;;It was accompanied by a note to the reader that identifies a "person on business from Porlock" interfering with its composition.  Written in iambic tetrameter, its first section describes "gardens bright with sinuous rills" and "an incense bearing tree."  With a title inspired by a passage in Purchas' Pilgrimage, it was William Bartram's Travels that suggested the "mighty fountain momently ...  forced."  After hearing "a damsel with a dulcimer singing of Mount Abora," the poem's speaker imagines himself building a device in the air that is sunny, in order to fulfill the decree of the title emperor.  FTP, name this poem by Samuel Taylor Coleridge, a work that envisions the construction of "a stately pleasure-dome" in Xanadu.;;Kubla Khan
;;Many members of this religion skip one meal a month and donate the saved money to their religious organization in the "offer a meal" movement.  Its adherents subscribe to "Four Affirmations," including physical cleanliness, tradition and the family, and love of nature.  Its cosmology includes the High Plain of Heaven and the Dark Land, or Yomi.  This religion's shrine or jinja tradition was closely associated with the state tradition until the end of World War II, when the emperor renounced his divinity.  FTP name this religion involving the worship of kami, most prevalent in Japan.;;Shintoism
;;When this compound is hyperpolarized, it can be used in NMR studies of the lung to diagnose emphysema and asthma, and like boron triflouride, it can be used in Geiger-Mueller counter to detect neutrons.  It reacts with hydrogen in the fourth branch of the proton-proton chain, and Anthony Leggett won his 2003 Nobel for studying superfluidity in this compound; he noted that it achieves that state at 2 millikelvins because its nuclei are fermions.  It is believed to be abundant in the upper regiolith of Earth's moon, but it is most often obtained from the beta decay of tritium.  FTP, name this non-radioactive isotope of the lightest noble gas with 2 protons and 1 neutron in its nucleus.;;Helium(-)3
;;She was miscast as Cydaria, the daughter of Montezuma, so John Dryden tried her next in a comic role. Her appearance as Florimel in Secret Love earned the admiration of the Earl of Dorset, who invited her to court. A crowd attending the Parliament at Oxford mistook her for her rival, Louise de Keroualle, Duchess of Portsmouth, and surrounded her carriage. She emerged to reassure the mob with the words "Be civil, good people. I am the Protestant whore!" With good reason Pepys described her as both pretty and witty.  FTP, name this one-time orange-seller at the Theatre Royal in Drury Lane, the most famous mistress of Charles II.;;(Nell) Gwyn
;;Created for Luman Reed, a successful Coxsackie businessman, each of the five canvases that make up this group features the same hill or mountain, with a rock at its top and a sheer face, in the background.  The Third scene borrows from Canaletto's paintings of the Grand Canal, while the artist said of the fourth scene, which features a large headless statue and lots of smoke, that, "Luxury has weakened and debased.  A savage enemy has entered the city."  Tracing the development of an unnamed nation from its savage and pastoral states, to its consummation, and subsequent destruction and desolation, this is, FTP, what 1830s series of paintings by Thomas Cole?.;;The Course of Empire
;;The cruel police officer Cruz is compared to a snake, while the killing of the Albino is justified by Father Olguin as an instinctive reaction to evil.  Other notable events in this work include a description of the Eagle Watcher's Society in section 1, "The Longhair," and Angela St. John's plans to seduce the main character after seeing him chop wood.  Divided into four parts, each chapter in this novel takes place on a specific date; on the final date, February 28, the protagonist, who has returned to Walatowa, prepares his grandfather Francisco for burial in the traditional manner and then heads out for a ceremonial run.  For ten points, identify this work about Abel that takes its title from the first words of a Navajo chant, the most famous work of N.  Scott Momaday.;;House Made of Dawn
;;It began when a wig-maker's apprentice named Garrick called out to a passing man who had not paid his bill. That man, Captain Samuel Goldfinch, ignored the cry and an argument broke out between Garrick and a nearby sentry who came to Goldfinch's defense. A crowd quickly formed around the combatants, and when the sentry knocked Garrick to the ground they became abusive. Captain Thomas Preston and eight other men were arrested following this event, and all but two were acquitted on the basis of self-defense.  FTP, name this event, which ended with the deaths of Samuel Maverick, James Caldwell, Patrick Carr, Samuel Gray, and Crispus Attucks.;;(The) Boston Massacre
;;The uniform one of these induces a topology on Euclidean space that is finer than the product topology and coarser than the box topology.  One of these can be defined for any regular space with a countable basis, according to the Urysohn theorem.  The discrete topology corresponds to one of these functions that gives 0 for identical points and 1 for any distinct pair of points.  One of these can be defined in terms of a norm as the norm of the difference of the arguments.  FTP name these positive-definite, symmetric functions that obey the triangle inequality and give the distance between any pair of points in a space.;;metrics
;;This song originally appeared on a 1976 album sandwiched between "Squealer" and "R.  I.  P.  (Rock in Peace)."  It was the theme song for Axl Rotten's partner in the Hardcore Chair Swingin' Freaks in the ECW.  The singer boasts, "If your name is on the guest list / No one can take you higher," and says of the title objects that some "are held for charity / And some for fancy dress," but Bon Scott prefers it when they're held for pleasure.  The title objects "are always bouncing / To the left and to the right" in, FTP, this AC/DC song supposedly about large social gatherings, which is actually about large testicles.;;Big Balls
;;Also known as the battle of Zalgiris, the losing side had withdrawn from Schwetz and was defending the line of the River Drewenz.  The overall conflict had started with an uprising in Samogitia and the losing side had initially invaded Kuyavia.  The victorious army included a contingent of Moldavians sent by Alexander the Kind, while the losing army was led by Ulrich von Juningen.   Simon Lingwen commanded a contingent from the Russian city of Smolensk, which held the right flank of the eventual victors after the retreat of the light cavalry.   The winning side, commanded by Wladyslaw Jagiello and his brother Vytautus the Great,  smashed the power of the Ordenstaat in Prussia, in FTP, this 1410 battle where a combined Polish-Lithuanian army decisively defeated the Teutonic Knights.;;() (Battle) (of) Tannenberg|(Battle) (of) Grunwald
;;Mrs.  Caldwell Speaks to her Son is written in the form of an unstable matriarch's letters, while his collections of short stories include The Windmill and The Mirror.  His non-fiction includes Genes, Gods, and Tyrants and Voyage to Alcarria.  Many of his works were first published in Argentina after being banned by his country's government.  A consistent provocateur, his Secret Dictionary was filled with scatological humor and taboo definitions.  One of his works, set at Dona Rosa's coffee shop, offers a panoramic view of Madrid after the end of the Civil War, while another explores the motivations of the impoverished title character who is executed after killing his mother.  For ten points, identify this Spanish Nobel Laureate and author of Mazurka for Two Dead Men, The Hive and a The Family of Pascual Duarte.;;(Don) (Camilo) (Jose) Cela (Trulock)
;;The LUMA assay uses chemiluminescent methods to detect this process, and bisulfite treatment or pyrosequencing can also be used to detect it.  It can be inhibited by decitabine, and errors in one protein responsible for it cause the rare ICF syndrome.  It is also important in distinguishing the template strand during MutL-MutS-mediated mismatch repair.  It occurs in CpG islands within promoter sequences as a means of regulation, and it is a common vehicle for genomic imprinting, as seen in Prader-Willi and Angelman's syndromes.  Also occurring excessively in the CGG repeats of Fragile-X syndrome and in Barr bodies, FTP, name this mechanism of gene silencing involving the attachment of the namesake chemical group to DNA.;;(DNA) Methylation (Don't) (accept) (protein)|(histone) (methylation(;)) (all) (of) (the) (clues) (are) (unique) (to) (DNA) (methylation)
;;The Lithuanian Bangputys and the Inuit Idliragijenget both have this role, as does a Polynesian figure who frequently turns into a green lizard to signal good weather.  In Ugaritic myth, two magical clubs crafter by Kothar are used to defeat one of these figures after he is cast out from Mount Sappan.  One of these figures sees his servant Fimafeng killed in the Lokasenna while hosting a feast of the gods.  The Polynesian Tangaroa shares this role with the rival of Baal Hadad, Prince Yam.  In Norse myth, the two gods with this role are married to Ran and Skadi, and in Greek myth the Olympian god with this role is married to Amphitrite.  FTP name this role shared by Aegir, Njord and Poseidon.;;(god) (of) (the) seas|oceans
;;One man of this name wrote sections describing the adventures of Miss Harriet Simper and Tom Brainless in his poem The Progress of Dulness.  Another man with this name painted Sortie from Gibraltar and The Battle of Bunker Hill, and saw the National Academy of Design established by disaffected students during his time as president of the American Academy of Fine Arts.  The first man wrote the mock-epic M'Fingal and collaborated on The Anarchiad with Lemuel Hopkins, David Humphreys and Joel Barlow.  The second man painted the portrait of Alexander Hamilton that appears on the $10 bill.  FTP give the shared name of a leader of the Hartford Wits and the painter of Declaration of Independence in the Capitol Rotunda.;;(John) Trumbull
;;Cities in this county include Mingachevir, Sumqayit, Ganja and Naftalan, home to petroleum spas.   Its highest point is Mount Bazarduzu and most of it is drained by the Kur River.  During the middle ages, most of it was part of Shirvan, and its territory was formerly known as Arran in Armenian and Albania in the Graeco-Roman world.  It controls the oil-rich Apsheron peninsula as well as the exclave of Nakhchivan.  The country is 60% Shia and 40% Sunni, while Urmia and Tabriz are the capitals of the two provinces bearing its name in Iran.  Currently ruled by Ilham Aliyev, who succeeded his father Heydar, FTP, name this Caucasian country whose capital is Baku.;;() Azerbaijan
;;The "sigma 8" parameter in cosmology is the rms fluctuation in this quantity in spheres with radius 8 megaparsecs over the dimensionless Hubble parameter.  The Boussinesq approximation ignores its variations except in gravity terms.  In elephant trunk globules and salt domes the gradient in this quantity opposes the effective gravity, resulting in the Rayleigh-Taylor instability.  The Poisson equation relates it to the Laplacian of the gravitational potential, and Archimedes' principle states that the buoyant force on an object depends on the object's volume and this property of the surrounding fluid.  FTP name this quantity whose average value is given by an object's mass over its volume.;;(mass(-)energy) density (specifically) (mass) density (after) (Boussinesq)
;;During World War II, he served in the Air Force's Office of Statistical Control, analyzing the effectiveness of Curtis LeMay's B-29's in flattening Japanese cities.   After the war, he join Ford Motors, becoming the first president of that company not named Ford.  Later still, he headed the World Bank, while his wife Margaret used her position as a cabinet spouse to launch Reading is Fundamental.  In his most famous position, he rejected Stuart Symington's proposal to replace the Joint Chiefs of Staff with single Chief of Staff, but he is more noted for rationalizing and consolidating military equipment purchases and his inability to deal with irregular, asymmetrical conflict. FTP, identify this Secretary of Defense under Kennedy and Johnson, the Donald Rumsfeld of the Vietnam War.;;() (Robert) McNamara
;;Notable recordings in which an optional baritone replaces the mezzo soprano soloist in this work are Dietrich Fischer-Dieskau's performances with Paul Kletzki and Leonard Bernstein.  Including such movements as "The Drunkard in Springtime" and "Loneliness in Autumn," its composer described it to Bruno Walter in 1908 as his most personal work yet.  Written after the composer was diagnosed with a heart ailment and his eldest daughter died, its six sections are set to seven poems from The Chinese Flute, a collection of Chinese lyrics translated into German by Hans Bethge.  FTP, name this song cycle for tenor and mezzo soprano that was originally intended to be the 9th symphony of Gustav Mahler.;;(Das) Lied von der Erde or (The) Song of the Earth
;;Act three features the gift of a dead mouse and gingerbread sent to a gentleman caller by a woman feigning madness, while the final act begins with six neighbors telling the master about recent comings and goings during his trip to the "hop yards."  Visitors to the London address where the play is set include Kastril, "a well-to-do youth" who wants to learn how to fight better, and Ananias, a deacon and a "violently fanatical Puritan," who wants to mint money.  Only Pertinax Surly, the friend of Sir Epicure Mammon, sees through the ruses and refuses to buy into the promises made by Dol Common and  Jeremy about their ability to procure the philosopher's stone.  For ten points, name this Ben Jonson comedy about a man named Subtle who practices the title profession that claims to turn base metals into gold.;;(The) Alchemist
;;It begins with an "Author's Preface" that takes place at Shawmut College and was inspired by the work of Laurence Gronlund.  As the novel progresses the protagonist falls in love with the doctor's daughter who is a descendant of Edith Bartlett and gets thrown out of a society dinner in Boston for informing the diners about poverty in the city.  Other characters in this work, that spawned the sequel Equality, include Drs.  Pillsbury and Leete, as well as the manservant Sawyer, who perishes in a fire.  The protagonist, who was hypnotized in an underground sleeping chamber wakes up in the twentieth century.  For 10 points, name this novel about Julian West's adventures in the future, a work of Edward Bellamy.;;Looking Backward (2000(-)1887)
;;This period's early years saw the Sonoman and Marathon orogenies, while in later years the Sphenycodontia evolved to form early therapsids.  Fusulinids and ammonoids are index fossils for this period, during which the development of the Tethys Ocean began.  Euteryptids and trilobites became extinct during this period, and, during its Kungurian age, the super-continent Pangaea was formed.  Fossil deposit sites from this period include a basin near Lubbock, Texas and a namesake region in the foothills of the Ural Mountains.  For 10 points, name this final period of the Paleozoic that ended with the largest-known extinction event.;;Permian (period)
;;Holmstrom and Gibbard and Satherthwaite proposed similar theories, while Duncan Black proposed that this theory be modified with the so-called "single-peaked preference" principle.  Its criterion IIA, also known as the Chernoff condition or Sen's property alpha, concerns the independence of irrelevant alternatives.  Proposed in the 1951 book Social Choice and Individual Values, its other criteria include restricted domain, monotonicity, non-imposition, and non-dictatorship.  FTP name this theorem holding that no voting system based on ranked preferences can meet these criteria given at least three options to select.;;Arrow's impossibility (theorem)
;;This soldier first made his name at Booneville, Mississippi, where his unit beat an enemy force five times larger.  His later posts included governing Texas, and he once claimed that if he owned Hell and Texas, he'd rent out Texas and live in Hell.  Highlights in between included counterattacking successfully at Perryville, winning at Yellow Tavern, where his nemesis J.E.B.  Stuart was killed, and joining his men in a spontaneous and successful charge up Missionary Ridge.  For 10 points, name this namesake of a square in the West Village who, after replacing David Hunter, routed Jubal Early in an 1864 Shenandoah Valley campaign, and who was Grant's best cavalry general in spite of his extreme youth and shortness.;;(Philip) (Henry) Sheridan
;;Lopes et al used them to study the effects of D.  desulfuricans upon stainless steel, and Pei developed a light-emitting variety containing ITO.  The capacity of a series of these items is described by Peukert's law, and their components can be arranged in bobbin, spirally-wound, and prismatic arrangements.  The crowfoot variety, which was developed by Callaud, lacked a porous barrier, unlike the earlier Daniell variety, whose reactants were copper sulfate and zinc sulfate.  Their potentials may be determined from their component concentrations by the Nernst equation.  For 10 points, name these structures containing paired redox reactions which, when linked in series, can form a battery.;;electrochemical cells|galvanic cells|voltaic cells
;;Notable translators of this work include Sir Israel Gollancz in 1891 and Sister Mary Hillman in 1967.  The narrator experiences a vision of the New Jerusalem in the poem's third part.  In the second section, the narrator discusses whether the title figure has replaced Mary as the queen of heaven, before she recites the parable of the Vineyard .  Composed of 101 stanzas, it opens after the narrator falls asleep in an "erber grene" while mourning the loss of the title figure.  For 10 points, name this work, probably written by the author of "Cleanness," "Patience," and "Sir Gawain and the Green Knight," an allegorical poem in Old English.;;Pearl
;;Its artist had treated the subject just two years earlier in an apparent self-portrait that depicted the title figure as ill.  A white sheet attempts to cover a soiled mattress on the left.  The foreground is dominated by a stone table covered with a basket of overripe fruit and a glass carafe filled with red liquid.  The titular figure seems to beckon the audience to taste the contents of his fine goblet.  Painted during the artist's stay with Francesco del Monte, its namesake figure is pudgy and fingers a black velvet bowl as he holds together his white robe.  For ten points, identify this 1597 Caravaggio painting showing the Roman god of wine.;;Bacchus
;;His first significant post was as Home Secretary under Gladstone and Rosebery, and sources for his personal life include his amorous correspondence with Venetia Stanley.  The only Prime Minister to take office on foreign soil, he was Chancellor of the Exchequer until he succeeded Henry Campbell-Bannerman.  In the seventh year of his term, he was forced to form a coalition with the Tories and Bonar Law.  A year later he was outmaneuvered and forced to make way for a man whose "People's Budget" he had championed in 1909.  For 10 points, name this Liberal Prime Minister from 1908-16 who led Britain into World War I and was succeeded by Lloyd George.;;(Herbert) (Henry) Asquith|(the) (Earl) (of) Oxford (and) Asquith
;;An analog of this phenomenon has been used to develop part of the Cheshire Cat Principle, that baryon mass is nearly independent of bag radius in the chiral bag model.  In the case of unbroken supersymmetry, repulsive contributions from fermionic photinos would nullify the normal attractive effect.  It namesake calculated its strength by considering only virtual photons with standing wavefunctions in the cavity.  For 10 points, name this short-range attractive force between two parallel uncharged conducting plates in a vacuum.;;Casimir (effect)
;;It is the main component of Thomas Keller's Peach Melba.  Heliogabalus fed it to his dogs, while Pliny the Elder described an early version of gavage using dried figs in relation to this dish.  Preparations of cromesquis and poutine featuring this ingredient have been produced by Martin Picard, chef of Montreal's Au Pied du Cochon.  In 2007, Ed Smith claimed his "manhood" was at stake after some of his fellow aldermen announced plans to repeal a ban on the sale of this comestible in Chicago.  For 10 points, name this delicious and cruel food item, which is prepared from the livers of force-fed geese and ducks.;;foie gras
;;When the protagonist of this work's first section dies, his body is so feverishly hot that it boils water.  The first part also recounts the sending of the circular letter after the death of the servant girl Aoi.  Another section, entitled "The Sea Bass" in Helen Craig McCullogh's translation, contains an anecdote explaining the good luck of the warrior Kiyomori , yet upon Kiyomori's death, his son Munemori takes over leadership of the Taira, leading to the clan's demise at the hands of the Minamoto clan.  For 10 points, name this chronicle of the Gempei War, a classic work of 14th-century Japanese literature.;;(the) Tale of the Heike|Heike monogatari
;;After the ovaries, this structure is the second most common site of malignant germinomas, and the Fra-2 protein controls NGFB-1 expression in this structure.  Arylalkylamine-N-acetyltransferase controls the rate-limiting step of hormone production in this organ.  An organelle called the synaptic ribbon exists in its namesake cells, and like the retina, this organ also expresses phosducin and opsin.  Along with the habenula, it forms the epithalamus.  It contains the corporea arenacae, which are calcified deposits that show up on skull X-rays, and it is light-sensing in reptiles and birds.  For 10 points, name this melatonin-producing gland in the brain, which is named for its conical shape.;;pineal (gland)|epiphysis cerebri
;;A University of Oklahoma law school dropout, he won the acquittal of the socialist state senator S.  J.  Harper, who was accused of violating the Espionage Act, and used publicity from the case as well as an anti-Standard Oil platform to win election to the state Public Service Commission in 1918 and the governorship in 1928.  Weathering an impeachment attempt in 1929, he led a filibuster against the Glass-Steagall Act in 1933.  His fanciful book My First Days in the White House describes his efforts to enact the "Share the Wealth" program he proposed in his campaign autobiography, Every Man a King.  For 10 points, name this populist Louisiana senator assassinated in 1935.;;(Huey) (Pierce) Long
;;Fionnuala (finn-ooh-la) and her brothers were transformed into these creatures by their wicked stepmother.  Hyria and her son by Apollo both turned into these animals after jumping into a lake, and Apollo used one to travel to the Hyperboreans.  In the Volundarkvitha, Volund and his brothers wed three women associated with these creatures, but after 7 years they fly away.  The relentless questioning of the Princess of Brabant caused one to bear her away her husband, Lohengrin.  FTP name this animal associated with Apollo's son Cycnus whose guise Zeus took while impregnating Leda.;;swans
