pandrosus being bitten. That legend echoes one about this city's first king, a half-snake named Cecrops. Another king of this city, who threw himself into the  sea upon seeing a ship with black sails, was Aegeus. The planting of an olive tree persuaded this city's founders not to dedicate it to Poseidon. For 10 points, name this Greek city which was mythically named for its devotion to a virginal goddess of war, who was worshipped at the Parthenon.;;Athens
;;This country narrowly avoided one war through the intervention of its Tagsatzung (TAHG-saht-zung). Two years later, fighting broke out again here, resulting in the Kappel War. The leader of the Protestant forces in that war here who died was Huldrych  Zwingli (HUL-drick ZWING-lee). Another reformer who came to power in this country killed Michael Servetus and wrote Institutes of the Christian Religion. For 10 points, name this country in which Jean Calvin led the Reformation in Geneva, and which is made up of a confederation of cantons.;;Switzerland
;;The 704 foot Kalambo Falls are located at the southeastern shore of this lake, and cities such as Mpala and Bujumbura are located on it. The Malagarasi and Ruizi rivers flow into this lake, and this lake's outlet is the Lukuga River. This lake is the  second deepest in the world, and it forms the boundary between Congo and Tanzania. For 10 points, name this lake, the second largest in Africa.;;(Lake) Tanganyika
;;Variance in one law named for this man is caused by cosmic velocity dispersion. That law states that the recessional velocity of a galaxy is equal to the galaxy's distance times 45 to 90 kilometers per second per megaparsec. That value, whose reciprocal is the age of the universe, is this man's namesake constant. In 2013, an object honoring  NASA administrator James Webb will replace an item named for this man, which takes panoramic "deep field" images of distant galaxies. For 10 points, identify this astronomer, the namesake of an active space telescope.;;(Edwin) (Powell) Hubble
;;Santiago Nasar is stabbed because he slept with Angela Vicario in one work by this author, who titled another novel after a character who is immune to bullets and wants his mother canonized. The death of Juvenal Urbino allows his wife Fermina to pursue Florentino in one of his works,  Love in the Time of Cholera. Another of his novels involves a family whose matriarch fears she will have children with pig's tails and is married to Jose Arcadio Buendia. For 10 points, name this Colombian author of One Hundred Years of Solitude.;;(Gabriel) Garcia Marquez
;;This character kills an evil sturgeon and later slays twelve serpents who guard the sorcerer Pearl-Feather. This character's mother Wenonah was seduced by the West Wind Mudjekeewis (MOOD-jeh-KEY-wiss). His story is told in a trochaic tetrameter (troh-KAY-ic teh-TRAH-muh-turr) inspired by the  Finnish Kalevala (KAH-luh-VAH-luh). After leaving the wigwam of Nokomis (nah-COE-miss), this character marries Minnehaha and meets some newly arrived white priests. For 10 points, name this hero of an epic "song" by Henry Wadsworth Longfellow.;;Hiawatha|(The) (Song) (of) Hiawatha
;;This artist painted Jesus floating above an altar, while doctors of the church and saints like Thomas Aquinas discuss the Eucharist, in one of the Pope's stanzae. That work, The Disputation of the Sacrament, is found in the same building as a work of this painter that shows  Plato holding his Timaeus. He painted Pythagoras, Aristotle, Diogenes, and Heraclitus in one work. Two contemplative putti, or angels, appear at the bottom of his Sistine Madonna. For 10 points, name this Renaissance painter of The School of Athens.;;Raphael|(Raffaello) Sanzio(;)|(Raffaello) Santi
;;This thinker encouraged American intellectuals to be less subservient to politics in his essay "The Responsibility of Intellectuals." He proposed a gap between the exposure of children to language and the rate and depth at which they learn language, which he called "the poverty of the stimulus." This  linguist originated the theory of transformational-generative grammar in Syntactic Structures and composed the meaningless but grammatically correct sentence "colorless green ideas sleep furiously." For 10 points, name this MIT linguist.;;(Noam) Chomsky
;;One game in this series released a downloadable level called "Crash Course" in which the player is stranded by a helicopter crash. This series replaced fixed spawn points with an artificial intelligence system named "The Director." The newest game in this series introduces opponents in hazmat suits and  riot gear. Opponents common to both games in this series include the sound sensitive witches, the long tongued smokers, and the explosive boomer. For 10 points, name this Valve series in which four survivors battle zombies.;;Left 4 Dead
;;One member of this family issued the Edict of Amboise, which declared that heresy was not a political crime. That member urged her son to kill Gaspard de Coligny (co-LIN-yee). This family was opposed by both the Pazzi (POT-see) Conspiracy and the puritanical monk  Savonarola. Its members included Catherine, who orchestrated the St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre as queen mother of Charles IX in France, and its first ruler in Italy, Cosimo. For 10 points, name this dynasty, which briefly lost power in Florence following the death of Lorenzo the Magnificent.;;(de) Medicis
;;These structures are incredibly resistant to water in the "lotus effect." These organs contain a petiole, which connects to the larger organism at the axil. These organs are "succulent," in CAM metabolism. Their structure consists of a  cuticle, an upper epidermis, two layers of mesophyll, and a lower epidermis that contains openings called stomata. Transpiration occurs through these organs, which also contain vascular material like xylem and phloem. For 10 points, name this organ specialized for carrying out photosynthesis, a flat green part of a plant.;;leaf|leaves
;;One character in this novel dreams about putting a small girl to bed and announces that he is "going to America." The main character escapes from a tense situation by ducking into an apartment that some painters were working in, and offends his sister's haughty suitor  Luzhin. After seeing Marmeladov run over by a carriage, this novel's protagonist meets the prostitute Sonia, who follows him to Siberia after he confesses. For 10 points, name this novel in which Raskolnikov murders two pawnbroking women, written by Fyodor Dostoyevsky.;;Crime and Punishment|Prestupleniye i Nakazaniye
;;Some of this deity's servants were slain when the corpse of a skinned horse was thrown at them. This deity is worshipped at a shrine which is torn down and rebuilt every twenty years. That shrine contains the Sacred Mirror, which was an object used to lure this figure out of a cave she had been hiding in. This figure created rice fields and taught people how to cultivate silk. This goddess went into hiding because of the actions of her brother, the storm god Susano'o. For 10 points, name this sun goddess from  Japanese mythology.;;Amaterasu Omikami (award) (15) (points) (even) (after) (for) (10) (points) (has) (been) (read) (if) (it's) (within) (the) (power) (mark)
;;This can be described by Amontons' law, and it is related to viscosity and velocity by the Stribeck curve. It can be measured by a tribometer. For the dry form, a relation discovered by Coulomb can be used. The coefficients of this phenomena can be either for the  kinetic or static cases. It is proportional to the normal force and independent of the area of contact. For 10 points, name this resistive process between moving items that are in physical contact.;;friction
;;A legendary member of these people was invited to Novgorod in 860 CE and founded the Rurikid dynasty. European courts learned about these people after a group of them destroyed the monastery at Lindisfarne. The Varangians were an Eastern branch of these people, who fought using  dragon-headed longships and berserkers. From 985 to 1000, these people explored Newfoundland and Greenland. For 10 points, name these people whose leaders included Leif Eriksson and Erik the Red, who are traditionally depicted wearing horned helmets.;;Vikings (accept) Varangians (until) (Lindisfarne) (is) (read)
;;The Kreutz group of these objects are a family of sun-grazing ones. A fragment of one of these objects is suggested as a cause of the Tunguska event. The debris from outgassing in these objects leads to meteor showers. One of these objects crashed into  Jupiter in 1994. These objects have features such as a pair of tails of dust and of ionized gas, an atmosphere called a "coma," and a nucleus of rock and ice. For 10 points, name these objects, which include Shoemaker-Levy 9, Hale-Bopp, and Halley's.;;comets
;;This state's only national forest is Kisatchie, and its Cane River Park encompasses the towns of Natchitoches. Grand Isle is one of this state's largest barrier islands. This state contains the country's largest swamp, the Atchafalaya Basin, and Lake  Pontchartrain (PON-cha-train) lies north of its largest region, Jefferson. Rather than counties, this state is organized into parishes, and its largest city's Ninth Ward was mostly destroyed when Hurricane Katrina hit. For 10 points, name this state with capital at Baton Rouge.;;Louisiana
;;While his father was attacking Byzantium, this man defeated the Maeci. He served as commander of the left flank at the Battle of Chaeronea, and was responsible for defeating the Sacred Band of Thebes. He occupied Babylon after winning the battle of  Gaugamela. He also won a battle at Issus as part of his war against the Persian king Darius the third. After his death, the Diadochi ruled the Macedonian empire he created. For 10 points, name this son of Philip the Great who created a Hellenistic empire.;;Alexander the Great|Alexander III(;)|Alexander of Macedonia
;;In Orthodoxy, the Theos Kyrios is not sung during the weekdays of this holiday, which is nicknamed the "Days with Alleluia." Judas's spying on Jesus is commemorated on one Wednesday in this holiday, which begins on Clean Monday in Orthodox tradition. This holiday's final two  weeks are known as Passiontide and contain a commemoration of the Last Supper on Holy Thursday. Jesus's time spent resisting temptation in the desert explains the 40 day period of this holiday. For 10 points, name this Christian holiday associated with giving up pleasures.;;Lent
;;Groups which participated in this event included the Communist Tudeh Party. Its leaders were outraged at the Family Protection Act and the White Revolution, and reacted to the activities of the Savak secret police. A forty-day cycle of martyrdom at successive  Shia funeral demonstrations amplified support for this movement, which drove the cancer-ridden Pahlavi ruler into exile in April, 1979. For 10 points, identify this event which brought Ayatollah Khomeini to power and deposed the Shah of a large Middle Eastern country.;;(the) Iranian Revolution|(the) Islamic Revolution(;)|Enqelab(-)e Eslami
;;One of this composer's symphonies opens with the hymn "Veni, Creator Spiritus." This composer set Ruckert poems to songs in a work he wrote after his daughter died of scarlet fever. This man's first symphony contains a dirge-style version of "Frere Jacques." His quasi-symphony contains "Of Youth" and "Of Beauty" and is set to poems by  Li Po. He wrote Songs on the Death of Children and symphonies called "Resurrection" and "Titan." For 10 points, name this Austrian composer of the Song of the Earth and Symphony of a Thousand.;;(Gustav) Mahler
