;;This man used a flowered curtain as the background for his portrait of Teodoro of Urbino as St. Dominic. This man created a series of secular paintings for Vincenzo Catena: one of them shows a bunch of children prancing around on an unstable boat that seats a woman with a large blue sphere; another shows a young man falling out of the huge sea shell on a traveler's back. Besides Fortune and Falsehood, which are amongst his Four Allegories, the influence of Antonello da Messina's oil techniques is apparent in two works that depict the Virgin in a blue mantle, immersed in golden dust and enthroned under an illuminated golden apsidiole. Besides the Frari Triptych and San Giobbe Altarpiece, one of his works lies in the Camerino d'Alabastro of Alfonso I D'Este and depicts scenes from Fasti wherein Silenus' donkey prevents Priapus' seduction of Lotis and Hermes lies against a barrel as everyone carouses. For 10 points, name this Venetian painter, whose student Titian modified his depiction of The Feast of the Gods.;;(Giovanni) Bellini
;;The end of this battle saw the losing side mistakenly open fire as a delegation from the winning side approached to receive their surrender, which resulted in the massacre of more than half of the losing side's infantry. The decisive maneuver in this battle occurred when the cavalry of the winning side cut through the infantry middle, isolating an elite infantry corps from its German and Italian allies. A premature attack by Francois de l'Hopital nearly cost the eventual victors this battle, but eventually cavalry led by Jean de Gassion, neutralized the cavalry of the Duke of Albuquerque and took position to cut off reinforcements from General Beck. Fought northeast of Reims in a namesake forest, this battle saw 26,000 men under Don Francisco de Melo lose decisively to a French army of 22,000 commanded by the Duke d'Enghien, who would later come to be known as the Prince de Conde. A crushing defeat for tactics employing the tercio formation, for ten points, identify this 1643 battle of the Thirty Years' War which ended Spanish military preeminence in Europe.;;(Battle) (of) Rocroi
;;A reaction in which heating of the hydrochloric acid salt of an arylalkylamine results in migration of the alkyl group is named for this man and Martius. This scientist also lends his name to a reaction with an N-haloamide intermediate, in which reaction with sodium methoxide and NBS give a primary amine; that reaction also involves an intermediate shared by the Lossen and Curtius rearrangements. That reaction named for this man includes an isocyanate intermediate and typically involves the reaction of an unsubstituted amide with sodium hypobromite to produce an amine with one fewer carbon. This man also names a reaction in which methyl iodide is reacted with an amine to produce the least substituted alkene, in accordance with this man's namesake rule. For 10 points, name this German chemist who names an exhaustive methylation reaction and a rule contrasted with that of Zaitsev.;;(August) (Wilhelm) (von) Hofmann
;;According to tradition, this city was home to the "Seven Sleepers," Christian martyrs who slept for 309 years after being sealed in a cave by the Romans. In Chapter 5 of the book named for this city, St. Paul condemns fornication and tells his followers to "walk in love, as Christ has also loved us". That epistle also commands slaves to obey their masters and contains the metaphor of the "Armor of God," while its general theme is that the church is the body of Christ. One church council in this city anathemized Patriarch Flavianus and defended Eutyches, for which it was decried as the "Robber Synod." The first council in this city rejected the idea that Christ has two distinct natures. For 10 points, name this Asia Minor city in which Nestorianism was condemned.;;Ephesus
;;During a reading of the text of this treaty by Benjamin Currey, the roof of the house containing negotiators caught fire, which one bystander thought "emblematical of the indignation of Heaven at the unlawful proceedings within." Hugh White's vote in favor of this treaty helped him win the state of Tennessee in the following presidential election. General John Wool resigned his command in protest instead of enforcing this treaty, which was negotiated by William Carroll and John Schermerhorn. John Walker Jr. was assassinated for supporting the policy advanced by this treaty, which was signed by Elias Boudinot, John Ridge, and Stand Watie. The signing of this treaty prompted John Ross, the leader of a group opposed to this treaty, to collect more than 14,000 signatures attesting to its invalid signing and submit them to Lewis Cass. This treaty resulted in the payment of five million dollars in exchange for a tribe's lands east of the Mississippi River. Signed on December 29, 1835, and strongly supported by Andrew Jackson, for 10 points, name this treaty which relocated the Cherokee, whose enforcement led to the Trail of Tears.;;(Treaty) (of) New Echota
;;One character in this story is terrified when an Italian barometer dealer mentions that he has "pretty eyes" for sale and proceeds to cover a table with spectacles. That character buys a pocket telescope which causes him to fall in love with a peculiar woman who repeatedly sighs "Ah - ah!" At the beginning of this story, the protagonist writes a letter to Lothaire claiming that Giuseppe Coppola is the same man as the grotesque advocate who killed his father. The protagonist madly shrieks "circle of fire! spin around" twice in this story--once while trying to strangle his lover Clara in a tower, and once after Professor Spalanzani throws the artificial eyes of Olympia at him. This short story describes the tribulations of Nathaniel, who identifies the sinister Coppelius with the title figure. For 10 points, name this short story by E. T. A. Hoffman, whose title refers to a being that terrorizes children at night.;;(The) Sandman|(Der) Sandmann
;;The so-called "infrared" variety of these objects are usually filamentary structures most easily seen at high Galactic latitudes that were discovered by the IRAS mission. These structures can appear as finger-like fall streaks that are similar to virga, and they are commonly responsible for moonrings and sundogs. The term "uncinus" is used to describe these structures when they display a hooked filament pattern known as "mares' tails," which resemble commas. They form through glaciation, and under near-saturation conditions, broad bands of these structures can be produced from contrails. Supercooled water droplets that freeze into ice crystals compose, for 10 points, what wispy structures, the most common high-level clouds?.;;cirrus (clouds)
;;In a critical study titled The Moment of this work, David Thomson invites the reader to imagine Elvis Presley as the title character.  Early in this work, one character's decision not to take a used car for a test drive prompts the exclamation "Well, it's the first time a customer ever high-pressured a salesman!" from California Charlie. Opening on Friday, December 11th at 2:43 pm in Phoenix, Arizona, this work features four-foot tall Mitzi Koestner in a scene in which a private investigator named Milton Arbogast falls down a flight of stairs. Another scene spliced from approximately seventy different shots makes use of chocolate sauce to represent blood. Near the end of this film, Sam Loomis saves Lila, Marion Crane's sister, from the title character, portrayed by Anthony Perkins. For 10 points, name this Hitchcock film featuring the Bates Motel and an infamous shower scene.;;Psycho
;;In a letter to J. H. Reynolds, the author of this poem notes that it was inspired in part by the warm look of some stubble fields. In the second stanza of this poem, the addressee is pictured "sitting careless on a granary floor, / Thy hair soft-lifted by the winnowing wind," as well as "by a cyder-press with patient look... [watching] the last oozing hours by hours." This poem follows an ABABCDEDCCE rhyme scheme and its final stanza states that "the small gnats mourn" "in a wailful choir" and that "gathering swallows twitter in the skies" in describing the title goddess's music. The title goddess is said to conspire in loading and blessing "with fruit the vines that round the thatch-eaves run," and she is described as the "close bosom-friend of the maturing sun." For 10 points, name this Keats ode addressing the "season of mists and mellow fruitfulness.".;;To Autumn
;;Anton Bruckner is said to have asked this composer, "Where the devil did you get that chord?" after listening to Seemans Abschied, a work for male voice and piano that appears with Der Musikant and Das Standchen in one collection. One of his works is based on five motifs, "Anguish," "Love," "Passion," "Grief," and "Amazon"; that work is the Kleist-inspired tone poem Penthesilea. Works like Alles endet, was entstehet and Fuhlt meine Seele are two settings of poems by Michaelangelo written by this man, who set "Kennst du Das Land" alongside four Mignon songs in a collection that also included Wanderers Nachtlied. Besides the Goethe-lieder and Eichendorff-Lieder, this composer of the opera Der Corregidor set to music two of the "Perigrina" poems by the author of Mozart on his Trip to Prague. For 10 points, name this Slovenian-Austrian composer of many lieder, including numerous ones setting the poems of Eduard Morike.;;(Hugo) Wolf
;;The Orr-Sommerfeld equation analyzes the stability of parallel viscous flows by considering only perturbation of this type, a restriction that can be motivated by use of Squire's transformation. Geostrophic turbulence exemplifies this type of turbulence, in which enstrophy is conserved due to the absence of vortex stretching and energy goes to large scales. An incompressible fluid flow of this type can be described using a stream function. The quantum Hall effect was first observed in an electron gas of this type, and Polya proved that the origin may never be revisited during a random walk on any lattice of higher order than this configuration. A zero external field solution for the Ising model with this configuration was published by Onsager. Unperturbed orbits adopt, for 10 points, what sort of configuration which can be described using polar coordinates or Cartesian x,y coordinates?.;;two(-)dimensional|planar
;;This book argues that relativism falsely holds all knowledge to be illusory, and instead claims that all knowledge is partially true, and can be synthesized into wider historical truth, which its author calls "relationism." This book discusses Thomas Munzer's belief in the "Eternal Present" to analyze Anabaptistism as an example of "orgiastic chiliasm," one of the four types of revolutionary consciousness it delineates along with liberal-humanitarianism, conservatism, and socialist-communism. In another section, the author borrows Alfred Weber's terminology to describe a "relatively classless stratum" as the "socially unattached intellegentsia." and he quotes Lamartine as saying that examples of one of the titular concepts of this work are often "premature truths," in a section concerned with the titular ideas and "the problem of reality." This work distinguishes between "particular" and "total" types of the first title concept, and contrasts that concept, which it defines as attempting to understand reality in terms of the past, with the second title concept, which transcends the present and tends to "shatter" the prevailing order. For 10 points, name this book which outlines its author's sociology of knowledge, written by Karl Mannheim.;;Ideology and Utopia|Ideologie und Utopie
;;In this novel's eighth chapter, Leregas is expelled from school for stacking books on top of his erect penis and masturbating in class. This novel's seventh chapter ends with the protagonist's Uncle Alberto dying when his taxi smashes into a train. In its first chapter, the servant Baldovina is terrified by the orange, bloody urine of the protagonist, who suffers from severe asthma. During this novel, the suicide of Baena Albornoz touches off a long discussion of homosexuality among the protagonist and his friends Ricardo Fronesis and Eugenio Focion. This novel ends with the protagonist's poetic imagination being sparked by a poem written by Oppiano Licario. Focusing on the development of Jose Cemi, and set during the pre-Castro rule of Cuba, for 10 points, name this 1966 novel, the masterpiece of Jose Lezama Lima.;;Paradiso
;;One man with this last name included Narcissism and Pugnacity in a list of "ergs," or innate drives. An unrelated woman with this last name extended the age range of the Stanford-Binet test down to 3 months with a namesake Infant Intelligence Scale. That woman, Psyche, was the daughter of a man with this last name who taught Edward Thorndike and experimented with hashish while working as an assistant to Wundt. The first man with this last name distinguished between crystal and fluid forms of intelligence, while the second man with this last name founded Popular Science and Scientific Monthly. The first man with this last name studied with Charles Spearman, and used Spearman's method of factor analysis to develop a list of 16 primary traits and then derive the "Big Five" global personality traits. For 10 points, give this last name shared by psychometricians Raymond and James McKeen.;;Cattell
;;Disease in this organ can be diagnosed when it fails to be visualized on HIDA scan. This organ may contain outpouchings known as Rokitansky-Aschoff sinuses. A positive Murphy's sign on an ultrasound is indicative of inflammation of this organ. Cancers of this organ are associated with its calcification, which is also known as its porcelain variety. Backup into the pancreas and this organ can be caused by papillary stenosis, also known as sphincter of Oddi dysfunction. This organ is stimulated by cholecystokinin to release its contents, which pass through a common duct to empty at the ampulla of Vater into the duodenum. Those cholesterol- and phospholipid-rich contents aid in the emulsion of fat in the small intestine. For 10 points, name this organ that is drained by the cystic duct and serves as a storage vessel for bile.;;gall bladder
;;Some of the worst violence during this conflict took place in isolated villages near Lakes Patzcuaro and Chapala, and government reprisals in response to this conflict included the execution of men like Miguel Pro Juarez. Units on one side of this conflict often called themselves the Army of National Liberation, and leaders units of that army included Enrique Gorostieta, Simon Cortes Vieyra, and Luis Granada. Shortly before the end of this conflict, government efforts to suppress this rebellion were compromised due to an attempted coup by General Gonzalo Escobar. Crucial outside aid in the resolution of this conflict was provided by Dwight Morrow, who brokered the agreement that ended this conflict between Ruiz y Flores and Provisional President Emilio Portes Gil, who had assumed office following the assassination of Alvaro Obregon by a sympathizer of this rebellion. This conflict was partially sparked by a certain group's protestations against the Code of 1917, in response to which Elias Plutarco Calles ordered the deportation of foreign priests and the closing of Church schools, resulting in this rebellion by devout peasants. For ten points, identify this revolt in support of the Catholic Church in Mexico, which took its name from the fact that its members claimed to be followers of "Christ the King.".;;Cristero (Uprising)|(Rebellion)
;;This man loses two of his crew at the Hill of Diamonds some time after he digs his way out of a cave on the Island of the Dog-Snout Ogres. A bowl of water turns to blood during his battle with the Nine-Headed Demon, alerting his companions that he needs the magic mirror that he had earlier used to save the Sunken Castle. He learns that Spidala is a witch when he hides in the hollow log on which she flies to the Devil's Pit. He turns to stone after leaving the Crystal Palace, but he is reanimated by the god Perkons. The treacherous Kangars depresses him by claiming that his buddy Koknesis is making time with this hero's bride Laimdota, whom he won by defeating the near-invincible Estonian giant Kalapuisis. His strength derives from his large, fuzzy ears, and his name refers to his skill in dealing with certain marauding animals, whom he kills by grabbing their jaws and ripping them apart bare-handed. For 10 points, name this title badass of the Andrejs Pumpurs-penned national epic of Latvia.;;Lacplesis|(The) Bearslayer
;;As an example of the titular kind of architecture, this work contrasts the Westin Bonaventure building in Los Angeles with Le Corbusier's pilotis. This work ends with a call for a "new and global type" of "cognitive mapping," and its author admits that his "rhetorical strategy," has been to "[systematize] something... unsystematic, and [historicize] something... ahistorical." In this work, Gary Becker's "totalizing approach," which argues that economics "provides a unified framework for understanding all human behavior," is critiqued in a section titled after this work's title concept and "the Market." This work analyzes the self-representation of the 1950s through the work of Philip K. Dick in a chapter titled "Nostalgia for the Present," while Claude Simon and Alain Robbe-Grillet are discussed in the fifth chapter, "Reading and the Division of Labor." The introduction of this work argues that its titular concept is an "attempt to think the present historically," and is "what you have when the modernization process is complete and nature is gone for good."  For ten points, identify this work which refers to its titular concept as "the cultural logic of late capitalism," the best-known book by Frederic Jameson.;;Postmodernism(:) (The) (Cultural) (Logic) (of) (Late) (Capitalism)
;;In one novel in which this character appears she sets the main character up with a blind nymphomaniac named Marianna. In another work, she discusses an experiment involving an ape named Sultan who is forced to find ways to obtain out of reach bananas and champions the "fullness of being" in animals' lives in a debate with Thomas O'Hearne, a philosophy professor at Appleton College. The final chapter of the best-known novel in which this character appears recreates Hugo von Hofmannsthal's "Letter of Lord Chandos to Lord Bacon" and follows an episode in a Kafkaesque prison camp in which she survives judgment by likening herself to a frog. Also appearing in The Lives of Animals and Slow Man, this character is likened to Doris Lessing for her novel The House on Eccles Street, a retelling of Ulysses from Molly Bloom's perspective, in the novel of which she is the title character. For 10 points name this Australian author who appears in three works by J.M. Coetzee.;;Elizabeth Costello
;;Lawrence Que (CHAY) employs a two-state model of this phenomenon in his work on non-heme oxo complexes. Circumstances under which this phenomenon might remain constant despite free energy increases are given by the Westheimer-Melander hypothesis. Schalley and Felder described a steric form of this phenomenon that arises in rotaxane deslipping. Unusually high and temperature-dependent values of this phenomenon are attributed to a tunneling mechanism. Two different types of this phenomenon are related by a power law with exponent one point four four two in the Swain equation. A secondary form of this phenomenon occurs with values around one wherein orbital hybridization changes affect the zero-point energy. An inverse type of this phenomenon occurs in many reductive elimination mechanisms due to a stabilizing agostic interaction. For 10 points, name this phenomenon wherein substitution of an atom with a different mass number leads to a change in a reaction rate, often exploited to learn more about reaction mechanism.;;kinetic isotope effect
;;The first chapter of this work contains a reproduction of "Wheatfield with Crows" with the instruction to "look at it for a moment. Then turn the page," after which the reader sees identical reproduction with the note that this was "the last picture that Van Gogh painted before killing himself." This work notes that publicity is "the last moribund form" of post-Renaissance European visual art, rather than its supplantation; the page on which that sentence appears juxtaposes the images of an advertisement for Armstrong flooring and an anonymous 19th-century painting of Carlo II of Parma and his family. Venus of Urbino, Olympia, and La grande odalisque are used to demonstrate that women are the subjects of the gaze and men are the performers of the gaze in the third among the four text-and-image and three image-only sections of this book, which was inspired by ideas from "The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction." For 10 points, name this book of essays, meant to accompany a BBC television series of the same name, that questions typical interpretations of the European painting tradition, whose assembly was coordinated by John Berger.;;Ways of Seeing
;;This man's first mature work was an Impromptu in C major dedicated to Mademoiselle Eduard Manet, while vocal works include settings of Ephraim Mikhael's L'Ille Heureuse, Catulle Mendes' Chanson por Jeanne, and a collaboration with a young Edmond Rostand for Ode a la Musique. After he became ill in later life, Ricardo Vines and Maurice Ravel cheered him up at his house by playing his Three Valses Romantiques. His piano works like "Sous-Bois," "Melancolie," and "Idylle" appeared in a collection of ten pieces that closed with "Scherzo-Valse" and was called Pieces Pittoresques. One of his most famous operas features Count Laski, who owns the slave girl Minka, and that opera was the source of the Fete Polonaise. For 10 points, name this French composer of the operas Le Roi Malgre Lui and L'Etoile, who also composed orchestral works like Marche Joyeuse and Espana.;;(Emmanuel) Chabrier
;;An inscription found at Husn al-Ghurab contradicts the widespread tradition surrounding this man's death by claiming he was killed in battle as opposed to riding his horse into the sea and drowning to avoid capture.  Ibn Khaldun says this man's name was given due to his curly hair, and he came into power after dispatching the usurper Khani'ah Yanuf Dhu Shanatir.  This king instigated a series of wars first by killing traveling Byzantine merchants and later by massacring the Ethiopian population of the cities of Mocha and Zafar, as well as due to an incident in his own city of Najran, leading to Justin I arranging for an attack by proxy from Kaleb of Axum.  In Najran, this man had offered the Christian population a choice of conversion or death in response to the treatment of his religious brethren elsewhere.  For 10 points, name this king of Himyar famous for his conversion of much of Yemen to Judaism.;;(Zur'ah) (Yusuf) (ibn) (Tuban) (As'ad) (abi) (Karib) Dhu Nuwas|Dunaan|Yusuf As'ar (Yath'ar)
;;One section of this work makes the claim that, in order for a person to achieve freedom, he must translate it into the external sphere, ensuring that it would exist as an idea. Another section of this book claims that people  reflect their own subjectivity of others in order to respect them, forming moral life, but eventually integrate that with ideas of non-interference to form ethical life, which comprises the third sphere of the title concept. The second section of this book ends with the observation that the mind of the world exercises its right in the 'history of the world which is the world's court of judgment. The final section of this book discusses the claim that "The state is the march of God through the world" and holds up the Germanic state as the final form of states, completing the dialectic. For ten points, name this work written by Georg Hegel.;;(Elements) (of) (the) Philosophy of Right|(Grundlinien) (der) Philosophie des Rechts
;;A controversy in this case arose from the Solicitor General's office declining to list the Jewish authors of its Amicus Curiae brief. The decision in this case referenced ordinances overturned in Harmon v. Tyler and Buchanan v. Warley, and it used Virginia v. Rives to support its central holding. The Supreme Court declined to extend this case to contractual abdication of one's right to free speech in United Egg Producers v. Standard Brands, and an Ohio court notably refused to apply this case to the probation of a will in Shapira v. Union National Bank, in which the decedent conditioned his sons' inheritance on their marrying Jewish women. The test established in the opinion essentially asks whether a valid ordinance could be enacted prohibiting the conduct contractually proscribed, which courts have used to limit this case's holding to racial discrimination. For 10 points name this 1948 case that held that judicial injunctive enforcement constituted state action, thereby outlawing racially restrictive covenants.;;Shelley (v(.)) Kraemer
;;At one point in this poem the speaker describes "Tower'd citieswhere throngs of knights and barons bold / In weeds of peace high triumphs hold," and he exhorts a nymph to bring "quips and cranks, and wanton wiles, / Nods, and becks, and wreathed smiles." A "cottage chimney smokes / From betwixt two aged oaks," and "Towerswhere perhaps some beauty lies" are said to be "the cynosure of neighboring eyes." The speaker requests that "If Jonson's learned sock be on / Or sweetest Shakespeare, Fancy's child, warble his native wood notes wild" he be lapped "in soft Lydian airs." Referring to this work's companion piece, this poem opens with a description of an emotion that "in dark Cimmerian desert ever dwells" and was "of Cerberus, and blackest midnight born" and "In Stygian cave forlorn," melancholy, and ends by declaring "Mirth, with thee I mean to live." For 10 points name this poem by John Milton, the companion poem of "Il Penseroso.".;;L'Allegro
;;[Isn't Hurewicz' theorem better known than Whitehead's? The homomorphism between homology and homotopy groups is definitely one of the most memorable things about either. - SJ]    13. One of this man's works shows a man in a golden robe with a rifle in the middle of a marsh. Besides depicting Leonidas Wetmore, his other famous portraits include those of Mrs. M. M Marmaduke and his close friend Major Sidney James Rollins. Unusual for his time, he used photographs and daguerrotypes to help create works like Stump Speaking, which joined The Verdict of the People in his "Election" series. His trip to Dusseldorf prompted works like the second of his "Jolly Boatmen" paintings, while he depicted a Native American in The Concealed Enemy, which showed the same body of water that appears in a rather murky painting featuring a bear cub on the left side of a boat containing two men, the elder of whom rows with a stick. For 10 points, name this artist of Fur Traders Descending the Missouri.;;(George) (Caleb) Bingham
;;In Japanese myth, the hero Yakato-takeru is given the sword Kusanagi and one of these objects by his aunt, and with the help of this object overcomes the king of Sagamu. In Chinese myth, Shennong, who had a crystal stomach, was said to possess two of these objects for two different types of herbs. In Russian folklore, a man named Ivan the Soldier was able to obtain a magical object of this type after trapping three demons in his knapsack; that object would provide him with anything he wanted, and Ivan also used this object to trap Death. Along with winged sandals and the helmet of invisibility, Perseus received a magic item of this kind from the nymphs. Pwyll employed one of these items to overcome Gwawl, and Perseus used his to carry the head of the Medusa. For ten points, identify this type of common object, one of which belonging to Aeolus contained the winds.;;bag|pouch|sack|(any) (other) (synonyms)
;;One character in this work is convinced of the value of life by a Greek newsboy, whose papers have all been bought and discarded by another character. That character later attempts to guess a woman's name based on the initials monogrammed on her handbag and pays someone to go out and buy a couple dollars' worth of toys. A fight erupts between a longshoreman and officer Krupp in act 2, while act 3takes place in the bedroom of a prostitute who dreams of marrying a doctor. In act 5 Willie finally wins the pinball game he started in act 1, while another character reveals that he shot a man once because he couldn't stand the way he talked to ladies. That character, Kit Carson, shoots a man who "hurts little people," Blick, who criticizes the owner of the establishment in which this play takes place for his treatment of Kitty Duval. Kitty eventually leaves with Tom, the servant of Joe, who at the end departs Nick's Pacific Street Saloon for good. For 10 points name this play by William Saroyan.;;Time of Your Life
;;This work's title character notes how she "sensed how the slender rays of the moon swam in my body's white nakedness...and my hair was such as makes men tremble" in one aria. That character's mother has a motif representing the jewels which drape her body as she descends into the gloomy courtyard and recounts her nightmares. The protagonist imagines slaying the royal horses and hounds and dancing over their corpses. This proves prophetic, since she dies during an increasingly intense dance witnessed by her sister Chrysothemis, who refused to help her find the sacred axe necessary to exact vengeance. That axe is taken up by the title character's long-lost brother in this work, which was its composer's first collaboration with Hugo von Hofmannsthal. Seeing the deaths of Aegisthus and Klytamnestra, for 10 points, name this Richard Strauss opera.;;Elektra
;;A revisionist study of this rebellion was completed in 1859 by Frederick Willima Russell, who suggested that its organizer's "great misfortune had been to live before his time," and contemporary accounts of it include one by John Cheeke entitled "The Hurt of Sedition." This revolt may have originated from a quarrel between its namesake and a man named Sergeant Flowerdew, and it began following a feast at Wymondham after which its namesake convened about 16,000 men on Mousehold Heath. After refusing a pardon brought by the Marquis of Northampton, participants in this rebellion fought with Northampton's troops on St. Martin's Palace Plain, resulting in the death of Lord Sheffield. This rebellion directly caused the downfall of Edward Seymour, the Protector and First Duke of Somerset, who, influenced by Hugh Latimer and a party known as "the Commonwealth's men," had been attempting to mitigate the policies that gave rise to this revolt. The participants in this revolt were eventually defeated at Dussindale by John Dudley, Earl of Warwick and its namesake, along with his brother William, was executed in December of 1549. For ten points, identify this uprising that began in Norfolk, England during the reign of Edward VI as a reaction against enclosure.;;(Robert) Kett's (Rebellion)
;;One character in this work refers to her spit as her "spray of diamonds" and tells another character that she is loved "like a bidet." That character declares that she should wear white to mourn like a queen and if necessary will follow her lover to Devil's Island. One character exclaims, "Those gloves! Those eternal gloves!" at the beginning of this work, and a recurring dispute in this work arises over the affection of a milkman. A murder plot is foiled in this play when the target notices that the phone is off the hook, which distracts her from drinking a cup of drugged tea that later causes the death of another character. Two characters in this play are referred to as "the distorting mirrors of respectable society," while a third is jailed as a result of a letter written by Claire. Much of the play consists of games in which Claire and Solange adopt the roles of madame and servant, and Claire's death at the end symbolizes the triumph of the titular profession. For 10 points name this play by Jean Genet.;;(The) Maids
;;This emperor employed the lawyers Papinian, Paul, and Ulpian, and military reforms under this emperor included a 50% pay increase and the disbanding of the Praetorian Guard. This man led campaigns in Mesopotamia against the Osrhoeni and Adiabeni, and he divided Syria into two provinces in response to a challenge to his rule. He's not Alexander the Great, but this man won a Battle of Issus, defeating Pescennius Niger at that site. He fought one rival at Tinurtium before finally defeating that man, Clodius Albinus, at Lugdunum. He took power after those two rivals had Pertinax murdered. This emperor, whose family hailed from Africa, was born at Leptis Magna. For 10 points, identify this Roman emperor and founder of a namesake dynasty, who was the father of Geta and Caracalla.;;(Lucius) Septimius Severus (Pertinax)
;;This man is able to shatter Hafgan's shield in one blow from his sword, and in another story, this character is able to defeat an opponent by turning him upside down in a magic bag and tying it shut. In a further story, this figure accidentally allows his dogs to eat a stag that another man's pack had killed, leading him to take that man's place as the ruler of the latter's home for a year. During that year, he refused to sleep with  which he does not sleep with Arawn's wife. This figure's child marries Cigfa and arranges for his mother to marry Manawydan after this figure's death. This figure's child is earlier returned to him by Teirnon after his wife's chambermaids lose him and cover her with puppy blood, and that wife had earlier come to him on a white horse because she didn't want to marry Gwawl, whom this man defeats.  For ten points, name this lord of Dyfed, father of Pryderi and husband of Rhiannon, a Welsh hero.;;Pwyll
;;One character in this novel compares her husband to a white purebred bulldog that she had once whipped raw and left out in the weather to freeze. Minor characters in this novel include O Nine Morgan, whose wife has run off with a boxer who wants to kill him, and the soldier turned classical scholar Lieutenant McKehnie, and the protagonist is constantly reassured in this novel by the recurring image of George Herbert composing poetry on a hill. The protagonist's brother Mark marries his mistress Marie Leonie Rioter in part four of this novel, The Last Post, while part three of this novel, A Man Could Stand Up, features a flashback in which the protagonist saves the lives of two fellow soldiers only to be berated for his dirty uniform by General Campion. Title to the protagonist's family estate at Groby is carefully kept away from his repeatedly unfaithful wife Sylvia, whom he eventually divorces to marry Valentine Wannop. For 10 points name this cycle of four novels about Christopher Tietjens by Ford Madox Ford.;;Parade's End
;;After this event, Charles Grimes was appointed Judge-Advocate. Incidents that helped to incite this event included the dismissal of magistrate Thomas Jamison and Judge-Advocate Richard Atkins' coerced order to forfeit a shipping bond after the escape of a convict. When the target of the order disregarded it, George Johnson disobeyed a request to aid in the target's arrest, instead leading a group of men to Government House to overthrow the order's issuer. This event occurred after the attempted arrest of John Macarthur, and it was ended by the 1809 arrival of Lachlan Macquarie. For 10 points, identify this event, which saw William Bligh deposed by the New South Wales Corps, an 1808 uprising in Australia named for an alcoholic beverage.;;Rum (Rebellion)
