;;In his last collegiate season, he had the second-most tackles in his school's history.  The fourth player of his position taken in 1996, he was drafted one spot after Jermaine Mayberry.  In 2002, he only played five games, but was still the 5th-best defense tackler. After being [*] acquitted of murder, his reputation suffered even though he was chosen for the Pro Bowl that year. In 2009, he and Ray Rice led their team to the playoffs, defeating Tom Brady and the Patriots before losing big to the Colts. For 10 points, name this one-time Miami standout and 11-time Pro Bowl nominee, a Baltimore Ravens linebacker who still feels that referees love Tom Brady a little too much.;;(Ray) Lewis
;;One member of this family had a home at Menokin and was nicknamed "Lightfoot"; they descend from a similarly-named family in Shropshire. Its famous members include the leader of a troop called the "watermelon army," which put down the Whiskey Rebellion, Lighthorse [*] Harry, and Continental Congress delegate Richard Henry, while their most famous scion intercepted John Brown at Harper's Ferry before his state seceded. For 10 points, name this powerful Virginia dynasty whose members include Confederate General Robert E.;;Lee
;;In one of this man's operas, the princes Guidon and Alfron die after their father listens to the bird Astrologer and the Queen of Shemakha seduces King Dodon. In another opera, the title character lives with the Berendeyans and falls in love with Mizgir. In addition to The Golden Cockerel and The Snow Maiden, this composer of [*] Cappricio Espagnol wrote a work whose movements include "The Sea and Sinbad's Ship," the symphonic suite Scheherezade. For 10 points, what Russian composer of the Mighty Five wrote The Tale of Tsar Saltan, which includes the fast-paced "Flight of the Bumblebee"?.;;(Nikolai) Rimsky(-)Korsakov
;;In one play by this man Lyuba sleeps with a doctor, Mereshchun, against the will of Nemov. In addition to "The Love-Girl and the Innocent," this author wrote about the rape and murder of a young woman by soldiers in his poem [*] "Prussian Nights" and about Oleg Kostoglotov, who is shocked by the state of life outside the titular location. Another of his works details the life of a man who has been falsely accused and imprisoned for being a German spy. For 10 points, name this Soviet dissident, the author of Cancer Ward, One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich, and The Gulag Archipelago.;;(Aleksandr) Solzhenitsyn 
;;Early works by this artist include an equestrian portrait of Polish count Stanislas Potocki. An orange-clad woman gestures toward pallbearers in his The Lictors Bring to Brutus the Bodies of His Sons, and in another work of his, Belisarius Begs for Alms. A more famous work by him shows three columns in the [*] back and crying women on the right as three Roman sons receive swords; two other works feature the limp arm of a bandaged man and an upward-pointing figure receiving hemlock. For 10 points, name this French neoclassical painter of The Oath of the Horatii, The Death of Socrates, and The Death of Marat.;;(Jacques(-)Louis) David
;;One book published by this author consists of a tape-recorded conversation in which this author discusses topics like Istanbul, slavery, and John Wayne with James Baldwin; in addition to A Rap on Race, this author wrote of the aggressive Mundugumor people and the Tchambuli lake region's [*] female-dominated society. Another work, criticized by Derek Freeman five years after her death, contained testimony from 68 adolescent girls, and claimed that casual sex occurred without stress in the title locale. For ten points, name this female anthropologist, the author of "Sex and Temperament in Three Primitive Societies" and "Coming of Age in Samoa".;;(Margaret) Mead 
;;In one of this author's novels, a mechanic named Abdu, an illegal Arab immigrant, meets a wealthy white woman named Julie whose car breaks down in the street. Besides The Pickup, another novel revolves around a dead body found on Mehring's farm, The [*] Conservationist, while a third novel by her features Maureen Smales, who flees to the village of the title character, their black servant, during a fictional civil war. For 10 points, name this Nobel laureate whose novel July's People was banned in her native South Africa.;;(Nadine) Gordimer
;;Durning senescence, this compound is metabolized into tetrapyrrole catabolites known as NCCs. Though not heme, it is often synthesized from succinyl-CoA and glycine, and it often includes a long phytol chain. Consisting of a [*] porphyrin coordinated to an atom of magnesium, the a and b varieties absorb light at slightly different wavelengths, and it can be found in the thylakoids.  For 10 points, name this pigment molecule, located in a similarly named plant organelle, which is the key factor in photosynthesis.;;Chlorophyll
;;This man's military exploits include quelling Sertorius's revolt in Lusitania, and he financed a building featuring a temple to Venus Victrix which was the world's largest theater. Aulus Gabilius granted this man special power to fight a certain menace across the entire Mediterranean; his son Sextus later emulated that menace by becoming a pirate. [*] This man won the Third Mithridatic War, got accused of claiming undue success against Spartacus by Crassus, and was killed after fleeing the Battle of Pharsalus in 49 BCE. For 10 points, name this member of the First Triumvirate who lost a civil war to Julius Caesar.;;Pompey|(Gnaeus) Pompeius (Magnus)