;;One character in this work foresees her own death in a rainfall. In this work, the protagonist's friend refers to his lover as a "cool goddess"; that protagonist is later scolded by Helen Ferguson. Count Greffi shoots billiards with the main character as he evades the authorities at Stresa, and that man's friend Rinaldi introduces him to a woman who gives  birth to a stillborn child near Montreux. The protagonist pursues the nurse Catherine Barkley in, for 10 points, what novel focusing on Frederic Henry's disillusionment with World War I by Ernest Hemingway?.;;(A) Farewell to Arms
;;In one of his operas, King Mark's wife sings the "Liebestod."(LEE-bes-toad). In another of his operas, the title characters include Hans Schwarz and Hans Sachs. He wrote an opera whose title character rescues  Brunnhilde (broon-HIL-da) from a ring of fire. Another of his operas is about a Grail knight and features a "Bridal Chorus." He composed Tristan and Isolde and Lohengrin, along with four operas based on Norse mythology, including The Twilight of the Gods and The Valkyrie. For 10 points, name this composer of the Ring Cycle.;;(Wilhelm) (Richard) Wagner
;;One work by this author sees one character write a song for his wedding anniversary that refers to his wife as "Eva." That work sees an ice age about to hit New Jersey and follows George and Maggie Antrobus. This author wrote of a woman who dies in childbirth in the third act, subsequently coming back to relive her  twelfth birthday, in a work that follows George Gibbs and Emily Webb largely narrated by the Stage Manager, and whose title location is Grover's Corners. For 10 points, name this author of The Skin of Our Teeth and Our Town.;;(Thornton) (Niven) Wilder
;;During this President's time in office, the Treaty of Mortefontaine ended his undeclared war with France, the Quasi-War. During man's administration, the Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions protested his signing of the  Alien and Sedition Acts. The French war grew out of the XYZ Affair, when this man sent three diplomats to France. Before leaving office, this President appointed the "midnight judges," which resulted in the case Marbury v. Madison. For 10 points, name this President who lost in the "Revolution of 1800" to Thomas Jefferson.;;(John) Adams
;;This politician gained the support of the mayor of New Orleans by promising to build a bridge over the Mississippi and an airport. He used the slogan "every man a king" to promote a program limiting personal net worth called  Share Our Wealth, and he was assassinated in 1935 before he could complete his split from Franklin Roosevelt by pursuing the Democratic presidential candidacy. For 10 points, name this Louisiana politician nicknamed "the Kingfish" and fictionalized as Willie Stark in Robert Penn Warren's novel All the King's Men.;;(Huey) Long
;;One work by this painter includes three figures in the left background making their way up stairs as one holds up his hand. Another painting by this man shows a man holding a paper in his left hand while drooping to the right with a  quill pen in his right hand. This painter depicted a man being given a goblet of hemlock and a death in a bathtub without Charlotte Corday shown. For 10 points, name this neoclassical French painter of The Death of Socrates and The Death of Marat, who painted through the French Revolution and for Napoleon.;;(Jacques(-)Louis) David
;;After drinking the blood of one of these creatures, Sigurd gains the ability to understand the language of birds in the Volsung Saga. One of these animals was named Ladon and protected the golden apples of the Hesperides. This creature was called "lung" in China, and a Babylonian one killed by  Marduk was named Tiamat. Fafnir turned himself into one of these animals before being killed for his hoarded gold. For 10 points, name this mythological animal that was often represented as a flying, fire breathing lizard.;;dragons
;;This novelist portrayed the archer Sam Aylward, who befriends Alleyne Edricson before they join the title mercenary company led by Sir Nigel Loring, in The White Company. This author described John Openshaw's persecution by the  Ku Klux Klan in one work and depicts James Mortimer and Sir Henry's fear of an ancient family curse in the form of a giant black dog in another. For 10 points, name this author of "The Five Orange Pips" and the Hound of the Baskervilles who created John H. Watson to narrate the tales of Sherlock Holmes.;;(Sir) (Arthur) (Conan) Doyle
;;One character in this film owns over eighty fast food restaurants and is played by Tim McGraw. Its central character writes a paper titled "White Walls" and decides to write an essay about "The Charge of the Light Brigade" in his quest to get a 2.5 GPA at Wingate Christian School. The protagonist of this film saves  S.J. from a deploying airbag after crashing into a truck. This movie ends with actual footage of the 2009 NFL draft. For 10 points, name this movie starring Sandra Bullock as Leigh Anne Tuhoy and Quinton Aaron as left tackle Michael Oher.;;(The) Blind Side
;;One work by this author includes a Colonel married to a Mummy. The title character of one work by this author left her fiance when he refused to jump over a riding crop. The character who relates that incident cooks a concoction to induce an abortion in a dog. The title character's servant cuts off the head of her pet bird shortly after they agree to start running a  hotel together; that play ends as its title character walks through a door with a razor, planning suicide. For 10 points, name this author of The Ghost Sonata and Miss Julie.;;(Johan) (August) Strindberg
;;Tests for identifying these include the Miller-Rabin test and the AKS test, and they can also be found using the sieve of Eratosthenes (air-a-TOSS-the-nees). The Riemann (REE-mawn) hypothesis has implications regarding their distribution. According to  Goldbach's conjecture, any even number greater than two is the sum of two of them. Euclid famously proved that there are an infinite number of them. For 10 points, name these numbers which are divisible only by one and themselves.;;prime numbers
;;Thomas Graham launched the study of these and did a study of ones involving silicic acid. Components are surrounded by a electric double layer, and their stability is partially indicated by the zeta potential. The hydro types of them are used to dress wounds. They are classified based on their continuous and dispersed  phases. These can appear bluish under certain lighting conditions because of the Tyndall effect. They include foams, aerosols, and emulsions. For 10 points, name these mixtures in between solutions and suspensions, an example of which is milk.;;colloid |colloidal dispersion
;;He maintained a system of missi dominici to keep subordinate rulers from getting too powerful. His primary contemporary biographer listed him as seven feet tall, but his remains reveal that he was only six feet, three inches tall. After conquering the Avars, he started a Drang nach Osten to expand Christianity to the east, and also defeated  Basques near Roncesvalles, an incident described in the Song of Roland. For 10 points, name this Frankish king, son of Pepin the Short, who, in 800 CE, was crowned the first Holy Roman Emperor.;;Charlemagne|Carolus Magnus(;)|Carolus Augustus(;)|Karl der Grosse
;;Two characters in this work discuss whether or not a letter was written by an acquaintance named Bill Tenner. In it, the stable buck Crooks rails against books and is complimented on his horseshoe skills by Slim. Carlson finds his Luger missing after earlier suggesting using it to kill  Candy's sickly old dog. One of the central characters of this novella dreams of a rabbit farm and accidentally kills Curley's wife. For 10 points, name this work which takes its name from a Robert Burns poem, a John Steinbeck novella about George and Lenny.;;Of Mice and Men
;;The third of this man's four orchestral suites contains the "Air on the G string." Christian Petzold composed a minuet in G misattributed to this man as part of the "Notebook for Anna Magdalena." He composed one prelude and fugue in each key for both books of his  Well-Tempered Clavier. He composed a concerto for three violins, violas, and cellos, accompanied by a basso continuo which was one of six dedicated to a margrave. For 10 points, name this Baroque composer of the Brandenburg Concertos and a Toccata and Fugue in D minor for organ.;;(Johann) (Sebastian) Bach
;;In one novel by this author, Vera Gangart cares for the protagonist, who describes his "Perpetual Exile" in Uzbekistan. This author created Oleg Kostoglotov and wrote a novel in which a decree stated that any temperature lower than -41C meant that the title character could  relax. That character worked for Caesar, laughed at the jokes of Latvian Johann Kilgas, and served ten years after being convicted of being a spy. For 10 points, name this Soviet author whose One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich and Gulag Archipelago described gulag life.;;(Aleksandr) (Isayevich) Solzhenitsyn
;;This country's Tsingy de Bemaraha Strict Nature Reserve is one of the best examples of Karst topography in the world. The island of Nosy Mangabe can be found in this country's Antongil Bay. Ethnic groups native to this country include the Sakalava and Merina, who dominated much of it until the arrival of the French. Islands off its coast include Juan de Nova and the Gloriosos, and it is the natural home of  lemurs. For 10 points, name this island country which contains the fourth largest island in the world and is found to the east of Mozambique.;;Madagascar
;;This can be measured on the Allen scale. One method of calculating this quantity defines it as the average of ionization energy and electron affinity. On the periodic table, it increases as one goes up and to the  right, so that cesium has the lowest value for this quantity and fluorine the highest. For 10 points, name this quantity which can also be described by the Mulliken and Pauling scales and describes an atom's ability to attract electrons.;;electronegativity
;;Malfunction of this organ in utero can result in cretinism if it goes untreated after birth. Underactivity of this organ in utero can result in Hashimoto's disease, and  Graves's disease results from hyperactivity of it. This organ stimulates resorption of calcium by producing calcitonin. This organ's namesake peroxidase helps the body use tyrosine to produce its T4 and T3 hormones. Iodine deficiency causes this organ to increase in size. For 10 points, name this endocrine gland which, when enlarged, becomes a goiter.;;thyroid gland
;;One novel by this author includes an aging holy man who seeks "The River of the Arrow." This author wrote a novel about the spoiled railway heir Harvey Cheyne who takes a job with the fishing boat We're Here after falling overboard. This author wrote a poem in which the narrator admits "You're a better man than I am" to a native  water carrier. This author of Captain's Courageous and "Gunga Din" wrote about an orphan's participation in the Great Game in Kim. For 10 points, name this author of The Jungle Book.;;(Rudyard) Kipling
