;;In 2009 this man was appointed special UN envoy to Haiti, a post which followed an appointment as special envoy to coordinate relief efforts in the aftermath of the 2005 tsunami. This author of Giving: How Each of Us Can Change the World arranged a summit leading to the signing of the Wye Memorandum, signed by Yasir Arafat and Yitzhak Rabin, and helped restore Jean-Bertrand Aristide to power. This architect of the "don't ask, don't tell" policy signed NAFTA, appointed Madeleine Albright as his Secretary of State, and seemed to be confused about the meaning of the word "is". For 10 points, name this Arkansas politician, the 42nd U.S. President.;;Bill Clinton|William (Jefferson) Clinton
;;The main character of this work has an image of the Virgin of Cobre hanging on one wall of his residence and compares his heart to that of a turtle. The protagonist of this work tells one character not to fear the Reds of Cincinnati; that character is no longer working with the protagonist. A memory of an arm-wrestling match in Casablanca reminds this work's protagonist of his current struggle, and he wishes that Manolin were there to help him break an 84-day drought by reeling in a marlin. For 10 points, name this novel about the Cuban fisherman Santiago, a work of Ernest Hemingway.;;(The) Old Man and the Sea
;;Henry Moseley's plot modeling the square roots of frequencies of characteristic ones of these was used to calculate elements' atomic numbers. A law modeled by the equation two d sine theta equals n lambda models the diffraction of these entities; this relation is known as Bragg's Law. Max von Laue discovered that crystals could diffract this type of radiation, and the scattering of light by either gamma rays or these entities is known as the Compton Effect. Having frequencies between those of gamma rays and ultraviolet radiation, name this type of electromagnetic radiation discovered by Wilhelm Roentgen and often used for medical imaging purposes.;;x(-)rays
;;This man served one term as the governor of New Jersey thirteen years after losing a presidential election on a ticket with George Pendleton. The engineer of an offensive beginning at Fort Monroe, this Union commander at the Battle of Seven Pines prompted the General War Order No. 1, two months after which he began the Peninsular Campaign. Replacing Irving McDowell after the First Battle of Bull Run, Lincoln replaced this general after his failure to capitalize on his victory at Antietam. For 10 points, name this Democratic presidential candidate in 1864, the overly cautious predecessor to Ulysses S Grant as head of the Union armies.;;(George) McClellan
;;One character in this musical sings "Far from the Home I Love" just before she boards a train for Siberia to visit Perchik. Another character concocts a nightmare in which he supposedly dreamt that Fruma-Sarah would murder his daughter in order to convince his wife to let Tzeitzel marry the tailor Motel. Beginning with a song in which two men argue about whether one was sold a horse or a mule and in which the protagonist extols "tradition, tradition!", for 10 points, name this musical based on the stories of Sholom Aleichem, a work of Bock and Harnick featuring the Jewish dairyman Tevye, who sings "If I Were a Rich Man".;;Fiddler on the Roof
;;Extinct groups of this type of plant include the class Cordaitopsida and the division Bennetitophyta. Characterized by the presence of mega- and micro-strobili, members of this group can have up to twenty cotyledons. Pollen grains from these plants typically have more than two cells and land directly on the ovule, which only has one integument. Subdivisions of this type of plant include the cycads and one that one has one living species, biloba. For 10 points, name this type of seed plant that include gingkos and conifers, whose name means "naked seed" and is often contrasted with the angiosperms.;;gymnosperms
;;Quarulous seeks to marry Dame Purecraft in one of this man's plays, which later features a conciliatory speech by Justice Adam Overdo. The protagonist of another of his plays is assisted by Face and is sought out by, among others, Sir Epicure Mammon and the Abel Drugger. This author of Bartholomew Fair is best known for a play in which Corbaccio, Voltore, and Corvino buy into a scam seeking to become the title character's heir. For 10 points, name this Elizabethan dramatist of The Alchemist and Volpone.;;(Ben) Jonson
;;James Coussey led a constitutional convention in this nation, but was circumvented by a transfer of power to the Congress People's Party. John Kufuor replaced Jerry Rawlings as its president in 2001, and an earlier polity of this name was weakened by the Almoravid occupation of Abu Bakr and eventually succumbed to the Susu rebellion. That empire centered at Kumbi Saleh, however, was located to the north of the present day nation of the same name, which was home to the Ashanti Empire. For 10 points, name this West African nation whose struggle for independence was led by Kwame Nkrumah and whose capital is Accra.;;Ghana
;;The mineral monazite consists of phosphates of several of these elements. A mixture of these elements called misch metal is used to purify steel, and an alloy of one of these elements with cobalt produces the strongest known permanent magnetic force. A slightly larger group consists of these elements as well as scandium and yttrium, the rare earth metals, and cerium is the most abundant of these elements in nature. Their namesake contraction, or unexpected decrease in ionic radius, is due the poor shielding of 4f electrons. Including samarium and gadolinium, for 10 points, name these metals of atomic numbers 57 through 71, grouped just above the actinides on the periodic table.;;lanthanide (series)|lanthanides
;;This document, which invoked the second article of the Conference of Nerat, was signed three weeks after an agreement negotiated by its architect, the Peace of Vervins. Some provisions of its first part were remanded by the Peace of Ales, while most of the fifty-six "secret articles" remained unchanged.  Montaubon and La Rochelle were among the cities designated as "places de surete" by this agreement, which took the Parlement of Rouen ten years to approve. Dragonnades became common just before its provisions were revoked by the Edict of Fontainebleau. Signed by Henry IV in 1598, for 10 points, name this edict that granted freedom of religion to Huguenots.;;Edict of Nantes
;;One of this man's poems recounts the title figure's encounter with a judge who wants to marry her and contains the lines "for of all sad words of tongue or pen / the saddest of these: "It might have been!" Another of his poems describes a sun that "rose cheerless over hills of gray" but did not prevent some boys from making "a tunnel walled and overlaid / with dazzling crystal". This author of "Maud Muller" also wrote of a woman who told Stonewall Jackson to "shoot if you must this old gray head / but spare your country's flag". For 10 points, name this author of "Snow-Bound" and "Barbara Freitchie", known as the "Quaker poet".;;(John) (Greenleaf) Whittier
;;This body of water is the namesake of a four-nation commission formed in 1957 to develop hydroelectric projects using its water. Khone Falls prohibits navigation of one section of this river, whose early course is called the "River of Turbulence" and flows parallel to the Salween. Starting at the River of Rock in the Tanggula Mountains, this river drains both the Khorat Plateau and the western portion of the Annamese Cordillera, and the Sab River connects it to Tonle Sap. Branching into the Massac south of Phnom Penh and forming part of the Laos-Myanmar border, for 10 points, name this longest river of Southeast Asia.;;Mekong (River)
;;While imprisoned, one character in this work develops a friendship with the peasant Platon Karataev, and another character's gambling debts nearly force him to sell his estate Otradnoe. Another character's father forbids her to marry Andrew Bolkonski, who then dies in battle. The aforementioned friend of Platon Karataev goes on to marry Helene Kuragina and develops a strange desire to kill Napoleon. Featuring characters such as Natasha Rostova and Pierre Bezhukov, for 10 points, name this novel about Russian society during the Napoleonic Wars, a work of Leo Tolstoy famous for being really long.;;War and Peace
;;This practice was outlawed in Korea during the Gabo reform of 1894. Nicholas V condoned it by issuing the Dum Diversas, but Paul III restricted its practice to non-Christians in the Sublimus Dei. Prohibited by Article IV of the European Convention on Human Rights, Peter Martin led the movement against it in Canada, forty years before a certain act of 1833 prohibited it in Great Britain, twenty-six years after a similar bill was advanced by William Wilberforce. For 10 points, name this practice protested against in the U.S. by Elijah Lovejoy, William Lloyd Garrison, and Frederick Douglass that was prohibited by the 13th Amendment.;;slavery
;;One technique used to reduce the severity of this phenomenon is called FGD and uses a limestone slurry to create harmless compounds such as calcium sulfite. Increased aluminum content in soils is a byproduct of this phenomenon. A complementary phenomenon to this one is dry deposition, and it can be produced naturally when lightning splits certain nitrogen-containing compounds. Caused by excessive amounts of sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxide emissions, name this type of pollution in which the pH of precipitation is dangerously low.;;acid rain
;;A model used for this painting was previously pictured in The Street Singer and The Fifer, in which she was conflated with the artist's stepson. A black cat appears at the far right in this work, which bears striking similarities to certain paintings of Giorgione and Ingres. The title figure is only wearing one shoe, and she refuses a bouquet of flowers offered by a pink-clad African servant.  Victorine Meurent served as the model for the title figure, whose similarity to Venus in a work of Titian did not prevent outrage from observers at the Paris Salon of 1865. For 10 points, name this painting of a prostitute in a classical pose, a work of Eduoard Manet.;;Olympia
;;The earliest settlement of what became this city was the Tegernsee Monastery. Maximilian Montgelas served as chief minister of a polity centered here, but was canned at the behest of Louis I, one of the last rulers of the Wittelsbach dynasty. This city also names an agreement whose terms drew from the Godesburg Plan and for whose signing Eduoard Daladier and Neville Chamberlain were initially lauded. Also the site of the Beer Hall Putsch, the aforementioned 1938 agreement ceded the Sudetenland to Germany and was called its namesake "pact". For 10 points, name this German city, in which Israeli athletes were kidnapped during the 1972 Summer Olympics.;;Munich(,) (Germany)
;;One of this man's novels features a narrator whose wife Ilsebill is continuously reincarnated as a cook, and its title creature is used to illustrate the struggle between patriarchy and matriarchy. Another of this man's novels contains an episode in which the protagonist steals an iron cross from a war hero who speaks at his school; that narrator is Joachim Mahlke. That novel is a sequel to one about a man who refuses to grow after age three, Oskar Matzerath. For 10 points, name this author of The Flounder and the Danzig trilogy, which includes Cat and Mouse and The Tin Drum.;;(Gunter) Grass
;;One of these entities used to model functions that are analytic within an annulus is named after Laurent. The Weierstrass M-, ratio, and comparison tests are used to analyze the behavior of these mathematical entities, and functions of a real variable can be modeled with varieties of these named after Maclaurin and Taylor. Some alternating ones are said to converge conditionally, and divergent ones of these include the harmonic as well as any arithmetic one. For 10 points, name these entities whose types include arithmetic and geometric, the sum of the terms of an infinite sequence.;;(infinite) series
;;He helped to diffuse the Corkbush Field, Bishopsgate, and Banbury mutinies after a manifesto he drafted with Henry Ireton entitled the "Heads of Proposals" aroused John Lilburne and other Levellers to oppose this leader of the Grandees in the Putney Debates. This leader of the massacre at drogheda had nine children with Elizabeth Bourchier, and his son Richard succeeded him in his most famous role. A leader of the New Model Army with Lord Fairfax and the victor at Marston Moor, FTP, who is this Lord Protector of the Commonwealth?.;;(Answer(:)) (Oliver) Cromwell
;;In one of the major reproductive modes of these organisms, Kar3p and Cik1p proteins extend microtubules from the spindle pole body, eventually initiating fusion along the edges of the spindle pole bodies and nuclear membrane fusion, resulting in the formation of a diploid cell. This process, called karyogamy, occurs only in the ascocarp or basidiocarp, depending on the organism. Preceding karyogamy in these organisms is a stage in which two parental mycelia fuse cytoplasm. FTP name this kingdom of organisms with chitinous cell walls, which includes slime molds and mushrooms.;;(Answer(:)) Fungus|fungi
;;In the middle of this novel, the narrator moves his stepdaughter to 14 Thayer Street so that the narrator, a struggling writer, can teach at the Beardsley School for Girls. After recovering from an illness, the step-daughter is allowed to participate in a play called The Enchanted Hunters. The director of the aforementioned play, Clare Quilty, follows the pair as they leave Beardsley and travel across the Northeast.  The source of the term "nymphet," FTP, name this novel about a precocious young girl loved by narrator Humbert Humbert and written by Vladimir Nabokov.;;(Answer(:)) Lolita
;;This man wrote a sociological examination of industrial regions of Lancashire and Yorkshire before discussing the development of his own political views in one work, and he wrote of U Po Kyin, Dr. Veraswami, and John Flory in another work. In addition to The Road to Wigan Pier and Burmese Days, he wrote about Bowling's journey back to his hometown in Coming Up for Air. One of his best known works features characters such as Muriel, Moses, and Boxer, who all come under the oppressive regime of Snowball and Napoleon. FTP, identify this author, born Eric Arthur Blair, who wrote the allegory Animal Farm and the dystopian work Nineteen Eighty-Four.;;(Answer(:)) (George) Orwell
;;Its formulation is derived using the Cauchy-Schwarz inequality, and it was vigorously debated by Bohr and Einstein, the latter of whom made use of slit and box thought experiments to attempt to disprove it. Its founder originated it by picturing a free electron sitting beneath an extremely high-powered microscope that uses gamma rays for illumination. Related to the observer effect and describing a certain quality of both momentum and position, FTP, what is this principle of quantum mechanics named after the winner of the 1932 Nobel Prize in Physics, Werner Heisenberg?.;;(Answer(:)) (Heisenberg's) Uncertainty (Principle)
;;In this city the Perioeci, or inhabitants of the surrounding countryside, had little say, though if they joined the Apella they gained more power and a chance to one day rise to this city's 28 man Gerousia, or council of elders. The Agiads and Eurypontids made up its two lines of kings, who were generally subject to the will of the Ephors. Another class of this city located on the river Eurotas in the prefecture of Lacedaemonia were the helots, who conducted lesser chores while the rest of the city focused on its formidable army. FTP, what city state fought Athens in the Peloponnesian War?.;;(Answer(:)) Sparta
;;In this work, the protagonist remembers Wintergreen, who is forced to dig and fill up a hole each time he goes absent-without-leave. The protagonist spends time in the hospital by censoring mails and forging with the name "Washington Irving." His division eats better than any other because his mess officer is in control of an international blackmarket syndicate, but Doctor Daneeka explains to him that the desire to be grounded demonstrates the sanity of a pilot. Milo Minderbinder and Major Major are some of the characters in, FTP, what novel named for the dilemma about Yossarian's inability to avoid bombing missions, written by Joseph Heller?.;;(Answer(:)) Catch(-)22
;;The title of one of this author's plays comes from FitzGerald's translation of the Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam. In that play, Essie, the mother, worries that her son will become an anarchist because he is reading Wilde and Shaw, although he is only quoting them in his love letters to Muriel. In addition to Richard Miller in his only comedy, Ah, Wilderness!, this author created characters based on Clytemnestra, Agamemnon, and Orestes in his trilogy Mourning Becomes Electra. FTP, name this playwright best known for writing about the Tyrone family in the autobiographical Long Day's Journey into Night.;;(Answer(:)) (Eugene) (Gladstone) O'Neill
;;Many of this scientist's early theories were inspired by Johann van Helmont, and after returning home to England from his schooling in Geneva he led an anti-Aristotelian group called the Invisible College. He described  many color reagents and acid-alkali indicators in his Experimental History of Colours. His most famous contribution occurred when his student improved Guericke's model of an idea of Torricelli, allowing him to discover a law described in his The Sceptical Chymist. FTP, what teacher of Hooke used an air pump to create a namesake law relating pressure and volume?.;;(Answer(:)) (Robert) Boyle