;;This man persuaded Adalbert Falk to pass the May Laws, and pressed for the Anti-Socialist Laws five years before his country oddly started the first state health insurance program. Succeeded by Leo Caprivi, this man misrepresented Count Vincent Benedetti in an [*] edited telegram. Later, he ran a campaign against Catholic influence called the Kulturkampf. During his tenure, his monarch faught Denmark, Austria, and France, and he resigned in 1890 after Wilhelm II took the throne. For 10 points, name this "Iron Chancellor", first of Prussia and then of Germany.;;(Otto) (von) Bismarck
;;One of this man's works contains fictional books called The Void and Daring to Lead; in it, a fictional, bipolar version of him punches Nelson Mandela in the stomach. This author of Why not Me? paid 70,000 dollars in back taxes to 17 states in 2005. After he heard testimony from Jamie Leigh Jones, 30 [*] Republicans voted against his amendment to protect female contractors from sexual assault, and this author of Lies and the Lying Liars who Tell Them spent 7 months challenging results of a contest initially won by Norm Coleman. For 10 points, name this Democratic junior senator from Minnesota, a former Air America host and comedian.;;(Al) Franken
;;Towards the end of this work, Menteith spots an enemy general's "uncle Siward", whose young son is killed. The title character claims his "Genius is rebuk'd, as  / Mark Antony's was by Caesar," and sees an armed head some time after viewing a floating [*] dagger. Also featuring a banquet visited by a silent ghost, an apparition in this play says the title character will be vanquished when "Birnam Wood / do come to Dunsinane."  The Thane of Cawdor cannot be harmed by "man of woman born" in, for 10 points, what play whose title character murders Banquo and King Duncan, gets killed by Macduff, and is advised by three witches, a Shakespeare tragedy?.;;(The) (Tragedy) (of) Macbeth
;;This man directed the Admirable Campaign, and responded to Henry Cullen in his Letter from Jamaica. He described the failure of a movement led by Francisco de Miranda in the "Cartagena [*] Manifesto". This winning commander at Carabobo joined with Antonio Jose de Sucre to win a victory at Ayacucho. The Guayaquil Conference saw the beginning of his partnership with Jose de San Martin, and he was the only president of Gran Colombia. For 10 points, name this leader of many South American independence movements, known as "the Liberator.".;;(Simon) Bolivar
;;This author asked "what made fatuous sunbeams toil / To break Earth's soil at all" in "Futility", and wrote of an angel ignored by Abraham, who "slew his son / and half the seed of Europe, one by one" in his poem "Parable of the Old Man and the Young".  He describes [*] "hasty orisons" and asks "What passing-bells for those who die as cattle?" in his "Anthem for Doomed Youth", while another poem by this friend of Siegfried Sassoon mentions "that old lie" amidst an attack with poison gas. For 10 points, name, the World War I-era British poet of Dulce et Decorum Est.;;(Wilfred) Owen
;;During congressional hearings into this entity, the FBI raided the offices of its affiliate Denso. Dave Gilbert controversially incited errors in an ABC report on this company, and Chris Santucci was supposedly involved in a cover-up of those [*] defects. After one of this company's products caused the death of a California police officer, it provided plastic zip ties to customers in an attempt to prevent further mishaps involving floor mats. For 10 points, identify this automaker, which recently recalled over 9 million cars due to complaints of unintended acceleration and is known for making the Prius and Camry.;;Toyota
;;The slogan of this man's party was "neither left nor right, nor even center;" that party laid out its positions in the Manifesto of N'sele and was called the Popular Movement of the Revolution, or MPR. Known for shutting down his nation's copper mines, his name loosely translates as "the [*] almighty warrior who goes from conquest to conquest, leaving fire in his wake." Appointed Chief of the Army by Patrice Lumumba, he staged his coup after Lumumba's death, and then proceeded to 'Africanize' his country. For 10 points, name this African kleptocrat, a ruler of the DR-Congo, which was renamed Zaire until his 1997 death.;;(Joseph(-)Desire) Mobutu (Sese) (Seko) (Koko) (Ngbendu) (Wa) (Za) (Banga)
;;After one title character in this movie is put in jail, he meets a professor named Tarik who has been arrested for "being black". That character also sees Bradley, a "business hippie" who he had met earlier at Princeton University while trying to find [*] Cindy Kim. During the conclusion of this film, one of the title characters confronts Billy Carver and JD, after receiving 200 dollars to fix his car from Neil Patrick Harris. FTP name this comedy film whose two title characters, played by Kal Penn and John Cho, attempt to reach a certain fast food restaurant.;;Harold and Kumar Go to White Castle
;;Johannes Brahms composed a work for solo piano entitled "Variations and a Fugue on a Theme by" this man, and in one of his works, a solo tenor sings "that her iniquity is pardoned" when addressing Jerusalem in "Comfort ye, my people." One of his works, now used at the [*] coronations of his nation's monarchs, is Zadok the Priest; this composer of The Harmonious Blacksmith included the Birth, the Passion, and the Aftermath in his most famous oratorio. For 10 points, name this German-born British composer of Water Music, whose Messiah features the "Hallelujah Chorus".;;(Georg) (Frederic) Handel 