;;Mt. Egmont is a stratovolcano on the west coast of this nation. This nation's largest city lies on the Hauraki Gulf, and this nation's city of Rotorua lies near the Bay of Plenty and is home to the Lady Knox and Pohotu Geysers. The Southern Alps of this nation stretch into the Fiordlands of its west coast. Lake Taupo lies near this nation's  Tongariro volcano and the Cook Strait separates two halves of this nation. For 10 points, name this nation in the Pacific that is home to Auckland and Wellington and is split into North and South islands.;;New Zealand
;;One specialized type of these structures contains lenticels, which allow air to enter at pneumathodes (NOO-muh-thodez). Monocots typically have adventitious ones. The tips of these structures contain the  apical meristem, and the cortex of mature ones contains a Casparian Strip. The main one of these structures is known as the "tap." Nodules in these structures are the site of nitrogen fixation. For 10 points, name these structures that are primarily responsible for absorbing water and nutrients from the soil and anchoring a plant to the ground.;;roots
;;This war paused after the death of Brasidas for the Peace of Nicias. Its losing side was put under the rule of the Thirty Tyrants after Lysander won the Battle of Aegospotami (ey-go-SPAH-toh-mee). The  Sicilian Expedition proved disastrous for one side of this war, during which Cleon rose to power after a plague killed Pericles. It arose over the imperial influence of the Delian League and was chronicled in a namesake "history" by Thucydides (thoo-SID-uh-deez). For 10 points, name this war, in which an alliance led by Athens lost to one led by Sparta.;;(the) Peloponnesian War
;;In one of his stories, Walter casts away his wife and claims to kill her two children, then forces her to plan his wedding to a new woman, only to reveal that he was testing her faith. This author created the characters of Pampinea and Dioneo, who told  stories about the Tedaldo Brothers and Patient Griselda. He created a group of seven women and three men who flee the plague in Florence to a country villa, where they pass the time by telling ten stories. For 10 points, name this Italian who wrote the Decameron.;;(Giovanni) Boccaccio
;;A fire-breathing one was tamed by Jason in his pursuit for the Golden Fleece. Phaethusa and Lampetia watched over these animals on the island of Thrinacia for their father Helios. Several of them were guarded by Eurytion and the two-headed Orthrus, who were defeated by Heracles.  Geryon owned several of these animals, more of which were stolen by Hermes the very night he was born. Poseidon sent one of these animals to mate with Pasiphae in a union that produced the Minotaur. For 10 points, what are these bovine animals tended to in Greek myth by Apollo?.;;cattle|bulls(;)|cows
;;One painting in this style depicts distorted vehicles traveling across the Charing Cross Bridge. Camille Mauclair claimed of this style, "A pot of paint has been flung in the face of the public." One of its leaders was Andre Derain, and this group's works surrounded a sculpture by Albert Marque at the 1905 Salon d'Automne, prompting Louis  Vauxcelles to claim that the sculpture appeared like "Donatello among wild beasts." For 10 points, name this early twentieth-century art movement that emphasized bright, vivid color and was led by Henri Matisse.;;Fauvism|(Les) Fauves
;;This artist frequently used his lover Camille Claudel as a model. He depicted three fused figures looking at the ground in The Three Shades. This man was accused of casting models from life for the extreme accuracy of his  Age of Bronze. This artist also sculpted a group of dejected politicians handing over a key to British forces, and the passionate embrace of Paolo and Francesca. For 10 points, name this French sculptor of The Burghers of Calais and The Kiss, who also sculpted a thoughtful man in The Thinker.;;(Auguste) Rodin
;;A thesis exploring the effect of this institution on society was based on Max Weber's theory of rationalization and described society as a system of "iron cages." That thesis about this institution, by George Ritzer, consisted of four axes: efficiency, calculability, predictability, and control. Benjamin Barber contrasted a type of globalization named for this business with  jihad, and another social critic filmed himself eating here three times a day for a month. For 10 points, name this restaurant, the subject of Morgan Spurlock's Super Size Me.;;McDonald's
;;In plants, stacks of these structures are sometimes referred to as a dictyosome. Lysosomes are created in this structure, and they are named after the man who developed the "black reaction" to stain nervous tissue. They contain flattened disks known as  cisternae and they have two ends known as the cis and trans faces; the cis face typically receive protein vesicles sent from the rough endoplasmic reticulum. For 10 points, name this cell organelle whose main function is to process and package macromolecules.;;Golgi apparatus|Golgi body(;)|Golgi complex(,) (etc)
;;In this book, God describes the Behemoth, a hippopotamus; and the Leviathan, a crocodile. The title character asserts that a Vindicator will prove he is not a blasphemer. Eliphaz, Bildad, and Zophar are friends of the title character. An angel referred to as  Satan in this book is given carte blanche to make the title character's sons die, his land be taken away, and his health deteriorate. For 10 points, name this book of the bible about an Edomite who is so pious that he refuses to curse God no matter what hardships he goes through.;;(The) (Book) (of) Job
;;He's not Jann Wenner, but he founded a magazine called The Rolling Stone in Austin, Texas. One of his title objects is negative two hundred fifty dollars, and he refers to the population of New York in his title The Four Million. His stories include the tale of a  kidnapped young boy and his return, and a young couple who sold their most prized possessions to buy each other's Christmas presents. For 10 points, name this American short-story author of The Ransom of Red Chief and The Gift of the Magi.;;O(.) Henry or(:) (William) (Sydney) Porter
;;The first movement of this work begins with the flute playing the melody B-G sharp-F sharp-E-F sharp-G sharp. Another section of this work, though marked as a mazurka, is said to represent the dance of a young Bedouin woman. A motif beginning with six staccato eighth notes and a staccato quarter note repeats at  increasing tempos in the best-known section of this work; that section represents a troll party and is entitled "In the Hall of the Mountain King." For 10 points, name this suite by Edvard Grieg, used as incidental music for a Henrik Ibsen play.;;Peer Gynt Suite (No(.)) (1)
;;Casey's Theorems deals with the tangents of five of these. Feuerbach's theorem involves the nine-point one. A great one is a straight line in  gnomonic projection. This shape results from the intersection of a cone and a plane perpendicular to the symmetry of the cone. A more common equation for it is x squared plus y squared equals r squared, where r is the radius. For 10 points, name this shape consisting of points that are equidistant from the center, whose circumference is given by 2 pi r.;;circle
;;One author from this country wrote a play in which Zachariah becomes jealous of Morris, who can pass for white. In another book written by an author from this country, the Smales family is forced to hide in their servant's home village; that work,  July's People, was written by Nadine Gordimer. A work in which Sam becomes disenchanted with his young master during preparations for a dance also takes place here. For 10 points, Master Harold and the Boys is one of many works by Athol Fugard that attack what country's racial disparities?.;;South Africa
;;This man led the failed Autumn Harvest Uprising, and he discussed cooperation with the Nationalists in his tract On the New Stage. His designated successor was Hua Guofeng, and he married a future member of the  Gang of Four, the actress Jiang Qing. This man proclaimed the Hundred Flowers campaign and the Great Leap Forward, and returned to power in the Cultural Revolution. For 10 points, name this first chairman of the People's Republic of China.;;Mao Zedong|Mao Tse(-)Tung
;;Its most famous line alludes to, among other texts, John Henry Newman's sermon "Faith and Reason, Contrasted as Habits of Mind." The "grating roar of pebbles" is one of several sounds referred to in the poem, and its fourth stanza mentions the "sea of faith." Sophocles is referred to as hearing these sounds too, and they bring for him and for the poet "the turbid ebb and flow of human misery" For 10 points, name this poem, whose title refers to "a darkling plain where ignorant armies clash by night," by Matthew Arnold.;;Dover Beach
;;This person reported a series of visions including mysterious drops of blood on corn, hieroglyphic writing on leaves, and a spectral man in the sky. Interpreting those visions, he began his plan with the killing of Joseph Travis's family and attempted to capture the Jerusalem armory and flee to the  Great Dismal Swamp. The state militia dispersed his movement after his army killed about sixty white residents of Southampton County. For 10 points, name this leader of the most damaging slave rebellion in American history, which took place in 1831 in Virginia.;;(Nat) Turner
;;The pathogen responsible for this disease can bind the laminin-2-dystroglycan complex, allowing it to attack Schwann cells. One test for disease looks for phenolic glycolipid I antibodies. The symptoms of this disease are determined by whether type one or type two helper T cells dominate the response. This disease can infect only one  animal besides humans, armadillos. For 10 points, name this disease which includes skin lesions, whose sufferers used to be exiled into namesake colonies.;;leprosy|Hansen's disease
;;Rule over this place was secured by the Peace of Caltabellotta, which made it part of the Angevin Empire. A namesake "kingdom" of this place was founded by Robert Guiscard after the Normans expelled the Moors from this island. In classical times, this island was where the  tyrants Hieron and Dionysus ruled; in the Middle Ages, a revolt against the abuses of Charles of Anjou was known as its namesake "Vespers." For 10 points, name this island, which was governed in ancient times from Syracuse and in 1860 was joined politically to the rest of Italy.;;Sicily|Sicilia(;)|(the) (Kingdom) (of) (the) (Two) Sicilies
;;This man captured the city of Lyrnessos, and he disguised himself as a girl in the court of Lycomedes. He had a son by Deidameia named Pyrrhus, and he was enraged when his prize  Briseis was taken from him. Angered by the death of his friend Patroclus, this figure refused funeral rights to and dragged Hector around the gates of Troy after killing him. This figure was the son of Peleus and Thetis. For 10 points, name this Greek hero of The Iliad whose heel was rendered vulnerable after not being dipped in the River Styx.;;Achilles
;;One of this novel's characters romances Princess R. Two characters in this novel spend extended amounts of time at the estate of Madame Odintzoff, whose younger sister Katya the protagonist eventually marries. One character in this novel is a frog-dissecting  doctor who dies after accidentally scratching himself with a scalpel contaminated with typhus. This novel begins when Arkady returns to his provincial home with his nihilist friend. For 10 points, name this novel about two generations of the Kirsanoff and Bazaroff families, by Ivan Turgenev.;;Fathers and Sons|Ottsy i deti
