;;This state is home to the Roaring Fork River, which flows past the town of Woody Creek, where Hunter S. Thompson painted a large middle finger on the roof of a barn to greet air travelers arriving at nearby Aspen. National parks in this state include Great Sand Dunes and the Anasazi site at Mesa Verde, and suburbs of this state's capital include Cherry Creek and Aurora. this state features a large university in its city of Boulder, a city located along the Front Range, a major mountain range in this state. For 10 points, name this state home to a large portion of the Rocky Mountains, with capital at Denver.;;Colorado
;;The square of this quantity equals eight-thirds pi times the gravitational constant times the critical density, and the Friedmann equation relates the square of this quantity to the density, curvature and cosmological constant. The namesake of this physical quantity also names a sequence typically illustrated using a tuning-fork classification diagram centered on lenticular galaxies. This quantity appears in a law describing a namesake flow that refers to the non-peculiar motions of galaxies, and it is proportional to one over the age of the Universe.  Its value was calculated by its namesake using the Cepheid period-luminosity relationship to obtain distances, which were then paired with redshift measurements.  For 10 points, name this quantity relating galaxy distances and recession velocities due to cosmic expansion.;;Hubble (parameter)|(constant)
;;One character in this novel meets another while reading Samuel Johnson's Rasselas, and that character later dies of tuberculosis. That friend of the protagonist, Helen Burns, is punished by Miss Scatcherd at an institution run by Mr. Brocklehurst. The protagonist is sent from Gateshead House to that institution, Lowood School, by Mrs. Reed. After leaving Lowood School, the protagonist becomes a governess at Thornfield Hall, which is later destroyed in a fire by Bertha Mason. For 10 points, name this novel in which the title character marries Edward Rochester, written by Charlotte Bronte.;;Jane Eyre
;;Along with Charles Eames, this man designed the 9th of Arts and Architecture's Case Study houses. For the Knoll Company, he designed the Tulip chair, and the University of Chicago's law school building was designed by this man. Aaron Copland's "Canticle of Freedom" was composed for the dedication of a concert hall designed by this architect, and another building by this architect was the first of its kind to feature baggage carousels. Those buildings, the Kresge Auditorium at MIT and the TWA Flight Center at JFK airport, exemplify the thin-shell roofs used in his designs. For 10 points, identify this Finnish architect who designed the Gateway Arch in Saint Louis.;;(Eero) Saarinen
;;One of this type of reaction uses a lanthanoid chloride to convert a ketone to an alcohol and is named for Luche. Barium sulfate or DIBAL is used in another reaction of this type, which converts acid chlorides to aldehydes, while another uses a oxazaborolidine  catalyst. Besides the Rosenmund and CBS ones, other reactions of this type include one that forms 1,4 cyclohexadienes, and another has a modification named for Huang Minlon and converts a ketone to an alkane that has a counterpart named for Clemmensen. For 10 points, name this type of organic reaction exemplified by the Birch and Wolff-Kishner varieties, which is the opposite of oxidation and involves a gain of hydrogen or electrons.;;reduction
;;This novel begins at the Engakuji temple, where the protagonist is served tea in a black bowl that once belonged to his father. One character in this novel bears a large hairy birthmark that disgusts the protagonist, and that character attempts to arrange a marriage between the protagonist and Yukiko Inamura. That character, Chikako, drives Mrs. Ota to suicide following the death of the protagonist's father, her former lover. For 10 points, name this novel that depicts aspects of the tea ceremony and centers on Kikuji Mitani, written by Yasunari Kawabata.;;Thousand Cranes|Senbazuru
;;A plan to prevent this man from taking office was known as Track 1. His economic policy was outlined in the Vuskovic Plan, which included a computer network known as Project Cybersyn. He was a member of the Popular Unity coalition, and defeated Jorge Allesandri to win his highest office. His country was the first on its continent to recognize Cuba, and he "committed suicide" in La Moneda after giving a speech that was broadcast on radio. For 10 points, name this president of Chile, who was overthrown in a U.S.-backed coup by Augusto Pinochet.;;(Salvador) Allende
;;During his time as a gardener, Sargon of Akkad was a lover of this figure and this figure's sister-in-law gathered jewels in her bosom, named Belili. In some myths, this deity had a beard and carried a bow and arrow, and in another a parody of this diety called Saltu was created from fingernail dirt. Antum was left behind by Anu when he spent most of his time in this figure's temple. In Assyria, this goddess was believed to assist in choosing the king, and a temple to this goddess existed at Uruk. This figure has to pass through a series of gates, removing an article clothig each time and fights Ereshkigal in an attempt to retrieve her lover from the underworld. For 10 points, name this fertility goddess and lover of Tammuz, who sent the bull of heaven to attack Gilgamesh.;;Ishtar
;;This work hangs opposite a similar one, in which an angel pokes a feather at the subject lying on the floor, whose outstretched right wrist is grasped by the left arm of the young man standing over him. One of three works by its painter in the Contarelli Chapel of the San Luigi dei Francesi, the left side of this work features a man in a red shirt and an older man with a fur-lined coat and glasses, who don't pay attention to the main action. A boy in a feathered cap rests his right arm on the shoulder of the subject, who points at himself in amazement. A window at the top of this work is covered up, and the light comes from a mysterious source at the top right, which does not light up St. Peter and Jesus, whose limp right hand points at the title figure, a tax collector. For 10 points, name this painting in which Jesus informs one of his disciples that he must join him, a work of Caravaggio.;;(The) Calling of St(.) Matthew
;;The "sacred road" played an important role in this operation, and Charles Mangin led a major counteroffensive at this battle, while a key role at this battle was played by the 3rd Corps under Robert Nivelle. A 21-hour bombardment preceded the main engagement of this battle, during which Emile Driant held out against his opponent's Fifth Army despite being outnumbered 5 to 1. This battle was preceded by one side's capture of Fort Douaumont, and the fighting in this battle took place mostly on and around the banks of the Meuse River. This engagement was part of Erich von Falkenhayn's strategy to "bleed France white," and it saw Phillippe Petain's marshalling of the defense. For 10 points, identify this battle of World War I which begain in February of 1916 and which ultimately saw France successfully defend its namesake fortress.;;(Battle) (of) Verdun
;;In the first chapter of this novel, the protagonist is blackmailed into giving two marks to Franz Kromer. That protagonist stops drinking with Alfons Beck after becoming infatuated with a woman he dubs Beatrice, and he studies under the organist Pistorius. An image of a bird fighting its way out of an egg represents Abraxas, a "godhead" possessing attributes of good and evil. The title character, whose mother is Frau Eva, provides the protagonist a reinterpretation of the story of Cain and Abel. For 10 points, name this novel about Emil Sinclair's spiritual development, written by Hermann Hesse.;;Demian
;;This enzyme requires a protein from the AAA+ family for activation, and in bacteria exists as a multimer with 16 long chains and 8 short chains. It is allosterically regulated by CA1P and free phosphate groups. This enzyme requires magnesium to form an activated carbamate, and in some organisms this enzyme is sequestered in bundle sheath cells, with PEP carboxylase being used in mesophyll cells to transfer products to it. This enzyme transfers a single carbon to ribulose bisphosphate, but can react with oxygen in a side reaction called photorespiration. For 10 points, name this most abundant protein on earth, which catalyzes carbon fixation in the first step of the Calvin cycle.;;RuBisCO|Ribulose(-)1(,)5(-)bisphosphate carboxylase oxygenase
;;Stafford Cripps served as the chancelour of the exchequer in this man's government, which also included the former general secretary of the TUC as foreign minister. Hugh Dalton attempted to have him replaced by that foreign minister, Ernest Bevin, and his government enacted many of the recommendations of the Beveridge Report, including the creation of the National Health Service. He named Mountbatten Viceroy of India, and he resigned after his party won the 1951 election by 5 seats. For 10 points, name this Labour prime minister of the United Kingdom, who both followed and was succeeded by Winston Churchill.;;(Clement) Attlee(,) (1st) (Earl) (Attlee)
;;One character in this novel repeatedly demands a ham as recompense for her promised Thanksgiving turkey. That character, Miss Trixie, works at Levy Pants with the protagonist, a man who fears Greyhound buses. After he is fired from Levy Pants for leading a "Crusade for Moorish Dignity," he begins selling hot dogs in the French Quarter, where he helps plot a homosexual-led coup with Dorian Greene. After the protagonist accidentally releases Darlene's bird, Lana Lee is arrested by Mancuso for running an illegal pornography business, and the protagonist is able to escape from commitment to Charity Hospital with the aid of a character he calls "the minx." For 10 points, identify this novel in which Myrna Minkoff pursues Ignatius Reilly, a work by John Kennedy Toole.;;(A) Confederacy of Dunces
;;Under steady conditions, the Lamb surfaces coincide with surfaces on which the function named for this equation is constant.  In general, this equation relates the Eulerian time derivative of the velocity to the gradient of its namesake function and the cross product of the velocity and vorticity.  Pitot tubes apply this result to calculate the velocity from measurements of the stagnation and static pressures in a flow.  It can be derived by integrating Euler's equation along a streamline, and it is equivalent to energy conservation.  For 10 points, name this equation that implies that any change in flow speed must be accompanied by a corresponding change in pressure or potential energy.;;Bernoulli's (Principle)|(equation)
;;Some avoid wearing articles of clothing made from leather on this holiday, and worshippers lightly beat their chests during one prayer said on this holiday. In addition to including a recitation of the Al Het prayer, a kittel is often worn on this holiday, and sex is forbidden on this holiday. This holiday ends with the Neilah prayer service, and it begins with the Kol Nidre prayer, which includes a request for permission to pray with those who have transgressed. For 10 points, name this Jewish day of atonement, which involves a day-long fast and is the namesake of a 1973 war between Egypt and Israel.;;Yom Kippur
;;This man wrote the introduction to Ludwig Binswanger's Dream and Existence, and he stated that "there was no epistemological consciousness of man" prior to the classical age in one work. In another, unfinished work, he used studies of so-called "perverts" illustrate his concept of "biopower," and those works are titled The Order of Things and The History of Sexuality, respectively. Other works by this man criticize the work of the Tuke brothers and extend Bentham's concept of the Panopticon to the entirety of contemporary society. For 10 points, name this post-structuralist, author of Madness and Civilization and Discipline and Punish.;;(Michel) Foucault
;;Jevgenija Lisicina authored a transcription of these works for organ, and one of these works depicts air "shrouded with a black cloak." These pieces were selected from their composer's Test of Harmony and Invention, and the second of them depicts a swarm of flies and hornets in one section. The accompanying sonnet for the third piece in this collection states that "the turtledove and the goldfinch are heard singing." One piece in this collection features a "two-pronged" theme, and the second movement of the fourth piece in this collection includes a pizzicato section that is intended to evoke the sound of raindrops. For 10 points, identify this collection of violin concerti by Antonio Vivaldi.;;(The) Four Seasons
;;The 90,000 species in this clade are traditionally divided into the paraphyletic class Adenophorea and the more natural class Secernentea. Free-living members can be found in moist soil and in decomposing organic matter on lake and ocean bottoms, where they play an important role in decomposition and nutrient cycling. This clade also includes parasitic members such as Ascaris lumbricoides, which infect over 1.5 billion people, and Trichinella spiralis, the causative agent of trichinosis. For 10 points, identify this pseudocoelomate worm phylum whose most famous member is, the hermaphroditic model organism with exactly 959 somatic cells, Caenorhabditis elegans.;;Nematoda
;;This man's first violin concerto is in A minor and ends with a "burlesque" movement, while his tenth symphony features the "Elmira" theme in honor of a student with whom he fell in love. This composer wrote a ballet about a soccer team called The Age of Gold, and many of his works use a motif based on his own name. He also wrote a Festive Overture, and both of his cello concertos were written for and premiered by Mstislav Rostopovich. His seventh symphony contains an "invasion theme" representing a Nazi march, and a choral symphony by this man includes text from a Yevtushenko poem memorializing massacred Jews. For 10 points, name this Russian composer of "Babi Yar" and "Leningrad" symphonies.;;(Dmitri) Shostakovich
;;One of this man's Supreme Court appointees authored the majority opinion on the case United States v Wong Kim Ark, which ruled that children born in the U.S. are automatically citizens. One law signed by this president was written by Dorman Eaton, and this man employed Robert Todd Lincoln as his Secretary of War, and Frederick Frelinghuysen as his Secretary of State. Another of this man's laws was expanded by the Geary Act and the Scott Act and made modifications to the Burlingame Treaty.  For ten points, name this political child of Roscoe Conklin who passed the Pendleton Civil Service Act and was sworn in after Charles Guiteau assassinated his predecessor, James Garfield.;;(Chester) (Alan) Arthur
;;One of this author's characters is freed by Sabrina from a chair owned by a man who offers the Lady his magical cup. Another of his characters rejects the art of Athens and is whisked away to the top of a Temple after denying himself a pleasureful banquet. One of this man's poems mentions where "Diva spreads her wizard stream," and that poem urges "melt with Ruth," and concerns a man who "drown'd in his Passage from Chester on the Irish Seas." Another of this poet's works states "They also Serve those who Stand and Wait," and begins "When I consider how my light is spent." For ten points, name this author who memoralized Edward King in his Lycidas who wrote about "justifying the ways of God to man" in his Paradise Lost.;;(John) Milton
;;In one episode of this show, one of the main characters gets bubonic plague after opening a letter with a giant swak on it. Another episode of it tries to track down Pin-Pin Pula. One of the former recurring characters on it is an arms dealer named La Grenouille, whose daughter Jean Benoit was the target of an undercover assignment. One character on it killed off a person named Michael Rivkin, while another frequently drinks Caf-pow. Featuring such characters as Medical Assistant Jimmy Palmer and Director Leon Vance, much of the show's humor is from Timothy McGee and Tony Dinozzo.  For ten points, name this show featuring Leroy Gibbs, a crime procedural which investigates military crimes involving the Navy.;;NCIS
;;This philosopher was called a "parcel of atoms jumbled together by chance," in a work that attacked him, Dialogues of the Living and the Dead. As a response to Defence of True Liberty from Antecedent and Extrinsecall Necessity, this man published a work that sided with the leader of the English Arminians, Archbishop William Laud. One of this philosopher's works discusses a Confederacy of Deceivers, and caused debate with John Bramhall. In addition to writing about The Kingdom of Darkness in the fourth part of that work, this philosopher labels aristocracy, democracy and monarchy as three types of commonwealth, in which the latter is the most desirable, because life is a war of all against all. For ten points, name this pessimistic philosopher that labeled life as solitary, poor, short, nasty and brutish, the English author of Leviathan.;;(Thomas) Hobbes
;;One member of this group was able to give his nephew the Castle of St. Angelo and the title Duke of Spoleto, and as pope exonerated Joan of Arc posthumously, even though he excommunicated Halley's Comet. In addition to the member of this group that became Callixtus III, another member of it became the third general of the Jesuits and was made the 4th Duke of Gandia. Another member of this family clashed with Pandolfo Malatesta at Rimini, and fought with the Orsinis in Rome before being killed at Viana. Its most notable member had Girolamo Savonarola executed, and established a Line of Demarcation with his Treaty of Tordesillas. For ten points, name this family of Italian politicians which included Alexander VI, a corrupt group that included Lucrezia and Cesare.;;Borgia
;;One line of this work describes people who "plunged themselves under meat trucks looking for an egg," while another line describes a man who "ran through the icy streets obsessed with a sudden flash of alchemy." One place in this work is described as a place where "you imitate the shade of my mother," and where "you've murdered 12 secretaries."  The final lines of this poem describe a "cottage in the Western night," while another part describes images like "Solitude! Filth! Ugliness! Ashcans and Unobtainable Dollars!" Featuring repeated references to Moloch, it repeatedly features the line "I am with you in Rockland," and is dedicated to Carl Solomon. Written by the author of "A Supermarket in California" and "Kaddish," for ten points, name this poem that begins "I saw the best minds of my generation destroyed by madness," written by Allen Ginsberg.;;Howl
;;These particles have a namesake cosmic background with a temperature of about 1.9 K, and in the early universe decoupling between these particles and baryonic matter occurred after the weak interaction rate was slower than the expansion rate. The Homestake experiment was used to show they are capable of changing their flavor, which can be described using the MNS matrix. Their existence was hypothesized as means to preserve conservation of mass in beta decay. Tanks of a cadmium chloride solution and photomultiplier tubes were used to detect them by Cowan and Reins. IceCube and Super-Kamiokande are modern apparatus used to study, for 10 points, these neutral elementary particles that carry energy away from annihilation reactions, that rarely interact with normal matter.;;neutrinos
;;This man modeled another artist's Nymph and Bittern for his depiction of a wood sculptor, William Rush and His Model, and an illuminated boxer waves to the crowd after a victory in his Salutat. A woman in a carriage holds a red parasol in this artist's Fairman Rogers Four-in-Hand. Several nude boys jump off a rock in his The Swimming Hole, and he depicted his childhood friend rowing down the Schuylkill River in Max Schmitt in a Single Scull. In another of his works, which also hangs in the Philadelphia Museum of Art, students at Jefferson Medical College perform surgery under the title doctor. For 10 points, name this American painter of The Gross Clinic.;;(Thomas) Eakins
;;One figure in this country's history ran for election with Pablo Ceto after he commanded a coalition of four guerilla groups under the name of Gaspar Ilom. Jorge Serrano Ilias of this nation failed to dissolve its legislative body, and he was succeded by Ramon de Lia Carpio. The Operations Kufire and Kugown affected this country, which had the longest civil war in Latin American history. This country's president Manuel Jose Estrada Cabrera laid the groundwork for the United Fruit Company to take over its mail system. A military operation supported by John Dulles, Operation PBSUCCESS, was a plan to install Castillo Armas as a leader of this nation. For ten points, Jacobo Arbenz was a leader of this nation, overthrown by a CIA-orchestrated coup in 1954.;;Guatamela
;;One of this man's poems mentions a man "who climbs, alone on the mountains of primal grief," and that poem mentions "the Cradle, the Way, the Burning Book, the Doll, the Window." In another poem he invokes the "Days of Tobias," and Gaspara Stampa. Franz Kapus was the subject of a series of 10 prose works by this author, who wrote fictionalized himself as Malte Laurids Brigge. This man's works include Letters to a Young Poet, and nine of his poems are inspired by a structure owned by Maria von Thurn and Taxis, while another of his works are dedicated to Vera Knoop and named for a musician who plays the Lyre. This author wrote the line "Who if I cried out would hear me among the angelic orders?" For ten points, name this author of Sonnets to Orpheus and the Duino Elegies.;;(Rainer) (Maria) Rilke
;;The Cogam Alam is a sacred symbol to this country's leader, who lives in the State Palace, and whose official title is Yang di-Pertuan Agong. This country's National mosque lies nearby its Heroes Mausoleum, and it was designed by the Public Works Department. The Bukit Nanas is a rainforest that can be found in the capital city of this nation. This country's capital sits at the confluence of the Klang and the Gombak rivers, and it is in this country's state of Selangor. That capital features a suspension bridge designed by Cesar Pelli, and the country of Indonesia is separated from it by the Strait of Malacca. For ten points, name this country that is the namesake of a peninsula, whose capital is Kuala Lumpur.;;Malaysia
;;The temporum felicitas was a phrase used to describe the birth of this figure's twin sons. He personally directed the Romans in fighting off the Costoboci and the quadi from Oderzo. His early career saw him able to enter the salii of Mars without fulfilling the requirement of two living parents, and he was made prefect of Rome during the Feriae Latinae. Although he fought against the Parthian Empire and the Marcomanni, this man was faced with a revolt instigated by the governor of Syria Avidius Cassius, and this husband of Faustina died at Vindobona. This co-ruler with Lucius Verus produced the son Commodus and succeeded Antoninus Pius. For ten points, name this last of the Five Good Emperors, who authored the tract Meditations.;;Marcus Aurelius (Antoninus) (Augustus)