;;Matt Taibbi asserted that this author's research consists of "lunching, reading road signs, and watching people board airplanes." In a February 2002 article, this man detailed his interview with Crown Prince Abdullah of Saudi Arabia, which included a proposed Israeli-Palestinian peace plan. Edward Said criticized perceived orientalism in this man's From Beirut to Jerusalem. A recent book by this author proposes his "laws of petropolitics" and asserts that the present is the "energy-climate era" of history. In an earlier work, which was criticized by Joseph Stiglitz, this author described his "Dell theory of conflict prevention" and the "triple convergence" that led to the titular state. For 10 points, name this New York Times columnist and globalization advocate, author of The World is Flat and Hot, Flat, and Crowded.;;(Thomas) Friedman
;;This thinker chronicled a debate between Cuvier and Saint-Hilaire in his Principles of Zoologic Philosophy.  He claimed that nature is driven by compensating loss because of "the budget of nature."  He stated his disbelief in the use of experiments as proof and hinted at his dislike of math in science in his The Experiment as Mediator between Subject and Object. This thinker proposed an "osteological type," an archetype upon which animals are based, in one work and discussed the homology of leaves in another; those are his Metamorphosis of Animals and Metamorphosis of Plants, respectively. His most famous attempt at science deals with the "physiological, physical, and chemical" forms of the title concept, which can arise from the action of a "turbid medium" and are represented on a triangle. For 10 points, name this author of Theory of Color.;;(Johann) (Wolfgang) (von) Goethe
;;John Watrous introduced the quantum variety of these systems and algebrization shows why they can't resolve the P=NP question. Shamir showed that the class representing these corresponds to PSPACE. Goldwasser and Sipser gave a way to establish a set lower bound using one of these. These systems are judged by their completeness and soundess which usually correspond to one third and two thirds respectively. Examples of these systems that don't give up any extra information are the zero knowledge variants and study of these gave rise to the PCP class. Only two rounds are needed for the Arthur-Merlin version of these systems, which use public coins. These systems generate a transcript of commit-challenge-response iterations, which take place between two probailistic Turing machines called a verifier and a prover, either of whom could be honest or dishonest. For ten points, identify these cryptographic systems in which one party tries to convince another party that they know a particular truth.;;interactive proof|IP
;;After a character mentions a brotherhood that murders oppressors of the poor, the central character of this play gives a fur coat to her brother and throws a knife, which cuts the title object. An innkeeper is stiffed when drinks are bought to revive that brother, who along with the central character struggles through a snowstorm with two soldier-guards. This play ends when the new emperor is told of a dream where he ravishes the central character, whom he fell in love with when she drew the title object, but was unable to see for a year thereafter when Mr. Ma took her as his concubine. The merchant father hangs himself, leading Chang hi-Tang to be sold into a teahouse, but justice is dispensed when her son, who was placed in the title object, recognizes her rather than the murderess Mrs. Ma as the true mother. For 10 points, name this Yuan Dynasty play by Li Xingdao, of which a very loose "Caucasian" adaptation was made by Bertolt Brecht.;;(The) Circle of Chalk|Chalk Circle(;)|Hui(-)Lan Ji
;;The narrator of this work recalls contemplating the paradoxical nature of the inscription, "Pax Intrantibus," over a location where he meets his brother John Paul, who dies in the First World War. This work was revised by Evelyn Waugh, who published it as Elected Silence. At one point in this work, the narrator, a student Columbia University, accidentally walks in on a Shakespeare class taught by Mark Van Doren, which he decides to take; that narrator also takes a class in Scholasticism with Dan Walsh. Narrated by the author of The Sign of Jonas and Confessions of a Guilty Bystander, this work's first section tells of the narrator's life without God and corresponds to Dante's Inferno, while Paradiso is echoed by the narrator's life in the Trappist monastery at Gethsemani. For 10 points, name this autobiography of Thomas Merton.;;(The) Seven(-)Storey Mountain
;;This figure's death was mourned by a sixty-day period during which subjects had to shave their heads and only eat vegetables. Figures similar to this figure which were worshiped in a similar way included Mnevis and Bakh. After he was found, this figure could only be approached by women for forty days while feeding at Nilopolis. Kakau instituted the worship of this figure, who was conceived when his mother was struck by a moonbeam or a flash of light. He was identified by twenty-nine signs, including a scarab under his tongue and an eagle on his flank. The pharaoh was depicted destroying cities as this deity in the Narmer Pallette. Thought to be the ka of Ptah, this figure would be drowned if he lived more than twenty-eight years; after that period, a new incarnation of this god would be found from a herd of bulls. For 10 points, name this Egyptian bull deity who was merged with Osiris into the god Serapis.;;Apis
;;One character in this work loses a footrace after Idas yanks his hair. That instance of cheating occurs at a funeral games in honor of the infant Opheltes, who is killed by a serpent. The first book of this work opens by claiming inspiration from "Pierian Fire" and includes a king who gives two characters shelter and tells of Psamathe's rape by Apollo and subsequent transformation into a monster. This work's second book includes a double wedding at which Argia wears the necklace of Harmonia and Adrastus oversees the marriage of his daughter Deipyle to Tydeus, who goes on to spare only Maeon after defeating a group of ambushers. This poem's epilogue expresses its author's desire not to surpass Vergil and its tenth book sees Capaneus climb a tower and get fried by a thunderbolt from Zeus. The central conflict of this work is decided when the brothers Polyneices and Eteocles kill each other, resulting in the ascension of Creon. For 10 points, name this Latin allegory of the reign of Domitian which tells of a war between Argo and the title Greek city and was written by Statius.;;Thebaid
;;This work posits that a certain group of people are forced to undergo "secondary adjustments," and lists some of these as "ritual supplies" and "stashes." This work is divided into four essays; the third discusses the "Underlife" and the second describes passing through a "betrayal funnel" as one of the early events of the "moral life" of its subjects. The final essay of this book is subtitled "Some Notes on the Vicissitudes of the Tinkering Trades" and argues that the central phenomenon adheres more to a "workshop model" than a "professional-expert model." This work labels places which sequester people, follow strict schedules, and monitor behavior as "total institutions" and was drawn from observations of St. Elizabeth's Hospital. For 10 points, name this work subtitled "Essays on the Condition of the Social Situation of Mental Patients and Other Inmates" and written by Erving Goffman.;;Asylums
;;He designed a ramp separating two glass domes stained with faux petals for the recently completed Elephant House of the Copenhagen Zoo. A subterranean geodesic theatre named the Samuel Beckett Theatre Project was among the uncompleted designs born from his early collaboration with Buckminster Fuller. He built a zig zag glass tower on top of the preserved stone facade of a Joseph Urban building in New York's Hearst Tower. This architect and his wife joined Richard Rogers and his wife in the abortive Team 4 firm, and his unbuilt designs include a massive self-contained structure in a conically helical cell built on the water off of Tokyo and named the Millennium Tower. He alternated two rows of light glass with one of dark glass in the spiraling facade of his building at 30 St Mary Axe, which has been nicknamed The Gherkin by London residents. He memorialized German reunification with a glass dome at the heart of his Reichstag renovations. For 10 points, name this British architect of the wobbly Millennium Bridge and 1999 Pritzker Prize winner.;;(Norman) Foster
;;This case was compared with an incident in which Hugh Maher seized a piece of property from Harmon Spruance in an Edmund Kitch article entitled, "The Facts of [this case]." The court opinion for this case uses state constitutions and the Magna Carta to define the word "deprive" as used in the Fourteenth Amendment. That opinion also uses the examples of wharfingers and hackney-coachmen and quotes Lord Hale's De Portibus Maris to show that the legislation in question did not violate the due process clause. In the court opinion for this case, Chief Justice Waite argued that although Congress alone could regulate interstate commerce, the regulations in question in this case did not impair federal control, and agreed that a "virtual monopoly" was created by the owners of grain elevators. Overturned by the decision in the Wabash case, for 10 points, name this case arising from legislation passed due to the influence of the Granger movement, which decided that private property can be regulated for the public good, to the detriment of warehousers in Chicago.;;Munn (v(.)) (Illinois)
;;An Elias Martin painting about the visit of Gustav III to the Royal Swedish Academy of the Arts places this more notable painting in the background.  The four rightmost figures in this painting include a cheery man holding a goblet and a solemn turbaned man, whose front meshes in with the back of a standing figure with a wrinkled green cloak. Painted as a the centerpiece of an eight-work commission for the artist's late pupil Govert Flinck, this painting was originally set in a "sacred grove" before being moved to the interior of a dark, vaulted hall. The yellow glow of light on the table in this painting illuminates the swords of the leftmost characters, including the central one-eyed one who has a double layered blue and gold hat. Depicting some rebellious Batavians from Tacitus's Histories and celebrating the end of a war against the Spanish, for 10 points, name this painting, whose original version was the largest canvas of Rembrandt's.;;(The) Conspiracy of Claudius Civilis|(De) Samenzwering van Claudius Civilis
;;This work classifies "lab souls" as those whose souls have higher density. One of its sections lists the five immortals who are repeatedly reincarnated as Homer, Montezuma, Plato, Akhnaton and Nefertiti, the latter two of whom construct a glorious crystal pyramid. A recurring theme in this work is a deterministic law which borrows its name from the insurance business, the "No Accident Clause." Characters in this work include the deity God Biology and the shades Maria Mitsotaki and W.H Auden, who assist DJ and JM with their work. This work was published with a coda titled "The Higher Keys" and includes sections like Scripts for the Pageant, Mirabell: Books of Number, and The Book of Ephraim, which includes one poem for each letter of the alphabet. It was written with the aid of the poet's partner David Jackson and was largely inspired by notes its author had transcribed from Ouija board sessions. For 10 points, name this epic poem by James Merrill.;;(The) Changing Light at Sandover
;;One section of this work warns that if you leave an anchored ship to play with a shellfish or an onion on the shore, you must always be listening for the captain's call lest you be left behind. Another section of this work advises that life be treated as a dinner party, in that one should wait for goods to arrive, enjoy them moderately, and allow them to pass away at the appropriate time. This work ends with a quote from Plato's Apology reading, "Anytus and Melitus may kill me indeed, but hurt me they cannot." The author of this work states that "Lameness isnot [a hindrance] to your ability to choose" to show his strength despite his broken left leg. This work asserts that our judgments about objects, not the objects themselves, are harmful, and it urges the reader to consider those things out of his control as being nothing to him. Like the Discourses this work was compiled by the author's student, Arrian. For 10 points, name this short collection of practical Stoic aphorisms, written by Epictetus.;;Enchiridion|(the) Handbook
;;This technique's namesake "gap" occurs when a threshold does not sufficiently differentiate between variation and divergence. The DOME ID and ATIM algorithms have recently been developed for use alongside BLAST in identifying query sequences useful for this technique. AFLP and RFLP can be used to rule out false results obtained by this technique, which one study found would be inaccurate for 23 percent of eukaryotic organisms. While it can be carried out on most eukaryotes using the mitochondrial COI ("C-O-one") gene, the matK and rbcL chloroplast genes are used for plants. It was famously used to expose consumer fraud in which tilapia was substituted for white tuna and sheep's milk cheese made from cow's milk. For 10 points, name this technique that uses genetic markers to determine the species to which the genetic material belongs.;;(DNA) barcoding
;;At one point in this piece, the tubas twice play a theme of F-F-F-E-D, which the French horns respond to with a B-F tri-tone. A cello soloist plays a theme of G-F-G-A-Bflat-A-G-F-E-F while the rest of the orchestra trills during this piece's first movement, andante lugubre. The composer of this work originally commissioned Count Golyenischev-Kutusov to write the program for the work, an offer which the count declined. This piece's second movement is strangely written in 2/1 time. Parts of this piece were inspired by the Obikhod hymns "Let God Arise, let his enemies be scattered" and "An Angel Cried Out," and images depicted by this piece include the "light from the holy sepulcher." Dedicated to the deceased Alexander Borodin and Modest Mussorgsky, this work was called The Bright Holiday by its composer. For 10 points, name this Rimsky-Korsakov piece written to celebrate Christ's resurrection.;;Russian Easter (Festival) Overture
;;This poet wrote of a character who goes back to his job again, "Not so easy to rob again" because he spent "my nights and my days with hogs," while a painting by Burne-Jones inspired his poem about a fool who "made his prayer," to a rag and a bone," titled "The Vampire." In addition to "The Prodigal Son," this poet concluded every stanza with a reference to "a trail that is always new," in his "L'envoi." Another of his poems takes the form of a conversation between Files-on-Parade and the Colour-Sergeant, while another poem laments that "all our pomp of yesterday is one with Nineveh and Tyre!" That poem, addressed to "God of our fathers, known of old" ends each stanza with the refrain "Lest we forget lest we forget!" and is titled "Recessional." In one poem, this poet concluded that in order to "be a man, my son," you must possess such traits as being able to "keep your head when all about you are losing theirs and blaming it on you," while another of his poems concerns a "regimental bhisti," who gives his life to save the narrator. For ten points, identify this poet of "Danny Deever," "If," and "Gunga Din.".;;(Joseph) (Rudyard) Kipling
;;One couple in this novel is reconciled when their young son Willie slowly dies of diphtheria. One central character in this work stops courting Marian after her father goes blind and her inheritance is reduced to one hundred and fifty pounds. That character encourages his sister Dora to write children's books and to marry Mr. Whelpdale, who publishes a magazine in which all columns are shorter than two inches. Harold Biffen commits suicide after the failure of his ultra-realistic novel Mr. Bailey, Grocer. In this novel, Alfred Yule continues a twenty year old feud with Clement Fadge, who edits The Study and gives one character a column in The Current. The central conflict of this novel is between the commercialistic pandering of Jasper Milvain and the more critically acceptable but less popular work of Edwin Reardon. For 10 points, name this novel named for a London street and written by George Gissing.;;New Grub Street
;;When xenon compounds are evaluated using this, a xenon clathrate in hydroquinone or xenon hexaflouride is used as a reference. Anisotropy in this technique can be caused by the Goldanskii-Karyagin effect. Only dipolar and quadrapolar emission is seen in it. Uranium monolayers can be observed using the Conversion Electron version of it. Successful preparation of this technique requires calculation of the ideal absorber length. Quadrapole splitting is responsible for doublets, while changes in electron density lead to an isomer shift in this technique.  Nickel-61 and Iron-57 show the ideal form of the effect central to this technique and the spread of energies can be partly explained by the Doppler effect. For 10 points identify this technique that makes use of the recoil free emission of gamma rays.;;Mossbauer (spectroscopy)
;;Readings of past values for this can be done because of TRM, but sometimes a second values is recorded by NRM if the capturing medium is reheated. A westward motion inducing an observed clockwise rotation in this is codified by Runcorn's rule. F.H. Hibberd came up with a hypothesis that the origin of this lies in the Nernst Effect. Samples from the French Massif Central show evidence of the Laschamp excursion of this and it causes APW which can be used in the study of ancient continents. It causes the Chapman Ferraro cavity and it is weakest in the South Atlantic Anomaly. Isogonic lines plot contours of constant declination in this. Historical readings of this can be done using ancient lava flows and an interesting dynamic property of this was discovered in part because of bands observed at the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. It is commonly believed to be caused by a dynamo effect. For 10 points, name entity of the earth that can undergo reversals and has poles.;;(Earth's) magnetic field
;;An owl in a cypress tree is a recurring symbol of death in this novel, and in one scene, the protagonist cannot bring himself to leave his favorite stone, and shoots his dog. That character later tries to kill a mare which flung his wife, thus aborting her pregnancy, and another character gets his ears bitten off by a hog. The preface to this novel includes an excerpt of a will demanding the burning of the manuscript, which was found at Don Raimundo's pharmacy, while this work closes with a letter from a prison guard to the publisher. The retarded Mario drowns in a vat of oil, and the title character runs away to the port of La Corduna for two years after the death of his son. His wife Lola dies shortly after his return, which leads him to kill the pimp El Estirao, or "Stretch." For 10 points, identify this novel in which the title Spaniard writes his memoirs in prison while awaiting his execution, a work of Camilio Jose Cela.;;(The) Family of Pascual Duarte or (La) Familia de Pascual Duarte
;;A slightly cut edition of the second of these compositions was prepared by Alexander Siloti, and the first of these contains one movement based on the cabaret song "Il faut s'amuser, danser et rire," while another movement contains an allegro section inspired by a blind beggars' song. The third and last of these was constructed of unused material from the composer's unfinished "Symphony in E-Flat." The composer received a bitter lashing from Anton Rubenstein after playing him the first of these works, which was premiered in Boston under B.J. Lang with Hans von Bulow as the soloist. That work opens with a four-note motif sounded by all four horns punctuated by orchestral chords, which starts in the home key of B-flat minor but quickly modulates to D-flat major. For 10 points, identify these works for a keyboard instrument and orchestra by the composer of the Pathetique Symphony.;;piano concertos (of) (Peter) (Ilyich) Tchaikovsky
;;According to Orlando Figes, the issuance of this document immediately resulted in a sudden boom in the circulation of pornography. Hours after the promulgation of this document, a riot resulted in the death of the recently released political prisoner N.E. Bauman, and the Kadet party formed by a merger with the Union of Liberation on the same day that this document was issued. Some of the actions promised by this document were carried out less than a year later with the promulgation of the Fundamental Laws, which expanded certain civil and suffrage rights, and this document gave its name to a political party led by Alexander Guchkov, which advocated the fulfilment of its promises. Motivated by a general strike organized by the Mensheviks, this document promised the establishment of a Duma and was issued on the advice of Sergei Witte. For ten points, identify this document promulgated by Nicholas II in 1905, which promised the advent of a constitutional monarchy in Russia.;;October (Manifesto)
;;Nek2A phosphorylation of C-Nap 1 results in the eventual disjunction of these structures, and several important checkpoint kinases associate with these structures. These structures possess cylindrical objects with 9 triplet blades that form basal bodies of flagella in motile cells. Much like DNA, the constituent bodies of these structures replicate semi-conservatively. Amplification of these structures often leads to aneuploidy and is associated with many cancers, and they possess gamma-TuRC complexes at which microtubules are nucleated. They are associated with the nuclear membrane, and they move toward polar ends prior to the onset of mitosis. For 10 points, identify this structure, which is composed of two centrioles from which spindle fibers emanate.;;centrosomes
;;This figure knocked out his eldest son for refusing to call for help in the killing of eleven men, and that son later helped him saw his way out of a stone. This man and his nine brothers were all tied to trees, and all of them were eaten by a she-wolf except this man, whose lover put honey inside his mouth, allowing him to bite off the wolf's tongue. He slew two of his nephews after they refused to make bread from meal with something alive in it. He later married the daughter of Eylimi, Hjordis, and shortly afterwardsy met his end fighting against Hunding. Earlier, his sister had disguised herself so she could have a child by him. That union produced his son Sinfjotli, who helped this man kill Siggeir. For 10 points, name this man who drew Gram from the Branstock, the sister of Signy, son of Volsung, and father of Sigurd.;;Sigmund
;;This critic notes that while it was a reasonable development that romanticism "lurked at the heart of realism," the lamentable rise of psychologism is apparent in romanticism, in A Psychological Counter-Current in Recent Fiction. He warned against romantic exaggeration and offered that writers should concern themselves with "the more smiling aspects of life," in such works as My Literary Passions and Criticism and Fiction. Much of this author's most influential criticism was serialized in a monthly column for Harper's Magazine from 1886 to 1892 called the "Editor's Study." In one work of criticism this novelist suggested that American novelists should stick to material that would not offend the innocence of a young girl. For 10 points, name this 19th and early 20th century American literary critic and novelist author of "The Prudishness of the Anglo-Saxon Novel.".;;(William) (Dean) Howells
;;In a 1971 article "Designing Organizations for an Information-Rich World," this social scientists argues that the proliferation of information produces scarcity in whatever it requires to consume that information, thus introducing the notion of the "attention economy." He along with Allen Newell designed a program that would eventually prove 38 of 52 axioms located in Chapter 2 of Principia Mathematica called the "Logic Theorist." In one work he argues that "authority" is the chief mode of influence that distinguishes individual participation in organizations. His significant association with the Cowles Commission was integral in his mathematical development of Decision-making in organizations laid out in such works as Public Administration. For 10 points, name this Nobel laureate and author of Administrative Behavior who developed the concepts of satisficing and "bounded rationality.".;;(Herbert) Simon
;;Towards the end of the second act, the villagers waltz and sing "Ainsi que la brise legere," while one character addresses his holy medal and asks God to protect his sister in "Avant de quitter ces lieux." One character participates in the age old practice of mocking the pregnant girl when he suggests girls should not open the door in the aria "Vous qui faites l'endormie." Another character dips his hands in holy water because all the flowers he attempts to pick are dying, an experience he sings about in "Faites-lui mes aveux."  In this work, Siebel is in love with the sister of Valentin, who dies protecting her honor, and performances usually cut the ballet representing the Walpurgisnacht in the last act. It ends when the girl who earlier sings the Jewel Song goes to heaven after Mephistopheles claims she is judged. Seeing the death of Marguerite, for 10 points, name this opera by Charles Gounod.;;Faust
;;The author of this work received vital assistance in its production from Tench Coxe, who had drafted an essay similar to this work several years earlier, and during its writing, its author made a great show of collecting and displaying samples of things such as wool and carpet. Much of this work is dedicated to refuting the theories of the Physiocrats, and this work approvingly cites British cotton mills as helping make women and children "more useful." Arguing for a lowering of tariffs, this work also claims that "the public purse must supply the deficiency of private resources," and advocates "extraordinary aid and protection of government," for infant industries. Citing the "extreme embarassment during the late war," this work's author cited the Constitution's "general welfare" clause to show how government policy could make the United States self-sufficient in arms production. Presented by the Secretary of the Treasury on December 5, 1791, for ten points, identify this document compiled on such thrilling topics as iron, glass, and gunpowder by Alexander Hamilton.;;(Report) on Manufactures
;;The introduction of one of his works examines the "kitsch" in Bruegel's print of Temperance to illustrate the advances in European culture since the mid-ninth century and defines the concept of pantometry.  He divided the history of ranged weapons into three accelerations in his book Throwing Fire: Projectile Technology Through History.  This author of the Measure of Reality began another of his works by revisiting Pangaea and also addressed "Winds", "Weeds" and "New Zealand".  One of his works addressed the spread eastward of crops like manioc and papaya and gives a reappraisal of the early spread of syphilis.  He may be best known for a book that addresses the "Biological and Cultural Consequences of 1492" and, although he's not Jared Diamond, he has written about the role of animals and germs in the collapse of Latin American civilizations.  For 10 points, name this environmental historian of Ecological Imperials and the Columbian Exchange.;;(Alfred) (W(.)) Crosby
;;The Epilogue to this play contains the lines "Most modern wits such monstrous fools have shown, They seem'd not of heaven's making, but their own" and was written by John Dryden. In Act 4 of this play, one character sings the song "How charming Phyllis is, how fair!" after exclaiming that a man may use a mirror to "entertain himself." In Act 2, the protagonist compares the expectation of constancy to "the fruit of autumn ripen[ing] in the spring" soon after his mistress breaks her fan in fury. One character is almost caught leaving the protagonist's house, and the protagonist pretends to be Courtage to charm the mother of the woman he's fallen in love with. Towards the end of this work, one character is horrified the woman he intends to marry, Emilia, is already married to his son the younger Bellaire, and Harriet confesses her love for the protagonist who effectively dumps Lady Lovewit. For 10 points, identify this play that features Dorimant and Sir Fopling Flutter, a work by George Etherege.;;(The) Man of Mode
;;In one of this man's poems, he describes how "morning rain dampens the light dust," while another begins by telling of a fisherman who "loved the hills in spring." This poet of "The Cornel Grove" and "Birds Calling in the Ravine," was the subject of a collaboration between Eliot Weinberger and Octavio Paz, who created "19 Ways of Looking at" this man. In a lamentation for a friend, this man asked "How long can one man's lifetime last?" while another of his poems describes of how "at festivals I'm homesick through and through," recalling the poet's brothers in Shangdong. This man's "Farewell of the Friend" was used as the text for the finale of Mahler's Das Lied von der Erde, and his best-known work is a short poem that describes "reflected light [shining] on the blue-green moss," in the title location. Included with Du Fu and Li Bai in Vikram Seth's Three Chinese Poets, for 10 points, name this T'ang Dynasty poet who wrote "Deer Park.".;;Wang Wei
;;Two years after creating this painting, its artist created a very similar work depicting a Janus headed figure partially looking at a cat on a window sill.  In the original, a couple is being driven in a small yellow carriage in the background of this work, while above them a tiny man in blue holds on to a parachute.  Executed in the same year as other large figure paintings like Half Past Three (The Poet) and The Soldier Drinks, its central figure wears a white tuxedo with a flower painted over his right breast, and through the window in the top left the viewer can see a night scene of Paris dominated by a large Eiffel Tower.  The main figure in this work can be seen gesturing at a canvas depicting a red goat, and the top right of this work contains a thought bubble of the artist's native Vitebsk.  For 10 points, name this painting by Marc Chagall, named for the number of digits on the artist's left hand.;;Self Portrait with Seven Fingers
;;After being reinstated in his hometown, this figure convened a synod whose decisions are contained in Tomus ad Antiochenos. That synod dealt leniently with bishops who had signed the Homoean formula under duress, and this figure's articulation of the Origenistic formula helped to reconcile Homoiousians. The Letters to Epicetus, Adelphus and Maximus the Philosopher set forth this figure's orthodox doctrine on the divinity and procession of the Holy Spirit. One work by this figure, the first of its kind, provided "an ideal pattern of ascetic life," and in another work this theologian outlines God's dilemma in trying to reverse the corruption of humanity since the Fall in De Incarnatione Verbi Dei.  Dutch theologian G.J Voss first called into question a statement attributed to this figure sometimes titled by its first two words in Latin, the Quicumque vult. For 10 points, name this theologian and Church Father, author of the Life of St. Anthony with a namesake creed and a noted hater of Arius.;;Athanasius (of) (Alexandria)
;;One major criticism of this work argued that its author takes pleasure in the impossibility of change and called the author's work which followed this one "unconscionably bad... as a work on the law of free speech." This work claims romanticism on Foucault's part when he quips that Herculine Barbin was able to live some part of her life in the "happy limbo of non-identity."  Levi-Strauss' description of the taboo incest as a "pervasive cultural fantasy," Freud's psychoanalytic explanation of mourning and melancholia, and Riviere's claim of "womanliness as a masquerade," construct this work's notion of the "Heterosexual Matrix." It begins by analyzing the incomplete notion of female subjectivity in the work of Irigaray and Beauvoir, and its author was the target of Martha Nussbaum's essay "The Professor of Parody." Advising that parodic performance like dressing in drag can bring about the title phenomenon and developing the concept of performativity, for 10 points, name this fundamental work of post-structural feminist theory by Judith Butler.;;Gender Trouble
;;One ambiguity that arises when employing these constructs in basic solution is due to an often-tacit standard introduced by Phillips and Williams that sets the proton-hydrogen gas slope to zero. Copper is the only first-row transition metal with a positive slope on one of these representations. When species in these representations lie on convex curves, they tend to undergo disproportionation. One species will oxidize another if the first is to the upper-left of the second on these diagrams, and those at the bottom of curves on these diagrams are thermodynamically stable. The y-values on these constructs can be obtained by multiplying the number of electrons transferred in a half cell reaction times the reduction potential of that cell. These representations are occasionally named for Ebsworth and points on these diagrams can be obtained using information from Latimer diagrams. For 10 points, identify these representations in which the relative free energy of a species is plotted against various oxidation states for that species.;;Frost(-)Ebsworth (diagrams) (It) (looks) (like) (they're) (not) (named) (for) (a) (dude(;)) (apparently) (the) (Frost) (stands) (for) FRee (energy) (and) Oxidation STate
;;One definition of these regions was proposed by Nernst and is related to the size of a stagnant film which has the same diffusion resistance. Mathematically, these regions arise in situations where the dynamics are described by a differential equation whose highest order derivative is multiplied by a small parameter. A phenomenon in which the quantity "d v-sub-x by dy" evaluated at y equals zero becomes negative for some geometries is known as these regions' namesake separation, and a fundamental assumption in deriving these regions is known as the no-slip condition. The size of these regions in two dimensions is inversely proportional to the square root of the Reynolds number, and the velocity profile within these regions is given by partial differential equations named after Prandtl, who proposed the existence of these regions. For ten points, identify these regions in a fluid flow past a solid body, in which viscous effects are dominant.;;boundary layers
;;The prehistory of this polity consists of the traditions of the Newar people, and its first ruling dynasty was the Kirati dynasty. In the 4th century C.E., the Licchavi dynasty founded a kingdom in the region that would become this present-day nation, and this polity's first legal code was introduced by Jaya Sthiti, a ruler of the Malla dynasty. Jaya Sthiti's successor, Yaksa Malla, divided this polity into three regions, which included Patan and Bhaktpur. As a consequence of two weak kings, the leadership of this polity was assumed by the Thapa family, while during the 1860s, the Rana family managed to preserve this nation's independence. This nation was unified in 1742 by Prithvi Narayan Shah, who conquered three Malla kingdoms and established this nation's capital. For ten points, identify this nation which in the 19th century allowed the British to recruit its famous Gurkha soldiers.;;Nepal
;;Petrashov observed that this effect is significantly amplified when normal metal rings contain superconducting islands.  The oscillation patterns of resistance at low temperatures in mesoscopic Gallium Arsenide systems has been used to confirm this effect. In this effect, the spin vectors of electrons undergo a 360 degree rotation, resulting in the accumulation of the geometric phase.  In its earliest observation, a phase shift was observed when electrons were fired around a solenoid despite the fact that the electrons did not experience an external magnetic field. For 10 points, identify this effect which in which the electric and vector potentials influence the properties of particles despite the absence of the E and B fields.;;Ehrenberg(-)Siday(-)Aharonov(-)Bohm effect