;;Works by this author include the short story collection Johnny Panic and the Bible of Dreams and the anthology Winter Trees. This author refers to a bike accident and claims to "eat men like air" in one work, and another calls the title figure a "bag full of God", [*] and claims "Every woman adores a fascist". In addition to "Lady Lazarus" and "Daddy", poems in her collection Ariel, she wrote a roman a clef novel in which magazine intern Esther Greenwood goes insane. For 10 points, name this wife of Ted Hughes and suicidal author of The Bell Jar.;;(Sylvia) Plath
;;This quantity can be expressed as the Legendre transform of internal energy, and the partial derivative of this with respect to number of particles is chemical potential. Surface tension can be defined as this quantity per unit area. Used for isothermal and isobaric processes, unlike a similar quantity named for [*] Helmholtz, it is equal to the enthalpy minus the product of temperature and entropy. For 10 points, name this quantity which is negative for spontaneous reactions, whose change is symbolized delta-G.;;Gibbs (free) (energy)
;;Two unrelated holders of this position were John Alden Dix and the earlier John Adams Dix. Herbert Lehman resigned from Lehman Brothers to take this office and, resigning from the Supreme Court, John Jay took this position in 1795. [*] The early nineteenth century saw a namesake "ditch" overseen by George Clinton's nephew DeWitt in this position. Al Smith held it during his 1928 presidential bid; Grover Cleveland and both Roosevelts held it before taking federal office. For 10 points, name this state office from which Eliot Spitzer resigned, leading then-Lieutenant David Paterson to succeed him in Albany.;;Governor (of) New York
;;This author wrote about the prophet Godspeak in Requiem for a Futurologist, reworked Euripides in his translation of The Bacchae, and collected his notes from prison in The Man Died. In one of his plays with acts titled "Morning", "Noon", and "Night", Baroka fights with [*] Lakunle to marry the valuable woman Sidi. In addition to The The Lion and the Jewel, another play by this man involves Mr. Pilkings, a British officer, interrupting the ritual suicide of Elesin, a Yoruba tribe official. For 10 points, name this author of Death and the King's Horseman, a Nobel laureate and playwright from Nigeria.;;(Wole) Soyinka
;;In this work, two young brothers stay a night in a hollow elephant statue, and punching a window in Gorbeau leads Azelma to gash her hand. This work's protagonist throws a coin into a fireplace eight years after robbing it from a Savoyard boy, Petit Gervais. In this novel, a boy sent by the Friends of the ABC to collect [*] rifle cartridges, Gavroche, is fatally shot; his parents, the Thenardiers, sneak into the wedding of Marius and Cosette after Eponine is the first to die at a June 5th revolt on the barricades. For 10 points, name this massive French novel centering on Inspector Javert and the escaped conflict Jean Valjean, by Victor Hugo.;;(Les) Miserables
;;This artist depicted a young boy holding his father's leg as that man carries his own father in Aeneas, Anchises, and Ascanius, and Cerberus howls behind the title figure of his Rape of Proserpina. He designed a baldacchino with twisted columns [*] for St. Peter's Basilica, along with the Barberini and Four Rivers fountains. A figure is about to sling a stone in his David, and his most famous sculpture, framed by marble pillars, shows rays of golden light above an angel with a flaming spear. For 10 points, name this Italian sculptor of The Ecstasy of St. Teresa.;;(Gianlorenzo) Bernini
;;Two of this ruler's generals defeated King Totila at the Battle of Taginae and King Gelimer at the Battle of Tricamarum. He supported the former general, a eunuch named Narses who distrusted John the Cappadocian, while mostly ignoring the latter general [*] Belisarius; he sent those two men to stop Hypatius and put down rowdy chariot-racing fans in the Nika riots. This husband of Theodora issued the Corpus Juris Civilis, a Christian law code for his nation. For 10 points, name this great 6th-century Byzantine emperor.;;Justinian I|Justinian the Great
;;The "B" type of these objects was discovered by Rudolph Bayer, and a greedy algorithm named for Djikstra generates the "minimum spanning" type of these objects. One special case of this data structure with a namesake 'sort' algorithm, in which child keys are always smaller than parent keys, is called the [*] heap. Other types of this acyclic data structure include the red/black, a self-balancing subtype of the binary search kind, and all finite ones have exactly one root node. For 10 points, name this data structure in computer science, whose childless nodes are known as "leaves".;;tree
;;In chapter five of Utilitarianism, J.S. Mill examined many definitions of this concept. One theorist used reflective equilibrium to refine the understanding of it, and his work states that a foundation in the "original position" and the [*] difference principle are necessary to this concept. Cephalus claims that it consists of truth, and Thrasymachus argues that it is the advantage of the stronger, before they are refuted by Socrates in Book One of Plato's Republic. John Rawls wrote A Theory of, for 10 points, what concept of moral rightness, often represented by a blind-folded woman with a sword and a scale?.;;Justice