;;One of the central scenes in this opera is in the Oldenwald forest, in which the titular character lulls Regina to sleep with a concert of angels and is then beset by tempters representing lust, luxury, and money.  Set during the Peasant's Rebellion of 1524-1525, its premiere was postponed due to Nazi opposition, and its composer extracted three scenes-"Angelic Concert," "Entombment," and the "Temptation of St. Anthony"- to form the movements of a symphony of the same name.  FTP, identify this opera or symphony about a painter, based on the Isenheim altarpiece by Grunewald, a work by Paul Hindemith.;;Mathis der Maler
;;These objects can exhibit a quadratic transverse Doppler shift known as the Shklovskii effect.  The distance to one of these objects can be estimated from the line-of-sight electron column density, known as the dispersion measure.  A braking index of less than 3 can occur in models where the magnetic and rotational axes are misaligned, producing a "lighthouse effect."  Initially termed "LGM" upon their discovery by Jocelyn Bell and Anthony Hewish, FTP name these rapidly-spinning, magnetized neutron stars whose emission sweeps past Earth at regular intervals.;;pulsars
;;This man's writings include The Spiritual Resurrection and Meditation on the 25th Psalm, both written after the fall of Munster in 1535, in which he may have lost a brother named Peter.  This man was taken into the nonviolent Anabaptist sect founded by Obbe Phillips, and became its best-known spokesman and eponym.  His followers were concentrated in his native Holland as well as Poland and Ukraine, and suffered a major schism in the 1690s due to Jakob Amman.  Large communities now live in the U.S.  and Western Canada, and have founded universities in Harrisonburg, Virginia and in Winnipeg.  FTP name this leader of a namesake sect whose offshoots include the Hutterites and Amish.;;Menno Simons
;;(accept either name without prompt, prompt on "Mennonites" from people who were visibly asleep for the first half of the tossup)   20. The central couple first meets at a Christmas play and the book opens during a carriage ride through burning bonfires.  A key scene takes place in Book 3: "The Fascination," where a servant, Christian, gambles his mistress' money away to the owner of the Quiet Woman Tavern.  By the end of the novel, its protagonist, a former diamond seller, has lost part of his sight and wanders the land as an itinerant preacher.  This occurs after his wife drowns attempting to run away with her true love, Damon Wildeve.  Ultimately, the death of Eustacia Vye allows Diggory Venn and Thomasin to come together in, for ten points, what novel set in motion by Clym Yeobright's decision to come back to Egdon Heath, a work by Thomas Hardy.;;Return of the Native
;;He battled the pope over the deposition of Archbishop Arnulf of Reims.  During an argument with the Count of Auvergne, he asked "Who made you count" to which the other replied, "Who made you king?"   His grandson Robert founded a cadet line of his dynasty in Burgundy, and he crowned his son king nine years before his death, possibly to insure continuity should he die campaigning against the Moors in Spain.  Succeeded by his son Robert II, he allied with Otto II and Otto III to dominate the last Carolingian kings.  FTP, name this first king of a namesake dynasty in France which lasted from 987 to 1328.;;Hugh Capet
;;In one test of this theory, some subjects were offered $1 or $20 to discuss the experiment with a stooge.  Bem's self-perception theory offers an alternate explanation for the more positive responses from the $1 subjects, and for the results of forbidden toy studies.  One early application of this theory was a study of a cult headed by Mrs. Keech that claimed to receive apocalyptic messages from the planet Clarion; that study resulted in the book When Prophecies Fail.  The "$1/$20" study saw some subjects empty and fill a tray with spools and turn pegs in a board before they were paid to tell someone that the tasks were fun.  FTP name this phenomenon discovered by Festinger in which tension results from conflicting thoughts.;;Cognitive Dissonance
;;Section 14 pictures "infinite separate houses" and notes how people go on "with [their] meals and minutia of daily usages," until the appearance of the cloud and "a long black trail." Earlier in the piece the speaker asserts that he would hang pictures, "pictures of growing spring, and farms, and homes," on the chamber walls, to adorn the house the one he loves.  Section four introduces the thrush whose warble emerges as the "song of the bleeding throat" and helps to conjure up visions of armies and corpses.  First published in 1865's Sequel to Drum Taps, sections five through nine depict the passage of a certain politician's coffin and by the work's end the bird's "Death Carol" "twines" with the chant of the poet, the western star, and the title flower, in "the fragrant pines." For ten points, identify this elegy for Abraham Lincoln, a work by Walt Whitman.;;When Lilacs Last in the Dooryard Bloom'd
;;Rayleigh applied a classical analog of this theory to wave propagation in a stratified medium, and found an approximate solution near reflection points in terms of Bessel functions of order 1/3, or Airy functions.  One developer of this technique formulated two dispersion relations for the complex dielectric constant with Kronig.  That developer also rediscovered Rayleigh's connection formula used to patch solutions through a turning point.  FTP, name this approximation that uses sinusoidal or exponential wave functions away from turning points in regions where the potential varies slowly, typically named for three physicists.;;WKBJ|Wentzel(-)Kramers(-)Brillouin(-)Jeffries (approximation) (accept) (letters/names) (in) (any) (order)
;;This event's most recent winner is a fan of the Celtic Football club and husband to an actress who has been seen in Frida and De-Lovely.  Its most prolific winners have been A.J.  Foyt, Al Unser, and Rick Mears, each of these men won four times.  This race and its course have given the premier American open-wheel racing league its name.  The NASCAR race that takes place on the same track was formerly called the Brickyard 400, because the track was at one time paved with bricks.  This is, FTP, what IRL race, whose victory is celebrated with a bottle of milk, most recently won by Dario Franchitti.;;(The) Indianapolis 500(-)Mile (Race)|(The) Indy 500
;;From 1914 to 1916 an ephemeral principality called "Zion" was established in the north of this country.  The bulk of it was conquered by Ahmad ibn Ibrihim al-Ghazi of Adal between 1529 and 1543.  In the 18th century it collapsed into disorder and isolation, leaving its monarch a figurehead in its capital of Gondar.  This period ended with the ascent of Theodore II, who picked a fight with the British, and was deposed in 1869 by an expedition led by Robert Napier.  A military coup toppled the emperor in 1974, leading to the adoption of communism shortly thereafter.  FTP, name this African country whose earliest civilization was Axum and which defeated the Italians at Adowa in 1896.;;Ethiopia
;;In Body and Soul, he played both a jackleg preacher and his well-meaning inventor brother, while in Borderline, he and his wife Eslanda depicted lovers caught in a tangled web of interracial affairs.  On stage, he played Jim Harris in the first performances of All God's Chillun Got Wings, and a former Pullman porter turned dictator in another O'Neill play.  In the longest Broadway run of a Shakespeare play he had the title role opposite Uta Hagen as Desdemona.  FTP name this bass-baritone who originated the role of Joe in Show Boat, singing "Ol' Man River.".;;(Paul) (LeRoy) (Bustill) Robeson (Sr(.))
;;These complexes can isomerize via the Ray-Dutt twist or the Bailar twist, and when they possess certain sets of equivalent ligands, they can be described as facial or meridonal.  In this geometry, the d orbitals split into two groups the eg and t2g set, with the dxy, dyz, and dxz orbitals lower in energy.  Werner studied transition metal complexes with this geometry, and EDTA adopts it around a chelated magnesium ion.  Copper II complexes with this shape also commonly undergo a lengthening of the bonds along their z-axis due to orbital degeneracy via the Jahn-Teller effect.  FTP, name this geometry adopted by sulfur hexafluoride and other complexes with six ligands and no lone pairs, according to VSEPR.;;Octahedral (word) (forms) (ok)
;;She is fired from Mrs. Hatch's factory for not showing up regularly and is recognized by Nettie Struther as she is walking aimlessly around Bryant Park at night.  Earlier she had been disinherited by her aunt Julia and denied help by her cousins, the Stepneys.  In Chapter 7 this protagonist's penchant for playing cards spur Mrs. Dorset to intimate that such behavior may have scared off the sheltered Percy Gryce, whom she had plotted to marry as her story opens.  All throughout the novel she is pursued by the shady Simon Rosedale, who turns out to be a good friend.  The novel ends with her true love, the ineffectual Lawrence Selden, discovering a bottle of chloral next to her dead body.  For ten points, identify this tragic main character of Edith Wharton's House of Mirth.;;Lily Bart (accept) (either) (name)
;;His war-chariot is drawn by the Killer, the Relentless, the Trampler, and the Swift.  He passes a test in which he makes a garment disappear and reappear, reassuring the other gods after Gaga proclaims this god's intention to do battle.  The Igigi bow to him and the Anunnaki kiss his feet after his victory, achieved with the help of the Fourfold Wind, the Cyclone, and 5 other winds.  Following his victory, he uses the carcass of a primordial salt-water goddess to form the cosmos, as detailed in the Enuma Elish.  FTP name this son of Ea and slayer of Tiamat, the chief Babylonian god.;;Marduk
;;It contains the second-largest lake-bound island in the world, Olchon, as well as species of seal that exists nowhere else.  Inflows to it include the Chikoy and the Uda Rivers, while the Buryat Republic borders it to the south and east.  It lies in a rift valley, which is currently widening at a rate of 2 centimeters per year.  The age of the lake is estimated to be between 25 and 30 million years, making it one of the world's most ancient lakes.  Its outflow is the Angara River, a tributary of the Yenisei.  Located a little ways to the south and east of Irkutsk, FTP, name this lake that is surrounded by its namesake mountains on the north, a Siberian lake that is the deepest in the world.;;(Lake) Baikal
;;He began his career as the assistant of Henry Stimson, and during World War I he served as secretary and counsel of the President's mediation commission.  After lobbying for the inclusion of the Balfour Declaration in the Treaty of Versailles, he co-founded the ACLU in 1920 and wrote an editorial in the Atlantic Monthly attacking the denial of a retrial for Sacco and Vanzetti.  Late in life, he became one of the Supreme Court's strongest proponents of judicial restraint, dissenting in Baker v. Carr.  FTP, name this associate justice appointed to replace Benjamin Cardozo, who served on the Supreme Court from 1939 to 1962.;;(Felix) Frankfurter
;;A pair of closed eyes is described as "a shut bud that holds a bee," while an exposed shoulder is "smooth," "white," and "bare." One of the characters in this work manages to start a fire in the cottage where the action takes place and calls for her counterpart before putting his arms about her waist.  First published alongside another of its creator's poems, "Johannes Agricola in Meditation," in 1835, it opens, "The Rain set early in tonight," and ends with a suddenly still "yellow-haired" woman not stirring her head from the title character's shoulder.  For ten points, identify this dramatic monologue about a man who strangles his paramour with her blond hair in order to be with her forever, a work by Robert Browning.;;Porphyria's Lover
;;His essay "On Tyranny" is an interpretation of Xenophon's Hiero, and he critiqued the positivism of Max Weber in his book Natural Right and History.  In his 1964 work The City and The Man, he proposed that Thrasymachus was the true mouthpiece of Plato in The Republic.  This assertion follows from his thesis that philosophical texts have both an esoteric and an exoteric message, a view which he put forth in Persectution and the Art of Writing.  His History of Political Philosophy includes contributions from his student Allen Bloom, and his other students include Abram Shulsky and Paul Wolfowitz.  For 10 points, identify this poltical philosopher, a key influence of the neoconservative movement.;;(Leo) Strauss
;;This body is the primary home of the so-called dark ray craters, which are concentrated on the trailing hemisphere of this synchronously orbiting body.  It is also home to the large Gilgamesh impact basin.  Its trailing hemisphere is a primary site of ozone production as its water ice surface is blasted by charged particles trapped in the Jovian magnetosphere.  Evidence for its having a rocky core includes detection of its own magnetosphere by the Galileo orbiter.  Displaying three crater chains similar to those found on its neighbor Callisto, FTP name this largest moon of the Solar System.;;Ganymede
;;His smaller works include the Benson Holy Family and the Allendale Adoration of the Shepherds.  He painted a Madonna suspended between a damask and a throne for the Castelfranco Cathedral and depicted Cupid Tapping Apples at Saltwood Castle.  Other works include a depiction of Judith and his erotic Sleeping Venus.  The contemporary critic Paolo Pino praised his restrained style and noted that he didn't overcrowd his landscapes.  Indeed, only three figures can be seen in his most famous work, which depicts a man with a staff looking over at a woman nursing a child.  For ten points identify this Venetian painter of The Three Philosophers and The Tempest.;;Giorgione
;;John Wilkes once mockingly referred to it with a reference to Philippians 4:7, as according to him it "passes all understanding."  Representatives included John Robinson and Thomas Wentworth, and temporary results included Savoy receiving the crown of Sicily and France recovering what are now Prince Edward Island and Cape Breton Island.  In addition to Saint Kitts and Nova Scotia, Britain acquired Minorca and Gibraltar.  Ending what was called Queen Anne's War in the colonies, and associated with the Treaties of Madrid, Baden and Rastatt, FTP, name this treaty that put the Duke of Anjou on the Spanish Throne, ending the War of Spanish Succession.;;(Treaty) (of) Utrecht
;;His protagonists include the former ranch owner Baltasar Bustos and in another one of his works, a young woman controlled by her orchestra director, Gabriel, with a crystal seal.  In addition to Inez, this decade has seen him publish such works as This I Believe and The Seat of the Eagle.  His second novel focuses on a young historian who finds himself falling in love with an elderly widow's niece, but when he embraces her she turns into the old woman.  That work, Aura, was followed by such works as A Change of Skin, about a group of people on a journey to Veracruz, and Terra Nostra, a rumination on Spanish and Latin American History.  Perhaps best known in the U.S. for his novel about the last days of Ambrose Bierce, for ten points, identify this Mexican writer of The Old Gringo and The Death of Artemio Cruz.;;(Carlos) Fuentes
;;Their synthesis can be tryptophan-independent or dependent, and the enzyme nit1 catalyzes the final step of one such pathway.  They can influence transcription by binding to TIR1 proteins and de-repressing ARF1 factors.  Their transport is reliant on PIN proteins, and they are usually synthesized in apical meristems and move down by polar transport.  They can also activate proton pumps in the cell membrane, which in turn activate expansins, according to the acid growth hypothesis.  They were characterized by Boysen-Jensen, who used agar blocks to show that they are responsible for phototropism.  Indole-3-acetic acid is the most common member of, FTP, these plant hormones responsible for cell elongation and lateral root formation.;;Auxins
;;Elgar's in B minor is unusual for having four movements instead of three, whereas Shostakovich's first one has a lengthy cadenza linking the third and fourth movements, a Passacaglia and Burlesque.  Berg's was dedicated "to the memory of an angel"-the daughter of Alma Mahler and Walter Gropius-while Tchaikovsky's in D major was inspired by the complex polyrhythms of Lalo's Symphonie Espagnole.  Mozart's fifth one is nicknamed "Turkish," and Brahms' in D major was written in consultation with the virtuoso Joseph Joachim.  FTP, name this type of composition for a specific instrument, famous examples of which include Mendelssohn's in E minor and Beethoven's in D major.;;violin concertos
;;Henry Adams left a history professorship at Harvard in order to edit the papers of this man, who wrote the pamphlet Peace With Mexico at age eighty-six, twenty-three years after he was kicked off of William Crawford's presidential ticket. More successfully, he formed the ancestor of the House Ways and Means Committee and delivered a speech that calmed the Whiskey Rebellion. This founder of the American Ethnological Society was also the lead American negotiator of the Treaty of Ghent. FTP, name this Swiss immigrant who drastically reduced the national debt during his thirteen years as Secretary of the Treasury.;;(Abraham) (Alfonse) (Albert) Gallatin
;;While working as an agent for the Scioto Land Company, this person wrote his Advice to the Privileged Orders and helped Thomas Paine to publish the first part of his The Age of Reason.  This author's previous efforts include The Vision of Columbus, which was later expanded into a larger work.  However, his fame rests primarily on two longer works, one subtitled "A New England Poem" and another including several rural New England scenes in which the speaker bids a substance in a bowl to inspire his soul.  He is known for his collaboration with John Trumbull and Lemuel Hopkins on mock-epics.  FTP, name this notable Hartford Wit poet and author of The Anarchiad and The Hasty Pudding.;;(Joel) Barlow
;;The methodology of this school put forth a "threefold test" of basis, verifiability, and applicability, which was partnered with four "benefits" including population increase and enrichment of the poor.  Practitioners were required to avoid the waste inherent in playing music, avoid fatalism and aggression, and have simple funerals.  Advocating devotion to the "Lord on High," Shangti, this movement arose in opposition to the aristocratic bent of Confucianism.  FTP, name this Chinese school of thought founded by an eponymous fifth-century thinker who preached universal love.;;Mohism
;;One of its goals was to overturn the results of the Gela conference, where Hermocrates had won support for expelling foreigners. Gylippus joined with local horsemen to oppose this initiative, eventually destroying its members at a naval battle in the Great Harbor. Eurymedon and Demosthenes replaced Lamachus and Nicias as the leaders of its 160 ships, which were sent to fortify the Ionians. A faction led by Androcles recalled one of its leaders, who then escaped to Sparta and avoided trial for mutilation of the hermae. FTP, Alcibiades was one of the generals originally in charge of what planned assault on Syracuse, an Athenian fiasco of the Peloponnesian War?.;;(the) Sicilian expedition|Sicilian disaster(;) (accept) (obvious) (equivalents)
;;One type of experiment useful for obtaining data for these relations in solids involves using lasers to accelerate "flyers" into objects; this often allows estimation of values in the stiff gamma variety.  One of these due to Saha can be solved for the ionization of a volume.  The one for radiation dictates a fourth-power scale factor, and ten parameters are used by the Benedict-Webb-Rubin one.  Soave modified one named for Redlich and Kwong, and truncating the virial one to two terms gives the one named for Van Der Waals.  FTP, name these constitutive relations that fix the condition of matter, a simple example of which is p v equals n r t for ideal gasses.;;equations of state
;;One of them was killed for serving vomit at a banquet.  Another, who wore geese's skin and was thrown out of the mortal world by the springing action of a stalk of millet, is known as the "Small Man of Renown."  A different one burned his mother to death while being born, after his parents used a bejeweled spear to create the islands where they are worshipped.  In another story, one hides in a cave to protest the filthiness of her brother, leading to the world going dark.  FTP, Izanami, Susanowo and Amaterasu are examples of what supernatural spirits from indigenous Japanese religion?.;;kami|gods of Shinto|(similar) (such) (answers)
;;One Supreme Court case in which this man was the plaintiff created the "outer perimeter" doctrine. A case brought by him five years earlier concluded that the prohibition on bills of attainder does not necessarily invalidate a law affecting only a small fraction of the population. A ruling in which this man was the respondent cited Accardi v. Shaughnessy to assert the power of the Attorney General and notes that "in camera inspection" is not a substantial diminishment of communications. That case concluded that a duces tecum subpoena could not be countermanded by executive privilege. FTP, name this frequent Supreme Court litigant, who sought to avoid surrendering various audiotapes in 1974.;;(Richard) (Milhous) Nixon
;;One footnote in this work claims that "Man is an animal organism with an unmistakably bisexual disposition;" an earlier one more fully explains the concept of organic repression.  The author discusses memory through the metaphor of Roman archaeology, concluding that a "memory trace" may explain his friend Romain Rolland's "oceanic" feelings.  It utilizes the analysis of neurosis presented in the author's previous work, The Future of an Illusion.  FTP, name this short treatise on the inevitable antagonism between demands of instinct and the restrictions of progressive society, written by Sigmund Freud.;;Civilization and its Discontents|(Das) Unbehagen in der Kultur
;;One work by this person features a desolate landscape with a needle-based top supporting a humanoid, blood-colored lattice with hands and green hair, while another has a hand in a black pyramid attached by strings to a yellow crescent and a creature consisting of two joined waist-down human forms.  In addition to the aforementioned Ubu Imperator and to Men Shall Know Nothing of This, this artist's works include a painting of himself, Paul luard, and Andre Breton witnessing the Virgin chastising Jesus; Pieta or Revolution by Night; and Une Semaine de Bonte, a book of collages made of encyclopedias.  This author of the treatise Beyond Painting started the Cologne school of Dada.  For ten points, identify this former husband of Peggy Guggenheim, a German Surrealist who discovered and utilized artistic techniques like grattage and frottage.;;(Max) Ernst
;;Some integral equations can be solved by Smith's theorem for processes of this type, allowing evaluation of some of their associated densities.  Doob's theorem gives probability densities for a process that is both Gaussian and this.  The inequality of this name applies to random non-negative variables and leads to Chebyshev's inequality.  The probability density for a sequence of this kind is given by the Chapman-Kolmogorov equation.  For a finite state space, the transition probabilities are given by a stochastic matrix and depend only on the most recent state in the chains named for, FTP, this Russian mathematician.;;Markov (accept) Markov (processes(,)) Markov (sequences(,)) Markov (matrices(,)) Markov (chains(,)) (etc(.))