;;Vinyl ones are used to create 7-substituted indoles in the Bartoli synthesis, while its reacted with triethyl orthoformate in an aldehyde synthesis. Aryl ones undergo nucleophilic aromatic substitutions in the synthesis of Naproxen, and they eliminate in the Boord olefin synthesis. They form imines when reacted with nitriles, and two equivalents of them add to esters to form tertiary alcohols. Alkylithium reagents are more nucleophilic than these reagents, which are usually synthesized in either diethyl ether or THF from alkyl halides. They most often add to aldehydes and  ketones to create primary or secondary alcohols, respectively. For 10 points, name these organometallic reagents that contain magnesium.;;Grignard (reagents)
;;In one scene from this book, a character's grave is spat on by a gargoyle during a torrential rain, and that character was loved by a man who attended the Budmouth Races around the time she died. One character in this novel purchases a marble tombstone for his paramour and her child before being presumed drowned. That character returns to his wife's Christmas party, only to be blasted away with a shotgun. Another character in this novel suffers when a dog drives off his sheep over a cliff, while another character causes Fanny Robin to become pregnant. That character, Sergeant Troy competes with William Boldwood for the protagonist. With a title derived from a Thomas Gray poem, for ten points name this Thomas Hardy novel about Gabriel Oak and Bathsheba Everdene.;;Far From the Madding Crowd
;;This architect's designs include an Esso gas station and Mexico City's Bacardi Building. Two staircases lead up to the entrance of his Crown Hall, one of the buildings he designed for the Illinois Institute of Technology campus. Furniture he designed includes the Barcelona chair and table set and the cantilevered Brno chair, which was first created for this man's Tugendhat House. This architect, who helped design a building that sits across from the Lever House and typifies the International Style, coined the adage "less is more." For 10 points, name this architect who designed the Farnsworth House and the Seagram Building with Philip Johnson, the last chairman of the Bauhaus.;;(Ludwig) (Mies) van der Rohe
;;Clifford Geertz cites this group's custom of rubbing the genitals of intersexed animals on the tails of female goats as their "common sense". W.W. Hill studied their treatment of hermaphrodites and Nancy Bloomberg analyzed their art. Ha'taalii conduct their religious ceremonies and their language is in the Western subgroup of the South Athabaskan language, along with Western Apache and the Chiricahua-Mescalero subgroups. Mount Taylor is one of the four mountains sacred to these people, who participate in a rite known as "The Blessing Way". They raise a breed of sheep named for them and the Churro, whose wool is used to make namesake rugs. For ten points, name these peoples who believe that they originate from Dinetah, a Native American tribe of the four Corners.;;Navajo
;;The Delphic oracle once told a city in Asia Minor to get three children of Ino in order to facilitate the worship of this diety. One of this deity's loves was a youth killed by a rampaging bull because it was stung by a gadfly; that youth was Ampelos. One of his powers would be nullified in the river Pactolus, and that story involves saving a satyr named Silenus. Acetes of Maeonia was not harmed by this god, after this god turned a bunch of sailors who had previously tried to sell him into slavery into dolphins. Sometimes equated the with the Roman god Liber, he dies off every winter only to be reborn and is the son of Semele. For ten points, name this Greek god of wine..;;Dionysus|Bacchus
;;This man's later works include novels in verse like Cavender's House, and his tributes to other authors include one in which the title character "puts the compromising chart /of hell before your eyes." Besides "Zola," he told one figure to "go to the western gate," and depicted an aging wife who attempts to hold onto her meaningless marriage in "Eros Turannos." In addition to the aforementioned "Luke Havergal," one of his title characters "missed the mediaeval grace / of iron clothing" while another was "a gentleman from sole to crown" looked at by all the people on the pavement. For ten points, name this American poet who authored "Miniver Cheevy" and wrote about a man who put a bullet through his head, "Richard Cory.".;;(Edwin) (Arlington) Robinson
;;A man with a white beard gestures toward a green parrot in this painting, next to a monkey with a long tongue who shakes hands with a baby. The word "STOP" is faintly visible on a red sign, and on the right side of this painting three men unfurl a red banner while three other men sit on a barrel. The central figure is framed by two tilted mirrors, while at the left an X-ray of a human skull is visible. A hand emerges from a pipe grasping an orb in front of the central figure, who is surrounded by four wing-like projections in front of a turning gear. FTP, name this mural whose original version was destroyed for its portrayal of Lenin, painted by Diego Rivera.;;Man at the Crossroads
;;A woman in a bar in this game jokes that "I call this one humpty, and this one dumpty," much to the chagrin of a character who goes on a mental journey while spending a night in his home castle. This game features a train which serves free food even though its passengers are all dead, and General Leo dies during a skirmish in Thamasa. A castle with the ability to tunnel through the ground is the capital of Figaro, ruled by Edgar. Emperor Gestahl seeks to gain control of the Warring Triad, but he is betrayed by his court mage, which results in the world's continents getting split apart. FTP, name this Final Fantasy game in which Terra, Celes, and others seek espers in their battle against Kefka.;;Final Fantasy VI (Final) (Fantasy) (not) (required) (once) (that) (phrase) (is) (read)
;;This man became head of a special committee which impeached the Earl of Oxford and Viscount Bolingbroke, who had been responsible for sending this man to the Tower of London. He grew unpopular when he pardoned John Porteous, and Robert Jacomb had earlier saved this man from financial disaster. He reluctantly declared war on Spain to start the War of Jenkins' Ear. He also brought down the Peerage Bill, but rose to his most famous position due to his handling of the South Sea Bubble as First Lord of the Treasury, which led George II to make him leader of the House of Commons. For ten points, name this first prime minister of the United Kingdom.;;(Robert) Walpole(,) (1st) (Earl) (of) (Orford)
;;He sold the killer of Iphitus into slavery, and one of his sons, the founder of bucolic poetry, was blinded for his infidelity to Nomia. By Eupolemeia, he fathered a son with perfect memory, the Argonauts' herald Aethalides. Apollo sent this figure to learn divination from the Thriae in exchange for a pipe. Another of his sons stole the cattle of Eurytus, while this figure himself made the first lyre using gut from Apollo's stolen cattle. This father of Daphnis and Autolycus put an end to Io's guardian, whose features were later placed on the peacock. FTP, name this slayer of Argus and wielder of the caduceus, the Greek messenger god.;;Hermes
;;One skirmish in this conflict saw Henry C. Pate surrender after a fight near Robert Pearson's farmhouse, and the first outbreak of this conflict occurred when Samuel Jones led a mob which burned down the home of Charles Robinson. In addition to the Battle of Blackjack, another incident perpetrated by Charles Hamilton was dubbed the "Marais du Cygne" massacre by a poet, and this conflict also saw five settlers killed at the Pottawatomie Massacre. It was touched off by the passage of the Lecompton Constitution, while in Congress it led to the caning of Charles Sumner by Preston Brooks. FTP, identify this conflict which saw fighting between Border ruffians and free-soilers including John Brown, a prelude to the Civil War in a namesake Midwestern territory.;;Bleeding Kansas
;;Marvin Harris referred to this man's ideas as "historical-particularism," and one of this man's students authored The New World Negro. This teacher of Melville Herskovits established the International Journal of American Linguistics, and his articles on the Spanish Civil War were collected posthumously in Race and Democratic Society. Other works include Race, Language and Culture as well as Primitive Art, and another work is a collection of lectures at the Lowell Institute which argues that culture does not depend on any independent variables. Also the mentor of Edward Sapir, Margaret Mead, and a host of others, for ten points, name this author of The Mind of Primitive Man and so-called "father of American anthropology.".;;(Franz) Boas
;;PBZ is an inhibitor of these compounds, which have been shown to trigger the activation of proteins like SYL1 in Arabidopsis. Receptors of these compounds bind to SCF protein complexes which in turn cause the destruction of DELLA proteins. They are synthesized from ent-kaurene and these diterpentinoid acids are commonly sprayed on seedless grapes to increase size. They also trigger the end of bud dormancy and the germination of seeds. Divided into GA, GB, and GC, for ten points, name these plant hormones which were discovered by E. Kurosawa as the source of "foolish seedling disease" and like auxins contribute to stem elongation.;;Gibberellins
;;One character in this work sings of betrayal by a cruel maid and asks to be buried in a cypress, and another character plans to hide at the Elephant in order to avoid being captured, but is dragged off to prison while spouting insults at the man to whom he loaned his purse. Another character attempts to decode the acronym M.O.A.I., and a pun-loving jester, sometimes called Feste, alters his voice to pass himself off as Sir Topas. Malvolio is duped into thinking that his employer is in love with him, while in fact that employer has fallen for a page calling himself Cesario. Opening with "If music be the food of life, play on," FTP, identify this Shakespeare comedy in which Viola dresses up as a man while Orsino woos Olivia.;;Twelfth Night
;;In Daniel Barenboim's 1991 recording of this opera, a group of well-dressed families brings televisions onto the stage at the end of the third act. One character refuses to partake in a blood oath because, he claims, his blood would spoil the drink, and he later sings "Hier sitz ich zur Wacht" while brooding on his evil plans. Waltraute informs her sister that their father has sunk into a catatonic state and piled logs around his home. Gutrune gives the male lead a potion to make him fall in love with her, but Hagen later reverses it in order to reclaim his father's treasure. FTP, Brunnhilde joins Siegfried on the funeral pyre to give the Rhinemaidens their gold back in what final opera from Wagner's Ring cycle?.;;Gotterdammerung|Twilight of the Gods
;;In this novel, a dog dies when an artery bursts as it tries to catch up to the family car. The protagonist is injured by Fat Perce and Glandy Keith while flirting with a champion swimmer, and a filmmaker keeps his idiot daughter Toxy confined in a former palace. The narrator crashes into a group of language protesters while trying to impress Evelyn Burns by riding a bike. He soon discovers that he is telepathic due to his enormous snot-filled nose, and in an earlier episode Aadam Aziz is forced to examine a patient through a 7-inch hole in a sheet. FTP, name this novel in which Saleem Sinai is one of the 1,001 title characters born in India's first hour of independence, by Salman Rushdie.;;Midnight's Children
;;One algorithm named for him was developed by Stuart and Donald Geman and generates a sequence of samples from a joint probability distribution. The large oscillations in partial sums of Fourier series near jump discontinuities are known as his effect. One early paper by him described "Graphical Methods in the Thermodynamics of Fluids." He is the first namesake of an equation which describes changes in chemical potential along with Duhem, and another expression relates the degrees of freedom of a system to the number of components and phases present, his phase rule. For ten points, identify this American chemist who also names a quantity equal to delta H minus T delta S, his free energy.;;(Josiah) (Willard) Gibbs
;;Dante Gabriel Rosetti described how this man "stayed the knout's red-ravening fangs." His reign saw the introduction of the markka currency after he reestablished the Diet of Finland, and this man appointed Pyotr Shubalov as head of his secret police. In addition to establishing local assemblies called zemstvos, he passed an army statute implemented by Dmitry Milyutin which provided military training for all young men. He gave broad powers to his interior minister Mikhail Loris-Melikhov, whose namesake constitution was still being planned when the terrorist group People's Will assassinated this man. FTP, name this Russian czar who emancipated the serfs.;;Alexander II
;;As a child, this novel's protagonist requested that a senator show him a family baptismal bowl, and another character gives endless lectures on how love is the cause of sufferings. The protagonist recalls how a childhood friend once lent him a pencil, and in one scene he dreams up a paradise while stranded outside in a storm. The nickname Rhadamanthus is applied to Director Behrens, and the protagonist falls for Clavdia even though she slams doors. Leo Naphta partakes in philosophical debates with his rival Settembrini, while this novel's central character originally comes to Switzerland to visit his cousin Joachim. FTP, identify this novel about Hans Castorp's seven-year stay in a sanatorium, by Thomas Mann.;;(The) Magic Mountain|(Die) Zauberberg
;;This man discussed a science of the human character which he dubbed "ethology," and one of his works critiques Henry Mansel's take on his master's view of the Absolute. Besides an Examination of Hamilton's Philosophy, One work by him posits four methods of induction and claims that deduction in general provides no new knowledge, while another work states that an individual's freedom can only be restrained in the interest of self-protection. Besides A System of Logic, he also authored The Subjection of Women, and another of his works defines happiness as the presence of pleasure and absence of pain. Also the author of On Liberty, FTP, identify this British philosopher, author of Utilitarianism.;;(John) (Stuart) Mill
;;This formation is home to the North American nebula, while the Veil Nebula forms a part of this asterism's namesake loop, the remnant of a supernova from over 15,000 years ago. Its alpha star is the prototype for a class of nonradially pulsating variables, and between this constellation and Cepheus lies the fireworks galaxy, source of the most supernovas on record. The aforementioned alpha star also forms the north-west vertex of the Summer Triangle. For ten points, name this constellation whose 'head' is visualized as Deneb, is also known as the Northern Cross and is named for the bird it resembles.;;Cygnus|(the) Swan
;;Early in his career, this man took an epithet symbolized by three circlets forming a triangle. Anthropologist Mikhail Gerasimov exhumed this man's corpse three days before the Nazis launched Operation Barbarossa, reflecting the supposed curse of his mausoleum Gur-e Amir. This man joined forces with his brother-in-law Husayn to defeat Ilyas Khoja, but then betrayed him and besieged him in Balkh. He later defeated Mahmud Tughluq and laid waste to Delhi in the Battle of Panipat. In his final expedition, he killed 20,000 inhabitants of Baghdad, en route to smashing Bayezid I before returning to his capital in present-day Uzbekistan. FTP, name this Turko-Mongol conqueror who ruled from Samarkand.;;(ANSWR(:)) Timur|Tamerlane
;;The third movement of this work features four superimposed dominant-seventh chords, while the seven notes of the A harmonic minor scale form an ostinato chord in the second. The long rehearsal schedule required for this work resulted in the premiere being pushed back a season to make room for Ravel's Daphnis and Chloe. It opens with a bassoon playing an octave above middle C, which was partially responsible for the riot that rocked its premiere. It also features sections like "Procession of the Sage" and this work is divided into two large blocks: "The Adoration of the Earth" and "The Exalted Sacrifice." FTP, identify this ballet which depicts scenes from Russian pagan life, composed by Igor Stravinsky.;;(The) Rite of Spring|(Le) Sacre du Printemps
;;His son unknowingly broke a vow by consuming honeycomb, but thanks to the intervention of military leaders this man did not kill that son. After urinating inside a cave his cloak was silently torn, and in another tale a spear was stolen from beside his head while he was sleeping. He encountered the ghost of a prophet with the help of the witch of Endor, and to avoid being taunted by uncircumcised brutes he fell on his sword at Mount Gilboa. It was said that an evil spirit would enter his mind from time to time, and the music of a harp could drive it out, but he offered up a sacrifice and attacked the Philistines at Gilgal before Samuel arrived, eventually leading to his downfall. FTP, name this predecessor of David, the first king of Israel.;;Saul
;;One character in this novel makes an off-handed reference to a person who purchases a gift for Miss Pope, Lady Metcalf. Characters in this book include Mr. Denny who served with one character in a militia, and one who is worried about her conversation with Colonel Forester, Lady Lucas's eldest daughter. Beginning with one character renting Netherfield, this book features one character making a marriage proposal at Rosings Park, where Lady Catherine de Bourgh resides. Mr. Gardiner is a friend with Lydia and George Wickham in this novel, whose marriage was forced by a man whose first marriage proposal was rejected by Lydia's sister. For ten points, name this novel that closes with Charles Bingley marrying Jane and Fitzwilliam Darcy marrying Elizabeth Bennet, written by Jane Austen.;;Pride and Prejudice
;;This man served as an advisor to Edward Stettenius during the Yalta conference, and Weyl stated that he was a member of the Ware group. Along with Ralph Bunche, he represented the US at the Dumbarton Oaks conference, and with Harry Dexter White he was implicated by the Moynihan Commission, which used the Venona Project to identify him as "ALES". He was identified by Bentley and Gouzhenko in another tirial, and this subject of the "pumpkin papers" filed a lawsuit against a figure who accused him on Meet the Press. FTP, name this lawyer who was charged by Whittaker Chambers of espionage during the HUAC trials.;;(Alger) Hiss
;;Alternate mutations causing this disease can occur in factors responsible for synthesizing or recycling tetrahydrobiopterin, and the most common mutation abolishes a splice donor site for exon 12. The pathology of this disease occurs due to accumulation of transamination derivates with glutamate, which leads to saturation of the LNAA transporter in the blood-brain barrier. It is diagnosed using mass spectrometry, which has replaced the bacteriological Guthrie's test. Often caused by an autosomal recessive mutation on the PAH gene, it is treated with a specialr diet. FTP, name this disease which prevents patients from processing phenylalanine.;;PKU|phenylketonuria
;;One figure from this country was a member of the Teen Titans blasted in half by Superboy-Prime outside of Keystone City, and a boy genius from here is the third Toyman. An astronomer from here was struck by a light from Vega during Crisis on Infinite Earths, becoming the second Doctor Light. This nation employed a team containing Baymax and Honey Lemon known as Big Hero 6. The X-man Armor and cyborg assassin Lady Deathstrike are from this nation, as well as a figure who charged his weapons with tachyons and an X-man who can generate superheated plasma. Dagan was conceived during Wolverine's time in this nation, but he leaves after the Winter Soldier kills his wife Itsu. For 10 points, name this nation, the birthplace of Sunfire, Silver Samurai, and the time-travelling Hiro Nakamura.;;Japan|Nippon|(whatever)
;;Martin Orans has recently published a critique of this work, and the opening chapter extols the virtues of studying developmental psychology as a means of studying cultures. The eighth chapter of this work discusses the role of the dance in its titular culture, while the amauga custom is also studied in this work in the context of strengthening society as a whole. Some of the interviews in this book are given by Chief Tufele, while others are given by Lola, Fala, Mala, who lived on Tau island. This work was notably critiqued on the grounds of pre-acculturation by Derek Freeman, who alleged that its subjects gave false answers to interview questions posed by its author, which may have included the suggestion that masturbation was universal and homosexual activity was widespread. For ten points, identify this work about growing up on a certain Pacific island, a work by Margaret Mead.;;Coming of Age in Samoa(:) (A) (Psychological) (Study) (of) (Primitive) (Youth) (for) (Western) (Civilization)
;;This man depicted the persecution of the Vehmic court in his unfinished opera The Free Judges. One of his works contained an "Apotheosis" movement while Death of Orpheus is among his Prix de Rome Cantatas. In addition to writing Grand Funeral and Triumphal Symphony he adapted parts of the Aeneid in Les Troyens, but his more famous works include one containing a pair of shepherds depicted by cor anglais and oboe in "Scene in the Fields" and one which uses a G minor chord to depict a guillotine in "March to the Scaffold". FTP, name this composer whose Harold in Italy followed up his Symphony Fantastique.;;(Hector) Berlioz
;;This man's essay works include The Stolen West and Radicalism and Exhibitionism. In one of his novels, Professor Avenarius talks with this author about the completion of his novel. In another, this author inserted himself as a man who has pleasures with a chevalier who had been seduced by Madame de T. In another of his works, Franz is murdered in Bangkok after protesting there. Later on, the protagonists die in a car crash after working on a dairy farm. This author of Immortality and Slowness, included the line "Optimism is the opiate of the people" on the back of a postcard in a novel featuring Ludvik Hahn, The Joke. For ten points, name this author that created the dog Karenin, Tomas and Tereza in his book about the Soviet Occupation of Prague, called The Unbearable Lightness of Being.;;(Milan) Kundera