;;While working at Columbia University, he helped develop a proximity fuse for anti-aircraft projectiles. He argued that state licensing procedures limited entry to the medical profession, driving up costs, and this adviser to Augusto Pinochet described consumption patterns in his [*] "permanent income hypothesis." This economist suggested that the Federal Reserve increase money supply with real GNP increase to control inflation; with Anna Schwartz, he co-authored A Monetary History of the United States. For 10 points, name this Chicago School monetarist who, with his wife Rose, wrote Free to Choose and Capitalism and Freedom.;;(Milton) Friedman
;;A giant sword-wielding statue on Mamayev Hill commemorates this battle; the initial objective of one side's Operation Blue, capturing the oil at Maikop and Grozny, was abandoned after it. Its turning point was Operation Uranus, when a Romanian army to the north was attacked by Georgi [*] Zhukov. One side of this five-month battle was led by General Paulus, and the harsh winter led to almost 2 million casualties along the Volga River. For 10 points, name this World War II battle, the turning point of Operation Barbarossa, where the Soviets resisted the Nazi siege of a city named for their leader at the time.;;(Battle) (/) (Siege) (of) Stalingrad (OW/MJ)
;;In this song's music video, the singer drives a Pontiac Trans Am to the Corral Drive-In movie theater. In this song's second verse, the singer is troubled by the popularity of stiletto heels, and, in the first verse, a shout of "whoa" is preceded the singer's claim to be bearing [*] "a dream and a cardigan." This song's artist asserted that she had never heard a Jay-Z song, despite being comforted by one according to this song's lyrics.  Telling of the singer's arrival in Los Angeles, for 10 points, identify this song in which the singer states she is "nodding her head like yeah," a recent hit for Miley Cyrus.;;Party in the USA
;;One of this artist's works features a black girl being escorted past a griffitied racial slur by four federal marshals. Besides The Problem We All Live With, he depicted a boy and his reluctant father before he attends college, and painted three [*] partially-clothed boys running to the left with a black and brown dog in Breaking Home Ties and No Swimming. He showed himself looking in a mirror and painting himself in Triple Self Portrait. Also known for "Rosie the Riveter", for 10 points, name this artist of the Four Freedoms series, who created cover illustrations for The Saturday Evening Post.;;(Norman) Rockwell
;;One holiday in this religion celebrates the Forty Immortals and is called Maghi; another celebrates five men who entered a tent with the intention of losing their heads; that holiday, Vaisakhi, marks the origin of this religion's baptism from an iron [*] bowl. Its sacred text is considered to be alive and was originally called the Adi Granth, and the "Five Ks" are to be followed by all believers include carrying a ceremonial dagger, or kirpan, and maintaining uncut hair. For 10 points, name this monotheistic religion whose Golden Temple can be found in Amritsar, India, expounded by Nanak and nine other Gurus.;;Sikhism
;;In this book, Walter's face shows the signs of hookworm, and Randolph drinks Coca-Cola from a bottle in a brown bag. Despite the protagonists' care, the bedridden Mrs. Dubose dies from her addiction to [*] morphine. A mysterious figure wraps a blanket around the narrator as Miss Maudie's house catches fire; that same figure leaves gifts in a tree for the protagonists. Bob Ewell convinces a jury that Tom Robinson raped his daughter, despite the defense of Atticus Finch. For 10 points, name this book about the growth of Dill, Jem and Scout, the only novel by Harper Lee.;;To Kill a Mockingbird
;;Its indigenous people include the Yaghan, whose language has one native speaker, and Robert Fitzroy brought four natives of this location back to England. Though not New York, one segment is sometimes called Staten Island, and its highest point is Monte [*] Darwin. Its west end, Isla Desolacion, can receive 800% more rain than the east end, and Ushuaia, its largest city, is generally considered the southernmost city in the world. Containing the Beagle Channel, for 10 points, name this archipelago, bordered to the north by the Strait of Magellan, that is divided between Chile and Argentina and whose name means "Land of Fire.".;;Tierra del Fuego
;;Characters in this novel compete in unusual games like Riemann Surface Tennis and Obstacle Golf, and two characters cross the Atlantic in the Red Rocket. It opens with a description of the Bokanovsky process, and one character is threatened with exile to Iceland by [*] Mustapha Mond, an Alpha Double-Plus. The protagonist's mother is seduced by Pope, who offers her Mescal to replace Soma, and that protagonist hangs himself at the end of the novel, in the year 632 After Ford. For 10 points, name this dystopian novel about Bernard Marx and John the Savage, named for a line from The Tempest and written by Aldous Huxley.;;Brave New World