;;He innovatively used mathematical notation in his unpublished thesis, An Algebra for Theoretical Genetics.  A Saw Tooth and Inverse Nonlinear Device were used in a process for obtaining "perfect secrecy" he developed called the Vernam System.  Richard Mansfield improved on a strategy of Lehman for winning a game named for him that sees a graph either colored or deleted by players Short and Cut.  He dismissed a dictionary approach in favor of a minimax strategy for moving pieces in his influential paper, Programming a Computer for Playing Chess.  A procedure he first outlined in "A Mathematical Theory of Communication" works by dividing source messages into two groups balanced by their probabilities; that method produces longer prefix codes than Huffman Coding and is co-named for Robert Fano.  His source coding theorem gives the theoretical limit of data compression, and when all signals have equal probability the maximum amount of his namesake entropy is achieved.  For 10 points, identify this man who also names a sampling theorem with Harry Nyquist.;;(Claude) (Elwood) Shannon
;;The Child with the Melons informs one of the characters in this work that he shall become gardener of the King of the Three Planets, who will bring happiness to the Earth, the Moon and Mars for 35 years. The costume direction in this play suggests that the sister be dressed like Gretel or Little Red Riding-hood. The central characters, who are sent on a mission by someone who looks suspiciously like their neighbor Berlingot, go to the Land of Memory, where they meet their dead grandparents. The Cat informs Night, who is in the form of an old woman that the woodcutter's children, aided by a magic diamond and such characters as Light, Bread and Sugar, will soon be at her palace to ask for the titular entity. Beginning on Christmas Eve, Berylune instructs Tyltyl and Mytyl to find, for 10 points, the titular creature in this fairy-play in six acts by Maurice Maeterlinck.;;(The) Blue Bird
;;Takeshi Amemiya wrote a comprehensive review of an Econometric model developed by this man; that model assumes that there is a linear relationship between a latent variable y* and the observed x, and that y is equal to y* if y* is greater than 0 and zero otherwise. That model is an extension of the Probit model which is used to obtain linear regression models for censored variables. Along with William Nordhaus, he wrote the influential essay "Is Growth Obsolete?" and he developed a quantity which gives the total market value of a firm divided by the total asset value, called the Q ratio. Rodney Schmidt developed a variation on a proposal of this man to tax cross-border financial transactions that would reduce volatility in currency markets. For 10 points, identify this economist whose namesake "tax" is directed to curb speculation in international currency markets, a member of the Cowles Foundation who won a Nobel prize for his work on financial markets.;;(James) Tobin
;;An early theory of the mechanism of this process using a cyclopropylidene intermediate was disproven by Hoel when allenes formed instead of the desired product. An important side reaction to this process is the Boudouard Reaction, and the catalyst used in this process is poisoned by hydrogen sulfide. One widely accepted mechanism used in this process is based on the formation of a carbene and includes a 1,3 hydride shift, originally proposed by Maitlis. The ratio of its input compounds can be controlled using the water-gas shift reaction, and this process typically uses an iron or cobalt-based catalyst. An important center for its use is the Sasol plant in South Africa, and the distribution of its products can be modeled with the Anderson-Schulz-Flory distribution. For 10 points, name this reaction which uses carbon monoxide and hydrogen to produce hydrocarbons.;;Fischer(-)Tropsch Process
;;In one part of this work, the author asserts that if a church is camouflaged to look like a barn, then what we see is "a church that looks like a barn," and not "an immaterial church." This work's penultimate section concerns what the author calls the "very extraordinary position," that "material-object statements are as such not conclusively verifiable." This work's third section attempts to remove the conflation of the word "illusion," with "delusion," and earlier it is suggested that the "[plain man]... is hardly deceived at all." Compiled by G. J. Warnock from lectures given at Oxford in 1947 under the general title "Problems of Philosophy," this work opens by arguing that some works, including Ayers' The Foundations of Empirical Knowledge, "bite off more than they can chew," and that certain doctrines regarding perception are undecidable. For ten points, identify this book, whose title puns on both its subject matter and the name of it's author, J.L. Austin.;;Sense and Sensibilia
;;In the last novel in which this character appears, he saves another character by hacking off her hand after that character is accidentally pinned underwater by a harpoon. This character pens a manuscript about a former lover only to have another character insert his own commentary into it known as the Interlinear. When first introduced, this character is living on a Greek island and recalling his affair with the prostitute Melissa, for whose child he is caring. This character becomes the friend of Pursewarden, who commits suicide after revealing a conspiracy to David Mountolive, and his other friends include the Jewish mystic Balthazar. This character becomes enchanted with the woman who is the subject of the novel Moeurs and is herself the wife of Nessim, and witnesses the shooting of Capodistria during a duck hunt. The lover of two characters that title novels in which he appears, Justine and Clea, and a representation of his creator Lawrence Durrell, for ten points, identify this main character of The Alexandria Quartet.;;(L(.)) (G(.)) Darley
;;These structures' proliferation may depend on transposon-mediated development of a specialized form of adhesin. The cidA gene, which codes for a holin protein, facilitates the formation of these structures, and the ica gene and mu phage are among the elements that can cause phase variation in them. Homoserine lactones function as chemotactic agents in a process called quorum sensing that leads to the formation of these structures in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. These structures are implicated in otitis media and Legionnaire's disease, and genetic mutations leading to highly viscous respiratory mucous prevent cilia from clearing out these formations in cystic fibrosis. These structures, which frequently form on artificial joints, develop when bacteria in a planktonic state randomly adhere to an existing layer of organic materials adsorbed to a surface. For 10 points, identify these microorganismal aggregates exemplified by dental plaque.;;biofilms
;;Bernini reportedly knelt before one painting in the second group of these works, which depicted a mysterious veiled woman at the far left, though the rest of the scene simply showed the ceremony of Joseph and Mary. Another work in the second group reverses the composition of its artist's earlier depiction of The Death of Germanicus and shows a man in a yellow robe with candle in hand hunching over a dying Roman soldier. That second group currently resides in Scotland's National Gallery as part of the Sutherland loan and was commissioned by a man for whom the artist earlier painted Israelites Gathering the Manna. The last painting in the first group was destroyed by the fire at Belvoir Castle, where that group resided after being commissioned by Cassiano del Pozzo. The second group, however, is still intact and had been commissioned by Paul Freart de Chantelou. For 10 points, name these two series of paintings by Nicolas Poussin depicting scenes of marriage, ordination, penance, and eucharist.;;Seven Sacraments
;;The fourth and final canto of this poem mentions the poet's earlier works Dim Gulf, Night Rote, and Hebe's Cup, before stating that "this transparent thingum does require / some moondrop title."  In another section of this poem, the narrator experiences "the attack, the trance / or one of my old fits," during which he envisions a tall white fountain.  That near-death experience occurs as he is giving a talk at the Institute of Preparation for the Hereafter.  A discussion of a young female character in this work's second canto includes the lines "Why overstress / the physical? She wants to look a mess. / Virgins have written some resplendent books." That character, the poet's daughter, is later described leaving a failed double date, getting off the bus early at Lochanhead, and drowning in the lake.  This poem opens with the line "I was the shadow of the waxwing slain," and was written on a set of 80 index cards during the last twenty days of the poet's life.  For 10 points, identify this work of John Shade, annotated by Charles Kinbote, a 999-line poem which appears in a novel by Vladimir Nabokov.;;Pale Fire
;;This figure wrestled Jarasandha, defeating his opponent by tearing him in half, so that his brother could carry out the Rajusuyana yajna. This man killed the elephant Ashwattama so that brother could lie to Drona.  He was called Vrikodara, or "wolf belly" for his huge appetite. In one story, this man ate an entire cart full of food intended as tribute for Bakasura, then killed the demon. As a child, this figure was poisoned and then dumped in a river by his cousins; he was saved when venom from a snakebite neutralized the poison.  He would later vow to break one cousin's thighs with his mace, and drink the blood of another cousin, Dushasana, after they humiliated his wife. He once met a monkey blocking his path, and was unable to move its tail; that monkey, Hanuman, was nominally this man's brother, since he was born after Kunti invoked the wind god Vayu.  This figure had a half-Rakshasa son with Hidimba, named Ghatotkacha.  For 10 points, identify this elder brother of Nakula and Sahadeva, a member of the Pandavas along with Yuddhistira and Arjuna.;;Bhima (the) (a) (is) (not) (always) (pronounced) (in) (Hindi)
;;One character in this work often says the word "bloop" whenever she wishes to "mentally cross over to the opposite sidewalk." Another character in this work raises a purple lapsus mushroom which a group of people watch grow 8 millimeters in five minutes, and another character claims to have a condition "like the hiccups, except stronger," which makes him stand up in a movie theater and let out a long scream. In addition to that man named Patricio, characters include Heredia who makes fake packages of used matches and cigarettes. The book contains pieces of news such as the death of a guerrilla fighter who died of malnutrition and the escape of five women from the Cordoba jail. The plot involves attempt to capture a "Vip" and use him as leverage to force freeing a group of political prisoners in South America. Assembled as a scrapbook for the title baby, the son of Susana, for 10 points, name this book in which a group of Argentinians in France attempt to carry out the Screwery, a work of Julio Cortazar.;;(A) Manual for Manuel or Libro de Manuel
;;Witold Lutoslawski wrote 5 works for clarinet and piano in a "dance" variety of this form. Frank Martin's sixth work in this genre uses the "BACH" motif and is marked "andante grazioso" and "dolce leggiero"; that piece is among the eight he composed in this genre.  "Song of Ecstacy in a Sad Landscape" and "Bells of Anguish and Tears of Farewell" are among the eight by Olivier Messiaen, while Charles-Valentin Alkan's Opus 31 is a collection of works of this type and includes a piece called "The Song of the Madwoman on the Sea Shore." Rachmaninov collected ten of them in his Opus 23 and thirteen of them in his Opus 32, though he also wrote a work of this type that is the second piece in his opus 3 Morceaux de Fantaisie and is in C-sharp minor. One collection of them begins with a work marked Agitato in C Major and ends with a work in D minor, thus ascending the circle of fifths across a group of pieces that includes "Raindrop." For 10 points, name this type of work, twenty four of which constitute Chopin's Opus 28.;;Preludes
;;One member of this dynasty brought the scholar al-Biruni to his court, and artistic achievements during this dynasty included the introduction of the ground plan of four eyvan, or open vaults, as exemplified by the palace at Lashkari Bazar. Located across the Oxus from the territories of the Qarakhanids, this dynasty's history was written by Bul-Fazli Bayhaqi and was the first major work in New Persian, a language encouraged by this dynasty's rulers. This dynasty ended when the Ghurids overran its capital of Lahore in 1186, to which its sultan Masud I had retreated following the battle of Dandanqan in 1140. A successor state to the Samanids, this dynasty's greatest ruler was Mahmud, who patronized Firdausi, warred with the Buyids, and repeatedly clashed with Jaipal, the Raja of the Punjab, during his 17 expeditions that resulted in Islam being brought into the interior of India. Founded by Sebuktigin, for ten points, identify this Turkish dynasty situated in Khorasan, Afghanistan, and northern India, which took its name from its capital, an Afghan city.;;Ghaznavid (dynasty)
;;Barbu Brezianu has pointed out the similar-looking structure on the right side of Amedeo Modigliani's Portrait of Paul Alexander, and the idea for this work was first proposed by Barnet Hodes. The largest member of the ensemble titled A Child in the World, Movable Group was likely used as a study for this work.  This work was created in the midst of its artist's "African" period, which also included The First Step and Little French Girl. This work inspired a Ligeti etude whose composition was based on the 16 rhombus-like modules and 1 half-module, and it appears on the Targu Jiu coat of arms. Created as a tribute to Romanians who died in WWI, this is, for 10 points, what Brancusi work which is not, in fact, infinitely tall.;;(The) Endless Column|(The) Column without End
;;The most detailed account of the introduction of this proposal may have been recorded by the chevalier d'Annemours, who later published it in his Journal of a French Traveler. Against the wishes of moderates like George Wythe, the speaker who introduced this proposal opened with the inflammatory claim that "in former times, Tarquin and Julius had their Brutus, Charles had his Cromwell." The last two points of this proposal, including one which argued that anyone attempting to justify a certain piece of legislation "shall be deemed an enemy of His Majesty's colony," would eventually be withdrawn, but a rump of 39 legislators passed its first five points, including one which claimed that "the General Assembly of this colony have the only... exclusive right... to lay Taxes... upon the Inhabitants of this Colony." Touching off similar resolutions in eight other colonies, the passage of this proposal caused Francis Fauquier to disband the House of Burgesses, preventing that body from sending a representative to a meeting in New York in 1765. For ten points, identify this series of seven resolutions proposed to the Virginia colonial legislature by Patrick Henry in protest of the Stamp Act.;;Virginia Resolves
;;This work's third section posits three forms of money: governmental, conventional, and shadow-world, and suggests that they all lead to "cataclysmic, rather than gradual" changes. This work warns against the presence of bars and theatres in low-density "grey areas" and suggests that long streets diminish the intensity and intricacy of the foreground. This work suggests that storekeepers serve as self-appointed public characters who provide "eye protection," providing children with a safe non-matriarchal play environment for children. That public security is only possible if the streets are always occupied, which requires mixed-use neighborhoods, which are advocated in this work. This work rejects the rationalist derivation of principles like "separation of uses" and "urban renewal," which reject the complexity and chaos that inhere in the title entities, a position advocated by modernists like Robert Moses. For 10 points, name this work of urban theory by Jane Jacobs.;;The Death and Life of Great American Cities
;;In one novel by this author, the fat, old Henry Soames volunteers to marry Callie Wells after the latter had been impregnated and abandoned by Willard Freund. In one story by this author, a physician uncovers the plot of Professor Hunter to create perfect clones; that story, "The Ravages of Spring," is contained in a collection whose middle section contains "Tales of Queen Luisa." This writer's most famous critical work is divided into sections titled "Premises on Art and Morality," and "Premises of Art and Criticism," and argues that art should "present valid models for imitation." In addition to writing a work denounced by John Barth as "a shrill pitch to the literary right," On Moral Fiction, this author of Nickel Mountain wrote a book about the Vermont farmer James Page, October Light, as well as one in which the police chief Fred Clumly pursues Nick Slater and Taggart Hodge, with whom Clumly carries on the title conversations. This author of The King's Indian is best known for a work whose title figure dies after having his arm torn off by the leader of the Geats. For ten points, identify this author of The Sunlight Dialogues and Grendel.;;(John) Gardner
;;Masquelin and Hulme followed the Ugi reaction with this reaction in order to demonstrate three-center four- and five-component reaction systems, and Cal Tech's Stanley Miller performed a spark-catalyzed version of this reaction for several weeks, with the addition, in some vessels, of ferrous ammonium sulfate. One reaction named for this scientist sees the iodide-catalyzed formation of sulfonates by alkylating ammonium sulfites. Another reaction named for this man was turned into a hydantoin synthesis by Bucherer and Bergs by using additional carbon dioxide; in that reaction, an imine forms, which is attacked by a cyanide ion and subsequently is hydrolyzed; that process was mentioned by Miller and Urey in the context of their experiment simulating early-Earth conditions. For 10 points, name this chemist who gives his name to a synthesis of amino acids.;;(Adolph) Strecker
;;The fourth book of one this historian's works closes by discussing Bardesanes and his dialogue On Fate, before noting how Soter died, while another part of that work discusses a period of misrule in which figures like the brothers Adesius and Apphianus both died at the hands of mobs. He was the manager of the Augustus's purple making factory while in Tyre, where he met Pamphilus, his collaborator with him on a defense of Origen. He sent the emperor a copy of his treatise on the Paschal Festival, which led to his stringent correspondence with Copnstantia. His most notable work contains an appendix on the martyrs of Palestine, and begins by stating how he is writing an account of the holy apostles. For 10 points, name this man that delivered the opening address to Constantine at the Council of Nicaea, a father of the church known for his church histories.;;Eusebius (of) (Caesarea)
;;In 1860, Gompertz modified a law named for this man by changing his equation to a ten parameter equation. That law named for him has recently been modified by Di Pino and Pirri and expresses the natural logarithm of a quotient of ages as a set of polynomials. In addition to formulating a one parameter survival function useful in actuarial science, a theorem named for him and Laplace allows us to approximate a sum of n binomial random variables as normal when n is sufficiently large. He also names a set of complex number ones that equal one when raised to a given degree. His most notable treatise influenced the namesake of Bayes's theorem and is The Doctrine of Chances. For 10 points, name this mathematician, whose namesake formula equates the nth power of cosine x and i times sin x with cosine of nx plus i times sin of nx.;;(Abraham) De Moivre
;;One character in this novel carries on a running affair with Catherine until Catherine is beaten by Clementine, the wife of Zacharias, who serves as the cook for this novel's title character. A former assistant to this novel's titular protagonist, Jean-Martin Le Guen, appears in a later novel by the same author, Le roi miracule. At the end of this novel, it is discovered that the work camp that was intended to instruct young Tala women in the virtues of monogamy has actually been run as a brothel, complete with rampant syphilis. The title village of this novel becomes deserted following the imposition of labor gangs by Vidal, and Denis, the boy from whose viewpoing this novel is told, gives up hope of ever hearing from the title priest. For ten points, identify this novel whose title figure is the Catholic missionary Father Drumont, who preaches the gospel to residents of the title village, the best-known novel of Cameroonian author Mongo Beti.;;(The) Poor Christ of Bomba|(Le) Pauvre Christ de Bomba
;;Casadesus and Szell worked with the Cleveland Orchestra to record a number of these works, whose "dream andantes" were the subject of comment by Cuthbert Girdlestone. Johann Christian Bach's overture to La Calamita de Couri is quoted in No. 12 in A major, while No. 18 in B-flat major was possibly written for the blind Maria Theresa von Paradis. Charles Rosen argued the ninth in E flat major was the first mature work of the classical style, while the seventh in F was originally composed for three solo instruments and is called "Lodron." A "Romance" second movement marks No. 20 in D minor, while No. 23 in A major features an F-sharp minor Adagio in 6/8 time for its second movement.  No. 26 is distinctly incomplete and known as "Coronation" and No. 21 in C major is nicknamed "Elvira Madigan." For 10 points, name these 27 works in a certain genre by the composer of Don Giovanni.;;Mozart Piano Concertos
;;One of these conflicts began when a local leader signed the Treaty of Surat, ceding the territories of Salsette and Bassein, though those territories were gained back in the Treaty of Wadgaon. Another of these conflicts began with the military victory of Yashwantrao Holkar, though that leader remained neutral while his allies, the Scindia and Bhonsle, were crushed at Laswari by Lord Lake. The third and final conflict of this name had as its pretext the capture of the robber bands known as the Pathans and Pindaris and ended with total victory for Lord Hastings, who had earlier supported the puppet Peshwas Raghunath Rao and Baji Rao II in the previous conflicts. For 10 points, name this series of three wars fought between 1775 and 1818 which led to the consolidation of the namesake kingdom under the control of the British East India company.;;Anglo(-)Maratha (Wars)
;;In one poem this man claimed the title trees are "wandering physicians" or "winter squadrons of cherubim." Another poem speaks of a figure who salutes an audience of sorcerers from Bohemia and then proffers the star he has unhooked. Besides "Firs" and "Twilight", one of his poems addresses the "Butcher of Podolia" who is "more criminal than Barrabas", and describes an item with a "bloody ghibelline fate" called Paline, the first of the seven swords. That work features the refrain "milky way O shining sister/ Of Canaan's white rivers" and has the section  "Aubade Sung at Laetare One Year Ago." He wrote a work thrice stating "Let night come bells toll away/ Days go by me here I stay" and that the Seine flows beneath the title entity. Another poem ends with "sun slit throat" and opens "you're weary of this ancient world." For 10 points, name this French poet who collected "The Mirabeau Bridge" and "Zone" in his Alcools.;;(Guillaume) Apollinaire
;;The main character of this novel attends the opera with her sister Page, and becomes bored upon hearing discussion of the "Helmick failure" among her companions, which include a suitor, Landry Court, and Mr and Mrs. Cressel. When Gretry informs the male protagonist of this novel about a possible French tax on imports, he flips a coin and chooses the more risky path, which eventually leads to his ruin. The artist Sheldon Corthell attempts to seduce Laura Dearborn when her husband misses her birthday dinner, but eventually that husband, Curtis Jadwin, returns home from the Board of Trade penniless and mentally ill. This novel's sequel, Wolf, was never completed, so it was the last part of the Wheat trilogy, following The Octopus. For 10 points, identify this novel concerning wheat trading in Chicago, a novel by Frank Norris.;;(The) Pit(:) (A) (Story) (of) (Chicago)
;;The fourteenth Fargard of the Vendidad describes an atonement process after killing one of these sacred animals which involves killing ten-thousand tortoises, land-frogs and corn-carrying ants. In Scottish folklore, there exist kings of these animals that can only be killed by attacking them below their chin and are accompanied by seven black versions of this animal. The inability of this animal to deliver a message at the request of a creator god results in the imperfections of humanity in an Ainu myth. In order to pursue Gwion who had become a salmon, the sorceress, Ceridwen took the form of one of these creatures. The skin of one of these animals was filled and covered with gold at request of Hreidmar. For 10 points, identify this playful river mammal whose name sounds similar to a Norse dwarf slain by Loki while in the form of this animal.;;otters
;;Conspiracy theories regarding this man were popularized by such men as Robert Katz in a book entitled Days of Wrath, as well as by Sergio Flamigni, who suggested that this man may have offended a secret Masonic lodge known as Propaganda 2. As an academic, this man refuted Nazism in his home country in by writing articles for the periodical Pensiero e Vita, As a politician, he was called the "red fish that swam in holy water" and his meeting with Giuseppe Dossetti would cause him to sponsor Catholicism in his home country when he joined Civitas Humana. Mino Picorelli was a journalist who opposed this man's policies, which lead to him being murdered. He was leader of the Christian Democratic party, and with his home country Communists, he sponsored the Compromesso Storico. Mario Moretti was the man behind this man's death, which was initially thought to have been perpetrated by Antonio Negri. For 10 points, name this Italian Prime Minister who was killed and kidnapped by the Red Brigades.;;(Aldo) Moro
;;During one festival, these peoples would barefootedly throw beans over their shoulders in order to exorcise spirits. Another ritual that these people partook saw two priests take strips of goat meat and touch the bodies of anyone they encountered. The death rituals performed by these peoples included the cutting off of a finger, if the body were to be cremated, and the burial of that finger so that the dead did not become a mischievous spirits. Such spirits were expelled yearly at one of their festivals, and the Arval priests were members of these peoples. The casting of mannequins made of rushes into a river was the culmination of this people's feast of the Argei. The work Attic Nights describes much of their religion, and every year, they would sacrifice a pig, ram and bull to appease their god of war, while during one of their most festive occasions, each family chose a "Misrule Lord" to lead their activities, as slaves were manumitted during it. The worshippers of deities called lares and pinates, for ten points, name people that celebrated the Lemuralia, Lupercalia, and the Saturnalia.;;Romans
;;A recent series by this artist was based on the poetry of Velimir Chlebnikov, and he painted a dark forest pervaded by a blue mist, above which is a disembodied staircase leading to an attic door in his Resurrexit. His works such as The Sixth Trumpet and Ashflower appeared alongside Book on Wings in the Heaven and Earth exhibit, and along with Baselitz, Immendorf, and Penck, this student of Joseph Beuys was one of the major neoexpressionists promoted by Michael Werner at the 1980 Venice Bienniale. He used metal shelves and burned books on canvas to create works in his Kabbalah-inspired "Merkabah" exhibit, though he is also known for frequent references to Germanic and Nordic myth as well as the Nazis, as in Zim Zum. This creator of the Sulamith series frequently combines shellac and various emulsions on canvas, while he used straw to represent the hair of a figure inspired by a Paul Celan poem. For 10 points, name this contemporary German artist known for using earthy materials in works like Margarethe, Your Golden Hair.;;(Anselm) Kiefer
;;One theorist's two factors approach to this field of study has been understood as a necessity of fundamental "pre-knowledge" and "the necessary belong of object." Boeckh put forth a grammatical form of this discipline, which was rejected by another thinker offering his own theories of "effective history." Freidrich Schleiermacher is held to be the one to have first applied this discipline to literature from his own application of it to theology when it is necessary to go beyond the "ordinary degree of understanding." His contribution to this field was extended by Wilhelm Dilthey. This field of study is discussed at length in a work which puts forth a "horizon bridging" view of action. Its namesake circle has been discussed by Martin Heidegger, who taught the author of that aforementioned work. For 10 points, name this discipline written at length by Hans Georg Gadamer in his Truth and Method, which can be understood as the interpretation of texts.;;Hermeneutics
;;This work charts how among the Aranda in the South there is a collective mythology but individualized rituals whereas the reverse is true among the Warramunga in the North. The eighth chapter contrasts religion and magic as the humanization of natural laws and naturalization of human actions, respectively. This work is dedicated to Maurice Merleau-Ponty, and the preface declares the intention to oppose Merleau-Ponty's ideas against those of Sartre, who is declared the prisoner of his own Cogito in the last chapter. Besides chapters on "Time Regained" and "Dialectic and History,".;;(The) Savage Mind
;;Persic, Salucci and Stel constructed a "universal" one of these after determining that their profile and amplitude both had a strong dependence on luminosity, while Blumenthal et al used the concept of adiabatic compression to describe the unusually smooth transition between the disk and halo components of these constructs. Generally these are constructed by measuring the Doppler velocities of the 21-cm line along different lines of sight. Kepler's laws predict that the quantities related by these constructs should demonstrate an inverse square relationship, but observations by Vera Rubin have shown that the relationship is roughly linear and then flattens out completely, a problem that can be corrected by considering the existence of dark matter in the halo. For 10 points, name this plot of a galaxy's orbital velocity as a function of distance from the galaxy's center.;;(galaxy) rotation curve
;;Nozick's Philosophical Explanations contains a section about "Essence as" this concept, which proposes a thought experiment in which there is a princess, a frog, a rock, and a lily pad, which is not Woody Allen. Dennett proposed understanding this concept as a "center of narrative gravity." Ryle propounded the "Systematic Elusiveness" of this concept, which does not even catch the "flying coat-tails" of its intended meaning. Hume claimed that the common understanding of this concept does not change in a five-year period in formulating his "bundle" theory of it. Knowledge of this concept can be explained by the "Unmediated Observation," "Transparency," and "Commitment" models. In Human Nature and the Social Order, C.H. Cooley proposed that this concept was based on mental states called "looking glasses." For 10 points, name this concept, which Descartes claims can think, and therefore is.;;(the) self|I(;)|myself(;)|me(;)|(anything) (denoting) (the) (same)
;;In one part of this work, two figures "sharpen their beamy spears of light and love," and their children "stand with arrows of gold." In this poem, Satan stands on the Euphrates and "over Asia stretched his pride." The title figure of this work is attached to Moral Law until the end of the second chapter, and had previously built the city of imagination, Golgonooza. In the fourth part, called "To the Christians," its central character turns into multiple fountains after immersing himself in Los's fire, culminating in a song named after the title heroine, who had previously been devoured by a dragon. It is the longest of the author's "prophetic books" and, coincidentally it shares its name with the lyric that graces the beginning of the author's Milton. Subtitled "The Emanation of the Giant Albion," for 10 points, name this poem by William Blake, whose title refers to a representation of a holy city.;;Jerusalem(:) (The) (Emanation) (of) (the) (Giant) (Albion)
;;Overexpression of one isoform of this enzyme plays a role in compensating for the Warburg effect in cancer cells. Histidine and aspartate side chains are chiefly used to complex the substrate of this enzyme, while two arginine residues are key to the functioning of its active site. Activity of this enzyme is reduced, particularly in erythrocytes, in patients with Wernicke's encephalopathy, Korsakoff's syndrome, or beriberi because its cofactor contains thiamine. This enzyme with cofactor TPP catalyzes the formation of glucose-6-P and glyceraldehyde-3-P in a cytosolic pathway that forms NADPH and its namesake five-carbon sugars. For 10 points, name this enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of sedoheptulose-7-P and glyceraldehyde-3-P to D-ribose-5P and D-xylulose-5-P in the Calvin cycle or the reverse reaction in the pentose phosphate pathway.;;transketolase
;;This man suspended diplomatic relations with Britain after William Dougal Christie chastised him for arresting several drunken British officers, and relations would not be restored until an apologetic visit by Edward Thornton. Two civil wars, the Cabanagem War and the War of the Tatters, allowed him to end his regency at the early age of 14, and he had ascended the throne at age 6 after his father abdicated in order to fight in the War of the Two Brothers. Events during his reign included the socialist Praieira revolt, and the Platine War, where he defeated Manuel Oribe and Juan Manuel de Rosas. He was known as the "number-one volunteer" during his country's victorious campaign during the War of the Triple Alliance, and his greatest domestic triumph occurred two years before he was overthrown by Deodoro da Fonseca, when his country abolished slavery. For 10 points, name this second and last emperor of Brazil.;;Pedro II (of) (Brazil)
;;"Fine Time" and "Round & Round" were the singles for this band's fifth album, the house-influenced Technique , while "Jetstream", with the Scissor Sisters on vocals, appears on their most recent album, 2005's Waiting for the Siren's Call. Tracks like "5 8 6", "Ultraviolence" and "Age of Consent" appear on their most acclaimed album, Power, Corruption and Lies but they may be best known for singles like "Temptation", "True Faith" and "Thieves Like Us" which are collected with their respective B-sides on the Substance compilation. Stephen Morris, Peter Hook and Bernard Sumner formed this band after the death of their former band's singer, Ian Curtis. For 10 points, name this band responsible for lyrics like "Every time I think of you I feel shot right through with a bolt of blue" from "Bizarre Love Triangle" and "Tell me, how does it feel, when your heart grows cold?" from "Blue Monday".;;New Order