;;An attempt to explain the relative lack of this in the universe is known as the Sakharov conditions for baryogenesis. Neutral kaons mixing via the weak interaction allows kaons to oscillate into this. The existence of this was implied by the  Dirac equation and it is one of the products of pair production. Examples which correspond to fermions have opposite spin and charge. For 10 points, name this material which has some properties which undergoes annihilation when in contact with matter, an example of which is a positron.;;antimatter|antiparticles
;;This artist used a palette knife to create the thick impasto surfaces of paintings such as The House of the Hanged Man. This student of Camille Pissarro painted nudes arranged triangularly against a blue background in The  Bathers. One of his works portrays two men, one in a brown hat and one in a purple hat, engaged in the title game. For 10 points, name this French artist who created many paintings of Mont Sainte-Victoire and painted The Card Players.;;(Paul) Cezanne
;;One island in this nation was home to the mixed-race "signares" (sig-NAR-eez). That island, Goree (GOR-ay) Island, was once the largest slave trading center in Africa. Though this country's official language is French, many inhabitants also speak Wolof. This nation is north of  Guinea-Bissau, and its eastern border is split between Mali and Mauritania. This country's Cap Vert [CAP VARE] peninsula contains the westernmost point in Continental Africa. For 10 points, name this country that has capital at Dakar and completely surrounds the Gambia.;;(Republic) (of) Senegal|(Republique) (du) Senegal
;;This composer wrote an overture to Rosamunde. He composed six "moments musicaux" (MU-si-coh). This man's last symphony was discovered in his brother's house by Robert Schumann, and is now called the Great symphony. He composed a song about a man's son being called to die by an evil elf. His second to last symphony has only a  sketch for a third movement. He composed lieder (LEE-der) like "Gretchen at the Spinning Wheel" and "The Erlking." For 10 points, name this composer who wrote an eighth symphony that is called "The Unfinished Symphony.".;;(Franz) Schubert
;;This man was president during the Clearstream affair and during his country's CPE protests. During his presidency, three Muslim youths were electrocuted in a power substation, leading to massive race riots. He won his second term by defeating the far-right leader of the National Front,  Jean-Marie Le Pen. His UMP party was dealt a blow when his country voted down a treaty that would have created a constitution for Europe. For 10 points, name this man who was succeeded by Nicolas Sarkozy, and who served as France's president from 1995 to 2007.;;(Jacques) (Rene) Chirac
;;This quantity can be expressed in units of Saybolt Universal Seconds. One form of this quantity is the proportionality constant between shear stress and sheer rate; the other form of this quantity is just the first form divided by density. Those forms are the "dynamic" and  "kinematic" types. By Stokes' Law, this quantity is multiplied by six pi, velocity, and diameter to find the drag force on a sphere. It is measured in Poise or Stokes. For 10 points, give this measure of a fluid's resistance to flow.;;viscosity
;;The Linde process, which makes use of Joule-Thomson cooling, is used to produce these. Some experimental nuclear power plants use a salt or metal one, and Kamerlingh Onnes first made a helium one. They can be used in a namesake high performance type of  chromatography. They are the dispersed phase in gels and emulsions. They cannot exist beyond the critical point and they are bypassed by sublimation. For 10 points, name this fluid state of matter.;;liquids
;;One work of this name includes a feather that aroused great controversy. Another work with this title was executed while its creator paused in his Apollo and Daphne, which was then abandoned for months while Bernini undertook projects for the Pope. One work of this title replaced Donatello's sculpture of Judith and Holofernes at the entrance to the  Palazzo Vecchio. Florence's role as an upstart power opposing Milan was symbolized by Michelangelo's statue of, for 10 points, what Biblical king, about to fight Goliath?.;;David
;;One extension of this theorem relates the areas of the faces of a shape in three dimensional space and is called de Gua's Theorem. One proof of this theorem makes use of three squares in a figure sometimes called the bride's chair or windmill. This theorem can be obtained from a reduction of  Heron's Formula. Its namesake "triples" can be calculated from this theorem's relation of leg lengths to the hypotenuse length. For 10 points, name this theorem whose formula is a squared plus b squared equals c squared, and which is used with right triangles.;;Pythagorean Theorem
;;Under the slogan "fifty years of progress in five," this country experienced rapid economic growth during the 1950s rule of Juscelino Kubitschek (JOO-cell-EE-no COO-bit-CHECK). This country's monarchy was overthrown in a coup led by Deodoro da Fonseca, who became its first president. The Great Depression helped this country's longtime dictator  Getulio Vargas take power. In 1822, this country's first emperor, Pedro I, declared its independence from Portugal. For 10 points, name this South American country discovered by Pedro Cabral.;;Brazil|Brasil
;;The title character of one play by this author claims that women are more logical because of their patience in detangling and delousing, while men impatiently wave their shields around. Another of his plays reveals that gnats buzz because of their trumpet-like bodies and sees Strepsiades enroll in the Thinkery. In one play, the women withhold sex from their husbands to end the  Peloponnesian War. This author lampooned public figures like Creon, Socrates, and his fellow playwrights. For 10 points, name this author of The Clouds and Lysistrata.;;Aristophanes
;;This thinker stated that the defining element of a religion is the division of the world into the sacred and the profane. He posited a transition from "mechanical" to "organic" solidarity in one work, and laid out the rules for his field in another. This writer of The  Division of Labor in Society and The Rules of Sociological Method found that Protestants, Scandinavians, and soldiers were more likely to undergo the egoistic or anomic versions of a certain activity. For 10 points, name this French sociologist, who wrote Suicide.;;(mile) Durkheim
;;This author's work about opera singer Emilia Singer and was adopted into an opera by Leo Janacek (YAHN a check). Another sees Captain van Toch discover the title creatures and focuses on Mr. Povondra. Those two works are this author's The Makropulos Affair and  War With the Newts. Another of his plays features Helena Glory and Harry Dormin and sees a rebellion led by a group of automatons. That work created a word for a type of machine. For 10 points, name this Czech author who introduced the word "robot" in his play R.U.R..;;(Karel) Capek
;;This character learns from his daughter, Judith Gardenier, that his wife died when "she broke a blood vessel in a fit of passion." After he spots some men playing ninepins, this man samples the liquor carried by the ghosts of Henry Hudson's men. This character and his dog  Wolf escapes his shrewish wife by walking in the Catskills, but he is confused when he sees a picture of George Washington where George III used to be. For 10 points, name this Washington Irving character who falls asleep for twenty years.;;(Rip) van Winkle|Rip
;;This author wrote a poem about pursuing a creation "with thimbles,forks, and hope." In another work by this author, a story about three sisters who live at the bottom of a well and live off treacle is told by a  dormouse. One of his title characters is accompanied by her cat Dinah while following a white rabbit who is employed by the Queen of Hearts. He created Tweedledee and Tweedledum as well as the Cheshire Cat. For 10 points, name this author of Alice's Adventures in Wonderland .;;(Lewis) Carroll|(Charles) (Lutwidge) Dodgson
;;The title figure in one of his paintings is bent forwards, showing the hand of cards she is playing. In addition to that portrait of Mary Cassatt, he showed a weary-eyed woman looking out over a glass of the title beverage in his  L'Absinthe . He depicted two men in suits and bowler hats examining the title commodity in his New Orleans Cotton Exchange. A man with a violin sits on the left in a painting depicting his most famous subjects. For 10 points, name this French Impressionist painter, noted for his depictions of horses and ballerinas.;;(Edgar) Degas Day(-)GA (accept) (Hilaire(-)Germain(-)Edgar) Degas
;;Misha Gordon witnesses a suicide at the beginning of this work, and that suicide victim's son is friends with Nicky Dudorov. One character in this novel takes on the name Strelnikov, meaning "The Shooter," having been formerly known as  Pasha Antipov. Pasha is married to the woman seduced by Victor Komarovsky. That woman works as a nurse during World War I alongside the title character. Tanya is the daughter of Lara and the title character, Yury, in, for 10 points, what work that prominently features the Russian Revolution by Boris Pasternak.;;Doctor Zhivago
;;In prokaryotes, this process typically begins at the Pribnow Box, where sigma factor 70 binds. This process is inhibited by a repressor protein, which is encoded by the lacI (LACK-"I") gene in the lac operon. In eukaryotes, this process typically begins when TBP binds to the  TATA box, triggering a pre-initiation complex that eventually allows RNA Polymerase to bind. This process has three steps: initiation, elongation, and termination. For 10 points, name this synthesis of mRNA from a DNA template, which is followed by translation.;;transcription
;;This work states that the best type of intelligence can assess a situation for what it is, though the kind that can assess what others understand is good too. It contrasts the mutinous army of Scipio Africanus with the unified, though ethnically diverse, army of Hannibal. This book suggests that fortune, as a  woman, should be held down. It dispenses such advice as to limit generosity and to never rely on mercenaries. It states that being feared is preferable to being loved. For 10 points, name this political treatise written by Machiavelli.;;(The) Prince|(Il) Principe
;;A particle not yet experimentally confirmed that mediates this force would have spin equal to two. This force emerges as a consequence of spacetime  curvature in the theory of general relativity. The nature of this force was investigated in an experiment conducted by Galileo featuring balls rolling down inclines. For 10 points, name this force accounted for in an inverse square law named for Newton.;;gravity
;;One character created by this author is robbed during a flood by his own uncle, and only succeeds in escaping his relatives' tribulations when he gets them addicted to opium. Another of her novels ends when an overjoyed family learns that Western help against the  Japanese is on the way. This author used the title All Men Are Brothers for her translation of The Water Margin and wrote about Ling Tan in Dragon Seed. For 10 points, name this daughter of missionaries who created Lotus Blossom and Wang Lung in The Good Earth.;;(Pearl) (Comfort) (Sydenstricker) Buck|(John) Sedges