;;One work by this composer contains a C minor theme representing the hero and an E major theme representing the hero's mother, the Coriolan Overture. One of his piano works is Bagatelle no. 25 in A minor, while another does not follow traditional sonata form and thus has "Almost a [*] fantasy" appended to its title; those works are usually known as "Fur Elise" and "Moonlight". For 10 points, identify this composer who included the "Eroica" and "Choral" in his nine symphonies.;;(Ludwig) (van) Beethoven
;;In one episode in this work, a storm causes the protagonist to dream of a visit from his father, who married Kiritsubo after the death of the protagonist's mother. The 42nd to 54th chapters of this novel, known as the Uji chapters, depict events following the protagonist's death, which is signaled by the blank [*] "Vanished into the Clouds" chapter. The protagonist becomes fascinated by a child with the same name as the author, cheats with the sister of his rival Kokiden, and is married to Aoi at the age of 12. For 10 points, identify this 11th-century work about a Japanese prince by Lady Murasaki, often considered the first novel.;;(The) Tale of Genji|Genji Monogatari
;;The Ito [EE-toe] cells of this organ are located in the space of Disse and hold vitamin A. The function of this organ is tested by measuring serum albumin level, and it possesses special macrophages called Kupffer cells. It is able to take pyruvic [*] acid to perform the reverse reaction of glycolysis, gluco-neo-genesis. The failure of this organ to metabolize bilirubin leads to jaundice. This organ's cirrhosis can occur as from hepatitis, but it is capable of regeneration. For 10 points, name the largest internal organ in human body, which people abuse by drinking lots of alcohol.;;Liver
;;Many members of this school studied with Carl Stumpf. Its laws of closure, similarity, and proximity are examples of its concept of pragnanz, and This school attempted to demonstrate that individuals perceive visual information beyond that which is [*] extant in its principle of reification. One member of this movement named a phenomenon in which motion is perceived in still images, the phi phenomenon. Including members such as Kurt Koffka and Wolfgang Kohler, for 10 points, name this psychological school that also included Max Wertheimer, whose name translates as "whole.".;;Gestalt (psychology)
;;One of these is proved by Boltzmann's H-theorem, and itself disproves the possibility of T-symmetry; Stanley Meyer was sued by two investors after claiming to circumvent these in water. Hydroelectric plants can often avoid a [*] thermal bottleneck, a direct result of the second of them. The alignment of perfect crystals at absolute zero is described by the third one of these, while the so-called "zeroth" one is essentially a transitive property for systems in thermal equilibrium. For 10 points, name this set of laws that describes the transfer of heat and work.;;Laws of thermodynamics
;;According to legend, this country's flag fell from heaven at the Battle of Lyndanisse, and its king Valdemar IV signed the Treaty of Stralsund. Though unrelated, this nation's last three prime ministers have shared the surname Rasmussen. The HMS Indefatigable was [*] sunk by German Admiral Scheer near this nation's largest province in the 1916 Battle of Jutland, and its king Christian X wore a yellow star in solidarity with Jews during World War II. For 10 points, name this Scandinavian nation with many wind farms surrounding Copenhagen.;;Denmark|Danmark
;;In one novel by this author, the second title character leaves Mariabronn monastery to find the "pole of nature," and in another, Hans Giebenrath drowns after leaving Maulbronn seminary. In addition to Narcissus and Goldmund and Beneath the Wheel, he wrote a novel in which Franz Kromer bullies a boy who studies Abraxas with Pistorus, Emil [*] Sinclair; that novel is Demian. This author described the internal musings of the novelist Harry Haller, and wrote of a Nepalese man who wanders around with Govinda. For 10 points, name this German author of Steppenwolf and Siddhartha.;;(Hermann) Hesse
;;The Safronov and Cameron hypotheses regard this region's formation, and it was first theorized by Estonian scientist Ernst pik. Its inner section is sometimes named for Hills, and the Nemesis theory regards a [*] brown dwarf in it. Thought to be remains of the original proto-planetary disk, this region is the origin of objects like Hale-Bopp, long-period comets. For 10 points, name this hypothetical region that extends to the gravitational edge of our solar system, just outside the Kuiper [KY-purr] belt.;;Opik(-)Oort cloud (AF/MJ)
;;During this man's rule, war broke out after a neighboring country annexed the Aksai Chin region, which followed the breakdown of the Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence. This man's reign saw his country's takeover of Goa, and, like Stalin, he outlined his economic policy in many Five Year Plans. This man gave the [*] "Tryst with Destiny" speech, and coined the term "non-aligned movement," a movement he founded with Nasser and Tito. His interim government was opposed by the Muslim League of Muhammed Ali Jinnah. For 10 points, name this father of Indira Gandhi, the first prime minister of an independent India.;;(Jawaharlal) Nehru