;;One work by this author follows the "the kid's" time killing Indians with the Glanton gang and their run in with Judge Holden and is subtitled "Or the Evening Redness of the West".  He also wrote a novel which takes its title from "Sailing to Byzantium" and features the psycho killer Anton Chigurh. One of his most popular novels features a father-son duo as they wander across post-apocalyptic earth. The author of Suttree and Blood Meridian, FTP, identify this American novelist who won a Pulitzer Prize for The Road, the author of All the Pretty Horses and No Country for Old Men.;;(Answer(:)) (Cormac) McCarthy
;;In it resides four deer, which represent the four winds, and below it resides countless snakes, including Goin and Moin. The spring Hvergelmir is located near the wells Urdarbrunnr and Mimisbrunnr around its base, and at those wells can be found both the Norns and Mimir. Meaning "White Horse," there is a squirrel that runs up and down it relaying messages to and from an unknown eagle at its top and the dragon Nidhogg at its bottom. FTP, at Ragnarok Surt will set ablaze what great world tree made of ash?.;;(Answer(:)) Yggdrasil
;;He was financially comfortable in his later life because his novel subtitled A Memoir in the Form of a Novel, which features Oliver Alden, met great success. Although an atheist, he described himself as an 'aesthetic Catholic' in another work. In addition to The Last Puritan and Reason in Religion, he is famous for The Sense of Beauty, The Realms of Being, and Skepticism and Animal Faith. FTP, name this Spanish thinker who, in his The Life of Reason, said "Those who cannot remember the past are condemned to repeat it.".;;(Answer(:)) (George) Santayana
;;In response to this, Governor James Bowdoin drew up a Riot Act, and due to a generous pardon by John Hancock the only men executed for it were John Bly and Charles Rose. After it began at Conkey's tavern, it quickly grew out of control, culminating in bloodshed when Luke Day and the uprising's namesake assaulted the Springfield armory, but were met and repulsed by militia under William Shepard. A large force under Benjamin Lincoln eventually cleared up all remnants of the rebellion. Largely aimed at taxes and lenders, FTP, identify this 1786 uprising of poor Massachusetts farmers.;;(Answer(:)) Shays' (Rebellion)
;;Bruckner's one of this number was completed later by Nicola Samala and William Carragan, Vaughn-Williams died the day his was recorded, Mozart's is catalogued as Kochel number 73 and was created during a trip to Italy, and Schubert called his "the Great." Shostakovich's was created to celebrate Russia's greatness and defeat of Nazi forces, and more famously Mahler's had so many instruments that critics called it the "Symphony of A Thousand." FTP, identify this number symphony, usually some composers' last, a symphony that Beethoven revolutionized with his "Ode to Joy," the "Choral.".;;(Answer(:)) (Symphony) (No(.)) 9
;;Tinker is the only juvenile one of these creatures while Sue is the largest one to be discovered. This creature lived during the time that Laurasia and Gondwana was completely separated, for which reason the only fossils of it are found in North America and Asia. The first evidence of this animal was discovered in 1902 by Barnum Brown in Hell Creek Montana though it wasn't named until three years later by Henry Fairfield Osborn. Famous for its big body but short arms, this is FTP what famous dinosaur that has a tendency for chasing Jeff Goldblum around in the Jurassic Park movies.;;(Answer(:)) Tyrannosaur|T(-)Rex|Tyrannosaurus Rex
;;This agreement prevented relatives of Gerard D'Athee from becoming military officers, and it served as inspiration for the Levellers' movement. Parts of it were repealed by 1828's Offences Against the Person Act, while its 61st clause was expunged upon its first reissue. Samuel Johnson asserted that this document was "born with a grey beard", and it drew from the earlier "Charter of Liberties". Stephen Langton pushed for the adoption of this document, which established habeas corpus and created a twenty-five member council of barons. For 10 points, name this 1215 document signed by King John at Runnymede whose name means "Great Charter".;;Magna Carta
;;Steel alloy 1090 has the highest value of this quantity for any metal, and osmium has the highest value of it for any single element. One variety of this is measured by dropping a ball made of tungsten carbide on the surface in question; this is the indentation kind measured by the Brinell test, which is similar to the Rockwell test. One benchmark used for measuring another type of this property includes corundum and quartz as well as eight other minerals. Diamond has the highest value of the scratch type of, for 10 points, which quantity measured by the Mohs scale?.;;hardness
;;This artist portrayed a lone figure walking down a dirt path against a mountainous backdrop in his The Corniche of Monaco, and a portrait of his wife is entitled The Red Kerchief. A series of eight paintings of his includes paintings with subtitles such as "Sun Breaking Through the Fog"; that series portrays London's Houses of Parliament. This painter of The Japanese Bridge also painted several depictions of Rouen Cathedral, and other well-known series featured numerous haystacks and water lilies. For 10 points, identify this French painter best known for his 1872 painting Impression: Sunrise.;;(Claude) Monet
;;One character in this work recalls a twelve-year-old boy who died crossing the street while he waits at the Carisbrooke train station and has some money stolen by a boy who promises to help him arrive in Sophiatown. That character also tests the integrity of his son's fiancee by making false advances; that son has fallen in with a criminal who claims to have a blessed crowbar, Johannes Pafuri. Other characters include the protagonist's politician brother John and sister Gertrude, for whom he leaves Ndotsheni to find. Arthur Jarvis is murdered by Absalom in, for 10 points, which novel about Stephen Kumalo written by Alan Paton?.;;Cry(,) the Beloved Country
;;Along with an enlarged spleen, one type of this condition is a symptom of hereditary spherocytosis. Another type of this disease is detected by Schilling's test and is characterized by a deficiency of a molecule sometimes named after castle. Patients with that variety of this condition produce megaloblasts because of a lack of intrinsic factor, in turn due to a vitamin B12 deficiency. Another type is characterized by the replacement of Hemoglobin A with Hemoglobin S. For 10 points, give this blanket name for conditions that cause deficiency or abnormality in red blood cells, which includes iron-deficient, pernicious, and sickle cell types.;;anemia
;;This Supreme Court case was interpreted in Missouri v. Jenkins, and evidence that supported the court's ruling in this decision was provided by Kenneth Clark's psychological research. A companion case to this one was precipitated by a protest led by Barbara Johns and, along with this case, was argued by McKinley Burnett and Charles Scott. In addition to Briggs v. Elliott and Bolling v. Sharpe, only Delaware's Gebhardt v. Belton was found to violate an earlier ruling. Monroe Elementary School is now a National Monument that honors, for 10 points, which 1954 decision that overturned Plessy v. Ferguson, outlawing de jure school segregation?.;;Brown v(.) Board (of) (Education) (of) (Topeka(,)) (Kansas)
;;In one of this man's works, Razumov is sent to Geneva as a spy after betraying Haldin to the authorities, and in another, Schomberg's false promise of treasure incites Jones to kill Axel Heyst. In addition to Under Western Eyes and Victory, this collaborator of Ford Madox Ford also wrote about an unnamed narrator who bears a striking resemblance to the murderer Leggatt and a novel in which the protagonist sacrifices himself after the death of Dain Waris to atone for his cowardly actions aboard the Patna. Name this author of "The Secret Sharer" who used the adventurer Marlow to narrate Lord Jim and a novella about Kurst, Heart of Darkness.;;(Joseph) Conrad|(Teodor) (Josef) Korzienowski
;;Most of these creatures were the offspring of a cloud in the image of Hera called Nephele and Ixion. One of these creatures gave Deianira a sample of his poisoned blood and told her that it would ensure Heracles' eternal love and another one, Pholus, reluctantly let Heracles open the communal jug of wine given to these creatures by Dionysus. In addition to Nessus, another one of these creatures born of Philyra and Cronus saved Peleus after Acastus stole his sword and tutored Jason and Asclepius. Famous for an attack led by Eurytion against the Lapiths, for 10 points, name this race of which Chiron was a member, pictured as half-man, half-horse.;;Centaurs
;;One of these entities occurs between the outer atoms of a cyanogen molecule and between the two atoms of a carbon monoxide molecule. It has two perpendicular regions of peripheral electron overlap between orbitals as well as a region of head-on overlap. Present in the cyanide ion and diatomic nitrogen, this type of bond characterizes the nitrile functional group, and orbitals involved in this type of bond exhibit sp hybridization. Hydrocarbons that have at least one of these structures are called alkynes. For 10 points, name this type of covalent bond that consists of two sigma bonds and a pi bond and is stronger than a double bond.;;triple bond
;;After being released from imprisonment at Fort Randall, this man dissolved a summit meeting by accusing John Logan and Charles Dawes of conducting business while drunk, and he was murdered by Red Tomahawk after taking the advice of Kicking Bear against his better judgment. Antagonized by James McLaughlin, this resident of Standing Rock and associate of Gall did not believe that his prophecy of "soldiers falling from the sky" was fulfilled at the Battle of the Rosebud. For 10 points, name this Hunkpapa Sioux chief, who, along with Crazy Horse, defeated George Custer at the Battle of Little Bighorn.;;Sitting Bull|Tatanka Iyotake
;;The fifteenth chapter of this work criticizes Aristotle's concept of virtue by arguing that metaphysics is not consistent with the real world. Its author advises only to ask for advice when needed to avoid flattery and also notes that "nothing feeds upon itself as liberality does" and that men must be "pampered or annihilated." This work also explains how Darius' successors were unable to wrest Alexander's empire away from his heirs and uses Cesare Borgia to illustrate how it is more advantageous for a ruler to be feared than to be loved. Written as a primer on governing for Lorenzo di Medici, for 10 points, name this best-known work of Niccolo Machiavelli.;;(The) Prince
;;The narrator of this work asserts that "a wrong is unredressed when retribution overtakes its redresser", and his family's coat of arms consists of a golden foot stepping on a serpent biting its heel. He produces a trowel when asked to prove that he is a Mason by another character who does not think very highly of Luchresi and exclaims "For the love of God!" near the end of the work. The narrator can no longer endure the "thousand injures" inflicted on him and carries out his family's motto "Nemo me impune lacessit" by burying Fortunato alive. For 10 points, name this short story narrated by Montresor and named after a type of sherry, a work of Edgar Allan Poe.;;(The) Cask of Amontillado
;;Evidence for waves produced by this force has been gathered by observing orbits of close binary pulsars, and Arthur Eddington was the first to observe the bending of light by this phenomenon, called its namesake "lensing". Transmitted by a yet-undetected particle that has zero rest mass, this inverse-square force of infinite range is modeled by the equation F equals G times m sub one times m sub two divided by r squared, where G is a constant measuring 6.67 x 10-11 Newton meters squared per kilogram squared. For 10 points, name this weakest of the four fundamental forces that Isaac Newton supposedly experienced when watching an apple fall.;;gravity|gravitation
;;One of this figure's sons was the king of Chios and blinded Orion. This father of Oenopion was equated with the Phrygian god Sabazius and was educated by Silenus. Sometimes called Zagreus, this god was responsible for giving Midas his golden touch. He persuaded his aunt Agave and the Maenads under her control to kill his cousin Pentheus and married Ariadne after Theseus abandoned her. This figure's mother was killed when she asked to see Zeus in all his glory; Zeus then put this figure in his thigh. For 10 points, name this "twice-born" son of Semele, the Greek god of fertility and wine, equated with the Roman Bacchus.;;Dionysus
;;One character in this work remarks that "comparisons are odorous", and one scene involves Margaret dressing up as one of the protagonists and pretending to be Borachio's lover, a deception that is believed by Don Pedro but revealed by Friar Francis. This subplot may have been inspired by the works of Matteo Bandello and is the result of machinations by Don John to trick Claudio into thinking that Hero is unfaithful to him. Better known is its account of "a kind of merry war" between two characters who can't decide whether they want to get married. For 10 points, name this Shakespearean comedy about Beatrice and Benedick.;;Much Ado About Nothing
;;This man took advantage of a coregent's inebriation to gain permission to leave with his father on an expedition to fight the Picts; that coregent was Galerius. This ruler also executed his wife Fausta and son Crispus, and subdued his brother-in-law Licinius at the battles of Chrysopolis and Adrianople. Lactantius and Eusebius recorded differing versions of this man's battle against Maxentius at the Milvian Bridge, and this emperor convened the Council of Niceaea and issued the Edict of Milan after seeing a vision of the cross before the aforementioned battle. For ten points, name this 4th century Roman emperor, the first to be baptized a Christian.;;Constantine I|Constantine the Great
;;The namesake of this object also names a formula that assigns a value of (-1)k to a positive integer n that has k distinct prime factors and also names a related inversion formula. A rectangle consisting of two 2x1 rectangles with a unit square in the middle can be used to tile it, and paradromic rings are created by deforming it. Independently discovered by Listing and its namesake, two of these constructs can be combined to form a Klein bottle. Formed by reattaching the ends of a closed band after cutting the band and giving it a half-twist, name this structure named after a German mathematician, a one-sided, nonorientable surface.;;Mobius strip
;;One of this writer's novels follows the titular young woman who becomes a follower of Savonarola, and in another one of her novels, the title character comforts Gwendolyn Harleth and, with his wife Mirah Cohen, moves to Palestine. In addition to Romola and Daniel Deronda, she also wrote a novel in which Tom prevents the deformed Phillip Wakem from becoming engaged to Maggie Tulliver and another work in which Dr. Lydgate inspires the protagonist to pursue medical work after the death of Mr. Casaubon. For 10 points, name this creator of Dorothea Brooke, the author of The Mill on the Floss and Middlemarch.;;(George) Eliot|(Marian) Evans|(Mary) (Ann) Evans
;;This nation's northeastern region is inhabited by the Warao people, and most of its indigenous population lives in the western state of Zulia. Its Canaima National Park is its continent's largest, and this nation controls several islands off of its Araya Peninsula, including Los Roques and Isla de Margarita. The Casiquiare Channel links this nation's longest river to the Amazon, and another famous landmark overlooks Devil's Mountain and lies on the Churun River. Home to oil deposits in Lake Maracaibo as well as the Orinoco River and Angel Falls, name this nation bordered by Colombia, Guyana, and Brazil, whose capital is Caracas.;;Venezuela
;;One of this man's compositions featured a section called "Homesick Blues", and another of his orchestral works borrowed heavily from the Charleston dance. This composer of Concerto in F experimented with rumba-inspired rhythms in his Cuban Overture and featured the songs "Summertime" and "It Ain't Necessarily So" in a so-called "American folk opera" based on a Dubose Heyward novel. This composer of An American in Paris might be best known for a piece commissioned for Russ Whiteman's band. For 10 points, name this composer of Porgy and Bess and Rhapsody in Blue.;;(George) Gershwin
;;This chemist was the first to determine the molecular formula of ethanol and derived an equation relating the specific heat of a gas to those of its constituent elements. A quantity named for him is equal to the quotient of the ideal gas constant and Boltzmann's constant as well as the quotient of the Faraday constant and elementary charge. That value was approximated using Einstein's work on Brownian motion by Jean Perrin, improving on the work of Johann Lochsmidt. Also the namesake of a law that states that at fixed temperature and pressure, equal volumes of an ideal gas contain equal numbers of particles, name this namesake of the number of molecules in a mole, approximately 6.022 x 1023.;;(Amedeo) Avogadro