;;In this novel, one character's love for Father Mulligan cannot be returned and the breaking of a wooden chair in the middle of the night represents Pappachi's loss of authority.  The Orangedrink Lemondrink Man traumatizes one of the central characters, while the other marries Larry McCaslin out of boredom.  Chacko's love for his ex-wife Margaret indirectly results in the drowning of his daughter Sophie Mol, but the so-called rape of the Malayalee Christian Ammu is blamed on the title character, Velutha, much to the despair of the twins Rahel and Estha.  FTP, name this novel taking place near a pickle factory in Ayemenem, Kerala, which won the 1997 Booker Prize for Arundhati Roy.;;(The) God of Small Things
;;He was the leader of the Dorothean faction that deposed Christian Democrat leader Fernando Tambroni, setting the stage for his five terms as Prime Minister. Communist gains in the election that brought down this man's government led him to form a controversial center-left coalition. The trial at Turin of Renato Curcio and fourteen other accused terrorists placed him in danger. Despite police searches and a psychic seance, his body was found two months later in the trunk of a car on the Via Caetani. FTP, name this Italian politician, a 1978 victim of the Red Brigades.;;(Aldo) Moro
;;This work defines the fundamental principle of ethics through an analogy to an emperor who weds his daughter to a peasant.  It posits that the craving to experience extinction can never be satisfied since the end of existence is the end of sensation.  It also suggests that unlike animals, humans form "selves" that can reconcile opposites.  It condemns those who reside in "sensuous categories" as saying "goodbye to truth" and thus creating a sinful state of "unconscious despair." FTP, name this book published under the pseudonym of "Anti-Climacus," which identifies separation from God as the cause of the titular malady and was written by Sren Kierkegaard.;;(The) Sickness unto Death(:) (A) (Christian) (Psychological) (Exposition) (for) (Edification) (and) (Awakening(,)) (by) (anti(-)Climacus)|Sygdommen til Dden(:) (En) (christelig) (psychologisk) (Udvikling) (til) (Opbyggelse) (og) (Opvaekkelse(,)) (af) (Anti(-)Climacus)
;;This man's thesis on John Webster and the Elizabethan Drama won him a scholarship to King's College, Cambridge.  W.B.  Yeats called this author "the handsomest man in England," and his appearance helped spur his entry into many literary circles.  His early poem "Heaven" references fish repeatedly, while his poem "The Fish" ironically fails to use the term at all.  His other poems include "Helen and Menelaus" and a work including such portions as "Peace", "Safety", and "The Dead." He was buried on Skyros after dying from a mosquito bite resulting in septicemia.  FTP, name this friend of Siegfried Sassoon and author of "The Soldier," which was a part of his larger work, 1914.;;(Rupert) (Chawner) Brooke
;;One of their rulers forbade kings from inheriting property and instituted the mitma, a policy of reshuffling ethnic groups. Another created the system of Chosen Women, which received tributes of Aqllakuna maidens from subject tribes. Those emperors were mummified before entombment in the Coricancha; one of them was Topa Yupanqui, whose deeds were chronicled by the historian Guaman Poma. Their last undisputed ruler was killed after the Battle of Cajamarca, though his nephew Tupac Amaru fought on against the Spaniards. FTP, Manco Capac ruled from Cuzco over what Andean civilization?.;;(the) Incas (accept) (equivalents) (like) (the) Incan (empire)
;;The second movement of the first one was thought to have been inspired by the tomb scene from Romeo and Juliet.  A section of the Cavatina movement of the 13th one is marked Beklemnt, and the finale of the seventh is based on a Russian folk theme.  The finale of the last one is marked with an epigraph that reads "The difficult resolution," while the Molto Adagio of the 15th one is a song of thanksgiving in the Lydian mode.  The original finale of the 13th is now known as the Grosse Fugue.  FTP, name this group of sixteen works, with subtitles such as "Serioso," "the Harp" and "Razumovsky.".;;Beethoven string quartets
;;Seized in 1815 and confined in the San Fernando Academy of Fine Arts until 1901, much of the background of this work is painted in various shades of gray, which contrasts with the greenish-blue furniture in the foreground. It was probably originally displayed in La Moncloa, though only at certain times, but eventually appeared in the collection of Manuel de Godoy, along with its less risque counterpart. Its subject reclines on a divan and holds her hands behind her head in order to expose her body more fully to the viewer. For ten points, identify this painting of a naked woman who may or may not be the artist's love, the Duchess of Alba, a work by Goya.;;(The) Nude Maja|(The) Naked Maja|(La) Maja Desnuda
;;Two of its leaders were William Leete and Francis Newman, while it was founded by Theophilus Eaton and John Davenport.  After the initial settlement, it expanded, founding towns such as Milford, Fairfield, Branford and Hamden.  It sheltered John Dixwell, Edward Whalley and William Goffe, three regicides of Charles I, and it may be for that reason that it was amalgated into a nearby settlement, though the central settlement of the same name remained co-capital of the colony, and later the state until 1873.   Originally called Quinnipac, it may also have been amalgamated in order to increase population pressure on New Amsterdam to the west.  FTP, name this Puritan colony of New England, where the Collegiate School moved to in 1716.;;New Haven
;;An impostor masquerading as his mother was discovered after she cursed him with sores and worms on one leg, but his father gave him a cock that cured him of his affliction.  His assistants included two brindled, four-eyed dogs, and his steed, a buffalo.  Early legends state that he lived in a palace of burnished gold rivaling the sun, but later accounts state that he lived in Kalichi, a gloomy palace.  He showed mercy in the tale of Satyavan and Savitri, but he got into trouble when he callously tried to drag Markandeya away from a lingam using his noose.  FTP name this son of Vivasvat or Surya and brother of the Aswin twins who became the first man to die and subsequently took over as the Hindu god of the dead.;;Yama
;;His verse includes a number of love poems, including a "Fantasy" and a "Rapture," dedicated to "Laura" as well as the historical ballad "A Hostage." He justified the need for art by discussing humanity's need to balance its rational and sensual nature with what he termed the "the play drive" in his On the Aesthetic Education of Man. In another of his works an obstinate father causes the death of his son Ferdinand, who has fallen in love with the musician's daughter, Luise Muller. That play, Intrigue and Love, was preceded by a play about the power struggle between the brothers Karl and Franz and followed by his take on Elizabeth I's Scottish rival and a Trilogy about a general during the Thirty Year's War. For ten points, identify this German author of Mary Stuart, The Robbers, and Wallenstein.;;(Friedrich) Schiller
;;These objects are subject to the so-called "odd number theorem," which does not hold in the case of a cosmic string.  They give rise to a Shapiro effect that combines with optical path differences to produce time delays between different rays.  The weak-field limit gives twice the Schwarzschild radius over the impact parameter for the deflection angle, while the strong-field limit is characterized by arcs and multiple images.  A source on the line of sight to one of these will produce an Einstein ring.  FTP name these phenomena in which a massive object deflects and focuses light from a background source.;;gravitational lenses
;;His demand for a "young classicism" was articulated in 1907's Project for a New Musical Esthetic, in which he discussed such areas as electronic and microtonal music, avenues later explored by his student Edgard Varese.  His operas include the unfinished Doktor Faustus and Arlecchino, and he based an orchestral suite on a commedia dell'arte play by Carlo Gozzi called Turandot.  He is better known for a piano arrangement of the chaconne from Bach's D Minor Violin Partita, a massive piano concerto requiring a male chorus in its 5th movement, and his Fantasia Contrappuntistica for solo piano based on the unfinished triple fugue from Bach's The Art of Fugue.   FTP, name this Italian-German composer and virtuoso pianist.;;(Ferrucio) Busoni
;;Culturally, one of the most significant accomplishments of his reign was the assembly of the Siku quanshu (pron. approx.: Suh-koo Tchooen-shu), or the Emperor's Four Treasuries, a vast catalogue of Chinese literature.    His armies established the Dalai Lama as the ruler of Tibet, but his forces were forced to withdraw from Vietnam after an attack during Tet.   Fourth son of the Yongzheng (pron. approx.: Yong-jung) Emperor, he was also the favorite grandson of the Kangxi (pron. approx.: Kang-hsyee) Emperor.   Assuming the throne in 1722, he retired in 1796 in favor of his son the Jiaqing (pron. approx.: Jia-tching) Emperor, but he retained supreme power until his death in 1799.  During the later years of his reign, he relied on his massively corrupt favorite Heshen the Macartney embassy.  FTP, name this Qing dynasty emperor, considered to have presided over the height of that dynasty's rule.;;() Qianlong (pron(.)) (approx(.)(:)) (Tchien(-)long) (Emperor)|Abkai Wehiyehe (Emperor)|Qing Gaozong (accept) Hongli (until) (it) (is) (mentioned)
;;This man proposed a namesake criterion that avoids Gorman's intransitivity, unlike the Scitovsky and Kaldor-Hicks criteria.  He developed the social welfare function introduced by Bergson and related comparative statics to dynamics in his "correspondence principle."  He also proved the Factor Price Equalization Theorem and one of the first "Non-Substitution" Theorems.  He collaborated with Dorfman and Solow on the text Linear Programming and Economic Analysis and studied the interaction between multiplier and accelerator effects.  FTP name this 1970 Nobelist who developed the theory of revealed preference and wrote the classic introductory text Economics.;;(Paul) (Anthony) Samuelson
;;As the tale progresses we are told that the missing Italian teacher must be found and terminated. Section Six features an exchange with some unlucky mariners who are residing in a cave below a golf course, that scene occurs right after the protagonist encounters the beautiful Kismine on a walk in the woods. The story, which originally appeared in a 1922 issue of The Smart Set, opens as a young man from Hades leaves for the St. Midas School in Boston, once there he meets a young man from Montana named Percy who claims that his father is the richest man in the world. The tale ends after Braddock Washington has unsuccessfully tried to bribe God with the title object and instead decides to blow up his chateau, which literally sits on a fortune. For ten points, identify this work about John. T Unger, an F. Scott Fitzgerald story titled for a jewel as large as a luxury hotel.;;(The) Diamond as Big as the Ritz
;;The Mergui Archipelago lies at this country's southern tip, the state of Tenasserim, which is separated by the Bilaktaung ranges from its eastern neighbour. The Pegu Yomas are a range of low hills along the Sittang River in the center, while the Arakan Yomas face the port of Akyab along the western coast. Ports on the Gulf of Martaban include both its capital and the city of Moulmein. FTP, name this country whose larger rivers are the Chindwin and the Irrawaddy.;;Burma|Myanmar
;;One of the early battles in this conflict was the Battle of Nicotera.  One side instituted one of Europe's first permanent naval organizations, ably led by Roger of Lauria, who won the Battle of the Counts, the Battle of Col Panissars and the Battle of Castellammare, where he captured the heir to the other side's throne, Charles of Salerno.   In part encouraged by Byzantine Emperor Michael VIII Paleologus, Peter III diverted a crusade directed towards North Africa to a kingdom once ruled by Manfred to depose Charles I, who was also Count of Provence and Anjou.  FTP, name this war between Angevin and Aragonese forces said to have been started when French soldiers molested women of Palermo, name in part for a church service.;;() War of the Sicilian Vespers
;;One character in this book is the son of Clegg, the last man in England to be hanged for book-murder.  Near the end of this novel, another character takes up the position of Champion of the Castle of the Plucked Eye and Heart.  In addition to Vinculus and Lascelles, this novel's characters include John Uskglass, also known as the Raven King, whose return is facilitated by the title characters, who both wind up shrouded in Impenetrable Darkness.  FTP name this 2004 novel by Susanna Clarke which tells the story of the title pair of English magicians.;;Jonathan Strange & Mr(.) Norrell
;;His later works include the study Wyandot Government and the report On the Evolution of Language.  On occasion, he was joined by the English Frank Goodman and George Bridger, a former soldier. He met the latter well after his own stint with the army, where he attained the rank of major, serving as chief of artillery with the 17th Corps. After the war, he founded the Illinois Museum of Natural History and began his anthropological studies. The subject of Wallace Stegner's Beyond the Hundredth Meridian, the most famous of his expeditions, undertaken on his trademark "armchair boat," began on the Green River. For ten points, identify this one-armed explorer whose trips down the Colorado River included the first passage through the Grand Canyon.;;(John) (Wesley) Powell
;;Its third and final part is dedicated to Waldo Frank and is immediately preceded by the story of a couple who meet in gym class, "Bona and Paul." Another tale ends with the heroine, Fern, finding out that the man she had idealized for so long, a preacher named King Barlo, is really a charlatan. Interspersed among the various prose pieces are fifteen poems including "Conversion," which traces the failure of African gods in the new world, and "Georgia Dusk," which reflects on race memory.  Perhaps best known for the closet drama "Kabnis," this Modernist volume's contents document the black experience from a variety of perspectives. For ten points identify this Harlem Renaissance classic, the best known work of Jean Toomer.;;Cane
;;In the composite fermion model of the fractional quantum Hall Effect, electrons are bound to quanta associated with this property.  In single-particle orbit theory, its value within the drift surface is the third adiabatic invariant, and the first invariant is its value within a gyroradius-size loop about the guiding center.  In ideal MHD, Alfven's theorem states that its value through any closed loop is conserved.  A version of Gauss's theorem states that its value over a closed surface is zero in the absence of magnetic monopoles, and Faraday's law relates its time derivative to the induced emf.  FTP name this quantity measured in webers, given by the average magnetic field times the perpendicular area it threads.;;magnetic flux
;;One work with this English title includes a discussion of Baudelaire and his consciousness of modernity, and it cautions against confusing the title concept with humanism. Another work by this name contrasts the title concept with culture, asserting that the former has to do with theoretical matters. In addition to these works by Michel Foucault and Moses Mendelssohn, a 1784 essay by this name was written in response to an article by Johann Zollner. Its author distinguishes between the public and private use of reason, and defines the title concept as "mankind's exit from its self-incurred immaturity." For 10 points, all of these essays discuss what title question about the nature of an intellectual awakening, that was most famously discussed by Immanuel Kant?.;;What is Enlightenment? (I) (suppose) (you) (should) (also) (accept) (Qu'est(-)ce) (que) (les) (Lumieres?) (and) (Was) (ist) (Aufklarung?) (and) (Was) (heisst) (Aufklarung?)