;;For anisotropic substances, this law can be represented using Voigt notation; it can be derived by defining deformation as adiabatic. Cauchy adapted this law to three-dimensional bodies; in three dimensions, a 4th order tensor with 81 coefficients must be applied for this law to hold; it is called the [*] stiffness tensor. This law holds only in the elastic range, below the yield strength, and Young's modulus is the ratio of stress and strain over that range. For 10 points, identify this law often applied to springs, defined by setting the restoring force equal to the negative of the spring constant k times displacement.;;Hooke's (Law)
;;This author wrote about the brilliant Hamilton student Tom Outland, who dies in combat and leaves Professor Godfrey St. Peter to reminisce in The Professor's House. In another work, the title figure sees the Indians of Acoma rebel, and replaces the corrupt Gallegos with [*] Joseph Vaillant; that man, Jean Marie Latour, builds a Catholic Church in Santa Fe. A performance of Wagner's "The Valkyrie" leads Thea Kronborg to success in this author's The Song of the Lark, and Jim Burden narrates about the Shimerdas' daughter in another novel. For 10 points, name this Nebraska writer of O Pioneers! and My Antonia.;;(Willa) (Sibert) Cather
;;This character's namesake "Woods" title the last NES game ever released. In one handheld game, he is sucked into a music box by Rudy the Clown, and in another, he fights a boss with multiple emotional masks, the Golden Diva, after using a bird-like flying key and frog-like switches to travel through the Pyramid of Gold. Often opposed by the Black Sugar Pirates led by [*] Captain Syrup, he eats garlic to become a superhero in a spin-off series involving 5-second "microgames". For 10 points, name this pudgy, greedy, yellow-clad antithesis to a Nintendo plumber.;;Wario
;;Morton Smith discovered a "secret" version of this document used by the Carpocrates. This book, the only New Testament book in which Jesus speaks Aramaic, contains a naked man running from Jesus' arrest, who, by tradition, is considered to be the author himself, and the parable of the [*] mustard seed. Usually considered the first to be written chronologically, many versions omit verse 16:9 through 20, ending with the empty tomb rather than the Resurrection of Jesus. For 10 points, name this New Testament Gospel situated between Matthew and Luke, the second.;;Gospel (according) (to) (/) (of) Mark
;;This man described opposites like the sun and moon and life and death with the word "syzygy"  [SIZZ-uh-jee], and he summarized his theories in the introduction to the Evans-Wentz translation of the Tibetan Book of the Dead. He designated Eve, Helen, Mary, and Sophia as four stages of male development, and his work was the basis of the [*] Myers-Briggs personality test. His other theories include synchronicities and the anima. For 10 points, name this Swiss psychologist who created the idea of archetypes in his theory of the collective unconscious.;;(Carl) (Gustav) Jung (YOONG) 
;;A pure substance has no degrees of freedom at one of these, according to a rule named for Gibbs, and any system has p choose 3 of these, where p is the number of [*] phases. Helium-4 has two unconventional ones due to superfluidity, while for water, it fixes the definition of the Kelvin scale and is at .612 kilopascals and 273.15 Kelvins. For 10 points, name this point where coexistence curves meet on the phase diagram, a temperature and pressure at which a substance exists in an equilibrium of all three phases of solid, liquid, and gas.;;triple point
;;One of this man's aids, Crixus, was defeated by the armies of Luicus Gellius Publicola at Mount Garganus. Gaius Claudius Glaber unsuccessfully attempted to defeat him, and this man's base was located at Mount Vesuvius. This man died while fighting near the Siler River. The [*] most successful attacks against this man were led by Crassus; after his defeat, members of his army were crucified along the Appian Way. For 10 points, identify this former gladiator, the leader of a slave uprising against the Roman Republic.;;Spartacus
;;Although mannose-6-phosphate tagged molecules are sent to this organelle, its failure results in I-cell disease, characterized by the formation of inclusion bodies. Niemann-Pick disease and Gaucher's disease are results of malfunction in it, while sphingo-lipid buildup around it occurs in [*] Tay-Sachs disease. Its namesake enzymes are produced in the endoplasmic reticulum, though this organelle itself buds off from the Golgi apparatus. Its membrane maintains an acidic environment in the interior, necessary for hydrolases to function. For 10 points, what organelle uses autophagy to consume old organelles and digest macromolecules?.;;lysosome
;;One of his works shows an hourglass hanging above the title figure hunched over a desk, with a sleeping dog next to a lion in the foreground; another portrays an hourglass held by a bearded creature in a dark wood standing near a hoglike spearman. In addition to St. [*] Jerome in his Study and Knight, Death, and the Devil, this man's engravings include an anatomically incorrect beast, Rhinoceros, and a symbolic work containing a 4-by-4 panel of numbers, yet another hourglass, geometric shapes, and a pensive angel, Melancholia I. For 10 points, name this Reformation-era German artist famous for woodcuts depicting The Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse.;;Albrecht Durer