;;One character in this work lives by the Ten Commandments plus two more, "Think not", and "Sleep when you can" and is called a dog and a donkey after he tells a joke to his superior. Another character in this work, a native of Kokovoko, uses the symbol for infinity as a signature and saves Tashtego from drowning. Those two characters are the second mate Stubb and the harpooner Queequeg, who work under a man with a lightning-induced scar on his face and a peg-leg necessitated by an encounter with the title character. Narrated by Ishmael, for 10 points, name this novel set aboard the Pequod captained by Ahab, a work of Herman Melville named after a white whale.;;Moby Dick
;;An Edward Said work is titled "this concept" and Imperialism, while Matthew Arnold contrasts this concept with anarchy in a namesake essay. Edward Tylor wrote a work about "primitive" types of this phenomenon, and a Bronislaw Malinowski work attempts to develop "A Scientific Theory" of it. Franz Boas advocated "relativism" with respect to this concept. Another work divides them into "shame" and "guilt" types, while the author of that work divides them into Apollonian and Dionysian varieties in another work entitled Patterns of this concept. For 10 points, name this anthropological concept commonly defined as the way of life of a group of people.;;culture
;;One of these works asserts that "ambition must be made to counteract ambition" and calls government "the greatest of all reflections on human nature", and another proposes "two methods of removing the causes of faction". William Duer publicly defended these writings, while attacks on them, including "Brutus", written by Robert Yates. The best known of these documents argues that republican government should not be limited to small states, and most of them were published by the Independent Journal under the pseudonym "Publius". Written by Madison, Hamilton, and Jay, for 10 points, name this series of open letters in support of the Constitution.;;(the) Federalist Papers
;;An object exceeding this quantity will experience amplified pressure perturbations explained by the Prandtl-Glauert singularity that causes a visible vapor cloud to form. For a solid, this value is equal to the square root of Young's modulus divided by the solid's density; for liquids, Young's modulus is replaced by the bulk modulus. An object exceeding 25 times this value causes the surrounding gas to turn to plasma, and in air, it is increased by about .6 meters per second for every temperature increase of one degree Centigrade. An object traveling at this speed is said to be at Mach 1. For 10 points, name this value measuring about 340 meters per second in air.;;speed of sound
;;The Sawtooth Mountains are found in the central part of this state, and the namesake of the fourth largest city in this state, the seat of Bannock County, gave up part of the Fort Hall Indian Reservation. Eagle and Meridian are suburbs of this state's largest city, and this state contains the deepest gorge in the United States. Only Utah has a greater percentage of Mormons than this state, and Priest Lake and the city of Coeur d'Alene are in this state's northern panhandle. Home to the cities of Lewiston and Pocatello and bordered to the west by Washington and Oregon, for 10 points, name this state whose capital is Boise.;;Idaho
;;One character in this work condemns "you liberals, and navigators into realms intellectual" and defends "wegetters and hoarders of gold." Another character in this work learned to read while in prison for shooting Marshall Logan, and Kinsey Keene prosecutes the prominent banker Thomas Rhodes. This work that includes the aforementioned section about Jack McGuire also includes a poem about a character who "got a job in the canning works" after he "found religion", Butch Weldy. Set in a town based on Petersburg and Lewisville, Illinois, for 10 points, name this collection of poetry written by Edgar Lee Masters.;;Spoon River Anthology
;;One ruler of this kingdom claimed to have blinded 14,400 men in one eye, and its name was changed from the then-derogatory Subartu. The first civilization to divide the circle into 360 degrees, another ruler of this civilization built the Black Obelisk shortly before the downfall of this kingdom. The cult of Ninurta was centered at Kalakh, one of its capitals, and yet another of this kingdom's rulers defeated rulers of the Kassites and Mitanni. In addition to Adad-Nirari I, other rulers of this kingdom included Tilgath-pileser I and Ashurbanipal I. Centered at Nineveh during its later years, name this Mesopotamian kingdom that flourished from the 12th to 6th centuries BC alongside Babylonia.;;Assyria|Ashur
;;One of this man's works deals with William de la Marck's murder of the Bishop of Liege and his subsequent arrest by Charles the Bold; a subplot follows the titular archer's attempts to win the hand of Isabelle. In addition to Quentin Durward, the title character of another of this man's novels kills Rashleigh, who is scheming against the narrator, Frank Osbaldistone. That novel is part of a series that also contains Guy Mannering and The Heart of Midlothian and is entitled Rob Roy. For 10 points, name this author of the Waverley series who also wrote about a disinherited son of Cedric the Saxon who marries Rowena in Ivanhoe.;;(Sir) (Walter) Scott
;;In eukaryotes, this process is followed by a sequence of 5' (five prime) capping, 3' (three prime) polyadenylation, and splicing of exons; this produces its monocistronic type of product. The lac operon insures that structural genes do not undergo this process by automatically attaching a repressor protein to the relevant operator. This process begins when a promoter is recognized and usually only takes place on a so-called template strand of DNA. Consisting of initiation, elongation, and termination and following translation, for 10 points, name this process by which complementary base pairing is used to convert DNA into mRNA.;;transcription
;;Martin Malia wrote that this man's rule created a "culture of dissidence" in his home country. A protege of Lazar Kaganovich, he was responsible for overseeing the construction of Moscow's subway system, and another of his innovations was the agrogorod, or "farming town".  A rival of Grigory Malenkov, this man used the term "peaceful coexistence" to describe his foreign policy, but took contradictory positions on Imre Nagy and Wladyslaw Gomulka. Known for making the "secret speech", he is best known for ordering the removal of weapons silos from a certain Caribbean island. Overthrown by Brezhnev in 1964, name this Soviet premier during the Cuban Missile Crisis.;;(Nikita) Khrushchev
;;Unique beliefs of this religious group include condoning temporary apostasy in order to avoid being killed, allowing temporary marriages, and a system of exegesis that extrapolates "other levels of meaning" from its holy text known as taqwa. The Zaydiyyah are one sect belonging to this group, which is divided into "twelvers" and "seveners", sometimes called Ismailis. This sect's army lost the battle of Karbala, conceding temporal control to the Umayyads. Having supported Ali as the rightful caliph, for 10 points, name this type of Islam, prevalent in Iran and Iraq, whose members are far less numerous than Sunnis.;;Shi'ites|Shi'a
;;The Cayley-Menger type of this mathematical construct is used to find the volume of a simplex. Charles Dodgson developed a "condensation method" for calculating these values, which are invariant under a singularity transformation and are multiplied by negative one if two rows are interchanged. Cofactors and expansion by minors are used to calculate all but the simplest of these quantities, and a matrix for which this value is zero is called singular. For 10 points, name this value, which for a 2 x 2 matrix a, b; c, d is found by calculating a times d minus b times c.;;determinants
;;One assassination attempt on this man was thwarted by Manuela Saenz. He suffered early military defeats at the hands of forces led by Jose Tomas Boves, after which he successfully petitioned Haiti for military aid. This victor of the Battle of Junin and organizer of a constitutional convention at Cucuta relied on commanders such as Francisco de Santander and Jose Antonio Paez to win the Battle of Boyaca, while his victory at Pichincha was aided by Jose Antonio Sucre. The author of the Carta de Jamaica and the Cartagena Manifesto, for 10 points, name this Venezuelan revolutionary, the namesake of a nation with capitals at La Paz and Sucre.;;(Simon) Bolivar
;;One author from this country wrote a novel in which the unnamed protagonist, who is misdiagnosed with lung cancer, dreams about finding the "Wild Man" and the titular locale, and Ezra Pound's "The River Merchant's Wife" is a loose translation of a work of a poet from this nation. An epic from this home of the author of Soul Mountain contains a pig and a river demon who accompany the Monkey King on his titular trip. For 10 points, name this nation whose literature is epitomized by the Five Classics, one of which is Journey to the West, and the works of Li Po and Gao Xingjian.;;China
;;In one of this man's paintings, a boy is helped by two women as he tries on a red and yellow costume, and much of his best-known work was done in a locale called Prout's Neck. His Prisoners from the Front depicts Civil War participants, while a modest log cabin lies behind a line of young boys playing the titular game in another work. In addition to Dressing for the Carnival and Snap the Whip, another painting by this man features a waterspout in the background while a group of sharks hovers around a black sailor in a small boat. For 10 points, name this foremost American watercolorist, best known for The Gulf Stream.;;(Winslow) Homer
;;A lunar mountain range of this name is located in the Sea of Serenity. One star in this constellation, Alcyone, is the center of a smaller object known as Subaru by the Japanese, and another object in this constellation is accompanied by the newly discovered NP 0532. The alpha star of this home of the Hyades cluster is a red giant whose name is Arabic for "the follower", Aldebaran. This constellation contains object M45 and object formed by a 1054 supernova. The home of the Pleiades star cluster and the Crab Nebula, for 10 points, name this constellation located between Aries and Gemini named for the bull.;;Taurus
;;One of this man's works contrasts two titular characters who represent "mother heritage" and "father heritage", and another novel by this man set in Castalia sees Joseph Knecht become the master of the titular pursuit. This author of Narcissus and Goldmund also wrote about a friend of Govinda who left the ascetic Samana sect to follow another teacher, and this man's best known novel follows the attempts of Goethe, Mozart, and Hermine to help Harry Haller live fully. For 10 points, name this German author of The Glass Bead Game, Siddharta, and Steppenwolf.;;(Herman) Hesse
;;The Senate's role in investigating this incident led to the McGrain v. Daugherty decision, and John Kendrick first attracted attention to it. The rapid improvement of a cattle ranch in New Mexico raised suspicion about one of its participants, whom Thomas Walsh investigated. Edwin Denby was acquitted for his involvement in it, which involved approving of loans granted by Edward Doheny in exchange for access to the Elk Hills reserves. Harry Sinclair and Albert Fall were implicated in, for 10 points, what scandal of the Harding administration in which Fall received kickbacks for granting exclusive drilling rights in the namesake Wyoming oilfields?.;;Teapot Dome (scandal)
;;This poet describes his fears of never being able to relish true "unreflecting love" in one of his sonnets, and this theorizer of "negative capability" wrote of the forbidden love of Madeline and Porphyro in another poem. The poet of "When I have Fears that I may Cease to Be,"  and "The Eve of St. Agnes," he erroneously credits Cortez as the first explorer to see the Pacific Ocean in "On First Looking into Chapman's Homer." This subject of Percy Shelley's "Adonais" opens one poem with "Thou still unravished bride of quietness" and then goes on to claim that "beauty is truth, truth beauty." FTP, name this English Romantic poet best known for his poems "Ode to a Nightingale" and "Ode on a Grecian Urn.".;;(Answer(:)) (John) Keats
;;A lengthy debate with John Wallis resulted from this thinker's publication of a work on physics and education entitled De Corpore. He also feuded with the Arminian John Bramhall over content in another more famous work. He used the term "War Against All" and critiqued many actions of the Parliamentarians in his De Cive. He served as Charles II's tutor for a brief period, though in 1648 this was disrupted by events covered in his posthumously published work, Behemoth. Those same events also provided examples for his most famous work, which described human life as "nasty, brutish, and short." FTP, who is this author of Leviathan?.;;(Answer(:)) (Thomas) Hobbes
;;In this war the tides began to turn after Duke Caxias came to the front and installed a medical center to help end his soldier's devastation by disease. Shortly thereafter the Count d'Eu made plans to exact total victory and to place Cirilo Rivarola on the throne. Earlier in the war one side lost its navy at Riachuelo. Later a campaign in Mato Grosso met its end at the Battle of Tuyuti, in which the same side lost nearly all of its cavalry. Francisco Solano Lopez fought against Brazil, Argentina, and Uruguay in, FTP, what war that saw Paraguay lose over half its population to the titular alliance?.;;(Answer(:)) (War) (of) (the) Triple Alliance
;;Carboxylic acids are known to form dimers in the gas phase, which is the result of strong variety of this force. In proteins they are responsible for the formation of beta sheets and alpha helices. They are responsible for the complementary paring of bases within DNA with thymine and adenine forming two and guanine and cytosine forming three. They are formed when the acceptor has a relatively electronegative element that attracts the namesake element seen in this bond. This is shown most often in water which can behave as both a donor and accepter. FTP name this intramolecular force whose acceptors are most often oxygen and nitrogen and are concerned with the first element on the periodic table.;;(Answer(:)) hydrogen (bonding)
;;His first successful toy set was an eponymous circus, which he carried in a suitcase and preformed with in France and the United States. Many of his early constructions were made of wire and sheet metal, such as Dog, which he created for his parents, Man which was created for the Montreal Expo, and .125 at the JFK Airport. The aforementioned works were of his Stabile variety. His main claim to fame came with his "kinetic" works, such as Lobster Trap and Fish Tail.  FTP, name this American artist who is best known for a claw like sculpture known as The Crab, in addition to his many mobiles.;;(Answer(:)) Alexander Calder
;;This literary figure volunteered in an army hospital, chronicling his experience in the article "The Great Army of the Sick" and later in Memoranda During the War. During the War Between the States, this American published the rally cry "Beat! Beat! Drums!" for the Northern troops. His most famous work was revised several times during his life, and the title refers to pages written by low quality authors. Well known for its explicit nature and sensual language, the collection included such poems as "Out of the Cradle Endlessly Rocking", "Pioneers! O Pioneers!", and the eulogy to Abraham Lincoln, "When Lilacs Last in the Dooryard Bloom'd". FTP, name this American poet, famous for the collection of poetry, Leaves of Grass.;;(Answer(:)) Walt Whitman
;;The unnecessary miscarriage of one wife, and the deaths of William Hushka and Eric Carlson, is referenced in the argument that the tanks and infantry utilized against it were overkill. Organized in response to the Patman bill and led by Walter Waters, its members were eventually appeased as they were offered work on the Florida Keys Highway and allowed early redeeming of their service certificates. Only driven out of their camp on the Anacostia River by military forces led by Douglas MacArthur, FTP, identify this group of agitated veterans that marched on Washington during the Great Depression.;;(Answer(:)) Bonus Army
;;Advocates of this theory tend to believe in such occurrences as "heterogenisis" and "abiogenisis". In In 1760, Lazarro Spallazini had a sealed glass flask with broth that was boiled which was meant to disprove this theory; however, proponents of the theory stated that Spallazini boiled off all the components to create life. It was not until 1861 when Pasteur invented his swan-necked flasks that this theory was disproved and all but put to rest. FTP name this theory popularized in the action of maggots being born from rotten meat that states that living organisms can arise from nonliving.;;(Answer(:)) spontaneous generation or spontaneous creation
;;Lesser known islands in this group include Palawan, Masbate, Panay, Cebu, and Bohol, the latter of which features enormous,  distinctive Chocolate hills, which are formed somewhat like cindercones. The Sulu Archipelago lies in the body of water bordering it to the south, the Celebes Sea, and Visayas sits between its two main islands. Mount Apo, its highest peak, sits on the island of Mindanao which, with Luzon, is one of the two largest islands of, FTP, what Pacific country that Douglas MacArthur swore to return to, with its capital at Manila?.;;(Answer(:)) (The) Philippines