;;One poem about this man claims that his "neighbour-princes" bow to him like "Joseph's sheaves." A sonnet to this man implores him to "Help us to save free Conscience from the paw / Of hireling wolves whose gospel is their maw." This man is likened to "three-fork'd lightning" and is compared to a falcon that perches on a bough after the kill in a poem that asserts "'Tis time to leave the books in dust" and don the corslet in the hall. That poem about this man claims that he "could not cease / In the inglorious art of peace" and that he "cast the Kingdoms old / Into another mould." Edmund Waller dedicated "A Pangyric" to this man. A version of him is "guiltless of his country's blood" and compared to "some mute inglorious Milton" in Gray's "Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard." For 10 points, name this subject of a Milton sonnet and Andrew Marvell's "An Horation Ode," a noted Lord Protector.;;(Oliver) Cromwell
;;This deity was worshipped in the festival of Camay, during which offerings were thrown into a river in the hopes that they would find their way to this god. In one story, this god created a race of giants by breathing into large stones, but irritated with the stupidity of his initial creations, broke them and replaced them with human-sized people. In another story, this figure and two sons traveled North, Northeast, and Northwest, named all the plants, and told the humans which were cultivable and edible, after which they departed by crossing the ocean. This god's name meant "Sea Foam," and commoners were not allowed to say it. Sometimes syncretized with the god Pachacamac, the worship of this deity may derive from the worship of Thunupa as practiced by the Aymara. The chief god of the Quechua pantheon, for ten points, name this father of Inti and Inca creator god.;;(Inca) Viracocha
;;This man began his military career under Postumius Tubertus, and Marcus Manlius Capitolinus rebelled against this man, which resulted in a law forbidding patricians from having homes on the Capitoline hill. During a siege, this man introduced the notion of a paid army, and his other reforms included his acceptance of the Licinian-Sextian laws. This man ended the siege of Falerium when he refused to take hostage boys who had been led to him by their teacher. Lucius Apuleius forced this man into exile, and he was recalled only after Pontius Cominius scaled the Capitoline hill, and, in the process, gave the Gauls an idea for an attack that would be foiled by some watchful geese. This man captured another city after the waters of the Alban lake were diverted, and, in addition to seizing Veii, this man forced the Gauls under Brennus out of Rome after their victory at Allia. For ten points, name this man grouped with Themistocles in Plutarch's Parallel Lives, who is known as the second founder of Rome.;;(Marcus) (Furius) Camillus
;;One character in this work pretends to be a near-deaf hillbilly before escaping on a horse. Shortly after his retreat, Loosh uncovers a buried chest of silver and leaves with his wife Philadelphy. In one section of this work, an old woman is sent to acquire horses from a gang known as Grumby's Independents, leading to her being shot. That section of this novel  is entitled "Reposte in Tertio." At the end of this work, the protagonist is shot twice when he confronts Ben Redmond unarmed, after which he returns home to find a sprig of verbana left by his love interest, Drusilla. Featuring such characters as Ab Snopes and Colonel Sartoris, who appears in some of this author's works, for 10 points, name this series of seven episodes that follows Granny, Ringo, and Bayard's lives in the Confederacy, written by William Faulkner.;;(The) Unvanquished
;;In clinical trials, Goodpasture's syndrome was found to result from a common treatment for this disease called D-penicillamine, which can also cause fatal withdrawal symptoms if treatment is discontinued. Menke's syndrome, the most notable symptom of which is extremely brittle and wiry hair, results from a mutation in a gene closely related to the one that is mutated in sufferers of this disease. Those genes encode a P-type ATPases. People with this disease have low ceruloplasmin levels and exhibit renal tubular acidosis due to an inability to reabsorb bicarbonate. Psychosis and depression occur in sufferers of this disease, but splenomegaly, hepatomegaly, and fulminant hepatitis are more common symptoms. Abnormal depositions in Descemet's membrane create one of the most notable signs of this disease, dark circles around the iris called Kayser-Fleischer rings. For 10 points, name this genetic disorder in which copper accumulates primarily in the liver and brain, as well as in other tissues.;;Wilson's (disease)|hepatolenticular degeneration
;;In response to a paper by Stephen Schiffer titled "Ceteris Paribus Laws," this thinker wrote a paper which distinguished "hedged" laws from "strict" ones titled "You Can Fool Some of the People All of the Time, Everything Else Being Equal." Another work of this thinker draws on his joint work with Pylyshyn to classify such ideas as "compiled transducers," into a "functional taxonomy of cognitive mechanisms." An appendix to one book by this philosopher asks "why are we so good at catching cheaters?" and suggests that the answer is because we reason about different types of sentences with different parts of our mind; that book was written partly in response to Stephen Pinker and is titled The Mind Doesn't Work that Way. This philosopher's most famous work distinguishes between logical and physiological reductionism and argues that a private language must exist; that work advances this thinker's "representational theory of mind." For ten points, identify this philosopher who wrote The Modular Mind and The Language of Thought.;;(Jerry) Fodor
;;The letters in chapters 8 and 25 of this work were based on its author's own correspondence with his family, which resulted in this work only being published posthumously.This work includes a chapter about the Simeonite movement in which it is mentioned that among the works that attract the attention of the main character are Bishop Colenso's Criticism on the Pentateuch and Charles Darwin's The Origin of Species. The main character of this work is swindled out of his inheritance from his grandfather by his friend Pryer, and marries the alcoholic Ellen, who is later revealed to have had an illegitimate child with the coachman John. Though ordained as a minister at Cambridge, after inheriting his aunt Alethea's trust fund of seventy thousand pounds, this work's protagonist becomes a writer. Mr. Overton relays the narrative of this novel as if from the papers of the central family, which includes members such as George, Christina, and Theobald. Centering primarily on Ernest Pontifex, for ten points, identify this most famous novel of Samuel Butler.;;(The) Way of All Flesh
;;In one satirical work centered on this character, the man currently occupying this character's most notable office was depicted as being possessed by aliens, who were members of an invasion force led by his wife. In that same work, this man lets himself catch on fire in order to avenge the defeat of another of this man's successors, who attempted to commit suicide afterward, at the hands of Vladimir Putin. However, he later teams up with Putin, as well as Yulia Tymoshenko, George H.W. Bush, and Pope Benedict the XVI to do battle with Joseph Mengele, Richard Wagner, Otto Skorzeny, and Adolf Hitler to save humanity. In that same work, he pilots a fighter jet to destroy a Taepodong missile launched by a petulant Kim Jong-Il, who he just defeated in a game of mahjong using his "rising sun" finishing move. For 10 points, identity this former LDP prime minister of Japan, known for agitating China with his visits to the Yasukuni shrine and for being an aggressive reformist.;;Koizumi (Junichiro)
;;Roy Harris wrote a three movement composition in this genre, which opens with a passacaglia and closes with a fugue. Alfred Schittke wrote one on the death of his wife, and that work uses a waltz on the BACH theme and features a passacaglia in the finale, while Nikolai Medtner's only work in this genre was in C major and was published posthumously. A prelude marked Lento opens Shostakovich's venture in G minor, and the main theme of the allegro ma non troppo last movement combines with the main theme from the Allegro Brillante first movement for a double fugue finale in Robert Schumann's work in E-flat major. One of these works in A major has a fourth movement consisting of variations on the composer's Lied Die Forelle. For 10 points, identify this type of composition, exemplified by Schubert's, which is nicknamed "Trout.".;;Piano quintet
;;This conflict forms the background for a work in which the schemes of lawyer Senecca Newcome are foiled and which is part of a trilogy that includes Satanstoe and The Chainbearer. This conflict helped prompt Thomas Devyr to create the National Reform Movement, and military action during this conflict saw Timothy Corbin arrest David Squires in an action starting at Moses Earle's farm on Dingle hill. Dr. Smith Boughton was a leader of one faction in this conflict, while other leaders were known by names like Redjacket and Bluebeard, and one side in this conflict was known as the "calicos."  Participants in this conflict, against which Fennimore Cooper set his Littlepage Papers,  were likened by William Cullen Bryant's Evening Post to the South Carolina nullifiers, and this conflict ended after the murder of Osman Steele led governor Silas Wright to intervene. For ten points, name this conflict beginning with the death of Stephen Van Rensselaer III in which New York farmers opposed the namesake payment imposed on them by their patroons.;;Anti(-)Rent (War)
;;This experiment made a more detailed measurement of the same signal as the RELIKT-1 experiment, which had operated in a band centered on 37 GHz. One instrument utilized during this experiment mapped the absolute sky brightness in 10 wavelength bands, while another instrument was a differential radiometer, whose measurements would later be repeated by experiments such as TopHat and BOOMERanG. In addition to the DMR and DIRBE, another instrument using in this experiment was the Far Infrared Absolute Spectrophotometer, which demonstrated that a certain phenomenon was a black body with temperature of about 2.7 Kelvin. Succeeded by the WMAP satellite, for ten points, identify this satellite experiment which measured the spectrum and the small-scale anisotropy of the CMB, and won a Physics Nobel in 2006 for George Smoot and John Mather.;;Cosmic Background Explorer
;;This man died of natural causes shortly after invading Bavaria, playing tennis on the duke's courts, and plundering his library. This ruler's eldest daughter, Elisabeth, was a correspondent of Rene Descartes and the dedicatee of the work Passions of the Soul while another daughter was Sophia, the heiress presumptive to the British throne and founder of the Hanoverian Dynasty. After being declared an outlaw, this man's privileges were transferred to Maximillian I, duke of Bavaria, who proceeded to annex this man's lands. Via the Treaty of Ulm, the Union of Auhausen withdrew support for him and ended his claim to the throne. The deposition of Holy Roman Emperor Ferdinand II allowed his ascension to the Wittelsbach throne, but the defeat of Christian of Anhalt forces by the Count of Tilly near Prague assured his short reign. For 10 points, name this Elector Palatine whose short reign as King of Bohemia was ended at the Battle of White Mountain, leading him to be known as the Winter King.;;Frederick V (Elector) (Palatine)|Frederick I (King) (of) (Bohemia)
;;One of the epigrams to this work, from The Charterhouse of Parma, alerts the reader that "we are about to speak of ugly matters." One character in this work asks the woman he loves four times whether a verse he has just read her is beautiful. An elderly character in this work insists that a red-faced teenager answer the question of what he would write "if a big German newspaper gave you personally two lines of space." Another character in this work with a "famously beautiful throat" entertains a crowd by performing parodies of television commercials and sprinkles gasoline out of a laundry detergent bottle while onstage. That woman, Funda Eser, is married to Sunay Zaim, who, as the puppet of Z Demirkol, arranges for soldiers to fire from the stage into the audience and negotiates with the protagonist for the release of the Islamist radical Blue. For 10 points, Ipek agrees to remove her headscarf during a performance of The Spanish Tragedy in what novel about the poet Ka's trip to Kars, written by Orhan Pamuk?.;;Snow
;;One section of this work notes that transport of goods by sea involves at least two more transactions than those going by land, so there is a boundary where the costs become equal and that, for British and German coal, this line is somewhere in Lombardy. Another section of this work uses Wellington's campaign from Torres Vedras in the Peninsular War as an example of what future wars might look like, while the signing of the Treaty of Bjorko partially justified this work's fears. This work begins by describing the bifurcation of central Asia into steppe and forest and notes that there are no great rivers in the region to facilitate transportation outside of it. Positing that European culture has been shaped by successive invasions by tribes from the steppes, this work concludes with a warning about possible alliances between Germany and Russia. More famous for its division of the world into inner and outer crescents, for ten points, name this work that posits that historical forces revolve around a heartland region now controlled by Russia, a work by H. J. Mackinder.;;The Geographical Pivot of History
;;One reaction to accomplish this forms a namesake thiohydroxamic ester and either uses tert-butyl mercaptan or chloroform; that reaction is named for Barton. Another requires a beta- electron withdrawing group and generally employs lithium chloride in DMSO. That ionic reaction named for Krapcho contrasts with the believed radical pathway involved with the treatment with bromine and tetrachloromethane of silver salts, a reaction named for Hunsdiecker. This reaction is the final step in the pyridine-employing Doebner modification of the Knoevenagel reaction and of the malonic ester synthesis of cyclic carboxylic acids, where it occurs upon the addition of aqueous acid and heat. This operation turns pyruvate into acetyl-CoA in the citric acid cycle. For 10 points, name this reaction that often features the loss of carbon dioxide, wherein a COOH group departs.;;decarboxylation
;;This polity entered a succession crisis after its forces were defeated at the Battle of Mbwila, and for a brief time its abandoned capital was held by a sect called the Antonians, who wanted to establish a kingdom there under the rule of Beatriz Kimpa Vita. According to legend, this polity has its roots in a dynasty from Mpemba Kasi. The tombs of that dynasty at Nsi Kwilu were said to be so holy that looking on them was fatal. The most fundamental administrative unit of this polity were villages, known as vata, which were grouped into larger units called wene, ruled from larger towns called mbanzas. This polity's senior officials, including the rulers of Mbata, Vunda, and Soyo, elected its kings. The first ruler of this polity, Lukeni Iua Nimi, conqured Mwene Kabunga and founded the polity's capital there. The Portuguese explorer Diego Cao brought Christianity to this polity, and its ruler Afonso I, became its first Christian king. For ten points, identify this slave-trading kingdom kingdom that was based in Soutwestern Africa and which gave its name to an African river.;;Kongo
;;Througouht this work, numerous references are made to Ferdinand Freiligrath's poem "The Moorish Prince," and in its preface, its author notes that it was produced in a time when many rotten apples were being thrown at him. In this work's fifth section, the title character asks "Haven't many beavers proven/ excellent in hydrostatics," and advises his children to "never trust a monster that is wearing trousers!" At the end of this work, one character is lauded as the "Lafayette for Pyreneesians" after killing the title character, while the narrator recalls Schiller's dictum that "What in song shall live eternal/ That must perish in this life." Among the allusions to the political situation in Europe in this poem is the satirization of Prince Felix Lichnowski, a Carlist collaborator, as "Schnapphahnski," while the gothic novel is mocked in this poem through the characters of Uraka and her son Laskaro. As this poem opens, the title beast is depicted dancing with Mumma, but in the second section he escapes and retreats to the dale of Ronceval, where his cave is located. Subtitled "A Midsummer Night's Dream," for ten points, identify this long poem framed as a hunt for the titular bear and written by Heinrich Heine.;;Atta Troll
;;All the performers must wear nondescript robes in this man's Hermit Songs, while Indian, Egyptian, and Asian mythologies and seduction rituals inspired his "battle of the sexes" called Hidden Rites. He used Garcia Lorca's The House of Bernarda Alba as source material for his classical ballet Feast of Ashes, and recently Badgley Mischka has designed the uniforms used by the group named for him. One of his works features triangles of performers in rainbow colored robes, while works in his group's repertory include Double Exposure and Divining, both created by Judith Jamison. Besides Memoria, he created his namesake company after creating Blues Suite, while another work has a duet named "Fix Me Jesus" in its first section, "Pilgrim of Sorrow", while the "Yellow" section in its final movement is set at a Baptist church. For 10 points, identify this man who created Revelations, an African-American choreographer.;;(Alvin) Ailey
;;This thinker's theory of the elements is contained in his Ars scientiae, or "The Tree of Science," while in another work, this theologian argued that anyone could come to see the truth of Christianity through intense contemplation, and Nicholas of Cusa would later adapt many of the ideas set forth in this man's Book of Intellectual Ascent and Decline. In addition to writing the Libre del Contemplacio en Deu, this man argued that Muslims were close to Christians than other non-believers because they accept the virgin birth of Mary. This man made that argument in a theological novel entitled Blanquerna, which ends with a section entitled the "Book of the Lover and Beloved," which contains 365 aphorisms partially lifted from al-Ghazali. The author of Disputatio clerici et Raymundi phantastici, for ten points, identify this 13th century Christian mystic from Catalonia who styled himself Christianus Arabicus.;;(Ramon)|(Raymond) Lull
;;This person's advisors included Claude Maugis, who commissioned a notable commemoration of the highly favorable Treaty of Angouleme, and a court favorite whom Charled d'Albert de Luynes had assasinated, Concino Concini, Marquis d'Ancre. An ill-advised flight from Compiegne led to this ruler dying destitute following earlier confinements at Blois and Angers. The way was cleared for this daughter of Joanna of Austria through a divorce of Marguerite de Valois. The Day of the Dupes saw her fail to oust Cardinal Richelieu, to whom she lost control over her son. The dedicatee of the Palais de Luxembourg, for 10 points, name this mother and regent of Louis XIII and second wife of Henry IV, a member of a famous Tuscan family.;;Marie (de) (Medicis)|Maria (de') (Medici)
;;One character in this film realizes that something in childhood has gone wrong, but that he can't spend the rest of his life attributing it to the "search for a moral language." That character is called his own best friend by Sonia, whose life with him consists of establishing minimal friction; they tell each other "we would make love if we had the desire, and we would blow each other's brains out if we had a gun." The protagonist is given the gifts of Hemingway's knife and the book The Scales of Time for his birthday. He later sees a man worrying about what is infinitely small and infinitely large and asking the barrister "Did you create hell all these years just to have something to write about?" Kevin Woodford is tried for murder, and later has an affair with Sonia, while Claude Langham, played by Dirk Bogarde, goes for his old flame, the slowly dying Helen. The alcoholic protagonist continues to refuse to die until he finishes who has been writing his treacherous family into his latest novel. An exploration of discontinuous perspective akin to the discontinuous time in the director's previous work, Last Year at Marienbad, for 10 points, name this film starring Sir John Gielgud as a dying writer, a work by Alain Resnais.;;Providence
;;Some recent works by this author include Forecasting the Cost of U.S. Health Care in 2040, and Why China Is Likely to Achieve Its Growth Objectives. This man is currently in charge of the University of Chicago's Center For Population Economics. Two of his better-known works are Without Consent or Contract and Railroads and American Economic Growth. His most famous work caused some controversy with its claims about why slavery in the U.S. declined. That work was co-written with Stanley Engerman. Along with Douglass North, this man shared the 1993 Nobel Prize in Economics. For 10 points, name this author of the aforementioned Time on the Cross, a proponent of a field combining statistics, history, and economics that he calls Cliometrics.;;(Robert) (William) Fogel
;;One character in this play vows to "discover a ray mightier than any X-ray, a mind ray that will explode the ammunition in the belt of" his adversary, when his daughter suggests inventing a harpoon canon to destroy the population of Europe. Although the numbskull Hastings never appears on stage, his brother Randall arrives to keep an eye on his wife. However, Randall does little but play the flute while Addy flirts with the good-for-nothing Hector, whom Ellie Dunn believes is Marcus Darnley. The 7th degree of concentration of Captain Shotover turns out to be rum, which leads to everyone sitting around waiting to be annihilated during a bomb raid. Called a "fantasia in the Russian manner on English themes," for 10 points, name this play that centers on the dual of Horseback Hall; a George Bernard Shaw play about some boarders.;;Heartbreak House
;;This man's opus 69 was an Impromptu on Luther's "Un fort rempart est notre Dieu, while his opus 50 consists of both a Capriccio alla Soltadesca and the sketch Le Tambour. The pieces "Love Me," "The Wind," and "Death" make up his Three Pieces in the Pathetic Style, while an "allegretto alla barbaresca" movement closes his enormous Concerto for Solo Piano, which was collected in his op. 39 alongside his Symphony for Solo Piano and pieces called "In Molossian rhythm" and "Aesop's feast." A similar collection was his op. 35, which contained "Fire in the Neighbouring Village" and "Song of Love - Song of Death."  He also wrote a sonata that becomes progressively slower over the course of movements subtitled "Quasi-Faust" and "Prometheus Bound." For 10 points, name this composer of The Four Ages and two collections of etudes in all the major and minor keys.;;(Charles(-)Valentin) Alkan
;;The United States was represented at this event by the man who preceded Louis Brandeis as an Associate Justice on the Supreme Court, and by a former Solicitor General, those two men being Joseph Rucker Lamar and Frederick William Lehmann. This meeting was precipitated by Henry Mayo's semi-authorized invasion after the imprisonment of sailors from the USS Dolphin in Veracruz. After the aforementioned Tampico Affair, both the United States and Mexico requested mediation to avoid war from the three namesake nations, which would form a defensive alliance a year later. For 10 points, name this May, 1914 conference named for the initials of its three South American participant nations.;;(the) ABC (Powers) (Conference)
;;At the end of this work, the narrator concludes that he does not know whether "we shall be victorious, or utterly quel'd and defeated," and midway through notes that "the threat of what is call'd hell is little or nothing to me." This work's narrator knows that he is "restless and makes other so," and describes his own words as "weapons full of danger, full of death," with which the narrator confronts "peace, security, and all the settled laws, to unsettle them." Following this poem's title line, the narrator says, "The confession I made I resume - what I said to you in the open air I resume," and this poem concludes with the confession that the narrator has urged the titular individual "onward with me, without the least idea of our destination." Found in its author's collection of civil war poems, Drum Taps, for ten points, identify this Walt Whitman poem with a homosexual subtext in which the narrator describes being held by the titular comrade-in-arms.;;As I lay with my head in your lap(,) Camerado
;;Though it is not in Spain, this municipality is home to a soccer team called Barcelona, operators of the second-largest stadium on its continent, the Estadio Monumental. This city serves as its nation's main seaport, lying as it does a namesake gulf on the Pacific coast, hence its nickname, the Pearl of the Pacific. One of Latin America's best airports is this city's Jose Joaquin de Olmedo International. A monument in this city takes the form of a semi-circular arcade with end pillars surmounted by vultures and on which fly the flags of nine different South American nations - that monument commemorates an 1822 meeting between Bolivar and San Martin that took place here. For 10 points, name this city of about 3 million on the Guayas River, the largest city in Ecuador.;;(Santiago) (de) Guayaquil
;;One type of these with one input is symbolized by a triangle labeled with a hysteresis loop and was created to model squid nerve propagation; that one can be implemented by operating a tunnel diode near its inversion voltage or by grounding the inverting input of an op-amp and connecting the input signal to the non-inverting input with positive feedback. A simple but unreliable two-input one of these can be created by connecting an op-amp's inputs to the input signals with no feedback. The input quantization stage of an ADC is a parallel set of these with different reference levels, so one on its own functions as a one-bit ADC. For 10 points, name this type of circuit, the output of which switches between two states with the relative size of it input and which can thus be said to check the size of its input.;;(a) comparator
;;John Alcorn wrote a poem about of this person's work "as Social Art." This writer's sometimes hilariously bitter deathbed excoriation of humanity can be found in his unfinished Pensieri. He is the likely author of a series of poems to Fanny Targioni Tozzett, the "Aspasia" poems, and wrote about Countess Gertrude Cassi in Diary of Love. One of this man's poems states, "nature has no more care / Or praise for human souls / Than for the ants: and as she slaughters me." Another poem of his asks the title character, "do you remember the moments, in your mortal life, when beauty still shone in your sidelong, laughing eyes?" This poet created "The Setting of the Moon" and "La Ginestra" as well as the aforementioned "The Broom" and "To Sylvia." For 10 points, name this Italian poet who died in 1837 at the age of 38.;;(Giacomo) Leopardi
;;A force motivating one side in this clash was a student of Peter Chanter, the organizer of a meeting at cry. A first-hand account of this conflict is the so-called Conquest by another organizer of that same side, Geoffrey of Villehardouin. One motivating factor in the eventual shape of this war was a large-scale massacre perpetrated 20 years earlier by groups celebrating the coup of Andronicus I. Galvanized by Fulk of Nueilly, the aggressors in this war were led first by Thibault of Champagne and then by Boniface of Montferrat, who joined with Enrico Dandolo in contravening Innocent III's letter on this campaign by attacking Zara. For 10 points, name this war that ended with the foundation of the Latin Kingdoms after Western Christian knights and Venetians sacked Constantinople in 1204.;;(The) Fourth Crusade
;;One location frequented by this being is a hall covered with snakeskin where he punishes murderers, perjurers, and adulterers by sucking their blood. A golden palace exists in the dark mountains from which this creature came. His current abode is a source of eleven cold rivers that he guards. Thus this sometime-inhabitant of Nastrond and native along with Snidri of Nidafjoll dwells near or in the well Hvergelmir. The final stanza of the Voluspa describes the sudden appearance of this monster, which causes the seer to awaken. Against a sharp-tongued eagle, this monster carries on a long proxy war of words through the intermediary Ratatosk, who runs up and down the tree under which he lives. For 10 points, name this corpse-winged dragon who tears at the roots of Yggdrasill and will escape Niflheim at the start of Ragnarok.;;Nidhogg
;;In one story in this collection, a man who has run away to Greece with his lover reads her a newspaper article about an old woman whose corpse was eaten by her cats; that story ends with the narrator imagining three cats drinking his brains "like Macbeth's witches."  Aspiring prizewinners have to seek the approval of monstrous birds for their new recipe for the titular confection in another story in this collection, "The Rise and Fall of Sharpie Cakes." "The Ice Man" and "Crabs" are featured in this collection, along with another short work that sees a man hire an assistant who fits his dead wife's physical description so that he can give away his wife's designer clothes. That man is a precision illustrator named Tony Takitani. The title story of this collection sees a man reminisce about visitng his friend's girlfriend in the hospital and about the titular poem she wrote about a tree with soporific pollen. For 10 points, name this collection of short stories by Haruki Murakami.;;Blind Willow(,) Sleeping Woman
;;An algal form of this molecule tagged with a Venus reporter has been used by the Svoboda group to map layer 2 and 3 callosal projections. Stability of its active intermediate form depends on protonation of a conserved glutamine residue that forms a salt bridge with a conserved arginine residue, as well as the transfer of a proton from a Schiff base linkage with lysine to another glutamine residue. Arrestin binds its phosphorylated domain to deactivate it, and at high calcium concentrations, recoverin inhibits its kinase. Its activation of the G protein transducin allows a phosphodiesterase to hydrolyze cyclic GMP, closing sodium-calcium channels to hyperpolarize the cell. It is broken down in the pigment epithelium and reconverted to a complex including an 11-cis form in the outer segment disks. One of its subunits selects for its spectrum; the other is a chromophore made of an aldehyde of vitamin A. Converting to all-trans form when a photon hits, for 10 points, name this photopigment found in rods.;;rhodopsin
;;The word "this" appears in left-right-up-down order in a cross arrangement in this artist's painting of a yellow auction house behind a chimney blowing rainbow-shaped smoke from a red house. Another of his paintings shows conch-shaped smoke coming out a red building with a poster of the office and plant of Eshelman on the side punctuated by the word "feed." The aforementioned Buildings, Lancaster precedes And the Home of the Brave in Georgia O'Keeffe's collection of his works. Especially homoerotic are his watercolor Three Sailors and oil Turkish Bath with Self Portrait. Two triangular stripes of light shoot from the upper-left in his print of a grain elevator, My Egypt. Robert Indiana paid homage to his most famous work, which shows the word "Bill" printed in the upper left, near four round lights reminiscent of a fire truck on 9th Avenue from the poem upon which it is based. For 10 points, name this painter of three copies of a number moving forward inspired by William Carlos Williams, I Saw the Figure Five in Gold.;;(Charles) Demuth
;;This man's dedication to improving the state of his nation's army led him to compose a Soldier's Pocket Book for Field Service, which aided in his promotion to assistant adjutant general. His service under James Hope Grant is recounted in this man's Narrative of the War with China in 1860, and the seizure of the Trent prompted this man to be sent to Canada, where he led the Red River expedition in suppression of the Riel rebellion. This man's more famous deeds were carried out in the East, where he led the expedition that destroyed Kumasi and won a victory at Tall al-Kabir against Urabi Pasha. This man's forces arrived too late to save "Chinese" Gordon at Khartoum, but for his efforts he was mad viscount anyway, and as commander-in-chief of all British forces he prosecuted the First Boer War. For ten points, identify this well-traveled British general, whose exploits include bringing the Zulu War to an end and a punitive expeditiong against the Ashanti empire.;;(Garnet) (Joseph) Wolsley(,) (1st) (Viscount) (Wolsley) (of) (Wolseley(,)) (Baron) (Wolseley) (of) (Cairo) (and) (of) (Wolseley)
;;The eldest figure in this work wears a slightly open pale gold vest with a floral pattern over a shirt of gold and black pinstripes, and it was heavily promoted by Prospero Orsi after its artist grew weary of painting flowers for Giuseppe Cesari. It inspired a similar work by Georges de la Tour depicting a man and two women with feathers in their hats. This work brought its artist to the attention of Cardinal del Monte and it joins The Fortune Teller as its artist's second 1594 genre painting. It shows a backgammon board on a red table and a mustachioed man using two gloved fingers to signal to a dagger wielding boy. That boy draws papers with hearts and clubs in, for 10 points, this painting of a young man getting cheated, by Caravaggio.;;(The) Cardsharps
;;This man claimed that by asking the government to provide them antiretroviral medication, HIV-positive patients are advocating a "hemi-nanny state." He collaborated with a neuroscientist of the same last name on articles such as "A Pain in the Fetus" and "The Ethics of Neonatal Male Circumcision," and in another work, he cited male-only military conscription, the tendency for women to win custody battles, and infrequent reporting of sexual assult against boys as examples of the titular "second sexism." One book by this thinker discusses the asymmetry between the ideas that the absence of pain is good even if nobody experiences that good and that the absence of pleasure is not bad unless there is someone for whom that absence is a deprivation. This man promulgated his most notable idea in that book, in which he rejects hedonistic, desire-fulfillment, and objective list views of why existence is good. That book also concludes that using assisted and artificial reproduction is equivalent to treating children as means, and that because all lives include some suffering, coming into existence is always a harm. For 10 points, name this South African bioethicist and antinatalist, the author of Better Never to Have Been.;;(David) Benatar (Note(:)) (Despite) (extensive) (research(,)) (it) (is) (completely) (unclear) (how)|(whether) (Michael) (and) (David) (and) (Solomon) (Benatar) (are) (related(,)) (other) (than) (the) (fact) (that) (they) (collaborate) (on) (articles(.))