;;One of the leaders in this military campaign was impeded by Isaac II Angelus and died of a heart attack after capturing Iconium, the capital of the Sultanate of Rum. This military campaign was preceded by a victory for one side near Tiberias at the  Horns of Hattin. This campaign, led by Philip II of France and Frederick Barbarossa, ended when Richard I signed a treaty with the Kurdish holder of Jerusalem. For 10 points, name this military campaign that was thwarted by Saladin.;;Third Crusade
;;This author of Folklore in the Old Testament described how Nicaraguans abstained from eating chocolate during the harvest in "The Influence of the Sexes on Vegetation," a section of his greatest work, which also has chapters on "Our Debt to the Savage" and "The Corn-Spirit as an Animal." That work examines the relationship between  customs, magic, and religion. For 10 points, name this Scottish anthropologist who wrote about shared folklore in his 1935 work The Golden Bough.;;(James) Frazer
;;One religious sect from this region venerates a figure born from a lotus in the Ocean of Milk, Padmasambhava, who taught the practice of dzogchen. Another sect in this region venerates the 17 Gwalyang Karmapas. Containing the Nyingma, Sakya, Kagyu and Gelug schools, this region has a spiritual leader emanating from Avalokitesvara named  Tenzin Gyatso, who was exiled to India, but was chosen because he was born at the same time that the previous leader died. For 10 points, name this region whose spiritual leader is the Dalai Lama.;;Tibet
;;The formation of this body resulted in the presence of a surprising geochemical mixture of potassium, rare earth elements, and phosphorus called "KREEP." Spacecraft journeying near this body must be wary of mascons, gravitational anomalies associated with its Imbrium  basin. This body is locked in synchronous rotation with the body it orbits. It contains light highlands called terrae and dark plains of hardened lava called maria. For 10 points, name this natural satellite that orbits the Earth.;;(the) (Earth's) moon|Luna
;;In one work by this writer, the main character takes a ship along with a man with dyed hair and rouged cheeks. That main character in a work by him eats overripe strawberries and becomes infatuated with the  Polish boy Tadzio. In a novel by this author, a duel takes place during which Naphta commits suicide after Settembrini will not shoot at him. That work is set in a Swiss sanatorium. Gustav von Aschenbach and Hans Castorp are characters created by, for 10 points, which German author of Death in Venice and The Magic Mountain?.;;(Thomas) Mann
;;One side in this conflict made the controversial decision to transfer gold reserves to the Soviet Union in the "Moscow Gold" scandal. Americans fighting in this war served in the Abraham Lincoln Brigades. This war began with a coup that deposed Second  Republic prime minister Juan Negrin. One side in this conflict was the Fascist Falange, which called in the Condor Legion of the German Luftwaffe to bomb Guernica, a Basque town. For 10 points, name this war that resulted in the formation of a dictatorship led by Francisco Franco.;;(the) Spanish Civil War|(Guerra) Civil de Espana
;;Two versions of one of his works differ in the third movement, which alternately includes a C major peoration or a tranquil "Chorus mysticus." That work's third movement is named for Mephistopheles. This composer of the  Faust Symphony created twelve works that included a study in tremolo entitled "Chasse-Neige" and a work based on a Hugo poem, "Mazeppa." This composer of the Transcendental Etudes also wrote nineteen works based on gypsy melodies. For 10 points, name this composer of the Hungarian Rhapsodies.;;(Franz) (Ritter) (von) Liszt|(Ferencz) Liszt
;;This man's Secretary of State was William Marcy, who suggested that James Buchanan and John Mason should meet with Pierre Soule to discuss purchasing Cuba. He was also president during the passage of the bill that overruled the  Missouri Compromise. Diplomats of this man issued the Ostend Manifesto, and he presided over the passage of the Kansas-Nebraska Act. For 10 points, name this man who served between Fillmore and Buchanan as the fourteenth president of the United States.;;(Franklin) Pierce
;;This man's dog Nevado died at the Battle of Carabobo, and he issued the Decree of War to the Death during his Admirable Campaign. This author of the Letter From Jamaica and The Cartagena (CAR-tuh-HAY-nuh) Manifesto attempted to succeed where Francisco de Miranda had failed. He summoned the Congress of Angostura in an effort to establish  Gran Colombia. This general won the battles of Pichincha and Boyaca for Ecuadorian and Colombian independence. For 10 points, name this great South American liberator.;;(Simon) Bolivar
;;One author from this nation wrote about a starving man who wanders the streets in Hunger. A play set in this country is about the wife of George Tessman, who once was courted by Eilert Lovborg. Another play set in this country is about a woman who forges her father's signature to get the money for  Torvald Helmer to travel. This country is home to the author Knut Hamsun. For 10 points, name this country that is the setting of Hedda Gabler, and a play about Nora, A Doll's House , by Henrik Ibsen.;;(Kingdom) (of) Norway|(Kongeriket) Norge
;;The drug finasteride inhibits this hormone's conversion into a more active metabolite. Oxidation and loss of a methyl group converts this hormone into estradiol, as catalyzed by aromatase. Like follicle-stimulating hormone, Sertoli cells transduce signals from this  hormone, activating genes involved in germ cell differentiation. This anabolic steroid secreted by Leydig cells is part of the androgen family, and it promotes the development of some secondary sex characteristics. For 10 points, name this steroid hormone, secreted primarily by the testes.;;testosterone
;;In one of this writer's novels, Richard Lovatt Somers visits Sydney, Australia. Besides Kangaroo, he wrote about an anarchist blowing up a flute in Aaron's Rod. John Field gives Gertrude a Bible and  Paul has affairs with Miriam Leivers and the suffragette Clara Dawes in this man's novel centered on the Morel family. The adultery between Mellors and Sir Clifford's wife in another of his works led to an obscenity trial in Britain. For 10 points, name this novelist of Sons and Lovers and Lady Chatterley's Lover.;;(David) (Herbert) Lawrence
;;This philosopher worked with Abraham Bosse to create a frontispiece depicting a body composed of hundreds of smaller faces. He rejected Aristotle's claim that man is a political animal in a Latin work written to convince mathematician Marine Mersenne of his views. That work,  De Cive (day KEY-vay), presages his magnum opus, which shows how to avoid the "kingdom of darkness," the "war of all against all," and a life that is "nasty, brutish, and short." For 10 points, name this philosopher who advocated an absolute sovereign in Leviathan.;;(Thomas) Hobbes
;;In 2008, this country's Constitutional Court reversed an attempt by the ruling Justice and Development Party to allow headscarves in universities. Its Republican People's Party boycotted the swearing-in of president Abdullah Gul, who, along with premier  Recep Tayyip Erdogan, has made ending the conflicted status of Cyprus a priority. Gul has also improved relations with Armenia, but has come under fire for introducing Islamist influence into, for 10 points, what officially secular, American-allied country with territory in both Asia and Europe?.;;(Republic) (of) Turkey|Turkiye Cumhuriyeti
;;This man accused Nikolay Bukharin of failing to understand dialectics and rebuked another subordinate for rudeness to his wife Nadezhda Krupskaya in his namesake "testament." He wrote the strategic "April Theses" and a theoretical work on the causes of war,  Imperialism, the Highest Stage of Capitalism. This man arrived on a "sealed train" to resume his fight against a faction led by Julius Martov, the Mensheviks. He later implemented both "War Communism" and the New Economic Policy. For 10 points, name this first leader of the Soviet Union.;;(Vladimir) (Ilich) Lenin|(Vladimir) (Ilich) Ulyanov
;;One play by this author sees a character dress up as an abbot's attendant only to be mistaken for Peter Damian. He also wrote a play in which a child drowns in a fountain and a boy shoots himself. That play begins at a rehearsal which is swiftly interrupted, to the  Manager's consternation, by the title figures, of whom only Madame Pace is named. For 10 points, name this Fascist-supporting Italian author of Enrico IV and Six Characters in Search of an Author.;;(Luigi) Pirandello
;;This artist framed one of his works between eight slanted Blue Poles. Such works as Moon-Woman Cuts the Circle reflected the influence of Native American sandpainting on this artist, who worked on Full Fathom Five with his wife Lee Krasner. This artist was fond of laying out large  canvases on the floor and then moving around chaotically to lay down paint, which reflects the appearance of his Number 5, 1948 and his Lavender Mist. For 10 points, name this abstract expressionist nicknamed "Jack the Dripper.".;;(Paul) (Jackson) Pollock
;;This controversy manifested at the funeral of president Felix Faure. This incident included the suicide of Hubert Joseph Henry, who admitted to a forgery at the center of this case. The controversy surrounding this event was intensified when Georges Picquart found evidence that  Ferdinand Walsin-Esterhazy was engaged in espionage. The central figure in this case was sent to Devil's Island in 1895. For 10 points, name this incident in which the namesake Jewish military officer was falsely accused of selling French military secrets to Germany.;;Dreyfus Affair
;;An unusually low number of these particles emitted from the sun led to the discovery that they can undergo oscillation among their muon, electron, and tau flavors, and they were first proposed by Wolfgang  Pauli in order to conserve mass and momentum in beta decay. Detection of these particles can function as an early warning system for the occurance of a supernova, and they are detected at the Super-Kamiokande and Sudbury observatories. For 10 points, name this particle, once thought to be massless, that easily passes through matter.;;neutrino
;;This thinker devised two "perceiving functions," sensation and intuition, and two "judging functions," thinking and feeling. This author of  Psychological Types claimed that humans share a body of unconscious motifs. His book Psychology of the Unconscious introduced his concept of the libido that caused a rift with Sigmund Freud. He coined the terms "archetype," "introvert," and "extrovert." For 10 points, name this Swiss psychologist who theorized the "collective unconscious.".;;(Carl) (Gustav) Jung
;;This man went to Hyperborea to catch an animal sacred to Artemis. Iolaus (EYE-oh-lay-us) held the heads of one creature that this man slew, and he wore another as a  pelt after clubbing it to death. This slayer of the Nemean Lion and the Hydra diverted a river to clean the stables of King Augeus and fed Diomedes to his own flesh-eating mares. As penance for killing his wife and sons in a rage, this figure performed twelve tasks. For 10 points, name this Greek hero, the paragon of masculinity.;;Heracles|Hercules