;;This man took the title Iovius to denote his role as a planner and commander. This man fought a war against Narseh, and forced his co-commander to march in front of the Imperial caravan as humiliation after a defeat in that conflict. He came to power after a victory at the Battle of the Margus against Carinus, and he was a general under Numerian during a campaign in Persia. This man wanted to replace the denarius with the argentus in order to combat inflation in his Edict on Maximum prices, and after rising to power, this man appointed Maximian, Galerius, and Constantius as co-emperors in the Tetrarchy. For 10 points, name this 3rd century Roman emperor who began a massive persecution of Christians.;;Diocletian|(Gaius) (Aurelius) (Valerius) Diocletianus
;;Graham Oppy published a work about this statement, which was reformulated in terms of social relatedness by Hartshorne. One objection to it, the first of the "Overload Objections", is Guanilo's Island. Gasking parodied this statement using its subject's handicaps, while Kant's argument against it hinges on the fact that existence isn't a predicate. It was restated relying on axiom S5 of modal logic by Alvin Plantinga. Originally presented in the Proslogion of St. Anselm in terms of perfection, for 10 points, name this argument which asserts god exists because there must be some single greatest thing in the universe.;;ontological argument
;;This figure was monetarily supported by Guimara de Ulloa, and this figure ran away with her brother Rodrigo in childhood to become martyrs. St Francis of Borgia stopped this figure's bout of self-mutilation after she believed her visions were from the devil, and this figure worked with John of the Cross and Anthony of Jesus to found a religious order in Duruelo, and this figure extensively read de Osuna's Third Spiritual Alphabet during her cloistering, in which her sickness lead to euphoric visions. For 10 points, name this saint and leader of the Barefoot Carmelites, who was depicted being pierced by an angel's arrow in a Bernini sculpture.;;(St(.)) Theresa (of) (Avila)
;;Immediately prior to this battle, a group of 1000 drunk, mutinous soldiers were left behind in a wood by Lewenhaupt, who was retreating from the Battle of Lesnaya. The winning side was aided by Galagan when they destroyed the Zaporozhian host, and the loser spent five years exiled to Bendery after this battle, alongside his ally Mazeppa. This battle was won after the surrender of Roos and the capture of Rienskiold, leading to the losers being chased to the Dnieper river. Preceeding the Treaty of Nystadt, for 10 points, name this battle of the Great Northern War in which Charles XII's forces were defeated by Peter the Great.;;(Battle) (of) Poltava
;;With Smith and Siegel, this figure names a formula for summing the weights of lattices in a genus, and his namesake addition for two sets of points in Euclidean space adds every element of each set pairwise. He developed a function that maps quadratic irrationals to rationals on the unit interval, and for Lp spaces his namesake inequality says that the p-norm of f plus g is equal to or less than the p-norm of f plus the p-norm of g. His namesake diagrams are used for visualizing two observers moving relative to each other, while another construct named for him contains one timelike dimension, and Lorentz transformations preserve distances in it. FTP, name this Russian whose namesake space is used to formulate special relativity.;;(Hermann) Minkowski
;;One of this author's characters blinds himself after reading his predecessor's dream diary, whose love interest becomes the Abbess of Gesshu Temple; both of them have three moles in the form of a triangle. Another of his characters is fed poisoned tea by Number One and Noboru. That man, Ryuji, falls in love with Fusako. This author of The Decay of the Angel and The Sailor Who Fell from Grace with the Sea also wrote about his fascination with Joan of Arc and his homosexuality in his Confessions of a Mask, in addition to penning a work about one of Father Dosen's acolytes burning the title structure. For ten points, name this author who created Mizoguchi in his The Temple of the Golden Pavilion, who committed ritual suicide after finishing his Sea of Fertility.;;(Yukio) Mishima
;;This man painted a horse with black spots across its abdomen jumping over a figure in a reddish-yellow robe, while in another a winged figure is sharpening a knife while stepping on two books. In addition to Spill of Paul and Bogenschnitzender Amor, he painted a pair of angels around a globe next to the title figure in Emperor Charles V Receiving the World. An old man stands next to a woman holding three cherubs in his Five Angels, and the Bufanali chapel commissioned his Vision of St. Jerome. Another painting has a group of four people on the left of the title figure, with a large column next to a man holding a scroll on the right. FTP, name this mannerist who depicted himself in Self-Portrait in a Convex Mirror and created an elongated Mary with the infant Jesus in Madonna with the Long Neck.;;Parmigianino|Parmigiano|(Girolamo) (Francesco) (Maria) Mazzola
;;Cronbach criticized the original version of this test as inconsistent, and Pitrowski developed a method of distinguishing between functional and organic disorders using it. Information processing, cognitive meditation, and ideation are the basis of the Exner scoring system for this test, while a modification of this test using reaction time and 21 other scoring variables was developed by Holtzman. Klopfer popularized its use in the United States and developed the RPRS scale to determine patient response to treatment. It was developed by a student of Hanz Behn, who published the 10 original plates in Psychodiagnostik. For 10 points, name this test in which a patient examines and interprets inkblots.;;Rorschach (inkblot) (test)
;;DCC and DMAP is used to synthesize these compounds in the Steglich reaction, and they're also created by reacting haloketons with a base in the Favorskii rearrangement. Trichlorobenzoate followed by DMAP treatment is used to create them, as is reacting alcohols with DEAD and PPH3. The synthesis named for the malonic type of these compounds is used to create acids of any length, and cyclic ones are called lactones. Besides the Yamaguchi and Mitsunobu reactions, one common method of creating them uses a Dean-Stark trap to remove water, and reacts an alcohol with a carboxylic acid. FTP, name these compounds that are combined in the Claisen condensation and created by the Fischer reaction, which are sweet smelling and contain a carbon single bonded to one oxygen and double bonded to another in the middle of a chain.;;esters
;;This building's central octagonal chamber contains a false dome with a sun motif, with balconies containing thin marble screens. Its garden contains four square sections each containing sixteen sunken flowerbeds. A Moonlight garden is across the river from this building, and this structure is surrounded by red sandstone on three sides. It is directly adjacent to the Black and Sandalwood Mosques, and the central building has four spires in front of it, and contains four minarets surrounding the central domed structure. Also containing a long reflecting pool, this is, FTP, which building designed by Ahmad Lahauri, a maousoleum built for Mumtaz by the Mughal emperor Shah Jahan?.;;Taj Mahal
;;One ruler of this dynasty created the Grand Council in order to replace the Council of Advisor Princes, while another ruler received the Macartney Embassy. The corrupt court official Heshen was condemned to death by slicing by this polity's Jiaqing emperor, while Yakub Beg and Ma Hualong lead a Muslim uprising against it, the Dungan revolt. The extermination of the Dzungars took place under its rule, and this polity was consolidated after the Rebellion of the Three Feudatories was put down by a figure who wrote a namesake dictionary, the Kangxi emperor. A tax revolt by the White Lotus society weakened this polity, which was overthrown after the Xinhai revolution forced the abdication of Pu Yi. For 10 points, name this polity ruled by the Qianlong emperor that faced the Taiping rebellion, the last Chinese dynasty.;;Qing|Manchu (dynasty)
;;One character in this work describes an image of a foot in an azure field crushing a snake whose fangs are embedded into a heel. Another character in this story is described as a quack in painting and gemmary, and that character is seen coughing for many minutes because of the nitre in the air and is convinced that his friend is a Mason when shown a trowel. Making repeated references to an Italian named Luchesi, the line "No one attacks with me impunity," is a translation of one character's family motto in this work. One of the characters in this work is made drunk by draught of Medoc and a flagon of De Grave. This story ends with the lines In Pace Requiescat, after one character has been buried alive in the narrator's cellar. For ten points, name this Edgar Allan Poe story about Montressor killing Fortunato, titled after a bottle of wine.;;(The) Cask of Amontillado
;;This figure protected Markandeya from Yama's noose after Markandeya became one with him, and this man destroyed the triple fortress of the Asuras in one myth. This figure created Virabhadra after striking a lock of his hair against the ground, and during the churning of the ocean, this figure had to consume the poisonous halahala created, leading to his throat turning blue. This figure was not invited to a sacrifice held by Daksha, which lead Sati to burn herself and to him using his third eye to burn Kama to ashes. In one of his forms, he stands on the demon of ignorance while dancing the Tandava, which is accompanied by his mount Nandi. The husband of Parvati, For 10 points, name this Hindu god who forms the Trimurti alongside Brahma and Vishnu, a noted destroyer.;;Shiva
;;This man received the two sons of Tipu Sultan as hostages in the negotiation of the Treaty of Seringapatam, which concluded the third of a series of wars with Mysore. Along with Gerard Lake, this man led troops against Jean Humbert at the Battle of Ballinamuck, and this signer of Treaty of Amiens with Napoleon resigned as Viceroy of Ireland after George III refused to accept the Catholic Emancipation. In his most famous role, he served as Henry Clinton's second in command at the Battle of Long Island, and he would eventually secure victories at Guilford Courthouse and Camden prior to meeting de Grasse and Lafayette in late 1781. FTP, name this British commander best remembered for asking for surrender terms after his defeat at the Revolutionary battle at Yorktown.;;(Charles) Cornwallis
;;In one section of this work, its author suggests that Agnes could be saved if the merman deceived her and surrendered to the demonic. The story of Amor and Psyche, a bridegroom consulting the Oracle at Delphi, and the play Iphigenia at Aulis are described in one section of this work. This work distinguishes between the slave of the finite and the knight of the infinite resignation and also compares a ballet dancer to the "knight of faith" prior to examing its three "problemata." Published under the pseudonym of Johannes de Silentio, it begins with a discussion of the story of the blinding of Isaac. Taking its title from Philippians, this is, FTP, which philosophical work by Soren Kierkegaard?.;;Fear and Trembling
;;This character bets on the happiness of Pacquette and Brother Giroflee with Martin, who was selected as the most unfortunate in his province and joined this character on a journey to Bordeaux. Captured by the Oreillons for killing two monkeys, who are the lovers of two naked girls, he later fills a boat with coconuts and drifts downstream, arriving in a land where three children are playing nine-pins. He receives several red sheep from the king of that land, but two are stolen by the Dutch captain Vanderdendur. He retrieves one and sells it, which helps this character become reunited with Pangloss and the brother of his lover, who has turned ugly from her days at Castle Thunder-ten-Tronckh in Westphalia. FTP, name this lover of Cunegonde, the title character of a work by Voltaire.;;Candide
;;Among the works of this architect are a set of furniture designs using cardboard and a 22-foot long glass and silicone sculpture in the Standing Glass Fish in the Cowles Conservatory in Minneapolis. The designer of Easy Edges and Standing Glass Fish, he designed a building nicknamed based on its portrayal of Fred Astaire and Ginger Rogers, while two of his more famous works include a smashed guitar-like one found in Seattle and another found alongside the Nervion River in Basque Country. The creator of the Dancing House in Prague, this is, FTP, which architect perhaps best known for his Experience Music Project and the Guggenheim Museum in Bilbao?.;;(Frank) Gehry
;;The Milstein scheme is a refinement of this man's namesake scheme for approximating stochastic differential equations' solutions. Lagrange, along with this man, names a differential equation that gives solutions given stationary functionals in the calculus of variations, while Carmichael's theorem generalizes this man's work on Fermat's little theorem. The first term of the Taylor series expansion for the Riemann zeta function contains a term named after this man and Lorenzo Mascheroni. This mathematician names a first-order method for solving ordinary differential equations, while a relationship between trigonometric functions and complex numbers is defined in his namesake formula. The base of the natural logarithm is named after, FTP, which Swiss mathematician?.;;(Leonhard) Euler
;;Rustem and Sokollu were sent by this man to recover regions lost after a defeat at Erzerum by this leader, who abandoned all claim to Tabriz and Erivan as part of a peace signed with Tahmasp at Amasia. After the death of his wife Roxelana, this ruler had his son Mustafa executed prior to his death during the siege of Szigetvar. This ruler expelled the Knights Hospitalers from Rhodes after conquering Belgrade, although the same group would defeat him at Malta later on. Often called "kanuni", this ruler failed to capture Vienna, which this son of Selim the Grim attempted soon after defeating the Louis II-led Hungarians in the 1526 Battle of Mohacs. FTP, name this ruler of the Ottoman empire, often known as "the Magnificent".;;Suleiman (I(,)) (the) (Great)
;;The murder prosecution of Duncan, the son of Harald and Claudia Lindgard, is the subject of one of this author's novels. This author of The House Gun also wrote about Paul Bannerman's diagnosis of thyroid cancer in the 2005 novel Get a Life, while A Guest of Honour describes the decisions facing James Bray after returning from imprisonment. Rosa's search for identity after the death of her Communist father Lionel takes place in this author's The Burger's Daughter, while other works include one about the industrial executive Mehring and another about the escape of Maureen and Bamford Smales from Johannesburg. FTP, name this South African author of The Conservationist and July's People.;;(Nadine) Gordimer
;;This person's use of the word sumanai was argued against in the work The Anatomy of Dependence. This figure argued that the world's population was composed of "areas of characterization" in writing about the science and politics of race, and this person co-authored "The Races of Mankind" with Gene Weltfish. Field research with the Blackfoot of Canada led to the writing of Zuni Mythology by this author, who used the characterizations of the "Apollonian" and "Dionysian" in one work, while she sought to understand a certain nation's culture during World War II. FTP, name this American anthropologist who wrote Patterns of Culture and analyzed Japan in The Chrysanthemum and the Sword.;;(Ruth) Benedict
;;One character in this film watches a pot of chicken and saffron rice explode shortly after announcing a translation of "I believe you are in league with the butcher". Earlier, that character differentiates between the blues and the "mean reds," and she later gets an engraving on a ring from a Cracker Jack box after Rusty Trawler gets married. After being arrested in connection with Sally Tomato's drug ring, the protagonist, who had earlier sung "Moon River," decides to not go to Brazil and marries the George Peppard-played writer Paul Varjak, who she calls Fred. FTP, name this 1961 film, based on a Truman Capote novella of the same name, which features Audrey Hepburn as Holly Golightly.;;Breakfast at Tiffany's
;;Abba Lerner and this man are the namesakes of a condition regarding the sum of the price elasticity of exports and imports and its effect on currency devaluation and the trade balance. This influencer of John A. Hobson defined four time periods, including the secular or very long-run period, to analyze price movements over time, and he reviewed Jevons's work in The Economics of Industry. He assumed consumers solved their utility maximization problem in his namesake demand function, but he is best known for identifying "quasi" rents and for writing a work which proposes the existence of Giffen goods. FTP, name this British economist and author of Principles of Economics.;;(Alfred) Marshall
;;Two of Mary Agnes's teeth are punched out at a juke joint in this novel, courtesy of a character who later receives a quilt from the narrator upon leaving her husband. The protagonist's abuse at the hands of Albert leads to her move to Tennessee, the protagonist begins sewing and selling pairs of pants and employs Sofia, who had been sent to jail for hitting the mayor but eventually remarries Harpo. The protagonist had been helped by Grady's wife Shug Avery, who also helps the protagonist discover letters sent during a missionary trip to Africa by her sister Nettie, whose letters comprise the latter half of this novel. FTP, name this epistolary novel about Celie, written by Alice Walker.;;(The) Color Purple
;;Robert Rothschild helped draft the 1957 Treaties of Rome as a diplomat of this nation, which was the home of "school war" as subsidies were increased for private institutions between 1950 and 1955. The Ten Days Campaign was an attempt to suppress the independence movement in this nation, which was also the home of a 1966 coal mine strike. Baudouin refused to give Royal Assent to the liberalization of this nation's abortion laws in 1990, while Martens led the Christian Democrat-Liberal coalition as prime minister here. This nation's power over the Congo Free State was attributed to Leopold II, while this nation was invaded by Germany during its advance on France in World War I. FTP, name this nation whose deaths at Ypres were memorialized in "In Flanders Fields".;;Belgium
;;This deity stays with Hreidmar as a hostage while his companion goes to retrieve the gold of Andvari and fill every hair on an otter's skin with gold. Among his disguises have been Bolverk and Gangrad, the latter of which he assumed to defeat Vafthrudnir in a duel of wits. He spent three nights with Gunnlod to obtain a liquid stored in Bodn, Son, and Ordrerir, while he gets the news of the world from his ravens Hunin and Munin. Having once hung from Yggdrasil for nine days, this father of Baldr and owner of the horse Sleipnir is eventually killed by Fenrir at Ragnarok. Ruling from Valhalla, this is, FTP, which Norse god of wisdom, leader of the Aesir and chief god of Asgard?.;;Odin
;;One character's singing of the Buzzard song after the appearance of Mr. Archdale is sometimes omitted from performances of this work. The cries of the strawberry woman, the honeyman, and the crab man are heard after the return from Kittiwah Island of a character to whom Lawyer Frazier had tried to sell a divorce since her lover fled after killing Robbins over a game of craps. By the end of the opera, however, she is unable to reject Sportin' Life and leaves with him after Crown's death, causing the other title character to follow her to New York. Jake sings, "A Woman is a Sometimes Thing" shortly before Clara sings, "Summertime" at the opening of, FTP, which opera by George Gershwin?.;;Porgy and Bess
;;A study of atoms in two dimensions demonstrated that such a system obtains this property after going through the Berezinskii-Kosterlitz-Thouless transition, while Pomeranchuk cooling is undergone by one substance that demonstrates this property, which also gives rise to the Onnes-Effect. Some substances exhibiting this property also exhibit quasiparticles that represent quantized rotations called "rotons." Laszlo Tisza formulated an early two-substance model of this property, though the more famous model was developed by Landau, who first predicted that this property, first discovered by Kaptisa, Allen, and Misener, occurs when the temperature falls below the "lambda point." Often exemplified by helium-3 and helium 4, this is, FTP, which phase of matter when liquids can overcome friction as their viscosity becomes zero?.;;superfluidity
;;The Thorton affair was one of the causes of this conflict, which saw John Sloat fight along one front prior to the signing of the Treaty of Cahuenga. Alexander Doniphan was enlisted by General Kearny to write the "Kearny code" in the aftermath of this conflict, which saw the death of 50 of the 72 members of Saint Patrick's Battalion. The "spot resolutions" proposed by an Illinois House Representative were in response to this conflict, the resolution to which failed to have the Wilmot Proviso approved with it. Featuring victories at Molino del Rey and Chapultepec by Winfield Scott and ending with the Treaty of Guadelupe-Hidalgo, this is, FTP, which conflict between the United States and its Santa Ana led-southern neighbor that ended in 1848?.;;Mexican(-)American (War)
;;In Haruki Murakami's Kafka on the Shore, Johnnie Walker twice quotes this play while killing cats in front of Nakata, while a woman accidentally picks up this work when hoping for a Hercule Poirot mystery in a Thurber short story. Ryan notes that Kilpatrick's conversation with a beggar contains words from this play in "Theme of the Traitor and the Hero," while Dr. Lyman's first words in Inge's Bus Stop are "Ah! This castle hath a pleasant smell," which are lines from this play. Dalton Ames, not Quentin, is responsible for taking Caddy's virginity in a novel whose title comes from a line in this play describing "life's but a walking shadow" soon after Siward leads men into battle from Birnam wood. FTP, name this Shakespeare play whose title character is slain by Macduff.;;Macbeth (Note(:)) (In) (the) (James) (Thurber) (story) (The) (Macbeth) (Murder) (Mystery(,)) (the) (American) (woman) (proposes) (that) (Macduff) (killed) (King) (Duncan(,)) (while) (the) (narrator) (argues) (that) (Lady) (Macbeth's) (father) (killed) (the) (King) (and) (is) (actually) (both) (the) (old) (man) (who(,)) (in) (Act) (II(,)) (Scene) (4(,)) (enters) (with) (Ross(,)) (and) (one) (of) (the) (weird) (sisters) (in) (disguise(.))