;;It was nearly caught while using the bait of a bull head, though its angler was so frightened at its sight that he cut the line before it could be captured. At Utgard one god was given the task of lifting a house cat, which was actually this creature in disguise. That god could only manage to lift one foot of the cat, but Thor soon discovered the cat's identity and realized he had nearly lifted it out from the depths of the ocean. At Ragnorok it will have its skull crushed by Mjollnir, but not before it poisons Thor. FTP, name this offspring of Loki and Angrboda, a creature that encircles the earth in Norse mythology.;;(Answer(:)) (the) Midgard Serpent|Jormungandr
;;This author's short story "The Ice Palace," appeared along with a work about John T. Unger in the short story collection Babylon Revisited. He wrote a novel featuring a Princeton student  and former soldier who loves Isabelle Borge and Rosalind Connage. In addition to creating the protagonist Amory Blaine, he created the Hollywood producer Monroe Stahr in his unfinished novel The Last Tycoon. This author wrote of psychiatrist Dick Diver in one work while his best known features golfer Jordan Baker and West Egg socialite Nick Carraway. FTP identify this Jazz Age author of Tender is the Night, This Side of Paradise, and The Great Gatsby.;;(Answer(:)) (Francis) (Scott) (Key) Fitzgerald
;;Meaning "little trumpet," it was invented by Johann Cristoph Denner when a register key was added to the chalumeau. There are a dozen varieties of it, ranging from a B-flat contrabass to the E-flat soprano. Mozart wrote a famous concerto for it in A Major and it is also featured prominently in Brahm's 4th symphony and Tchaikovsky's 2nd.  Notably played by Sabine Meyer, Gervase de Payer, and Woody Allen, FTP, heard playing a glissando in Gershwin's Rhapsody in Blue is what largest single reed woodwind instrument, which is also less popularly played by Squidward?.;;(Answer(:)) Clarinet
;;With Helen Montgomery she founded the Woman's Educational and Industrial Union in her home of Rochester, New York. Despite not having support from Frederick Douglass or the AERA she voted in the 1872 election, for which she was arrested. Throughout her career she published the newspaper The Revolution to advocate her opinions, though she is more famous for co-founding the National Woman's Suffrage Association with Elizabeth Stanton. FTP, identify this female civil rights activist and suffragette found on a United States coin.;;(Answer(:)) (Susan) (Brownell) Anthony
;;Though this celestial body is has more than fourteen times the mass of Earth, its surface gravity is the closest to Earth's with 8.76 seconds per meters squared. It was actually the first planet to be discovered by modern science and by complete accident by William Herschel. There are trace amounts of methane in its atmosphere that give it and its sister planet their blue appearance. This planet is unique most of all in that it has an axial tilt of 97 degrees meaning that its moons go up and around its equator and that the planet actually spins on its side. FTP name this seventh planet from the Sun.;;(Answer(:)) Uranus
;;One novel by an author from this country sees a man reminisce two relationships he had in college, and another deals with the aftermath of a plague in a small village. In addition to Norwegian Wood and Nip the Buds, Shoot the Kids, another author from this country wrote from the perspective of an aging business man who hears the title noise in The Sound of the Mountain. Yet another author from this country wrote about the burning of the title edifice in The Temple of the Golden Pavillion as well as the saga of a law student in the Sea of Fertility tetralogy. FTP, identify this country which produced authors such as Kenzaburo Oe, Yasunari Kawabata, and Yukio Mishima.;;(Answer(:)) Japan
;;The Dragon Jar, invented in 132 AD was the first instrument used to tell the direction of these phenomena though today we use the device created by John Mille in 1880. The deadliest one ever recorded happened in Shaanxi China on January 23, 1556 and killed 830000 people. Their intensities are measured by the Shindo scale in Japan, the Leidu scale in China, though in the US it is more commonly measured by the modified Mercalli scale. Having their magnitudes measured by the Richter scale, FTP name these hazards that shake the ground.;;(Answer(:)) earthquakes
;;Their 6th studio album reached number one on the US Indie charts, which was their highest seller since their second release of 1997, a Christmas album, went platinum. That 6th release, Underneath, featured a song entitled "Strong Enough To Break", which is also the title of a documentary that chronicled their split from Island Def Jam records due to creative differences in 2001. Since then, they have released two albums independently, including 2007's The Walk.  The middle member of the group, Taylor, now performs with the indie group The Tinted Windows.  FTP, name this trio of brothers from Tulsa, Oklahoma, who are best known for their 1997 release Middle of Nowhere and the single "MMMBop".;;(Answer(:)) Hanson
;;Heavy fighting in this battle occurred at Gordon's Mill and Glass' Mill and Negley's troops were later decimated at fighting along Pigeon Mountain. The decisive moment in this battle came after a message to General Wood to "Close up and support Reynolds" created a gap in the Union line along the Dry Valley Road. Though Wilder's Lightning Brigade performed well, generals Crittenden, McCook, and Rosecrans fled from the field as Longstreet's attack broke the Union line. However, the Union was saved from disaster by the defense of Snodgrass Hill by George Thomas in, FTP, what Georgia battle that saw Braxton Bragg push the Union back into Chattanooga?.;;(Answer(:)) (The) (Battle) (of) Chickamauga
;;His autobiography Straight from the Heart told of his birth in Shawinigan with ten other siblings, and of an early attack of Bell's palsy that left one side of his face partially paralyzed. In 1980 he was appointed Minister of Justice, from which position he helped defeat the Separation Referendum. He later became leader of his country's liberal party and, in 1993, wrote the Red Book summarizing his political views, a move that helped him defeat Kim Campbell to be elected Prime Minister. FTP, name this 1993-2003 francophone Prime Minister of Canada.;;(Answer(:)) (Jean) Chretien
;;In Welsh myth, Culhwch received the help of this animal to find the great hunter Mabon ap Modron, who in turn helped Culhwch find a raging boar. Another Celtic hero, Maeldon, encountered an island filled with these creatures, which he used to feed his starving crew. In Norse myth, after he had Baldur killed, Loki transformed into one to escape from the angry Aesir. In yet another story, Finn MacCool ate one of these animals and gained all the knowledge of the world. FTP, name this fish, which is most known for swimming back upstream from the ocean to reproduce.;;(Answer(:)) salmon
;;In one work he supports Keynes and Hayek in their assumptions on the self-corrective tendencies of the economy whilst putting forth his institutional economic theories. That book American Capitalism, was followed with the best seller The Great Crash, published in 1954. He served under Kennedy as ambassador to India from 1961 to 1963. Earlier in World War II he was placed in charge of the Office of Price Administration. He is most famous, however, for two other books describing the absence of perfect competition and free-market consumption tendencies. FTP, name this Canadian author of The New Industrial State and The Affluent Society?.;;(Answer(:)) (John) (Kenneth) Galbraith
;;The synesthetic composer Scriabin associated this key with the color gold, and in one of fellow synesthete Rimsky-Korsakov's operas a character sings in this key about gold. During the Baroque era, this key signature was known as the "key of glory", and was featured in Handel's The Trumpet Shall Sound in Messiah. 23 of Haydn's 104 symphonies are in this key. Mozart used it in his 2nd and 4th violin concertos, Prokofiev in his 1st, and Paganini in his 1st. This key signature is often used in orchestra class, due to it being well-suited to the structure of the strings on the violin. FTP, identify this key whose relative minor is B and which has two sharps: an F-sharp and a C-sharp.;;(Answer(:)) D (Major)
;;One of her works takes place in an army base and features Ellgee Williams, while another depicts the young tomboy Frankie Adams. Her first novel features characters like Portia, Jake Blount, and Dr. Copeland, in addition to the main character, a deaf-mute jewelry maker likely based on her father. Despite training as a pianist, she lost her tuition during her steamboat trip to Juilliard. The author of Reflections in a Golden Eye and The Member of the Wedding, FTP, name this Columbus, Georgia born author of The Ballad of the Sad Cafe, who is famous for a work featuring John Singer, The Heart is a Lonely Hunter.;;(Answer(:)) Carson McCullers
;;The chemotherapy agent 5-Fluorouracil acts as an inhibitor in the synthesis of its pryimidine variety. A common mutation in DNA can occur when these namesake dimers are formed from the exposure of UV light thus causing kinks in the DNA strand. This is also known as 5-methyluracil since it can be derived by methylation of uracil on the fifth carbon.  Also because it is so close in its composition, this pyrimidine is replaced with uracil when DNA is transcribed to RNA. FTP name this nucleobase in the nucleic acid of DNA that is complementary to adenine and is symbolized by the letter T.;;(Answer(:)) () thymine
;;This author craeted the characters of David and Odessa in a work that shows the arrival of Luke, the estranged husband of Margaret Alexander. He also wrote work which features a heart attack of the protagonist, who has an affair with Barbara and is named Leo Proudhammer. In addition to writing The Amen Corner and Tell me How Long the Train's Been Gone , his essays "My Dungeon Shook" and "Down at the Cross" are published together as The Fire Next Time. The best known work of this author centers on the 14-year old son of preacher Gabriel Grimes. FTP, identify this African American author of Notes of a Native Son and Giovanni's Room, better known for the novel Go Tell It on the Mountain.;;(Answer(:)) (James) Baldwin
;;This mythological figure shares its name with a princess of Megara that wished to impress her love King Minos by cutting her father Nisus' purple lock of hair, and thus removing his invincibility, though her attempt failed. The more famous figure of this name had been a nymph, a daughter of Phorcys, and was the object of Glaucus' unrequited love. Glaucus tried to get help wooing her from Circe, though instead Circe became jealous and gave her twelve tentacles and six vicious heads. FTP, identify this sea monster supposedly located at the Strait of Messina close to Charybdis.;;(Answer(:)) Scylla
;;AJ Ayer criticized this thinker's ideas on language in his essay collection The Concept of Being a Person. As an architect he designed the Stonborough House, but he was mainly a philosopher. In that field he became famous for a work written while a prisoner in WWI, though in another work he refuted nearly everything he had earlier said whilst describing a private language argument as the root of philosophical debate. FTP, name this Austrian author of Philosophical Investigations and Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus.;;(Answer(:)) (Ludwig) Wittgenstein
;;One sonnet by this writer accuses the readers for having lied, because "Time does not bring relief." Another poem of this author consists of two lines: "Safe upon the solid rock the ugly houses stand: / Come and see my shining palace built upon the sand!" "Three mountains and a wood" is all that the speaker can see where she stands in this poet's debut work, "Renascence." She is also known for her bisexuality and insistence on being called by her masculine middle name. FTP, name the first female writer to receive a Pulitzer in poetry, whose "First Fig" describes a candle burning at both ends.;;(Answer(:)) (Edna) (St(.)) (Vincent) Millay
;;First proposed by Abraham Ortelius in 1596, supporters of this theory include Alexander Du Toit and Antonio Snider-Pellegrini, who expanded on it in his book La Creation et ses mysteres devoiles. Its chief proponent, however, never saw its acceptance as he died in 1930 during a trip to Greenland. Supported by Cynogathus remains in Africa and South America, and the curved tips of southern South America and the northern Antarctic Peninsula, this is, FTP, what geologic theory pioneered by Alfred Wegener that states continents have moved and are still moving slowly across the Earth's surface?.;;Answer(:) Continental drift (theory)
;;He once wrote that "It was a face that darkness could kill in an instant" in his poem "Pictures of the Gone World."This poet and political activist was educated at the Sorbonne, where he wrote his dissertation on "The City as Symbol in Modern Poetry." After leaving France he settled in San Francisco where he co- founded a magazine, bookstore, and publishing company named after a Charlie Chaplin movie which published many works of Gregory Corso and Allen Ginsberg. FTP, name this co- founder of City Lights Bookstore who is best known for his ties to the Beat Generation and his poetry collection A Coney Island of the Mind.;;(Answer(:)) (Lawrence) Ferlinghetti
;;This artist depicted a large sea shell sitting beside a coffee cup and an empty vase in The Black Marble Clock. This resident of Provence also painted a monk in a hooded white robe wearing a large wooden cross in Portrait of Uncle Dominique. More famously he showed two men at a table facing each other in his painting The Card Players. This man is also known primarily for his many depictions of a mountain in France as well as his over 200 still life paintings. FTP, identify this French post-impressionist best known for his paintings of Mont Sainte-Victoire as well as many paintings of fruit such as Apples and Oranges.;;(Answer(:)) (Paul) Cezanne
;;The Prandtl-Glauert singularity occurs immediately before the first integer multiple of the dimensionless quantity named for him. Also eponymous to him is an optical illusion that consists of contrasting light and dark bands with a separating narrow strip. Known in his time for his study of both spark and ballistic shock waves, his other contributions to physics included the investigation of supersonic velocity. FTP, name this physicist after whom the ratio of the speed of a projectile with the speed of sound is named.;;(Answer(:)) (Ernst) Mach
;;In this country, the city of Puerto Barrios lies on its only eastern coast access to the sea at the Gulf of Honduras. Lake Atitlan and Izabal sit low in its generally hilly terrain. One of its most famous leaders is Justo Rufino Barrios, and for the two decades beginning the twentieth century Manual Cabrera ruled it with aid from the United Fruit Company. In 2008 lvaro Caballeros was elected president of, FTP, what Central American Nation bordering Belize and Mexico?.;;(Answer(:)) Guatemala
;;On the left side of this paining, a milkmaid is depicted just beneath an eye, and a crucifix can be seen in the bottom right-hand corner. At the top of this painting, several different colored buildings stand in a row, one of which is an orthodox church and two of which are upside down. Also upside down is a violinist next to a black-shirted man with a scythe and a sprig is clutched in a hand in the bottom center. This 1911 oil on canvas is supposedly a collage of dreamlike images from the artist's native Belarus. FTP, a green-faced man stares at a goat in what painting by Mark Chagall?.;;(Answer(:)) I and the Village
;;In the later part of this cycle, one of its products is oxidized into fumurate and also reduces FAD to FADH2. Malate is formed when water is added to the fumurate thereby activating the fumerase enzyme. Its starting materials are synthesized when a three carbon compound from a previous pathway undergoes a dehydrogenase reaction, producing acetyl-CoA. Occurring in the matrix of the mitochondria, FTP name this metabolic pathway in cellular respiration that can follow glycolysis.;;(Answer(:)) citric(-)acid cycle|Krebs (cycle)|tricarboxylic acid (cycle)|Szent(-)Gyorgyi(-)Krebs (cycle)
;;He served under Rutherford Hayes in the Civil War, and that man helped him become governor of Ohio in1892. Signer of the Dingley tariff, he won the presidential election with his "front porch" campaign and contributions from Mark Hanna. During his presidency he handled the US annexation of Hawaii. His first Vice President Garrett Hobart died of heart failure, but his second lived to become president after his assassination by Leon Czolgosz.  For ten points, identify this president during the Spanish-American War.;;(Answer(:)) (William) McKinley (jr)
;;The key figure in this event came into his position after the replacement of William Cotes Keeter. Aaron Perry served as chief counsel of a federal investigation concerning it following a leak of letters from Henry McComby. In it James Brooks, James Patterson, and even James Garfield were all implicated in buying stock at face value from George Train, whose efforts were mainly supported by Oakes Ames. FTP, what scandal involving the Union Pacific Railroad caused the resignation of Shuyler Colfax and discredited the Grant Administration?.;;(Answer(:)) Credit Mobilier
;;In one of this author's novels, Aryeh is skeptical while Rivkeh welcomes the title character's unusually precocious talent in drawing. That character, who is later called "A Little Chagall," decides to paint Brooklyn Crucifixions I and II, despite his Jewish upbringing. The Kabala inspired this author's The Book of Lights. His most famous work contrasts Reuven Malter and Danny Saunders, and their religion, Orthodox Judaism and Hasidic Judaism. FTP, name this American author of My Name is Asher Lev and The Chosen.;;(Answer(:)) (Chaim) Potok