;;This composer was inspired by a dance form to write the "Dumky" piano trio. His visit to Spillville, Iowa, inspired his "American" String quartet. The closing theme in the first movement of this man's 9th symphony was derived from the  spiritual "Swing Low, Sweet Chariot." This man used the sousedska, furiant, and skochna forms in his Slavonic Dances. For 10 points, name this Czech composer of the New World Symphony.;;(Antonin) Dvorak duh(-)VOR(-)zhak
;;One poem by this writer commands "take the wings of morning, pierce the Barcan wilderness." That poem by this man tells the reader not to be "like the quarry-slave at night, scourged to his dungeon" after describing how "the long train of ages glides away." Another poem by this writer describes a figure "darkly painted on the crimson sky." A power in that poem teaches the title  animal "along that pathless coast" and "will lead my steps aright." For 10 points, name this American writer of a poem about death called "Thanatopsis" as well as "To a Waterfowl.".;;(William) (Cullen) Bryant
;;Viete's formula for two over pi uses the iterated composition of this operation. The Bhaskara-Brouncker algorithm and the Babylonian method compute this operation. Newton's method applied to the formula "x squared plus c" finds this  function for c. The geometric mean of a and b is this operation applied to a times b. When this operation is applied to negative one, the result is i. For 10 points, name this operation on a number n, that returns the number m such that m squared is n.;;square root
;;One author from this country wrote a poem praying for Romelio Ureta to be allowed in the presence of God. That poem is from the collection Desolacion. Another poet from this country wrote a poem celebrating a gift from Maru Mori, "Ode to My Socks." That man from this country wrote the epic poem  Canto General. Esteban Trueba's estate is the central location of the novel House of Spirits, a work from this country. For 10 points, name this South American country, the home of Gabriela Mistral, Pablo Neruda, and Isabel Allende.;;Chile
;;This composer wrote a solo piano suite as a memorial to Francois Couperin (coo-per-EH). His other works for solo piano include Pavane for a Dead Princess and a work based on three poems by Aloysius Bertrand, Gaspard de la Nuit (NWEE). As well as creating an orchestral arrangement of  Mussorgsky's Pictures at an Exhibition, he wrote a piece based on a repeated ostinato rhythm played on the snare drums. For 10 points, name this composer of Bolero.;;(Joseph(-)Maurice) Ravel
;;The Orpo was subsumed into this organization when it took control of the police forces. The Helferinnen Corps consisted of women volunteering for this organization, which included Arthur Seyss-Inquart and Amon Goth in its  Austrian division. ODESSA was a post-war plan to help out former members of this organization. After winning a power struggle in the Night of the Long Knives, this organization came to prominence under Heinrich Himmler. For 10 points, name this elite political unit that formulated and carried out the Final Solution.;;SS|Schutzstaffel
;;This country is home to a resort at Sharm el-Sheikh, and one of its other coastal cities is Port Said (sigh-EED). It runs along the southwest border of the Gaza strip. A dam in this nation forces statues at Abu Simbel to be moved, and  Karnak is one archaeology site in this nation. Lake Nasser is formed by the Aswan High Dam in this country, which owns the Sinai Peninsula. The Suez canal was built in this country. For 10 points, name this country with capital at Cairo that is home to the Great pyramids at Giza.;;(Arab) (Republic) (of) Egypt|(Jumhuriyat) Misr al(-)Arabiyah
;;One ship commanded by this navy was originally called the Enrica and was built secretly in Liverpool. This navy employed James Waddell, who captured a large number of whaling vessels in the Bering Sea. It unsuccessfully experimented with a submarine called the Pioneer but found some success with the  Hunley. This navy largely consisted of small speedy ships that could thwart the Anaconda Plan. For 10 points, name this navy which fought the battle of Hampton Roads against the USS Monitor.;;Confederate States (Navy)|(the) CSA Navy
;;A two-foot strip was removed from this painting's left side, resulting in the loss of three figures. Its right side includes a large drum, and a halberd points at the viewer from right to left. A mustached man in the back of this work holds a  yellow-and-blue flag. It was informally rechristened after the dirt and varnish that led to its most common name was removed. For 10 points, name this group portrait of the Amsterdam civic guards, by Rembrandt.;;(The) Night Watch|(The) Company of Captain Frans Banning Cocq and (Lieutenant) (Willem) (van) (Ruytenhurch)
;;Important proteins in this organelle include UGGT, protein disulfide isomerase, and calnexin. Cells in muscles contain a modified form of this organelle that stores calcium. A retention signal for this organelle is KDEL, and, in this organelle, initial N-glycosylation is performed. This organelle plays a critical role in the  folding of some proteins and thus the signal recognition particle targets growing polypeptides and the attached ribosome to this organelle. For 10 points, name this organelle that comes in rough and smooth forms.;;endoplasmic reticulum|ER
;;One character in this novel tries to befriend a family of cottagers including Felix De Lacey and Safie. Another character, Justine, is executed after a necklace placed on her body is used as evidence that she killed a boy. Other characters who die include  Elizabeth Lavenza and Henry Clerval, the title character's best friend. Those characters are both killed by the creation of the titular doctor. For 10 points, name this novel by Mary Shelley.;;Frankenstein(;) (or(,)) (The) (Modern) (Prometheus)
;;In one interview, this person noted that cybernetics became a social science in the Soviet Union while it evolved into systems theory in the United States. This person's fieldwork with Gregory Bateson led to a photographic study of Balinese Character. Her best-known work was attacked by  Derek Freeman, who claimed that many of the natives she interviewed lied to her about their adolescent experiences. For 10 points, name this author of Coming of Age in Samoa, a leading American anthropologist.;;(Margaret) Mead
;;This group carried six hundred doses of a laxative known as Dr. Rush's Bilious Pills. John Shields and John Colter were charged with mutiny against this group while it was briefly led by John Ordway. This group constructed Fort Mandan and wintered at Fort  Clatsop. One member of this group was married to Toussaint Charbonneau and helped obtain horses from a chieftain of the Shoshone. Notable members of this group included the slave York and the interpreter Sacagawea. For 10 points, name this party which explored the extent of the Louisiana Purchase.;;Lewis and Clark Expedition|Corps of Discovery
;;One of this author's protagonists dies when following his student Tito on a swim after leaving Castalia. The protagonist of another novel by this author learns the ways of wealth from Kamaswami and the ways of love from  Kamala, who dies when she is bitten by a snake. In another novel by this author, the saxophonist Pablo shows The Magic Theatre to the protagonist. This author of The Glass Bead Game wrote about a character who finds peace with a ferryman in Siddhartha. For 10 points, name this German author of Steppenwolf.;;(Hermann) Hesse
;;The Uzkok pirates harassed this polity throughout the 17th century. Earlier, its forces lost Famagusta to Lala Mustafa, and this city allied with Matthias Corvinus to defeat Mehmet the Conqueror. This city was subsumed by Austria in the Treaty of Campo Formio and instituted the  "Marriage of the Sea" ceremony. It had earlier allied with the Lombards and expanded to the Rialto. Lodovico Manin surrendered to Napoleon as the last doge of, for 10 points, what waterlogged city in modern-day Italy?.;;(The) (Republic) (of) Venice
;;The differential cross-section of particles undergoing one type of this process at the lowest order is given by the Klein-Nishina formula. This process happens to particles in the Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation that move through hot gas, resulting in the  Sunyaev-Zeldovich (SOON-yuh-eev ZELL-doe-vich) effect. The Compton form of this process is inelastic, while the Raman form of it is elastic. The Rayleigh form of it partially explains why the sky is blue. For 10 points, name this physical process in which radiation deviates from a straight path.;;scattering
;;One ritual in this belief system includes the use of a clay govi to help a person's spiritual self return to Ginen (GWEE-nen). That ritual is called the "desounen" and involves a person's gwobonanj (GWOH-boh-nahnj) and not the tibonanj (TEE-boh-nahnj). The priests in this system are called either  houngan or mambo, depending on gender. Its chief god is Bondye (BOHND-yay). Other deities in this religion are called loa (LOW-uh) and include Samedi and Legba. For 10 points, name this syncretic religion, often associated with Haiti and a certain kind of doll.;;voodoo|vodun
;;In one of this man's poems, the speaker asks Garcia Lorca what he is "doing down by the watermelons" and observes Walt Whitman "poking among the meats in the refrigerator." This poet of "A Supermarket in California" and "Sunflower Sutra" wrote a work that begins "Strange now to think of you, gone without corsets and eyes" called  Kaddish. His most famous poem represents industrialized America with the god Moloch and describes "angel headed hipsters." For 10 points, name this American beat poet most famous for Howl.;;(Irving) (Allen) Ginsburg
;;This leader was targeted by Colonel Bastien Thiry (BASS-tea-EN THEER-ree), of the OAS. He wrote the Army of the Future and later saw his ideas about mechanized warfare used by an enemy which broke through the Ardennes (ARE-den) Forest. As president, he unilaterally withdrew his country from  NATO command and came to power a second time after the dissolution of the Fourth Republic, though he is best known for first coming to power after Operation Overlord and the fall of Vichy. For 10 points, name this leader of the Free French in World War II.;;(Charles) (Andre) (Joseph) (Marie) de Gaulle day (GALL)
;;One character in this book, Frank Drummer, is driven insane by attempting to memorize the Encyclopedia Britannica. A dentist in this book declares that "a moral truth is a hollow tooth / Which must be propped with gold." This book includes characters like Anne Rutledge, Voltaire Johnson, and Daisy Fraser, the prostitute of the title  location. It consists of two hundred and forty-four posthumous dramatic monologues spoken by characters in the title town's cemetery. For 10 points, name this poetry collection by Edgar Lee Masters.;;Spoon River Anthology
;;Walter Kaufmann offered a "reinterpretation" of this thinker, whose works inspired an Alexander Kojeve book about "reading" him. This man claimed that the title concept progressed westward from Asia to Europe, bypassing Africa, in his Lectures on the Philosophy of History. He wrote the first volume of a planned "System of Science," which claims that all power relationships can be boiled down to the  dialectic. For 10 points, name this German idealist who wrote works like the Philosophy of Right and The Phenomenology of Spirit.;;(Georg) (Wilhelm) (Friedrich) Hegel