;;He claims, "There is no love in a sweetnesse readie penn'd" and asks us to "copie out only that, and save expensive" in one poem, and he asks, "Is there no truth in beautie?" in that poem's companion piece, "Jordan (2)." He exhorts the Lord to "hunt me not" after describing himself as "broken in pieces all asunder" in the fourth of his "Affliction" poems, and he asks that "the world's riches, which dispersed lie/Contract into a span" in a poem about creation, "The Pulley." However, this author of "The Sacrifice" and "The Collar" is best known for the visual forms he used to present verses, as in the pattern poem "Easter Wings."  FTP name this 17th century religious poet of the posthumous collection The Temple.;;(George) Herbert
;;One character in this work claims he used to look like Rudolph Valentino, explaining the title of its first chapter, "The Sheik."  That character mistakenly calls his younger son by the name of his dead older son, Richieu, at the end of this work's second volume.  A recreation of the author's work "Prisoner On The Hell Planet" is included in the first volume, "My Father Bleeds History," which follows the author's father Vladek from Czestochowa to Auschwitz.  Poles, Americans and Germans appear as pigs, dogs and cats respectively in, FTP, this graphic novel by Art Spiegelman.;;Maus
;;The angles and side lengths of the unitarity triangle can be constrained using measurements of decays of mesons containing this particle, and mixing reactions involving this particle are parameterized in the third column of the CKM matrix.  It is often tagged in experiments looking at CP violation like BaBar and Belle.  The most common product of top quark decay, it and its antiparticle comprise the upsilon meson.  FTP name this third generation quark, the second heaviest and fifth to be discovered, which was almost named "beauty.".;;bottom (quark)
;;One of this man's works compares the Mongol calendar with that of the central culture, citing Humboldt's Asian origin theory.  In another work he ranks civilizations, placing Australians lowest and Italians highest, and equates modern Irish with the Scythians for the continued practice of "hide-boiling."  He wrote the former work using notes from a trip with Henry Christy to study Toltec ruins, and discussed the French children's game of petit bonhomme in the latter work as an example of a "survival" from an earlier, less-developed civilization.  FTP name this British anthropologist who wrote Anahuac and posited animism as the earliest form of religion in Primitive Culture.;;(Sir) (Edward) (Burnett) Tylor
;;Among his early German language poems was The Labyrinth, and he was helped to obtain election to his most famous post by Myconius. The publisher Froschauer was a key ally, and this man defended Froschauer's right to disobey Lenten food customs. He refused permission to the Franciscan Bernardin Samson to enter his city, and among his key allies was Duke Ulrich of Wurttemberg. With Leo Jud, he removed images from churches, and at a disputation attended with Heinrich Bullinger, blasted masses and the Eucharist. Among his tracts on the subject of baptism are The Tricks of the Catabaptists and On Baptism, and he was finally killed at Kappel in 1531. Elected to the position of people's minister at Zurich in 1518, FTP, name this leader of the Swiss Reformation.;;(Huldrych)|(Ulrich) Zwingli
;;Like quaternary amines, they can also be used as phase transfer catalysts in liquid-liquid extractions, and Huang used a mixture of one of these compounds and cyclodextrin to separate primary amines via capillary electrophoresis.  Polyglymes are a linear version of them, and three-dimensional ones are called cryptands, which are often used as ionophores.  Charles Pederson first synthesized them by linking several catechols together, and isolated a product that could complex with potassium ions.  Dioxane is the simplest example of, FTP, this type of macrocycle composed of repeating ethyleneoxy units, a special type of ether.;;Crown Ethers
;;The Rafizi vizir Ibn Al-Kamiyi retained his position after the capture of this place, and some sources suggest that the leader based in this place was put in a sack and trampled upon by horses. Three ministers' heads were sent to the prince ar-Rahman Badr ud-Din Lu'lu, and Tokus, the Nestorian wife of the chief aggressor, may have helped the city's Christians' plight. The attack was led by the brother of Mangu and purportedly saw the death of 800,000 citizens. The death of the leader based in this place created a void that ended after Baybars granted Al-Musta'sim's relative, Al-Mustansir the nominal title of Abbasid caliph. FTP, name this place, captured by forces under the Mongol leader Hulagu in 1258.;;Baghdad
;;A man finds that he has been transformed into a plant in his story "Dendrocacalia," which appears in the collection Beyond the Curve.  Minor novels by this man include The Box Man and The Kangaroo Notebook, and an unnamed narrator searches for a fuel dealer on behalf of his wife, Nemuro, in the novel The Ruined Map.  In another work, Professor Katsumi is killed after discovering aborted fetuses are being made to evolve into mammals with gills to labor in underwater colonies. The author of Inter Ice Age 4, this man wrote about amateur entomologist Niki Jumpei's quest for deliverance from a sand pit in his best-known novel.  FTP name this Japanese author of The Woman in the Dunes.;;(Kobo) Abe
;;His son Dryas was killed with an axe wielded by another of his sons, the brother of Dryas and father of Itys.  Another two of his sons took up the custom of challenging to a chariot race all suitors for the hands of their daughters Marpessa and Hippodameia, and killing the losers.  His son by Cyrene died when Heracles clubbed him and fed him to his own livestock.  In addition to Tereus, Evenus, Oenomaus and Bistonian Diomedes, he was the father by Aphrodite of Cadmus's wife Harmonia, as well as two of his battle companions, Phobos and Deimos.  FTP name this Greek god of war.;;Ares
;;This man was betrayed by Ariamnes, a ward of the commander Surenas, who led him to refuse the help of the king Artavasdes. He had been consigned to cave arrest with Vibius Paciaecus as his only outside contact, and after that, had quarreled with Metellus in Africa. In one famous campaign, he defeated forces under a member of the school of Lentulus Batiatus and in another, he conquered Zenobotium before being misled to fight in the desert rather than joining the Armenians in the mountains. While Euripides' The Bacchae was being performed, he was an unwilling guest at the wedding of Pacorus and Artavasdes' daughter. He won one campaign with a victory at Lucanium, and lost another against a force that included the kataphraktoi. FTP, name this man, who defeated the uprising of Spartacus and lost his life at the Battle of Carrhae, a member of the First Triumvirate.;;(Marcus) (Licinius) Crassus
;;In geology, vadose zones do not possess this property, while phreatic zones do.  The deviance of a model can be calculated using the -2 log likelihood of this type of model, in which the number of parameters equals the number of data points.  This term can refer to the operation mode of a transistor with base-emitter and base-collector junctions both forward-biased.  In the body, this value for oxygen follows a sigmoidal curve determined by hemoglobin binding.  FTP name this term used in chemistry to describe a solution containing the maximum amount of dissolved solute or a molecule, especially fat, having the most hydrogens possible.;;saturation|saturated
;;The 1991 cartoon featured the protagonist in high school and one character eating the piano teacher in numerous episodes.  The first movie by this title was made by Roger Corman in 1960 and also gave Jack Nicholson his first film role as a masochistic dental patient.  That character was removed from the off-Broadway musical, but played by Bill Murray in the 1986 film.  In that film Levi Stubbs gives the voice of the villain and Rick Moranis plays the nerdy protagonist, Seymour.  FTP give the shared title of these shows, each sharing a man-eating plant named Audrey Two.;;(The) Little Shop of Horrors
;;A part of a broken stove thrown from a train carrying Austro-Hungarian prisoners of war hit a member of this group, leading to the death of a prisoner and an order for this group to disarm, which was disobeyed. That incident at Chelyabinsk disrupted a trip to the Pacific Ocean by this group, which was originally led by men such as Kappel and Shokarov. This group handed over Admiral Kolchak, who had earlier sacked one of its leaders, Rudolf Gajda. Controlling several hundred miles of railroad in Siberia and the Urals and cities such as Vladivostok after Bolshevik orders for disarmament, this group had been formed at the behest of Tomas Masaryk. FTP, name this group of Russian Civil War soldiers, native to a part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire that achieved independence in October 1918.;;(Eastern) Czech (Army)|Czech (Legion)|Czechoslovak (Corps)
;;One portly character in this novel is eventually killed after betraying a society known only as "The Brotherhood," a secret that is revealed by the protagonist's friend, Professor Pesca.  That fat man's partner in crime dies in a fire after trying to burn a church record proving his illegitimacy.  The protagonist, a tutor to two ladies living at Limmeridge, becomes a painter for an archaeological expedition in Central America after his beloved is forced to marry the villain.  The central plot in the novel is thwarted by his student, Marian, who realizes that Sir Percival Glyde has killed the title figure in an attempt to steal the estate of Frederick Fairlie.  Laura is confused with the titular Anne Catherick in, FTP, what novel about the travails of Walter Hartright by Wilkie Collins?.;;(The) Woman in White
;;This man's namesake identity, a special case of Catalan's identity, says that the product of the (n-1)th and (n+1)th Fibonacci numbers minus the square of the nth Fibonacci number equals negative one to the n.  He stated that the spin axis maintains a constant inclination to the ecliptic in his second law for tidally locked bodies.  Either this man or Hooke discovered Jupiter's Great Red Spot.  He discovered Dione, Tethys, Rhea, and Iapetus, while Mimas is responsible for clearing a feature named for him.  FTP name this French-Italian astronomer who discovered his eponymous division between the A and B rings of Saturn.;;(Giovanni) (Domenico) Cassini
;;Though he was a strongly nationalist composer, he found his own musical language in Paris after studying with Ravel for 3 months.  This French influence is apparent in his first string quartet in G minor, and a song cycle for tenor, string quartet, and piano that took its title from the first of the six poems of Housman's A Shropshire Lad.  Near the outbreak of World War II he adapted words from The Merchant of Venice for his Serenade to Music and also wrote Five Variants of Dives and Lazarus.  His first symphony contains text by Walt Whitman and his seventh depicts impressions of life on Antarctica, while a poem by Meredith inspired his romance for violin and orchestra, The Lark Ascending.  FTP, name this English composer of Fantasia on a Theme by Thomas Tallis.;;(Ralph) Vaughan Williams
;;Jonathan Lethem credits this man' story about the destructive relationship between Wicomico State teachers Rennie Morgan and Jacob Horner with helping him find his voice.  Other characters in this man's novels include Germaine G.  Pitt and Henry Burlingame III, who both exchange ideas with their creator in LETTERS.  Works like The End of the Road and Sabbatical focus on the real life world of academia, but this author remains best known for more fantastical fare including a tale featuring a giant computer named WESCAC and one about Todd Andrews' attempts to kill himself.  Perhaps best known for his adaptation of Ebenezer Cooke's colonial-era poem about his home state of Maryland, for ten points, identify this author of The Floating Opera, Giles Goat Boy and The Sot-Weed Factor.;;(John) Barth
;;Early in his career he made voyages on the Arrow and the Caroline that led him to establish a cabinet that included John Jernagin, Howard Snow, and Frederick Emory. He gave a twenty-five year permit to Edmund Randolph, which angered a previous sponsor, and troops under this man perpetrated two massacres at Virgin Bay. His most famous expedition was on the Vesta and he returned to New Orleans a hero after being captured by Commander Davis. He established the Republic of Sonora and later established a puppet government led by Patricio Rivas, which was recognized by the Pierce administration. Originally sponsored by Cornelius Vanderbilt, his acts included legalizing slavery and establishing English as the official language of Nicaragua. FTP, name this Tennesseean, a man who made several filibustering expeditions in Central America in the 1850's.;;(William) Walker
;;Condorcet published an edition of this work in 1776, in which he chided the author for being too disdainful of the physical sciences.  The tenth section of this work is called "Typology," and it begins with a proof of the validity of both Testaments.  The first section begins by distinguishing the mathematical and the intuitive mind, and a notable passage entitled "Man's Disproportion" is found in the section "The Misery of Man Without God."  The best-known section includes a discussion of the fearfulness of infinite spaces, as well as an argument about the necessity of making a certain choice in which eternal happiness is at stake.  For 10 points, name this book, a collection of notes for a planned Apology for the Christian Faith, in which Blaise Pascal describes his wager.;;Pensees|Thoughts
;;This character made her debut in a short story that opens with her declaring her intent to buy gloves; in a later novel, the gloves are replaced with flowers.  The story places her "in Bond Street," while she is absent from a scene in the novel set in Regent's Park where a man in a grey suit is believed to be the dead man Evans by Lucrezia's husband Septimus.  She remembers being kissed by Sally Seton, and feels annoyance at the thought of Doris Kilman praying with her daughter Elizabeth.  At the end of the novel, her arrival produces terror and ecstasy in Peter Walsh.  FTP name this title character who spends a day organizing an evening party in a novel by Virginia Woolf.;;(Mrs(.)) Dalloway|Clarissa (Dalloway)
;;Alessandro Parronchi has attributed some of the paintings of the Karlsruhe Master to this painter's daughter, Antonia.  In a fresco reminiscent of a statue, he depicted Sir John Hawkwood on horseback, and his Creation and Expulsion in the Green Cloister of the Santa Maria Novella is now badly damaged.  Lesser known works depict a chained princess looking on as a hero arrives in his St. George and the Dragon and a series of panels that depict noblemen hunting in a forest.  His most famous work depicts Niccolo da Tolentino on horseback at the title event.  Apprenticed to Ghiberti his nickname stemmed from a love of painting birds, and Vasari described his obsession with perspective, FTP, name this Renaissance master who painted the Battle of San Romano.;;(Paolo) Uccello|(Paolo) (di) Dono
;;During this battle, the winning general's veteran troops stopped halfway to the enemy to conserve energy.  The victors used the River Enipeus to secure their left flank, and used infantry positioned behind cavalry to repulse the charge of Titus Labienus's cavalry.  This battle took place about a year after the siege of Massilia and a few weeks after a near-disastrous attempt by its victor to surround the loser's forces at Dyrrhachium.  A resounding Optimate defeat at the hands of the Populares in Thessaly, FTP, name this decisive 48 BC battle that Pompey lost to Julius Caesar.;;(Battle) (of) Pharsalus
;;Tychicus will arrive with this man, "the faithful and beloved brother, who is one of you," according to Colossians 4:9.  The "beloved brother" title recurs in the more famous episode in which he is sent back to his former home with a letter.  The statement that "formerly [this man] was useless to you, but now he is indeed useful both to you and to me," is a play on his name, which literally means "useful."  Scholars Lenski and Hendrikson disagree as to whether literal theft led this man to flee his master's house to visit his imprisoned friend, Paul.  FTP, name this escaped slave, a convert to Christianity who was to be freed after Paul sent an epistle to Philemon.;;Onesimus
;;In this man's lone play, a former U.S. president hallucinates on his deathbed that his niece needs advice on how to rebuff suitors.  In addition to Buchanan Dying, he wrote about the philanderer Piet Hanema leaving his wife Angela for the sensual Foxy in Couples.  George Caldwell makes sacrifices so his son Peter can become an artist in this author's modern-day version of the Prometheus and Chiron story.  In one of this man's short stories, Sammy quits his job as a cashier after his manager Lengel admonishes three girls in bathing suits.  FTP name this author of The Centaur and A&P who wrote several novels chronicling the life of former high-school basketball star Harry "Rabbit" Angstrom.;;(John) (Hoyer) Updike
;;At the age of 19, he became the editor of the South Bend Free Press, and purchased it in 1845.   On the urging of Horace Greeley, he won election to Congress in 1854 as an anti-Kansas-Nebraska Act candidate, and, after a brief flirtation with the Know-Nothings, joined the Republican Party.   Chosen over Benjamin Wade in the nomination for the highest office he held because of his strict temperance, he became Speaker of the House in 1863, serving in that capacity until 1869.   Henry Wilson replaced, FTP, what Indiana politican, involved in the Credit Mobilier scandal, as Ulysses S. Grant's Vice-President?.;;() (Schuyler) Colfax (Jr(.))
;;A book on this concept "and experience" was written by Oskar Negt and Alexander Kluge, and it considered the dialectic between the bourgeois and proletarian types of it.  A recent book by Pauline Johnson attempts to "rescue" this concept, and one of its chapters is entitled "Discourse Ethics and the Normative Justification of Tolerance."  In her book The Human Condition, Hannah Arendt suggested that it reached its peak in the Greek polis.  The most famous book on this subject describes it as a space apart from the market where rational-critical debate can take place, and found examples of it in the salons, literary societies, and coffee houses of the eighteenth century.  For 10 points, identify this concept, whose "structural transformation" was discussed in a book by Jurgen Habermas.;;(the) public sphere|(die) ffentlichkeit
;;The composer considered titling this work after Lidice, a Czech town destroyed in World War II.  It was composed to answer a request from Cincinnati Symphony Orchestra conductor Eugene Goossens that yielded 18 works dedicated to, among other things, friends, France, and the Merchant Marine.  Its first three notes are B-flat, F, high B-flat, which announce a theme that the lower brass instruments take turns repeating after its opening timpani flourish.  Containing no strings or woodwinds, FTP, name this work that debuted near tax day to honor the WWII contributions of everyday citizens, a fanfare by Aaron Copland.;;Fanfare for the Common Man
;;This object is the prototype for the SBm ("S B M") class introduced by de Vaucouleurs, and the prototype for luminous blue variables is its brightest star, S Doradus.  Supernova 1987A occurred on the outskirts of its Tarantula Nebula, the most active star formation region in the Local Group.  Its partner is home to the Cepheid variables used by Henrietta Leavitt to establish the period-luminosity relation.  Currently thought to be second only to the Sagittarius Dwarf Elliptical in proximity to the Milky Way, FTP name this galaxy visible in the southern hemisphere along with its smaller apparent neighbor.;;Large Magellanic Cloud|LMC (accept) (anything) (with) (Large(,)) (Cloud(,)) (and) (Magellan) (in) (it)
;;To its northwest is Adam's Bridge, a series of limestone shoals and a remnant of isthmus breached in 1480.  Mountains here include the Knuckles Range and Adam's Peak, while major rivers include the Mahaweli and the Kelani.  Its oldest inhabitants are generally believed to be the Wanniyala-Aetto, while another small group are the Burghers of mixed European blood, mainly Portuguese and Dutch.  The largest inland city is Kandy, while other major cities include Galle in the south and Trincomalee in the east.  Lying to the east of the Gulf of Mannar, It is a major tea-growing country, and the city of Jaffna lies in the north, on the shores of the Palk Strait.  FTP, identify this island country with capital at Colombo.;;Sri Lanka|Ceylon
;;A namesake declaration on the sesquicentennial anniversary of this battle led to the 1978 Mexican Conference on arms limitation.  The Briton William Miller was later named Grand Marshall for his heroics in this battle, and Miller's cavalry distinguished themselves in a preceding skirmish, earning the name "Hussars of Junin."  Abimael Guzman worked as a professor in the city of this name while founding the Shining Path.  The battle saw a cavalry charge under Jose Maria Cordoba quickly lead to the rout of the Spaniards and the capture of Viceroy de la Serna.  FTP name this last major battle for South American independence, an 1824 victory for Sucre that liberated Peru.;;(Battle) (of) Ayacucho|(Battle) (of) (Pampa) (de) (la) Quinua
;;Maps of the Holy Land prompt his assertion that he wants to honeymoon at the Dead Sea, after which he reveals that he was a poet.  When another character abruptly asks his name, he replies that it's Adam, and he requests "even ten francs" from that same character after he's given chicken bones to gnaw on.  Each of his efforts to recount nightmares is rebuffed by his companion and each night he sleeps in a ditch after being beaten.  He constantly has aching feet from his ill-fitting boots and he claims that he'll never walk again after Lucky kicks his shin.  FTP, name this character, nicknamed Gogo, who often suggests "Let's go," but is told "We can't" by Vladimir because they are waiting for Godot.;;Estragon (accept) Gogo (early)
;;Advanced glycation endproducts of this reaction have been implicated in the progression of Alzheimer's disease and collagen crosslinking associated with aging.  One type of molecule yielded in this reaction is short-chain hydrolytic products such as diacetyl, all of which undergo the Strecker degradation.  In the second step of this reaction, the product of the first step becomes a ketosamine in the Amadori rearrangement, and this product can turn into a reductone in the next step.  Its first step results in the formation of N-glycoside, and most commonly, nitrogenous brown polymers are the product of this reaction.  FTP, name this organic reaction between an amino acid and a reducing sugar that explains how bread gets toasted and meat browns.;;Maillard (reaction)
;;One piano used in this song was supposed to have been reserved for Daniel Barenboim's exclusive use.  During its recording, violinists were given red clown noses to wear.  One verse describes the death of Guinness heir Tara Browne, and an article in the Daily Mail about pothole problems inspired the line about the town of Blackburn, Lancashire.  Mal Evans is credited with operating the alarm clock that announces this song's middle section, in which a new singer says he "woke up" and "fell out of bed."  Two iconic orchestral crescendos are preceded by Paul McCartney's line "I'd love to turn you on."  FTP, name this song that begins "I read the news today, oh boy," the last track on the Beatles' Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band.;;A Day in the Life