;;One dialogue by this statesman features himself debating with his friends Titus and Quintus over the nature of the titular entities, and another attempts to avoid political controversy by using the figure Scipio Africanus as advocate for the titular form of government. The author of the dialogues On Laws, On the Nature of the Gods, and On the Republic, an ex-post facto law known as the Leges Clodiae condemned him to exile for his role in denouncing and executing members of the Catiline conspiracy without a trial, though it was his rivalry with Mark Antony that led to his death. FTP, who is this Roman Orator?.;;(Answer(:)) Cicero
;;This work ends with Sima Yan establishing the Jin Dynasty. The work features the great military commanders Cao Cao (Sao Sao), Sun Jian (Soon Yan), and Liu Bei (Lew Bay), and one scene in this work shows three brothers making a sacred oath in a peach garden to protect the Han Dyansty from the Rebellion of the Yellow Turbans. One of the four Chinese Classics, for ten points, name this novel by Luo Guanzhong that recounts the struggle between the Chinese kingdoms of Wei (Whey), Wu (Woo), and Shu (Shoe).;;(Answer(:)) Romance of the Three Kingdoms
;;With a marriage to Kumardevi of Lichchhavi, this empire's founder was able to quickly conquer Maghada and Prayaga, and his son Samudra conquered even more land by attacking the Malwas. A second leader with the same name as the founder defeated Satrap Rudrasimha III to take Gujurat. Another leader, Kumara, fended off an invasion of the Pushyamitras, but this empire eventually fell to the King Oprah of the White Huns. FTP, what Indian 'theater-state' empire lasting from c.300-550 CE was founded by Chandra?.;;(Answer(:)) Gupta (Empire)
;;This figure prophesized to the king that Israel would not be filled with rain for a few years until he says the word. A Tishbite, he fled east of the Jordan River after he gave his prophecy. A woman he met at Zarephath provided him with food during his escape and when her son died, he raised the boy back to life. Another notable prophecy of his features dogs eating the flesh of Jezebel, and he himself fed from ravens. At Kishon Valley he ordered the rain to come back after commanding the death of all the prophets of Baal. FTP, name this Old Testament prophet who never died but ascended to heaven on a chariot of fire.;;(Answer(:)) () Elijah
;;In one of his poems he speaker declares "My rags of heart can like, wish, and adore, / But after one such love, can love no more" in one poem, and he cited many Biblical examples in his defense of self-homicide. The creator of Biathanatos  and "The Broken Heart," his anniversary poems were written upon the death of the daughter of his patron Sir Robert Drury, and were titled An Anatomy of the World and Of the Progress of the Soul. The title figure in one of his most famous poems represents "marriage bed and marriage temple," because it is where the blood of the speaker and his lover has mingled. FTP, name the Metaphysical poet of "The Flea," "A Valediction forbidding Mourning," and "Death Be Not Proud.".;;(Answer(:)) (John) Donne
;;This organization's founder led it for 38 years with the exception of one interruption by John McBride, and that founder authored Labor in Europe and America. Surprisingly, it often led conservatism in the United States, as it advocated suppression of black workers and it supported the Chinese Exclusion Act. It often clashed with the more radical IWW over issues of capitalism versus Socialism and had for the most part only represented skilled labor until 1955 when George Meaney oversaw its merger with the CIO. For ten points, identify this labor union founded and first led by Samuel Gompers.;;(Answer(:)) American Federation (of) Labor
;;The epigraph of this work comes from "The Broken Tower" by Hart Crane. After one character erupts in rage and throws out the radio from the window, some characters seek refuge with their neighbor upstairs, Eunice. The protagonist of this play yells "Fire!" after one of her friends tries to sleep wit her despite calling her unfit to live with his mother. She earlier lost her home Belle Reve after driving her husband to suicide by accusing him of homosexuality, and thus moved from Mississippi to New Orleans. For 10 points, Stanley Kowalski rapes Blanche DuBois in what play by Tennessee Williams?.;;(Answer(:)) A Streetcar Named Desire
;;His love shares her name with the mother of Danae, and the story of his love for her is sometimes compared to the Mayan story of Ix Chel and Itzamna. This teacher of Musaeus went to Mount Pangaion in Thrace to worship Dionysus, and while there he was torn apart by Maenads. This came after he had rejected all gods in despair for having lost his love, who had first died by a snakebite, but whose fate was sealed when he turned around to look at her on their way out of Hades. FTP, identify this Greek musician who drowned out the sound of the Sirens with his lyre.;;(Answer(:)) Orpheus
;;At one point in this novel, the narrator talks about his dream of "the Shrouded Traveler," whom he believes is a symbol of death. In the work, after the protagonist severs his relationship with Remi Boncoeur, he leaves San Francisco and works on a cotton farm with his Mexican girlfriend Terry. The author's acquaintances Neal Cassady, William Burroughs, and Allen Ginsberg inspired some characters in this novel, such as Old Bull Lee and Carlo Marx. FTP, Dean Moriarty and Sal Paradise travel across the country in what Beat generation work by Jack Kerouac?.;;(Answer(:)) () On the Road
;;This state's highest point is located on a volcanic plateau in its northwestern corner while the peaks of the Witchita Mountains are the highest by prominence and the Kiamichi Mountains are an extension of the neighboring Ouachitas. One city in this state is dominated by Mount Holmes and experienced severe racial riots in 1921 in the aftermath of an oil boom. Major rivers in this state include the Cimarron, Canadian, and Arkansas and this state also includes the city of Talehquah, which serves as capital of the Cherokee nation. FTP, identify this state with a namesake capital, known as the Sooner State.;;Oklahoma
;;Sometimes represented by the rune Nyd, he created the three races of mankind, including serfs, peasants, and warriors, while known as the god Rig. Residing in the great hall Himinbjorg, because of his golden teeth he is also known as Gullintani. This god will kill Loki with his sword Hofund on Ragnarok, an event that he will signal with his horn Gjall. Possessing the greatest sight and hearing of all the Norse gods, it is said he can hear the grass grow and see for a hundreds of miles in either night or day. FTP name this god of security and light, the watchman of the bridge Bifrost, the Gateway to Asgard.;;(Answer(:)) Heimdall
;;His work with Gabrio Piola created a doubly eponymous stress tensor named for the former and him. The relationship between different types of spectra are governed by this scientist's namesake three laws of spectroscopy, and his namesake equations express the motion of an body in an ideal fluid. The developer of emission spectroscopy and co-discoverer of cesium and rubidium with his partner Robert Bunsen. His most famous work is particularly useful in mesh analysis and circuit reduction. FTP, name this scientist most famous for his two namesake laws of circuitry.;;(Answer(:)) (Gustav) Kirchhoff
;;During this period Emperor Daigo was one of the few that managed to rule directly, and its end can be linked to several "cloistered emperors" and a conflict between the Taira and Minamoto clans known as the Genpei War, which replaced it with the Kamakura Shogunate. Founded by Emperor Kammu, who placed its capital at Kyoto, and featuring the Fujiwara regency, FTP, what Japanese period lasting from 794-1185 was the setting for the Tale of Genji?.;;(Answer(:)) Heian (period)
;;The specific form of it is linked with thrust, thought it is not a force, and ion thrusters have very high values for this quantity. That form is defined per unit of propellant, and it is used to describe the efficiency of a rocket. In quantum mechanics, wave-particle duality defines it for waves, while in classical mechanics, it is equal to the mass times the change in velocity. FTP, identify this term which is classically the integral of force with respect to time or the change in momentum upon impact.;;(Answer(:)) impulse
;;This structure was the largest of its type until one was constructed in Segovia in 1520. It is believed to be still standing due to a pressure-relieving crack in one of the piers. During its construction columns were brought from the Temple of Artemis at Ephesus, and earthquakes in 557 destroyed its original dome. Designed by Isidore of Miletus and Anthemis of Tralles, its name means "Holy Wisdom," and it was converted into a mosque after a 1453 conquest. FTP identify this building, originally commissioned by Byzantine Emperor Justinian I, which is located in Constantinople.;;(Answer(:)) Hagia Sophia
;;In its 1948 incarnation under the Iowan former Vice-President Henry Wallace this party campaigned for full voting rights for blacks and universal health insurance. A more famous version prospered even after its leader lost in the 1924 presidential election. That version was dubbed the Wisconsin type, and was led by Robert La Follette. With its movement described in Richard Hofstadter's work Age of Reform, FTP, the Bull Moose party is an alternate name for a 1912 version of what political party, whose name would suggest moving forward?.;;(Answer(:)) Progressive
;;One short story by this author was inspired by a photograph of a woman ironing her clothes; that work, which begins as Stella-Rondo brings home the adopted daughter Shirley T. on the Independence Day and explains why the narrator has moved out, is "Why I Live at the P.O." This writer explored the theme of ageism in a short story about Phoenix Jackson traveling to Natchez to pick up medicine for her grandson in "A Worn Path." FTP, name this Mississippi writer of the shot story collection A Curtain of Green, who won the Pulitzer for The Optimist's Daughter.;;(Answer(:)) (Eudora) Welty
;;A disease relating to this organ, Denys-Drash syndrome, is caused by an abnormality in the WT1 gene and is characterized by Wilms Tumor. Along with the lungs this organ regulates the concentration of bicarbonate ions in order to take part in acid-base homeostasis. The epithelial tissue of this organ contains podocytes which are located primarily in the glomerulus. Reabsorption of glucose and the regulation of blood pressure are secondary functions of this organ which consists of the Loop of Henle and Bowman's Capsule. Nephrons are the functional units of, FTP, what organs of the human body responsible for removing waste products and excess water from blood to produce urine.;;(Answer(:)) Kidneys
;;Though a member of the Carbonari himself, Felice Orsini and other Italian revolutionaries attempted, but failed, to assassinate him. He himself failed in his many attempts to come to power,  one in Strasbourg that ended in his exile to the United States, and the other at Boulogne-sur-Mer, which landed him a life sentence in Ham prison, during which time he wrote the socialistic pamphet "Extinction of Pauperism." Soon after escaping prison he finally did come to power in a landslide election over Louis-Eugene Cavaignac. Ruling until his capture at the battle of Sedan, FTP, name this French leader from 1852-1870.;;(Answer(:)) Napoleon III(,)|(Charles) Louis Napoleon (Bonaparte)
;;A nemesis of Delacroix and the emerging Romantic style, this artist depicted a scene from Orlando Furioso in which one person wears a white cape and golden armor atop a hippogriff. He also showed Winged Victory turning the poet of the Iliad into a god in another work. In addition to Roger Freeing Angelica and The Apotheosis of Homer, he shows a curved idealized nude form previously used in his most famous work in The Turkish Bath. FTP, which French painter completed La Grande Odalisque?.;;(Answer(:)) (Jean) (Auguste) (Dominique) Ingres
;;While at Harvard, he wrote and conducted the musical score to his friend Donald Davidson's production of Aristophanes' The Birds, some of which was later added to his ballet Fancy Free. This composer wrote a Mass for the opening of the Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts. He earned much acclaim for his time as the conductor of the New York Philharmonic, creating pieces like his First Symphony, Jeremiah, and Second Symphony, The Age of Anxiety. FTP, identify this 20th century composer perhaps best known for his award-winning collaboration with Steven Sondheim, the musical West Side Story.;;(Answer(:)) (Leonard) Bernstein
;;In eukaryotic cells their structures are composed of 60S and 40S subunits while prokaryotic varieties are composed of 30S and 50S subunits. Theses organelles contain a peptidyl site that binds peptidyl-tRNA and an exit site from which the free tRNAs are released. In prokaryotes, the Shine-Dalgarno box makes up this organelle's bonding site thus allowing the process it conducts to occur. These organelles are membrane free; however, they can become membrane bound in eukaryotic cells when they become part of the rough endoplasmic reticulum. FTP name these organelles that are responsible for the translation of mRNA to proteins.;;(Answer(:)) ribosomes
;;This author wrote about placing the title "gray and bare" object in Tennessee in his "Anecdote of the Jar." This author was inspired by a Picasso painting for another work that mentions the titular character not playing "things as they are." The Man with the Blue Guitar is by this man, whose collection Harmonium contains many of his best known poems including one that considers "man and women" and the titular animal as one, and that animal is earlier shown among twenty snowy mountains. Yet another of his poems opens with the line "Call the roller of big cigars." "Sunday Morning" is by, FTP, this poet of "Thirteen Ways of Looking at a Blackbird" and "The Emperor of Ice-Cream.".;;(Answer(:)) (Wallace) Stevens
;;She was born in Belgium and spent most of her young life in the Netherlands at a boarding school until World War II, during which time it is believed that she relayed messages past the Nazis. After the war, she worked with ballet companies in London until she got her big break in Colette's Gigi, which was being produced on Broadway. After Gigi, she went on to star in films such as 1954's Sabrina and 1957's Funny Face. Her style was often created by the designer Givenchy, as shown in her roles as Holly Golightly and Eliza Dolittle. FTP, name this star of films such as Breakfast at Tiffany's and My Fair Lady.;;(Answer(:)) Audrey Hepburn
;;The third politician of this name served as a representative and senator for the same state his father and great grand-father served for. The grandfather ran unsuccessfully with William Jennings Bryan in 1900 after serving as vice president in the second term of Grover Cleveland. The most famous served as ambassador to the UN during the Cuban Missile Crisis and chose John J Sparkman and Estes Kefauver as his running mates in his two failed presidential election attempts in 1952 and 1956 against Eisenhower. FTP, give the shared name of these three Illinois politicians.;;(Answer(:)) (Adlai) Stevenson
;;This man wrote a monologue in which the speaker awaits his omelette, which he likes to be made of eggs hatched from eight to ten days. In addition to portraying Descartes nonsensically in "Whoroscope" one of the characters he wrote about throws away his toy dog and puts on a handkerchief on his face to await his death, after his servant tells him that there is no more pain-killer. That character, who lives with his legless parents Nagg and Nell, is Hamm. In his most famous work, the only piece of set is a tree, and Lucky and Pozzo visit the title characters. FTP, what playwright of the Theater of the Absurd wrote Endgame and Waiting for Godot?.;;(Answer(:)) (Samuel) Beckett
;;In one short story by this author, Marya falls in love with an officer during Napoleon's invasion who must return to her through a snow storm. In addition to "The Blizzard," this man wrote a work in which a man becomes insane after losing his entire fortune in a card game as well as a work about two rival composers. In addition to "The Queen of Spades" and "Mozart and Salieri," this author wrote about a Russian man who defeats Vladimir Lensky in a duel. For ten points identify this 19th century Russian author of Boris Gudonov and the novel Eugene Onegin.;;(Answer(:)) (Alexander) Pushkin
;;The social class of Pietists is given attention in this work, as their crafts involve religious education. The author also notes that such greats as Montesquieu and Keats commented on similar points. Rigorous honesty was one reason for the titular concept, and another was a paradox leading to investment towards nascent capital. Richard Baxter is described in Part II of this work, while its first part delves into "Luther's Conception of the Calling." FTP, what is this work of Max Weber explaining the economic blooming of certain religious groups in the West?.;;(Answer(:)) (The) Protestant Ethic (and) (the) (Spirit) (of) (Capitalism)
;;The change in this quantity is equal to the negative number of electrons times Faraday's constant times a cell's potential in the maximum work equation. The equation for this quantity is equal to the internal energy of a system minus the product of its absolute temperature and entropy plus the product of its absolute pressure and final volume. When this quantity is negative then the reaction is spontaneous, and the system is at equilibrium when this quantity is equal to zero. This quantity is equal to enthalpy minus the product of entropy and temperature. Used to tell whether a reaction will take place or not, this is FTP what free energy quantity symbolized.;;(Answer(:)) Gibbs (free) (energy)