;;Major rivers of this country include the Torsa, Raidak, Sankosh, and Manas.  The Black Mountains in the central part of this country rise to almost 9,000 feet above sea level.  Further north is Gangkhar Puensum, the highest mountain in this country, and one of the highest unclimbed mountains in the world.  Internet and television were introduced in this country only in 1999.  The former king of this country, Jigme Singye Wangchuck, coined the term "gross national happiness" in 1972, suggesting the country embark on modernization that is based on this country's Buddhist culture.  FTP, name this landlocked Himalayan nation with a capital at Thimphu.;;Bhutan
;;This band's songs include a collaboration with D12 about the September 11th attacks called "911", and a guzheng is featured on their song "Hong Kong". One song by this group begins with a voice yelling "Hello? Is anyone there?",  Besides "M1 A1" and "Rock the House", this band's first album contains a song which later had a "Soulchild Remix", "19-2000", which features the hook "Get the cool shoeshine." Another album has one song with a children's chorus singing "They ain't got a chance / I need a gun / Cos all I do is dance". Besides "Kids with Guns" and "Dare", another song on this album has the bridge "Windmill, windmill for the land. / Love forever hand in hand." The singers of "Clint Eastwood", for 10 points, name this virtual band created by Jamie Hewlett and Damon Albarn, whose album Demon Days includes "Dirty Harry" and "Feel Good, Inc.".;;Gorillaz
;;A small French army fought for the losing side of this battle under a man named Sinfray. The main tactic of this battle was probably conveyed by an Armenian merchant named Khwaja Petruse to William Watts. The losing side had two-thirds of its army sit around and watch on the first day of this battle, when, around noon, a rain storm struck which damaged the losing side's gunpowder, as they were too inexperienced to cover it. This battle was a result of the breakdown of the Alinagar Treaty, signed four months earlier. The English camp was set up near the namesake mango grove on the River Bhagarathi, and during it, Mir Jafar defected, sealing the fate of Siraj-ud-doula, the Nawab of Bengal. Taking place a year after the capture of Fort William, which included the Black Hole of Calcutta, for 10 points, name this battle in which Robert Clive led the British East India Company to victory, leading to the annexation of Bengal.;;(Battle) (of) Plassey|Polashir (Juddho)
;;The first stylistic direction in this piece is given a third of the way through, to the sopranino saxophone, marked expressivo and vibrato. At one point, the bassoon takes over one rhythm from the flute when the oboe d'amore comes in, while the main theme is shared at different times by a celeste, two piccolos, and a horn; and a flute and a muted trumpet. The aforementioned ostinato rhythm consists of eighth-notes and triplets, played throughout on a snare drum. Written for Ida Rubenstein, the end of this piece features trombone glissandi responding to a brief key switch from C major to E major when the trumpets loudly transpose the main theme upward, capping off about fifteen minutes of build-up. For 10 points, name this ballet which features two simple themes repeated over and over again, a work named after a Spanish dance by Maurice Ravel.;;Bolero
;;One character in this work makes a riddle whose answer is "courtship", and praises the title character for a watercolor she makes of her friend. Early in this work, a party features the gossipy spinster Miss Bates, and Mrs. Goddard, who runs a boarding school and brings a student. One character had a son named Frank; that man, Mr. Weston, later marries the title character's governess, Miss Taylor, while Frank marries Jane Fairfax. Arabella Hawkins is married to Mr. Elton, who rejects the schemings of the title character. A farmer in this work, Robert Martin, is considered unsuitable for the title character's friend Harriet Smith, but they eventually wed, as do the title character and George Knightley. For 10 points, name this novel about the titular matchmaking Miss Woodhouse, a work by Jane Austen.;;Emma
;;In a fetus, ghrelin is produced more in this organ than in the stomach, which is reversed in full-grown organisms. One bulge on this organ's surface is called the omental tuber, while some people have a second duct in this organ, known as the duct of Santorini. A lack of this organ's namesake polypeptide is linked to obesity in rats. This organ produces trypsinogen, the zymogen form of trypsin. One type of cell in this organ is stimulated by cholecystokinin and secretin. This organ's duct of Wirsung meets the bile duct at the ampulla of Vater, and transports enzymes produced by its acinar cells to the duodenum. For 10 points, name this organ whose islets of Langerhans secrete glucagon and insulin.;;pancreas
;;In the first section of this work, four Rivers Come Forth; that section, like several others, begins with an italicized portion, this one subtitled "1400". In the title of one section, the author tells a land mass, "I Do Not Invoke Your Name in Vain", while another describes how the title people, including Valdivia, "Come Through the Islands". The last section of this work ends "I End Here", and includes parts like "The Frontier" and "The Slingman", "I Am". This work begins with "The Lamp of the Earth", and other sections in it include "The Earth's Name is Juan" and two named for "The Liberators" and "The Conquistadors". The last poem in its second section begins, "Rise up to be born with me, my brother." Including "The Heights of Macchu Picchu", for 10 points, name this encyclopedic cycle of poems about South America by Pablo Neruda.;;Canto General
;;One man of this name was held back by a Perpetual Edict, while the reaction against an earlier document of that name helped the cause of the other man of this name. That man supported "the Compromise", backed by his brother Louis and Count Brederode; the city of Brill was captured for that man by those he had supported, the Sea Beggars. The other man of this name had his rule in Scotland legitimized by the Claim of Right and was declared king in England when the last Convention Parliament approved the Declaration of Rights. One man of this name was killed by Balthasar Gerard to collect a reward offered by Philip II after he spent years fighting the Duke of Alba, while the other was victorious at the Battle of the Boyne and ascended to the throne with his wife by the Glorious Revolution. For 10 points, give this name shared by an early leader of the Dutch revolt against Spain and an English king who married Mary II.;;William (of) (Orange)
;;The application of this quantity induces birefringence proportional to the square of its intensity in the Kerr effect. At boundaries between media, the parallel component of this quantity must be continuous and the vibrations induced in a material by this quantity when it is oriented in the plane of incidence is responsible for the existence of Brewster's angle. The curl of this quantity is equal to the negative partial derivative of the magnetic field with respect to time, as shown in one form of Faraday's law of induction, and it splits atomic field lines through the Stark effect. Absent in a Faraday cage, this vector decreases with an inverse-square relation to distance from a point charge. For 10 points, name this property measured in newtons per coulomb or volts per meter and calculated for a given distribution of charges by Gauss's law, which represents the strength of the electrostatic force on an arbitrary test charge.;;electric field
;;This thinker's lecture notes and marginalia were collected in Manuscript Remains, and replied to Goethe's earlier treatise with his On Visions and Colours. "On the Basis of Morality" was one of the two essays in this thinker's Two Fundamental Problems of Ethics. His doctoral dissertation sets forth physical, logical, mathematical, and moral necessities as the title entity in On the Fourfold Root of the Principle of Sufficient Reason. He wrote an essay collection consisting of one volume of essays such as "Sketch of a History of the Doctrine of the Ideal and Real", and another volume of "Stray yet systematically arranged thoughts on a variety of subjects". One title concept of one of his works is how things present themselves through experience, while another is the world in itself, beyond how human knowledge can define it. For 10 points, name this author of Parerga and Paralipomenon and The World as Will and Idea.;;(Arthur) Schopenhauer
;;Goto and Hayashi found that using a diarylprolinyl silyl ether can reverse the stereoselectivity of this reaciton, which is also catalyzed by Seelig's ribozymes. Woodward epimerized the product of this reaction in his total synthesis of cholesterol and cortisone. This reaction occurs rapidly using N-methylmaleimide and certain dendralenes, while one form of it, using maleic anhydride, is known as the Wagner-Jauregg reaction. The stereochemistry of this reaction can be predicted by the "endo" rule, and it requires one component to be in the s-cis phase. This reaction combines two pi-electrons of one component with two pi-electrons of the other to create two new sigma-bonds. For 10 points, name this reaction of a conjugated diene and a dienophile, usually an alkene, to produce a cyclohexene, named for two Germans.;;Diels(-)Alder (reaction)
;;Late in life, this man devised a lottery scheme to pay for public projects which collapsed, forcing Barry Goldwater's grandfather to provide refunds, and tried to bring in eastern investors with The Resources of Arizona. Besides a 10-year stint as governor of that territory, this man was replaced as a civil war general by David Hunter, and then H.W. Halleck. After one expedition caused a battle with Jose Castro, this man met up with the naval forces of Robert Field Stockton and defeated Mariano Vallejo at Sonoma. Later court martialed by Stephen Kearny, that action led to the appointment of William B. Ide as commander of the Bear Flag Republic. After briefly serving as governor, and then senator, from California, his running mate was William L. Dayton in an election he lost to James Buchanan. For 10 points, name this man known as the Pathfinder, the Republican Party's first presidential candidate in 1856.;;(John) (Charles) Fremont
;;This author wrote a set of Spiritual Exercises including sections like "The March", broken up into four Steps, and "The Silence". Besides The Saviors of God, in one novel by this author, the protagonist's boyhood friend, the husband of Emine, kills his brother Manusakas; that man, Nuri Bey, later commits suicide, while the main character dies holding the head of his nephew, the husband of Noemi, before he can finish saying the titular rallying cry. In another work, Pavli dies after falling in love with a widow. The title character of one of his works has many children with Mary and Martha at the same time before being revisited by his disciples, whereupon he is put back on the cross and realizes he has been tricked by Satan, while another works in a coal mine and sleeps with Madam Hortense. For 10 points, name this author of Freedom or Death, The Last Temptation of Christ, The Odyssey: A Modern Sequel, and Zorba the Greek.;;(Nikos) Kazantzakis
;;Henry Bouquet's success on one front in this conflict enabled William Johnson to negotiate a peace arrangement, and its later engagements included the Battles of Bushy Run and Devil's Hole. It was touched off when General Jeffrey Amherst announced that he would no longer present annual gifts, and its instigators were inspired by the preaching of Neolin, or the Delaware Prophet. The end of this conflict led to the rise of the vigilante Paxton Boys, while its initial stages saw several unsuccessful attempts to Capture Fort Detroit. For ten points, name this rebellion which erupted after the French and Indian war and was led by a namesake Ottowa chieftain.;;Pontiac's Rebellion
;;Its monasteries usually feature a 'ten-foot square hut' as the abbot's quarters, while the buildings themselves follow the style of the 'seven-hall compound.' It traces its origins to a smile of Mahakasyapa and to the wordless "flower sermon," and one school of it was vastly expanded by the work of Enni Ben'en. Its followers practice zazen or 'sitting-meditation,' and it utilizes pedagogical riddles which are collected in works like the Blue Cliff Record and Gateless Gate. Counting the Soto, Rinzai, and Obaku schools among its Five Houses, FTP, name this Japanese Buddhist sect which emphasizes koans and meditation.;;Zen
;;This man will examine challenges to the Washington Consensus in his upcoming book Hopes and Prospects. He refers to the gap between knowledge and experience as "Plato's Problem" in reference to the Meno, and further claims that much of what children learn must be innate, which he dubs the "poverty of the stimulus." His early ideas can be seen in his doctoral thesis Transformational Analysis. He also published The Logical Structure of Linguistic Theory, and in one of his work he demonstrated potential flaws in statistical models with the sentence "colorless green ideas sleep furiously. For ten points, name this pioneer of the theory of generative grammar and author of Syntactic Structures, a linguist from MIT.;;(Noam) Chomsky
;;The thin film variety of these devices is generally made from Tantalum nitride or nichrome, while the most popular standard for categorizing them is BS 1852. The gauge factor relates changes in their properties to strain, allowing them to be used for strain gauges, and a potentiometer contains three of them arranged as a voltage divider. A ladder of them can make a simple digital to analog converter. They generate zero reactive power, and four of them can be combined with a voltage and current source to create a Wheatstone bridge. For ten points, name these devices which are frequently coded using four colored bands and whose namesake quantity is measured in Ohms.;;resistors
;;In one of this man's poems, he speaks of traveling over many countries and many seas to present "the last guerdon of death" to his brother's ashes, while in another, he points out one by one the defects of Mamurra of  Formiae's girlfriend. In one of his poems he threatens to sodomize Aurelius and Furius, and in another, he claims that it would take as many kisses as there are sands in Libya to satisfy him. The addressee of many of his poems is often identified as the sister of Publius Clodius Pulcher, Clodia Metelli. FTP, name this Roman poet whose poetry is preserved in 116 carmina, many of which are addressed to Lesbia.;;(Gaius) (Valerius) Catullus
;;One character in this film refers to himself as a former accountant though his job merely consisted of checking columns that others had already checked, and another character is attacked by a bird which turns out to be a toy kite. Minor characters include Reeves and a doctor who ends the film with the words "Madness madness," as well as the aforementioned Joyce. Saito eventually gives in to demands that officers not perform manual labor, while Shears manages to escape to Ceylon, though Nicholson believes him dead. FTP, name this movie noted for its "whistling theme," directed by David Lean and starring Alec Guinness, in which British WWII prisoners build the title structure.;;(The) Bridge on the River Kwai
;;One protein in this system is a homotetramer with each component consisting of an alpha and omega chain, and uses Glu-537 as a nucleophile, while another contains four helix-turn-helix motifs. Enzyme IIA must be phosphorylated in order for it to function. It can be artificially induced using IPTG and its activity in a broth is observed using ONPG. Mutants like O-c and I-S in this system were characterized using complementation testing, and the CAP protein activates it by binding to cyclic AMP in a form of catabolite repression. It codes for a polycistronic mRNA that translates into transacetylase, permease, and beta-galactosidase. Discovered by Jacob and Monod and consisting of Z, Y, and A genes, for 10 points, name this cluster of genes responsible for breaking down lactose.;;Lac (operon)
;;This man spent a brief stint in automaking by designing the Fiat VSS. His early works include a sulfur extraction plant whose barrel vault can be moved along as operations advance, and he also designed the current Los Angeles County Museum of art. After studying under Z.S. Makowsky and Louis Kahn, he went on to build a woodworking shop in Genoa as well as a structure located on an artificial island, the Kansai International Airport.  Many of his buildings were designed in collaboration with Richard Rogers, and one of those features color-coded ducts on the exterior to designate the material that is supposed to flow through them. FTP, name this Italian architect who designed an inside-out building in Paris. the Pompidou Centre.;;(Renzo) Piano
;;Gobena Dachi led a militia in this present-day country composed of his fellow Shewan Oromo, and Mikael Sehul's overthrow of emperor Iyoas is taken to mark the beginning of this country's "Zemene Mesafint." Yekuno Amlak started a rebellion here which drove out Yitbarek, leading to the end of the Zagwe dynasty. An early kingdom in this present-day country was Christianized by Frumentius and produced a giant obelisk in its namesake capital city, and a later ruler became regent during the reign of Empress Zauditu before being driven into exile by Mussolini. FTP, name this country home to the kingdom of Axum and emperor Haile Selassie.;;Ethiopia
;;One chapter of this work considers the naive artist using the dream analogy, and states that only while dreaming can we attain a "primal unity." Years later, the author wrote an "attempt at self-criticistm" as a preface. The author claims that Kant and Schopenhauer rescued art from the brink of extinction and blames Socrates and Euripides for its original downfall, and praises Wagner for resurrecting the Greek tradition. For ten points, name this work which argues that great art derives from the opposition between the Apollonian and Dionysiac as exemplified by the work of Aeschylus and Sophocles, written by Friedrich Nietzsche.;;(The) Birth of Tragedy
;;The square of this quantity's operator is the Casimir invariant of the SO(3) Lie Algebra, and this quantity is crossed to p in the definition of the Laplace-Runge-Lenz vector. Yrast refers to a minimum of energy for a given value of this quantity, which is often added using expansion coefficients named for Clebsch and Gordan. Often specified using term symbols, two types of it are coupled in heavy atoms by JJ-coupling or in lighter ones by Russell-Saunders coupling. It is the Noether charge associated with rotational invariance, and this quantity's derivative with respect to time is equal to the net torque. For ten points, identify this quantity which comes in orbital and spin types and is equal to moment of inertia times angular velocity.;;Angular momentum|L
;;One suite by this composer allows for an oboe to substitute for a tenor and features a set of courtly dances from the original opera, and one setting by him compares the life of daffodils to human decay. Besides Five Flower Songs, he wrote a set of Diversions for piano left hand, and featured a "Boisterous Bouree" and "Frolicsome Finale" in his Simple Symphony. In addition to the aforementioned Gloriana suite, one of his choral works intersperse Wilfred Owen poems with the traditional Latin text, while another work sees the title character sink his own boat at sea after the death of his apprentice. FTP, name this British composer of War Requiem and Peter Grimes.;;(Benjamin) Britten
;;One character in this work promises to retire when his unpaid bills reach fifty-thousand dollars , and at the end of this novel, another character proudly displays his false teeth, A girl seeks medicine for an abortion but is tricked by a clerk who plans to rape her, and Preacher Whitfield is revealed to be the father of another character. That character escapes from Mr. Gillespie's barn while his brother burns it down, and Vernon Tull's bridge washes out in another scene. This forces the central family to cross a ford where Cash narrowly escapes drowning, and one chapter consists of Vardaman saying "My mother is a fish." FTP, identify this novel in which Jewel, Darl, and the rest of the Bundren family take their mother Addie to Jefferson to bury her, written by William Faulkner.;;As I Lay Dying
;;One statesman from this polity was a son of Hippoklus who was revered for his kindness to the poor Nikodemos, and that man occupied Larissa as part of his attempt to frustrate Alexander of Pharae. Lysis of Tarentum was a philosopher who settled in this city, which generally elected four of the seven boeotarch, and another leader from here brought down a garrison at Cadmeia. It maintained a regiment composed of boys and their lovers called the "sacred band" which aided them in victories like Leuctra. For ten points, name this Greek city-state which under Epaminondas defeated Sparta and was the mythical home of Oedipus.;;Thebes
;;An angel breaks through the clouds with a cross in the upper-left corner of this man's eight-part Passion Altarpiece. The words "Jesus of Nazareth, King of the Jews" appear above a grisly Jesus seen from the side in The Body of the Dead Christ in the Tomb. One of his works is a set of 41 etchings in which skeletons frolic, and besides the Dance of Death, he depicted the author of Utopia wearing a necklace of 'S's in his Portrait of Sir Thomas More. Another of his works features two globes and a lute with broken strings resting on shelves, and a smudge at the bottom of the canvas which is actually a distorted skull. FTP, name this Dutchman who depicted Georges de Selve and Jean de Dinteville in The Ambassadors.;;(Hans) Holbein (the) (Younger)
;;One variety of this technique can eliminate the need for external calibrations, a result called the Connes advantage, and one variation of this technique can be used to find anharmonicity by measuring deviations from the diagonal. It is often used to detect backbonding, and samples are commonly prepared using a nujol mull or by mixing with potassium bromide and pressing into a disk. Interferometers are used in its FT variety, and it features "fingerprint region" on the right side. The results of this technique are analyzed by plotting transmittance against wavenumbers, and it is used to identify functional groups based on the stretching and rotating vibrations of dipole bonds.  FTP, identify this type of spectroscopy which uses electromagnetic radiation longer than visible light but shorter than microwaves.;;Infrared IR spectroscopy
;;This god became identified with the chief god of Kuaru, named Asarluhi, and he was said to be crowned with the halos of ten gods. He sent Imhullu to shake up one opponent, whom he trapped by stationing the four winds, and was born with four eyes and four ears. He is also referred to as Asaru, controller of water levels, as well as Namru, though he has fifty names in total, and his possessions include a magic net given by Anu. His son Nabu was born by his consort Sarpanitu, and in his most famous role he stole the Tablets of Destiny from Kingu, from whose blood he created mankind. FTP, name this god who in the Enuma Elish creates the world after slaying Tiamat, the chief god of Babylon.;;Marduk
;;In one work by this author, the painter Bertha and her husband promise to marry as equals. Besides Comrades, in another work, the central character recites the "Song to the Sun" and a Mummy gives a colonel a rope with which to commit suicide. A character who goes by "Old Man" questions that student, Arkenholz, who is the only character who can see the apparition of a milkmaid. Besides The Ghost Sonata, he wrote of how daughter of the god Indra is sent to Earth in the form of a Glazier's daughter, Agnes. In addition to A Dream Play, another work sees the title character agree to kill herself with a razor after she seduces her father's valet Jean. FTP, name this Swedish dramatist, author of Miss Julie.;;(August) Strindberg
;;This city is home to the William Emerson-designed Victoria Memorial, and most of its commercial activity is centered in the Barabazar district, while other landmarks here include Fort William and the Sahid Minar. The nearby archaeological site of Chandraketugarh suggests an inhabitance of over two millennia. Its suburbs include Howrah, Baranagar, and South Dum Dum, and it is serviced by Subash Chandra Bose International Airport. It is centered on the east bank of the Hugli River and served as its country's capital under British rule until 1911. For ten points, name this city in eastern India, capital of the state of West Bengal.;;Kolkata|Calcutta
;;John Bly and Charles Rose were hung after this event, which one leader stated would lead to a "state of anarchy, confusion, and slavery". Samuel Adams, in response to this event, stated that rebellions in republics should be ended by execution. Its leader was once awarded a ceremonial sword by Lafayette. William Shepherd managed to head off the participants, while Benjamin Lincoln was authorized by Governor John Bowdoin to stop it. Co-lead by Luke Day, this uprising attacked the Springfield Armory. Calling for paper currency and mostly consisting of poor farmers, for 10 points, name this rebellion that resulted in calls for revising the Articles of Confederation, lead by a namesake Massachusetts veteran.;;Shays' (Rebellion)
;;This element blocks the flow of calcium through NMDA channels, while compounds containing this metal are used to treat eclampsia. The hairpin ribozyme requires this metal to fold, and the the CorA protein transports this element across bacterial membranes.  It is weakly bonded to the terminal phosphate groups of ATP. EDTA is used to chelate this metal, and it is found in a compound that contains a phytol side chain. Its stabilizing effect on the backbones of nucleic acids makes it a necessary cofactor for DNA polymerase, meaning its chloride is used in PCR reactions. Also found at the center of the porphyrin ring of chlorophyll, for 10 points, name this metal present as a +2 ion in solution, with atomic number 12 and symbol Mg.;;magnesium
;;An April Fool's Day joke based off of this game features the protagonist being told "You're coming with me, Now mind your manners, and speak to no one. And for goodness sake, don't touch anything." A remake of this game inserts cows stuck in the interior of one location, which function as switches when hit. A sidequest in it forces you to quickly deliver a frog named for its eyeballs to a mad scientist nearby a lake who makes some eyedrops from said frogs, in exchange for an unbreakable replacement to the Giant's Knife. The playable character is made invulnerable when he is surrounded by a blue, octahedral shaped crystal named "Nayru's Love" in this game. This game is the first game to feature the playable character gaining a rotational degree of freedom for movement when he is engaged in z-targetting. For ten points, name this game that features such locales like Jabu Jabu's Belly and the Great Deku Tree, the first game for the Nintendo 64 that featured Link.;;(The) (Legend) (of) (Zelda(:)) Ocarina of Time