;;One forced the gentry of Pskov to kiss the cross and was a deacon named Sidorka.  Another failed to break the siege of the Saint Sergius monastery when his former co-ruler called in Swedish troops, after which he turned to Polish King Sigismund III Vasa.  Another, known as the rebel of Tushino, appointed Feodor Romanov Patriarch of all Russia.  The original's appanage was at Uglich, where he died in suspicious circumstances.  One, said to have been named Grigory Otrepyev, was acclaimed as Tsar over Feodor II after the 1605 death of Boris Gudonov.  FTP, give this name shared by the youngest son of Ivan IV and the many pretenders who claimed to be him.;;Dmitri (accept) False Dmitris (until) (original) (is) (mentioned)
;;His essays include one in which he discovers he is riding with a dead man but still ritually discards his cigar, "The Secret of a Train."  An object thrown from a belfry and not the freakish strength of a blacksmith provides the fatal blow in his The Hammer of God, while two "impossibly ugly" suitors vie for the hand of Laura Hope, one killing the other and smuggling his dwarfish body out of a house filled with robot servants, in a work entitled Invisible Man.  He is more famous for a novel in which the Central Anarchist Council elects Lucian Gregory to the title position and another that sees Adam Wayne refuse to sell land for a new highway.  FTP, name this author of the Father Brown detective stories, The Man Who Was Thursday, and The Napoleon of Notting Hill.;;(Gilbert) (Keith) (G(.)K(.)) Chesterton
;;This woman's son was found at the same time and on the same hillside as Auge's son Telephus.  She followed Ancaeus and Cepheus from Arcadia to a gathering where she wound up killing the centaurs Hylaeus and Rhaecus.  While there, she also caught the eye of Cleopatra's husband, who wound up killing Toxeus and Plexippus, his uncles.  This mother of Parthenopaeus stopped to pick up three golden apples during a footrace, resulting in her marriage to Melanion; unfortunately, they wound up transformed into lions yoked to Cybele's chariot.  FTP name this huntress who received from a smitten Meleager the hide of the Calydonian Boar.;;Atalanta
;;Belady's MIN algorithm is the theoretically most efficient one used for these, however it is not practically implementable in hardware.  Snooping and snarfing, as well as the Firefly and Dragon protocols are all used to maintain coherency in these structures.  An important decision in their design is their write policy, which can be either write-through or write-back, and their replacement policy is often governed by a least recently used algorithm.  FTP, what are these structures utilizing the concept of locality of reference, which, on CPUs, are often divided into a level 1 and a level 2?.;;cache (pron(.)) (cash)
;;This artist traveled to Caracas with his first teacher, the Danish painter Fritz Melbye, and established a studio there, painting such pieces as Coconut Palms by the Sea.  Other works depict an orange-shirted lady amidst lush foliage in Young Woman Bathing Her Feet in a Brook and a similarly tranquil scene in his The Garden of Les Mathurins at Pontoise.  His pen sketches entitled Les Turpitudes Sociales prominently feature the word "Anarchie," fitting since this artist was a member of the Social Art Club, devoted to the aims of radicals like Jean Grave.  Perhaps best known for his series of paintings of Kew Gardens in London, he switched styles numerous times.  For ten points, identify this man of Spanish/Jewish extraction, who was born on the island of St. Thomas, and was the only artist to exhibit in all eight Impressionist exhibitions.;;(Camille) Pisarro
;;One of its protagonists initially appears in the disguise of a neighbor, Madame Berlingot.  Herbert Trench helped inspire a scene in which the characters visit the Luxury of Knowing Nothing and the Luxury of Being Rich, the latter of whom says that the title object is "not good to eat".  The main action consists of a journey wherein personifications of Bread, Milk, Sugar and Light, as well as the family dog, Tylo, help two children to find the title animal, which can cure their neighbor's sick daughter.  The fairy Berylune helps the children Tyltyl and Mytyl find happiness, represented by the titular avian, in, FTP, what play by Maurice Materlinck?.;;The Blue Bird |L'oiseau bleu
;;Early in his career, this politician headed an investigative committee with Robert Wagner which looked into the Triangle Shirtwaist fire.  Belle Moskowitz was his longtime campaign manager and he started the career of Robert Moses, the "master-builder" of New York City.  Arkansas senator Joe Robinson was chosen as his running mate, and while he owed much of his rise to Silent Charlie Murphy, he later renounced his ties to Tammany Hall.  Later in life, he founded the American Liberty League along with John Davis, the democratic nominee in the election previous to his presidential run.  FTP, name the so-called"Happy Warrior," a Catholic from New York who lost to Hoover in 1928.;;(Alfred) (Emanuel) Smith
;;This universal property of all spinless boson systems can be derived exactly for all charged scalar fields at any temperature.  This property is most easily observed in symmetric electronic structures such as ionic crystals.  Materials with this property do not fit into the assumptions of Earnshaw's theorem, as they have negative susceptibility.  Bismuth has the highest elemental value for this property, and superconductors demonstrate the perfect variety of this property when they expel magnetic fields.  For ten points, identify this type of magnetism employed in a namesake type of levitation and distinguished from paramagnetism.;;diamagnetism
;;This work endorses Maimonides's views on adoption, and it lays out an argument for the subsistence of the soul that takes issue with Aristotle's De Anima.  It argues that fate is unchangeable at the end of a section entitled "Theology."  This section is followed by one called "Ethics" which discusses the "irascible" passions, and the third section is entitled "Christ."  Structured as a series of objections and responses, it was begun at the time of Clement IV.  It uses the author's own commentaries on Lombard's Sentences to justify its arguments, one of which famously depends on the nature of efficient causes.  Aiming to instruct beginners in "whatever belongs to the Christian religion," FTP name this work of scholastic philosophy, the major work of Thomas Aquinas.;;Summa Theologica|Summa Theologiae
;;In this work, the poet states "The sides of wet stones cannot console me" after noting that the title character is "not here, / Waiting like a fern, making a spiny shadow."  The title character is variously addressed as a wren, a sparrow, a skittery pigeon, and a maimed darling.  The poet recalls that when the titular scion of the Bannick family was sad, "she cast herself down into such a pure depth, even a father could not find her."  In the end, the poet declares that he has "no rights in this matter," as he is "neither father nor lover."  Memorializing a student thrown by a horse, FTP name this poem by Theodore Roethke.;;Elegy for Jane
;;Some rivers that flow into this body of water from the north include the Amite and the Tchefuncte River, which passes through Covington on the way.  It is connected by a strait known as the Rigolets to the "One-Eyed Lake," Lake Borgne, in the east.  The most prominent town on its northern banks is Mandeville, while further north are Slidell and Hammond.  The Industrial Canal connects it to another large body of water and it receives water diverted by the Bonnet Carre Spillway.  Skirted to the north by Interstate 12 and crossed by the Twin Span Bridge of Interstate-10, FTP, name this second-largest saltwater lake in the US, to the north of New Orleans.;;(Lake) Pontchartrain
;;In the northern part of this engagement, sometimes called the Battle of San Martino, Ludwig von Benedek's 8th Corps successfully held off the attacking force, and, later, von Benedek would screen the retreat of his defeated compatriots.  Masses of the new rifled field guns and early control of the battlefield assured victory for the winning side, resulting in the Peace of Villafrance 16 days later.  Franz Josef was the losing commander, doing no better than his generals had at Magenta earlier in the month.  FTP, name this 1859 battle between the French and Sardinians on one side and the Austrians on the other whose aftermath inspired Jean-Henri Dunant to found the Red Cross.;;(Battle) (of) Solferino
;;This equation can be used with alkali metal atoms so long as their single valence electron is sufficiently shielded from the nucleus.  It was modified by Moseley's Law to allow for accurate k-alpha and l-alpha values, and Ritz improved this equation by analyzing nonzero boundary conditions.  It produces the Brackett, Pfund and Paschen series, and it was created when its originator inverted both sides of Balmer's formula.  Used in connection with a namesake constant, FTP, name this formula used to produce the line spectrum for hydrogen, named for a Swede.;;Rydberg(-)Ritz (Formula/Equation)
;;Arias in this opera include "Ah!, Pescator, affonda l'esca", sung when one of the characters is disguised as a fisherman, and the duet "L'amo come il fulgor del creato" between the two lead females.  Prior to the most famous piece is a scene where the inquisitor Alvise believes his adulterous wife has drank a poison, although it was really only a sleeping potion.  In the climactic scene, the title character helps the lovers Laura and Enzo escape from the spy Barnaba, and then, after singing the aria "Che vedo la! Il rosario!", commits suicide.  With a libretto by Boito based on Hugo's Angelo, FTP, name this opera that includes the "Dance of the Hours", a work of Amilcare Ponchielli.;;La gioconda () (accept) the ballad singer|(other) (equivalent) (unnecessary) (English) (translations)
;;Minor characters in this work include the utterly normal Rodney Bayham and the cabin boy Jimmy who keeps up the charade of his mistress' heart condition.  At one point the sickly Ms.  Maidan has her ears boxed and much of the third section takes place at Branshaw Manor in Fordingbridge, where the novel's narrator lives.  Originally entitled The Saddest Story, its title character slits his throat after receiving a telegram from his former ward and unrequited love Nancy Rufford.  The novel opens in Nauheim where Florence Dowell and her husband, the narrator, John, meet Leonora and her philandering husband for the first time.  For ten points, identify this work named for Captain Edward Ashburnham, a purportedly virtuous military man, the best-known work of Ford Madox Ford.;;The Good Soldier
;;This work's chapter on "Devout Observances" begins with a caveat that the truth and beauty of the anthropomorphic cults considered are "of too grave import to find a place in so slight a sketch."  It describes the coercive factors of industrial exemption in a chapter on "The Conservation of Archaic Traits."  It calls gambling "another subsidiary trait of the barbarian temperament" in "The Belief in Luck."  Hailed as social satire by Howells, this work introduced the term for attempting to surpass a neighbor in wealth status, pecuniary emulation.  Focusing on the titular economically useless group, FTP name this work that coined the term conspicuous consumption, written by Thorstein Veblen.;;(The) Theory of the Leisure Class
;;A method for calculating a Euclidean type of one of these involves understanding of the properties of Delaunay triangulation.  In the case of directed weighted edges, finding one of these is not sufficient and Edmond's Algorithm should be used instead.  The most efficient algorithm for calculating them was found by Bernard Chazelle, and has a runtime of approximately O(e) ("big-O of e").  The oldest algorithm for finding them was developed for an electricity network in Bohemia and is called Boruvka's algorithm.  Usually found using Kruskal's or Prim's algorithm, FTP name this type of subgraph, the smallest tree that connects all vertices of the graph together.;;minimum spanning tree
;;This man was the most famous disciple of the author of the "Great Book of Writing", Neolin.  He participated in the war against Nicholas Orontony, a chief of the Huron, and may have met Robert Rogers and his rangers during their western campaigns.  General Jeffrey Amherst may have attempted to wipe this man and his followers out with smallpox after this man's victory over the British at Bloody Run.  After making peace with the British supervisor William Johnson, he was assassinated by a Peoria Indian in 1769.  FTP, name this Ottawa chief who laid siege to Detroit in 1763, an action which began the rebellion named for him.;;Pontiac|Obwandiyag
;;Some of the recurring characters on this show include Rainn Wilson as Arthur Martin and Kathy Bates as Bettina.  A montage at the end of the final episode of this series shows the eventual deaths of the main characters, such as Claire's in 2085 at the age of 101.  One of the characters on this show has two adopted children with his security guard boyfriend Keith, and his mental health suffers after his brother Nate dies of a ruptured AVM.  That brother, David, is a member of the Fisher family, who own a funeral home in, FTP, what HBO series.;;Six Feet Under
;;It includes a poem written by a man who had an affair with the wife of King Tissa, the "Oil Cauldron Verses," and a work about a relic that can be found in the Sacred Temple of the Tooth, the Dathavamsa.  Its "Island Chronicle" is the first known work to be written about Sri Lanka.  Recitations by the disciple Upali were transcribed to form its section on rules for monks and nuns, the Vinaya, which is joined by the Sutta and Abhidhamma.  FTP name this sole canonical collection of Theravada Buddhist writings named alternately for the sacred language in which it was written, or for its originally being stored in three baskets.;;Pali canon|tipitaka or tripitaka
;;He notes that prairie dogs give three hurrahs "all unstingingly as to the moon" in "Great Western Plains," contemplates an opera production in "Carmen de Boheme," and compares a musician to Aesop in "Black Tambourine."  In another of his works the speaker reflects on keeping one's good humor in times of despair.  That piece, "Chaplinesque," along with such titles as "Voyages" and "At Melville's Tomb" can be found in his first collection of poetry White Buildings, which was published four years before his greatest work: an epic divided into such sections as "Powhatan's Daughter" and "Cutty Sark."  For ten points, identify this American poet best known for his poem The Bridge.;;(Hart) Crane
;;Smaller ones include Phoenix, whose components all have a richness class of zero.  Many of their component structures are listed in the Abell catalogue.  Their discovery had its roots in distribution maps produced by Shapley and Ames.  They typically do not appear dynamically relaxed, and are usually found on the outskirts of enormous voids in large filamentary or sheet-like structures, such as the Great Wall.  The Local Group and the Virgo Cluster belong to the same one, which is moving towards the Great Attractor.  FTP name these large collections of galaxy clusters.;;supercluster
;;This text features a revolt of grinding stones and pottery, upset at being overworked.  At one point in this work, 400 boys are killed by a thrown stone and become the group of stars called Motz.  A louse swallowed by a toad swallowed by a snake swallowed by a falcon delivers a challenge to two brothers after they play the ball game by the Great Abyss.  The hero twins Hunapu and Xbalanque triumph over the lords of Xibalba in, FTP, this primary source for Mayan mythology.;;Popul Vuh
;;This man, known to his supporters as the "Father of the Poor," had a brother, Benjamin, who was known as "the Kiss," and ran his country's secret police.  Deposed once in a military coup, this man was elected to his country's senate following the presidential election of Eurico Dutra, and he would go on to win his last presidential election in 1950.  Francisco Campos, this man's justice minister, helped draft his most famous plan, which was supported by the Integralistas.  This man's downfall came about following the dismissal of his protege Joao Goulart and the attempted murder of opposition journalist Carlos Lacerda.  FTP name this dictator who committed suicide in 1954 and established the quasi-fascist Estado Novo in Brazil.;;(Getulio) (Donelas) Vargas
;;In one of this man's plays, Mary steals the tin can made by her son Michael, ruining Sarah's plans to marry Michael.  In another of his plays, a wandering friar uses some water from the title location to restore sight to Martin and Mary Doul.  In addition to The Tinker's Wedding and The Well of the Saints, he wrote about Dan Burke pretending to be dead, then driving out his wife Nora, in the one-act play In the Shadow of the Glen.  Another of his plays features the Widow Quin and Pegeen Mike, both of whom are initially enticed by a supposed patricide named Christy Mahon.  FTP name this playwright of The Playboy of the Western World.;;(John) (Millington) Synge
;;In an early work by this artist, a woman dressed in black and named Lydia is being watched in her Opera Box, while an 1873 painting by this artist shows a toreador lighting a cigarette. A better known 1893 painting by this artist features a baby in pink being held by a woman wearing a white hat, while the foreground shows a man in black who is rowing the titular "boating party." After studying at the Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts during the Civil War, this artist moved to France, and placed a painting in the 1872 Salon.  FTP, name this painter of The Bath and Children Playing on the Beach, a female artist who exhibited with the Impressionists.;;(Mary) Cassatt
;;The beginning of the end for its independence was the Battle of Shelon River, where its poorly organized forces were routed by a force one-quarter its size.   Its constituent political units were public assemblies known as vecha, and executive power may have been vested in a Council of Lords chaired by the Archbishop.   Though it rose to prominence because of the fur trade, and was the site of the Hanseatic kontor of the Peterhof, its inability to feed itself made it dependent on the region of Vladimir-Suzdal for food, and it was annexed by Ivan III in 1478 to Muscovy.  With a name meaning "New City," FTP, name this historic Russian city, led in the 13th century by Alexander Nevsky.;;(Velikiy) Novgorod|Novgorod (the) (Great)
;;A major enemy of this group was Caecillian, who condemned the lady Lucilla's excessive devotion to the bones of the martyrs. They supported Majorinus and opposed Caecillian's ordination by Felix of Apthunga because Felix was thought to be a "traditor," one who had handed over church books to the authorities during the third-century persecutions.  Its followers instead maintained that the sacraments should only be celebrated by those of blameless life, who most certainly did not include the bishop of Carthage. FTP, name this heresy denounced by Saint Augustine, a source of schism in the early church of North Africa.;;Donatism|Donatists
;;This work is discussed in the first part of the "Fortunata" chapter of Erich Auerbach's Mimesis, which goes on to consider the first book of the Annals of Tacitus.  The William Arrowsmith translation of this book includes such chapters as "Lichas and Tryphena," "The Road to Croton," and "Among the Rhetoricians."   In the opening section of this book, Agamemnon and one of the central characters discuss questions of literary value, while several of the characters are later waylaid by Quartilla.   Later, a poet named Eumolpus offers the central character consolation after he is deserted by Giton.  FTP, name this work which centers on Encolpius and includes the episode of Trimalchio's feast, a comic novel by Petronius.;;Satyricon|Satyrica
;;The turberomammillary nucleus of the hypothalamus releases this compound as a neurotransmitter, and it acts upon the medial forebrain bundle to cause arousal and vigilance.  One receptor for this compound is found on the parietal cells of the stomach, where it triggers the release of HCl, and it is also stored in the enterochromaffin-like cells there.  It is destroyed by the action of diamine oxidase and its namesake N-methyltransferase.  Most commonly, it is released when the Fc-epsilon-RI receptor binds to immunoglobulin E, causing degranulation of mast cells.  Created by histidine decarboxylase, FTP, name this vasoactive amine whose actions are inhibited by Benadryl and are responsible for allergic reactions.;;Histamine
;;The only railroad in the world to use gas-turbine electric locomotives on a large scale, its early acquisitions included the Oregon Short Line and the Los Angeles & Salt Lake.    It founded Sun Valley in 1935 under W. Averell Harriman, and under Jay Gould it expanded with acquisitions such as the Kansas Pacific, though Gould's tenure left it financially unstable.  Later acquisitions, such as the Missouri Pacific, Chicago & Northwestern and Southern Pacific would greatly extend its reach.  Left near bankruptcy with Credit Mobilier scandal, FTP, name this American railroad that built the eastern part of the first Transcontinental.;;Union Pacific
;;This composer's Opus 1 and 2 are piano sonatas in C major and F-sharp minor, respectively, while his Opus 10 is a series of four Ballades for piano dedicated to Julius Grimm.  A D minor work which this composer originally intended to be a sonata for two pianos was later transformed into his first piano concerto, while his better-known second piano concerto is a B-flat major work in four movements which premiered in 1881 with the composer at the keyboard.  This composer's other works include the Variations and Fugue on a Theme by Handel and the Alto Rhapsody, as well as four symphonies.  FTP, name this composer of the Academic Festival Overture and the German Requiem.;;(Johannes) Brahms
;;The title of a 2004 book by Hilary Putnam refers to the author's attempt to develop a version of this "without ontology," while a 1979 essay by Thomas Nagel describes a version of it "without biology."  A book on this subject "and language" was written by Charles Stevenson, a leader of the "emotivist" school of thought concerning it.  This subject was said to be without rational foundations in a book which discusses it "and the limits of philosophy" written by Bernard Williams.  A 17th-century book with this title is divided into five sections, and moves "in geometric order" through such topics as "the power of the understanding" and "human bondage."  FTP, name this philosophical subject which is discussed in a treatise by Aristotle known as the "Nicomachean.".;;ethics (accept) Ethics Without Ontology (on) (the) (first) (sentence)
;;One work by this author concludes "The worlds revolve like ancient women / Gathering fuel in vacant lots," and mentions a "notion" of an "infinitely gentle / Infinitely suffering thing."  Another poem by this author concludes that "Our lot crawls between dry ribs / To keep our metaphysics warm," and begins by noting that John Webster was "much possessed by death / And saw the skull beneaeth the skin."  In addition to "Preludes" and "Whispers of Immortality," this author asked "After such knowledge, what forgiveness?" in a poem about an "old man in a dry month," "Gerontion."  FTP, name this American poet who wrote "Sweeney Among the Nightingales" and "The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock.".;;(Thomas) (Stearns) Eliot