;;From his 291 gallery he stressed the importance of real lighting and urged against the exploitation of lighting tricks, as shown in his works The Terminal, Venetian Canal, and a work in which a diagonal gangway split's the upper and lower classes The Steerage. FTP, what photographer also created a portrait of his wife, Georgia O'Keeffe?.;;(Answer(:)) (Alfred) Stieglitz
;;One scene toward the end of this work is set on the way to a tea house where characters find the grave of an inventor known as the Commandant. The story is told from the point of view of a nameless European dignitary who is learning the history of a certain machine from the Officer, one of only four characters who appear in the work. In the end, the Officer is killed by the malfunctioning machine which the narrating Traveler perceives to be a torture device, which is designed to carve "Be Just" into the skin of the Condemned. FTP, name this 1914 short story that takes place in an unnamed prison island, a work of Franz Kafka.;;(Answer(:)) In the Penal Colony
;;The particles that carry it comprise the positively and negatively charged W particles and the neutral Z particle. For example, under it, any quark type can convert to any other quark type with a different electric charge by emitting or absorbing a W boson. The sun would not burn without it since it allows deuterium fusion to take place, and it is best known for causing the radioactive beta decay of particles. FTP, name this fundamental force that is stronger than gravitation but not the electromagnetic force or the strong nuclear force.;;(Answer(:)) Weak (Nuclear) (Force)|(Weak) (interaction)
;;The phrase "stony sleep" in this poem was taken from a Blake poem when Urizen rise to become the Sphinx of Egypt, and it also describes "A shape with lion body and the head of a man, / A gaze blank and pitiless as the sun." Carl Jung's theory of the unconcscious may have inspired the figure "Spiritus Mundi" that troubles the speaker's sight. The speaker envisions "a rough beast" that "slouches towards Bethlehem" in this poem that begins, "Turning and turning in the widening gyre / The falcon cannot hear the falconer." For 10 points, Achebe took the title of his novel Things Fall Apart from what Yeats poem about the coming of darkness and evil instead of the return of Jesus.;;(Answer(:)) (The) Second Coming
;;Its namesake stated that no heat effect is observed in exchange reactions of neutral salts in aqueous solution, and silver telluride is also named for the man who came up with this idea. According to this law, the change in enthalpy in a certain reaction can be calculated by performing arithmetic equations on chemical equations with known enthalpy change values. Arising from the law of conservation of energy, its relevance comes from the fact that energy changes are state functions. FTP, name this law of summation indicating that the heat of a chemical reaction is independent of the path of the reaction, named for a Swiss-Russian chemist.;;(Answer(:)) Hess' (First) (Law)
;;This film includes memorable scenes like the disappearance of a puppy that had earlier been taken after the killing of a harmless boat's occupants, and the meeting of one character with a crying USO star. A stay with some French people precedes protagonist Benjamin Willard's arrival at his end destination, where he is to kill a renegade colonel. After a reading of "The Hollow Men" Willard goes through with his task and murders the colonel, hearing the famous last words "the horror, the horror." FTP, name this Francis Ford Coppola film featuring Martin Sheen and Marlon Brando.;;(Answer(:)) Apocalypse Now
;;One member of this family is described as "the blue-eyed Jewish-Irish Mohican scout who died in your arms at the roulette table at Monte Carlo." That thespian is the youngest member of a set of siblings who have all appeared on the game show "It's a Wise Child" and become somewhat disillusioned after the suicide of the eldest brother. This family also features an alter-ego of its creator named Buddy who is featured in "Raise High the Roof Beam, Carpenters." Seymour kills himself in "A Perfect Day for Bananafish," one of the Nine Stories about this family. FTP, identify this fictional American family including Zooey and Franny, which was created by J.D. Salinger.;;(Answer(:)) Glass (family)
;;This work is believed to be restitution for the commissioner's practices of usury. Evidence of which is found in The Last Judgment, where he is depicted presenting the Virgin with a model. Each image features the striking blue background made from lapis lazuli, and is gilt as well. The scene of Meeting at the Golden Gate features the first romantic kiss in Western art, while the other registers chronicle the lives of the Virgin and Christ. FTP, identify this work by Giotto, featuring the story of redemption through the lives of Joachim, the Virgin, and Jesus, in Padua, Italy.;;(Answer(:)) Arena Chapel|Scorovegni Chapel
;;This composer's second symphony, dedicated to Ferruccio Busoni, is split into four movements, each of which feature  humorous sketches of sanguine, choleric, phlegmatic, and melancholic dispositions, giving it the appropriate nickname The Four Temperaments symphony. Of his six symphonies, others are nicknamed "Espansiva," "Semplice," and perhaps the most famous, which features two dueling timpani in its last movement, the "Inextinguishable" Symphony. FTP, identify this Danish composer.;;(Answer(:)) (Carl) Nielson
;;Geological features on this moon consist of craters named after characters from the Jonathan Swift novel Gulliver's Travels. In fact the only truly named ridge on this moon is the Kepler Dorsum. Its most distinguishing geographical structure is the Stickney Crater. Discovered by Asaph Hall, who is also responsible for discovery its brother moon, it is observed to have an irregular shape. Being the far closer to its parent planet's surface than its brother moon, FTP, name this moon which orbits the red planet Mars with Deimos.;;(Answer(:)) Phobos
;;One work by this author is supposedly based on the life of Jeffrey Dahmer while another depicts the mid-20th century life of American Jesse Vogel. In addition to Zombie and Wonderland, this author of We Were the Mulvaneys wrote a novel fictionalizing the life of Marilyn Monroe entitled Blonde.  This prolific editor and literary critic wrote Black Water as well as a work featuring the character Clara Walpole which shares its name with a Hieronymus Bosch painting and one of her novels explores the lives of Catholic school students Loretta, Maureen, and Jules. FTP, name this American author of A Garden of Earthly Delights and them.;;(Answer(:)) (Joyce) (Carol) Oates
;;This thinker used the terms noema and noesis to describe related elements of perceptual experience in the method of thought he developed. He described the world as "lost in order to be regained" in his theories of Epoche, present in his work Cartesian Meditations, while retention and protention are key to his works Experience and Judgment and another criticized by Gottlob Frege entitled Logical Investigations. FTP, name this author of Philosophy of Arithmetic, the founder of phenomenology.;;(Answer(:)) (Edmund) Husserl
;;The only time one of his clients received the death penalty was in his insanity defense of Patrick Prendergast after he had assassinated Chicago mayor Carter Harrison. Author of the books Persian Pearl, Resist Not Evil, and the autobiographical Farmington, he was accused of bribing the jury in the McNamara case. Also defense lawyer for Grace Hubbard in the Massie case, and more famously for Leopold and Loeb, he sacrificed a railway corporate lawyer career to represent Eugene Debs after the Pullman strike, though he is most famous for challenging the Butler Act in a square off against William Jennings Bryan. FTP, name this defense lawyer of the Scopes Monkey Trial.;;(Answer(:)) (Clarence) Darrow
;;In these people's belief system one goddess was cut up into pieces by her many lovers for her promiscuity, and that god is known as Mama Coca. A more popular god is depicted with a club and a jug in which he carries around the milky way. That god, Ilapa, then uses the milky way to create rain, which he sprinkles upon earth. Emperors were all descendents of the sun god Inti by way of their descendent Manco Capac, and for that reason the emperor's made Inti surpass Viracocha in importance in later history. FTP, such a mythology was followed at locations such as Macchu Picchu and Cuzco in what South American civilization?.;;(Answer(:)) Incan
;;At the young age of seventeen he ousted his regent Roger Mortimer, and this king's revoking of the Treaty of Northampton resumed the war with Scotland his father and grandfather had waged. His campaigns against David II Bruce, however, provoked the French, and their King Philip VI took Ponthieu and Aquitaine. Nevertheless, effective campaigning by him and his son, the Black Prince, helped him argue the favorable Treaty of Bretigny after earning victories at Crecy and Poitiers. FTP, which Plantagenet King ruled from 1327-1377, managing both the Black Death and the start of the Hundred Years War?.;;(Answer(:)) Edward III
;;He enjoyed depicting equestrian scenes filled with action, such as one in which the titular figure sits atop a leopard skin saddle with his saber in hand, or another in which black clouds sit below a bright sun as four horsemen race. In addition to The Charging Chasseur and The Epson Derby, he used real corpses to model the figures in his most famous work, in which one character holds a fallen comrade and looks glumly out to sea whilst another character waves a red and white flag. For ten points, identify this Romanticist painter of Raft of the Medusa.;;(Theodore) Gericault
;;Lesser known islands in this group include Palawan, Masbate, Panay, Cebu, and Bohol, the latter of which features enormous,  distinctive Chocolate hills, which are formed somewhat like cindercones. The Sulu Archipelago lies in the body of water bordering it to the south, the Celebes Sea, and Visayas sits between its two main islands. Mount Apo, its highest peak, sits on the island of Mindanao which, with Luzon, is one of the two largest islands of, FTP, what Pacific country that Douglas MacArthur swore to return to, with its capital at Manila?.;;(Answer(:)) (The) Phillipines
;;They can be applied to curved space-time by replacing derivatives with covariant derivatives, and if magnetic monopoles were found to exist, they could be combined and written singly. One of them relates the integrated magnetic field around a closed loop to the electric current passing through the loop, while another was separately but contemporaneously discovered by Michael Faraday and Joseph Henry. Name the set of four partial differential equations that relate the electric and magnetic fields to their sources, charge density, and current density.;;(Answer(:)) Maxwell's equations
;;This author was fired from the New Yorker after offending Robert Frost. His unemployment gave him the time to publish a short story ending with the titular character telling the protagonist, Mrs Miller, "Hello." The author of  "Miriam", one of his more famous works depicts a young boy falling  in love with a transvestite. The creator of Joel Knox in Other Voices, Other Rooms, one of this author's best known works is set in Holcomb, Kansas and depicts the murder of Clutter family while another centers on the exploits of Holly Golightly. FTP, identify this bizarre Southern Gothic writer of In Cold Blood and Breakfast at Tiffany's.;;(Answer(:)) (Truman) Capote
;;Written after the death of a close friend of the composer, one of the ten movements in this piano suite depicts children playing in the titular garden, "Tuileries". Other movements in the work include "The Catacombs," "Ballet of the Unhatched Chicks," and the finale "The Bogatyr Gates." The promenade theme is heard repeatedly between movements as the composer imagines himself walking through friend Victor Hartmann's art show. FTP, name this work, whose most famous orchestral version was produced by Maurice Ravel, a piano suite by Modest Mussorgsky.;;(Answer(:)) Pictures at an Exhibition
;;This period of Earth's geological history is normally split into three epochs: its lower or early Cisuralian epoch, its middle Guadalupian epoch, and the upper Lopingian epoch. During this period the Panthalassa, or universal sea, surrounded the giant supercontinent Pangaea. The large landmasses allowed for dry climate which favored the growth of modern trees such as conifers, ginkos, and cycads in this period. However, there were very moist regions that allowed more diverse creatures to appear thereby giving this period the name "The Age of Amphibians". Characterized by ending with the largest mass extinction in Earth's history, FTP this is what period, the last of the Paleozoic Era?.;;(Answer(:)) Permian (Period)
;;One of his most famous works describes social consciousness in relations, and how a mutual recognition or rationality is required between people's "spheres of freedom." In another work he tells his people it is necessary to sacrifice everything to ensure the greatest success for their nation. His argument for intersubjectivity was shown in his work The Science of Knowledge, and he tried to provide a link between the ideas of Kant and Hegel in his Attempt at a Critique of All Revelation. FTP, who is this German nationalist author of the Foundations of Natural Right and Letters to the German Nation?.;;(Answer(:)) (Johann) (Gottlieb) Fichte
;;Sometimes a basic solution of fuchsin is used in this technique's last part because some organisms do not respond well to the usage of safranin. The lipid layer is usually destroyed in the decoloriztion step of this technique, and is usually a mixture of acetone and ethanol. Its second step involves the use of iodine as a mordant to fix the dye. Its first and most important step sometimes uses methylene blue instead of the usual crystal-violet dye. FTP, identify this staining technique, named for its Danish creator, that tests for the presence of peptidoglycan in bacterial cells.;;(Answer(:)) Gram (stain)
;;Symbols in this work include the pear tree in the narrator's grandmother's front yard, which represents her ideal life. After two decades of patience, the protagonist finally confronts her husband when he humiliates her for a small mistake she made while cutting tobacco, and he soon dies from kidney failure. Although she eventually finds her true love, she is forced to kill him after he contracts rabies during a hurricane. This framed narrative occurs as Pheoby Watson listens to the narrator in Eatonville, Florida. FTP, after marrying Logan Killicks and Jody, Janie Crawford meets Tea Cake in what novel by Zora Neale Hurston?.;;(Answer(:)) Their Eyes Were Watching God
;;The assassination of Alexander Burns in Kabul was given this name, as was Harold MacMillan's dismissal of several members of his cabinet. Another event involving Vortigern and his betrayal by Saxon mercenaries was also given this name, though the most famous event called this was code-named Operation Hummingbird. That event saw the deaths of Erich Klausener, Kurt von Schleicher, and the leader of the Brown Shirts, Ernst Rohm. FTP, what 1934 Nazi purge saw the deaths of leading conservatives and the entire SA?.;;(Answer(:)) Night of the Long Knives
;;This equation can be simplified into certain processes such as the isentropic process where entropy is constant or the isobaric process where pressure is constant. Since it neglects molecular size and intermolecular attractions, it works best on gases that are monatomic at high temperatures and low pressures. This law states that the product of pressure and volume is equal to the product of the amount of substance, its constant, and its absolute temperature. FTP name this law of gases that is a combination of both Boyle's and Charles's gas laws.;;(Answer(:)) ideal gas law
;;A statue resembling this painting stands in Ashland, Pennsylvania proclaiming the occupation of the subject is the "holiest thing." This work led to a follow-up portrait with Enlightenment thinker Thomas Carlyle, and it was only created after the original model failed to show up for the sitting. The artist defended the subject with the argument that the work was "art for art's sake." The stylized drapes and black-framed picture in the top center of this work is meant to portray Victorian domestic life, and its main subject is Anna McNeill in a black dress sitting in profile, facing left. For ten points, identify this 1871 portrait which depicts one of the parents of James Whistler.;;(Answer(:)) Whistler's Mother|Arrangement in Black and Grey (No(.)) (1(:)) (The) (Artist's) (Mother)
;;One work in this collection involves Matthew mourning the loss of his daughter at her graveside, while in another a questioner and a little girl discuss the nature of death. In addition to "The Two April Mornings" and "We are Seven," one of the poems was written with the presence of the poet's sister Dorothy when he wrote about an abandoned abbey in Monmouthshire. Perhaps the best known work in the collection involves a wedding guest hearing about the murder of an innocent albatross. FTP, identify this poetry collection which contains the Lucy poems, "Tintern Abbey" and "Rime of the Ancient Mariner", a collaboration between William Wordsworth and Samuel Taylor Coleridge.;;(Answer(:)) Lyrical Ballads