;;The Noise of Time was written by an author exiled from this country, who wrote "He rolls the executions on his tongue like berries. / He wishes he could hug them like big friends from home." In addition to that epigram about a leader who is from this country, another author from this country was a woman who wrote "Requiem" and "A Poem without a Hero." Another author from this country wrote about a man who loved Parasha and describes an Etienne Falconet statue coming to life. That author also wrote a story in which a giant head, which is the brother of the evil wizard Chernomor that kidnaps Ludmilla, which forces Ruslan to rescue her. A dramatic novel set in this country sees the title character kill Lensky after dancing a bit too much with his fiance. For ten points, name this country home to the author of Yevgeny Onegin.;;Russia
;;In the CC-PP game, these are maximized across all participants, while profits are privatized. These are remunerated in the perfect application of a Lindahl tax, which results in a Lindahl equilibrium. These things can be modified by a certain type of tax, recently re-explained by William Baumol, that restores the market to efficiency. Those taxes were described in The Economics of Welfare and are known as Pigouvian taxes.  Overeducation is an example of the "positional" variety of these things, which, according to one theorem, can be eliminated without intervention if payment is organized by all actors. For ten points, identify these things described by Coase's Theorem, unintentional factors that arise as a consequence of economic decisions, which include air pollution.;;externalities
;;This work borrows from the Gnostic concept of Aeons when it equates concentric heavenly spheres with angels, and it also states that using anthropomorphic language to describe God is heretical, leading to a notion of negative theology. This work also assigns 13 levels of prophecy, with Moses at the top. Its final section talks about the teaching of the mystical passage of Ezekiel's chariot, and explains away the problem of evil by stating most evils are created by men themselves. Written as a three-volume letter, this work also divides the 613 mitzvot into 14 sections, similar to the author's treatise on the Mishneh. Written in Arabic and translated into Hebrew by Ibn Tibbon, for 10 points, name this work of medieval philosophy, a tract on Jewish law by Maimonides.;;Guide for the Perplexed
;;One king of this polity subjugated the Arzawa kingdom, and under Tudhaliya I it managed to expand into Luwian territory. This empire fell after an invasion by the Kaskas and Bryges, and one document written by this empire states that its subject made his enemies into the frontier of the sea during his conquests. Its early rulers took the title Labarna, and another ruler of this polity defeated the Mitanni kingdom and annexed large parts of Syria, Suppiluliuma I. Another one of its rulers fought in the largest chariot battle in history against Ramses II; that ruler was Muwatallis II, who achieved a victory at Kadesh. For 10 points, name this Indo-European empire found in Anatolia with capital at Hattusa.;;Hittites
;;The protagonist of this work recalls seeing a boy who was reading Tacitus while on a train and compares a modest man he knew in England to be as great as Goethe. Later on, the protagonist hears of a man who spent his time in the "Temple of Limpid Solitude." The protagonist of this work is asked "In a riddle whose answer is chess, what is the only prohibited word?" to which he responds "chess." That protagonist comes to realize that the novel of his ancestor was a work which tried to describe all permutations of outcomes before Captain Madden nearly finds him, as he had previously arrested Viktor Runeberg. Ultimately, Albert is killed in this work so that the protagonist's German masters know which town to bomb. For ten points, name this story about Dr. Yu Tsun, written by Borges.;;(The) Garden of Forking Paths
;;Katajainen, Pasanen, and Teuhola developed an in-place variation of this algorithm using a selection tree, based on a version by Kronod that used constant additional space. A tiled version of this algorithm stops at a particular array size, and this algorithm uses Theta(n) auxiliary space unlike heapsort. Tim Peters developed an intelligent version of this algorithm which is used in Python, and using the Master Theorem on its governing recurrence relation shows that it has both average and worst-case runtime of big-O of n log n. This algorithm operates by halving the list, recursively applying itself, then using a namesake fusion operation. For 10 points, name this divide-and-conquer algorithm that competes with quicksort.;;merge (sort)
;;One of this director's films is based off of a Marie Corelli novel that sees Geofferey Tempest tricked into becoming rich by Satan, and his first feature film had an actress who had worked with him in The Avenging Conscience and The Lonedale Operator. That work saw her as the title woman who beheads Holofernes. In addition to employing Blanche Sweet in many roles, this director created a film that describes how the title conidition caused the fall of Babylon, the crucifixion of Jesus and the St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre in addition to ruining of many Americans lives, as well as a film based off of Thomas Dixon work. This director of Intolerance produced a film focusing on Silas Lynch trying to suppress a group that arose out of the U.S. Civil War. For ten points, name this director that portray the Ku Klux Klan in his Birth of a Nation.;;(David) (Wark) Griffith
;;This man made an etching of a solitary woman holding an umbrella and looking over her shoulder at a canoe, entitled Two are Company, Three are None. His watercolors include one depicting a black boy looking up at a palm tree, entitled A Garden in Nassau. He never finished his depiction of the rapids of the Saguenay River, and he depicted men sitting under umbrellas working at canvasses in his Artists Sketching in the White Mountains. Henry James criticized his painting of three brothers and their father sailing, while another one of his works depicts a group of boys in front of a small red house playing the title game. Another painting depicts a black man on a boat surrounded by sharks. For 10 points, name this American artist of Breezing Up, Snap-the-Whip, and The Gulf Stream.;;(Winslow) Homer
;;These particles are a topological defect in compact U(1) gauge theories, and they are equivalent to dyons with no charge. One of these without singularities is named for t'Hooft and Polyakov, while another derived from Yang-Mills theory has a potential of 1 over r everywhere and is named for Wu and Yang. Cabrera reported finding one of these using a SQUID on Valentines' Day, 1982, and Dirac showed that they imply the quantization of electric charge; however, they violate one of Maxwell's equations. For 10 points, name these particles ruled out by Gauss' Law for Magnetism, a particle with non-zero magnetic charge.;;magnetic monopole
;;One opponent of this polity was depicted riding on the back of a snail while fighting against it, and Elizabeth Demetrief created a Woman's Union for the Care of the Injured during its reign. This polity attempted to exchange Georges Darboy for one of its important figures, and Generals Thomas and Lecompte were shot during its reign. This polity saw the abolition of night work for bakers and the postponement of local debts. Its leaders were later exiled to New Caledonia, and it was opposed by a figure who was later replaced by Patrice MacMahon, Adolphe Thiers. Lead by the imprisoned Louis Blanqui and ending in the "Bloody Week", for 10 points, name this government that lasted about two months, a socialist polity headquartered in France's capital.;;Paris Commune
;;One character created by this man is Daniel, who plays dead in order to see Michael Dara declare his love for Dan's wife Nora Burke. Another of this author's characters is a priest who winds up wrapped in a sack, and curses Michael Byrne and Sarah Casey. Another of this author's characters is a saint who uses holy water to cure Martin and Mary, but they eventually go blind again. This author of In the Shadow of the Glen, The Tinkler's Wedding and The Well of the Saints also wrote a play about Pegeen who falls in love with the title character after he claims to have killed his father. For ten points, name this author that created Christy Mahon in his The Playboy of the Western World.;;(John) (Millington) Synge
;;One object created by this god is kept by Sinmara in a chest with nine locks, and is the only object that can kill Vidofnir. One of his children was turned into a wolf who tore his other son's throat out, and this brother of Helblindi and Bylest and creator of the wounding wand Laevatienn was born to figures whose names mean "leaf-island" and "cruel-striker", Laufey and Farbauti. He killed Fimafeng after insulting the other gods at a feast held by Aegir, and after one transgression he was tied to a tree underneath a venom-dripping serpent. This husband of Sigyn gave birth to Hel, Fenrir, and Jormungandr through his union with Angrboda. Known for orchestrating the death of Baldr, for 10 points, name this giant, a trickster figure of Norse mythology.;;Loki
;;One composition of this type and number evolved from the film score for The Flemish Farm and was written by Vaughn Williams. Phillip Glass's included sections of Ginsberg's Plutonian Ode, while and one contains a long B-flat bassoon raspberry at the end, written by Nielsen and titled "Simple." Another has some controversy about which order to perform the middle Andante and Scherzo movements. Another work of this name and number depicts flowing water in the strings in the "By the Brook" movement. For 10 points, identify these compositions which include Mahler's Tragic and Beethoven's Pastorale.;;Sixth (Symphonies)
;;Aschoff's recesses are present in the columnar epithelium of this structure, whose neck is adjacent to Hartmann's pouch. The artery that flows to it branches into Calot's vessels. Calcification of this structure occurs in a disease named for this organ's porcelain-like appearance under such a condition, and it attaches to the right side of the lesser omentum via the hepatoduodenal ligament. This organ contains a duct with a spiral fold, and it's emptied via the action of CCK from the intestine. Its cystic duct joins with the hepatic duct to form the common duct, and it's attached to the dorsal face of the liver. For 10 points, name this organ which is used to store bile, the site of gallstones.;;gallbladder
;;This battle occurred due to an attempt to stop Operation MO, which was to be immediately followed by Operation RY. Task Force 44 defended one path in this battle, while the main force was Task Force 17, which consisted of the Australia, Hobart, and Chicago. One side launched from a base at Tulagi, and a windstorm destroyed the Zuikaku at the beginning on this battle, which also saw the sinking of the Shoho. Frank Fletcher lead forces during this battle, which saw the destruction of the Lexington and subsequent rallying around the Yorktown. For 10 points, name this battle which prevented the invasion of Port Moresby and Australia, an allied victory against the Japanese navy in World War II.;;(Battle) (of) (the) Coral Sea
;;The fourth section of this work was to begin with a quote from a terrible Joni Mitchel poem until it was changed to a one word inquisitive response given by Richard Nixon. This book concludes that the G in Imipolex G doesn't stand for the Holy Grail, and that Kirghiz Light will appear to one character after spending time in a desert. One character in this work opposes the Phoebe Light Bulb Cartel, and that character Byron, is probably the coolest talking light bulb in all of literature. In this novel, Seaman Bodine is met aboard the John. E. Badass, and the protagonist discovers some top secret information about Operation Paperclip. This novel concludes with Captain Blicero firing rocket 00000 into outer space. For ten points, name this novel featuring the erection getting Tyrone Slothrop, written by Thomas Pynchon.;;Gravity's Rainbow
;;The sequel to this work uses the example of tigers in India to illustrate that things can be known either intuitively or representatively, and is called The Meaning of Truth.  One of its sections discusses Vivekenanda's use of the Atman and the Whitman poem "To You" to describe when universal conceptions have meaning. It uses the example of a man chasing a squirrel around a tree to illustrate this works namesake method.  Its opening section states that empiricism has no religion and rationalism has no facts, leading to "The Present Dilemma in Philosophy", and puts forth the dictum that truths come form facts. For 10 points, name this work espousing a namesake practical philosophy by William James.;;Pragmatism
;;Merriman's first words in this play take place while he delivers a card to a character who exclaims, "Horrid Political Economy! Horrid Geography! Horrid, horrid German!" That character's caretaker has just left to take a walk with Reverend Canon Chasuble, and after their departure, her guardian's brother arrives, whom she fears will "look just like everyone else." However, a problem arises when his best friend shows up and announces that his brother has died of a severe chill in Paris. This is similar to the later proclamation that Bunbury has been "quite exploded," during which we learn the true story behind the hand-bag at Victoria Station. Ending with the marriages of Cecily and Gwendolyn to two separate entities with the same fictional name, this is, FTP, which Oscar Wilde play featuring Algernon Moncrieff and Jack Worthing?.;;(The) Importance of Being Earnest
;;Charles Brayton was nicknamed the "Blind Boss of" this state, which was home to the "Bloodless Revolution" of 1935, where Governor Theodore Francis Green's actions replaced Republican dominance in the House and Senate.  The chase of the packet boat Hannah led to the torching of the Gaspee after it ran aground in this state. Sitting governor Samuel Ward King opposed a liberal constitution proposed in 1842, leading to the Dorr Rebellion in this state, which is better known for being home to present-day Portsmouth, which was founded by antinomian heretic Anne Hutchinson. FTP, name this American state initially colonized at Providence Plantation by Roger Williams?.;;Rhode Island
;;William MacDougall called this man's ideas a "peculiarly American product" and attractive "to those who are are born Bolshevists." With Harvey Carr, this scientist demonstrated a rat's ability to become conditioned to a voluntary response in his "kerplunk" experiment, while he used his doctrine of "prediction and control" as a member of the J. Walter Thompson advertising agency. Sometimes credited with inventing the coffee break, he may be best known for working with Rosalie Rayner by creating loud noises to condition a small child to fear a white rat. FTP, name this American psychologist best known for the Little Albert experiment and for founding behaviorism.;;(John) (B(.)) Watson
;;In this painting, tall trees stand near a lustrous red building and its center, while the red tiled roofs form a ridge at its right. Two women stand near two bollards at the bottom left, while further left, several others stand on the quay. Among the buildings visible over the roofs is the Old Church, where its artist was buried, as well as Schiedam Gate. A clock on the gatehouse reveals that it is 7 AM, and light shining on the Middle Ground illuminates the New Church with an empty bell tower, while an arched opening near the town wall in the center allows for the canal that is present in the foreground. The Rotterdam Gate can be seen at the right of, FTP, which painting of the title city, created by Vermeer?.;;View of Delft
;;Dr. MacPhail realizes that Sadie Thompson has seduced Reverend Davidson at the end of one of this author's short stories. This author of "Rain" also wrote about the love of Jim Blakeston and Tom for the title street girl in Liza of Lambeth. One of this author's works is subtitled "The Skeleton in the Cupboard" and concerns William Ashenden's relationship with the Driffields, while another work ends with the former aviator Larrey Darrel's return to America thanks to Isabel Bradley's actions. This author of Cakes and Ale and The Razor's Edge is perhaps best remembered for a novel whose protagonist falls in love with Emily Wilkinson and Mildred Rogers before marrying Sally Athelney. FTP, name this British author, the creator of the club-footed Philip Carey in Of Human Bondage.;;(W(.)) (Somerset) Maugham
;;A Thomson is defined as the quotient of a unit named after this man and the charge of an electron. This scientist rejected Newton's theory of chemical affinities in his New System of Chemical Philosophy, and he hypothesized that a discoloration of the aqueous humor caused a loss of color perception, a condition which he had. Like Maunder and Sporer, he has a namesake minimum of sunspot activity occuring immediately before the modern maximum. He proposed that atoms cannot be divided to smaller particles as part of his atomic theory, while he stated that the total pressure exerted by a mixture of gases is the sum of the individual gases in his law of partial pressures. The atomic mass unit is named after, FTP, which English chemist who stated that elements combine in whole number ratios in his law of multiple proportions?.;;(John) Dalton
;;This man married Abigail after her first husband, Nabal, died for refusing him help during a time of need. Tamar, who was raped by Amnon, was the daughter of this man, who was challenged by Adonijah late in his life. The prophet Nathan's narrative about a poor man's loss of his single sheep caused this man to repent for an action that would cause his son Absalom to fight him a battle in the Wood of Ephraim. The best friend of Jonathan, he ordered the death of Uriah the Hittitte so that he could marry the former's wife, Bathsheba, which resulted in the birth of his son Solomon. FTP, name this king of Israel who succeeded his father Saul and killed some giant Goliath.;;David
;;Driving John McEnroe to a Paul McCartney concert and finding out what Alanis Morissette's song "You Oughta Know" is about are among the exploits of this character, after whom a sandwich containing whitefish, sable, cream cheese, capers, and onions is named. After being told that the Cones are his real parents, he has a revelation that convinces him to donate his kidney to Richard Lewis, who is also a client of his manager Jeff Greene. He co-stars with David Schwimmer in a run of The Producers, but he is preoccupied with trying to have sex with another woman as his anniversary gift from Cheryl Hines, who played his wife throughout most of its first six seasons. FTP, name this protagonist of HBO's "Curb Your Enthusiasm" who plays himself as the co-creator of Seinfeld.;;(Larry) David
;;The main character of this novel visits Guy Pollock's law office and learns of his affliction of the "Village Virus" shortly after meeting the Perry's at a dinner. Among the main character's friends are the maid Bea and the handyman Miles Bjornstam, the latter of which gets blamed for his son Olaf's death from typhoid, and the main character's suggestions to improve the Jolly Seventeen and the Thanatopsis Club, including an attempt to produce Androcles and the Lion, are unsuccessful. After one character begins a relationship with Maud Dryer and asks that the tailor Erik Valborg leave town, the main character takes her son Hugh and leaves for Washington. However, Carol returns home with Dr. Will Kennicott to Gopher Prairie by the end of, FTP, which novel by Sinclair Lewis?.;;Main Street
;;Tydeus's eating of Melanippus's brain resulted in a promise of immortality being withdrawn by this deity, who accidentally killed a nymph of Lake Tritonis in one story. Cecrops was made merely a witness and not a judge in picking this deity over Poseidon to be the patron deity of his kingdom, and this deity gives a golden bridle to Bellerophon to riding Pegasus. This deity helps Telemachus learn more about Odysseus's journey, while Arachne claimed that she was a better weaver than this deity, who was the daughter of Metis and associated with the epithet "Pallas." Born fully armed out of Zeus's head, this is, FTP, which Greek goddess associated with owls, wisdom, and warfare?.;;Athena
;;This ruler made a speech in which he declared that he was ready to hear "the cry of woe" in the event of aggression following a secret conference with Napoleon III at Plombieres. The head of cabinet under this ruler curtailed the power of ecclestiastical courts under Siccardi law, but that head was replaced in a process known as the connubio. Having taken the throne after Charles Albert abdicated following a defeat at Novara, this ruler, who was succeeded by Hubert I, was a supporter of the Expedition of Thousand, and his success at Castelfidardo was soon followed by his greatest achievement. During Risorgimento, Count Cavour served as prime minster for, FTP, which King of Sardinia who became the first king of a unified Italy?.;;Victor Emmanuel II (of) (Italy)
;;A party takes place in Act Three of this play, during which one character performs a trick where the eight of spades ends up in an accountant's jacket pocket and a Stationmaster recites a poem by Alexei Tolstoy. The main character's brother's favorite phrase is "yellow ball in the side pocket," but he becomes angry when he hears Yasha use the phrase during the party, having just returned from an auction. The results of that auction force Varya and Trofimov to find winter plans in a new home, but Firs is accidentally left locked away after Liubov Ranyevskaya finally leaves the her childhood home. Lopakhin plans to convert the title estate into cottages in, FTP, which play by Anton Chekhov?.;;(The) Cherry Orchard
;;In this conflict, the late arrival of Adhemar of Lu Puy's force forced the retreat of one side during one battle. Duqaq began to desert Kerbogha after Bohemond gained an advantage at the Battle of Orontes, and Walter the Penniless met Peter the Hermit in Constantinople after the former led a group in sacking Belgrade. Eventually ending at Ascalon, it resulted in the creation the County of Edessa by Baldwin and was originally a response to Alexius I's appeal for aid, but it resulted in the victorious army winning battles at Nicaea and Dorylaeum before needing seven months to take Antioch. Begun by Pope Urban II at the Council of Clermont in 1095 , this is, FTP, which 1099 campaign that ended with the capture of Jerusalem?.;;First Crusade
;;The operas Fierrabras and Alfonso and Estralla are among the works of this composer, whose four-handed piano works include his "Grand Duo" sonata and his Fantasia in F minor. This composer of the piano trio Notturno chose to double the cellos in his string quintet in C major, while another of his works utilized another work of his previously based on a poem by Matthias Claudius. This composer of the "Death and the Maiden" quartet also wrote the incidental music to Rosamunde and utilized both the double bass and the piano in a work describing its title creature eluding a fisherman. FTP, name this Austrian composer of the Trout Quintet, several lieder, and his eighth and "Unfinished" Symphony.;;(Franz) (Peter) Schubert
;;The Senate Majority leader felt that in a speech before Congress, this politician "hit a home run", to which that politician replied, "I hope the bases were loaded." Jaime Tadeo was appointed to represent the peasants' movement during the rule of this politician, who issued a new Family Code and closed the Batasang Pambansa. In addition to issuing the Freedom Constitution, this leader gained popularity due to demonstrations along EDSA as part of the People Power Revolution in 1986, during which Ferdinand Marcos fled into exile as she became the leader of her country. FTP, name this recently deceased former head of state, the first female president in Asia as leader of the Philippines.;;(Corazon) Aquino
;;For a period of eight months, this man fled to Hispania and was housed in a cave on the property of Vibius Pacacius, and he would emerge after Cinna's death and help to end Sulla's second Civil War by commanding troops at Colline Gate. Later meeting his downfall by clinging to his "testudo" formation, this man had earlier had his leadership reaffirmed at a conference at Luca. This politician had success in the Third Servile War, including a defeat of Spartacus, but his downfall came after his crossing of the Euphrates to seize Parthia, leading to his defeat at the Battle of Carrhae. FTP, name this Roman politician best remembered for his alliance with Pompey and Julius Caesar in the First Triumvirate.;;(Marcus) (Licinius) Crassus
;;Hansemann's work with dyed gelatin demonstrated the presence of two to six apertures in the septum of these structures, which has a boundary formed by at least one of the secondary type of cells found here and named after Kohn. DPLD is an affliction of these structures, while a lack of DPPC here may cause atelectasis. Squamous cells account for most of its surface area, while the secondary type of cells found here secrete surfactants to increase surface tension on these structures. Bronchioles lead to these structures, diseases of which include emphysema and bronchitis. FTP, name these tiny sacs of air, the site of oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange inside the lung.;;alveoli
;;One author from this nation wrote about a man who keeps dreams about the same city in "Nostalgia", while another author wrote about a marksman fighting against federal forces in The Underdogs. Another author from this nation wrote the short story "Tell Them Not To Kill Me!", which appears in his The Burning Plain, while the disappearance of Ambrose Bierce was written by this country's author of Where the Air of Clear. Hanuman journeys to Galta as the protagonist of The Monkey Garmmarian, which was written by a native of this nation, and this author also wrote about "From Independence to the Revolution" in his collection The Labyrinth of Solitude. FTP, name this nation, home to the writers Mariano Azuela, Carlos Fuentes, and Octavio Paz.;;Mexico
;;Before becoming regent, he attempted to overthrow William Longchamp during the Third Crusade, and his reign was supremely concerned with recovering land lost when Philip II of France declared his continental fiefs forfeit. Another controversy during his reign was that of Innocent III excommunicating this ruler for expelling Canterbury monks for refusing to accept Stephen Langton as Hubert Walter's successor. The more stringent imposition of scutage and the tightening of forest laws of this man culminated in his defeat at the hands of Philip at the Battle of Bouvines, leading to a meeting with rebels at Runnymede and the eventual signing of the Magna Carta before allegedly dying of poisoned ale or a "surfeit of peaches." Receiving his nickname for losing his territory to the French, this is, FTP, which English king, the last of the house of Angevins?.;;(John) Lackland