;;This author wrote about Captain MacWhirr and Jukes saving the Nan-Shan from a natural disaster in "Typhoon". Two officers in Napoleon's army, Feraud and D'Hubert, get involved in a protracted conflict in his "The Duel". In another of his stories, a fugitive from the Sephora, [*] Leggatt, commits murder. In one novel, the title immigrant works in Sulaco harbor in Costaguana; in another, the title sailor leaves the Patna and ends up shot by Doramin on Patusan after Dain Waris dies. The author of "The Secret Sharer", Nostromo, and Lord Jim, for 10 points, name this author who wrote about Marlow narrating the downfall of Kurtz in Heart of Darkness.;;(Joseph) Conrad|(Josef) (Teodor) (Konrad) (Nalecz) Korzeniowski
;;When Derforgaill is in this form, Cu Chulainn once hits her with a sling, though he saves her by sucking the stone out. Louhi promises to give his daughter to Lemminkainen only if he can shoot this creature in Tuonela, the [*] underworld, in the Finnish epic Kalevala. Saraswati is often depicted sitting on a lotus or this animal. The wife of Tyndareus and mother of Helen and Clytemnestra laid eggs from which the Dioscuri came out, after she was raped by Zeus in this form. For 10 points, Leda is associated with what white, beautiful bird?.;;swan
;;This composer was inspired by clarinetist Richard Muhfeld to complete his Clarinet Sonatas in F minor and E flat major, and his Opus seven includes the songs "True Love" and "The Mourner." This composer used a piece by Keler Bela as the basis for the fifth of his [*] Hungarian Dances, and he incorporated a multitude of instruments, including a piccolo and a timpani, in his Tragic Overture. Another of his works incorporates campus drinking songs, while his 1st symphony was derisively nicknamed Beethoven's Tenth. For 10 points, name this Austrian composer of Academic Festival Overture who wrote a namesake lullaby.;;(Johannes) Brahms 
;;A dispute over broadcloth led Humphrey Marshall to duel this man, who also dueled John Randolph. He once ran for office with Ted Frelinghuysen of New Jersey, and one man named after him was shot and stabbed by Alexander [*] Berkman. This supporter of the tariff as part of the "American System" finished fourth in the presidential election of 1824, and was nominated Secretary of State in John Quincy Adams' "corrupt bargain". For 10 points, name this Kentucky congressman, a "War Hawk" and three-time Presidential loser who earned his reputation with the Missouri Compromise and the Compromise of 1850.;;(Henry) Clay
;;It became the first dynasty of its nation to use a unified paper money system not backed by silver or gold, and it abolished, but later reinstated, the earlier civil service examinations.  It established one capital at Dadu, which literally means "Great Capital." Defeated by the forces of Zhu Yuanzhang, a part of the [*] Red Turban Rebellion. Its attempts to invade Japan were repelled by kamikaze, or 'divine winds', and after less than a century it was succeeded by the Ming Dynasty.  For 10 points, name this Mongol-founded Chinese dynasty founded and ruled by Kublai Khan.;;Yuan (Dyansty)
;;This group produced a "Final Act," containing all its decisions. In its final weeks, the Earl of Clancarty replaced Viscount Castlereagh at this meeting. Switzerland was declared neutral, Norway and [*] Sweden were joined under a single ruler, a 38-state German Confederation was formed, and the French monarchy, represented by Talleyrand, was restored with the ascension of Louis the Eighteenth. For 10 points, name this event chaired by Prince Metternich which aimed to create a European balance of power in Napoleon's absence, hosted in the capital of Austria.;;Congress of Vienna
;;This author of The Archaeology of Knowledge turned to art criticism by describing "Las Meninas" in his The Order of Things and by writing about Magritte in This is not a Pipe. His multiple-volume History of Sexuality described the concept of "bio [*] power"; he also described doctors using the "clinical gaze". Another work of his described the Great Confinement while criticizing insanity, while he famously used the image of Jeremy Bentham's Panopticon to describe society as a prison. For 10 points, name this author of Madness and Civilization, The Birth of the Clinic, and Discipline and Punish, a French postmodernist philosopher.;;(Michel) Foucault
;;One of this author's works is divided into six sections, including "The Cleft Stick," "Death of a Traitor," and "Into the Golden Age;" another of his works opens with the line "Perhaps I could have saved him, with only a word," is narrated by Sophie, and involves Pieter van Vlaanderen's guilt y love for [*] black women. In addition to Ah, But Your Land is Beautiful and Too Late the Phalarope, he wrote about Mr. Jarvis, whose son Arthur has been killed by Absalom. For ten points, name this anti-apartheid South African author who wrote about the priest Stephen Kumalo in Cry, the Beloved Country.;;(Alan) Paton 
;;This author wrote about Constance's confirmation ceremony and merriment at a brothel in "La Maison Tellier." One of his characters, Father Chantavoine, is a priest of Urville who refuses to ring the church bells; that character hides Rachel the Jewess after she kills the effeminate officer Mademoiselle Fifi. In another work featuring [*] Cornudet, passengers traveling to Le Havre pressure the prostitute Elizabeth Rousset into sleeping with a Prussian officer. The author of "Ball of Fat", for 10 points, what French writer is best known for describing Mathilde's jewelry in "The Necklace"?.;;(Guy) (de) Maupassant