;;The private secretary to Louis Brandeis and the creator of a long "White Paper" denouncing Chiang-Kai Shek, he also wrote of the US policy of containment and the Marshall plan in his books Power and Diplomacy and Morning and Noon, though he is most famous for another work describing his role in the Korean War as Secretary of State under Truman. FTP, name this politician and author of the Pulitzer-prize winning Present at the Creation.;;(Answer(:)) (Dean) Acheson
;;He pressed legal charges against John Humphrey Noyes after he was ostracized from the Oneida community, though Noyes held no grudge, considering him "insane." He later started a law firm in Chicago based on fraudulent recommendations, during which time he wrote a plagiarized theological text, The Truth. He then gave two inaccurate speeches praising a presidential candidate, and gave himself the credit for that candidate's success in the election. However, despite feeling he had contributed so much, he was denied his desired position of Ambassador to France. FTP, identify this deranged assassin of President James A. Garfield.;;(Answer(:)) (Charles) (J) Guiteau
;;As early as age thirteen, this author contributed articles to the daily "La Manana," which also published his first poem "Enthusiasm and Perseverance." He addressed such objects as "a Large Tuna in the Market" and "Tomatoes" in his Elemental Odes. Author of the collection Espana en el Corazon, one of his works repeats the phrase "Oh farther than everything," and the line "in everything you sank," and it is collected with a certain number of other works like "Body of a Woman" and "Tonight I can write." FTP, name this Chilean poet, the author of Twenty Love Poems and a Song of Despair.;;(Answer(:)) (Pablo) Neruda
;;While in jail for the alleged murder of politician Julio Nalundasan he took and passed the BAR exam. A soldier in World War II, he was a victim of the Bataan death march. From his most famous position he was aided by Prime Minister Cesar Virata. Allegations of his government's involvement in the assassination of Benigno Aquino led to the People Power Revolution that ultimately removed him and his greedy wife Imelda from power in 1986. FTP, identify this long serving president of the Philippines.;;(Answer(:)) (Ferdinand) Marcos
;;Among the things seen in the music video are a a cheerleader with armpit hair, and an old man being a cheerleader, while later a janitor is seen eating a donut out of his cleaning bucket. Another janitor is seen later wearing a tutu and playing the tuba, and other strange occurrences include a cow mooing, a goat bleating, a guitar bending like an inflatable balloon, the lead singer with marbles in his mouth, and the audience playing kazoos during the bridge. The lead singer asks in the beginning what is this song all about because he cannot remember any lyrics. FTP, name this Weird Al Yankovic song parodying the vocal unintelligibility of a band with lead singer Kurt Cobain.;;(Answer(:)) Smells Like Nirvana
;;This poetic form is used by many English-language practitioners such as Oscar Wilde and W.H. Auden, and James Joyce incorporated one of them written by the character Stephen Dedalus in the novel A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man. Some prominent examples of this form include  E.A. Robinson's "The House on the Hill" as well as Elizabeth Bishop's work "One Art." Perhaps the best known use was in a poem which urges the speaker's father to "Rage, rage against the dying of light". For ten points, identify this 19-line French poetic form used by Dylan Thomas in his poem "Do Not Go Gentle into that Good Night.".;;(Answer(:)) Villanelle
;;Leave-less trees appear in the background, and a figure in an orange robe first seen hooking a coin out of a fish's mouth is shown two more times from left to right, slowly getting larger to adjust for perspective. On the right that same character can be seen holding out his hand to a man in red, while standing to the front of a white building. Situated in the Brancacci chapel, FTP, what fresco shows St Peter paying the tax collector, a masterpiece of Massaccio?.;;(Answer(:)) (The) Tribute Money
;;His son was a poet, famous for the sonnet Trumbull Stickney. His grandson of the same name also pursued a career in politics, and that grandson served as Ambassador to the UN before losing in the 1960 election on the Republican ticket with Richard Nixon. He himself served on the Dillingham Commission to study immigration patterns, during which time he developed opinions voiced during his time as head of the Immigration Restriction League. Serving as chairman of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee this is, FTP, what Massachusetts Senator whose isolationist convictions prevented the US from joining the League of Nations?.;;(Answer(:)) (Henry) (Cabot) Lodge
;;One of this figure's poems states "I hope to see my Pilot face to face" in an extended metaphor comparing setting out to sea with death, while another asks to "Forgive these wandering cries/ Confusions of a wasted youth," and is a requiem for his friend Arthur Henry Hallam. Yet another famous poem asks "When can their glory fade?" in relation to a group that is said "not to reason why/ but to do or die" during a military advance at the Battle of Balaclava. FTP, name this English poet, known for his poems "Crossing the Bar," "In Memoriam", and "Charge of the Light Brigade"?.;;(Answer(:)) (Alfred(,)) (Lord) Tennyson
;;Though originally a normal ninja, his betrayal and murder causes him to respawn seeking revenge. Quan Chi taught him his mastery of sorcery and martial arts, and after winning a tournament he asks the Elder Gods to resurrect the Shirai Ryu clan, but crosses them by killing Daegon and Taven, preventing Armageddon. He manages to kill his comrade before finding out that he had killed his own older brother Sub-Zero. FTP, name this character from Midway's Mortal Kombat series whose trademark yell "GET OVER HERE!" features him firing his spear as he pulls his opponent towards himself.;;(Answer(:)) Scorpion
;;During his late career he defeated an army of Pontus at the Battle of Zela, and he opposed Quintus Pius in running for the office of Pontifex Maximus. When captured by Cilician pirates, he supposedly demanded that they ask for a much larger ransom payment, and later he crucified all of them as revenge. Cassivellaunus fought against him during his invasion of the British Isles, and his military career also featured victories with the Populares at Pharsalus against Pompey, and at Alesia in the Gallic Wars. FTP, who is this Roman dictator that was assassinated on the Ides of March?.;;(Answer(:)) (Gaius) (Julius) Caesar
;;This literary figure wrote a poem laughing at the possibility of seeing his old friend at the Western Ocean if he could get the titular machine. That poem, "Green Automobile," can be found with "Siesta in Xbalba" in his collection Reality Sandwiches. This man alludes to Garcia Lorca and watermelons in his poem "A Supermarket in California," while his best known work consistently mentions "Moloch" and "Rockland" while making various allusions to pop culture, and is dedicated to friend Carl Solomon. FTP, identify this proponent of the Beat Generation best known for his poems "Kaddish" and "Howl.".;;(Answer(:)) (Allen) Ginsberg
;;Before the Plains of Abraham, James Wolfe once said "Gentlemen, I would rather have written this poem than take Quebec tomorrow". One line in this poem pleads to "Save that from yonder ivy-mantled tow'r," while another mentions "some mute inglorious Milton." In addition to popularizing the phrase "kindred spirit," this poem inspired the title of a Stanley Kubrick movie with the line "the paths of glory led but to the grave" as well as inspiring the title of Thomas Hardy's novel Far From the Madding Crowd. Beginning with the phrase, "curfew tolls the knell of parting day," FTP, name this 1751 poem set in church and written by Thomas Gray.;;(Answer(:)) Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard
;;Located in the Tharsis bulge, it is the largest between it and others in the bulge such as Arsia, Pavonis, and Ascraeus. Its formation has been dated back to the Amazonian epoch. It consists of a central edifice 17 miles high and 335 miles across that is surrounded by an outward-facing cliff up to about 6 miles high. This means that anyone who stood on the planet's surface could not see the top because of the curvature of the planet. Located on the planet Mars, FTP name this universally largest known volcano.;;(Answer(:)) () Olympus Mons
;;Hungary, Slovakia, and Poland all claim this nation's king Maurice Benyofszky as from their nation, and he is credited with introducing its Latin alphabet. However, Radama and Ranavalona are the two most common names of its native monarchs. Sometimes known as the "Island of the Moon," geographically its highest peak is Mt Maromokotro, its largest lake is Alaotra, and its longest river is Betsiboka. FTP identify this fourth largest island in the world, the home to the fossa and lemur, with its capitol at Antananarivo.;;(Answer(:)) Madagascar(,) (accept) (Malagasy)
;;The artist stated that he was trying to depict the "terrible passions of humanity" in his use of red and green. The thickness of the paint and the lines of the work contribute to the awkward perspective that leads downward to the door in the rear of the composition, nearby a couple huddled under one of three strangely placed lights. The subject of the work, located at 30 Place Lamartine, was owned by Joseph-Michel and his wife Marie, who later posed for the artist's friend Gauguin.  FTP, name this 1888 work by Vincent Van Gogh, depicting a late night spot with a large billiards table in the center.;;(Answer(:)) The Night Cafe
;;Located on the Wadi Ara in the Jezreel valley of the Nablus Plain, Liman von Sanders was defeated by an early example of the strategic use of air power by Edwin Allenby in a 1918 battle at this location, which was earlier the site where Necho II and his allies defeated and killed King Josiah. More famously it was the site where an uprising of the Mitanni and Canaanites was crushed by Thutmose III. FTP, the word Armageddon is derived from the name of what place, the site of the first recorded battle?.;;(Answer(:)) (Tel) Megiddo
;;One character in this novel leaves an apology letter underneath a basket of apricots causing the titular character to fall ill upon discovering it. After a performance of the opera Lucie de Lammermoor, the title character pretends to receive "piano lessons" in order to maintain an affair with the law student Leon Dupuis. The protagonist also moves from Tostes to Yonville with her doctor husband Charles where she begins another affair with Rodolphe Boulanger. FTP, identify this novel centering on an adulterous French woman named Emma, the best known novel by Gustave Flaubert.;;(Answer(:)) Madame Bovary
;;The first patent for one was filed by Julius Edgar Lilienfeld in 1925. When placed in a configuration with diodes and a capacitor, several of these constitute an operational amplifier. In 1947, William Shockley, John Bardeen and Walter Brattain succeeded in building the first practical point-contact one at Bell Labs. FTP, name this three terminal, solid state semiconductor device commonly used to amplify or switch electronic signals.;;transistor
;;With Deidamia he had a son that took Andromache as a bride and killed King Priam, and he himself killed Troilus and wounded King Telephus. His anger was once incited by Thersites who was killed instantly for making fun of his sensitive regret over killing Penthisilia. Others he killed out of rage include Memnon, who had killed his friend Antilochus, and of course the victor over his close friend Patroclus, Hector. FTP, what leader of the Myrmidons was invincible except for the body part by which his mother dipped him in the Styx?.;;(Answer(:)) Achilles
;;This force is calculated in a ratio with the inertial force to give a dimensionless number representing fluid flow, known as the Rossby number. Though it is responsible for the nature of the rotation of large scale objects such as tropical cyclones, it does not play a significant role in the rotation of toilet bowl and bathtub vortexes, as described in the common myth. FTP, name this phenomenon which causes moving objects on the surface of the earth to appear to veer to the left in the southern hemisphere, and to the right on the northern hemisphere.;;(Answer(:)) Coriolis Effect
;;Like Beethoven, this composer created a Symphony in C, but composed his in three movements, rather than the traditional four. He went on to create great works such as the opera Ariadne and Bluebeard. His most famous work, a symphonic poem based off a Goethe work,  is famously depicted in Disney's Fantasia. FTP, name this French composer who created the masterpiece, The Sorcerer's Apprentice.;;(Answer(:)) (Paul) Dukas
;;In the Coulometric variety of this technique, a platinum anode generates iodine currents which are used when one reaches the endpoint to determine the amount of water in the original solution. This was one type of this classic technique invented by Karl Fischer in 1935. During acid/base ones, a burette is used to administer the neutralizing agent thereby creating an equivalence point with polyprotic acids/bases having multiple equivalence points. FTP, this is what lab technique used in analytical chemistry to determine the unknown concentration of an acid/base.;;(Answer(:)) () titration
;;This opera in three parts is based on the Victor Hugo play The King Amuses Himself. The opera begins with the unhappy titular character's daughter being abducted by the Duke of Mantua. The protagonist plots to kill the duke to save his daughter, but in the end, his daughter Gilda, who is in love with the duke, disguises herself as man to save the duke and is killed. The protagonist yells out "the curse", as his daughter dies in his arms. Featuring the aria "La Donna e Mobile," FTP, what is this Giuseppe Verdi opera about a cursed jester?.;;(Answer(:)) Rigoletto
;;This suppressor of the January Uprising created the Okhrana to monitor political radicals, though his education by Vasily Zhukovsky and advisement by Pyotr Shuvalov led him to be relatively liberal, as exampled by the local governing bodies called Zemstvos that he fostered. Alexander Soloviev failed to assassinate him, but a massive pogrom ensued after the People's Will killed him with a bomb. FTP, which Russian Czar freed the serfs?.;;(Answer(:)) Alexander II Nikolayevich ('the) (Liberator')
;;Works considered to be part of this movement include one that shows a man with leopard skin in his lap pointing towards a figure above, or another showing a large golden ring in a certain self-portrait. In addition a Vision of St Jerome and Self-Portrait with a convex mirror, other works in this style include a notable Last Supper, created by an artist also known as Jacopo Robusti. FTP, the Italian word for style names what art movement featuring elongated or distorted forms, practiced by artists such as Parmigianino, Tintoretto, and El Greco?.;;Answer(:) Mannerism
;;An overuse of fur deposits led to the decline of the Fort Ross outpost in this state, some of whose lands had earlier been mapped by Juan Rodriguez Cabrillo. It was sparsely populated by missions and presidios, such as at San Juan Capistrano, until enough American migrants settled in it to successfully stage the Bear Flag revolt, soon after which it experienced a large migration for gold. Also naming a large peninsula and a gulf to its south, FTP, identify this state, the most populous, which is currently governed by Arnold Schwarzenegger.;;(Answer(:)) California
;;The Chapman-Enskog equation can be used to estimate it for dilute gases while temperature's effect on it in an ideal gas can be given by Sutherland's formula. The ratio of buoyant forces to this is known as the Grashof number, while the ratio of inertial forces to this is known as Reynold's number. The equation for Reynold's number uses the dynamic variety of it, and this property also comes in a kinematic variety. The study of it is known as rheology, and it can be measured using a Zahn cap. Measured in units of stokes and poise and constant for Newtonian fluids is, FTP, what measure of a fluid's resistance to flow?.;;(Answer(:)) Viscosity
;;This author's first work is set in Eastwood and centers on Cyril Beardsall while another work by this author describes the exploits of a union official in the midlands who walks out on his wife and two kids, Aaron Sisson. In addition to The White Peacock and Aaron's Rod, one of his most known short stories is about a titular object that gives a young boy clairvoyant knowledge about the winners of big horse races, and a more famous novel of his chronicles the life of Paul Morel and his connection with his mother Gertrude. "Odour of the Chrysthanthemums" and "The Rocking-Horse Winner" are short stories by, FTP, what author of the novels Sons and Lovers and Lady Chatterley's Lover?.;;(Answer(:)) (David) (Herbert) Lawrence
;;This work, the inspiration for Otto Rank to follow the thought-circle of its author, discusses in one section a vision of an uncle whose face appears elongated with a yellow beard. Its fourth section describes "Distortion" in the titular concept, whose "work of condensation" and "work of displacement" is described in a later section. Considering latent and manifest content brought its author to the conclusion that the titular entities can be a form of wish-fulfillment. FTP, what work by Sigmund Freud partially analyzes why the titular concepts are forgotten after waking?.;;(Answer(:)) Interpretation of Dreams