;;Poems attributed to this man include three about Priapus, a series of epigrams called the Catalepton, and a long work called "The Gnat". In one of his works, one character calls those who died near their homes "three and four times blessed", while another section of that work describes ants plundering a heap of grain for winter. Palaemon intervenes between Damoetas and Menalcas trading couplets in fighting over a cow in one work, whose first section begins with Meliboeus describing Tityrus singing. The second book of one of his works is dedicated to arboriculture and viniculture, while the fourth is about beekeeping; that work is a poetic treatise on farming. This man wrote an epic poem whose characters include Achates, the hardy companion of the title character; Anchises and Ascanius, his father and son; and Turnus, his enemy in Italy. For 10 points, name this author of the Georgics, the Eclogues, and the Aeneid.;;(Publius) Vergilius (Maro)
;;This thinker attacked Freud though an interpretation of Jivaro myths in The Jealous Potter, and contrasted myths about honey and tobacco in one work, while another discusses etiquette among the Tucuna Indians. Besides From Honey to Ashes and The Origin of Table Manners, parts of a series which also includes The Naked Man, this anthropologist wrote Totemism as an introduction to a longer work which discusses "The Science of the Concrete" and "Systems of Transformations" in arguing that totemism was never a construct of the title thinking entity. He used a Bororo myth to discuss dualistic empirical categories in one book of his Mythologiques series and the title constructs of another work dictate which relatives are best for marriage. For 10 points, name this centenarian structural anthropologist who wrote The Raw and the Cooked, Elementary Structures of Kinship and The Savage Mind.;;(Claude) Levi(-)Strauss
;;One of his cycles shows scenes such as The Baptism of the Neophytes and its subject Healing the Sick with his Shadow, and this artist also created the San Geovanelli Tryptich and the Pisa Altarpiece. One of his works features painted columns and sarcophagus with a skeleton below an arch with a barrel vault in perspective that encases a crucified Jesus with the Father and two saints. The aforementioned cycle, a series of frescoes, done with Masolino, for the Brancacci Chapel of Santa Maria della Carmine, includes one in which Adam and Eve walk away and cry while covering their face, and breasts and genitals, respectively; and another in which St. Peter appears catching a fish on the left, pointing among a group of men in the center, and handing the title payment to a tax collector on the right. For 10 points, name this Early Renaissance painter of The Trinity, Expulsion from the Garden of Eden and The Tribute Money.;;Masaccio|(Tommaso) Cassai|(Tommaso) (di) (Ser) (Giovanni) (di) Mone
;;[Note: "The Sakuradamon Incident" is also the title of the third episode of 2008 anime series Ryoko's Case File.]  5. E.S. Loomis published a compendium about this statement, which Edsger Dijkstra generalized using the signum function. Generalized to inner product spaces, this statement is Parseval's identity, while its analog in three dimensions is de Gua's theorem. Euclid's proof of it, like many others, uses a figure known as the bride's chair. This statement is logically equivalent to Euclid's parallel postulate, and its generalization to powers higher than two, proved unsolvable by Andrew Wiles, is Fermat's last theorem. For 10 points, name this special case of the law of cosines, a statement which states that the sum of the squares of the two legs of a right triangle is equal to the square of the hypotenuse.;;(the) Pythagorean (theorem)
;;This work's author described its protagonist's origins in various young men he had met in an essay titled "How [its protagonist] was Born". In one scene in this work, the main character kills a rat with his brother Buddy, then scares his sister Vera with it. Its protagonist beats up Gus at a pool hall after seeing The Gay Woman and Trader Horn with Jack, G.H., and him, all of them deciding not to rob Blum's delicatessen. Jan Erlone takes up the cause of the protagonist, who is defended by the Communist lawyer Boris Max because he had raped his girlfriend Bessie Mears, then killed her with a brick after confessing to her the crime for which he is sentenced to death, suffocating Mary Dalton with a pillow. For 10 points, name this novel about Bigger Thomas by Richard Wright.;;Native Son
;;Basil the Great, Gregory of Nazianus, and Gregory of Nyssa were the Cappadocian Theologians, a group which argued against this belief. Its main text was the Thalia, or Banquet, and the controversy surrounding this heresy was stoked by both sides using Origen's writings as evidence for their position. Ulfilas converted the Goths and other Germanic tribes to this sect, whose incorrectness was supposedly confirmed by its founder's gruesome death of evacuating his bowels. The emperor Constantius espoused this belief, leading to its further condemnation at the First Council of Constantinople. One council was torn as to whether to condemn this heresy in favor of the Eusebian homoiousios or the homoousios, supported by two bishops of Alexandria, Alexander and Athanasius. For 10 points, name this heresy condemned at the First Council of Nicaea, which states that Jesus is inferior to, not consubstantial with, the Father.;;Arianism
;;This composer wrote two works called Aequalis for three trombones, and the wind accompaniment is optional for the Kyrie movement, while the Gloria ends in a double fugue on the one word "Amen" in his Mass in E Minor. His third mass, nicknamed the "Great", is in F minor, as is his Study Symphony. One of his works features a new theme suddenly and loudly introduced by trombones in the exposition of the first movement, which opens the development and then disappears; he called that First Symphony the "saucy maid" and was actually written before his so-called Zeroth Symphony. One of his symphonies begins in B flat minor despite being in C minor and features a second-movement scherzo, while another which features the "Hunt" Scherzo and opens with a call from a solo French horn. For 10 points, name this composer whose symphonies include his Eighth, the "Apocalyptic"; and his Fourth, the "Romantic".;;(Anton) Bruckner
;;Uninhabited islands belonging to this nation include Kemmunett and Filfla, and Marsaxlokk [mar-sa-shlock] Bay indents its biggest island. Neolithic temples in this country include Tarxien [tar-shien], Ta' Hagrat, [hadj-rat] and Hagar Qim [ha-jar eem]. The Blue Lagoon is off this nation's island of Comino. This nation's capital is a port which contains the Marsamxett [mar-sam-shet] and Grand Harbours. One island in this nation has its largest town at Victoria, also known as Rabat, also the name of a town outside the old capital of Mdina. That island is home to the aforementioned megalithic temples, which include Ggantija [djgan-ti-yah], or the Giant's Tower. Besides that "Island of the Three Hills", Gozo, its namesake island contains this country's largest town, Birkirkara. For 10 points, name this small island nation south of Italy with capital at Valletta.;;Malta
;;In support of his endeavors, this man wrote tracts such as Letter to the Free Society of Traders, while winning over the support of Francis Daniel Pastorius. This man wrote a work whose second half consists of testimonies to the effectiveness of the first half, a "discourse shewing the nature and discipline of the Holy Cross", No Cross, No Crown. This man gained territory as a result of his friendship with Algernon Sidney; he proposed the title of "New Wales" and a constitution called the Frame of Government. According to legend, he signed a treaty at Shackamaxon; that was done with Susquehanna tribes like the Mingoes and the Delawares. This was to secure peace in the colony he founded, named after its woods, thanks to a charter from Charles II, dubbed a "Holy Experiment". For 10 points, name this Quaker, the founder and namesake of a state which includes Philadelphia.;;(William) Penn
;;One character in this work goes from his home town to Paris with some diamonds sewn in his coat by selling astrological instruments. Another marries the Duke of Sanseverina but, per a prior agreement, shacks up with Count Mosca, the prime minister, instead. The protagonist picks up General Conti and her daughter in a carriage, then falls in love with her when he meets her again in jail, but she dies shortly after childbirth. Besides Clelia and the protagonist's aunt, Gina Pietranera, another woman in this novel is an actress named Marietta Valsera, whose lover, the ugly Giletti, the protagonist kills. At the beginning of this work, the main character joins Napoleon's army, then travels around Italy before retiring to the title monastery on the Po. For 10 points, name this novel about Fabrizio del Dongo by Stendhal.;;The Charterhouse of Parma|(Le) Chartreuse de Parme
;;One step of this process is inhibited by flouroacetate, while another mutation in this process leads to hereditary leiomyomatosis and renal cell carcinoma. One of its intermediates shuts with arginosuccinate to control urea production, while another is responsible for shuttling in reducing equivalents via exchanging with aspartate. One step uses cis-aconitate as an intermediate in an isomerization. In another step, succinate is oxidized to fumarate. Its final step oxidizes malate to a product on which an aldol condensation is performed in its first step, oxaloacetate. Preceded by pyruvate dehydrogenase complex turning pyruvate into acetyl CoA, for 10 points, name this step which follows glycosylation in cellular respiration, a cycle sometimes named for a product found in lemons.;;citric acid (cycle)|tricarboxylic acid (cycle)|Szent(-)Gyorgyi(-)Krebs (cycle)
;;This artist took a series of pictures of clouds, known as Equivalents. A woman walking several feet in front and to the side of a man carrying two long sticks, and a man sitting on a wood pile feeding a horse are his two photographs with the title A Snapshot: Paris. He published the magazine Camera Work as part of his Photo-Secession movement, and one of his early works shows a carriage head-on riding toward snow with wheel tracks in it. He took several photos of his wife's hands in various positions, and showed a man with his back turned from the viewer looking at a horse-drawn trolley in one photograph. Besides Winter, Fifth Avenue and The Terminal. Another of his works features a narrow drawbridge with side chains, a deck, a ladder, and an "inclining funnel", all at different angles, while crowds of people fill the title section of the ship. For 10 points, name this photographer of The Steerage, the husband of Georgia O'Keeffe.;;(Alfred) Stieglitz
;;One section of this work argues that differences in talents and abilities among people are morally arbitrary. This work broadly defines constructivism as any ethical position which tries to set forth procedures for solving moral issues, unlike the author's later works like "Kantian Constructivism in Moral Theory" and Political Liberalism. It states that the title entity must be in reflective equilibrium with considered moral judgements, leading to the title of its first chapter defining that entity as fairness. The worst-off in society get the most benefit according to the difference principle, one outcome of a state described in this work in which open-minded, rational agents gather on behalf of someone in society, about whom they know nothing, the "veil of ignorance" in this "original position". Refuted in Robert Nozick's Anarchy, State, and Utopia, for 10 points, name this best-known work of John Rawls.;;(A) Theory of Justice
;;Freemasonry was blamed for one of this man's policies in the encyclical Etsi multa. He took money involving the newly-formed Guelph Legion into a "reptile fund" with which he bribed newspapers. As prime minister, he convinced a neighboring nation, represented by the rather willing Count Blome. to sign the Gastein Convention, and he negotiated the League of the Three Emperors. When the terms of the Gastein Convention were violated, a conflict including the Battle of Koniggratz, the Seven Weeks' War, resulted. One of this man's policies was enacted by the Kanzelparagraph and Adalbert Falk's May Laws; that attempt to reduce Catholic influence was the Kulturkampf, while he released out the Ems dispatch to provoke the Franco-Prussian War. For 10 points, name this "Iron Chancellor" who helped unite Germany serving emperors like Wilhelm I.;;(Otto) (Eduard) (Leopold) (von) Bismarck(,) (Prince) (of) (Bismarck(,)) (Duke) (of) (Lauenburg(,)) (Count) (of) (Bismarck(-)Schonhausen)
;;This figure's brow is compared to scentless mayweed, and according to a poem named after [this man's] Dreams, also called the Vegtamskvida, this man's father had a son named Vali with the giantess Rindr to kill this man's killer. He lived in Breidablik and had a ship named Hringhorni. This man's son with his wife Nanna rules in Glitnir, where legal disputes are settled. Loki was bound to a rock with snake venom dripping onto him after pretending to be the giantess Thokk, who refused to weep for this man, thus stopping Hel from returning him to his father at Asgard. Possessor of the ring Draupnir and father of Forseti, this man's mother, Frigg, forced all things but one to vow not to kill this man, after which his blind brother Hodr then shot him. For 10 points, name this handsome son of Odin whom Loki schemed to kill with mistletoe and who will be reborn in the next world.;;Balder
;;In one work, this character is told by another that he will eat her unless she shows herself to be a woman; that man had encountered this one sitting on a statue in the desert. In another, this character dies with her attendants Charmian and Iras. This character rolls herself up in a carpet to travel with Apollodorus to a lighthouse, and later orders an enemy killed by her nurse Ftatateeta, who is herself killed by Rufio for the deed, while in another work, Enobarbus says that "Age cannot wither her". In that work, this character is left for a time by her lover when his wife Fulvia dies and Sextus Pompeius threatens his ally. That man kills himself by falling onto his sword after the Battle of Actium, whereupon this woman commits suicide by asp. For 10 points, name this ruler of Egypt who is paired with Caesar in a play by George Bernard Shaw and with Antony in one by Shakespeare.;;Cleopatra
;;This effect's inverse form can be described using the Kompaneets equation, and Faust and Johnson described its multiple form. In describing this effect, its namesake created a namesake wavelength of a particle defined as Planck's constant divided by the product of the particle's mass and the speed of light. That inverse form, which results from the scattering of CMB photons, is known as the Sunyaev-Zel'dovich effect. The differential cross-section of this effect is calculated for higher wavelengths of the Klein-Nishina formula, and is the higher-wavelength version of visible light's Thomson scattering. For 10 points, name this form of scattering in which a photon loses energy when it collides with matter.;;Compton (scattering)|(effect)
;;One consul under this emperor showed his thanks by writing the original Panegyric; that man also wrote some famous Epistulae in which he described the death of his uncle at Vesuvius. He imposed the puppet ruler Parthamaspates upon the Parthians, and his building projects include a namesake extension of the Appian Way, an alternate northern route from Beneventum to Brundisium. Under this emperor's rule, Arabia, Armenia, and Mesopotamia were made provinces, while one of this man's campaigns resulted in a trophy at Adamklissi after the sack of one region's capital, Sarmizegethusa and the suicide of its leader, Decebalus. This man was appointed governor of Upper Germany by the emperor who soon adopted him, Nerva, and his victory in the Dacian Wars is depicted in a long spiral bas-relief on his namesake column. For 10 points, name this second of the Five Good Emperors, succeeded by Hadrian.;;Trajan|(Marcus) (Ulpius) (Nerva) Traianus
;;After this man's political life, he spent time on a Spanish ship as a deckhead until he was arrested on charges that extended furthered William Wickham's efforts to put him out of power. This man angered James O'brien when he did not support the Orange Parade, and with Peter B. Sweeney this man became director of the Erie Railroad. This man worked with Oakey Hall in furthering the institution he was the head of, while he also owned the Metropolitan Hotel.  Images of a fat bird nearby a cliff filled with bones, and an obsese man with a sack of money in lieu of the head were drawn by Thomas Nast representing this politican. For ten points, name this man, the corrupt head of Tammany Hall.;;(William) (Marcy) (Boss) Tweed
;;These compounds react with pyridine and 2,4-dinitro-chlorobenzene in the Zincke reaction. The first step of the Mannich reaction reacts formaldehyde with one of them, and the degree of these compounds is determined by reacting them with benzyl sulfonyl chloride in the Hinsberg test. The Ing-Manske reaction is one variant on a method for producing them which generally uses potassium phthalamide and alkyl halides; that is the Gabriel synthesis. Biological examples of them include alkaloids and norepinephrine, as well as aniline.  For ten points, name these functional groups which contain a basic nitrogen atom with a lone pair of electrons, generally derived from ammonia.;;amines
;;One of this author's works inquires "Who leads the docile spheres by withes of supple blue?" A comic poem produced by this author states "Seraphs swing their stony hats," and mentions the "Tippler leaning against the sun," while another poem ends "For I have the power to kill, / without the power to die," and begins "My life, has stood a loaded gun." Another poem of hers describes "We passed the fields of grazing grain, / we passed the fields of setting sun." That poem describes a person who "surmised the horses' heads / were toward eternity." That poem mentions a "carriage that held just ourselves and immortality." For ten points name this author of the poems "I taste a liquor never brewed," and "Because I Could Not Stop for Death," a native of Amherst.;;(Emily) Dickinson
;;His name originally meant "wielder of missiles", and one of his feats was accomplished at the spring of Peirene. This man, who was sent to kill the Solymi tribe, fathered two daughters, Laodameia and Deidameia, and Stheneboea unsuccessfully attempted to seduce him. He sought out the advice of Polydius, and he carried a letter with instructions for his own death to Iobates, the uncle of Proteus. The sting of a gadfly caused his mount to throw him to earth, but Athena gave him a soft landing. He used a golden bridle to obtain his mount, and then killed a monster with the head of a lion and tail of a dragon. For ten points, name this hero who slew the Chimera with the help of Pegasus.;;Bellerophon
;;The earliest records of this polity are indicative of military successes for its ruler Cynric and his successor Ceawlin, and one ruler of this polity was the subject of a biography by Asser. The land controlled by this polity was reduced when Cynegils lost the provinces of Hwicce to Penda, and centuries later this polity would throw off the control of a neighboring kingdom when its ruler Egbert defeated Beornwulf. Archbishop Dunstan advised another ruler of this kingdom, Edgar, who absorbed the Danelaw, but the most famous ruler of this polity won the Battle of Edington over the Danes and signed the treaty of Wedmore with them, thereby establishing control over southern England. For ten points, identify this Saxon kingdom of pre-Norman England which coexisted with Mercia and Northumbria and was famously ruled by Alfred the Great.;;Wessex
;;The Lemaire Channel separates this body from Booth Island. Sturge, Young, and Buckle are the three largest of the Bellany Islands, which lie near this land mass. This entity's namesake mountain system has its highest point at Mt. Kirkpatrick, and its subdivisions include the Horlick, Pensacola, and Dufek ranges. Much of this entity's namesake peninsula is known as Graham Land, while the tip of it is called the Trinity Peninsula; to its west lie Alexander Island and the Bellingshausen Sea. It is divided into areas such as Marie Byrd Land and Queen Maud Land, and is home to the active and inactive volcanoes Mt. Erebus and Mt. Terror. Its highest mountain is Vinson Massif, and it is indented by the Weddell Sea and Ross Sea, for 10 points, name this icy land mass, the southernmost on Earth.;;Antarctica
;;With Walker, this man names a transport process used in general relativity to find a reference frame in which all curvature is due to mass-energy.  Time-dependent perturbation theory can be used to show that transition rates in the sudden approximation follow his namesake "golden rule."  At absolute zero, unfilled orbitals are separated from filled orbitals in momentum space by his namesake surface and his namesake energy equals the chemical potential.  He lends his name to particles that obey the Pauli exclusion principle; those particles are governed by the statistics named for this man and Dirac.  For 10 points, name this physicist who produced the first sustained nuclear chain reaction.;;(Enrico) Fermi
;;This author wrote a trilogy in which Ben Ritchie-Hook is part of the Royal Corps of Halberdiers along with Guy Crouchback, and he wrote about Miles Plastic freeing Clara from a mental institution in a novel subtitled "A Romance of the Near Future." This author of Unconditional Surrender and Love among the Ruins, the former of which was collected in his Sword of Honor trilogy also wrote a novel in which Basil Seal helps the ruler of Azania, Emperor Seth, colonize his country, as well as a novel about Lord Tangent and Paul Pennyfeather. In another of his novels, Mr. Todd forces the protagonist to read Charles Dickens to him for the rest of his life after Lady Brenda declares him officially dead. In addition to that novel about Tony Last, he wrote a novel that features characters like Sebastian Flyte and Charles Ryder. For ten points, name this author of Decline and Fall, A Handful of Dust and Brideshead Revisited.;;(Evelyn) Waugh
;;In one of this man's texts, he describes how the Pope gives Candidus to the Bishop of Arles to appease him. This man rendered into prose four Paulinus works about St. Felix, and he also published a prose and poem source on the life of St. Cuthbert. This theologican discussed the use of puncti and their relationship to the days between when God creaeted the Earth and the Sun in his De Temporibus, which was heavily influenced by Isidore of Seville. In his On the Reckoning of Time, he calculated the year of Earth's creation to be 3952 BC.  For ten points, name this author of The Ecclesiastical History of the English Speaking Peoples, who established the practice of setting Christ's birthyear at year 1,.;;(The) (Venerable) Bede
;;With Himiltrude, this ruler produced a son with a hunchback that rebelled against his father and was subsequently confined to a monastery. He was married at one point to a daughter of the king of Desiderius, before he defeated him, thus assisting Pope Adrian I. A military incident involving this ruler involved this ruler being appeased by Husayn of Zaragoza, then afterwards being ambushed in Ronceveaux Pass in the Pyrenees. This man declare himself King of the Lombards after he defeated them at Pavia. His biographer was Einhard, and he ruled for a time with Carloman. For ten points, name this first Holy Roman Emperor, a son of Peppin the Short that is the namesake of the Carolingian Dynasty.;;Charlemagne
;;One character in this work had previously found his boss sleeping at 2 o'clock in the morning and used a horsewhip to smack him in the face. The narrator of this work is shown labyrinthine blueprints of a machine by a character who describes the effect of the turning point of that machine happening every six hours after its use. Those blueprints were designed by a commandant who will rise again according to a prophecy at this story's end. That aforementioned device in this work consists of a wool bed, a designer and a harrow. Eventually that device in this story fails to inscribe the words "Be Just" into the back of the Officer, killing him. For ten points, name this Franz Kafka story about a machine that does inscribes sentences to people in the title locale.;;In the Penal Colony|In der Strafkolonie
;;This pathway is responsible for triggering Swi6-catalyzed methylation of H3K9 in heterochromatic regions, and proteins in this pathway often contain a piwi domain or a PAZ domain. this pathway requires Exportin-5, and 2-O-methyl substrates were used to ascertain the order of loading in the main complex in this pathway. Drosha and Pasha are responsible for processing stem loops for triggering this pathway, while R2D2 binds to the passenger strand in the RISC complex, which is the main effector of this pathway. Either resulting in translational repression or cleavage of the substrate, it was originally evolved as a defense against viruses. For 10 points, name this pathway in which mRNA is targeted by anti-sense RNA, leading to knockdown of gene expression.;;RNA interference
;;While studying under Carl Stumpf, this thinker linked psychology and mathematics in a Habilitationthesis entitled On the Concept of Number. This thinker's study of the foundations of logic was published as Formal and Transcendental Logic, and he defended the method most associated with him in his lecture, First Philosophy. Rudolf Carnap was a one-time student of this figure, whose exposition of such concepts as eidetic reduction was set forth in his Cartesian Meditations, and he also taught Emmanuel Levinas. A student of Franz Brentano, this man developed the concepts of epoche, which he used as a method of "bracketing" an object to analyze its existence. For ten points, identify this philosopher who developed his phenomenological ideas in Logical Investigations.;;(Edmund) Husserl
;;This man briefly edited a magazine called "German-French Yearbooks", which published his " <http://search.eb.com/eb/topic?idxStructId=600950&amp;typeId=13>Toward the Critique of the Hegelian Philosophy of Right". He discussed how the title query is secular for the title religious group in North America in On the Jewish Question, while another work traces the rise and eventual coup of a French emperor, mirroring his grandfather. Another work criticizes the draft system of the United Workers' Party. Besides The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis-Napoleon and Critique of the Gotha Program, he wrote a three-volume treatment of the title entity, beginning with describing commodity and money, and a pamphlet which ends with a call to arms for workers to unite and throw off their chains. For 10 points, name this author of Das Kapital and co-author of The Communist Manifesto with Friedrich Engels.;;(Karl) (Heinrich) Marx