;;The addition of this compound to alkenes creates a Crigee intermediate that then resolves to two carbonyls. This compound forms a dark blue liquid and possesses a foul odor. In contrast to the other common allotrope of its constituent element, this substance is diamagnetic and contains one double and one single bond. The  photochemical reactions of this compound with CFCs deplete it, diminishing its ability to prevent harmful ultraviolet rays from reaching the lower atmosphere. For 10 points, name this compound with formula O3.;;ozone
;;The Rogue River originates in this state's portion of the Siskiyou Mountains. The Wallowa Mountains lie in the eastern part of this state, near Hells Canyon. Multnomah Falls lies near a river in this state that runs through The Dalles and the Bonneville Dam. Mount  Hood is a glacier-covered stratovolcano in this state, and its cities of Eugene and Salem lie in the Willamette Valley. For 10 points, name this state that is home to Portland and is separated from Washington by the Columbia River.;;Oregon
;;In this country, the author Jose Rizal was exiled and then executed over fears that he had begun an independence league. A revolution in this country was led by the Katipunans, and one of their leaders was assisted by American admiral George  Dewey. This home country of Emilio Aguinaldo was led by dictator Ferdinand Marcos until his election fraud prompted him to flee the country, allowing Corazon Aquino to become president here. For 10 points, name this Pacific island nation which was colonized by Spain before temporarily becoming a U.S. territory.;;(The) Philippines
;;One man with this surname tells a parable in which Christ's Second Coming occurs in Seville. Another man with this surname is mentored by a monk named Father  Zossima. A third man with this surname spurns Katerina for orgies with Grushenka. That man with this surname is convicted of murdering his father, a crime actually carried out by Smerdyakov. This is the last name of Fyodor, whose three sons are Dmitri, Ivan, and Alyosha. For 10 points, name this surname shared by the title "brothers" of a Fyodor Dostoevsky novel.;;Karamazov
;;This element, which Humphry Davy isolated by running current through the molten form of its hydroxide, produces the D-line of the Fraunhofer lines. It was formerly manufactured by the Castner process, and currently a cell with a carbon anode and iron cathode, the Downs cell, is used to manufacture it.  Baking soda is the bicarbonate of this element, which burns yellow in a flame test. For 10 points, name this element whose chloride is consumed as table salt, symbolized Na.;;sodium|Na
;;Jonathan Swift threatened to forbid singers to take part in its premiere, as it was considered profane and subversive. Originally performed in three parts, much of its Charles Jennens-penned libretto comes from the Old Testament. This piece includes the choral section  "For Unto Us a Child is Born" and a section during which it is customary to stand. For 10 points, name this oratorio often performed during Advent, telling the prophecies and story of Jesus Christ, which includes the "Hallelujah" chorus, by George Frederick Handel.;;Messiah
;;Studying this phylum outside of Paris inspired Jean-Baptiste Lamarck's theory of evolution of acquired traits. The anatomy of this phylum contains a dorsal body wall that can excrete a calcium carbonate protective layer. In addition to a "mantle," all organisms in this phylum contain a structure that facilitates motility, called a  "foot." The "bivalve" organisms of this phylum typically excrete shells. For 10 points, name this largest marine animal phylum that contains classes of gastropods and cephalopods, and whose members include squids and clams.;;mollusca|molluscs
;;In 2008, the organization that coordinates this practice in the U.S. was the target of complaints by former board member Donna Leubke, who said that nearly a third of the clients in the organization's records are ineligible. Portugal, Belgium, and Norway have adopted the "presumed consent" model for this practice, while the U.S. remains  opt-in. In parts of India, it is done on a for-profit basis. UNOS is the American agency which coordinates, for 10 points, what procedure, using an objective-criteria waiting list to determine who receives a heart or liver?.;;organ donation|organ transplanting|(other) (similar) (answers)
;;Lieutenant Kermit Tyler found the first signs of this incident while observing the radar at Ft. Shafter. It was called Plan Z by the aggressors, and it was supposed to be carried out after reading a "14 part message." After this incident, Jeanette Rankin was the only congressman to vote against  declaring war. In it, the U.S.S. Arizona was destroyed, and the Oklahoma and California were also ships that sunk. For 10 points, name this "Day that will live in infamy," a Japanese attack on a Hawiian naval base.;;(the) (Japanese) (attack) (on) Pearl Harbor accept (the) (bombing) (of) Pearl Harbor|(any) (reasonable) (answer) (mentioning) Pearl Harbor
;;This man painted "people who are trying to set up an aristocracy of birth in a Republic" in front of Leutze's picture of Washington Crossing the Delaware. A man draws back a curtain to reveal a man holding a tree and a boy with an axe in this man's  Parson Weems' Fable. He once claimed that all his best ideas came while milking cows, and he started a failed regionalist art colony in Stone City, Iowa. For 10 points, name this American artist who depicted his dentist and his wife as a farming couple in American Gothic.;;(Grant) Wood
;;This woman founded a lobbyist committee that successfully led the charge against the Comstock Law. Her column in the New York Call was called "What Every Girl Should Know," and her husband was jailed for illegally distributing her pamphlet  Family Limitations. She claimed that her life was transformed after, while working as a nurse on the Lower East Side of New York, witnessing one of her patients die from a self-induced abortion. For 10 points, name this founder of Planned Parenthood and mother of the birth control movement.;;(Margaret) (Louise) Sanger|(Margaret) (Louise) Higgins
;;In this nation, the Red Brigades kidnapped then murdered a former Christian Democrat Prime Minister. Francesco Crispi resigned as premier of this nation after the Ethiopians defeated its forces at the battle of Adowa. The  Blackshirts marched on the capital of this nation; earlier, its creation under Victor Emmanuel I was supported by the Redshirts. This nation signed the Lateran Treaty to help create the Vatican when fascists ruled it. For 10 points, name this country led by Benito Mussolini, whose independence was fought for by Guiseppe Garibaldi.;;Italy|Italian Republic(;)|Italia(;)|Repubblica Italiana
;;This author created an antagonist who boasts "Sometimes I go about and poison wells." Another of this author's characters turns invisible in order to punch the Pope in the face, and is forcibly dragged to hell after selling his  soul for 24 years. This author caused blank verse to become the standard form of Elizabethan drama with his play Tamburlaine. Shylock is often compared to this author's villanous Jew Barabbas. For 10 points, name this sixteenth century English author of The Jew of Malta and Doctor Faustus.;;(Christopher) Marlowe
;;A cancer of this tissue is the namesake of a tumor suppressor that binds to E2F. One of its boundaries is the ora serrata, and has both inner and outer plexiform layers. It is home to bipolar and amacrine cells. Unlike surrounding tissue, it develops from the brain. Structures in it include the  macula and fovea. This tissue is home to cones and rods. For 10 points, name this tissue of the eye that converts light into neural impulses whose blood vessels can be scanned to help identify a person.;;retina
;;This man composed his first violin concerto for Pablo de Sarasate, for whom he also composed the Introduction and Rondo cappricioso. This composer's third symphony was dedicated to Liszt and featured an instrument mastered by Widor and Guilmant. He wrote a slowed-down version of Offenbach's "Can-Can" music in one work. This composer of an  Organ Symphony and Danse Macabre (ma-CAWB) also musically depicted "Fossils," "Tortoises," and "The Elephant." For 10 points, name this French composer who wrote the Carnival of the Animals.;;(Camille) Saint(-)Saens|(Charles(-)Camille) Saint(-)Saens
;;Joule's first law relates this quantity to heat, time, and current squared, and an unknown value for this quantity can be calculated given three known values using a Wheatstone bridge. It is the inverse of conductance, and in AC circuits, this quantity, together with  reactance, gives the impedance. This quantity is equal to potential difference divided by current, according to Ohm's Law. For 10 points, name this quantity, the measure of an object's ability to oppose the flow of a current.;;(electrical) resistance
;;This figure was born after his father assumed the guide of Gorlois, infiltrated Tintagel Castle, and impregnated Ygraine. This figure died of wounds inflicted at the Battle of Camlann, and was then brought to the island of  Avalon. This son of Uther Pendragon was fatally betrayed by Mordred. He acquired his sword from the Lady of the Lake. For 10 points, name this husband of Guinivere, who ruled the.;;(King) Arthur
;;This man coined a term for the mechanism by which the state controls the life of its people, a mechanism he called "biopower." He described the separation of a patient's body from the patient's identity as the "medical gaze." This author of The Birth of the Clinic wrote the three-volume History of  Sexuality. This philosopher discussed Bentham's panopticon prison in another work. For 10 points, name this French philosopher who wrote Discipline and Punish.;;(Michel) Foucault FOO(-)koh
;;The Lawson criterion describes the conditions necessary for this to occur, and q values describe its efficiency. It can occur via inertial confinement or via a stellarator, which are more advanced than  tokamaks. Examples of this process include the CNO cycle and the proton-proton chain. In the late eighties claims of a "cold" version of this surfaced. This process powers stars. For 10 points, name this process by which two nuclei come together to make a new nucleus.;;(nuclear) fusion
;;This region lies south of the Kunlun Mountains. In 2006, a railway was completed linking the capital of this region to Golmud and Xining (SHIN-ing). Mt. Kailash lies in the western part of this region, and the Yarlung  Tsangpo River cuts a deep canyon through this region before becoming the Brahmaputra. Jokhang Temple and Potala Palace are found in this region's capital. For 10 points, name this plateau region with a capital at Lhasa that is bordered to the south by the Himalayas.;;Tibet|Xizang
;;She referred to herself as Miss Quack, Quack, Quack, and she was the main character of a play by Frences Goodrich and Albert Hackett. She lives with the dentist Mr. Dussel and a cat named Mouchi. Her sister Margot helps her bake with her mother Edith. This author wrote  "Despite everything, I believe that people are really good at heart." She begins to fall in love with Pieter Van Daan, but her writings to "Kitty" abruptly end when the Nazis discovered her and other Jews in the "Secret Annex." For 10 points, name this author of Diary of a Young Girl.;;(Anne) Frank|(Annalies) (Marie) Frank