;;This reaction is the terminal step of the Miller synthesis of the natural product harveynone, and one difficulty in elucidating its mechanism lies in explaining how one reagent might be deprotonated by a base as weak as triethylamine. A natural side-process to this reaction is a Glaser coupling, and it directly superceded the Castro-Stephens reaction, one of whose catalysts this process generates in situ. This reaction, whose rate-limiting step is a transmetallation that links its two catalytic cycles, allows alkynes to trade a terminal hydrogen for an R-group on an aryl or vinyl halide. For 10 points, name this palladium-catalyzed modification of the Castro-Stephens reactions.;;Sonogashira (coupling)
;;[There is a fine reason to have this tossup in this set (even beyond "I can get it to acceptable quality quickly"), but there's no good reason for it to be any longer than this. -amw]  4. This disease is genetically associated with the presence of deleterious intron variants of or the underexpression of SORL1. Low blood progranulin and elevated Dkk-3 are two of approximately 18 blood protein level signifiers that could be used for diagnosis of this disease. A recently discovered more effective treatment for it involves combining memantine and the more traditional donepezil. Hyperinsulinemia might contribute to this disease, the late onset of which correlates with the presence of two alleles of the Apo variant E4, by promoting the hyperphosphorylation of microtubule-stabilizing proteins that form damaging tangles. Clinical trials on a common drug for this disease, rivastigmine, show that butyrylcholinesterase may play a role in this disease in addition to a more commonly implicated neurotransmitter esterase. For 10 points, what is this disease marked by a shortage of acetylcholine, the most common form of dementia?.;;Alzheimer's (disease)
;;One figure by this name was the son of Alpheus and the brother of two figures identified by Hegesippus as the sons of Klopas, though he is better known as being identified with a figure with this name whose feast day is May third and who is often depicted as a man holding a book. Paul mentions only Peter and that figure with this name seeing Jesus after the resurrection, and he mentions meeting him while he was the leader of the Christians in Jerusalem; that figure is titled "the Just." Another figure by this name was one of the "Sons of Thunder" along with John and was with John and their father on the seashore when he was called to serve as one of the Apostles; that figure, the son of Zebedee, also supposedly saw the Virgin Mary while preaching on the banks of the Ebro River. One figure by this name was known as "the Lesser," while the figure of this name known as "the Greater," became the patron saint of Spain. For ten points, identify this name shared by several Biblical figures, one of whom was the half-brother of Jesus.;;James
;;One of his works features a fluorescent light labeled T3 shining down on Karl Struss, who operates a video camera. His portraits include those of Ivanos and Bugatti and one of the sculptor William Edmonson with his hands folded across his chest. This photographer frequently employed split trees in his works, such as the one in the background of "Wrecked Car" and the one next to the titular locale in "Lake Van Norden." Favorite subjects include Lake Tenaya and Tina Modotti, both mentioned in his Daybooks, and he depicted a New Mexico graveyard in "St. Barnard Cemetary." Imogen Cunningham depicted him alongside Margrethe Mather, and this man's other works include a depiction of his son Cole on a wheelbarrow, and his pictures of nature include "Dunes, Oceano." For 10 points, identify this photographer, a founding member of f/64 best known for his nudes and botanical shots, like "Pepper #30.".;;(Edward) Weston
;;This work's author described how he was influenced by Ibsen in that like in Ibsen's The Wild Duck, this work documents the past so that the present can be comprehended in fullness. The theme of money recurs in this work in the guise of a neighbor who abandons medical research for general practice, as well as in the pointed mention of the value of the protagonist's home as fifteen thousand dollars. One character in this work broods over his guilt at losing a company in battle and remarks that while he was dying every day, another was killing his boys. That character proposes to the daughter of a man who is serving prison time despite the fact that that daughter, Ann is technically still "Larry's Girl." That title is given to Ann by Kate, Joe's mother, whose wrath the protagonist escapes by shooting himself at the end of this work. For 10 points, name this play about Joe Keller, who sold faulty aircraft parts to the military, written by Arthur Miller.;;All My Sons
;;One novel by this author sees Thettalos attempt to convince his mentor to perform the role of Achilles in The Myrmidons by Aeschylus. In that novel Dion attempt to aid Dionysus the Younger, the ruler of Syracuse, in applying the theories of Plato to an actual government with the help of the protagonist Nikeratos. Another novel by this author sees the protagonist befriend Phaedo despite his working in a male brothel and learn from Socrates and serve in the Athenian army with his lover. In addition to that novel about Alexias and Lysis, this author also wrote a novel about the eunuch Bagoas who falls in love with Alexander the Great entitled Funeral Games. For 10 points, name this South African author known for her homosexual protagonists who wrote The Mask of Apollo, The Last of the Wine, and The Persian Boy.;;(Mary) Renault (Eileen) (Mary) Challans
;;This politician was the prosecutor in the case which barred evidence obtained by coercion from court cases. In addition to serving as the prosecutor in Brown v. Mississippi, this senator was chair of the Senate Ethics Committee, where he led the investigation of Thomas J. Dodd in 1967 for misuse of funds which resulted in this senator's writing of the first Senate ethics code. One proposal involving this senator would have allowed him to listen to Nixon's tapes in order to verify the accuracy of White House summaries of them; Archibold Cox was discharged for disagreeing with this plan which was known as this senator's namesake compromise. This senator's membership on the Senate Armed Forces Committee from 1969 to 1980 resulted in his receiving the nickname "Father of America's Modern Navy." For 10 points, name this Democratic Senator from Mississippi nicknamed "the Conscience of the Senate" who served from 1947 to 1989 before being replaced by Trent Lott, and who has a nuclear aircraft carrier named after him.;;(John) (Cornelius) Stennis
;;One technology for permanently specifying the function of one of these devices is "anti-fuse" technology, in which high resistance links are "blown" to create shorts. Since they can be used to implement any function, these devices are more flexible than application-specific integrated circuits, but at the cost of requiring much more area and power. Unlike CPLDs, most of these devices use static RAM, meaning that they are volatile, and programming on these devices is usually done through the use of a hardware definition language such as Verilog. They consist of a switch matrix interconnecting an array of configurable logic blocks, from which these devices derive their name. First introduced by Xilinx, for ten points, identify these devices which can be used to quickly implement many different kinds of digital circuits.;;Field Programmable Gate Arrays
;;Every movement in the third of these works ends quietly, and that work's first movement also introduces a C/E-flat/high-C/E motif that serves as a "motto" theme. The composer of these works also notably replaced the standard third-movement scherzo in that third work, instead writing a poco allegretto waltz in C minor featuring the work's most distinctive theme, a lilting C/D/E flat, G/F/D that is first stated in the cellos and is famously restated by solo French horn. The fourth of these works has an allegro giocoso third movement in C major marked by the use of piccolo and triangles, and famously opens with the violins playing chains of descending thirds and ascending sixths. That work ends with an Allegro energico e passionato movement in the home key of E minor that steals a theme from the cantata Nacht dir, Herr for a chaconne consisting of thirty-two variations. For 10 points, name these four works, the first of which is sometimes called "Beethoven's tenth.".;;Symphonies (of) (Johannes) Brahms
;;This novel's protagonist sees paratroopers shoot two women carrying babies in fighting near Phat Diem. This novel's protagonist remarks that "you can't blame the innocent...all you can do is control or eliminate them" in reference to a figure in this novel who is a believer in the theories of York Harding. The protagonist spends an evening in a watch tower with this novel's title figure, who saves his life after they run out of gas on a trip with him to a Cao Dai compound. Vigot later investigates the death of this novel's title figure after the protagonist realizes he asked his lover to stay away from a town square which sees a boming; the protagonist then orders the title figure's killing by the Vietminh. For 10 points, name this Graham Greene novel which sees the British journalist Fowler compete for the affections of the Vietnamese girl Phuong with the title figure, whose real name is Alden Pyle.;;The Quiet American
;;This deity agreed to relinquish control of his realm in exchange for a great hall, special foods cooked on a special fire, and direct access to heaven via a magic boat. One story about this deity describes the advice he offered to an animal that tricked crocodiles into lining up so he could leap from Oki to Inaba.  That animal, the White Hare of Oki, promised the princess Yakami to this deity for helping him regenerate his hair with the pollen of cattails, but this deity's 80 brothers killed him by tricking him into thinking a superheated rock was a red boar, causing this deity to take refuge in the underworld.  With the "Small Renown Man" Suku-na-biko, this deity helped cure disease and cultivate plants and crops in a certain area.  He is more famous for gaining control of that area after tying a certain storm god's hair to the rafters of his house and running off with Suseri-Hime.  Also known as "the Great Land Master," for 10 points, identify this son-in-law of Susanowo who was given control of the Izumo Province and that later ceded control of the seen world to Ninigi.;;Oh(-)kuni(-)nushi|Okuninushi
;;One work by this thinker describes a triple stratification based on pure morphology of judgments, logic of consequences, and logic of truth. That work by this author describes how Aristotle brought out the concept of form in order to describe logic as the development of pure reason. In addition to that work subtitled An Attempted Critique of Pure Reason, this author wrote a work which discusses how an observer will believe that familiar individuals have similar viewpoints to that observer. In addition to discussing the egocentric viewpoint, that work by this author also describes how empathy constitutes an intersubjective experience. This author's most famous work describes how Bolzano failed to realize the internal equivalence between logic and mathematics and how Kant failed to understand how the laws of logic are analytical propositions; instead, this author argued that analytic logic is an absolute norm presupposed by rational knowledge. For 10 points, name this philosopher of Formal and Transcendental Logic, Cartesian Meditations, and Logical Investigations.;;(Edmund) Husserl
;;This region became a hereditary posesssion under the Liudolfing dynasty, and in the 10th and 11th centuries it was held by the Billung family. One leader of this polity recovered Havelberg in the Wendish Crusade before being the first member of his family to rule this polity. That leader, Alfred the Bear, was the first of the House of Ascania to rule this state, which passed from the Ascanians to Frederick II the Valiant in 1422. This state's independence was restored at the Treaty of Hubertsburg after it was defeated at the Siege of Pirna and forced to fight for Prussia at the beginning of the Seven Years' War. The Lauenburg branch of this polity's rulers were eventually absorbed by Hannover, and following the extinction of this polity's Wittenberg line of rulers in 1422, it passed to Frederick I the Warlike. This state's Elector was elected King of Poland despite the opposition of France and Spain in the War of the Spanish Succession. That Elector was the son of another Elector of this state nicknamed "The Strong," Augustus II, and this state lent an alternate name to the Ottonian dynasty, which was based here. For 10 points, name this electorate with capital at Dresden.;;(Electorate) (of) Saxony
;;Following this man's death, his position was assumed by his brother Frederick Henry, whose continuation of this man's strategy resulted in such spectacular triumphs as the capture of Bois-le-duc. Much of this leader's military success was due to he advice he received from the philosopher and mathematician Simon Stevin, though despite that success he was still pressured into negotiating the Twelve Year Truce. Against a political rival who promoted Erastianism, this man became the champion of the Counter-Remonstrants, and with that rival and William Louis, he formed a triumvirate that ruled his country for 30 years. This man's first military successes included a victory at Nieuwpoort in 1601, as well as the previous capture of his ancestral home of Breda, which reverted to the Spanish just before this man's death in 1625. The raising of levies to support the waardgelders prompted this man to finally arrest and execute his one-time ally Jan van Oldenbarnevelt. For 10 points name this second son of William the Silent, the primary stadtholder of the House of Orange following his father's assassination.;;Maurice(,) (Prince) (of) (Orange(,)) (Count) (of) (Nassau)
;;At one point in this work, the title character speculates that a neighbor bears him a grudge for having trampled the books of Mr. Antiquity 20 years ago. This story, which ends with the elliptical sentence "Save the children..." was first published in a periodical called New Youth, and its nameless narrator carries on a feud with a local dog, which is described as "savage as a lion, timid as a rabbit, crafty as a fox." To demonstrate the capricious nature of village politics, the narrator recollects his instruction at the hands of his Elder Brother, who brings Dr. He to examine the narrator. The narrator believes that the action which bothers him is an evolutionary holdover, relating the story of Yi Ya and Jie Zhou. After reading a history book which has no dates but only the word "BENEVOLENCE,"  "RIGHTEOUSNESS," and "MORALITY," written in it, the title character discovers that the message between the lines is the command "EAT PEOPLE!" after which he comes to believe that everyone in his village is a cannibal. For ten points, identify this story about the titular lunatic, written by Lu Xun.;;Diary of a Madman|(A) Madman's Diary|Kuangren Riji
;;An introduction to this work by Steven Lukes argues that it provides a "sterile prescription for the human sciences" and refers readers to the author's review of Labriola and a debate with Seignobos. This work, which touches on the lack of patriarchy among the Slavs, who are nonetheless Aryan, also suggests that "normal" constraint is that which may be maintained without violence, unlike constraint that arises merely from one person being stronger or richer. This work's conclusion rejects the manner in which the Italian school has assimilated one subject of this work, like psychological phenomena, into the "general properties of organized matter"; thus, it suggests that its perspective is not materialist. The preface this work's author wrote to its second edition claims that one subject is a "[manner] of acting or thinking" that has a "coercive influence on the consciousness of individuals"; that preface notes that one of its most controversial propositions is that "social facts must be treated as things." For 10 points, name this work outlining the way that sociology should be conducted, written by Emile Durkheim.;;(The) Rules of the Sociological Method|(Les) Regles de la Methode Sociologique
;;In one section of this work, the author quotes extensively from Charles Taylor's "Interpretation and the Science of Man" in response to Kuhn's Essential Tension. In another section of this work, Quine's "idea idea" is contrasted with Sellars Myth of the Given, with the latter explained to be compatible with general moral sentiments; that section is "Privileged Representations." In one famous thought experiment from this work, a race of creatures describes being burned on a stove by saying "he'll stimulate his C-fibers!" and "I had G-412 together with F11," because those creatures explicitly number their own mental states.  Those people are introduced in a chapter of this book entitled"Persons Without Minds" and are the Antipodeans. The author of this work argues that science is one project among many and advances his argument that rejects the correspondence theory of truth is a section titled "Philosophy without" the titular objects.  With the first section "Our Glassy Essence," FTP, identify this work of Richard Rorty.;;Philosophy and the Mirror of Nature
;;The Mizar and HOL Light computational systems were independently used to generate a formal proof of this theorem in 2005. One method of this proof due to Maehara derives a contradiction with the Brouwer fixed point theorem. Another proof of this theorem relies on the use of a special case of the Siefert-van Kampen theorem to demonstrate that two inclusions induce trivial homomorphisms of the fundamental groups. The theorem of its namesake and Schonflies extends this statement to stipulate that the regions involved are both homeomorphic to the circle, but Alexander's horned sphere is a counterexample to that theorem that prevents it from generalizing to dimensions greater than two. For 10 points, give this rather intuitive theorem named for a French mathematician that establishes that every non-self-intersecting closed curve in a plane divides the plane into interior and exterior regions.;;Jordan curve (theorem)
;;A book about the history of this institution by Joseph Daughen and Peter Binzen focuses on the squabbling between camps led by Stuart Saunders, David Bevan, and its chairman Alfred Perlman.  A Marcel Breuer development proposal by this company, rejected under the Landmarks Law led to a Supreme Court case which legitimized the use of transfer of development rights as a mechanism to avoid regulatory takings, [This Company] vs. New York City.  In addition to its two titular predecessors, which were famous for the Horseshoe Curve and the Water Level Route respectively, this company was forced by the ICC to take on the New York, New Haven, and Hartford, a commuter-heavy operation whose heavy losses contributed to this company's bankruptcy in 1970, a mere two years after formation.  For 10 points, name this large and short-lived Northeastern railroad, whose failure led to the passage of the Staggers Act and formation of Conrail.;;Penn Central (Transportation) (Company)
;;(Really, Chris White, Penn Central Transportation Company????)  6.  This man's collection Why Did You Leave the Horse Alone is considered his most autobiographical writing, a departure from book-length poems like "Another Year" and "That is Her Image and This is The Lover's Suicide." His best-known prose poetry describes being "killed in a flash," the comforts of cigarettes and coffee and the sounds of war planes. One poem by this man was published in translation in Ma'ariv in 1988, giving this man overnight celebrity thanks to Shefi Gaabi mistranslating expressions like "from the sea to the Jordan River." Those works are Memory for Forgetfulness about Lebanon in 1982 and the "Those Who Pass Between Fleeting Words." With Arabic poetry collections like Birds are Dying in Galilee and Writing in the Light of the Gun, FTP, identify this man who wrote "record!/I am an Arab" in his "Identity Card," a Palestinian poet.;;(Mahmoud) Darwish
;;One commander in this conflict abruptly left to go on holiday in Britain's Lake District after getting most of men slaughtered when he tried to forge a massive river rather than wait for a bridge to be built. Following this conflict, the victorious commander implemented the "three Rs" policy and delivered the controversial "no victors, no vanquished speech." Nefarious actions in this conflict were helmed by men known as the "Black Scorpion" and "Kaduna," whose corpse was mutilated during a military burial, and it was preceded by a massacre and subsequent population exodus from Port Harcourt. This conflict saw the final combat service of famed Polish ace Jan Zumbach, who flew a B26 Invader that was often escorted by the MiniCOIN aircraft procured for it by Carl Gustaf von Rosen. A failed attempt to prevent its outbreak resulted in a proposed twelve-fold political division in the Aburi Accord, whose enforcement was given as the casus belli by the FMG under Jack Gowon. Bernard Kouchner's involvement in this conflict led to the founding of Doctors Without Borders, and its brutality was tolerated by Western countries due to recent oil reserve discoveries. Resulting in the downfall of a government led by Philip Effiong and President Ojukwu, FTP, name this 1967-1970 conflict that saw the suppression of a secessionist state by a West African military government then based out of Lagos.;;(The) Nigerian(-)Biafran (Civil) (War)|(the) Biafran (War)
;;Minor characters in this work include an itinerant organ-grinder with a diorama and the destitute but cheerful Uncle Venner; while another character is a photographer who believes that each generation must destroy the institutions of their parents'.  That character, Holgrave, hypnotizes Phoebe but refuses to take advantage of her, and wins her love at the end. The author of this work included a preface which labeled this novel a "romance" which had "more to do with the clouds overhead than with any portion of the actual soil of the County of Essex."  Much of the action of this novel centers on the search for the Colonel's missing deed for a tract of land in Maine by Judge Jaffrey, who was rumored to have framed his cousin Clifford for a murder thirty years earlier.  At the end of this work, Clifford and his sister Hepzibah Pyncheon leave their residence, which until the Judge's timely demise had been haunted by Matthew Maule, who originally owned the land on which this work's titular structure was built. For 10 points, name this Nathaniel Hawthorne novel about a "rusty wooden house".;;(The) House Of The Seven Gables
;;He worked with Charlie Haden on Soapsuds, Soapsuds, while among this man's first songs recorded playing the violin and trumpet was "Snowflakes and Sunshine" from the album At the Golden Circle Stockholm. LPs such as Opening the Caravan of Dreams and Of Human Feelings came out of his Prime Time band, and various older songs were reworked for his most recent album, which features "Song X" and "Turnaround."  "Un Muy Bonita" appears on Change of the Century, while one album by this theorist of "harmolodics" was subtitled A Collective Improvisation and consisted of only the title track and "First Take", while yet another begins with the track "Lonely Woman". For 10 points, identify this saxophonist best known for albums like Free Jazz, The Shape of Jazz to Come, and the 2007 Grammy winner Sound Grammar.;;(Ornette) Coleman
;;This event's organizer scattered reproductions of his work showing four nude women on a bench, The Four Elements, throughout its floor plan, which caused viewers to frequently collide with protruding genitalia in the "anti-woman" room. This event was promoted using an image of The New Man, a flattened, moai-like sculpture of a stone head by Freundlich, on the cover of its catalog. One artist's inclusion in this exhibition led him to depict its major sponsor being swallowed up by skeletons "in Hell," and it was cluttered with various plaques like the one describing how "the Negro becomes the racial ideal" next to a work by Otto Mueller. Featuring multiple pieces by artists such as Grosz, Dix, Nolde, and Kirchner alongside The Twittering Machine by Klee, it centrally showcased works of New Objectivity, The Bridge, and Bauhaus often hung at odd angles or without frames. Organized with the aid of the Combat League and seeking to venerate nationalist romanticism, FTP, identify this 1937 art show organized by the Nazi party to illustrate examples of the namesake artistic decadence.;;Degenerate (Art)|Entartete (Kunst)
;;One of this class of enzyme is required for the metabolism of naphthalene in Pseudomonas bacteria.  One example of these produces retinal from beta-carotene, while another cleaves heme to form biliverdin. One member of this class, H37Rv, is inhibited by the tuberculosis drugs clotronazole and econazole; most cytochrome P450 enzymes like H37Rv are members of this class. This class also includes a group of enzymes that convert arachidonic acid to an eicosanoid and are inhibited by substances such as naproxen and aspirin, which inhibits one that is necessary for the synthesis of prostaglandins and thromboxane. That group is the "cyclo-" type of this class of enzyme, which also has a "mono-" variety. In plants, a major enzyme acts as a member of this class, rather than as its usual carboxylase, during photorespiration; that enzyme catalyzes the first step in carbon fixation and is called RuBisCO.  For 10 points, name this class of enzymes that catalyze the transfer of part or all of a molecule of O2.;;oxygenases|oxidases|oxidoreductases (until) (reductase)
;;The earliest known work in this language is a biography of Boethius, and the parable of the virgins was dramatized as Sponsus in tis language and Latin. One work in this language tells the story of a doomed romance between the basket-maker Vincent and the titular well-to-do maiden from La Crau.  In addition to writing Calendau and the aforementioned Mireio, Frederic Mistral was active in the Felibrige, a mid-19th century group which sought to promote this language.  Traditional forms of poetry in this language include the funeral dirge planh and the debate-like tenso; the oldest surviving examples of both of these forms are attributed to Cercamon.  More famous works in this tongue include the cantos of Bernard de Ventadorn, many of which were dedicated to Eleanor of Aquitane.  Taking one of its names from a passage in Dante's De vulgari eloquentia referring to the various forms of "yes" in Romance languages, for 10 points, name this language of the medieval troubadours in southern France.;;Occitan|Provencal
;;One of the major primary sources for this battle is correspondence of Colonel Ardant du Picq who was stationed on near the village of Turbigo on the banks of a river strategically important to this battle. The first shots fired in this battle came when Count Clam helped to take a dam at the Naviglio while the ultimately losing side of this battle took its namesake point after fighting at Robecco. The turning point of this battle was the arrival of reinforcements from Novara under the Marshal Francois de Certain-Canrobert, which beat back an assault at Ponte Vecchio. With most of the struggle around the Ticino River, the surrender of Milan followed this defeat of the Austrians under Franz Gyulani by the French under Patrice MacMahon who took this battle's name as his ducal title . FTP, identify this battle of the Second War of Italian Independence occurring about 20 days before Solferino.;;(Battle) (of) Magenta
;;This book is the prophetical text read on Yom Kippur during the afternoon services. This book's namesake covers himself in sackcloth and sits in ashes, and causes a commandment to be issued that "neither man nor beast, her nor flock, taste any thing." The prayer that ultimately saves the namesake of this book claims that "they that observe lying vanities forsake their own mercy." That man, the son of Amittai, is last seen pledging to be angry until the day that he dies after God sends a worm that withers the gourd that man was sitting under for shade.  This book sees that man flee by way of Joppa to Tarshish to escape God's instruction to preach against Ninevah, and is eventually thrown overboard, where his best-known fate befalls him. FTP, identify this book of the Hebrew bible where the namesake prophet is eaten, then barfed up, by a whale.;;(Book) (of) Jonah
;;Julius Conus wrote a work of this type in E minor, while A minor is the key of both a one movement work by Jean-Baptiste Accolay as well as the 22nd of the 29 works of this type composed by Giovanni Battista Viotti. Erich Wolfgang Korngold's work uses two themes from Another Dawn and Juarez for the opening Moderato Nobile movement. One composer's fifth work in this genre is in A minor and gained its nickname from a quotation of the aria "Ou peut-on etre mieux" from Lucile. Another work of this type had a first movement originally called Introduzione-Fantasia, but later changed to Vorspiel or "Prelude." Besides the "Gretry" of Henri Vieuxtemps and Max Bruch's first in G minor, Mozart composed five, including "Strassburg" and "Turkish," while other works in this genre include a piece that ends with a "Rondo a la Clochette." For 10 points, name this type of work that includes "La Campanella" by Paganini.;;Violin Concerto
;;One song on this album concerns a figure from whom "you can get the real," unlike gankers, who "got the fake"; that figure has "money up to here" and the narrator says of him "yeah, boy wear corduroy." One subject of that song is the fellatio performed by someone who is "not quite a bitch, but far from a wife." A speaker on its title track identifies himself as someone "that'll fuck yo mother/and make your sister think I love her." Another track recalls "sweatin' all the bitches in the biker shorts" and laments the difficulty of picking up women with six people in one car and repeatedly wonders "what the fuck are they yellin?" This album features the tracks "Dopeman" and "Gangsta Gangsta." Itemized complaints on its best known song include nut grabbing, "[putting] up my picture with silence," and objections to "me and Lorenzo rolling in a benzo;" that track is framed as a series of testimonies following the query about telling "nothin' but the truth so help your black ass" and was notably never released as a single. Featuring a title track proclaiming "you are about to witness the strength of street knowledge" and a piece deriding a group that "[has] the authority to kill a minority," it was the first studio collaboration between DJ Yella, MC Ren, Eazy-E, Dr. Dre, and Ice Cube. FTP, identify this album containing "Fuck the Police," a founding effort of gangsta rap by NWA whose name suggests the group's origins in the titular crime-ridden Los Angeles suburb.;;Straight Outta Compton
;;While serving in the legislature, this man was supposed to have developed a rivalry with Joseph-Adolphe Chapleau, though correspondence discovered later shows a secret alliance between the two and Joseph Tarte. During the Fisheries Embroglio, this man led a legislative movement questioning the arrest of foreign fisherman, calling it unfriendly and unmanly. During this man's frequent absences for the purposes of attending Imperial Conferences, his post was held by Richard Cartwright, who had also served as finance minister advocating free trade in this man's government. Notable legislative achievements during this man's premiership include a Naval Service Bill and increasing reciprocity with the US, a policy hated by Conservative Leader of the Opposition Robert Borden, and he came to power following a conflict over provisions in the British North America Act which governed the administration of certain educational institutions. Charles Tupper's failure to resolve the Manitoba Schools crisis led to this man's election as the first francophone prime minister as a Liberal from Quebec. FTP, identify this Prime Minister of Canada from 1896-1911.;;(Wilfrid) Laurier
;;In the standard analysis of CMB polarization, the polarization field is decomposed into the spin-weighted variety of these mathematical objects. The method of partial-wave expansion relies on expressing the scattering amplitude as a sum of these objects. The matrix elements generated by the action of a tensor operator on one of these functions is proportional to a Clebsch-Gordan coefficient according to the Wigner-Eckhart theorem. While the Laguerre polynomials solve the radial part of the hydrogen wavefunction, these functions give the angular component of the wavefunction. In physics, these functions are encountered as the eigenfunctions of the angular momentum operator and they consist of prefactors that depend on their l and m indices multiplied by the associated Legendre polynomial. For ten points, identify these mathematical functions which solve the angular part of Laplace's equation in their namesake coordinate system.;;spherical harmonics
;;The artist of this work defended it in his Notes of a Painter, stating that "the chief aim of color should be to serve expression as well as possible." Reminiscent of Cezanne's The Bathers, this work features two groves of trees converging at the center but leaving a gap to reveal a deep blue ocean and pink sky. The tree trunks vary from green to blue, and two goats graze in the far right beside a nude man playing a clarinet-like instrument. Another figure plays two of the same instrument in the foreground, while at the left is a woman with a string of red flowers attached to her hair and a faceless figure picking grass. The central focus of this painting, which places its groups of unrelated, pink-skinned people on a sprawling yellow field under groves of yellow, red, and green, is two reclining nudes at the center, one facing the viewer and the other with her back turned. Also notable is a group of six figures with their hands joined to form a ring, which was later used by the same artist in a work featuring a blue and green background, The Dance. For ten points, name this Fauvist painting by Henri Matisse.;;(Le) Bonheur de Vivre|(The) Joy of Life
;;One historical figure in this novel states that "veracity is a plant of paradise, and the seeds have never flourished beyond the walls" in response to another character's claim that his city's leader is a "false prophet." The title character's brother, a monk, warns her that marriage would bring her unhappiness before dying, and later her husband returns from Rome to settle a peace with an invading army. When that man learns that his father, whom he had neglected to rescue earlier, is a prisoner in his city, he sells Bardo de' Bardi's library and leaves. Tessa, a neighbor, has an affair with the title character's husband, whose father Baldassare repeatedly attempts to kill him, finally succeeding on the banks of the Arno. Earlier, the title character had witnessed the Bonfire of the Vanities, and returns to Savonarola's teachings even though he had refused to assist her in dealing with the treacherous Tito Melema. The political upheaval of Florence in the late 15th century is the background of, for 10 points, what historical novel by the author of The Lifted Veil and Scenes of Clerical Life, George Eliot?.;;Romola
;;The title character of this work sings 'Der Mensch ist ein Abgrund.' The 12 note theme of a passacaglia is played in the cellos as one character is accused of coughing, and the scene then proceeds with 21 variations on that theme, culminating in the singing of 'eine schone fixe Idee.' An eighth note moto perpetuum dominates the last scene, while a motif consisting of a minor chord with a major seventh accompanies the singing of  'Wir arme Leut.' Two characters in this work are related by a B-F tritone, and a madman observes that it reeks of blood following a drunken sermon and the hunter's chorus. The title character is antagonized by the Captain and the Doctor, provoking him into killing Marie for her adultery with the Drum Major. For 10 points, name this opera based on a Buchner play, a work of Alban Berg.;;Wozzeck (SJ)
;;One work by this man discusses the three states of the title concept as being solid, fluid, or gaseous, with the gaseous being common in daily papers and solid being common in more academic literature. In this man's last work, he wrote about the development of individualism and movements for emancipation in the change of human organization from the Middle Ages on. This author of Critique of Public Opinion and The Spirit of the Modern Times also wrote a work in which he describes the development from characteristics that include Eintracht, or concord, and religion to convention. Those characteristics are created by this man's concepts of Wesenwille and Kurwille. For 10 points, name this German sociologist who wrote about the change from community to society in his work Gemeinschaft und Gesellschaft.;;(Ferdinand) Tonnies
;;While discussing the death penalty, one character in this novel states that the two scenes he remembers best from literature are the "Off with their heads!" scene from Alice in Wonderland and a Hans Christian Andersen tale about a prince who hides behind a tree and kills passing travelers. At the beginning of the novel, the protagonist browses through a wide variety of items including whale turds, a "bear's ass-scratcher," and a stuffed sewer rat, before his attention is caught by the eupcaccia, or clockbug. His entry into town was motivated by a need to raise a crew of 385 people for a structure with a toilet that can flush any material out to sea. However, he is only able to find three companions, and later in the novel the Wild Boar Stew Gang fights his father Inototsu and the rest of the Broom Brigade. The title structure is loaded with electronics, weapons, and food, and is inhabited by an insect collector, his shill, and the shill's girlfriend, in addition to the protagonist. For 10 points, name this novel about Pig, also called Mole, who builds a massive shelter in an underground quarry in anticipation of nuclear fallout, written by Kobo Abe.;;(The) Ark Sakura