;;This organ derives from the mesenchyme of the dorsal mesogastrium, and attaches to the gastrolineal, lienorenal, and phrenicocolic ligament to support itself.  One section of this organ is affected by MALT lymphoma and expresses the MARCO protein, and another section of it contains the Malphigian corpuscles.  Its marginal zone divides its two main sections, the red pulp and white pulp, and sequestration of this organ occurs in sickle cell anemia.  The site of erythrocyte destruction, FTP, name this largest lymphoid organ, a reservoir of B and T cells.;;Spleen
;;In 1885, he was dispatched to Seoul as the Qing Dynasty's Resident, giving him great influence in Korea until the outbreak of Sino-Japanese War.   His conduct during the hundred days' reform, he probably betrayed the reformers to the reactionary Cixi's forces.   He earned the trust of foreigners for suppressing the Boxers in Shandong as governor, he later turned the Beiyang army into the most powerful in China.  Supposedly nursing a foot ailment with the Qing Dynasty fell, he was later thought to be behind the assassination of Song Jiaoren.  However, in 1912, he was the only candidate acceptable by all factions for the president of the new Republic of China.  FTP, name this late Chinese general and statesman who unsuccessfully tried to crown himself emperor in 1915.;;Yuan Shikai
;;In his last tragedy, the title character is overthrown thanks to a priest named Joad, leading to the crowning of Joas.  The title character of one of his earlier plays is the younger brother of Amurat who falls in love with Atalide, who commits suicide after Roxane orders his death.  Pharnace and Xiphares oppose the title monarch in his Mithridate, while the Bible inspired his late works Athalie and Esther.  He borrowed from The Wasps in his only comedy, Les Plaideurs, though he is better known for tragedies based on Greek works.  FTP, name this French dramatist of Andromaque and Phedre.;;(Jean) Racine
;;This creature was associated with Tool-ba, the foolish uncle of the Abenaki culture hero Glooscap.  The Chinese goddess Nu-Gua cut off the legs of one of these creatures to prop up the four cardinal points, and Apollo assumed this form to get Dryope to put him in her lap.  In Balinese myth, Bedawang Nala is a gigantic one that supports the earth, and in Hindu myth, during the churning of the ocean Mount Mandara rested on the curved back of one of these animals.  Vishnu's second avatar, Kurma, was an example of, FTP, this animal whose shell provided the body for Hermes's lyre.;;tortoise|turtle
;;Parsbit may have been a female military commander of these people, whose military was traditionally led by a Bek, assisted by tarkhans.   Other leaders include Irbis, who may not have existed, and Bulan or Sabriel.  Their leader Barjik defeated the Umayyads in 730, while both Justinian II and Constantine V married princesses of this people.   Severely weakened by the Kabar rebellion and the departure of the Magyars, their cities included their capital of Itil and the fortress of Sarkel, built with Byzantine assistance on the Don River.  Though they enjoyed a revival under Joseph and Aaron II, they were eventually destroyed by Svyatoslav of Kiev.  FTP, name this Turkic people on the lower Volga, perhaps most famous for converting to Judaism.;;() Khazars
;;This city's Trianon Park lies close to a structure utilizing right-angled solidium beams in a litter to carry MASP [rhymes with "hasp," not "wasp"].  This city's Week of Modern Art featured paintings by Anita Malfatti and Emiliano di Cavalcanti, a reading from Hallucinated City by Mario Andrade, and performances of works by Heitor Villa-Lobos.  Its BOVESPA ["boh-VES-puh"] stock exchange is the largest in Latin America.  A riverbank in this city was the site of the Grito de Ipiranga, the proclamation by Dom Pedro I of Brazilian independence.  FTP name this most populous city in the Southern Hemisphere.;;Sao Paulo
;;The Voigt line profile is a convolution of a Gaussian with this man's namesake profile for natural or resonant line widths.  Independently of a Danish scientist with a similar last name, he discovered a relation that is equivalent to the Clausius-Mossotti equation.  His line profile has the shape of a Cauchy distribution, and the group of inhomogeneous transformations named for him is also known as the Poincare group.  He lends his name to the electromagnetic force on a moving charged particle, and to the transformations between inertial frames in special relativity.  FTP name this Dutch physicist who explained the Michelson-Morley result with a namesake contraction hypothesized independently of Fitzgerald.;;(Hendrik) (Antoon) Lorentz
;;In this novel, one source of religious authority is the town's vicar Parson Irwine, who cares for his invalid sister Anne.  The title character is loved by Mary Burge, the daughter of his employer, and studies with a schoolmaster named Bartle Massey.  Set in the town of Hayslope at the end of the 18th century, it features a Methodist preacher named Dinah Morris who eventually marries the title character after the woman he loves is sentenced to death for murdering her illegitimate child.  FTP, name this work which features Arthur Donnithorne and Hetty Sorrel, the first novel written by George Eliot, whose title character is an upstanding carpenter.;;Adam Bede
;;Many chapters in this novel begin with quotes from Zero Hour.  The protagonist's son Philip becomes an advocate of Corpoism, and Shad Ledue terrorizes his former employer upon joining the Minute Men, an organization dedicated to supporting "the Chief."  After being sentenced to the Trianon Concentration Camp, the protagonist escapes to Canada and joins Emmanuel Coon's rebellion against Dewey Haik, who becomes president after killing Lee Sarason.  With the support of Bishop Paul Peter Prang, Senator Berzelius "Buzz" Windrip defeats Walt Trowbridge to win the 1936 presidential election, and becomes dictator after arresting the Supreme Court and dissenting members of Congress.  FTP, name this novel in which Doremus Jessup fights against the fascist takeover of America, a work by Sinclair Lewis.;;It Can't Happen Here
;;One theory of its nature includes a tracker field whose time evolution is controlled by Hubble damping.  It must have an equation of state parameter of less than -1/3.  The first direct evidence for it came from the Supernovae Cosmology Project and the High-Z Supernova Search.  Galaxy cluster surveys and the position of the first peak in the angular power spectrum of the CMB set its abundance at about 70% of Omega critical, making it the most abundant density component in the universe.  Quintessence and a cosmological constant are two forms of, FTP, this mysterious substance that accelerates the expansion of the Universe.;;dark energy
;;Taken on June 21 1941 by the Anglo-French Gentforce, this city was taken in 613 by Chosroes with the help of some uppity Jews after Byzantine Emperor Heraclius botched its defense.  A shrine it its largest mosque - one of oldest continuously used in the world - is said to contain the head of John the Baptist.  Its "Tower of Heads" square references its sack by Tamerlane in 1400, and in 1925 the French bombed large portions of it during a Druze revolt.  This site of a disastrous attack in 1148 during the Second Crusade was taken by Omar, the second caliph, in 636 and used as the capital of the Umayyad Empire.  FTP, identify this longest continuously inhabited city on Earth which is today the capital of Syria.;;Damascus|Dimashq|Ash(-)Sham
;;This work unfavorably contrasts the "marginal Keri" of the Talmud with the Old Testament's "textual Chetiv," and argues that without the freedom to choose, Adam would have been "mere[ly] artificial."  Later, it compares the "sad friends of Truth" to Isis looking for the pieces of Osiris' body, and uses the construction of Solomon's temple to symbolize the search for knowledge.  It also compares books to dragon's teeth that "mayspring up armed men," and concludes by asserting that a certain piece of legislation will cause "the discouragement of all learning" in England.  Asserting that "he who destroys a good book, kills reason itself," it is named for a speech given by Isocrates and was aimed at the Licensing Order of 1643, FTP, name this anti-censorship tract written by John Milton.;;Areopagitica
;;It is aided in its most notable function by the binding of ASPP-1.  This molecule is composed of an N-terminal transcription-activation domain, a central DNA-binding core domain, and a C-terminal homo-oligomerization domain.  Mutations of its DBD section destroy its ability to bind to target DNA sequences, which leads to Li-Fraumeni syndrome.  It is normally inactivated by the ubiquitin ligase mdm-2, until it is phosphorylated by MAP kinase or Chk.  Its major functions include the activation of DNA repair proteins, holding the cell in the G1 phase to prevent division in a dysfunctional cell, and triggering cell death in an un-repairable cell.  FTP, name this tumor suppressor located on chromosome 17, known as the "guardian angel of the genome".;;p53|tumor protein 53
;;In Hawaiian mythology these creatures frighten a race of magical little people known as the Menehune.  The Mayan ruler of Mitnal, Ah Puch, had the head of one of these creatures, and the Hindu goddess Lakshmi rides one known as Ulooka.  According to Ovid, Persephone threw water from Phlegethon on Ascalaphus to turn him into one, and Gwydion turned Blodeuwedd into one of these creatures, condemning her to haunt the night.  Eros causes indifference using leaden arrows fletched with their feathers.  A symbol of Athena, FTP, name these birds often associated with wisdom.;;Owls
;;He served as secretary to an All Parties Conference where his father issued a namesake report calling for the creation of a federal government without a state religion.  Later in his life, he would gain fame for raising a flag of independence over the Ravi River in 1930, and later still he would be succeeded in the last office he held by Gulzaril Nanda.  The author of his country's first 5-year plan in 1951, he would clash with his home secretary Vallabhbhai Patel over the handling of Kashmir, but later embraced Patel's theories in his invasion of Goa.  Jailed eight times for, among others, his association with the Quit India movement and the Congress party, FTP, identify this first prime minister of India.;;(Jawaharlal) Nehru
;;Its Tell range contains the headwaters of the Chelif River.  A section of this mountain range intersects the Draa valley near the city of Ourzazate, and large sections of it are inhabited by kabyles.  The Rif region, though geographically adjacent to its northwest section, is not geologically related.  Formed in the Alleghenian orogeny, making it the same age as the Appalachian Mountains, it is extended to the east by the Aures Mountains.  Jbel Toubkal, located about 60 kilometers south of Marrakesh in Morrocco, is the highest point of, FTP, what mountain range of Northwestern Africa?.;;Atlas (Mountains)
;;In the seventh book of this work, the writer claims that evil cannot be a substance but is rather a "conflict of interests."  One book describes the principle of cor ad cor loquitur, while in another book, the author admits to being unable to explain the concept of time.  In book 10, the author calls memory the "stomach of the mind," and in book 2, the author compares himself to Catiline after describing the theft of some pears.  The deaths of Vecundus and Nebridius prompt the abandonment of rhetoric, while an earlier death inspires the author to abandon Manichaeism in Milan.  The author's mother Monica plays a key role in, for 10 points, what autobiographical work by the future bishop of Hippo, Saint Augustine?.;;(The) Confessions (of) (Saint) (Augustine)
;;The world premiere of this opera was a joint production between the music department of Morehouse College and the Atlanta Symphony Orchestra and was conducted by Robert Shaw in 1972, more than sixty years after it was composed.  Its second act features the ballet "Frolic of the Bears," which is followed by the antagonists fleeing from a man dressed as a scarecrow, who saves the titular heroine from "The Wasp-Nest."  Remus sings the aria "Wrong is Never Right" in the third act of this opera, which begins with the attempted sale of a bag of luck.  The characters dance "A Real Slow Drag" after accepting the title character as their leader and ousting conjurers that represent superstition.  Named for the educated daughter of Ned and Monisha, FTP, name this ragtime opera by Scott Joplin.;;Treemonisha
;;Li and Cai have used it to synthesize peptides with tetrahedral phosphorous molecules, which have the potential to act as enzyme inhibitors.  One variation of it that uses hydrophosphoryl compounds is the Kabachnick-Fields reaction, while a ring-forming variant of it is the Pictet-Spengler reaction.  An asymmetric version of it uses a proline catalyst, which blocks attack from the Re face in its second step.  In the first step, a primary or secondary amine attacks formaldehyde and eliminates the resulting hydroxyl group, forming a Schiff base.  This is followed by the abstraction of an acidic alpha-hydrogen and formation of a carbon-carbon bond.  FTP, name this organic reaction that forms a beta-amino-carbonyl, named for a German chemist.;;Mannich (reaction)
;;With "Bromberg" it is applied anti-German violence in Poland at the outbreak of World War II, and it is also often applied to the first day of fighting at the battle of Paardeberg during the Boer War.  Also applied to the culmination of the abortive Soviet attempt to stop Lithuanian independence, events precipitated by Chun Doo-Hwan at Gwangju in 1980 are often given this name, as is a 1965 attempt to cross the Edmund Pettus Bridge.  Father Gapon was responsible for the strike at the Putilov plant, whose workers were gunned down at the Winter Palace in one in 1905.  FTP, identify this term, also applied to a 1972 shooting of protesters in Derry, Northern Ireland.;;Bloody Sunday
;;Leibniz discusses this philosopher in his Discourse on the Natural Theology of the Chinese, noting the similarity of his ideas to the concept of Li.  Karl Popper wrote a book about the "world" of this thinker, and Socrates contrasts him with men of flux in the dialogue Theaetetus.  The last part of his main work deals with "opinions of mortals," but this section, the Way of "Seeming" or "Doxa," survives only in fragments.  In the second section of his main work, this thinker presents himself riding on a chariot to a goddess who instructs him on the "way of truth."  She tells him that the world is unchanging and monistic.  For 10 points, identify this Eleatic philosopher who wrote the poem On Nature and who may have been the teacher of Zeno.;;Parmenides (of) (Elea)
;;It is preceded and concluded by a brief song noting how the events of the story failed to inspire lasting change upon the world: "same are loss and gain."  In the beginning of this work, three strangers declare eternal brotherhood and get exceedingly drunk, and later their leader is informed that another has tied up and begun thrashing a prominent official.  Other events include a minister's use of his adopted daughter in a palace plot and the triumph of Dong Zhuo over Zhang Rang and the eunuchs.  The work also describes a dramatic battle at Guandu and Sun Quan and Liu Bei's victory at Red Cliffs over Cao Cao.  Featuring a plot set in motion by the Yellow Turban rebellion, FTP, identify this Chinese classic by Luo Guanzhong, a work named for the Wei, Wu, and Shu dynasties, which vied for power.;;Romance of the Three Kingdoms|Sanguo Yanyi
;;He was an extra at a party in "Less Than Zero" and was a love interest named Chuck on "Head of the Class."  He's slated to appear in three title roles in upcoming films, playing Benjamin Button, Carl Schmidt and Jesse James.  His most recent TV work was lending his voice to Boomhauer's brother Patch on "King of the Hill."  On the big screen he has played detectives, including one named David Mills who finds his wife's head in a box, as well as criminals, including Rusty Ryan, a character who's almost always seen eating.  FTP, identify this hunky star of Mr. and Mrs. Smith, Babel, and Fight Club.;;(Brad) Pitt
;;His first two operas, Alfred and The King and the Charcoal Burner, show the influence of Wagner.  His late career saw him set the verse fairy tales of Karel Erben to music in four tone poems, two of which include The Water Goblin and The Golden Spinning Wheel.  An E major Serenade for Strings followed by a lengthy Stabat Mater inspired by the deaths of his three children preceded his friendship with Brahms, who helped establish his reputation abroad.  His most famous works-a B minor cello concerto, an F major string quartet composed in Spillville, Iowa, and his 9th symphony-were inspired by a famous trip.  FTP, name this composer of the Slavonic Dances and the New World symphony.;;(Antonin) Dvorak
;;His first elected position was Sheriff of Erie County, and personally carried out two hangings while in that office.  The Department of Agriculture was created under his administration, and among his appointments to the Supreme Court were Lucius Lamar and Rufus Peckham.  In foreign policy, he refused to promote his predecessor's Nicaragua canal treaty and forced Britain to submit to arbitration in its border dispute with Venezuela.  Thomas Hendricks, his first Vice President died after less than a year in office, and he first rose to prominence as Mayor of Buffalo.  Noted for putting down the Pullman Strike and refusing to annex Hawaii, FTP, name this American president, the only one to serve two non-continuous terms.;;(Stephen) (Grover) Cleveland
;;In one scene, a lieutenant orders a peasant to chop wood to drown out the sound of drumming.  In another scene, a mute character tries on the boots of Yvette, a prostitute who sings "The Fraternization Song" to describe her liaison with a cook named Peter Piper.  In the first scene, three of the title characters draw black crosses from a helmet, and the eldest is led away by a recruiting officer.  The main character is threatened with ruin by the brief peace after the Battle of Lutzen, and this play ends with that character continuing to run her canteen in spite of the deaths of Kattrin, Eilif, and Swiss Cheese.  Centering on Anna Fierling, who had earned the title nickname by driving through the bombardment of Riga to sell moldy loaves of bread, for 10 points, name this play set during the Thirty Years War by Bertolt Brecht.;;Mother Courage and Her Children|Mutter Courage und ihre Kinder
;;In one of his paintings, the Ark of the Covenant destroys a statue of Dagon in the background, warning Philistines of the title pestilence.  Besides The Plague of Ashdod, another painting by this artist includes a statue of Janus on the left, portrays Aurora leading Apollo's chariot through the sky, and features a winged man playing the lyre for the dancing figures of Wealth, Pleasure, Industry, and Poverty.  That painting, A Dance to the Music of Time, was finished in 1640, four years after he painted Adoration of the Golden Calf.  He also depicted four shepherds reading a phrase from Virgil's fifth Eclogue on a pastoral tomb, and Romulus presiding over a violent abduction.  FTP, name this artist of Et in Arcadia Ego and The Rape of the Sabine Women, a 17th century French classical painter.;;(Nicholas) Poussin
;;This author's "The Little Kingdom" centers on a teacher who must win over the leader of his students in order to survive in the classroom, while The Reed Cutter explores a non-sexual menage a trois.  In another novel, a meeting at an art class turns into obsession when an older woman falls in love with a young female student.  That work Quicksand was followed by this writer's rumination on the clash of tradition and technology in architectural design, In Praise of Shadows.  The namesake of his first novel is described as having, "Mary Pickford's smile; Gloria Swanson's eyes; [and] Bebe Daniels' suave affectation," traits that only add to narrator Joji Kawai's desire to haver her in Naomi.  His best-known work is set in Osaka where four siblings must try to negotiate being modern women.  For ten points, identify this author of Some Prefer Nettles and The Makioka Sisters.;;(Junichiro) Tanizaki
;;In this work, a lifeguard named James tries to rescue a man played by Mickey Catrell from drowning in a jacuzzi.  Catrell appeared in My Own Private Idaho, a movie that James tells a dominatrix named Jennifer Aniston inspired him to be a street hustler.  Another character is a "Chinese-Canadian" couples counselor named Sofia, who works with James and his boyfriend.  These characters, and many others, all converge on the titular salon, "for the gifted and challenged." FTP, name this John Cameron Mitchell film starring Paul Dawson, Lindsey Beamish, PJ DeBoy, and Sook-Yin Kim, who was almost fired from her newscasting job with CBC for the film's explicit sexuality.;;Shortbus
;;His name was Chagatai for "iron," and he died in Shmykent while leading a military expedition against China.  Of his sons, Jahangir and Umar Shaykh pre-deceased him, while Miran Shah was mentally deficient, leaving his youngest, Shah Rukh to succeed him.  He destroyed the Assyrian Christian majority in northern Iraq, and he defeated Tokhtamysh in a series of campaigns culminating in his sack of Sarai.  He defeated Sultan Nasir-u Din Mehmud of Delhi in 1398, and at the Battle of Ankara in 1402 defeated and captured the Ottoman sultan Bayezid I.  Ruling from his capital at Samarkand, FTP, name this 14th century warlord, often thought to be the last Mongol conqueror.;;Timur (Lenk)|Tamerlane|(anything) (with) (Timur) (in) (it)
;;Lancelot felt that this man fought more like a giant than a knight, a trait that stood him in good stead during his battle against a man with the strength of seven men.  He saved his faithful dwarf from Sir Gringamore after defeating the Black, Green, Puce and Blue Knights, as well as the Red Knight of the Red Lands.  He is accompanied on his quest by his future sister-in-law, who scorns him for working under Sir Kay in the kitchen under the nickname Beaumains.  FTP name this rescuer of Dame Lionesse, the brother of Agravaine, Gawaine and Gaheris.;;(Sir) Gareth
;;Agrawal's fitness model supports it by assuming nonrandom interactions, and Summers and Crespi analyzed placental cadherins that exhibit a molecular version of it via green-beard mutations.  It tends to not favor recombination in systems that exhibit quasi-linkage equilibrium, but this can be overcome by strong selection pressure.  It was originally formulated as an extension to the Law of Extinction by Leigh Van Valen in the paper "A New Evolutionary Law".  Used to explain the evolution of sex, FTP, name this hypothesis that states an organism must continue to evolve simply in order to maintain its current level of relative fitness, named for a character in "Through the Looking Glass".;;Red Queen (Hypothesis)|(Effect)
;;He handpicked his two successors, Ali Hassan Mwinyi and Benjamin Mkapa, and remained chairman of his political party, the Chama Cha Mapinduzi, for five years after his formal retirement.  Originally a teacher, he turned to politics exclusively after being told by the colonial authorities that he could do one or the other.  A pan-Africanist, he provided homes to Mozambique's FRELIMO and South Africa's ANC.  His stay at Edinburgh University and exposure to Fabian ideas may have influenced the program announced in the Arusha declaration setting forth his program of ujamaa socialism.  FTP, name this leader who unified Zanzibar with Tanganyika to form Tanzania.;;(Julius) (Kambarage) Nyerere
;;He suggests that his concept of "soulness" can be measured in "hunekers" in a 2007 book exploring the nature of self-awareness whose title includes a phenomenon seen in tangled hierarchies.  His 2007 book attempts to clarify the thesis of his 1979 book in such chapters as "The Causal Potency of Patterns," and is titled I Am a Strange Loop.  This Professor of Cognitive Science and Computer Science at the University of Indiana won a Pulitzer for his 1979 work that gives as examples of strange loops the print Drawing Hands and the Incompleteness theorem.  FTP name this author of Godel, Escher, Bach.;;(Douglas) (Richard) Hofstadter