;;The long line is path connected and locally homeomorphic to this set in the standard topology, but cannot be embedded in it.  Paul Cohen used forcing to prove the independence of the Zermelo-Fraenkel axioms and a hypothesis regarding the cardinalities of this set and one of its subsets.  Hilbert defined this system with 18 axioms that imply it is the largest Archimedean field, and up to isomorphism it is the only ordered field with the least upper bound property.  Dedekind cuts and equivalence classes of Cauchy sequences provide two methods for constructing this system, which was proved to be uncountable by Cantor's diagonal argument.  For 10 points, name this set that can be decomposed into algebraic and transcendental numbers, or into rational and irrational numbers.;;(the) real numbers|R
;;A Marianne Moore poem titled after her wish to be one of these begins by comparing herself to King Solomon. A Ray Bradbury short story titled for one of these describes two people who mistake it for a train. This word precedes the word "seed" in the title of a novel that focuses in Lao San, Lao Er, and Lao Ta, and their mother Ling Tan, while this precedes the word "teeth" in the title of the third novel of the World's End cycle, which is notable for featuring the secret agent Lanny Budd. One of these creatures arises from Sarusawa pond in an Akutagawa short story. Another one of these is found in Earaness and is killed by a man accompanied by Wiglaf after having slain Grendel's Mother. For ten points, name this creature, one type of which kills Beowulf.;;dragon
;;Zubin Mehta's recording of this piece with the Los Angeles Philharmonic is featured on a double album alongside Holst's The Planets and a suite from Star Wars. The strings play a slow fugue which employs all twelve notes of the chromatic scale, and this work ends with high B's in the woodwinds and low C's in the low strings, preventing complete resolution. The "Dance Song" section features a prominent violin solo, while the trumpets play C-G-C above the organ to symbolize dawn at the opening of this work, whose other sections include "Of Joys and Passions" and "Nachtwandlerlied." For ten points, name this symphonic poem based on Nietzsche, written by Richard Strauss and used as the theme for 2001: A Space Odyssey.;;Also Sprach Zarathustra|Thus Spake Zarathustra
;;After landing at Lemta, one participant in this battle marched his forces to Hadrumentum, from which those forces then moved to the site of this engagement. Prior to this engagement, one side had broken out of Castra Cornelia, to which it had been forced to retire from the siege of Utica, and destroyed the camp of Syphax. The actions of Laelius were crucial to the outcome of this battle, in which the victor deployed his maniples in columns with the hastati in front of the principes and triarii. This battle took place five years after one victorious general at this battle had won the Battle of the Metaurus River, while Massinissa was recognized as the king of Numidia in the aftermath of this battle, which earned the victor his title of "Africanus." For ten points, identify this 202 B.C. engagement which saw Scipio's victory over Hannibal.;;(Battle) (of) Zama
;;This artist's studies of nature include Young Hare and one which shows different species of grasses and leaves with great accuracy, The Large Turf. In one self-portrait, this man is grasping the fur collar of his brown robe with his right hand, while his curly hair spreads out onto his shoulders in imitation of Christ. In one of his works, the first title character rides stoically on horseback while the other two title characters, one of whom holds an hourglass ahead of him, try to disturb him. In another, a lion lies on the ground while the titular saint is at work, with light streaming from his bald head. One of his works contains a dog curled up above a sphere in the bottom left, as well as a bell above a magic square and a truncated rhombohedron, known as his solid. For 10 points, name this painter of many self-portraits and engraver of Knight, Death, and the Devil, St. Jerome in his Study, and Melencolia I.;;(Albrecht) Durer
;;The colonial history of this nation includes a time when it was dominated by the "Hundred Associates," and a longstanding dispute in this nation was partially resolved through the recent Clarity Act. William Vander Zalm was elected to a leadership role in one part of this country under the banner of the Social Credit movement. One leader of this nation was intermittently opposed by George Brown and was involved in the Pacific Scandal. Another leader of this nation took advantage of the War Measures Act to proclaim a state of "apprehended insurrection," in one part of this country, a response to a series of events known as the October Crisis. This nation held a constitutional convention in 1987 which culminated in the Meech Lake Accords, and its leaders have included Brian Mulroney and Pierre Trudeau. For ten points, identify this country currently led by Steven Harper.;;Canada
;;Alpha dystroglycan proteins in Schwann cells serve as receptors for this disease's causative agent. The skin test for this disease uses preparations named for Dharmendra, and carbol fuschin is necessary to stain for its causative agent. One study showed that the microbe that causes this disease has lost functionality in nearly fifty percent of its genome. Armadillos are thought to be the only non-humans susceptible to this disease, which is often treated with dapsone. Like tuberculosis, it is caused by a microbacterium. For 10 points, name this illness also known as "Hansen's disease" that causes nerve damage and skin lesions, sufferers of which were often sequestered to "colonies.".;;leprosy|Hansen's (disease) (until) (mention)
;;One champion in this sport created the now-universal "Moncton rule" in the early 1990s, which created a Free Guard Zone. In championship-level games, each side has 75 minutes to complete the match. Stars of this sport include Russ Howard and Ernie Richardson, who led the victorious team in the first Scotch Cup. The USA's first Olympic medaling team in this sport was led in 2006 by Pete Fenton, while the gold-winning team was led by Brad Gushue, known for his extremely loud yelling. A team's score is however many of their stones are closer to the center than the innermost of the other team's, so only one team can score in each end. For 10 points, name this sport in which players throw stones towards a target which are swept along by brooms, popular in Canada.;;curling
;;Lucian praised this artist's "graceful lines of the eyebrow," in the bulk of his sculptures. This artist depicted a certain god supporting himself with his left hand on a tree trunk and his right hand touching his hair. Another of his sculptures depicts that same god killing an animal climbing up a tree. For his other sculptures, this artist frequently used Phryne as a model. In addition to crafting the Lycian Apollo and an Apollo killing a lizard, another of his sculptures features a representation of a god whose right hand was broken off, while his left hand features sagging swaddling clothes. This man also depicted a figure carrying draperies with one hand, whose other hand is shielding her genitalia as her head is in profile, to her right. For ten points, name this ancient Greek sculpture of Hermes Bearing the Infant Dionysus and Aphrodite of Cnidos.;;Praxiteles
;;One of this man's autobiographical works describes deriving a will to live from reading Prosper Merimee's collected letters, while a different work of his describes He Xiao-er, a man who escaped from death during war, whose head fell off when he got into a barfight. This author's posthumous works include his "Diary of a Stupid Man," and one in which he describes getting a headache after seeing transparent cogwheels over and over. Another of this man's works describes a criminal who fails to ascend from hell by climbing the titular spider's thread. This author also wrote a tale in which an elderly woman picks hair to make a wig at the title gate, and his story "In a Grove," describes a murder from multiple viewpoints. For ten points, name this Japanese author whose "Rashomon," inspired an Akira Kurosawa movie.;;(Ryunosuke) Akutagawa
;;In Javan marriage ceremonies, the completion of the marriage occurs when the bride and groom exchange the kembang majang, these types of objects. In Zoroastrianism, these objects are exchanged in a namesake "rite" between priests, and thirty species of them represent the thirty yazatas, or deities of the days of the month. In Shinto, the divinity Kishimojin is often depicted holding a child and one of these objects that symbolizes happiness. In Islam, one of these objects was held to have grown up from the perspiration dripping off Mohammed during his heavenly journey, while in Catholicism, some of these objects are thought to have grown up from the tears of the Virgin. One type of these objects is mentioned as neither toiling nor spinning in Matthew, while in Hinduism Brahma is often depicted as seated on one of them. For ten points, identify these plants, types of which include the lily and the lotus.;;flower
;;Early prime ministers in this country included Mohammad Natsir and Mohammad Hatta, who later resigned as Vice President. One president was backed by army chief of staff A.H. Nasution, who later escaped while six other generals were killed by the military in the September 30th Movement, which was blamed on and led to the destruction of its communist party, the PKI. This country's constitution set forth the state philosophy of Pancasila, and several Asian and African nations met at the 1955 Bandung Conference in this nation. One president promulgated the practice of "Guided Democracy". Under Dutch rule, it was known as the Dutch East Indies, and its capital was at Batavia. For 10 points, name this country whose first post-independence rulers were Sukarno and Suharto, a South Asian archipelago whose capital is Jakarta.;;(Republic) (of) Indonesia|(Republik) Indonesia
;;The Patua creole is spoken in this polity, and this polity is divided into seven parishes and the Cotai Landfill. Stanley Ho owns a number of popular tourist destinations in this polity, and the 12-3 riot occured here after the colonial government forbade the construction of a private school on this polity's island of Taipa. Branches of the Wynn and the MGM Grand have recently opened here, and Edmund Wah replaced General Vasco Rocha Viera as Chief Executive following the 1999 handover to China. For 10 points, name this former Portuguese colony and gambling haven, located across the Pearl River Delta from Hong Kong.;;Macau|Aomen
;;The hilariously named Thomas Venn-Thomas narrates one of this man's novels, while another of his works features the Triple Goddess, whose title character goes in search of Hylas. This man cast Marie Powell's husband in an unflattering light when he told about him from his wife's point of view in his work The Wife to Mr. Milton. One of this man's works features a narrator who enlists in the Royal Welsh Fusiliers and describes his time in World War 1. Another of this man's describes a European deity inspired by the moon with the domain of Birth, Love and Death. For ten points, name this author of The White Goddess who wrote Claudius the God as a sequel to his I, Claudius.;;(Robert) Graves
;;This quantity is plotted on the y axis against entropy in a Mollier diagram. The heat capacity at constant pressure is given by the derivative of this quantity with respect to temperature, and this quantity appears in the numerator divided by RT across from the derivative of the log of pressure with respect to temperature in the Clausius-Clapeyron equation. Joule-Thomson cooling occurs at a constant value of this quantity, which can be written as the derivative of the log of the partition function with respect to the inverse temperature. For ten points, identify this quantity which is used to calculate heat transfer, often across phases, and is defined as the internal energy plus the product of pressure and volume.;;enthalpy
;;One of this man's paintings depicts Jesus Christ on the cross without nails in his hands as he looks down at the lake before him and was inspired by St. John of the Cross. This man used recursion in a painting that shows a head whose eyes and mouth feature heads that have heads in their eyes and mouthes in his The Face of War. A different one of his paintings depicts two gargantuan sized humans, one of which is gold, the other silver, transforming as they look into a lake in his Metamorphosis of Narcissus. In a different painting, an elephant with elongated legs appears in the background as a fish tries to swallow one of two tigers. For ten points, name this artist of Dream Caused by the Flight of the Bumblebee a Second Before Awakening, who included three sagging watches in his depiction of The Persistence of Memory.;;(Salvador) Dali
;;One poem by this author describes Brennbaum "The Impeccable" in one section, while another is mostly a dialogue between the title character and Mr. Nixon. He wrote a poem in the voice of Bertrans de Born, captured in his castle, yelling at his jongleur Papiols in one work, while another consists of the lines "The apparition of these faces in the crowd; / Petals on a wet, black bough." Besides "In a Station of the Metro" and "Sestina: Altaforte", he wrote an autobiographical work beginning with "Ode pour l'election de son sepulchre" and containing "Envoi" and "Medallion".  Another of his works begins with an adaptation of book 11 of the Odyssey and includes sections written at a prison camp in Pisa, and others about Sigismundo Malatesta, 120 of the title poems in total. For 10 points, name this author of "Hugh Selwyn Mauberley" and the Cantos.;;(Ezra) (Weston) (Loomis) Pound
;;The Erdos-Stone theorem is a gneralization of Turan's theorem to non-complete types of these objects. One of these objects whose binary adjacency matrix has zeros on the diagonal is known as a simple directed type, and an NP-complete problem involves finding the size of a clique for a given one of these objects. One of these objects built from the elements of a subgroup of a group is named after Cayley and is connected if and only if the subgroup generates the group. Kuratowski's theorem gives the conditions necessary for one of these objects to be planar, and the Bellman-Ford algorithm is one way of finding the shortest path on them. For ten points, identify these mathematical objects consisting of vertices joined by edges.;;graph
;;One philosopher from this nation was known as Dr. Eximius and wrote a work entitled Metaphysical Disputations; that same philosopher had his Defensio Fidei Catholicae burned by James I for attacking the divine right of kings. Another philosopher from this nation analyzed the emergence of non-representative painting in The Dehumanization of Art, and labeled his home country "Invertebrate" in another work. A thinker born in this country wrote The Realms of Being and asserted that "philosophy begins in medias res," in a work that analyzed conflicting epistemic notions, Skepticism and Animal Faith. Yet another philosopher from this nation characterized the title feeling as "the spring of all heroic achievements," in The Tragic Sense of Life. For ten points, identify this nation, the birthplace of thinkers like Francisco Suarez, George Santayana, Jose Ortega y Gasset, and Miguel de Unamuno.;;Spain
;;With Martha Nussbaum, this economist developed the "capabilities" approach in their work titled The Quality of Life. Emily Oster's dissertation proposes a biological solution to the "missing-women puzzle," which was first noted by this author of "More Than 100 Million Women Are Missing." This author of The Idea of Justice developed ideas from "On Ethics and Economics" in evaluating the value of free choice in his work Development as Freedom, but this author of Poverty and Famines is probably best remembered for noting that it is impossible to have both Pareto optimality and a commitment to personal liberty. The Liberal paradox was advanced by, FTP, which welfare economist, the author of Collective Choice and Social Welfare who hails from India?.;;(Amartya) Sen
;;This composer used the four-note motif E-C- D-sharp - C-sharp as the basis for his Piano Variations, and in another of his works the trumpet quotes the popular song "El Mosco." He recast his Short Symphony as a much more popular sextet, and James Agee's Let Us Now Praise Famous Men inspired him to team up with librettist Horace Everett to write the opera The Tender Land. Besides the aforementioned El Salon Mexico, He only used 13 instruments in a ballet set in western Pennsylvania, and another of his works features a narrator speaking over the orchestra with the refrain "that is what he said." For ten points, name this American composer of Lincoln Portrait and Appalachian Spring.;;(Aaron) Copland
;;One model for studying these phenomena is Bader's AIM theory while the Buckingham-Fowler model and the EPIC model both add this phenomenon to studies of solvation. A compression associated with an "improper" one of these phenomena is known as their blue-shifting variety. This phenomenon can be described using a so-called 10-12 potential amd it is the most important interaction in determining secondary protein structure. It accounts for the angle of 109.5 degrees in a certain abundant molecule, and it also accounts for the high surface tension of that molecule, water. For ten points, identify this phenomenon, a bond which forms between a polar molecule and a certain light atom.;;hydrogen bonds
;;This character is told by his mentor, "whoever of this flock stops for an instant, must stay a thousand years," When this man meets one of his ancestors, he is introduced as someone "heaven's gate was thrown open twice for." Franco Bolognese tells this character that "Giotto was all the rage" because he eclipsed Cimabue's style. In addition to meeting Brunetto Latini and his ancestor Cacciaguida, this character is told by Fra Alberigo about one of the four rounds in an area that can be seen from Malebolgia. When we first meet this man, he is chased by a lion, leopard and she-wolf, and he is lost in a dark wood, unable to find the right way. For ten points, name this character who visits Mt. Purgatory, before visiting Paradise with St. Bernard as his guide, a man who is shown the nine rings of hell with his tour guide Vergil in The Divine Comedy.;;Dante
;;This man was originally appointed as Representative to fill the vacancy left by the resignation of Lot Morrill. A famous epithet for this man was coined by Robert Ingersoll, and during his time in one of his most famous positions he organized the Pan American Conference. This politician was implicated in corruption by the Mulligan letters, which led to him being connected to the Fort Smith and Little Rock Railroad scandal, and he later served as secretary of state on two nonconsecutive occasions. Known as the "Plumed Knight," this man's shot at the presidency might have been fatally undermined when Samuel Burchard, one of his supporters, accused the Democrats of being the party of "Rum, Romanism, and Rebellion," leading to his loss to Grover Cleveland in 1884. For ten points, identify this "continental liar from the state of Maine.".;;(James) (Gillespie) Blaine
;;J.D. Salinger's Franny & Zooey quotes one poem of this type exhorting a snail to climb a mountain slowly, while in another, the narrator is the only one walking on a road on an autumn night. One author wrote about the death of his daughter with one of these poems which states that "This world of dew's / a world of dew", part of the collection My Spring. Pairs of these types of poems are compared in a contest in The Seashell Game, and a trip from the capital is described using these poems in The Records of a Travel-Worn Satchel. One poem of this form describes the splash made when a frog jumps into an old pond, and some of these were interspersed with a travelogue in The Narrow Road to the Deep North. Written frequently by Kobayashi Issa and Matsuo Basho, for 10 points, name these 17-syllable Japanese poems.;;haiku|(haikai)
;;While in exile in London, this man began a newspaper dedicated to the cause with which he is most associated entitled "Thought and Action," and he claimed that his "whole doctrine is... summed up in [education]" in his essay, "On the Duties of Man." His correspondence with the Bandeira brothers led to their eventual execution for planning a failed 1844 rebellion, and four years later he was unable to enlist Pius IX in his cause. This man's early exploits included an open letter to Charles Albert, urging the latter to expel the Austrians from Piedmont, but after being rebuffed, this man founded a movement which held that "Neither pope nor king," could bring unification for his country. For ten points, identify this republican proponent of Italian unification most famous for founding the Young Italy movement.;;(Giuseppe) Mazzini
;;In one work, this thinker suggested that mathematicians see the solution to a problem intuitively, and that incomplete work, which ends with the line, "the rest of the treatise is wanting," was published in his Opera posthuma. In addition to a Treatise on the Emendation of the Intellect, this thinker also authored a reformulation of a work by Descartes entitled Principles of Descartes' Philosophy, the only work published with his name on it in his lifetime. In another of his works, this thinker put forth the idea that Moses had not written the Pentateuch, and he authored a work which adopted a "geometric order" of proof to derive moral facts and contains a section titled "Of Human Bondage or the Strength of Emotions." For ten points, identify this 17th century philosopher best known for his Ethics and his Tractatus Theologico-Politicus.;;(Baruch)|(Benedict) Spinoza
;;The yield of these compounds can be increased through ball milling of some of their components, and one mode of operation of these compounds proceeds through a mechanism called enantiomorphic site control. A process for the operation of these compounds that proceeds through migratory insertions and obeys the "principle of least nuclear motions" was developed by Cossee and Arlman. Compounds such bis(cyclopentadienyl)titanium chloride and bis(indenyl)zirconium dichloride, known as metallocenes, have been developed as an alternative to the traditional compounds of this type. Those traditional initiators include vanadium trichloride and triethylaluminum, and the product of the application of these compounds to alkenes can result in syndiotactic, isotactic, or atactic products. For ten points, identify these stereoselective compounds used to initiate polymerization, named for a German and an Italian chemist.;;Ziegler(-)Natta (catalysts)
;;The outskirts of this city are home to Devil's Mountain, constructed out of rubble, while a square in this city named for Alexander I is home to a notable television tower. A monument to a 1933 book burning accompanied by Heine's quote, "where they burned books, they will burn people," is located in this one of this city's main plazas, which lies on the south side of a famous street in this city. That street terminates in a notable "gate" topped by a quadriga, borders the Bebelplatz, and is called the Unter den Linden, while the gate itself was the first part of Karl Schinckel's plan to transform this city into "Athens on the Spree." Once home to a notable guard outpost on Friedrichstrasse, for ten points, identify this city that is also home to a Holocaust memorial on Behrenstrasse as well as the Norman Foster-designed Reichstag building, and serves as the capital of Germany.;;Berlin
;;At one point in this work, a chaplain sings a song recounting the passion of Christ, and later a character is executed for throwing away the cashbox despite attempts to ransom him through Yvette. At the beginning of this work, the title character sings "Christians awake! Winter is gone!" after being asked for her papers, and casts lots for a soldier and three others, all of whom draw a black cross. Inspired by a 1670 Grimmelshausen work, this play consists of twelve scenes, each of which is introduced by a slogan as an illustration of epic theatre. At the end of this play, the mute Katrin drums on the roof to alert villagers to the approaching Catholic army, which leeds to her death, an end met earlier by two of the other title characters, Eilif and Swiss Cheese. For ten points, identify this play by Bertolt Brecht about Anna Fierling, a trader during the Thirty Years' War.;;Mother Courage and Her Children|Mutter Couraghe und ihre Kinder
;;The Bhradaranyaka Upanishad explains this concept by analogy to a goldsmith fashioning an object from a nugget. The Ayurveda tradition holds that this concept is heritable, while in the Bhagavad Gita Krishna mentions that those who revere him will be liberated from its traps. In abhidarma traditions such as Theravada Buddhism, this concept represents the fundamental causal principle of all things, and adherence to it can result in becoming a deva. In Hinduism, those who adhere to this doctrine will find release from samsara, while in Buddhism its adherents will eventually find themselves rewarded by attaining nirvana. Taking its name from the Sanskrit word for "act," for ten points, identify this doctrine common to Hinduism, Jainism, and Buddhism, which generally holds that bad behavior is punished while good behavior is rewarded.;;karman
;;One type of this cell is the target of infection of the JC virus, which in immunosuppressed individuals can lead to a fatal disease known as PML. Tanycytes, Muller cells, and Bergmann cells are all epyndemal varieties of this type of cell and are found in ventricular spaces. The "micro" variety of these cells function as macrophages, and exists in perivascular and parenchymal types. The most abundant subtype of these cells is further divided into radial, fibrous, and protoplasmic varieties all of which express the protein GFAP, which forms their namesake filaments, while another subtype of these cells produce the myelin that covers axons. Including oligodendrocytes and their most abundant variety, astrocytes, for ten points, identify this class of non-neuronal cells which make up roughly half of the volume of the brain.;;glial (cells)