;;The first chapter of Thomas Carlyle's book Past and Present, entitled "Midas," is dedicated to the denunciation of these institutions, which he analogized to the Bastille. A notable scandal occurred during the investigation of one of these institutions run by Colin McDougal, and many of these institutions were created under the auspices of a commission headed by Edwin Chadwick. The administration of these entities by parishes was codified in the 1782 Gilbert Act, which resulted in the formation of so-called Gilbert Unions, while the Sturgis-Bourne act instructed these institutions to distinguish between "deserving" and "undeserving" individuals. Prior to the passage of an act that standardized the use of these institutions, they were supplemented by subsidies in the Speenhamland system. The commission in charge of administering these entities was abolished in 1847 following investigations into scandalous treatment of the inhabitants of one of these institutions located in Andover. Originally maintained by the London Corporation for the Poor, these institutions proliferated, with harsher living conditions, following the passage of the 1834 Poor Laws. For 10 points, name these locations in Britain where poor people were supported in exchange for their labor.;;Workhouses
;;Two equivalents of this functional group react in a cascade of two consecutive rearrangements first reported by Banert. A diphenylphosphoryl reagent of this functionality is useful for forming urethanes when the Schmidt reaction fails. An acyl example of this functional group participates in a reaction that is analogous to the Wolff rearrangement; an isocyanate results from that reaction, named for Curtius. This functional group can react with an alkyne in a 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition to form a 1,2,3-triazole; that reaction is a type of Huisgen cyclization important to click chemistry. Students will generally first encounter blast shields and double-gloving in working with this functional group's sodium salt, which is used in air bags because it releases nitrogen gas when heated. For 10 points, name this functional group, which consists of three consecutive nitrogen atoms connected by double bonds.;;azide
;;The main character of this work is first noticed by his benefactor as he stands juggling near a warehouse. The title character of this novel takes the lawyer Dixie Davis as a model for how to dress, and is impressed when an accountant in this novel performs some tricks with numbers. In order to secure a favorable trial for himself, a major character in this novel stays at the Onondaga Hotel and even converts to Catholicism with the help of Father Montaine, but that plan is compromised when that character kills Julie Martin over a $50,000 debt. The title character of this novel, whose name is taken from the Bronx street on which he grew up, has an affair with Drew Preston, the mistress of the gangster for whom he works, and who is shot along with his associates Rosenkrantz and Abbadabba Berman at the end of this novel. Opening with the execution of the defector Bo Weinberg, for ten points, identify this novel whose title character is a member of Dutch Schultz's gang, written by E.L. Doctorow.;;Billy Bathgate
;;One part of this work list several "pathologies," such as a revolution or an enemy occupation, and denies that any paradox exists by citing the examples of Tsarist vs. Soviet Russia. This work repeatedly cites the 19th century thinker John Austin, whose system this work judges inadequate. In another section, such concepts as human vulnerability, limited resources, and limited altruism are listed as among the "minimal content" of a one form of the title concept. That chapter also argues for a "wider" concept of the title discipline which would allow one to distinguish invalidity from immorality. This work's most famous argument is that the title institution consists of primary and secondary rules, which govern conduct and the institution's modification respectively, and advances the idea of the "rule of recognition," which determines which edicts are recognized as authoritative. For ten points, identify this work which became the cornerstone of modern legal positivism, the most famous of H.L.A. Hart.;;(The) Concept of Law
;;The genesis of this technique lies in the work of Joyce and Bradley with monosilane. One hazard in employing this process with gallium arsenide or aluminum gallium arsenide is the formation of a pit with or without a spike, a situation known as an oval defect. In this process, Knudsen effusion cells are used to evaporate or sublime a metal, and during this process growth is usually monitored via reflection high energy electron diffraction, or RHEED. This process has the advantage over chemical vapor deposition in that it allows for the use of a lower temperature, and unlike liquid-phase epitaxy it easily allows for the manufacturing of thin films, since its deposition rate is about one monolayer per second. For ten points, identify this technique in which evaporated metals in an ultra-high vacuum environment are directed, together with dopants, onto a substrate.;;molecular beam epitaxy|MBE
;;During an interview with Edgar Snow in this city, the leader of a political party there pulled down his pants to check for lice. The rebellion that overthrew the Ming Dynasty was begun in this city. In this city, "On Practice" and "On Contradiction" were written and the practice of "self criticism" was begun. This city that was the center of the Shaanxi-Gansu-Ningxia Border Region was the site of the US government's attempts to explore an alliance with the Communists, the Dixie Mission. In this city, intellectuals were attacked and killed as the May Fourth Movement was phased out. That was this city's namesake Rectification Movement. Celebrated as the beginning place of the Chinese Revolution, this is, for 10 points, what city in Shaanxi province, the end point of the Long March?.;;Yan'an
;;One movement in this work contains four bars of a march that interrupts a melody in strings augmented by bells. The first movement of this composition contains a solo for oboe d'amore that follows a flute quotation of the Scottish folk song "The Keel Row." This piece's last movement opens with French horns playing over a quiet, nebulous string ostinato; that movement also prominently quotes a folk song, "Nous n'irons plus au bois." The first part of one movement in this work opens with a theme in the woodwinds and castanets; that section, Par les rues et par les chemins, precedes Les parfums de la nuit and Le matin d'un jour de fete, the two other sections in that movement. That movement develops techniques this piece's composer first used in the "La soiree dans Grenade" movement of his Estampes. Consisting of Gigues, Iberia, and Rondes de printemps, for 10 points, name this three-movement orchestral composition by Claude Debussy, the second of three sets of compositions he gave this name.;;Images (pour) (orchestra)|Images (for) (orchestra)
;;One early member of this entity was Harry Millis and he feuded with members such as Edwin Smith and J. Warren Madden over leftists in this entity. This entity was investigated by a committee led by Virginia Congressman Howard Smith in 1939 and a predecessor to this organization was created through Public Resolution 44. The constitutionality of this organization was upheld in a case that grew out of a complaint launched by the Beaver Valley Lodge No. 200 and which had been sustained by this organization against a Pittsburgh-based corporation, the Jones and Laughlin Steel Company. The act that created this organization has since been notably amended by the Landrum-Griffin Act as well as by a piece of legislation that outlawed closed shops and allowed for an emergency presidential injunction, the Taft-Hartley Act. For 10 points, name this administrative body that was created by the Wagner Act that remedies unfair labor practices.;;National Labor Relations Board
;;A comic episode in this novel occurs when a man named Sciatap [pron: shut-up] baptizes a donkey with the name "Garibaldi." During a conversation in this novel, a schoolteacher explains that "to be a Communist, you have to trample on the holy crucifix, spit in Christ's face, and promise to eat meat on Good Friday." Towards the end of this novel, it is revealed that Uliva's apartment had blown up, killing both him and his wife. After visiting his old teacher Don Benedetto, the main character of this work disguises himself as a priest and stays in an inn run by Matalena in the village of Pietrasecca. This novel's main character enlists Bianchina in his cause and sends her off to find Murica, while developing a relationship with Cristina Colamartini. At the end of this novel, the true identity of Don Paolo is discovered by Cristina, and both of them perish in a blizzard after he flees the village and she follows him. Set in inter-war Italy like its author's previous novel Fontamara, for ten points, identify this novel about Pietro Spina, the best-known work of Ignazio Silone.;;Bread and Wine|Pane e vino
;;One member of this family was made an imperial vicar by King Adolf of Nassau, while another member of this family married his daughter to Louis, the duc d'Orleans, and was known as the "Count of Valor." That member of this family had previously engaged in a protracted struggle with his brother Bernabo. This family's founder defeated a rival family at the Battle of Desio, and their expansionist policies resulted in John XXII preaching a crusade against them. Wenceslas IV of Bohemia made one member of this family a hereditary duke in 1395, making that man, Gian Galeazzo, the first Italian ruler to receive such an honor. Founded by Archbishop Otto, this family's power was consolidated by Matteo I, who expelled the Della Torre family from the city which was the base of this family's power. The last member of this family to hold power was Filippo Maria, whose death in 1447 was followed by three years of republican rule and then the rule of Francesco Sforza. For ten points, identify this Italian family which from 1277 until 1447 ruled Milan.;;Visconti
;;This protein's exon Novex-3 has been found to encode an alternative C-terminal domain, and this protein's many PEVK exons may give it its most important physical characteristic. Familial dilated cardiomyopathy has been found to result from an insertion mutation or a missense mutation in the gene coding for this protein, and abnormal isoform ratios of it have been implicated in ventricular stiffening in patients with ischemic heart disease. Upregulation of seven of its PEVK exons contributes to inflexibility in the lung tissue of patients with COPD. This protein has its C-terminus in the A-band, and it interacts near the I-band with obscurin and the actin-binding protein nebulin. For 10 points, name this enormous protein that connects the M line and Z line of a sarcomere and gives muscles their passive elasticity.;;titin|connectin
;;John Backus coined the term for one of the problems with this design and discussed its intellectual equivalent that encourages "word-at-a-time thinking," and that problem cam be counteracted with a cache in NUMA. One of the innovations of this design was retrieval of data from RAM to be translated into machine code and then processed in the faster register; that process is known as the fetch-decode-execute cycle. One alteration to this scheme is the combination of the arithmetic-logic and control units into the CPU. The primary drawback of this design scheme stems from the sequential, rather than parallel, processing, which leads to limited speed of throughput relative to the size of the memory and forces the CPU to spend too much time in the wait state. For 10 points, name this design model with an eponymous bottleneck that uses a single structure as memory for data and instructions and is often contrasted with a Harvard architecture.;;von Neumann (architecture)|stored(-)program computer
;;This sects major works include a two-part commentary comprising The Book of Lighthouses and Watchtowers and The Book of Gardens and Parks, both written by Ya'qub al-Qirqisani. A community of adherents of this sect was centered in Troki, and numbered among its members a scholar who wrote a tract criticizing Christinity, The Fortification of the Faith. Elijah Bashyatchi formulated this sect's legal code, the Adderet Eliyahu, whose ten-point credo parallels the Ten Commandments. First described in the writings of Benjamin al-Nahawandi in the 9th century, the name of this sect comes from the Hebrew word "to read," and its originator was probably 'Anan ben David. Russian members of this sect are ethnically Turkic, having descended from the Khazars. For ten points, identify this Jewish sect which rejects the authority of oral traditions such as the Talmud and holds the Torah to be the only source of divine law.;;Karaites|Qara'im|Qara'iyun
;;This hormone has been found to stimulate the release of TNF and promote osteoclast and osteoblast formation, and it is secreted in lower levels in patients with Stein-Leventhal syndrome. Binding to one form of its receptors can imitate growth signals to trigger ovarian cancer cell proliferation. Decreased production of inhibin or increased production of activin can increase levels of this hormone, whose release is stimulated by a hormone that isn't produced in patients with Kalmann syndrome. Binding its receptors in Sertoli cells increases the production of androgen-binding protein, and this hormone, whose release is stimulated by the hypothalamic hormone GnRH, serves as a survival factor for what will become the dominant ovum in an ovary. For 10 points, name this gonadotropin that, like luteinizing hormone, is created in the anterior pituitary gland and that plays an important role in the maturation of ova and sperm.;;follicle(-)stimulating (hormone)|FSH
;;One artist associated with this movement created the American Alphabet series, while another showed some marbles on a paper in Dream of Love and painted the dark toned "Structures" series. Besides Robert Cottingham and Glennray Tudor, the abdominal areas of lingerie clad women are the favorite subject of one artist in this movement, John Kacere. John Salt's Tree is associated with this movement, as is the polychrome Seated Figure of John DeAndrea. Sculptures like American Athena and Egyptian Rocket Goddess as well as the Marilyn Monroe inspired Vanitas were created by Audrey Flack, while the Tux and Sugar watercolours came out of the work of Ralph Goings. Also associated with the close up portraits of celebrity figures created by Chuck Close, one of its founders is famous for works like Telephone Booth. For 10 points, name this artistic movement associated with Richard Estes, noted for its extremely detailed and accurately rendered paintings.;;Photorealism
;;In the ReaxFF model, this quantity is held constant for a given set of angle and torsion terms, and is continuously updated in terms of energy and length.  The IUPAC definition of this quantity gives it as a double sum over the products of the elements of the density matrix and the overlap matrix. Potentials named after this quantity include the Finnis-Sinclair and Tersoff potentials, and this quantity can be experimentally determined as e to the power of the quantity  R sub ij minus d sub ij divided by the constant b, which is approximately 0.353. In organometallic complexes, a reduction of this quantity occurs between a metal and an alkene due to backdonation, according to the Dewar-Chatt-Duncanson model. Dimolybdenum unusually has a value of 6 for this quantity, while di-tungsten tetra-hpp has a value of four for this quantity between the two tungsten atoms. It can be more easily determined from molecular orbital theory as half the difference between the number of electrons in bonding orbitals and anti-bonding orbitals. For 10 points, name this quantity, which is two for a double bond and three for a triple bond.;;(Bond) order
;;In trinification theory, this process results in the transition from SU 3 sub L cross SU 3 sub R to SU 2 cross U 1 over Z 2. The absence of this process in systems with equal to or fewer than two dimensions allows the creation of long-range fluctuations with little energy cost according to the Mermin-Wagner theorem, while in the electroweak interaction this process results in the reduction of the SU 2  cross U 1 group to a U 1 group via the Higgs mechanism, resulting in the creation of W and Z boson mass. Second-order phase transitions display this phenomenon according to Landau, while if this process occurs while the ground state is invariant under the given charge, it results in the creation of Goldstone bosons. For 10 points, name this process in which a system with a particular continuous symmetry enters a state in which said symmetry is no longer present.;;(Spontaneous) Symmetry Breaking
;;One ruler of this name put down the initial attempts of Musa ibn Musa to establish autonomous rule for the Banu Qasi, though that ruler's son would later grant it.  Another ruler of this name is recorded to have impressed visiting dignitaries by using standing bowls of mercury to reflect sunlight, and that ruler of this name supposedly exhumed and crucified the corpse of an eleven-year-dead enemy after putting down one rebellion.  A ruler of this name defeated a rebellion led from Bobastro by ibn Hafsun, and a de facto ruler of this name known as Sanchuelo was the second son of the regent Abu Amir al-Mansur, and was killed for attempting to seize the throne of Hisham II.  The third ruler of this name was defeated at Simancas by Ramiro II and built the royal city of Madinat al-Zahra, and that ruler took the title al-Nasir when he proclaimed himself caliph in 929.  The first ruler of this name fled from Damascus when his family was massacred by the Abbasids, and eventually established a new emirate in al-Andalus.  For 10 points, give this name shared by several Umayyad rulers who governed from Cordoba and presided over the golden age of Muslim Spain.;;Abd al(-)Rahman|Abd ar(-)Rahman|(other) (reasonable) (transliterations)
;;Part four of this work rejects the Classical Theory of one of the title entities, arguing that politicians do not carry out the will of the people, but rather merely competitively struggle for political power as represented by votes, the author's Procedural Theory of one of the title entities. The first part of this text examines a particular thinker as Sociologist, Economist, Teacher, and Prophet, and is entitled "The Marxian Doctrine". And the second section of this work argues against the fear of monopolies since large companies are forced to innovate to retain their dominance in the market, argues against the idea of "perfect competition", and famously answers "no it cannot" to its title question: "Can [the first title entity] survive?". But this book is most famous for discussing how innovation causes existing structures and methods to be replaced by newer ones, the author's concept of "creative destruction". For 10 points,, this is what magnum opus of Joseph Schumpeter?.;;Capitalism(,) Socialism(,) and Democracy
;;In one of this man's novels, an unnamed journalist meets a man who claims to be a native of "Timbuctoo", asserts that he is a "futurologist" writing a book on the "Cannibal Plant", and goes by the name "Dr. Rann". Another of his protagonists puts his daughter Leela in preschool on the advice of a psychic who also teaches him to contact his dead wife Susila, after having earlier quit his job at Albert Mission College. This author of Talkative Man wrote a novel in which Mali runs away to America and marries Grace, disappointing his candy-vendor father Jagan, as well as a novel whose protagonist helps Daisy set up a number of family-planning clinics using his artistic skills. In addition to The English Teacher, The Vendor of Sweets, and The Painter of Signs, this author's works include a novel about a man who convinces Rosie to walk out on her husband, who he nicknames "Marco Polo", to become a dancer. That protagonist, Raju, is mistaken for a sadhu and is trapped into fasting in order to end a drought. For 10 points, identify this Indian author of such novels as The Guide and Swami and Friends, which like many of his other works are set in the town of Malgudi.;;(R(.)K(.)) Narayan|(Rasipuram) (Krishnaswami) (Iyer) Narayanaswami
;;The second section of this work contains a brief interlude in which Adrian and Francisco note that "Good little sunbeams must learn to fly / But it's madly ungay when the goldfish die". This poem takes an Emily Bronte quote asking the "God of Visions" to "tell why I have chosen thee" as its epigraph. Its third section ends by describing the "perfected Work which is not ours", noting that "the sounded note is the restored relation". That third section opens by asking "our so good, so great, so dead author" to take a curtain call, after which it segues into a series of prose monologues spoken by that section's title character in the style of Henry James. It concludes with a "Postscript" whose speaker notes that "we shall become / One evaporating sigh", and features such sections as "The Supporting Cast, Sotto Voce", "The Stage Manager to the Critics", "Caliban to the Audience", and "Prospero to Ariel". For 10 points, identify this long poem, partially in prose, a"commentary on Shakespeare's The Tempest" by W.H. Auden.;;(The) Sea and the Mirror(:) (A) (Commentary) (on) (Shakespeare's) (The) (Tempest)
;;In book ten of the Aeneid, Aeneas kills and refuses to bury a son of Faunus and this figure named Tarquitus. Her son built the town of Oeta, named for and located on the mountain where she served as a shepherdess. Though she married a son of Oxylus, she was impregnated after taking a god disguised as a turtle into her lap, whereupon that god, Apollo, turned into a serpent and raped her. This wife of Andraemon underwent her best-known experience after picking a red lotus blossom to give to her son Amphissus. Unfortunately, picking the flower caused the tree it was on to tremble and bleed, and the tree's blood turned this figure into a black tree as well. For 10 points, identify this playmate of the Hamadryads who, according to Ovid, was turned into a poplar tree.;;Dryope
;;During this election, Alson Jenness Streeter was the first and only presidential candidate of the Union Labor Party, which came behind Clinton Bowen Fisk who was running for the Prohibition party. The Democratic Party lost much of the Irish vote when it was made known that Sir Lionel Sackville-West, the  British Ambassador, had suggested that the Democratic candidate better represented British interests, in the Murchison Letter. The incumbent's running mate was Allen Granberry Thurman, who replaced his vice president, Adlai E. Stevenson, and the winner's running mate, Levi Morton, may have helped the winner carry the incumbent's home state of New York. This marked the third time in history, and first time since 1876, that a candidate won without winning the popular vote. FTP, this is what election in which the incumbent Democract, Grover Cleveland, was defeated by Republican, Benjamin Harrison?.;;(The) (United) (States) (Presidential) (Election) (of) 1888
;;One theater of this war was decided by a protracted siege executed in turn by Peter Lacy and by Marshal Munnich, and that engagement is notable for seeing this first historical fighting between Russian and French troops.  A young Maurice de Saxe fought in this conflict despite the opposing side being led by his half-brother.  Spain was drawn into this conflict by the newly signed Treaty of the Escorial, and after this conflict Tuscany was granted to Francis Stephen in recompense for the French seizure of his Duchy of Lorraine.  Victory at Bitonto in this war allowed Don Carlos to invade Sicily and claim it as a Bourbon possession, and an attempted relief of the Siege of Philippsburg was conducted by Eugene of Savoy, who led his final campaigns in this war.  The Treaty of Vienna ended this conflict, though its major belligerents, France and Austria, would fight again two years later in the War of the Austrian Succession.  For 10 points, name this war of the 1730s which pitted Frederick Augustus II of Saxony against Stanislaw Leszczynsky for the right to the crown of Augustus the Strong.;;(War) (of) (the) Polish Succession
;;In this work, the protagonists and chorus conclude that winter is the best season in the madrigal "When the buds are blossoming", which appears in the Act I finale of this work. The female protagonist is an orphan who sings of her devotion to her etiquette book in "If somebody there chanced to be", and is pursued by a character who is told about the "spectre's holiday" when the ghost of his grandfather, Sir Roderic, steps out of its portrait to sing "When the night wind howls". In its most famous number, three characters declare that their "particularly rapid, unintelligible patter / isn't generally heard, and if it is it doesn't matter."  In this spoof of the Gothic fiction craze, the patter trio "My eyes are fully open" is sung by Mad Margaret alongside the cursed Despard and Robin. The title castle is owned by members of the Murgatroyd family in, for 10 points, what comic opera by Gilbert and Sullivan?.;;Ruddigore|(The) Witch's Curse
;;Derek Parfit developed the terms "agent-relative" and "agent-neutral" to describe this philosopher's ideas, and this man developed a model of action that says that if a predicate R is true of an action A, then R constitutes a "reason" for a person to "promote" A.  One work by this man replies to Bernard William's rejection of an impersonal morality in its section "Living Right and Living Well," and in that work this author joins with David Chalmers in promoting a dual aspect theory of the mind.  That work by this man attempts to reconcile the inherently subjective nature of a philosopher's viewpoint with the titular objective stance and is titled, The View from Nowhere.  Another work by this author posits the existence of facts unknowable by humans and imagines a Martian without concept of visual perception that still understands the physical phenomena of lightning.  That work rejects reductionist explanations of the mind-body problem due to the inherently subjective nature of consciousness, using the example of understanding the experiences of an animal that perceives the world through echolocation.  For 10 points, name this NYU philosopher, the author of "What is it Like to be a Bat?".;;(Thomas) Nagel
;;Reynaldo Hahn claimed that the most celebrated moment of this piece was suggested by a passage in Saint-Saens' work of the same genre in D minor, and its creator noted in his dedication to Jacques de Lacretelle that the tremolos that precede that passage were inspired by the Prelude to Lohengrin. Themes from this work are quoted and developed in the same composer's later Septet, which its creator admitted was modeled on Franck's String Quartet, and which was discovered after the composer's death by his daughter's lesbian lover, who had proposed spitting on his portrait in an earlier scene of the work in which this piece appears. That Septet receives a notable performance by an ensemble including Charles Morel in the salon of the Verdurin's, the same location where the "little phrase" from this piece first makes its impression on a character that interprets it as the "national anthem" of his love for Odette Crecy, Charles Swann. FTP, this is what fictional piece of chamber music that features prominently in Marcel Proust's In Search of Lost Time?.;;Vinteuil's (Violin) Sonata (in) (F(-)sharp)
;;[Interesting idea -EM] [Man I was so going to toss this up at next year's CO. - SJ]  16.  This author noted that "commodious or cramped" paragraphs come to resemble Paris, Texas rather than Paris, France in an essay that also discourses on the auditory qualities of a line from Dickens's David Copperfield. He wrote a story about a man who has "sailed the seas and come..." to a town called B, where that man writes poems about elderly figures like Billy Holsclaw and envies his cat, Mr. Tick, for his affinity with nature. This author of "The Sentence Seeks Its Form" wrote a novel whose protagonist creates the imaginary "Party for Disappointed People" and fills antique furniture with dirt while hiding pages of the introduction to the book Guilt and Innocence in Hitler's Germany. The first novel by this creator of William Frederick Kohler is partly narrated by Jethro Furber and Israbestis Tott and sees Henry Pimber hang himself after learning that he can never acquire the title quality of its protagonist, Brackett. For 10 points, identify this author of A Temple of Texts and "In the Heart of the Heart of the Country", who won an American Book Award for The Tunnel and also penned Omensetter's Luck.;;(William) (Howard) Gass
;;In the 11th century, the 22 most important of these locations were categorized into the seven upper, seven middle, and eight lower ones. The first one of these built in America was moved from Stockton, CA to Granite Falls, WA in 2001 and is headed by Reverend Barrish. One ritual that occurs at these structures involves recieving a fortune on a piece of paper and tying it to a small stand if its bad. These complexes usually contain a long path flanked by a series of stone lanterns, and worshipers traditionally wash their hands in a stone basin before praying at these structures. One usually rings the bell in front of the offering box, makes a small donation, and claps when worshipping at these complexes, which also contains a building for the ritual dance. Its central portion contains its enshrined diety in the honden, while in front of these structures is a large wooden gate called the Torii. For 10 points, name these religious buildings which are used to worship a particular kami, the central houses of worship in Shinto.;;Shrine|Jinja
;;This man's fictional work includes a novel in which chef Tommy Pagana's kitchen is used by the mob to carry out a hit, Bone in the Throat, and a book about the married assassins Henry and Frances called Gone Bamboo. His best known literary endeavor includes chapters on his time working for figures known as "Bigfoot" and "the Shadow" and introduces such associates as "Adam Real Last Name Unknown" and Steven Tempel. This man, who occasionally adopts the alias "Vic Chanko," advised against eating brunch and ordering fish on Mondays in a chapter from that book called "From Our Kitchen to Your Table." This author of Nasty Bits and Medium Raw recently courted controversy by calling Alice Waters "Pol Pot in a muumuu," and this former executive chef of Brasserie Les Halles ate a still-beating cobra heart in one episode of his first show, A Cook's Tour. For 10 points, identify this author of the memoir Kitchen Confidential who currently hosts the Travel Channel show No Reservations.;;(Anthony) Bourdain
;;The coda to this piece's second movement sees the orchestra play a tutti sixty-fourth note run that destabilizes the steady theme rhythm of the rest of the movement. Gustav Mahler reorchestrated one movement of this piece to make the theme more prominent in the recapitulation, and that movement contains a surprising shift into the submediant key of D instead of the dominant. A forte C-sharp in octaves interrupts the opening pianissimo theme of its final movement. The first and last measures of this composition's first movement are exactly the same, and the fff ("fortiss-issimo") recapitulation eliminates the piano fifth through eighth measures of the opening theme. Its Allegretto movement is followed by a minuet rather than a scherzo, and that second movement's wind rhythms imitate the ticking of the recently invented metronome. The minuet third movement contains a duet for horn and clarinet. The finale of this piece contains forty-five repetitions of the tonic chord of F major. For 10 points, name this shortest of Beethoven's symponies that premiered with Wellington's Victory and the more popular seventh symphony.;;(Symphony) (No(.)) 8 (in) F major (by) (Ludwig) (van) Beethoven
;;A minor character in this novel is the author of the novel The Mosquito Lovers as well as the successful play The Flaming Corsage. At the end of this novel, Morrie Berman is arrested while trying to escape to Providence and Honey Curry is killed in Newark during a confrontation with the police. A character in this novel wins $788.85 by betting a three-horse parlay, while another character is temporarily tricked by his lover Angie into thinking the latter is pregnant, so that she can observe his reaction. A reference to events of its author's previous novel can be found in a reminiscence about Emory Jones running the headline "DIAMOND SLAIN BY ENEMIES." In a side plot in this novel, the newspaper columnist Martin Daugherty becomes the lover of Melissa Spencer, who had also been his father's mistress, and in the end, Daugherty salvages the title character's reputation with the O'Rourkes. This work's title may refer to the title character's pool hustling skills, his 668-point bowling victory, or his assistance in unraveling the kidnapping of Charlie McCall while trying to discharge his gambling debt to Daugherty. Taking place, like Legs and Ironweed in upstate New York, for ten points, identify this William Kennedy novel, the second part of his Albany Trilogy.;;Billy Phelan's Greatest Game
;;In this novel, the main character's last thoughts before his death consist of the phrase "It's like the apple tree!" a recurring motif in this work. Other recurring themes in this work are the "angel" which the main character repeatedly feels at his back, which is in reality tuberculosis, and the singing of the stones. A caretaker in this novel complains of being made a fool of by the work crew, while another character in this work is derisively referred to as Father Anonymous. At the end of this novel, Rachel is forced to care for her alcoholic husband while the main character remains obsessed with the placement of the Nail until just before his death. After Pangall is killed in a riot in this work, Goody Pangall dies in childbirth after an affair with Roger Mason, who repeatedly refuses to build higher because the weight of the title edifice is causing it to sink. The main character is undone by the revelation that his aunt Alison had donated the money for the construction of the title religious structure. For ten points, identify this novel in which Father Jocelin oversees the construction of the titular addition to Salisbury Cathedral, written by William Golding.;;(The) Spire
;;One of the last chapters of this work contains prophecies from both Habakkuk and Hosea regarding the sins of a certain people, and is titled "Concerning the wickedness of the iniquitous Jews." The last chapter of this work contains more talk of Jew-killing as well as outlining a scenario where a king's youngest son will be asked to choose between a chariot and the throne. This work also details the acquisition of a certain sacred object which was reputed to rest in the Church of St. Mary of Zion, while earlier sections of this work deal with the stories of Adam, Seth, Noah, and Abraham, as well as the "meeting of 318," amongst the "Orthodox Fathers." More famously, this work relates the meeting of the Queen of Sheba with King Solomon, who gave her the Ten Commandments, as well as the bringing of the Ark of the Covenant to a certain polity by Menelik I. Written in the Ge'ez language, for ten points, identify this work which contains the genealogy of the Aksumite rulers of Ethiopia.;;Kebra Nagast|(the) (Book) (of) (the) Glory of Kings
;;In a paper promoting the TIP5P model of this compound, Mahoney and Jorgensen noted that incorporating terms for flexibility or polarizability does not improve accuracy in modeling its major density anomaly. One of the earliest five-site models of this substance is named for Ben-Naim and Stillinger, and four-site models of this substance place its center of negative charge on a dummy atom and began with the Bernal-Fowler model. Ether is guaranteed free of this compound, when bottled with three or four angstrom molecular sieves, and this compound is removed from reaction mixtures using magnesium and sodium sulfate. This compound reacts with Grignard reagents to give alkanes and forms an azeotrope that is commonly entrained using benzene with ethanol. Such computational models all must take into account its unusually strong hydrogen bonding, which drives up its boiling point to one hundred degrees Celsius. For 10 points, name this compound whose triple point defines the Kelvin scale.;;water
;;This author wrote an essay attacking the German railroad industry, noting that a Vanderbilt should step in and reform the system. That essay ends by saying "it is the greatest folly of which a man can be capable, to sit down with a slate and pencil to plan out a new social world." Besides The Absurd Effort to Make the World Over, one of his essays attacks the "ecclesiastical prejudice in favor of the poor and against the rich," while another essay urges that attention be turned away from the poor "goodfornothing" and instead towards the "productive force." That essay describes the namesake individual as a commonplace man who carries society's burdens. Besides What Social Classes Owe to Each Other and The Forgotten Man, his best known work features the subtitle a study of the sociological importance of usages, manners, customs, mores, and morals and describes the title behavioral norms. For 10 points, name this American sociologist, the author of Folkways.;;(William) (Graham) Sumner
;;This artist's works inspired sonnets from his friend Julian del Casal and his early works include a Portrait of Eugene Lacheurie. He depicted Sappho on the Cliffs, while a figure with a bejeweled sitar holds up a blue flower and sits astride a shrieking multicolored wyvern in his Dream of the Orient. A single head emerging out of the blue and surrounded by a mist of gold and mauve constitutes one of his depictions of Orpheus, while another shows a head in the hands of a Thracian woman. One of his works shows a young man holding the laurel of Apollo above his head, while behind him a female figure holding a sword and hourglass hovers diagonally. That painting, which was dedicated to his master Theodore Chasseriau, was his The Young Man with Death. He was more famous for painting works like Hercules and the Hydra and made a splash at the 1864 salon with his Oedipus and the Sphinx. He also painted a work that shows a half-nude woman pointing at a floating, disembodied head that emanates light. For 10 points, name this painter of The Apparition, who, like Odilon Redon and Puvis de Chavannes, was a major French symbolist.;;(Gustave) Moreau