;;It features such historical figures as John Desborough and William Prynne and its penultimate Canto is a dialogue between two politicians about the state of the nation that breaks up the narrative completely.  The main story includes meetings with such fictional figures as the fiddler Crowdero and the belligerent Trulla, whom the hero encounters when trying to break up a bear baiting mob.  Later the protagonist seeks out the astrologer Sidrophel for advice, but ends up killing him.  Eventually he is punished by a gang of citizens that he has wronged.  Written in a namesake, deliberately cumbersome, octosyllabic meter, its title character is accompanied throughout by his beleaguered squire Ralpho.  For ten points, identify this satire about a vulgar Presbyterian knight, the masterpiece of Samuel Butler.;;Hudibras
;;The third-largest city and only major seaport of the state of this name is Salina Cruz, while other major cities include Huajuapan de Leon and Juchitan de Zaragoza.  The state is known as the land of the Seven Moles (pron.: Moh-leh), while the city of this name sits at the site of the old Aztec fort of Huaxyaca in the junction of a Y-shaped valley of the same name.  San Juan Bautista Tuxtepec is the second-largest city in the state, which borders Puebla and Gurrero to west, Veracruz to the north and Chiapas to the east.  The center of the Zapotec civilization and the hometown of Benito Juarez, FTP identify this large southern Mexican state located in the Sierra Madre and its capital of the same name.;;Oaxaca
;;This result is closely related to the Gram-Charlier and Edgeworth expansions in terms of cumulants.  Lindeberg showed that a weaker condition is sufficient in a variant of this statement that replaces the requirement of identical distributions with the Lyapunov condition on third moments about the mean.  The Cauchy distribution does not satisfy the conditions of this theorem, and in fact has a sample variance that is independent of the sample size.  FTP, name this theorem stating that any sum of "I I D" random variables converges in distribution to the normal distribution.;;Central Limit Theorem|CLT
;;The famous dog, Black, appears in his painting Bacchanal as a representative of pure animality in a scene of explosive sexual violence.  Citing an ancient pastoral theme, his The Amorous Shepherd shows a much more peaceful confrontation in which the male woos a lady with a gift of apples.  Towards the end of his career he painted a portrait of Ambroise Vollard and a one of his wife at a Conservatory.  A notoriously slow worker, it took him seven years to finish his depiction of 14 nude women lounging, The Great Bathers.  For Ten Point, name this artist from Aix-en-Provence, a master of still-life, perhaps best known for his various depictions of Mont Sainte-Victoire.;;(Paul) Cezanne
;;The loser's standard-bearer, Sir Percival Thirwall, did not let the banner fall, even though both of his legs had been cut off.  Some historians believe that the battle was fought closer to the villages of Dadlington and Stoke Golding.  One of the more important casualties was Thomas Howard, 1st Duke of Norfolk, while real command on the winner's side rested with John de Vere, 13th Earl of Oxford.  Though the battle began well for the loser, the tide turned when Sir William Stanley led his troops into the fray on the side of the winner.  FTP identify this battle that saw the end of the house of York when Henry Tudor's forces defeated Richard III.;;(Battle) (of) Bosworth (Field)|Redemore
;;Errors in this process can be treated by using Benzoate and/or phenylbutyrate, and the most common such error sees the buildup of orotic acid in the bloodstream.  Its second step is the formation of pyrophosphate and the creation of a citrullyl-AMP intermediate.  Its rate-limiting step is allosterically regulated by NAG, and sees the formation of carbamoyl phosphate.  The final step is the cleavage of the guanidino side chain of arginine, forming ornithine and the namesake molecule.  Taking place in the hepatocytes of the liver, FTP, name this cycle that sees the conversion of ammonium ion into the namesake excretory product.;;Urea (cycle) (Aceept) Krebs(-)Henseleit (cycle(,)) (but) (not) Krebs (cycle)
;;The Two Comforters tells of a woman who has lost her son, while The Ingenu centers on a Prior who adopts a Native American in Brittany.  His title characters include Princess Formosante, The Princess of Babylon, and the Scythian Babouc, who decides to spare Persepolis in his namesake story.  A prodigious playwright, his settings include Peru in Alzire and Crete in The Laws of Minos, but one of his most popular plays takes place in Messina where Egisthe avenges his father and the titular queen, Merope.  Other literary works include his story of the Babylonian hero Zadig and a science fiction tale about two giants visiting earth from outer space, Micromegas.  For ten points, identify this French author of such works as Zaire, Letters on the English, and Candide.;;Voltaire|(Francois) (Marie) Arouet
;;Texts associated with this movement include the Epistle to the Son of the Wolf and the Tablet of the Divine Mariner.  One of its central figures had 18 disciples known as the "Letters of the Living," and its adherents follow a calendar of 19 months of 19 days with the New Year coinciding with Nawruz.  It saw the formation of several sects following the death of Shoghi Effendi, but most followers acknowledge the authority of the Universal House of Justice in Haifa.  Preaching the unity of mankind, FTP name this religion based on the teachings of the Bab and Baha'u'llah.;;Baha'i
;;After his defeat, he was held prisoner at Tullianum for five years.  His uncle Gobantio opposed his course of action and expelled him from his native city, Gergovia.  At his last battle, the besiegers built two sets of fortifications: one to keep him in and the other to keep the relief armies he summoned out.  Earlier, he had won a victory in his most significant campaign at Gergovia, shortly after a 27-day siege in the rain of the tribal capital of Avaricum.  FTP, name this leader who unified the Gauls but was defeated and captured by Julius Caesar at Alesia.;;Vercingetorix
;;Minor characters in this work include Kongoni and a society columnist whose work is mentioned, but who is never named.  During a particularly candid conversation early in the story one of the main characters asserts that he doesn't talk about his clients at the Mathaiga Club because it is bad form.  As it begins, three people decide to have a gimlet and have a discussion about how red their faces get under the sun.  However, courteous exchanges soon end after the title figure wakes up at 3 AM to find that his wife is not in the cot beside him.  The next morning the protagonist and the guide he now hates, Robert Wilson, head out to shoot water buffalo.  For ten points, identify this work that ends with the triumphant title figure being shot in the back by his unfaithful wife Margot, a work by Ernest Hemingway.;;The Short Happy Life of Francis Macomber
;;The second time derivative of this quantity is related to the kinetic and Chandrasekhar potential energy tensors by the virial theorem, and the third time derivatives of its trace-free part appear in the equation for the luminosity of gravitational radiation.  This tensor quantity's intermediate eigenvalue corresponds to unstable rotation.  In cases where it reduces to a scalar, it is given by the square of the radius of gyration times the mass, and in some cases this quantity can be calculated using Steiner's parallel axis theorem.  FTP name this rotational analog of mass whose product with angular acceleration equals torque.;;moment of inertia
;;His short story "The Infra-redioscope" satirized Martian invasion movies, and was included in his book Satan in the Suburbs.  He took issue with economic determinism in his 1938 book Power: A New Social Analysis, and he critiqued Victorian sexual customs in Marriage and Morals.  He coined the term "logical atomism" in a 1911 paper, and his essay "On Denoting" includes a famous discussion of the phrase "the present King of France." His development of a theory of types emerged from his discovery of a namesake paradox of set theory, and his belief that mathematics is reducible to logic was explored in his most famous work.  For 10 points, identify this philosopher, who, in addition to writing Why I Am Not a Christian, collaborated with Alfred Whitehead on Principia Mathematica.;;(Bertrand) Russell
;;Geman and Geman introduced a procedure named for this man that differs from the Metropolis algorithm in that only one parameter of interest is estimated during each step.  In addition to his sampling method, he lends his name to the mixing paradox and to the overshooting of finite Fourier series approximations to a jump discontinuity.  He introduced the notion of chemical potential, and deduced a relation for closed systems in equilibrium between the numbers of chemical components, degrees of freedom and separate phases.  FTP name this physical chemist who also introduced a namesake free energy.;;(Josiah) (Willard) Gibbs
;;A member of the Masmuda tribe established this dynasty, whose name derives from the Arabic for "Unitarian" or "the monotheists."  Its height was under Yaqub al-Mansur, who introduced Averroes to the court, built the Koutoubia Mosque and defeated King Alfonso VIII of Castile at the Battle of Alarcos. Its decline began with the defeat of Muhammad al-Nasir at Las Navas de Tolosa in 1212. Succeeded by the Marinids in 1269, FTP name this Berber Muslim dynasty whose capital was at Marrakesh and that succeeded the Almoravids as rulers of the Magreb and al-Andalus.;;Almohad (Dynasty)
;;Part three begins with a quote from a letter to D'Alembert that encourages the reader "to think of something else," before describing the narrator pining for his native shores. That nostalgia contrasts starkly with the first two parts, which the author wrote at Kinsham Court, and which find the speaker reciting his present state of dissipation. Ultimately, he decides to flee "his fellow bacchanals" to Portugal. By the fourth and final part, this work's author has dropped speaking via his narrator and recounts his own experiences visiting Venice and Rome. Written in Spenserian stanzas, its most famous sections feature the author's titular alter ego reflecting on the glory of Napoleon and the birth of a daughter named Ada. For ten points, identify this Lord Byron work describing the many travels of the title character.;;Childe Harold's Pilgrimage
;;Its minor tributaries include the Sacandaga, the Hoosic and the Schroon, while towns along its banks include Stillwater, Glens Falls, Kingston and Ossining.   Known in Mahican as Muh-he-kun-ne-tuk, or "the river that goes two ways," it is a tidal estuary as far upstream as Troy.  Parts of this river form coves such as Haverstraw Bay and Weehawken Cove, the former of which is just north of this river's widest part, the Tappan Zee.  It is connected to the Delaware by a namesake canal, and its principal tributary is the Mohawk. FTP, name this river that flows past Jersey City, Albany and Manhattan.;;Hudson (River)
;;A man sharing his name fled after an ephor announced a sign from the gods favoring the reforms of his co-regent Agis IV.  This man's father saved the city of Sicyon from the tyrant Aeschynus. His father-in-law went insane, and was arrested and executed for plotting against Damartius. His father-in-law, Cleomenes I, was also his half-brother by his father, Ananaxdridas II. He replied "Molon Labe!," meaning "Come and get them," following his enemy's demand for unilateral disarmament. FTP name this husband of Gorgo and 17th Agiad king of Sparta who died fighting at Thermopylae.;;Leonidas (I)
;;This man wrote an unfinished and fragmentary novel in which an unnamed Englishman undergoes a series of exams in hopes of marrying Miss Augusta Allfancy, a native of Kantsaywhere.  He advised steering by holding a horse's tail when crossing rivers in his The Art of Travel, and discussed the negative correlation of energy and head size in a work on the nature and nurture of English Men of Science.  He introduced the concept of statistical correlation and founded the journal Biometrika with Weldon and his student Pearson.  FTP name this polymath who wrote Hereditary Genius after reading his cousin's Origin of Species.;;(Francis) Galton
;;The energy of charge transfer from a ligand to the metal it coordinates is proportional to the difference between their values for the optical variety of this quantity.  The principle of equalization of this quantity posited by Sanderson states that its value for a group is the geometric mean of the values for each individual atom.   Determination of it for orbitals was undertaken by Hinze and Jaffe.  It has been posited to be proportional to the effective nuclear charge divided by the square of the covalent radius, defined as the additional strength of a heteronuclear bond, and defined as the average of the ionization energy and electron affinity.  FTP name this quantity given various definitions by Allred and Rochow, Mulliken, and Pauling, which gives a numerical value to how much an atom likes electrons.;;electronegativity
;;In Act I of this opera, the fan of the Marchesa Attavanti is produced to make the titular character suspicious of her lover, who is thrown in prison after hearing news of Napoleon's victory at the battle of Marengo.  Based on a play by Victorien Sardou that starred Sarah Bernhardt in the title role, it preceded such later works as Il Tabarro as its composer's first effort in the verismo genre.  The title character agrees to sleep with the police chief in order to save her lover's life, but his mock execution turns out to be real, and she throws herself from the roof of the Castel Sant' Angelo.  FTP, name this opera which includes such arias as Recondita harmonia, Visse d'arte, and E Lucevan le stelle, a work by Puccini.;;Tosca
;;According to some accounts the hoof-prints of this figure's horse sprang wells.  His horse died during a gathering that also saw the deaths of a large wolf with viper-reins and a dwarf named Lit.  This son-in-law of Nep was avenged by the son of Rind.  He gave Draupnir to Hermod the Bold, who failed to secure his release when Thokk refused to cry for him.  His ship Ringhorn was set afire and his wife Nanna threw herself on his pyre following his death, which had been foreseen in a dream by his mother Frigg.  FTP name this Norse god killed by a mistletoe dart thrown by his blind brother Hodr.;;Baldur|Baldr|Balder
;;This film directed by Rowdy Herrington includes a villain smashing monster trucks into buildings to terrorize a small town. Wade Garrett, played by Sam Elliott, thinks the love interest, "Doc", has  "entirely too many brains to have an ass like that." The protagonist, an NYU philosophy graduate, brings his medical records wherever he goes in order to save time, and his finishing move involves ripping the throat out of his victims. He is hired to cool a bar in Jasper, a town run by Brad Wesley. FTP name this seminal 1989 cinematic masterpiece, in which Patrick Swayze plays a cooler named Dalton who cleans up the Double Deuce.;;Roadhouse
;;An early model for this phenomenon was the "core" or "rump" model advanced by Heisenberg.  Some of the complexities observed in this phenomenon led to Uhlenbeck and Goudsmit's spin hypothesis.  The Breit-Rabi equation gives its transition energies in terms of the hyperfine energy splitting, the Bohr magneton and the Lande g-factor.  Transitions with non-zero net electron spin yield the anomalous variety of this phenomenon, and its strong-field limit is called the Paschen-Back effect.  FTP name this splitting of spectral lines by external magnetic fields.;;Zeeman (Effect)
;;He led a raid that undid some of the damage from his side's defeat at Cissa, but the enemy was soon reinforced from Massilia.  Later he lost the Battle of Dertosa, but defeated his enemies at Upper Baetis.  He outmaneuvered Publius Scipio in Hispania, and arrived in Gaul in late 206 BC.  Intercepted by Claudius Nero and Marcus Livius, he was forced to face the consuls in battle, holding his ground until Marcus Livius broke the Iberian flank. Meeting his inglorious and headless end at the Battle of Metaurus, FTP, name this Carthaginian general and brother of Hannibal.;;Hasdrubal (Barca)
;;His biography of John Sterling was published shortly after a series of political writings, the Latter-Day Pamphlets. Those writings were more vehement in tone than an earlier political work, which drew upon the Chronicle of Jocelin of Brakelond to compare the 12th-century to Victorian England. That work, Past and Present, noted the importance of strong leadership, a theme which he also explored in On Heroes, Hero-Worship, and the Heroic in History. The German writer Jean Paul appears as a character in his most famous work, which also includes the characters Blumine, Heuschrecke, and a philosopher of clothes, Diogenes Teufelsdrockh. FTP, name this author of Sartor Resartus.;;(Thomas) Carlyle
;;He was ordered to impregnate two queens, but his wild looks caused one queen to close her eyes and the other to turn pale, resulting in one blind and one pale son.  This son of Parashara and Satyavati is credited with writing the Yoga-bhasya and the 18 major Puranas, and with dividing the Veda into four collections, earning him a name meaning "Splitter of the Vedas."  This father of Dhritarashtra and Pandu lived in the forest of Kurukshetra, facilitating the composition of his best-known work, which he dictated to Ganesh.  FTP name this grandfather of the Pandavas and Kauravas who recorded their struggle in the Mahabharata.;;(Veda) Vyasa|(Krishna) Dvaipayana
;;This property is systematized in the genus Brassica by the Triangle of U.  The theory of this type of complex was first described by Babcock and Stebbins to explain genetic exchange between species incapable of directly breeding with each other.  In humans, partial but not complete hydatiform moles exhibit this phenomenon, as do normal hepatocytes.  It results from endoreplication in Drosophila salivary glands; in other cells it can also result from non-reduction during meiosis.  Commonly occurring in plant endosperm and angiosperms, FTP identify this phenomenon in which cells possess more than two haploid sets of chromosomes.;;polyploidy (accept) (tetraploidy) (until) (complex)
;;In a recent memoir subtitled "memoirs of a disgruntled keybasher," Maria Pierrakos describes her experience transcribing the lectures of this man. His essay "The Direction of the Treatment" includes a reading of The Merchant of Venice that links Shylock's demand for a "pound of flesh" to his concept of the "object small a." His 1953 "Rome Discourse" was critical of the followers of Anna Freud, and his twenty-first seminar, "The Name of the Father," showed the influence of Saussurean linguistics. One of his most famous works drew from Freud's concept of narcissistic identification to describe the infant's acquisition of the Symbolic function. That work, "The Mirror Stage as Formative of the I," was included in his Ecrits. FTP identify this French psychoanalyst.;;(Jacques) Lacan
;;The arrests of Rufus McIntire and of Ebenezer Greeley "while performing his duty" were precipitating actions in this conflict.  Tensions ran high as Fairfield mobilized militia and Sir John Harvey threatened to build fortifications on the Fish and Madawaska Rivers.  Harvey and Winfield Scott arranged a truce about occupation of the upper St. John River valley and the namesake region as a prelude to negotiations that gave part of Minnesota's Mesabi Range to the United States.  FTP name this bloodless conflict on the Maine-New Brunswick border whose final boundaries were settled by the Webster-Ashburton Treaty.;;Aroostook (War)
;;The speaker vows to keep her charge's crystal tears in a golden vial in his "The Nymph Complaining For the Death of Her Fawn," while another speaker declares that "all resistance against her is vain" in "The Fair Singer." This author of the prose work The Rehearsal Transposed served as tutor to Lord Fairfax at the latter's estate, which is the setting of his longest poem, "Upon Appleton House." Other notable works include verses dedicated to Clora and one that pictures "Little T.C. in a Prospect of Flowers;" as well as a series of works written in the guise of "The Mower" who speaks "against Gardens" and "to the Glowworms" in a pair of poems. But his best known work urges a woman to "sport" with the speaker before "time's winged chariot" arrives and opens with the line, "Had we but world enough and time." For ten points, identify this poet of "To His Coy Mistress.".;;(Andrew) Marvell
;;It used tin ingots as currency, as the metal is found nearby.  One of its rulers married the Ming princess Hang Li Po, and it said to be home to the largest Chinese cemetery outside China.  In the 15th century, the forces of Ayutthaya attacked it twice, but were held off by Tun Perak, the Bendahara, or Prime Minister.  The city was founded by Parameswara, a Srivijayan Prine fleeing aggression by Majapahit on Java.  The Dutch ignored it in favor of Batavia during their rule from 1641 to 1795, and its decline as a commercial entrepot began with its conquest by Alfonso de Albuquerque, who conquered it for Portugal, in 1526.  FTP, name this Malay sultanate on the west coast of what is now peninsular Malaysia.;;Malacca
;;To this programming language was added the TVar ("T var") type, making it the first to support Software Transactional Memory.  It uses the novel notion of type classes in order to formalize and control ad hoc polymorphism more than the ML family of languages.  In order to work stateful programming such as I/O into its framework, this language is also famous for providing the concept of the monad.  FTP, identify this lazy programming language that is more famously implemented by the compilers hugs and GHC, and which is named after a Penn State logician.;;Haskell
;;Legend states that his body turned into flowers upon his death so that his disciples would not argue over whether to cremate or bury him; one group cremated half the flowers while the other group buried theirs.  He introduced the community kitchen or Langar system and composed the Mool Mantar.  Following a vision at Sultanpur he answered all questions with "There is no Hindu, there is no Muslim."  The Janamsakhis relate legends of the life of, FTP, this man who was succeeded by Angad and 8 more gurus after founding Sikhism.;;(Guru) Nanak (Dev)
;;The narrator describes this story's protagonist as looking "like a wooden doll driven by clock-work," and the beginning of the second section describes her brief romance with a man who eventually marries a rich old woman to avoid conscription. Her only education comes from an illustrated geography book, whose pictures are explained to her by Paul, the son of her mistress Mme Aubain. The story ends with the protagonist drawing her last breath as she sees the vision of a gigantic parrot above her head. The first of its author's Three Tales, this is, for ten points, what short story about the maidservant Felicite, written by Gustave Flaubert?.;;(A) Simple Heart|(Un) Coeur Simple