;;This composer quoted Keats' line, "When Chivalry lifted up her lance on high," in the score of his Froissart overture, while works by Longfellow inspired his orchestral works such as The Black Knight and King Olaf. This composer left unfinished an oratorio with parts for Simon Magus that would have completed his trilogy of oratorios begun in The Apostles and The Kingdom, and he wrote two symphonies, one in A-flat and one in E-flat. Another of this composer's works contains the Demons' Choruses and the song "Praise to the Holiest," and is based on a poem by Cardinal Newman about the soul's journey in the afterlife. He is more famous for a composition whose second movement is missing and which contains references to such individuals as "C.A.E.," "Dorabella," and "Nimrod." For ten points, identify this British composer of The Dream of Gerontius and the Enigma Variations.;;(Edward) (William) Elgar
;;Beverly Tucker authored a dystopian future resulting from the hypothetical election of this man to a fourth presidential term entitled The Partisan Leader. In economic matters, this man was strongly influenced by hard-money supporters such as William Gouge and Orestes Brownson and his economic policies included the eventual passage of the Independent Treasury Act. As a state politician, this man, with the aid of such figures as future governor Silas Wright organized the Bucktails into the Albany Regency. During his presidency, this man sent Winfield Scott to settle the Aroostook War and eight years after leaving office he would receive about 10 percent of the vote as the candidate of the Free Soil Party after being passed over by Democrats in favor of James Polk. For ten points, identify this New Yorker who replaced John C. Calhoun as Andrew Jackson's vice president and served as president from 1837 to 1841.;;(Martin) van Buren
;;On the double album Silent All These Years, Tori Amos sings of a "boat made out of paper float," in an "Ode" to this kind of king. A song by Ween off the White Pepper album tells of a man who, as a consequence of Sancho's departure to Ensenada, is left to survive on cocaine and these objects. One of these objects is depicted just above Andy Warhol's name on the cover of the Velvet Underground's The Velvet Underground and Nico, while an Australian children's program that featured such characters as teddy bears named Amy, Lulu, and Morgan, and Rat in a Hat focused on two anthropomorphic ones named B1 and B2. For ten points, identify these objects, a type of food depicted "in Pyjamas," in the aforementioned show.;;banana
;;A minor character named Tyke becomes the chaplain of a hospital in this work due to the influence of a local banker, and another character in this work leaves all his money to Joshua Riggs, who is required to change his name. In this work, the viciousness of a horse prevents another character from selling it and paying off his debts, and that character, Fred Vincy, eventually becomes engaged to Mary Garth. In this work, the gift of a thousand pounds to a man who had attended the deathbed of Raffles by the banker Nicholas Bulstrode tarnishes the reputation of Tertius Lydgate, whose marriage to Rosamond suffers because of his ambitions and her spendthrift nature. Subtitled "A Study of Provincial Life," for ten points, identify this novel in which Will Ladislaw is eventually chosen over Edward Casaubon by Dorothea Brooke, written by George Elliot.;;Middlemarch
;;The first colonial settlements in the territory that would become this modern-day nation were established in 1536 by Domingo Martinez de Irala, and after independence, troops from this nation resisted domination by a western neighbor by repulsing troops under Manuel Belgrano. This nation's international isolation was ended during the rule of Carlos Antonio Lopez, while another dictator of this nation, Jose Gaspar Rodriguez de Francia was fictionalized by Augusto Roa Bastos. A more famous ruler of this nation reacted to Brazilian interference in the Uruguayan civil war by invading the Mato Grosso province, resulting in a war against a coalition organized of Argentina, Brazil, and Uruguay. For ten points, identify this nation once led by Francisco Solano Lopez which lost more than half its population in the War of the Triple Alliance, and whose capital is at Asuncion.;;Paraguay
;;This quantity can contribute an extra term to the thermodynamic identity, making possible an isentropic cooling method effective at low temperatures. The propagation of light along it induces a rotation in the polarization vector named for Faraday, and Landau levels are formed in metals when it is applied. An inhomogenous arrangement of this quantity in space was key to conducting the Stern-Gerlach experiment, and its breaking of degeneracies in atomic energy levels is known as the Zeeman effect. A material's delayed reaction to an externally applied one is known as hysteresis, and a spin will precess about one of these with the Larmor frequency. For ten points, identify this divergence-free component of a fundamental force whose cross-product with velocity is proportional to the Lorenz force with which it deflects charged particles.;;magnetic field|B|H
;;Pettigrew and Matthews used survey data from Europe to develop a scale that measured two varieties of this phenomenon, including a "subtle" variant. Robert Nisbet explained this phenomenon as a form of wisdom existing apart from intellect and created a "philosophical dictionary" cataloguing its instances. A classic study titled after the "Nature of" this phenomenon was authored by Gordon Allport, while Henri Tajfel discovered that this type of behavior could be induced through the creation of "minimal groups." The centrality of emotional factors to this behavior was demonstrated by Mackie and Hamilton in 1993's Affect, Cognition, and Stereotyping, and it can induce attribution errors in which outgroups are held responsible for failures but not for successes. For ten points, identify this behavior defined by Allport as "an antipathy based upon a faulty and inflexible generalization.".;;prejudice
;;This poet advised the listener to "tell me not in mournful numbers, life is but an empty dream," and noted that "Art is long and Time is fleeting" in "A Psalm of Life." This poet described how "grave Alice, and laughing Allegra, and Edith with golden hair," create "a pause in the day's occupations" during the titular period in "The Children's Hour." This poet borrowed the trochaic tetrameter from an English translation of the Kalevala for one of his most famous poems, and he described ho "Alvares and Rivera interchange with Abraham and Jacob of old times," in the titular location in "The Jewish Cemetary at Newport." His poem about the romance between the title character and Gabriel Lajeunesse famously begins with the line "this is the forest primeval," while another poem concerns a man who gives instructions to "hang a lantern aloft in... the North-Church-tower." For ten points, identify this author of "The Village Blacksmith," and Evangeline, perhaps best known for "Paul Revere's Ride," and "The Song of Hiawatha.".;;(Henry) (Wadsworth) Longfellow
;;This ruler's son-in-law suppressed the Babylonian revolt of Shamash-eriba, and late in life this ruler ordered the construction of the Hall of a Hundred Columns before being killed by his minister Artabanus. Unlike his more tolerant father, this ruler destroyed temples to Marduk and proscribed the worship of the daevas, instead instituting Zoroastrianism as the state religion. After his most notable military exploits, in which his allies included the Carian queen Artemisia, this ruler retired to Susa. This ruler's general Mardonius was killed by forces under Pausanias at Plataea, and his fleet was tricked into attacking leading to annihilation by forces under Themistocles at Salamis. For ten points, identify this Persian king who invaded Greece by crossing the Hellespont, the successor of Darius I.;;Xerxes I|Xerxes the Great|Khshayarsha
;;In one story, this deity was confined in a bronze jar for thirteen months by the Aloadae. This deity was wounded by Heracles when he attempted to defend his son Cycnus against the hero, and he fathered two other sons with Pyrene, Lycaon and Diomedes. This god's other sons included Oenomaus, to whom this god gave the weapons with which he killed Hippodamia's suitors, and Cadmus spent eight years serving this god after killing his sacred dragon, at the end of which term he married this god's daughter Harmonia. Athena made it possible for Diomedes to wound this father of Penthisilea during the Trojan War, and as punishment for cuckolding him, Hephaistos trapped him under a net. For ten points, identify this erstwhile lover of Aphrodite who is often accompanied by Phobos and Deimos, the Greek god of war.;;Ares
;;This deity's shrine was enlarged until the year "Eight Reed," and an alternate name for him is "Turquoise Prince." This figure's messenger, called "He who hastens," was Paynal, and His power was celebrated at the festival of Panquetzalitzli. He tossed his sister's head into the sky to create the moon after killing the Four Hundred Southerners with his lightning serpent, and he is depicted as a giant eagle in the Codex Mendoza. This figure sprang fully-grown from the womb and slew Coyolxauqui in order to protect his mother Coatlicue, and in his eagle form he lands on a cactus, a motif still seen on the Mexican flag. For ten points, name this chief god of Tenochtitlan whose name means "Hummingbird on the Left.".;;Huitzilopochtli
;;In one monologue in this work, a character bemoans the loss of six brothers, "mown by the sword," while another monolgue is delivered by a different character shortly after identifying the "son of the Amazon." In the final act of this work, Panope delivers news of the death of one character, while more sad news is delivered by Theramenes in the same act. In the fourth act of this work, one character bemoans a "presumptuous traitor," who "would have disgraced his father's honor," and Oenone tells that character of how she saved the title character from being raped. Despite pleading that he loves only Aricia, a character is banished by Theseus "beyond the Pillars of Alicdes," but dies after an encounter with a monster, and the title character kills herself out of shame with a poison obtained from Medea. For ten points, identify this play about the wife of Theseus who accuses her stepson Hippolytus of rape, written by Jean Racine.;;Phaedra
;;Lionel Feininger was an American associated with this group, and Alexey von Jawlensky was influenced by this group to paint works such as Mme. Turandot and would later form a successor group to this one with Feininger and two of its original members. Minor members of this movement, which grew out of a group called the Phalanx, included Albert Bloch and Vladimir Burlyuk, and its primary leaders produced a namesake "Almanac" of it, claiming that "we showed only that art which lives untouched by the constraint of convention."One member of this group painted a gondolier poling a boat in which the title figures rest in his Three Girls in a Barque, while another member produced such paintings as Fighting Forms and The Fate of the Animals. Including such artists as August Macke and Franz Marc, for ten points, identify this Expressionist artistic movement that took its name from a painting by one of its founders, Wassily Kandinsky.;;Blue Rider|(Der) Blaue reiter
;;The Bekenstein formula gives the entropy associated with one of these objects, whose thermodynamic processes inspired t'Hooft and Susskind to devise the holographic principle. Kruskal coordinates can be used to bridge the boundary associated with one type of these objects, and the inability to see the inside of one is known as the cosmic censorship hypothesis. These objects can only contain mass, angular momentum, and charge according to the no-hair theorem. Energy can be extracted from a rotating one via the Penrose process, and these objects can be described by the Reissner-Nordstrom or Kerr metrics, as well as the Schwarzchild metric. Surrounded by a boundary from beyond which an outside observer can receive no information, for ten points, identify these objects which may emit Hawking radiation and are believed to contain singularities formed from the collapse of a whole bunch of mass.;;black holes
;;Late in life, this thinker summarized his view that philosophy should be practiced as part of natural science in the work Pursuit of Truth. With Hilary Putnam, this philosopher is the namesake of an indispensability argument for mathematical realism, and he used the axioms of extensionality and stratified comprehension in the creation of his "New Foundations" set theory. This philosopher advanced his thesis on the indeterminacy of translation in the 1960 work Word and Object. This thinker is probably best known for an essay in which, using examples such as bachelors being unmarried men, he attacked reductionism and the distinction between analytic and synthetic statements. For ten points, identify this American philosopher and author of "Two Dogmas of Empiricism.".;;(Willard) (Van) (Orman) Quine
;;One leader of this polity won a major victory over the Buyids at Baghdad, and this polity ended its existence as an independent empire after being defeated by the Mongols at the battle of Kose Dagh. The Great Mosque of Esfahan was constructed under this polity, whose vizier Nizam al-Mulk was murdered by the sect of Assassins in 1092. The battle of Dandanqan in 1040 was a victory for Chaghri Beg and Tughril Beg, who were both leaders of this Sunni polity. During the Crusades, this state was reorganized into the Sultanate of Rum, and its other leaders included Malik Shah. Under the leadership of Alp Arslan, this group defeated Romanus Diogenes in 1071 at Manzikert, and it took its name from a chieftain of the Oghuz Turks. For ten points, identify this Islamic empire which lasted in Anatolia from about 1036 to 1243.;;Seljuk (Empire) (for) (anyone) (who) (has) (a) (bone) (to) (pick) (about) (dates(:)) (after) (1243) (it) (was) (a) (Mongol) (dependency)
;;This body of water is the site of a monastery established by Stephen of Perm during his quest to convert the Komi people. This body of water is also home to the smallest species of ringed seal, which is named for it, and the construction of a new canal on this body of water in the 1870s unerthed an ancient Neolithic boat near its shores. Unlike the Laurentian lakes, which are comparable to it in size, it is frozen during most of the winter, and important fisheries dependent on this body of water are located on the Svir river, which flows into it. During the siege of Leningrad in 1943, this body of water served as the so-called "road of life," to provide food to the city, and along with the Neva, which flows from it, it is part of the shipping route known as the White Sea-Baltic Canal. For ten points, identify this Russian lake, the largest in Europe.;;(Lake) Ladoga
;;The first DNA ever sequenced consisted of 12 base pairs belonging to this organism. The replication of this organism is triggered by the production of recA protease, which can be induced by ultraviolet light or other stresses. This organism's R gene results in a product that degrades the peptidoglycan of the cell wall, while its S gene protein allows for the transport of that product. Initial infection by this organism results in the transcription of cro and N genes, and the prevalence of CII protein causes repression of lytic functions. Unlike T4 and T7, replication is encoded in only two positions, O and P, in this virus, which uses the synthesis of CI repressor from PRM to cause lysogeny. Infecting E. coli by targeting its lamB receptor, for ten points, identify this temperate phage discovered by Esther and Joshua Lederberg, which is denoted by a Greek letter.;;lambda (phage)
;;One part of this work relates how the killing of a giant ox for a wedding feast leads to the revelation of how beer is brewed, while another section of this work is told by the bride-adviser. One character in this work finds himself stuck in a swamp after losing a singing contest while another character, whose kenning is "Blue-Stockings," kills himself after discovering that he accidentally slept with his sister, At the end of this work, a character born from an eggshell leaves the world in a copper boat while another character in this work is resurrected by his mother after being killed by the herder Soppy Hat. This work's later parts concern the struggle against Louhi, the woman of Pohjola for possession of the Sampo, forged by one of the main characters. For ten points, identify this epic poem collected by Elias Lonnrott which tells of the adventures of Vainamoinen, Lemminkhainen, and Ilmarinen, the national epic of Finland.;;Kalevala
;;In one story by this author, a man offers Prince Florizel of Bohemia the titular confections, which eventually leads Florizel to join a society in which cards are played for the honor of being killed. In addition to "The Story of the Young Man with the Cream Tarts," part of his "Suicide Club," series, this author wrote of his time in the Napa Valley in The Silverado Squatters. Other travelogues by this writer include Travels with a Donkey, and one of his novels ends with Secundra Dass' failure to revive James Durrie. In addition to that work, narrated by Ephraim Mackellar and entitled The Master of Ballantrae, this author followed up his story of David Balfour with Catriona, and other characters of his include Richard Enfield and Mr. Utterson, who discovers the body of the title character of his most famous work. For ten points, identify this author of The Weir of Hermiston and Kidnapped, who also wrote Treasure Island and The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde.;;(Robert) (Louis) Stevenson
;;This conflict broke out one year after the death of Joseph Ferdinand and was indirectly caused by the demands of Leopold I that his son Charles receive unpartitioned lands. One battle in this conflict took place as one side was getting ready to beseige a village near the Schelde River, while another battle two years prior to that one took place near modern-day Namur and was a defeat for the Duke de Villeroi; those battles were Oudenarde and Ramellies. The immediate cause of this conflict was the death of Charles II and the subsequent attempt to place the future Philip V on the throne of a certain nation. One of this war's decisive battles occurred when a Franco-Bavarian force under Tallard was defeated by Eugene of Savoy and the Duke of Marlborough. For ten points, identify this war between France and a coalition led by England which featured such battles as Malplaquet and Blenheim and was ended by the Treaty of Utrecht.;;(War) (of) (the) Spanish Succession
;;This architect used a prototype known as the Dom-Ino house to model many of his buildings. A one-time proponent of Syndicalism, this architect collaborated with Amedee Ozenfant during a Purist phase, and his work abroad included the winning design for the Centrosoyuz building and the Ministry of Education and Health in Rio de Janeiro. One of this architect's most famous buildings contains an elliptical ground floor and a central ramp situated in a square plan, while another of his buildings is notable for its shell-like exterior and giant gargoyle, and is located near Beaufort. This architect planned the layout of the city of Chandigarh, while his important constructions close to home include the chapel at Ronchamps and the Notre Dame du Haut. For ten points, identify this architect who characterized houses as machines for living, designed the Villa Savoie, and wrote Towards a New Architecture.;;Le Corbusier|(Charles(-)Edouard) Jeanneret
;;The MORB reservoir is believed to lie somewhere within this region, and one model of its evolution involves the cooling of melt zones and the transfer of KREEP. Ringwood proposed that this region was initially composed of pyrolite, and the homogeneity of this region is measured either through the derivative of bulk modulus with respect to pressure or through the Bullen parameter. The Lehman discontinuity appears about 230 kilometers into this region, which also features the low velocity zone, and its lowest 200 kilometers are known as the D-double-prime layer. The boundary between this region and the crust is known as the Mohorovicic discontinuity, and this general region extends to the Gutenberg discontinuity. The source of volcanic magma, for ten points, identify this region of the earth's interior located between the lithosphere and the outer core.;;mantle
;;One character in this work claims to have been a Democrat "In the old days [when] they fairly hunted us with guns." One chapter of this work, entitled "The Untold Lie," concerns Ray Pearson and Hal Winters, while "Godliness" concerns David Hardy, who knocks out his grandfather Jesse Bentley and flees. The Reverend Curtis Hartman lusts after Kate Swift in the "Godliness" chapter of this work, while another vignette in this work concerns a schoolteacher originally named Adolph Myers who was driven out of Pennsylvania under suspicion of molesting his students, and who takes the name of Wing Biddlebaum. In addition to "Hands," this work also tells of the main character's rivalry with Seth Richmond for the affections of Helen White, and the last chapter, "Departure," ends with his leaving the titular town. For ten points, identify this work tied together by the presence of George Willard and written by Sherwood Anderson.;;Winesburg(,) Ohio
;;Kurt Cobain and Courtney Love met at the Satyricon club in this city, which is also currently the residence of Frank Black. This year, a band from this city has released an album that claims "Now that our vision is strong/ we don't have to admit we were wrong," in the title track "Now We Can See." In addition to being home to the Thermals, this city is also home to a band that claimed "I Am A Scientist," on one song off their 2003 album Welcome to the Monkey House; that band is fronted by Courtney Taylor-Taylor. Yet another band to recently emerge from this city sang of a procession held in honor of the title princess in "The Infanta," off the album Picaresque, and has recently released a concept album that follows the stories of Margaret and William, The Hazards of Love. For ten points, identify this Northwestern U.S. city which is home to the Dandy Warhols and the Decemberists.;;Portland(,) (Oregon)
;;Compositions of this type by Dvorak include his 1887 Cypresses and one in C-major for Joseph Hellmesberger, and Stravinsky's Three Pieces and Webern's Six Bagatelles are both compositions of this type. Haydn's opus 33, composed according to him "in a new and special manner," is one of these compositions, while notable ones by Beethoven include his opus 18 and his opus 130, originally intended as the finale of his Grosse Fuge. Beginning with K428, Mozart composed six of these starting in 1782, all dedicated to Haydn, while contemporary examples include the fifteen composed by Shostakovich, of which the eighth is probably the most famous. For ten points, identify these compositions for solo instruments, which usually include parts for two violins, a viola, and a cello.;;string quartets
;;The Pauson-Khand cycloaddition utilizes this element in the perparation of cyclopentenone, and this element can be extracted from erythrite, a hydrated arsenate of this element known as its namesake "Bloom." A compound containing this element plays a primary role in the formation of methionine by methylation of homosysteine while another compound containing this element combines with carbon monoxide to give the acetyl group of acetyl coenzyme A. Isotope 60 of this element is radioactive and is often employed in place of X-rays, and in biological systems it is found surrounded by a corrin ring in a coenzyme that operates with folic acid in DNA synthesis. For ten points, identify this transition metal which is found at the center of vitamin B12, and which along with iron and nickel makes up the "iron triad".;;cobalt
;;An earlier piece of legislation which accomplished goals similar to the one accomplished by this law was the Page Act, which had applied to prostitutes. The scope of this legislation was expanded by the Scott Act six years after its passage, and the fourth section of this law provided for the issuance of return certificates which a later law would repeal. This legislation was passed partly in response to agitation by Dennis Kearney, the leader of the Workingmen's Party in San Francisco, and this law repudiated the Burlingame traty of 1868, which had promised free immigration between the United States and a certain country. For ten points, identify this 1882 act which prohibited laborers from a certain Asian nation from coming to the United States.;;Chinese Exclusion (Act)
;;Andre Breton and Benjamin Peret are the two dedicatees of this poet's poem "Clear Night," and this poet borrowed some lines from Gerard de Nerval's sonnet about Artemis for his poem which takes its title from a Jesuit college, "San Ildefonso Nocturne." The use of language between tension and resolution contributes the title of this writer's theory of poetry, The Bow and the Lyre, and he analyzed the pachuco as an alienated figure between two cultures in another work. He described voyaging through his lover's body "as through a grove going," in his most famous poem, which is composed of 584 hendecasyllabic lines, one for each of the days of the Aztec calendar. For ten points, identify this Mexican poet who authored Sun Stone as well as the critical work The Labyrinth of Solitude.;;(Octavio) Paz
;;In one work, this thinker emphasized the "need of security from aggression of Imperial Germany," and that work is an updating of Kant's "Perpetual Peace," entitled An Inquiry into the Nature of Peace. In one essay, this thinker traced "the standards of merit and propriety," to the "invidious distinction between those who are capable fighters and those who are not." In addition to "The Barbarian Status of Women," this thinker argued that there was no chance of a revolution deposing "those Vested Interests that now control the country's industrial system," in The Engineers and the Price System. In his most famous work, this thinker suggested that "the gambling propensity is another subsidiary trait of the barbarian temperament," in a chapter titled "The Belief in Luck," and advanced his concepts of pecuniary emulation and conspicuous consumption. For ten points, identify this American social theorist and author of The Theory of the Leisure Class.;;(Thorstein) Veblen
;;The melody for one aria in this work was unknowingly adapted from a song by Sebastian Yradier, and one character produces a flower he kept while imprisoned in the aria 'La fleur que tu m'avais jetee," and that character manages to break his opponent's knife in their third round of fighting. As this work opens, Corporal Morales and his company observe the passers-by. The title character throws back her ring at the end of this work, and the lead tenor is forced to join a band of smugglers when he draws his sword on Zuniga. The song "Votre toast, je peux vous le rendre" sees the entrance of Escamillo, while the title character's central aria is "L'amour est un oiseau rebbelle," better known simply as the "Habanera." For ten points, name this opera about a cigarette girl and some toreadors in Seville, a work by Georges Bizet.;;Carmen