;;Among this ruler's reforms was the introduction of a fixed-sum tax system probably copied from the one used by Diocletian, and this ruler was said to have originated the divan ministry system, which for most of his reign was headed by Bozorgmehr. Following the closing of the Athenian Academy, this ruler received many of its philosophers, and his military accomplishments included the sack of Antioch as well as an alliance with the Turks to crush the Hephthalites in 557 C.E. Cultural achievements during this man's reign include the founding of the medical school at Godenshapur, and his son, the second ruler of his name, completed the construction of the Taq Kisra, the traditional palace of this ruler in his capital of Ctesiphon. The successor to Kavad, this man engineered the death of Mazdak and his followers, and his attempts to impose Zoroastrianism on Armenia led to the last of his wars against Byzantium, which ended with his death and succession by Hormizd IV. For ten points, identify this ruler sometimes known as "the Just" or "of the immortal soul," who ruled the Sassanid empire from 531 to 579 C.E.;;Khosrow I|Khusrau I|Khosrow Anushirvan|Khosrow the Just
;;This man worked on creating the Library Pavilion opposite the Palais-Royal while he was a student of Hector Lefuel, and one of his creations would later have a Chinese Tea House added near the sea. Besides the "Marble House," this man designed Harvard's Fogg Art Museum and established the first architectural school in the United States at the Tenth Street Studio Building. One of this man's buildings uses a replica of the Cluny stairs to connect the Lower and Upper Grand Halls and was marked by the two huge carriage entrances maintained in accordance with the owner's love of horses. Besides Belcourt, Ogden Goelet commissioned this man to create "Ochre Court" and he also designed the Breakers, thus rounding out the three largest mansions on Newport. Another building had a forest managed by Gifford Pinchot and lies in Asheville, North Carolina. For 10 points, name this architect who frequently worked with the Vanderbilt family, for whom he created the Biltmore estate.;;(Richard) (Morris) Hunt
;;This author incorporated his experiences as a novice schoolteacher into his first novel, My Brother Jack. One novel by this author sees Jean Gaussin become the lover of Fanny Legrand, who had earlier served as the model for the sculptor Caoudal's figure of the title Greek female. This author of Sappho wrote a short story in which Monsieur Hamel writes "Vive la France" on the blackboard after learning that the language of instruction is to be changed to German, entitled "The Last Class," as well as a novel about the travails of Christian II and Frederique, the monarchs of Illyria. In another short story by this author, the title character suggests that the White Fathers begin manufacturing the titular substance as a way of making money, but finds himself unable to resist drinking it. That story, "The Elixir of Father Gauchet," is included in this author's collection Letters From My Windmill, but he is more famous for his trilogy about a gardener who goes to Algiers to bolster his reputation for lion hunting. The author of Froment the Younger and Risler the Elder, as well as Kings in Exile, for ten points, identify this 19th century French author best known for his novel Tartarin of Tarascon.;;(Alphonse) Daudet
;;In 2010, R. Reyes et al. found that the relativistic form of this theory proposed by Jacob Bekenstein falls outside of the error from comparing galactic distance with E sub g. One alternative to that tensor-vector-scalar generalization of this theory is the f-of-R theory, and this theory originated from changing Poisson's equation by changing the potential function. This theory features a strange function mu of x that approaches x when x  is much less than 1 and approaches 1 when x is much greater than 1. That function makes it so that at one extreme, the square root of a constant a-nought times the gravitational acceleration gives the changed gravitational acceleration predicted by this theory, and recent evidence against this theory has come from observations of the Bullet Cluster. For 10 points, identify this theory proposed by Mordecai Milgrom to account for galactic rotation that competes with Dark Matter and says that acceleration is not proportional to force at low accelerations.;;MOdified Newtonian Dynamics
;;This author satirized the mass production industry in his short story "Report on the Shadow Industry," while the balance between art and life is the subject of his "American Dreams."  Another of his short story collections begins by saying "In the end I shall be judged" from the story "The Journey of a Lifetime;" that collection also includes "Kristu-Du" and "Exotic Pleasures."  This author of The Fat Man in History and War Crimes wrote about a man who discovers that his previous life was unbearable after being resuscitated from a heart attack in his first novel that features as characters Honey Barbara and Harry Joy.  A later novel retold the story of Great Expectations from the perspective of Jack Maggs, a reworking of Abel Magwitch.  He wrote about Bob McCorkle in a novel based on the Ern Malley hoax, My Life as a Fake, while Herbert Badgery is the titular conman of his Illywhacker.  For 10 points, name this Australian author who created two gamblers who meet on a boat in Oscar and Lucinda.;;(Peter) Carey
;;One branch of this organization was led by the author of the treatise The Rights of Man to Property, Thomas Skidmore, and managed to elect Ebenezer Ford to a state assembly seat on what the Journal of Commerce contemptuously called "the Fanny Wright ticket."  Much of the original organization of this faction was conducted by William Heighton, who had begun holding meetings in Southwark whre he railed against "a system of competition," and through the writings of Stephen Simpson in the Columbian Observer, this party's opposition to the banking system influenced Andrew Jackson. William John Duane, a drafter of this party's anti-bank report, would later become Treasury Secretary under Jackson, and this party's namesake Advocate was published by George Henry Evans. This party had its greatest electoral successes in 1828 in Philadelphia, but following a split in 1833, many members of this party joined the Equal Rights Party, while many of its New York members went over to the Locofocos. Originally created as the political arm of the Mechanics' Union of Trade Associations, for ten points, identify this political party which advocated such reforms as limited working hours and universal malfe suffrage, the first labor-oriented political party in the United States.;;Working Men's (Party)
;;In this section of a larger work, one character introduces himself as Gagnard, and the title character of this work frequently uses the formulation "since on the hall floor you want to try your luck." The last section of this work is in the galdralag meter though most of it, as befits a poem about wisdom, is in the ljodahattr meter. After demanding twelve answers from the title being, a character in this work introduces every one of his stanzas with the phrase, "much have I traveled, much have I tried out, much have I tested the powers." This work features a similar trick to the one used to defeat King Heidrik in the Heidrikssaga, and among the predictions of the title character are that Lif and Lifthrasir will survive Fimbulvetr and that Vidar will kill Fenrir. The main speaker in this work eventually demands that the title character tell him what the former whispered into Balder's ear as Balder lay on his funeral pyre, at which point the title character concedes the contest. For ten points, identify this poem from the Elder Edda, in which Odin wins a contest of wisdom over the titular giant.;;Vafthrudnismal|Vafthrudnir's Sayings
;;This thinker discussed Photoblepharon and Robert Oppenheimer in her book of short stories, Luminous Fish. This scientist, who used the phrase "a torture chamber shared with children" to describe her miserable marriage to Carl Sagan, pushed into publication a paper by Donald Williamson claiming that caterpillars and butterflies did not share a common ancestor, and she recently contributed to a paper arguing that symbiotic spirochetes switching from round body to helical form might, rather than HIV, cause symptoms recognized as AIDS. This scientist wrote a book discussing the earth as an "emergent property of interaction among organisms" whose chapters include "Sex Legacy" and "Against Orthodoxy." This author of Symbiotic Planet first gained fame when she convinced the Journal of Theoretical Biology to publish her paper "On the Origin of Mitosing Eukaryotic Cells." For 10 points, name this biologist who promulgated the endosymbiotic theory of the origins of mitochondria and chloroplasts.;;(Lynn) Margulis
;;One character in this work is a replacement for "Poor John macmillan" who died of cerebral malaria. In one episode from this novel, Moses prevents an attack on Wright after he whips another road worker, and another character in this novel is the preacher John Goodcountry. One character in this work counters an accusation from Clarke of a lack of interest by muttering "Shit on the Lieutenant Governor" and has a relationship with the doctor Mary Savage. That character also breaks all of the guns in the town he is responsible for. At the end of this novel, the protagonist's eldest son drops dead after participating in a funeral ritual, and earlier Oduche tries to kill a sacrificial python. The protagonist of this work is opposed by District Commissioner Winterbottom who jails him for thirty two days, and eventually the Chief Priest of Ulu, named Ezeulu, falls into madness. For 10 points, identify this work depicting Umuaro's fall into Christian dominance, a work of Chinua Achebe.;;Arrow of God
;;This thinker directly attacked a prior philosopher for claiming that "mankind is surely not to be helped by a single hair," and he believed that human faculties resided in a combined organ called the "heart-and-mind." He wrote that a main task of philosophy is to analyze "giveaway actions," his term for spontaneous, minor incidents in which the correct moral choice is made. He said that such actions occurs because humans are naturally possessed of "sprouts" of morality, leading to his four virtues of benevolence, righteousness, propriety, and wisdom. This namesake of the fourth sishu was a student of either Zisi or the disciples of Zisi, providing a connection to the family of his tradition's founder. For 10 points, identify this fourth century BCE writer who achieved great popularity during the Tang Dynasty's Neoconfucian revival for his human nature-based interpretation of Confucius.;;Mencius|Mengzi(;)|Mengtzu(;)|Meng Ko
;;At one point in this play, one character urges another to scream "meaningless shit" like "Red trains cough Jewish underwear for keeps!" In college, the protagonist thought he was Baudelaire, and a woman guesses that his name is "Morris the Hyena" after introducing herself as "Lena the Hyena." The protagonist is convinced that that woman knows his friend Warren Enright, and she has him invite her to Warren's party. The stage directions indicate that it takes place "in the flying underbelly of the citythe subway heaped in modern myth," and towards the end of the play the central female character begins dancing and mocking the protagonist, prompting him to unleash a diatribe against the white race. For 10 points, identify this one-act play about the encounter between the white woman Lula and the middle-class black man Clay, which was written by LeRoi Jones just before he became Amiri Baraka.;;Dutchman
;;This person created a more democratic provincial assembly in Berry, ended the practice of mortmain in royal lands, and scaled back tax farming, all earning the ire of the nobility. The count of Maurepas exposed the deceptions in this man's Report to the King, which combined with his sympathies for the peasantry to lead to his first ouster. Earlier, he had married a woman who had previously broken an engagment to Edward Gibbon and who set up a leading salon, named Suzanne; together, the couple became the parents of  Madame de Stael. He became prominent by writing a screed demanding restrictions on the grain trade and by euologizing Jean-Baptiste Colbert, who had served Louis XIV in an analogous role to this man. For 10 points, name this Swiss-born banker who failed to prevent the French Revolution with a constitutional monarchy proposal and was three times finance minister to Louis XVI.;;(Jacques) Necker
;;This work proposes a solution that it credits to Moisey Ostrogorsky, though, at its end, it admits that the men it describes are nowhere to be found, and thus that "it is not summer's front which lies before us, but first of all a polar night of icy darkness and severity." This work gives Maecenas and Tammany Hall as examples of "enterpreneurs" who can use money to gain power, while naming the anti-democratic stances of the Catholic Centre Party and the Social Democrats as responsible for the impotence of Parliament in Germany. It proposes a "plebiscitarian" solution to the central problem of how bureaucracy can be subordinated to democracy, identifies tradition, legality, and charisma as the three sources of legitimation, and defines the state as the entity with a "monopoly of the legitimate use of physical force."  For 10 points, identify this speech, which was delivered, a year after a companion lecture on careers science, to graduates in Munich in 1918, and consists of analysis of the role of the professional party employee by Max Weber.;;Politics as a Vocation|Politik als Beruf
;;One scheme for solving these types of problems which is useful in classical situations is the Lax-Phillips formalism. If the Wightman conditions, which include relativistic invariance of states and the existence and uniqueness of a vacuum are satisfied, then the Haag-Ruelle theory may be used to solve quantum mechanical problems of this type. One result that gives a way of extracting a quantity relevant to processes of this type is the optical theorem. The probability amplitude associated with this process can be given as the Fourier transform of the potential involved in this process in accordance with the Born approximation. The initial conditions and outcomes of this type of process are encoded in an S-matrix. For ten points, identify this type of problem in physics, solving which typically involves finding the cross section.;;scattering
;;This man had an affair with Sonali Das Gupta while making the documentary India, and one of his films opens with a former American soldier running his car into an old man; that old man is, contrary to their belief, not Saint Andrew, though he does give the title power to an object owned by Celestino.  Another film sees Ginepro cut off a pig's foot and give it to a colleague, and that film notably used thirteen actual monks. Besides Machine to Kill Bad People and The Flowers of St. Francis, in one of his films the young Hitlerite Edmund throws himself off a building after poisoning his father. Germany, Year Zero was part of the same trilogy as Paisa and a film wherein Pina is shot while chasing after her arrested husband and Don Pietro Pellegrini is executed for working with the resistance. For 10 points, name this director of Italian neorealism films such as Rome, Open City.;;(Roberto) Rossellini
;;Slavoj Zizek argues that the constructs of "solidarity in guilt" and "participation in a common transgression" are modeled in this work's narrator's descriptions of public social violence, and Jurgen Habermas in The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere wrote that the public "entered itself into literature as an object" through this work. This work describes the "Ugly Club," an exclusive men's organization that only admits extremely unattractive people. The first "number" of this publication includes its narrator's self-description as so taciturn that he was once mistaken for a Jesuit. Other characters in this publication and members of the narrator's namesake club include Sir Roger de Coverly and the foppish Will Honeycomb. The authors of this publication, which ran two to three issues per week between 1711 and 1712, also collaborated on a similar publication called The Tatler. For 10 points, name this publication written chiefly by Joseph Addison and Richard Steele, whose near-silent narrator roams London observing the citizenry.;;(The) Spectator
;;One essay by this thinker considers a person who becomes paralyzed by philosophical questioning, and is entitled "The Little Book of Healthy and Sick Human Understanding." Another work by this thinker was written partly on postcards sent to his mother from the hospital, and contains an account of what this thinker called "speech-thinking." In analyzing a fragment of Hegel's writing originally given the name "An Ethics," this philosopher concluded that he had found what he called the "Oldest System-Program of German Idealism." This philosopher's first major work also dealt with Hegel, and argued that Hegel's conception of politics had grown out of Hegel's attempts to reconcile individual subjectivity with the objective nature of the world. This thinker criticized his contemporary Martin Buber for reducing divinity to a human projection in an essay titled "Atheistic Theology," and he edited for publication the last great work of his teacher Herman Cohen entitled Religion of Reason out of the Sources of Judaism. For ten points, identify this Jewish philosopher, the author of Hegel and the State and The Star of Redemption.;;(Franz) Rosenzweig
;;In one poem he described the sonnet as being "of its own arduous fullness reverent" and imagined it as a coin in Charon's palm to "pay the toll to Death." In another sonnet in the same collection, he described the titular time as "This close-companioned inarticulate hour / When twofold silence was the song of love." In addition to "Silent Noon," he wrote an internal monologue in which the speaker imagines the title character waking with his gold coins in her hair. That poem, in which the speaker contemplates the "lazy laughing languid" title prostitute, is entitled "Jenny." The parenthetical "I saw her smile" and "I heard her tears" begin and end the final stanza of his most famous poem, in which the title character "lean[s] out / From the gold bar of heaven," gazing at her earthbound lover. For 10 points identify this poet and painter who wrote the sonnet sequence The House of Life, as well as "The Blessed Damozel.".;;Dante Gabriel Rossetti
;;Frank Zappa adored this composer, going so far as to spend his birthday money to call him after being inspired by a piece for winds and double bass that lacks this composer's characteristic aggressive percussion. That piece is this composer's only work with multiple movements, each of which opens with a phrase on a solo instrument. This composer of Octandre wrote the influential essay "The Liberation of Sound" about his theory of "sound-masses" and set Paul Verlaine's "Un grand sommeil noir" to music. Another of his works features such unusual instruments as the guiro, sleighbells, sirens, and recordings of roaring lions; that work is called Ionisation.  This composer was commissioned to write a "score" to a World Expo installation managed by Iannis Xenakis and designed by Le Corbusier, the Phillips Pavilion, and he also wrote a short work for solo flute that is titled after the mass-to-volume ratio of platinum. For 10 points, name this French musique concrete composer of Poeme Electronique and Density 21.5.;;(Edgard) Varese
;;An anecdote about this man states that when informed that there was no warfare in paradise, he asked, "How then can there be any delights there?" One of the important events leading up to this man's ascension to power was the battle of Golnabad, instigated by the Ghilzai tribe. This man's first major victory was at the battle of Damghan, which saw him defeat the Ghilzai leader Ashraf. After being made governor of a large territory for expelling the Afghans, this man conspired to overthrow Tahmasp II in favor of the latter's son Abbas III. After succeeding to his most famous position, he won the battle of Karnal and captured Delhi. Following this man's assassination, his general Ahmad Shah Durrani founded an Afghan kingdom based in Kandahar, while his grandson Shah Rokh maintained an Afsharid state in Khorasan. For 10 points, identify this Persian conqueror who brought the peacock throne of the Moghuls back with him after his invasion of India.;;Nadir Shah
;;For a collection of open subsets of a compact Hausdorff space where each of the subsets has this property, their intersection also has this property according to the Baire Category Theorem. For a Hausdorff space X, the Stone-Weierstrass Theorem gives the conditions under which a subalgebra of C(X,R) has this property. If every nonempty open set in a topological space has this property, then the space is said to be hyperconnected. A set is called "nowhere this" if the interior of its closure is empty. On a metric space X, a set Y has this property if and only if every element in X is the limit of a sequence of elements in Y. For 10 points, identify this topological property that describes a set whose closure is the whole space to which it belongs, as exemplified by the rational numbers on the reals.;;dense
;;He wrote a poem that reads, in its entirety, "The red spots on the planet Jupiter are three-hundred-year-old hurricanes," and another reads, "At the end only so many will remain as can sit around a drum." He described these "micropoems" in a letter to the artist Tess Jaray, and they were paired with Jan Peter Tripp's lithographs depicting pairs of eyes in the collection Unrecounted. A trip to Corsica inspired his collection of essays Campo Santo. The narrator of one of his novels seeks out Thomas Browne's skull, prompting one of the historical meditations that punctuate the subtitular "English Pilgrimage." Another novel focuses on the titular architectural historian of Czech descent, who escaped from Nazi Germany to Britain as a child. Known for incorporating newspaper clippings and photographs into his novels, for 10 points, identify this twentieth-century German author of The Rings of Saturn and Austerlitz.;;(Winfried) (Georg) Sebald
;;One relationship in this novel symbolically begins during a viewing of Martin Luther's signature, and causes tension among the group that the narrator dubs the "minuet." A member of that group becomes obsessed with the fact that every important event of her life has taken place on August 4. That character pretends to be traumatized by a storm and is carried off a ship at Le Havre, thereafter claiming that the storm irritated a "weak heart" that prevents her from sleeping with her husband. A parallel incident occurs on a ship to India, and leads to the repetition of the word "shuttlecocks," when Nancy Rufford goes insane. After meeting at a spa in Nauheim, Florence betrays John Dowell and has a lengthy affair with the title veteran, Edward Ashburnham, in, for 10 points, what novel by Ford Maddox Ford?.;;(The) Good Soldier
;;One king of this polity gave protection to the Catholic missionary Joseph Vaz, and another ruler of this polity took the English sailor Robert Knox prisoner until he escaped to the port of Arippu. Resistance against an invasion of this polity was led by Sangunglo, and the puppet king Muttusami was established by forces under Hay MacDowell. One king of this polity brought the sacred Tooth of the Buddha, and under the rule of the Nayak dynasty this polity fought against the Dutch under Kirti Sri. This polity was preceded by the Kingdom of Kotte, and its first king Rajasinha I was previously a king of Sitawaka, which defeated the Portuguese at the Battle of Mulleriyawa. This polity was the site of the Uva Rebellion against British governor Robert Brownrigg and it lasted until Sri Vikrama Rajasinha was deposed by the British in 1815. For 10 points, identify this kingdom of Sri Lanka.;;(Kingdom) (of) Kandy
;;Garrett Lisi defined a "universal reservoir" for a quantum mechanical analogue of this quantity, which can be produced by Wick rotations on a Feynman path integral. One principle describing this quantity can be unified with the maximum entropy principle since path uncertainty can be measured by the Shannon information. General relativity uses the Einstein-Hilbert type of this quantity which yields the Einstein field equations, and the shape of the trajectory of this quantity over two specific endpoints is determined through Maupertuis' principle. The Euler-Lagrange equation for this quantity of a system yields the evolution of a classical system, and the functional derivative of this quantity with respect to generalized coordinates goes to zero in accordance with Hamilton's principle. For 10 points, identify this quantity which is defined as the time integral over a given path of the Lagrangian of a system, and is symbolizes S.;;action
;;This man created an alphabet called the Alphabet of the Magi for engraving names upon talismans. This man possibly made the first studied treatment of the unconscious. Part of his name is perhaps the origin of the word "bombastic," while his philosophical views were built upon a belief in the hermeticist belief in harmony of microcosm and macrocosm. He thought that there spiritual substances which gave everything its form: Mercury, Sulfur, and Salt. Possibly mistaken for the legendary alchemist Christian Rosenkreutz, he formulated the principle that all things are poisonous in sufficient quantities. While giving Zinc its name he published works like On the Miners' Sickness and the Great Surgery book that went against the idea that an imbalance of the four humours was the cause of disease. For 10 points, identify this 16th century renaissance man who has a name meaning "greater than" a certain roman encyclopedist.;;Paracelsus
;;One band named for this city recorded such original dance compositions as "Loop Hole" but is likely best known for a 2006 remix of Queen's "Another One Bites the Dust." In addition to inspiring that namesake "project," this city was where Bob Marley recorded a live album in 1980 that was released in 2001, as well as where Marley died in 1981. Redfoo and Sky Blu's trip to the Winter Music Conference here led LMFAO to record the breakthrough single in which a declaration of being in this city precedes the word "bitch." Another song about this city invites listeners to "party in the city where the heat is on" and proclaims "bienvenido a" this city after stating in English "welcome to" this city. For 10 points, identify this city, praised by Will Smith, which also lends its name to a Latin dance "sound machine" that backed Gloria Estefan.;;Miami
;;John Byron wrote an account of a shipwreck and mutiny on Wager Island, which is located off of the coast of this region. This region's city of Cochrane is home to a controversial dam project on the Baker River in the state of Aisen. National Parks in this region include Torres del Paine and Laguna San Rafael, and this region includes the provinces of Neuquen and Chubut. This region's Pio XI glacier crosses the Eyre Fjord, and this region is home to Nahuel Huapi Lake and Los Glaciares National Park. Home to the Northern and Southern ice fields, this region is located south of the Colorado River and originally took its name from a word describing the size of its native inhabitants. For 10 points, identify this expansive, arid region shared between the southern portions of Chile and Argentina.;;Patagonia
;;In one section of this work, its main character takes refuge from a storm in a cathedral right after it is noted that "An annotator has his scruples, too." In this work's third section, spring is described as "a time abhorrent to the nihilist," while the fourth begins "Nota: his soil is man's intelligence. That's better." echoing the beginning of its first section. The main character imagines a place in which "the man in Georgia... should be pine-spokesman" in a section about "The Idea of A Colony," and the same character dwells as a hermit in the section about "A Nice and Shady Home." In the final section, this work's protagonist "concocted doctrine from the rout," and this work concludes with the statement "So may the relation of each man be clipped," in a section titled "And Daughters With Curls." Containing other sections such as "Concerning the Thunderstorms of Yucatan" and "Approaching Carolina," it was its authors most significant philosophical poem prior to "Notes Toward a Supreme Fiction." Opening with a section on "The World Without Imagination," in which Crispin begins his journey, for ten points, identify this long poem about art found in Harmonium and written by Wallace Stevens.;;(ANSWER) (The) Commedian as the Letter C
;;A method devised by Jaynes selects these functions based on the principle of maximum entropy. Three major classes of these functions are the density ratio class, the neighborhood class, and the conjugate class. When this function is chosen to be proportional to the square root of the determinant of the Fischer information matrix, it is known as a Jeffreys one of these. If this function is picked on the basis of representing no useful information, it is called objective and is usually improper, while subjective ones represent some independent knowledge of the probability distribution. Frequently criticized by frequentists, for ten points, identify this quantity which, when multiplied by the likelihood function gives the posterior probability, according to Bayes' theorem.;;prior (probability) (distribution)
;;Many of the participants in this event were held in contempt by Thomas Drummond of the Seventh Circuit, who had also used the cases arising from this event to pioneer injunctions backed by the power of the US Army. Robert Brinton led a National Guard brigade during this event after Alfred Pearson argued that his Sixth Regiment would not fire on "fellow townsmen." During this event, the initial demands were presented to Alexander Cassatt, who refused to send them on to Tom Scott. After opening a volley that killed 17 people during this event, a group of Philadelphia militia retreated to the Allegheny Arsenal, following which rioters destroyed 1200 cars, 104 engines, and the Union Depot building. Beginning in Martinsburg, West Virginia, this event spread to Pittsburgh as a reaction to the introduction of "doubleheaders," and ended when, following the breakdown of negotiations at Fort Wayne, Rutherford Hayes ordered federal troops into Philadelphia. Lasting for 45 days throughout much of the mid-Atlantic region, for ten points, identify this event launched against the Pennsylvania Railroad by the Trainmen's Union in 1877, the largest of its kind in the 19th century.;;Great (Railroad) Strike (of) (1877)
;;His expressive use of changes in modality in works like Se mesdisans and Loyaute weil tous jours likely inspired the distinction between Musique artificielle and the Musique naturelle made by his student Eustache Deschamps. Amongst his works for religious occasions is his Bone pastor, qui pastores, which is his earliest dated work. Syllabic treatment of the text distinguishes his polyphonic rondeau Puis qu'en oubli while Douce dame jolie is likely the most famous amongst his virelais. Various musical inserts are strewn through his Le Voir Dit, and it was likely via the influence of works by Johannes de Muris and Philippe de Vitry that this man came to embody ars nova style. Those techniques were applied in a six movement work that ends with the isorhythmic movement Ite Missa, Est and is believed to be written for Reims Cathedral. That work is the first setting of Ordinary Mass associated with a single composer. For 10 points, name this 14th century poet-composer, known for the Notre Dame Mass.;;(Guillaume) (de) Machaut
;;According to this people, the god Kiaklo, who imparts all myths to this people, dug his own eyes out after he tried to seduce his sister Siwiluhsitsa, though he regained sight from the light of the fire god Shulawitsi. This people shares Paiteyuma, the clown companion of the sun, with the neighboring Keresan peoples, and one of their myths blames the incest among members of the Corn Clan for a great flood. Another tale of this people holds that death remains in the world because a youth could not stop himself from touching his wife, after she was brought from the Lake of the Dead for him by the owl people, and the existence of winter is attributed to Coyote's curiosity drove him to open the box containing the sun and the moon allowing them to fly away. In one creation myth attributed to this people, all living creatures were trapped in the womb of the Earth Mother, until she, taking the form of a woman, visited her own surface and was assured of nature's ability to sustain them. That myth was dubiously recorded by Frank Cushing, who wrote several works on this people after living with them for five years, and like other tribes of their region, they are known for their kachina cult. For 10 points, name this Puebloan people of New Mexico, whose mythology is the title subject of a work by Ruth Benedict.;;Zuni
;;A refinement of this equation develops a better fit for the effects of resonance stabilization on positively charged transition states, and another finds separate polarity and steric factors. In drug design, one parameter from this equation or a generalization of it is plotted against hydrophobicity, the Craig plot. Unlike those developments by Taft and by Yukawa and Tsuno, another modification of this equation expresses the sigma constant as a linear combination of field and resonance effects and was proposed by Swain and Lupton.  This equation is useless for long aliphatic chains because of weak correlation between equilibrium position and transition state structure, and large steric considerations make it inapplicable for ortho isomers. For 10 points, name this equation, which relates the log of either the equilibrium constant or the reaction rate to the product of separated reaction and substituent constants and which is principally applied to para- or meta- substituted derivatives of benzoic acid.;;Hammett (relation)|Hammett (equation)
;;In one poem in this collection, an "American voice demands" "Now dear child/ What's wrong" before launching into a prayer that leaves them "twitching and loud", and that poem, "Faith Healing", is followed by another American voice, which "falls as they say love should", "For Sidney Bechet". Another poem in this collection concludes with the narrator asking one of the title characters to give him his arm, a reference to The Wind and the Willows and that poem, "Toads Revisited", refers back to a poem in an earlier collection. Another poem in this collection features an earl and countess whom "time has transfixed into/ Untruth" and who "Rigidly/ Persisted" in "their supine stationary voyage". In addition to "An Arundel Tomb", this collection, published 11 years after its author's The Less Deceived, features a poem in which the narrator watches fathers who "had never known/ Success so huge and wholly farcical" and girls unreally marked off by "lemons, mauves, and olive-ochres", all of whom gather aboard the train that the narrator if riding following the namesake holiday. For 10 points, name this collection by Philip Larkin about matrimonial ceremonials on a certain holiday.;;(The) Whitsun Weddings
;;The left background shows some blue-uniformed officers on horses, while the bottom left of this painting shows a dog licking a baby's head, and that baby's hand seems to touch the paw of a monkey, whose head is occupied by a parrot. Visible behind those figures is the stump of the arm of a Zeus-like statue with an infuriated expression and wind gathering in its remaining hand. The upper background shows an army in gas masks on one side, and an army in red hats and cloths on the other. In the foreground, the central figure sits in front of a profusion of plant life and a large dark hand protruding from the ground and holding a sphere. Thanks to the photos of Lucienne Bloch, it was redone in Mexico City's Palacio de Bellas Artes after the original 63 foot long mural was destroyed by the Rockefeller foundation for its anti-capitalistic iconography, such as Trotsky raising a red flag and Lenin getting everybody to hold hands. For 10 points, name this mural symbolizing the conflicts of humanity in the 1930s, a work of Diego Rivera.;;Man at the Crossroads|Man(,) Controller of the Universe
;;One thinker with this last name outlined three methodological limitations of classical social theory in a chapter titled, "The Predicament of Social Theory." Another work by that same author contains a section that attempts to show "the unity of the psychological and political ideas of liberalism." This last name is shared by a thinker who analyzed a view he termed "Scientiphicalism," in his essay "Free Will and Scientiphicalism,"  while another work by this author asks the question "What is involved when an actual person... survives until some future time?" and is titled Identity, Consciousness and Value. The first thinker of this name authored a book titled Law in Modern Society, which elaborated on the ideas that thinker had advanced in Knowledge and Politics, while the second thinker of this name asked why we are relatively forgiving of those who do nothing to lessen the suffering of others in Living High and Let Die. That philosopher also wrote a book in which he claimed that certainty is absolute and, since knowledge involves the right to be sure, if one knows something it is ok to be dogmatic about it, but since this is never the case knowledge must be impossible. For ten points, give this last name shared by Brazilian legal philosopher Roberto, and the author of Ignorance: The Case for Skepticism, Peter.;;Unger