;;This treaty gave the silver-rich Kionga Triangle in modern day Tanzania to Portugal. Anger over the fate of Shandong in this treaty led to the May 4th movement in China. The British delegation here was known as the "heavenly twins," as it was shared by Cunliffe and Sumner. Its 231st article was known as the War  Guilt Clause, and this treaty was rejected by the US Senate under the isolationist leadership of Henry Cabot Lodge. For 10 points, name this treaty which forced heavy reparations on Germany and was named after a French palace.;;(Treaty) (of) Versailles
;;The protagonist of this work is discovered to be masquerading as a girl when he cannot thread a needle. A production of The Royal Nonesuch is put on by the Duke and the Dauphin in this novel, who accompany the protagonist after he escapes a feud between the  Grangerfords and the Shepardsons. The protagonist of this novel flees to Jackson's Island after faking his own death and escaping from his abusive father Pap. For 10 points, name this Mark Twain novel in which the title character runs away with the slave Jim.;;(The) (Adventures) (of) Huckleberry Finn
;;One clause in this document deals with the removal of fish weirs, while two later clauses abolish much of existing forest law. Edward Coke wrote that this document "is such a fellow, that he will have no sovereign." Much of this work reiterated the earlier Charter of  Liberties. Its "security clause" led directly to the First Barons' War. This document codified habeas corpus and called for a Great Council. For 10 points, name this document signed at Runnymede by King John, whose name is Latin for "Great Charter.".;;(The) Magna Carta
;;One work by this author concerns "an old man in a dry month" who is "being read to by a boy." This author of "Gerontion" included a character who promises to "show you fear in a handful of dust" in another poem. Another poem by this author is a monologue by a character who has  "measured out my life with coffee spoons" and asks "Do I dare disturb the universe?" For 10 points, name this author of "The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock" who included sections like "A Game of Chess" in his "The Wasteland.".;;(Thomas) (Stearns) Eliot
;;This philosopher was criticized by Raymond Aron for the attempted union he tried to make in his essay "Search for a Method." That essay of this thinker served as an introduction to a work continuing on a mold set by Kant, this philosopher's Critique of Dialectical Reason. This man coined a term for a form of  fakeness and self-deception called "bad faith." In one work, this thinker contrasted the being-for-others, for-itself, and in-itself. For 10 points, name this philosopher who wrote Being and Nothingness, who was a French existentialist.;;(Jean(-)Paul) (Charles) (Aymard) Sartre
;;This politician ran in one election with John Kern as his running mate and using the slogan "Shall the People Rule?" This man resigned from one post over Woodrow Wilson's perceived warmongering following the Lusitania sinking. He was questioned by  Clarence Darrow in the Scopes Monkey trial. This man ran on a platform of a sixteen to one silver ratio and in one speech declared "you shall not crucify mankind upon a cross of gold." For 10 points, name this populist orator and bimetallism proponent who lost elections in 1896 and 1900.;;(William) (Jennings) Bryan
;;This man coined the term "peak experiences," which are moments of instense satisfaction. He outlined his theory in the book Towards a Psychology of Being, which is representative of his humanist psychological practices. In his major theory, once a person meets his  physiological, security, belonging, and esteem needs, then it may be possible for him to achieve self-actualization. For 10 points, name this psychologist who developed the "hierarchy of needs.".;;(Abraham) Maslow
;;One politician with this surname is the namesake of a two-state plan that involves Arab and Jewish population transfers; that person is the current foreign minister of Israel and leads a party of Soviet emigrants, Yisrael Beitenu. In addition to Israeli politician  Avigdor, this is also the last name of an American who leads the Homeland Security and Government Affairs Committee in the Senate and lost to Ned Lamont in a 2006 primary. For 10 points, give this surname of one of the two independents in the Senate, Connecticut ex-Democrat Joe.;;Lieberman
;;This author accompanied one of his plays with "The Revolutionist's Handbook and Pocket Companion," which was supposedly written by John Tanner. That play includes John Tanner having a dream of "Don Juan in  Hell." Another play by this author features a bet with colonel Pickering that a linguist could make a cockney flower girl speak so well that she could pass off as a duchess. He authored a play about Eliza Doolittle and Henry Higgins. For 10 points, name this author of Man and Superman and Pygmalion.;;(George) (Bernard) Shaw
;;This artist depicted a red bindle sitting at the foot of a barstool, as a child is examined by a policeman, in his painting The Runaway. His The Problem We All Live With shows Ruby Bridges desegregating a New Orleans elementary school. A poster of a white-haired woman praying, a family sitting down to a  turkey dinner, a couple putting their children to bed, and a man at a town hall collects his series The Four Freedoms. For 10 points, name this painter, whose Saturday Evening Post covers made him an icon of mid-1900s Americana.;;(Norman) Rockwell
;;In this work, Pishchik evades financial problems by leasing property rich in clay. One character in this work took a five year exile after the drowning death of her son Grischa. A subplot in this work involves Simeon's unrequited love for Dunyasha. In this work, the "eternal student" Trofimov stresses the importance of work as the salvation of Russia. At the end of this work, the servant  Firs lies on a sofa as the sound of an ax is heard in the background. For 10 points, name this Anton Chekhov play in which Lopakhin buys Madame Ranevsky's title estate.;;(The) Cherry Orchard
;;The "modal" type of this field was developed by C.I. Lewis. The axiomatic predicate type of this field was created in the work of Gottlob Frege. Frege's work in this field led him to develop  set theory, which led to Bertrand Russell's conclusion that a set that contains all possible sets cannot exist, because it cannot contain itself. Ludwig Wittgenstein's Tractatus is named for philosophy and this field. This field deals with deductive and inductive reasoning. For 10 points, name this field of reasoning that can be undermined by "fallacies.".;;(mathematical) logic
;;Carlo Silvestri put up a strong case for the innocence of this political enemy during the Matteotti crisis. This man had Antonio Gramsci jailed and boosted the readership of Avanti! fivefold. This man signed the "Pact of Steel" with one ally and concluded the  Lateran Treaty with the Holy See. He and his mistress were executed at Lake Como while fleeing to Switzerland, which ensued after his nation was invaded in 1943. The leader of the "March on Rome," for 10 points, name this Italian fascist dictator during World War II.;;(Benito) (Amilcare) (Andrea) Mussolini
;;In one myth, this figure tries to kill a giant using a large stick, but instead has to carve his way out of the giant's belly. In multiple myths, this figure's son is the first death. This figure is sometimes known as the "Old Man," and in some myths created man by kicking a ball of mud. Several stories about this figure are likewise attributed to  Raven. For 10 points, name this trickster figure of several Native American mythological systems.;;Coyote
;;One of this composer's symphonies features themes representing a husband, wife, and child and was written to represent a day in his family's life. This author of the Domestic Symphony wrote a tone poem where a horn and clarinet represent the title character, who mocks the clergy until he is  beheaded. Another of this man's tone poems was based on a Nietzsche work and has a memorable fanfare to represent sunrise. For 10 points, name this Romantic era German composer of Till Eulenspiegel's Merry Pranks and Also sprach Zarathustra.;;(Richard) Strauss
;;An important division of these idenfities those that are primitive recursive. Transcendental ones are not expressible in a finite number of simple operations. Famous ones include those of Lame (lah-MAY) and  Bessel. Currying refers to reducing their arguments. They can be surjective and injective. These relations are partial if some items in the domain don't map into the codomain. For 10 points, name this mathematical object that for a given input x has an output y.;;function
;;One work written in this country is about a trickster who is placed under a mountain for 500 years. That character, a monkey, accompanies the priest Tripitaka on a pilgrimage in The  Journey to the West, a novel written in this country. One woman from this country searches for her missing daughters until she immigrates to California and founds a mah-jongg circle. One author from this country wrote Soul Mountain and is named Gao Xinjian. For 10 points, name this country, which is home to Suyuan Woo in Amy Tan's The Joy Luck Club.;;China
;;This scientist proposed that enzymes stabilize the transition state complex. While sick and in bed, this man worked out the existence of alpha helices. This man's namesake rules describe the structure of ionic crystalsm and he proposed the concept of  resonance in molecules. Along with three colleagues, he discovered that sickle cell anemia was caused by altered hemoglobin. This advocate of Vitamin C megadoses also proposed the idea of hybrid orbitals. For 10 points, name this only winner of both the Chemistry and Peace Nobels.;;(Linus) (Carl) Pauling
;;In one poem, this author compares one phenomenon's appearance on "winter afternoons" to "the weight of cathedral tunes." In another poem, this author wrote "I'm  nobody, who are you?" This author of a poem about a "certain slant of light" described a "blue, uncertain, stumbling buzz, between the light and me" in her poem "I heard a fly buzz when I died." This poet was known for extensive use of slant rhyme in such works as "Because I could not stop for Death." For 10 points, name this reclusive American poet nicknamed the Belle of Amherst.;;(Emily) Dickinson
;;In 2002 the BBC attempted to replicate this experiment on television. This experiment is said to have ended due to a fight between its principal investigator and his then-girlfriend Christina Maslach, who described the transformation of a "really nice guy" into "John Wayne." Half the participants in this study were given  khaki uniforms and silver-reflecting sunglasses styled upon those from Cool Hand Luke. For 10 points, name this experiment in which Philip Zimbardo served as superintendent of a simulated jail on the namesake college campus.;;Stanford Prison Experiment|SPE
;;This author wrote about a party held by Meatball Mulligan in the short story "Entropy," which appears in his collection Slow Learner. A muted post horn is the symbol of the Trystero corporation in a novel by this author about  Oedipa Maas. He also wrote a novel beginning "A screaming comes across the sky" dealing with the construction of German V-2 rockets and centering on Tyrone Slothrop. For 10 points, name this author of The Crying of Lot 49 and Gravity's Rainbow.;;(Thomas) (Ruggles) Pynchon(,) (Jr(.))