;;The spotted predatory katydid and the sabre-toothed blenny are two organisms that display this. One lesser known type of this phenomenon includes the Wasmannian variety, though better known types include one in which both species are equally unpalatable, known as the Mullerian type, which in some cases is indistinguishable from the Batesian variety. FTP identify this phenomenon in which one species copies certain traits from another in order to gain evolutionary advantage.;;(Answer(:)) Mimicry
;;This author of the short story "The Canterville Ghost" once wrote a 50,000 word letter to his lover, Lord Alfred Douglas, entitled De Profundis and this man also wrote a collection of fairy tales entitled A House of Pomegranates. One of this man's plays includes the adulterous characters Mrs. Erlynne and Lord Darlington while another features the act of "bunburying" by Algernon Moncrieff and this author wrote that "each man kills the thing he loves" in his poem "The Ballad of Reading Gaol." FTP, identify this Irishman best known for his plays An Ideal Husband, Lady Windermere's Fan, and The Importance of Being Ernest.;;(Answer(:)) (Oscar) Wilde
;;Gram positive organisms have two basal rings that hold this structure, while gram negative organisms have four. Bacteria of the spirochete variety have a specialized variety of this structure located in the periplasmic space whose rotation causes the corkscrew like motion of the bacterium. In eukaryotic cells, this structure is composed of a bundle of nine fused pairs of microtubule doublets surrounding a surrounding two central microtubules. Prokaryotic cells can be classified on as monotrichous or peritrichous depending on how many of these they have. FTP, name this appendage in cells with their whip-like motion responsible for locomotion of the cell.;;(Answer(:)) Flagella|Flagellum
;;This modern country's early history features the leader Yekuno Amlak, who founded its most famous dynasty after ending its Zagwe lineage of kings, though of its early leaders Zara Yaqob is often considered its greatest for his administrative skills, such as his founding of a new capital at Debre Berhan. Tewodros II and Yohannes IV ruled it in the late 19th century before a king of Shewa reestablished its Solomonic dynasty. That king of Shewa's son, Menelik II, won the battle of Adowa while ruling, FTP, what African nation of Haile Selassie known for its food shortages, with capital Addis Ababa?.;;Answer(:) Ethiopia
;;A formula developed for one type of this process scales the inverse of the magnetic field intensity, and was observed when its namesake was using a magnetic arc to separate uranium isotopes. When polar molecules and ionic compounds transverse across the lipid bilayer, the facilitated type of this process can be seen. Its rate is inversely proportional to the square root of the molar mass according to Graham's Law, and osmosis is this process in terms of water. FTP, identify this process, wherein particles move from regions of high concentrations to areas of lower concentrations.;;(Answer(:)) diffusion
;;The first composition by this composer, titled Das Klagende Lied or Song of Lamentation, failed to impress Johannes Brahms when the composer entered it into a competition. His reputation grew when he conducted Wagner's Ring Cycle. Later, he was acclaimed for his sixth symphony whose ending with a nihilistic A-minor chord earned it the subtitle Tragic, though it was written in a happy period for the composer due to his marriage to Alma Schindler and the birth of his daughter. Creator of the Titan Symphony, FTP, name this Jewish composer of the Song of the Earth.;;(Answer(:)) (Gustav) Mahler
;;A close friend of Anaxagoras, in his early career this man led the prosecution of Cimon, who was ostracized. Later he aided the Phocians in the Second Sacred War, and he consolidated power by establishing colonies at Naxos, Andros, and Thurii. His famous mistress Aspasia may have influenced his decision to protect her home town Miletus in the Samian War, though he had other incentives in protecting the members of his tribute allliance, the Delian League. In a more famous conflict he would propose the embargo known as the Megarian Decree, and in that war two of his sons would meet their death in the plague that would eventually claim his own life. FTP, what Athenian leader held power during the golden age of Athens?.;;(Answer(:)) Pericles
;;This woman's predecessor, Vashti, refused to show off her beauty on orders from her husband, the king. This caused the king to kill her and to perform a nation-wide search for a new wife. The story she is famous for has been attributed to the older Babylonian myth in which Ishtar and Marduk conquer their enemy, Humayun. Married to the Persian king, Ahasuerus, this Jewish woman defeated Haman and saved her people. Born Hadassah, FTP, name this Biblical woman, for whom the Jewish festival Purim is celebrated, the namesake of the seventeenth book of the Bible.;;(Answer(:)) Esther
;;One phenomenon named after him is due to pair-production, in which virtual particle containing negative energy creates an illusion of radiation.  Since 1979, he has held the post of Lucasian Professor of Mathematics at Cambridge, an office that was also held by Isaac Barrow and Isaac Newton. With Roger Penrose he proved that Einstein's Theory of General Relativity implies that space and time began with a Big Bang. FTP, name this theoretical physicist who suffers from Lou Gehrig's disease.;;(Answer(:)) (Stephen) Hawking
;;This man is the patient of Zossimov and the son of Pulcheria Alexandrovna, and this character, whose name means "schismatic" is often cited as a prime example of the ubermensch protagonist.  While discussing an IOU with Ilya, this character, the brother of Dounia, reveals that he was going to marry the daughter of Alyona Ivanovna; however, he is now involved with Sonya Marmeladov. Later in the novel, this character and his friend Razumihin visit the apartment of Porfiry Petrovich. FTP, identify this confused resident of St. Petersburg who murders a pawnbroker in Fyodor Dostoyevsky's novel Crime and Punishment.;;(Answer(:)) (Rodion) (Romanovitch) Raskolnikov
;;In this political leader's early career he split with Dewitt Clinton to form the Albany Regency. In his late career he opposed the Hunkers as a leader of the barnburners. A political genius, this man from Kinderhook served as a senator and governor of New York. His most famous post came after his defeat of Hugh White and William Henry Harrison in his bid for presidency. His suavity, however, couldn't save his presidency from the tumults of the Panic of 1837. FTP, who is this president of Dutch heritage nicknamed the "Little Magician?".;;(Answer(:)) (Martin) Van Buren
;;This writer addressed "the true daughter of Old Time" in his sonnet "To Science." The title character of one of his short stories dies after composing a poem about Man and the Conqueror Worm, and the corpse of the narrator's second wife Lady Rowena Trevanion also turns into "Ligeia." Another more famous story ends as General LaSalle enters Toledo and ends a certain torture by the Spanish Inquisition. The narrator of that work narrowly escapes death by allowing the rats to bite on the straps that bind him. FTP, name this author of "The Pit and the Pendulum" and "The Raven.".;;(Answer(:)) (Edgar) (Allen) Poe
;;Crissie was the first victim in this film, and the second victim was Pippet, though Pippet's death was not shown. The appearance of Matt Hooper causes a more in depth investigation into the deaths much to the dismay of the mayor. Eventually, the protagonist faces his fear of the water and embarks with others on the Orca to catch the titular figure. When the protagonist, Sheriff Brody, finally sees the titular creature, he exclaims to Captain Quint, "You're gonna need a bigger boat." FTP this is the synopsis of what Steven Spielberg film about a great white shark?.;;(Answer(:)) Jaws
;;Its first head was William Mooney, and it only became politically active in the election of 1800, when Aaron Burr used it to garner more votes for Jefferson. Stephen Allen, Isaac Fowler, and John Kelly all held its position of Grand Sachem, a spot held last by Carmine DeSapio in the 1950s, but that was more famously held by a man who briefly escaped jail time by fleeing to Spain. That man had earlier used its influence to steal millions of dollars, as exposed by Samuel Tilden. Also known as the Columbian Order, FTP name this New York City political machine famously run by "Boss" Tweed.;;(Answer(:)) Tammany (Hall(,))|(Society)
;;This novel owes its title to a line in Homer's The Odyssey when Agamemnon speaks to Odysseus. One character in this novel, a skillful carpenter, breaks his leg and his father attempts to mend it with cement, causing his blood flow to be cut. That character Cash has one sister named Dewey who was raped and impregnated by the store clerk Skeet MacGowan. Vardaman is the youngest of the children in this novel and was present when his mother died about whom he once said "my mother is a fish." FTP, the Bundren family must bury the body of Addie in Jefferson in what 1930 novel by William Faulkner?.;;(Answer(:)) As I Lay Dying
;;In the third section of this work the author uses the example of mistaking a mannequin for a person to demonstrate the non-positional nature of recognizing subjectivity in others. The revelation that man is "condemned to be free" is contained in this work subtitled An Essay On Phenomenological Ontology. "The Look" and the "Origin of Negation" are two sections in it, though the most famous section discusses "bad faith." Positing existence before essence, FTP, this is what existentialist work by Jean-Paul Sartre?.;;(Answer(:)) Being and Nothingness|(L'Etre) (et) (le) (Neant)
;;This figure once erected an altar on mount Ebal and carved the laws of Moses into it. Believed to be an Imam by Shi'ah Muslims, this man was one of the twelve spies sent to Canaan by Moses, and accompanied Moses part of the way onto Mount Sinai on his journey to receive the Ten Commandments. He commanded the Israelites at Rephidim against the Amalekites during the Exodus, and at one of his more notable battles in Caanan, this man asked God to keep the moon from coming, prolonging the daylight and allowing him to finish the battle. FTP, name this successor to Moses as leader of the Israelites, the conqueror of the city of Jericho.;;(Answer(:)) Joshua
;;Though not free energy, if the Hemholtz kind of this per unit volume is a function of the strain tensor, it is called the elastic kind of this quantity. A numeric value for it for every point in space for a conservative force in which the work done is zero when moving along a path starting and ending in the same location. Caused by a restoring force that tends to pull an object to a lower energy state, the many forms of it include nuclear, electrostatic, chemical, and gravitational. FTP, name this form of energy that is stored within a system, and which may be exampled by a ball in mid air just about to begin to fall.;;(Answer(:)) potential (energy)
;;Nahn is a spectroscopic binary that makes up its nose. Al-Tarf is its brightest star that is designated with the beta Bayer designation.  A loose cluster of feint stars called the Praesepe or the Beehive, is another feature of the constellation. Lying between Gemini to the west and Leo to the east, the tegmine star system makes up its shell while the Acubens make up this constellation's claws.  People born in between June 21 and July 22 are said to be born FTP, under what zodiac crab constellation?.;;(Answer(:)) Cancer
;;One story in this work involves the rooster Chanticleer, who escapes his death by the fox Russell after seeing a prophetic dream about his death. Another episode involves an Oxford student who tells John the carpenter that a flood is coming and convinces him to sleep on the roof in a bathtub. It begins in Southwark at the Tabard Inn, where Harry Bailey hosts his guests. Its most famous story involves an old woman, who challenges a knight to find out what women desire the most from men. FTP, The Prioress, the Nun's Priest, the Miller, and the Wife of Bath are some of the storytellers in what Chaucer work?.;;(Answer(:)) (The) Canterbury Tales
;;Rhyncobdellida species of this animal are jawless and therefore must insert a needle-like proboscis into the body of the host to feed. In addition, they secrete an enzyme, hemetin which dissolves clots once they have formed. The Australian species of this creature is unique in that it has only two jaws instead of the normal three and it will make a V-shaped incision. Those who are bitten by this annelid can see a bite mark that is in a Y-shape. Belonging to the subclass Hirudinea, FTP name these animals, who bloodsucking habit can often be seen used for medicinal purposes.;;leeches
;;This piece begins with the strings playing C and continues into two new songs. This symphonic poem, sung as the Christian hymn "Be Still, My Soul," was the national anthem of the Nigerian breakaway state Biafra. This piece, based on a text by Zachria Topelius, was composed to protest against the censorship of Russia in the composer's native country. When it was renamed to escape Russian censorship, one popular re-titling was Happy Feelings at the awakening of Finnish Spring. FTP, name this famous piece, a work by Finnish composer Jean Sibelius.;;(Answer(:)) Finlandia
;;A supporter of a Disabilities Bill to allow Lionel de Rothschild to serve in the House of Commons, he served as Chancellor of the Exchequer during Lord Derby's three ministries, during which time he introduced the 1867 Reform Bill. Given the title Viscount Hughenden and Earl of Beaconsfield, he was in his day famous for various works of fiction including Alroy, Venetia, Conigsby, and Vivien Grey. The favorite of Queen Victoria, FTP, identify this conservative rival of William Gladstone, the first British Prime Minister with Jewish heritage.;;(Answer(:)) (Benjamin) Disraeli
;;This author wrote an one story about a fourteen year-old girl who is forced to become a prostitute by her grandmother. In addition to the "Incredible and Sad Tale," another of his novels opens with the discovery that Jeremiah Saint-Amour practiced cannibalism, and trying to retrieve his parrot from a tree, Dr. Urbino falls to death. In that novel, Florentino confesses his love to Fermina fifty-one years after their first affair. In his most famous work, after the failure of a strike on a banana plantation, the rain does not stop for five years in Macondo. FTP, name the author of Love in the Time of Cholera, who wrote about the Buendia family in One Hundred Years of Solitude.;;(Answer(:)) (Gabriel) Garcia Marquez
;;A frog can be seen in the bottom left of this work, which also shows a loaf of bread near a basket filled with fruit. Its background and lighting suggest that it was created in a studio instead of in the Bois du Boulogne. The tasseled hat worn by one of the men was also traditionally worn indoors. The men, likely artist's brother Gustave and his future brother in law, are juxtaposed against the bather in the background and the women who is seated with them, whose clothes are laid out beside her. FTP, name this realist work by douard Manet, controversial for its presentation of a nude picnicking with two gentlemen.;;(Answer(:)) Le dejeuner sur l'herbe or Luncheon on the Grass
;;The ionic form of this element when combined with borohydride will become a powerful reducing agent that can turn aldehydes to ketones and ketones to alcohols. Its elemental form was first isolated in 1806 by a Sir Humphrey Davy who ran molten caustic soda through an electric current. This was certainly an accomplishment since its high reactivity does not allow it to exist in nature. In the flame test this element will burn yellow. When it combines with chlorine one can see its most common form in nature. With the atomic number eleven, FTP name this most common alkali metal which has the symbol Na.;;(Answer(:)) sodium
;;This novel opens with a wedding celebration, which many uninvited guests attend without contributing money. Although the Dutch midwife Madame Haupt helps out during the labor, the protagonist's wife dies giving birth to a stillborn baby. The protagonist meets Jack Duane at a prison after attacking Phil Connor, the boss who raped his wife Ona. After emigrating from Lithuania and losing faith in the American Dream, Jurgis Rudkus turns socialist. FTP, the Pure Food and Drug Act and Meat Inspection Act were inspired by the depiction of filth of the Chicago meat-packing industry in what muckraking novel by Upton Sinclair?.;;(Answer(:)) (The) Jungle
;;This dynasty originated with the struggles of Ibrahim the Imam, whose brother Abdallah established it with a victory on the Greater Zab River. Muhammad al-Khwarizmi and Alhazen were famous thinkers during it, though the most famous may have been the writer of The Book of Healing, Avicenna. Their demise began with the loss of land to the Ghaznavids, Seljuks, and Almoravids, though its doom came with an invasion by Hulegu. FTP, what Islamic dynasty founded in 750 lasted until 1258 when its capital at Baghdad was sacked by Mongols?.;;(Answer(:)) Abbassid (Caliphate)
;;The only president to graduate from the US Naval Academy, his presidency saw US participation in Salt II, and the return of the Panama Canal territory. This founder of the Departments of Energy and Education  was unpopular, partially because Operation Eagle Claw failed to end the Iran hostage crises. Also known for mediating between Anwar Sadat and Menachim Begin at Camp David is, FTP, this leader of Habitat for Humanity and former Georgian president.;;(Answer(:)) (Jimmy) Carter