;;Diderot was accused of plagiarizing this author's The Father of the Family. In a work by this author, an indifferent cavalier offers water to the crafty titular woman who pretends to faint to test him along with three other men, and then decides to marry the waiter Fabricus instead. In the Prologue to another, a young woman leads a duck named Mario around on a leash while the leading actor apologizes that there was incredible traffic on the canal. His Le Borru bienfaisant or The Beneficient Bear was performed for the marriage of Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette, and he also changed Squire B's named into Milord Bonfil for his libretto adaptation of Samuel Richardson's Pamela. For 10 points, name this 18th century admirer of Moliere and playwright of The Mistress of the Inn and The Servant of Two Masters, who moved Italian theatre past commedia dell' arte.;;(Carlo) Goldoni
;;The spread of this disease has been combated through the Southern Cone initiative. It can be treated, though not cured, with benznidazole, and a common cause of death in sufferers of it is apical aneurysm. Like Hirschsprung's disease, this illness can cause massive dilation of the colon as well as the esophagus, but more dangerous is denervation of the atria, cardiac ischemia, and severe cardiac myopathy, which lead to chronic heart disease. The most notable diagnostic sign of this disease is defined by conjunctivitis and unilateral edema around the eye and is called Romana's sign. This illness is transmitted through the bite of a triatomine commonly called the assassin bug. For 10 points, identify this disease that, like African sleeping sickness, is caused by a trypanosome protozoan, named for a Brazilian physician.;;Chagas (disease)|American trypanosomiasis
;;Much of the music associated with this cathedral was preserved in the Codex Calixtinus. The La Corticela Chapel was once a separate church, while the Chapel of the Relics houses the tomb of this cathedral's founder, Theodormir, and a Royal Pantheon. The architect Master Mateo is immortalized in the base of a column that sits below a tympanum featuring an enthroned Christ surrounded by the 24 Elders of the Apocalypse tuning their instruments.  Just inside the current western entrance to this building at the Portal of Glory,, it features the Tree of Jesse complete with a print created from the hands of millions of pilgrims. The nave features the large censor, known as the Botafumeiro, a richly decorated statue of this cathedral's namesake saint, which can be kissed by pilgrims, as well as the main altar, emblazoned with a golden scallop shell. For 10 points, name this cathedral in Spain, home to the body of the brother of Jesus.;;(Cathedral) (of) Santiago de Compostela|(Cathedral) (of) St(.) James of Compostela
;;An essay by Joseph Adkins about this writer calls him an "empathetic existentialist" and implicitly compares him to Joseph Conrad. Essays like the one about the titular attack on the road from Kampala, "The Ambush," as well as one on the Nuer refugees entitled "These People, Where Are They?" are contained in his collection about Africa, The Shadow of the Sun, and this writer's last book concerns three periods during which he traveled throughout Soviet and post-Soviet Russia, and is called Imperium. One of this man's books contains a section entitled "Daguerrotypes," told from the perspective of witnesses to its central event, such as Mahmud Azari. Another of his works contains a report from an anti-Western Kwame Nkrumah rally and consists of sketches from Africa and Latin America, including writing on the title conflict. This author of The Soccer War may be more famous for chronicling the "downfall of an autocrat," in his book about the fall of Haile Selassie, entitled The Emperor, as well as for a book about the Iranian revolution, Shah of Shahs. For ten points, identify this Polish correspondent famous for his reporting on upheavals in the Third World.;;(Ryszard) Kapuscinski
;;After being strongly influenced by the doctrines of Filippo Buonarotti, this man organized the "Society of Families," and the "Society of the Seasons," with which he attempted an 1839 insurrection against his country's government. His long terms of imprisonment for revolutionary activities led him to be known as l'enferme, or "the locked-up one," and his writings include the collection Critique sociale as well as a manual on urban guerilla warfare entitled "Instruction for a Taking Up of Arms." During the Franco-Prussian war, this journalist encouraged resistance to the Germans in the periodical "Our Country in Danger," and shortly after his 1881 death, a reconciliation between Marxists and the followers of this man resulted in the formation of the Central Revolutionary Committee.This man's election as the deputy from Bordeaux in 1879 was invalidated, and the government of Adolphe Thiers refused to recognize the presidential election of this man during an 1870 revolt. For ten poins, identify this French Socialist, who was elected President of the Paris Commune.;;(Louis(-)Auguste) Blanqui
;;A parenthetical alternate ending to this novel imagines that its main character died of pneumonia in Rosario. A minor character in this novel, Dr. Diaz Grey, appears in a previous novel by the same author entitled A Brief Life, while this work's main character reappears in a future novel entitled Body Snatcher. One character in this novel has forged stock certificates for 10,000 pesos and sold the forgeries, which leads a character named Galvez to say that he could put the owner of the title business in jail whenever he wants. This novel's main character is assisted by the technical manager Kunz, and pursues both Maria, the pregnant wife of Galvez, and Angelica Ines, the daughter of his employer Jeremias Petrus, who had forged the aforementioned certificates. Set, like many of its author's works, in the fictional town of Santa Maria, for ten points, identify this novel in which Larsen returns to Santa Maria to become general manager of the titular maritime enterprise, probably the most famous work of Juan Carlos Onetti.;;(The) Shipyard|(El) astillero
;;An extensive study of the history of this region was conducted by Whitney Cross, who connected the activity in this region to an overabundance of women and an increase in educational uniformity.  In opposition to activities in this region, John Williamson Nevin founded the Mercersburg movement, and one famous individual active in this region was opposed at the 1827 New Lebanon Conference by Nathaniel Berman and Lyman Beecher. Berman and Beecher were in opposition to what they called the "new measures," being employed in this region, which focused on plain speaking, direct address, and titles like "The Wages of Sin is Death." The name of this region was popularized by Charles Grandison Finney, who sparked the activity that this region is famous for with sermons at Rome, Utica, and Rochester. Lying west of the Catskills and the site of intense evangelical preaching from 1825 until about 1850, for ten points, identify this region of western New York, whose name comes from the fact that religious revivals spread through it like fire.;;(the) Burned Over District
;;This man's Prologue to Troy, No.2 is a reworking of Lucas Cranach's Judgment of Paris, while two bluebirds on branches join the title figure in Elvira Among the Flowers. The Sea Nymph was part of an exhibition associating him with Odysseus, and his time on St. Maarten studying Chinese calligraphy influenced a homage to Andrew Marvell which depicts a bathing woman watched by an egret in a tropical landscape. That work, which is called In a Green Shade, was created a year after his first Mecklenburg Autumn series. Conjure Woman and a Zurbaran inspired painting called Baptism are part of his Prevalence of Ritual series and he created The Lamp on the 30th anniversary of Brown v. Board. He also created works like Summertime, Patchwork Quilt, and The Calabash, all examples of his collage works. For 10 points, name this artist, perhaps best known for using techniques drawn variously from Op Art, the Mexican muralists, and cubism to depict African-American life.;;(Romare) Bearden
;;This man identified his philosophy regarding the Masons in his Memoir to the Duke of Brunswick. One of his works draws on Origen's On First Principles to identify the ambivalence inherent in the expiatory virtue of "the effusion of blood," though that work goes on to condemn the superstition surrounding its title concept. Besides Enlightenment on Sacrifice, this man defended a widely maligned institution in his Letters to a Russian Gentleman on the Spanish Inquisition. A series of debates between The Knight, The Count, and The Senator comprise one of his works, while the fourth part of another work begins by declaring every schismatical church a Protestant church. That work's second section deals with the title figure's relations with "his temporal sovereignties," while the first section declares its subject infallible. For 10 points, name this ultramontane Savoyard who wrote the Saint Petersburg Dialogues and presented his Catholic apologetics in On the Pope.;;(Joseph) de Maistre
;;Algorithms for analyzing this property are attributed to Elston and Stewart and to Lander and Green, though the latter is limited to small pedigrees. The LOD score refers to the ratio of the probability that data arise due to a given value of this property to the probability that they arise due to this property being absent and is maximized in an algorithm for determining this property developed by Strachan and Read. Mapping functions to define distance in terms of the complement of this property were originated by Kosambi and by Haldane. Microsatellite tracking can be used to evaluate this property, which can also be evaluated by calculating recombination frequency. A unit of distance that refers to a one in one hundred chance that this property's complement occurs is called the centimorgan. This quality most often arises due to physical proximity on a gene. For 10 points, give this term that refers to the tendency of multiple loci to violate independent assortment and to instead be inherited together.;;genetic linkage (algorithms)
;;This sculptor was commissioned to create a series of paintings including a Visitation at the chapel in the Jesuit's college at Aix-en-Provence. He drew on the paintings of artists such as Giovanni Andrea Ferrari and Gioacchino Asseretto for his early terracotta work Storming of St. Peter, while other works in Genoa include decorations for the Lorellini family and two sculptures to be placed under the dome of the Santa Maria Assunta di Carignano. Besides creating those depictions of Sebastian and the Blessed Alessandro Sauli, his later works include a Perseus and Andromeda group commissioned by Louis XIV for Versailles. His most famous sculpture depicts a man twisting his torso to remove a hand that has become stuck in the stump of an oak tree, and that man is depicted with claws sinking into his thighs as lion bites into his backside. For 10 points, name this French Baroque sculptor, best known for his Milo of Crotona.;;(Pierre) Puget
;;After his arrest for involvement with the Lithuanian Social Democratic Party, this man founded the SDKPiL in Warsaw in 1899. During the October Revolution of 1917, this man controlled security at the Bolshevik headquarters in the Smolny Institute, and as chair of the Supreme Economic Council, this man was aligned with Bukharin in his support for the New Economic Policy. Along with E.A. Preobrazhenskii and M.K. Muralov, this man was part of a triumvirate that headed the first Central Control Commission of the Bolshevik party, which was responsible for party discipline. This man organized the first Russian concentration camps and in 1991, pro-democracy demonstrator tore down a statue of this man that stood outside the headquarters of the KGB, a the successor organization to the one headed by this man. For ten points, identify this Bolshevik, the first head of the Cheka whose notorious cruelty earned him the sobriquet "Iron Felix.".;;(Felix) (Edmundovich) Dzerzhinsky
;;This property has been been observed in a four aluminum atom cluster compound and a tritungsten nonoxide anion. This property may be quantified as the diamagnetic susceptibility exaltation, symbolized capital lambda. One molecule with this property is formed in the Elbs reaction. One family of reactions with these molecules sees them form allylic cations called Wheland intermediates. Ring currents in molecules with this property severely shield protons above and below them and deshield those in their plane. The energy owing to this property is named for Dewar, and a form of this property, exhibited by barrelene, was first demonstrated by Herges.. For 10 points, name this property of molecules that have continuous cyclic systems of sp2 hybridized atoms, which generally have 4n+2 pi electrons in those systems, an especially strong resonance stabilization..;;aromaticity
;;This figure's name is often translated as ``the lord of what is seen,'' or ``the lord who sees.'' Extensively studied by Marie-Therese de Mallmann, this figure is sometimes represented in the form of Amoghapasa, which depicts him holding a rope, or in the form of Hayagriva, which depicts him with a horse's head. A notable protector of seafarers, this being is worshipped as Kannon in Japan, where pilgrimage circuits to him have 33 stations in recognition of his 33 manifestations, and he is one of the key protectors of Tibet, where the mantra ``Om mane padme hum'' is recited in praise of him. A discussion of this figure's many forms, the dangers he can dispel, and his name appears in the 25th chapter of the Lotus Sutra, while the Flower Garland Sutra identifies his dwelling place as Potalaka Mountain. According to the Pure Land Sutra, this being, along with Mahasthamaprapa, is one of the assistants of the Amitabha Buddha, serving as a kind of psychopomp, and a common depiction of him has him holding a lotus in his left hand. The most popular figure of worship in the Mahayana pantheon, this being is often depicted with eleven heads, a thousand eyes, and a thousand arms. For ten points, identify this Buddhist deity, the bodhisattva of infinite compassion.;;Avalokitesvara
;;Scholarly works cited in this text include David Brion's "Some Themes of Counter-Subversion," and Norman Cohn's The Pursuit of the Millennium, which the author argues addresses the same phenomenon as this work. This work's second section takes as a "suitable point of departure," a book written by John Robison directed against an organization founded by Adam Weishaupt, while later this work asserts that "Anti-Catholicism has always been the pornography of the Puritan." In this work, a sermon preached by Jedediah Morse, as well as an excerpt from the Texas State Times are quoted as examples of the persistence of the titular phenomenon, and its other notable sections include a discussion of "Illuminism and Masonry" as well as an analysis of why the practitioners of the titular rhetoric feel dispossessed. Noting that the titular institution "has often been an arena for angry minds," and citing the John Birch society as an example of the titular practice "in action," for ten points, identify this essay by Richard Hofstadter which analyzes the rhetoric of conspiracy theories.;;(The) Paranoid Style in American Politics
;;In Augusto Roa Bastos' Yo, el supremo, this historical figure makes a brief appearance when he is asked to save Tiku Alarcon, who had mistakenly entered the Tevego colony. In real life, this man promoted free trade through the Reglamento Provisioso and his army included a large contigent of Guarani Indians led by Andres Guacari. This man came to prominence as the leader of a unit known as the Blandengues, and he won a major victory at Las Piedras only to be expelled from his country by a Portuguese force following his defeat at Tacuarembo, marking the end of a period known as the Patria Vieja. This man's former officer, Juan Antonio Lavalleja, would eventually achieve the cause championed by this man when Lavalleja led the Thirty-Three Immortals in the liberation of a nation whose first president was Jose Fructuoso Rivera. For ten points, identify this patriot whose efforts to obtain independence for the Banda Oriental led to him being known as the father of an independent Uruguay.;;(Jose) (Gervasio) Artigas
;;In a letter to Harriet Monroe, this poem's author acknowledged that it "may well be elliptical and actually obscure," and answered her previous criticism of it by claiming that "as a poet I may... be more interested in the... illogical impingements of the connotations of words." The word "monody" in the penultimate line of this poem may have been incorporated from a poem of that name by this poem's subject, and this poem's second stanza describes "the calyx of death's bounty giving back/ a scattered chapter, livid hieroglyph." Samuel Hazo, the author of a book about this poem's author, argues that its third stanza, which describes a sea with "its lashes charmed and malice reconciled," is stylistically connected to the poet's earlier works "Voyages," and "Ave Maria," while its last stanza claims that "Compass, quadrant and sextant contrive no farther tides." Famous for its enigmatic assertion that the title figure "saw the dice of drowned men's bones bequeath an embassy," for ten points, identify this Hart Crane poem, whose title refers to the resting place of the author of The Confidence Man.;;At Melville's Tomb
;;Any number of this type must have the form n equals 12 m plus 1 or n equals 36 m + 9, for integer m, according to a theorem by Jacques Touchard. They would have the form a squared times quantity 4 b plus 1 raised to the power 4 c plus 1, a result demonstrated by Euler. These numbers do not exist if Ore's conjecture is true, and if one does exist, the work of Brent, Cohen, and Riele indicates that it must be greater than 10 to the 300 power.  Arguments against the existence of these numbers include Sylvester's web of conditions and the Pomerance heuristic, and unlike a similar type of number, they do not correspond to Mersenne primes. For ten points, identify this type of thus-far undiscovered number, which equals the sum of its divisors and is not divisble by two.;;odd perfect (number)
;;An article by Tyler Burge about the "content" of these philosophical concepts outlines the modality-dominated strategy and the cognition-dominated strategy for applying Frege's Principle to these concepts. An essay which opens with the example of Ctesias hunting unicorns was written by W.V.O. Quine about quantifiers and these philosophical concepts. A paper critical of these concepts refers to them as "the systematic core of folk psychology," and argues that an eliminative materialist approach will allow us to transcend a system that employs these concepts. That paper was written by Paul Churchland, while Daniel Dennett has defended the use of these concepts by advocating that people take what he calls "the intentional stance." Originally proposed by Bertrand Russell, for ten points, identify these mental states like believing and wishing, which indicate an individual's disposition toward a certain statement.;;propositional attitudes
;;This essay was submitted to Blackwood's Magazine with the signature X.Y.Z., and accompanied by a note from the editor alleging that this work was no more "in earnest... than Erasmus in his Praise of Folly." Presented in the form of a "Williams Lecture," this essay opens with the assertion that "practice and theory must advance parri passu" before the author claims that he is all for virtue and that the title action is an "improper line of conduct." This essay recounts how its author was drinking tea on Berners' Street with Samuel Taylor Coleridge when a neighboring house caught fire, while another incident retold in this essay involves a boxing match between an Englishman and a baker from Mannheim. In this essay Cain is held only to have been a "so-so" practitioner of the title action and this essay disapproves of those such as Miss Bland or Captain Donnellan, saying "Fie on those dealers in poison," while those approvingly cited in it are the M'Keands and Mr. Thurtell, who had planned an instance of the title action involving a pair of barbells. For ten points, identify this satirical essay written by Thomas de Quincey, which advocates the aesthetic appreciation of killing.;;On Murder(,) (Considered) (as) (One) (of) (the) (Fine) (Arts)
;;The occurrence of this event marks the peak of the visibility function tau. Large scale CMB anisotropies correspond to modes with greater than the horizon wavelength at the time of this event, and in general, the anisotropy spectrum peaks correspond to modes trapped at their maximum during this event. The early-stage Integrated Sachs-Wolfe effect occurs immediately following this event. The Saha equation is used to show that this event occurs at a temperature of roughly 3600 Kelvin, or about 0.25 eV and a redshift of 1100, and this event precedes photon decoupling. After the occurrence of this event, photons free-streamed away from the surface of last scattering, forming the CMB. Occurring about 300,000 years after the Big Bang, for ten points, identify this cosmological event, the point at which the universe became sufficiently cool that stable hydrogen could form without being ionized.;;recombination
;;This technique was first proposed by Horace Babcock, and this technique allows systems to approach the Fried coherence limit. Fried and Greenwood also derived the bandwidth limit for systems that implement this technique, which can correct one Zernike mode per actuator. One operation necessary for performing this technique is accomplished through the use of the Shack-Hartmann procedure; that operation is wavefront sensing. This technique relies on the presence of a guide star as well as the object to be imaged and a fast-steering mirror which removes aberrations induced by the tilt. The use of this technique allows large mirrors to achieve diffraction-limited imaging. For ten points, identify this experimental technique which utilizes a deformable mirror to remove phase distortions induced by atmospheric turbulence.;;adaptive optics
;;A response to this document established the "principle of subsidiary function" in trying to find a "middle way"  and this document's author was greatly influenced by the corporatist Fribourg Union and the teachings of Wilhelm von Ketteler. The 22nd section of this work notes that "a most strict account must be given to the Supreme Judge for all we possess," and 59th section argues that mutual associations among Catholics are beneficial to the state. It mentions a "dictate of natural justice more imperious and ancient" than bargains between men and cites Thomas Aquinas' On the Governance of Rulers to support notions of distributive justice. This religious document, issued just before the encyclical Inter innumeras, argues that socialists, who would "set aside the parent... act against natural justice and destroy the structure of the home," but acknowledges that employers are obligated to pay a fair wage. Issued by a man known as the Workers' Pope, for ten points, identify this encyclical concerned with the "rightful duties of capital and labor," issued by Leo XIII.;;Rerum Novarum|New Things
;;One of the provisions of this agreement would later be renegotiated in the Angell Treaty, and this treaty was negotiated when its namesake was sent back to his home nation as a good will ambassador. The fourth article of this treaty specified a mutual respect for cemeteries, and that article also specified that the citizens of both nations party to this treaty would be free from religious persecution. This treaty's eighth article demanded that one signatory provide protections for engineers, but nevertheless disclaimed "intervention by one nation in the affairs... of another," and disavowed any right to intervene in regard to the construction of railroads and other improvements. This treaty contained a provision providing one nation with most-favored-nation status, which led to fears of unlimited immigration from that country. For ten points, identify this 1868 treaty negotiated between the United States and China by its namesake.;;Burlingame (Treaty)|(the) (Treaty) (of) Tientsin
;;John Martin's Romantic version shows two rivers emptying into a canyon with radiant white angels in the background. The almoners of Antwerp commissioned a triptych on this theme by Barend van Orley, while a Romanesque depiction of it is on the west tympanum of the cathedral at Saint-Lazare and was created by Gislebertus. Lucas van Leyden's version shows the gaping maw of a massive fish on the right wing, while another depiction shows Christ resting his feet on a golden globe as he sits on a rainbow. That version centrally shows St. Michael in the vestiments of a priest as he weighs two men and is the Beaune Altarpiece of Rogier van der Weyden. The most famous depiction of is believed to contain the artist's self-portrait in the flayed skin held by Saint Bartholomew and earned complaints of indecency from Biagio da Cesena, since it depicts a group of nude figures in the sky. For 10 points, name this scene depicted on the western wall behind the altar of the Sistine Chapel.;;Last Judgment
;;P-glycoprotein upregulates these complexes to facilitate the proliferation of dendritic cells, and one of their protein constituents has been found to associate with and regulate multiple growth- and transcription-related proteins, such as PTEN and c-Jun. One protein that makes up these complexes also catalyzes telomere addition to the ends of chromosomes and is called TEP1. They can be mobilized along microtubules to associate with the nuclear envelope, giving credence to the theory that they may be involved in intracellular transport processes. Ninety-six copies of their major protein constituent self-assemble into a barrel-like structure, although these organelles can also open into an octahedral flower-like configuration. These organelles' internal RNA molecules bind argonaute proteins and may mediate drug resistance in cancer cells. For 10 points, name these highly conserved cytoplasmic ribonucleoprotein organelles of 39-fold symmetry and uncertain function.;;vaults|vault (organelles(;))|vault (cytoplasmic) (ribonucleoprotein)
;;This writer received some exposure when some of his early works were included in Mary Wrinn's The Hollow Reed, and his only dramatic work is the verse play Shenandoah. In one story by this writer, Belmont returns to the titular country from Paris and listens to the story of the Baumann family, while another story opens with a nameless narrator who dreams that he is in a theater watching a Sunday afternoon in 1909. In addition to "America! America!" and "In Dreams Begin Responsibilities," this writer's other stories are collected in The World is a Wedding, and he chronicled the divorce of his parents in the poem Genesis. A quotation from Whitehead about "the withness of the body" prefaces his poem about a "heavy animal" with "a manifold of honey to smear his face," "The Heavy Bear Who Goes With Me," while "Reflected headlights slowly slid the wall," in the titular location of one of his poems entitled "In the naked bed, in Plato's cave."  The poet of works compiled in such collections as Vaudeville for a Princess and Summer Knowledge for ten points, identify this Jewish poet whose life was the basis for Saul Bellows' Humboldt's Gift, and to whom John Berryman dedicated his Dream Songs.;;(Delmore) Schwartz
;;One part of this work was filmed with custom-made green filters intended to evoke thoughts of urine. One character in this work makes his last appearance when he watches the doctor Roman try to commit suicide by skiing off an embankment after discovering his impotency and encouraging his wife to take a lover. The former character was earlier seen navigating a boat to a shore where a girl debates opening a letter; that girl later weeps until she realizes her father had merely gone out for milk and then reveals how she had planned to seduce him. The first part closes with a man entering a church after he learns that his computer's calculation about the weight threshold of ice has failed and that his son Pawel has drowned. Artur Barcis plays various anonymous characters in all but the last section, and a namesake housing project is a central location throughout this work. For 10 points, name this collection of one hour films based on the Commandments, a creation of Krzysztof Kieslowski.;;Decalogue|Dekalog (take) Dekalog 5 (during) (the) (first) (line)
;;At the end of this work, after searching for Tom Collins ingredients, the narrator notes that after an ounce of whisky he either gets violently sick or starts scanning the room for unbelievers, and a child in a photograph is later identified as Charlotte Mayhew. At the beginning of this story, the narrator is misidentified as Dickie Briganza, and at the end, the narrator takes a diary out of a laundry hamper, in which the diarist notes that he has been reading "a miscellany of Vedanta all day;" this occurs after guests such as the Lieutenant and Mrs. Silsburn leave the narrator's appartment. This story takes its title from a line from one of Sappho's bridal songs, and the titular phrase is later discovered by its narrator on a bathroom mirror as a message from his sister Boo Boo, who claims to outrank everyone on this block and who, like the narrator and his brother appeared on "It's a Wise Child." For ten points, identify this story in which Buddy attends a wedding that has to be called off because his brother doesn't show up to marry Muriel, and which is often published together with Seymour, an Introduction.;;Raise High the Roof Beam(,) Carpenters
;;This agreement was signed under pressure from Sir Edward Wortley Montagu and Count Jacob Colijer, and a commercial component of this treaty included the formation of an "Eastern Company," for the purposes of trade in Trieste. In the war which preceded the signing of this agreement, one side had won naval victories at the battles of Cape Matapan and Cerigo, and that conflict was begun partly through the instigations of the Chief Black Eunuch. The territory ceded by one party to this treaty would be gained back by the Treaty of Belgrade; that territory included Belgrade itself, Temesvar, and Northern Wallachia. Following its entry into a war to prevent Venice from collapse, the Austrian won a decisive victory at Petrovaradin, in which Silahadar Pasha was killed, leading to the signing of this treaty. Reflecting the gains made by Austria under the leadership of Eugene of Savoy, for ten points, identify this July 1718 treaty signed between Austria and the Ottomans in the namesake Serbian town.;;(Peace) (of) Passarowitz|Pozarevac
;;In a 1980 postscript to this work, its author claimed that he didn't want to get involved in definitional questions, citing the work of Paul Ziff and Morris Weitz in support of that decision. In a section on "The Analysis of Fictional Sentences," this work cites the Falsity theory and the descriptive theory of Russell, before explicating what he calls the "nonpredication theory," put forth by P.F. Strawson. Recalling how he once made up the expression "laminated government," in a class, the author of this work provides a chart which illustrates four theories of metaphors. The "performatory," "emotive," and "relativistic" theories are explicated in a late section of this work titled "The Nature of Critical Argument," while completeness and coherence are held to be the components of unity in another section, which provides examples such as Las Meninas and the third Brandenburg Concerto. This work is divided into 12 sections including "The Literary Work," "The Meaning of Music," and "Artistic Truth." Subtitled "Problems in the Philosophy of Criticism," for ten points, identify this magnum opus of Monroe Beardsley on the philosophy of art.;;Aesthetics(:) (Problems) (in) (the) (Philosophy) (of) (Criticism)
;;A formula according to Bott gives a way of calculating these values on holomorphic vector spaces and the calculation of these values is used in the Mellin transform. The ability to calculate these values is necessary for performing an inverse Laplace transform, as knowing these values allows one to evaluate the Browich integral. If a function of z is expanded in a Laurent series around a point z-nought, then this value is given by the coefficient of the term "one over z minus z-nought," and another definition of this quantity is given via the clockwise contour integral of the function around the non-removable singularity. For ten poitns, idetnify this value which is given by its namesake theorem when a complex-valued function is integrated around a contour that encloses a pole.;;residues
;;Though frequently noted in the Anghani for his interest in poetry and stinginess to poets who praised other rulers, this man once allowed ibn Harma to indulge his love of wine. His insufficiently extreme religious views incited the assassination attempt of the messianic Rawandiya cult, and during his reign, the anti-Arab and pro-Persian Shu'ubiyya movement began. Also noted for being the first caliph to commission translations of the Sindhind and the Almagest into Arabic, this ruler earlier defeated the Zoroastrian revivalist movement of Sunbadh, whose rebellion was in response to this man's murder of his ally from Khorasan, Abu Muslim. He came to power after the death of his brother al-Saffah and was noted for his hostility to Alids and Shiites. He was succeeded by his son al-Mahdi and he moved the capital of the caliphate to a city where the House of Wisdom would be built. For 10 points, name this ruler known for establishing the capital at Baghdad during his reign as the second caliph of the Abbasids.;;(Abu) (Jafar) al(-)Mansur
;;This character has sex in an attic with a Jewish orchestra director named Thomas whose Polish family members have all been exterminated. She attempts to induce a miscarriage by immersing herself in a scalding hot bath and jumping off a table after her abrupt marriage to a man who only takes her out of the house to attend "sundowners" with his friends from the Sports Club. Earlier in the book that concludes with her marriage to Douglas Knowell, she argues with her brother Jonathan about the political and social acceptability of two Jewish shopkeepers' sons from whom she has always borrowed books, Solly and Joss Cohen. This character, who grows up on a farm in Africa, is annoyed by Mrs. Van Rensberg's comparison of her to the more fashionable Marnie in a novel named for her that appears in a series along with books like Landlocked and A Proper Marriage. For 10 points, name this woman, the title character of the first novel in Doris Lessing's Children of Violence series.;;Martha Quest
;;The theme of the opening section of this composition revolves around a D-C sharp-B-A sequence, while John Daverio's Crossing Paths skewers Eric Sams' cryptographic argument that this work is among those by its composer to utilize variations on a C-B-A-G sharp-A sequence. This composition's instrumental postlude quotes both "Der Mond komt still gegangen" and "Am leuchtenden Sommermorgen," and in the twelfth song of this work flowers instruct the narrator not to be angry with their sister and call him a "sad, pale man." This work, whose composer dedicated it to Wilhemine Schroder-Devrient, adds textual repetitions in only one movement, Ich grolle nicht. The last word of this work falls on a half-diminished chord, and the climax of its Aus alten Marchen song has been described as a conflict between this composer's artistic personalities Florestan and Eusebius. For 10 points, name this song cycle consisting of 16 settings of Heinrich Heine poems, written by Robert Schumann.;;Dichterliebe|(The) Poet's Love
;;Ye and Gellman studied the transition state of this reaction as conducted with fluoroalkanes on platinum (111) surfaces. Because the rate of this process is minimized, styrene polymerization proceeds most quickly in solvents with proper dielectric constant from four to four point two. This process may be prevented by employing trans-spanning ligands to prevent open cis sites from becoming available, or by the use of neopentyl ligands. This process accounts for the potential migration of double bonds in the Heck reaction and proceeds by the migration of a ligand hydrogen to the metal as the metal-ligand bond is pushed into a double bond. For 10 points, name this process in transition metal catalysis, wherein the departure of an H- ("H" minus) results in an alkene.;;beta hydride elimination
;;One essay in this collection argues that "what the world needs is a balance of economic and political power so that no party... no government is omnipotent." Another essay in this collection relates the author's conversations with a man who was pseudonymized as "Chalmers" by Christopher Isherwood, and that essay concludes that "the interests of [those] who care for the value of freedom must be identified with those of the many who need bread." The author of that essay in this collection, who had previously published a work entitled Forward From Liberalism, was the poet Stephen Spender. Yet another work in this collection, which is divided into two sections entitled "The Initiates," and "Worshippers from Afar," is partly concerned with the trial of John Ross, and was written by Richard Wright. Probably the most famous essay in this collection begins "A faith is not acquired by reasoning," and was written by a man who had planned to write a book called The Soviet Land through Bourgeois Eyes, and later wrote a work about two different ways of coping with the world, "The Yogi and the Commissar." Collected and edited by Richard Crossman and Arthur Koestler, for ten points, identify this collection of essays detailing various intellectuals' disillusion with communism.;;(The) God that Failed