;;Queen Victoria Eugene of Spain, wife of Alfonso XIII, was a member of this family, though she never took the family's current name.   Earl of Medina and Viscount Alderney are subsidiary titles of the highest title currently held by the family, Marquess of Milford Haven, given to the man who was First Sea Lord at the outbreak of World War I.  His son, also named Louis, was also First Sea Lord in the late 1950's, but is better known for pushing through the Dieppe Raid and overseeing the reconquest of Burma in 1945.   That son was later assassinated by the IRA in 1979 and was the last British Viceroy of India.  FTP, give the common surname of this family, adopted by Prince Philip upon his marriage to Princess Elizabeth in 1947.;;Mountbatten
;;Both the Schmidt reaction and the Stieglitz rearrangement produce them, and aromatic ones can be used to form quinolines in the Povarov reaction. They can also be used to form tetrahydropyridines when reacted with a dienc, and as cations, they can be reduced by sodium cyanoborohydride in reductive amination.  When the heteroatom is connected to aryl or alkyl groups, the compound is known as a Schiff base. They are most often synthesized by reacting a primary amine with an aldehyde or ketone under acidic conditions. FTP, give the general term for these molecules, all of which contain a carbon atom double bonded to a nitrogen atom.;;imines
;;The life of Ferdinand Laysalle inspired this author's novel about Alvan and Julia, The Tragic Comedians. One of this man's poems ends, "we drop like the fruits of the tree, / Even we, / Even so;" another ends with the image of "The army of unalterable law."  In addition to "Dirge in Woods" and "Lucifer in Starlight," he wrote "By this he knew she wept with waking eyes" as the first of 50 16-line sonnets chronicling a failed relationship. One of his novels sees the title character elope with Lucy Desborough, and another sees the title character marry Laetitia Dale after losing the love of Clara Middleton.  It was his unhappy first marriage that inspired his sonnet sequence Modern Love.  FTP, name this author of The Ordeal of Richard Feverel who wrote about Sir Willoughby Patterne in The Egoist.;;(George) Meredith
;;He composed a choral setting of Tagore's poem The Wandering Madman, and the tragic death of the worker Frantisek Pavlik inspired his only piano sonata, a work often known by its titles of From the Street and 1. X. 1905.  His Concertino for piano and orchestra requires only 8 instruments, whereas his Sinfonietta calls for a gigantic brass section including 12 trumpets.  His two string quartets use as subjects a story by Tolstoy and his love for a woman 38 years his junior, and are titled "The Kreutzer sonata" and "Intimate Letters."  FTP, name this composer of an opera about the 337-year-old Emilia Marty, a Czech whose other operas include From the House of the Dead, Kat'a Kabanova, and Jenufa.;;(Leos) Janacek
;;This work concludes with a discussion of a plague that befell Athens, and all of book 6 is a critique of theological explanation of natural disasters. According to St. Jerome, its author committed suicide, leaving the work to be edited by Cicero. Book 3 describes the dissolution of the soul into particles, and ends with a diatribe against the fear of death. In book 2, the author compares the motion of atoms to sheep on a hillside, and he accounts for free will by proposing the existence of a random atomic "climanen" or "swerve." Influenced by a similarly-titled book by Epicurus, this is, for 10 points, what long poem by the Roman philosopher Lucretius.;;De rerum natura|(On) the Nature of Things|(On) the Nature of the Universe (accept) (equivalents)
;;His first government position was as tax collector of Khorasan.  Elected at the age of 24 to the newly-formed Majlis, as Prime Minister, many of his more radical policies - including collective farms - were a result of his alliance with the Tudeh party.   He staged a coup when he ignored the monarch's dismissal of him and appointment of General Zahedi, but Zahedi soon returned and staged a counter-coup, the last blow of his 30-year long struggle with his country's British-supported ruling dynasty.  American involvement with Zahedi's countercoup was headed by Kermit Roosevelt, Jr. and called operation Ajax.  FTP, name this man, who nationalized the overthrow of the oil industry of Iran, but was overthrown in 1953.;;() (Mohammed) Mossaddeq|Mossadegh
;;Trace theorems for gamma matrices are often useful in calculating this quantity.  It is sometimes written in terms of Mandelstam variables, and it generally scales like one over the square of the center of mass energy.  The optical theorem relates its total value to the forward scattering amplitude.  The Klein-Nishina formula gives its value for Compton scattering, while the Thomson type is proportional to the square of the classical electron radius.  Measured in barns and having units of area, FTP, what is this quantity that gives the probability of an interaction between particles?.;;() cross section () (accept) differential cross section
;;A central figure in this novel dresses up at a masked ball as Lufki-Humma, an Indian princess who is an ancestor of a rival family.  The narrator, whose family has all died from yellow fever, becomes acquainted with one of the main characters through Dr. Keene.  The narrator eventually falls in love with Clotilda, whose mother became a widow after her husband was killed in a duel by Agricola. The most famous section of this novel formed the basis for the Delius opera Koanga, and tells of an enslaved African prince name Bras-Coupe.  Also featuring white and mulatto half-brothers both named Honore, FTP, what novel narrated by Frowenfeld tells of the conflict between the De Grapions and the titular Creole family, a work by George Washington Cable?.;;() (The) Grandissimes
;;Nikolai Ge's version depicts the main figure reclining on a bed and features strong chiaroscuro. Andrea del Castagno's canvas is framed by sphinxes and features an odd perspective, while Michael Rothenstein's painting is dominated by the color blue, and has everyone dressed in contemporary clothing. In Emil Nolde's version many of the figures wear red and hold one another. Other notable takes on this event include a work by Perugino set outdoors, possibly on Gethsemane, and one including servants and utensils by Dieric Bouts. For ten points, identify this oft-depicted Biblical scene, most associated with Leonardo da Vinci: Christ's final meal?.;;(The) Last Supper
;;He fought against the Swiss at the Birse, and stayed at the castle of Genappe during his time as a refugee in Burgundy.  At the age of 27, he married his second wife, Charlotte of Savoy, when she was eight.   His eldest daughter was Anne of Beaujeu, who later served as regent for his only surviving son.    His brother Charles, Duke of Berry, was a constant thorn in his side, and he worked to curtail the powers of the nobility, going so far as to execute the Duke of Nemours.  Interested in what passed for science, he surrounded himself with astrologers and once pardoned a man who agreed to be a guinea pig for a gallstone operation.  A determined opponent of Charles the Bold and son of Charles VII, FTP, name this 15th-century king of France, known as the Universal Spider.;;() Louis XI
;;The thoroughly burned state of this man's ass led Theia to refer to him as "the great Black-bottom" in her warning to the Cercopes.  He killed Lityerses, helping to rescue the unfortunately named Pimplea, the beloved of Daphnis.  He sparked Pan's dislike for clothing with a variant of the bed-trick while atoning for the murder of Iphitus by serving the daughter of Jordanes.  Pan got revenge by claiming that this man took perverse delight in dressing as a woman while his mistress, the wife of Tmolus, wielded his club and wore his lion pelt.  FTP, name this hero who served Omphale for a while between his marriages to Megara and Deianeira.;;Hercules|Heracles
;;David Lee Roth once said that rock critics like this musician because they look like him. His first single was "Less Than Zero" which he once famously stopped singing in the middle of an SNL performance to switch to another song. He also once made racist comments about James Brown and Ray Charles and shortly thereafter before releasing his soul influenced album Get Happy!!.  Some of his more political songs include "Shipbuilding" about the affects of the Falkland Island War on shipyards and "Oliver's Army" criticizing the British Army. FTP name this Irish musician, born Declan McManus, whose albums include My Aim is True and This Year's Model.;;(Elvis) Costello
;;Saville discovered one of these elements in neurospora, dubbed the "Varkud satellite", and Seelig characterized one that was capable of accelerating Diels-Alder reactions. Prody found one in a plant virus that was dubbed "Hammerhead", which is capable of cleaving phosphodiester bonds and has potential as an anti-HIV agent.  Spiegelman's namesake "monster", created by using replicases, is also one, and the most well-known example is the group II introns, which form a lariat as they catalyze their own excision.  Used to support Gilbert's "RNA world" hypothesis, FTP, give the name for these RNA molecules that have catalytic activity, much like enzymes.;;Ribozyme
;;Chapter six of this work presents an analysis of Ben Rogers from The Adventures of Tom Sawyer.  The author discusses a Mark Donskoi film in Chapter 10, The Legend of Maxim Gorky's Youth, while Mein Kampf provides the basis for a discussion of Hitler's early life.  Chapter 7 presents a series of central conflicts, such as Generativity vs. Stagnation, Industry vs. Inferiority, and Basic Trust vs. Basic Mistrust.  This work also discusses role confusion in adolescence, which leads to an identity crisis.  FTP identify this work that presents its author's eight stages of psychosocial development, written Erik Erikson.;;() () Childhood and Society
;;One of his stories, set in an unnamed German city where Wagner's Parsifal is being performed, involves a man who retraces the steps of his honeymoon to keep the memory of his dead wife alive, and another tells of the narrator's sporadic encounters with a woman named Nina, including his last one in the titular Crimean town. In addition to "The Return of Chorb" and "Spring in Fialta," he wrote a novel whose title comes from Shakespeare's Timon of Athens, a fact the narrator is oblivious to, since his only copy of the play is Conmal's translation of it into Zemblan. For ten points, identify this author of a novel consisting of a 999-line poem by John Shade called Pale Fire, as well as the story of a man named Humbert Humbert, Lolita.;;(Vladimir) (Vladimirovich) Nabokov
;;His portraits of prisoners, including one of the murderer Sarah Malcolm, were eventually auctioned off at the so called Battle of the Pictures arranged by Christopher Cock. His few failures include an attempt to imitate Correggio in Sigismunda and he cultivated a rivalry with William Kent that was chronicled in such works as Bad Taste of the Town. He outlined his ideas on art in the treatise The Analysis of Beauty and his later works include the genre pieces Frank Mathew Schutz Vomiting and An Election. But he was most successful creating series, such as Four Stages of Cruelty and Industry and Idleness, that entertained while teaching moral lessons. For ten points identify this painter of Marriage a la Mode and The Rake's Progress.;;(William) Hogarth
;;Notable translators of this man's works include Richard Le Gallienne and Sir William Jones, who first attempted the project in the 1770s. He often injected himself into his lyrics in order to expose hypocritical prayer leaders or celebrate his poetic status and some of his works have acquired such titles as "The Stairway of Existence" and "My Fame Has Spread Candle-like." A great drinker, many of his poems address the effects of wine on love and piety. Though he composed matonawis and rubaiyats, he is best known for a large collection of ghazals arranged alphabetically by such subjects as birds, flowers, and Allah. For ten points, identify this 14th century poet from Shiraz, a Sufi author who wrote a namesake Divan.;;Hafez|Hafiz (Shams(-)ud(-)Din) (Mohammad)
;;Emmy Noether rediscovered this man's theorem characterizing automorphisms of simple rings.  He found a namesake p-adic method for certain types of Diophantine equations, and gave the modern version of the axiom of replacement shortly after its introduction by Fraenkel.  The theorem that any countable theory with a model has a countable model is named for this man and Lowenheim.  Herbrandization is the dual of the process named for, FTP, this Norwegian logician whose namesake functions remove existential quantifiers from formulas.;;(Thoralf) (Albert) Skolem
;;Kurt Schneider formulated a set of "first-rank symptoms" for this phenomenon.  Explanations for it include Gregory Bateson's double-bind theory advanced in an essay collected in Steps to an Ecology of Mind.  The classification of its symptoms as positive or negative, [PAUSE] its being renamed to emphasize that it is not confined to young people, [PAUSE] and an emphasis on symptoms such as flattened affect, are all due to Eugen Bleuler [OY-gen BLOY-ler].  Waxy flexibility is seen in the catatonic type, while the paranoid type manifests delusions.  FTP name this mental disorder formerly known as dementia praecox, which is often confused with multiple personality disorder.;;schizophrenia
;;One cruiser named for this man was sunk in Drobak Sound on the approaches to Oslo, while another was sunk at the Battle of Dogger Bank.   He began his career as a Swedish Hussar, and he lost the battles of Montmirail and Champaubert, though he defeated Marmont at Mockern and Macdonald and Katzbach.   Dismissed from his governorship of Pomerania in 1812 for his ardent support of another war, at Auerstadt, he repeatedly led unsuccessful cavalry charges, and refused to surrender with the rest of Hohenlohe's corps.    In March 1814, he defeated Napoleon at Laon, spelling the end of the First Empire, and it was his forces that occupied Leipzig during the battle of the same name.   FTP, name this Prussian general, most famous for his march to the guns at the Battle of Waterloo.;;() () (Gebhard) (Leberecht) (von) Blucher
;;One of this author's works revolves around an abduction initiated by the unscrupulous Hargreve Pollexfen and recounts the madness of Clementina Porretta, yet his first publication of note was the volume The Apprentice's Vade Mecum. His best known work was adapted for the stage by Carlo Goldoni and spawned an immediate sequel by John Kelly of the Universal Spectator; he was inspired to write said tale while compiling a volume of model letters, Letters written to and for Particular Friends, on the most important of occasions. That novel featured such characters as the kind Mr. Williams and the morally suspect Mr. B and was subtitled or, Virtue Rewarded. For ten points, identify this printer and author who wrote the early novels Clarissa and Pamela.;;(Samuel) Richardson
;;The little river of this name is diverted into the reservoir at Fort Loudon by the Tellico dam. The larger one is joined by the Clinch River shortly after its formation from the junction of the Holston and French Broad rivers. It gave its name to the army commanded by Oliver Howard and James B. McPherson, while its later history featured dam construction at Pickwick Landing, Guntersville, and Watts Bar. FTP, name this American river redeveloped by a New Deal agency.;;Tennessee (River)
;;With Feynman, he lends his name to a type of vortex found in rotating superfluids.  His equation gives the dipole moment of a molecule in terms of the dielectric constant of the pure dipole liquid, and his hard-rod model of liquid crystals predicts lyotropic phase transitions driven by positional entropy.  He extended the Debye-Huckel theory to account for Brownian motion and proved that the matrix of transport coefficients in an irreversible process is symmetric.  The solution to the two-dimensional Ising model at the critical point came from, FTP, this physical chemist and 1968 Nobelist, the namesake of a set of reciprocal relations between thermodynamic forces and flows.;;(Lars) Onsager
;;He was preceded by Rene of Chalon in the title from which he took his dynastic name.  It was upon his shoulder that Charles V leaned during the latter's abdication ceremony, he became politically isolated due to his support of Hercule Francois, Duke of Anjou, as king for his country.   While Margaret of Parma allowed him to help attempt to restore order following the Beeldenstorm, he was outlawed, prompting his retreat to Nassau, by the Duke of Alba.  His assassin, Balthasar Gerard, shot him at his home in Delft on the hope of a reward offered by Philip II of Spain.  FTP, name this leader of the Dutch war of independence.;;() William of Orange|William the Silent
;;In one play, a character with this name is jokingly accused of quarreling with men who crack nuts, because he has hazel eyes.  In another play, a gentleman of this name at the court of Charles V ambushes the title character with the help of his friends, Martino and Frederick, then retires to his secluded castle after Doctor Faustus puts horns on his head.  The first character with this name urges his lovesick cousin to "Examine other beauties."  In his first appearance, he orders the servants Abraham, Balthasar, Gregory and Sampson to put up their swords in deference to the prince's peace shortly before Tybalt attacks him.  FTP name this nephew of Montague in Romeo and Juliet.;;Benvolio
;;One species in this phylum uses 5-methoxytryptamine to control its circadian rhythms; that species, Gonyaulax polyedra, is bioluminescent, as is the genus Linguolodinium.  Another species produces the poison saxitoxin, which blocks sodium channels and is responsible for some forms of foodborne illness. Some species have a cellulose armor called a theca, and underneath their plasma membranes are small vesicles called alveoli.  They have a transverse and longitudinal flagellum set inside two grooves, and along with the apicomplexans and the ciliates, make up the alveolate superphylum.  FTP, name these protists whose name comes from the greek word for "whirling", that are responsible for red tides.;;Dinoflagellates|Dinoflagellata
;;He was hoodwinked in a bad trade in which he received mushrooms enchanted to look like 12 golden shields.  With his future father-in-law he was part of a group of seven men who spent seven years under a spell feasting and listening to birds in Harlech.  W. J. Gruffyd hypothesized that the Mabinogi originally focused on the life of this hero, the foster-child of Teyrnon.  He was given names meaning "Golden-Hair" and "anxiety," and lived for a time with his mother, his wife Cigfa, and his father-in-law Manawydan.  The blood and bones of several puppies were used to disguise the disappearance of, FTP, this son of Pwyll and Rhiannon.;;Pryderi|Gwri (Golden(-)Hair)
;;Elected to the Senate in 1829 as its youngest member, he was an important voice in drafting his home state's Constitution two years later. It was before construction finished on his grand estate Buena Vista that this man served as the Chief Justice of Delaware; a position he resigned to support the presidency of William H. Harrison. His greatest political triumph occurred during service as Zachary Taylor's Secretary of State and featured various disputes about the status of Honduras. For ten points, identify this American statesman whose name lives on in a treaty that guaranteed neutrality across the isthmus of Panama and was signed with his British counterpart Henry Bulwer.;;(John) (M(.)) Clayton
;;Part II describes various travelers including "a curly shepherd lad" and "an abbot on an ambling pad." Its opening stanza concludes with the Reaper listening and whispering about the work's namesake subject. The action is set in motion after the title character declares, "I am half sick of shadows," and spots a man singing "Tirra Lirra" on horseback. It first appeared in 1832's Poems, Chiefly Lyrical, but was revised ten years later to include the now familiar ending, "She has a lovely face/ God in his mercy lend her grace," uttered after the title figure is discovered dead in her boat by Lancelot. For ten points, identify this poem about a woman who is cursed to weave a magic web and experience the world through a mirror, a work by Alfred Lord Tennyson.;;The Lady of Shallott
;;The first in-depth studies of this movement were conducted by George Rentz, who wrote his thesis on the religious and political influence of one of its central figures.  That figure was influenced by Hanbali doctrines and the writings of Ibn Taymiyya to preach against celebrating Mawlid, the birthday of Muhammad, and other practices smacking of idolatry or polytheism.  One name for this movement comes from that figure, whose friendship with a Najd chieftain has given this movement added prominence.  FTP name this school of Islam that seeks to eliminate innovation, the dominant form in Saudi Arabia.;;Wahhabism|Salafism
;;He argues for a "cassette theory" in the essay "Are Dreams Experiences?" and his paper "On Giving Libertarians What They Say They Want" suggests that free will is compatible with determinism. This latter view would be revisited in a 1984 book called Elbow Room. In a 1991 book, he discussed the "cutaneous rabbit" experiment to critique what he referred to as "Cartesian materialism," proposing instead a so-called "Multiple Drafts" model of the title concept. This work, Consciousness Explained, also argues against the reality of qualia. For 10 points, identify this American philosopher, whose more recent books deal with the consequences of evolutionary theory and include Freedom Evolves, Breaking the Spell, and Darwin's Dangerous Idea.;;(Daniel) (Clement) Dennett
;;This model involves a four-fermion interaction with spin and momentum conservation, resulting in a singlet bound state allowed by the instability of the Fermi surface under an arbitrarily small attractive force.  The energy gap between the Bloch individual particle model and the state predicted by this model is consistent with the isotope effect.  The density of states near the Fermi surface and the electron-phonon interaction strength determine the temperature for the second order phase transition to the state described by this theory.  The Meissner effect is correctly predicted by, FTP, this model using Cooper pairs to explain conventional superconductivity.;;BCS|Bardeen Cooper Schrieffer (theory)
;;A counteroffensive on the north, Operation Kutuzov, changed the momentum of this battle, which featured fierce fighting at Ponyri Station, also in the north, which stopped Model's offensive.    More than a month after the initial offensive, the counterattack liberated Kharkov for the final time, while the southern thrust was stopped on the plain of Prokhorovka.   Strongly opposed by Guderian, the German attack was broken off on news of the Allied invasion of Sicily, and the operation, code-named Zitadelle, would be the last German offensive on the Eastern front.   FTP, name this July and August 1943 battle, the largest tank battle in history.;;() (Battle) (of) Kursk
;;A group of strangers is brought together after they are awarded a cruise on a mystery ship in his The Winners, while his poem The Kings considers the fate of the Minotaur. In another of his works a man spends so much time at the aquarium admiring the title creatures, that he actually he becomes one. That story, "Axolotl," as well as "Continuity of Parks," where a reader is killed by the story, were first published in the collection End Game and Other Stories. Another tale, which centers on the photographer Robert Michael and was published as "The Devil's Drivel," would become the basis of Antonioni's film Blow-Up. Yet he remains best known for a book about Horacio Olivera and his search for the enigmatic La Maga, whose pages instruct the reader to jump forward or backward in the text. For ten points, identify this Argentine author of Hopscotch.;;(Julio) Cortazar