;;The narrator of this work assumes one character is a dentist because his buttons are made of human molars. In it, one character is rebuked by Michaelis for seeing the eyes of God in a billboard of T.J. Eckelburg, while another character cries over a pile of [*] colorful shirts, and is a friend to the golfer Jordan Baker. Few people attend the title character's funeral after George Wilson kills him and Wilson's wife Myrtle is run over by the idealized Daisy Buchanan. For 10 points, name this book narrated by Nick Carraway, a 1925 Jazz Age novel by F. Scott Fitzgerald.;;(The) Great Gatsby 
;;Their festivals include binghi, or 'groundations', and the more common "reasonings", and their dietary code, I-tal, stems from a literal belief that one's body is a temple. One sacred text of this group is called the Holy Piby, and members of this faith use word formations like [*] "downpression" and "overstanding" , while rejecting "isms". They await the fall of "Babylon", or white oppression. For 10 points, name this faith whose exponents worship Haile Selassie I of Ethiopia as God, a Jamaican religion whose practices include the religious use of cannabis and the wearing of dreadlocks.;;Rastafari (movement)|Rastafarianism
;;Home to the Wallula Gap, this river's geologic history included a mudslide called the "Bridge of the Gods," for which a modern cantilever bridge over it is named. Two of its major hydroelectric dams, equipped with 'fish-ladders' to help salmon climb, are the John Jay and [*] Bonneville Dams. It forms its infamous 'bar' of shoals near Astoria, its confluence with the Willamette River is in the city of Portland, and its largest tributary is the Snake River. For 10 points, name this Pacific Northwest river which forms the border between Oregon and Washington State.;;Columbia (River)
;;One civil conflict in this nation was known as the Gukuruhundi; this nation underwent large neighborhood clearances as part of Operation Drive Out Trash. Home to Johsua Nkomo, known as its "father", a republic here declared independence under Ian [*] Smith; its capital was formerly known as Salisbury. Its current ruling party, ZANU-PF, recently struck a frequently violated power-sharing deal with Prime Minister Robert Tsvangirai [TCHANG-gir-aye]. For 10 points, name this dysfunctional African country run by Robert Mugabe, whose many recent crises include record hyperinflation.;;(Republic) (of) Zimbabwe
;;Subtypes of this process include arrhenotoky and the much more common thelytoky, and an analogous process in plants is known as apomixis. First studied in sea urchins by Jacques Loeb, the largest land animals to undergo it are Komodo dragons, while in [*] bees, it produces drones. It was used in a Tokyo lab to create the mouse Kaguya, and was artificially induced by Gregory Pincus in female rabbits of mothering age. For 10 points, name this form of asexual reproduction by which egg cells develop into newborns without male fertilization, from the Greek for 'virgin birth'.;;parthenogenesis
;;For a real projective plane or a tetra-hemi-hexahedron, a characteristic symbolized chi is equal to this. The Riemann zeta function evaluated at this argument is identical to the harmonic series. Fermat's Little Theorem states that for a prime number p and any integer a, a to the p minus one is congruent to it mod p, and every square of an odd number, taken modulo 8, is [*] congruent to this number.  The natural log of e, and fourth power of the imaginary unit i is, for 10 points, what number which is the multiplicative identity, and the only positive integer that is neither prime nor composite?.;;one|1
;;In this work, Sergei Koznyshev visits his half-brother and castigates him for quitting an administrative post. Varenka and another character's brother Nikolai are recovering at a spa in Germany in this novel. One character is courted by Konstantin Levin and flirts with Veslovsky. At its opening, Stiva [*] Oblonsky is caught cheating on his wife, Dolly.  One character in this work rides the horse Frou-Frou too hard and breaks her back, and rejects Kitty for the title character. That woman, the lover of Count Vronsky, dies by throwing herself under a train. For 10 points, name this novel by Leo Tolstoy.;;Anna Karenina
;;This poet asks the reader to mourn two enamored creatures who "fled/ In a mutual flame from hence" in The Phoenix and the Turtle. One collection by him "wisheth the Well-Wishing Adventurer in setting forth", and was published by "T.T." He described the violation of Collatine's wife by [*] Tarquin in his narrative poem Lucrece, and a boy who refuses to kiss the goddess of love gets gored by a boar in his Venus and Adonis. Another poem asks, "Shall I compare thee to a summer's day?" For 10 points, name this poet who claimed his "mistress's eyes are nothing like the sun" in one of his 154 sonnets, and who also wrote The Two Gentlemen of Verona.;;(William) Shakespeare
;;In this man's memoir, he describes Trevelyan's beating of Eddie, and a novel by this author retells the story of Robinson Crusoe from the perspective of Susan Barton. In addition to Boyhood and Foe, this author fictionalized Dostoyevsky's reaction to the death of his friend Pavel in The Master of [*] Petersburg. In a novel by this author of The Lives of Animals, Melanie Isaacs is seduced by the professor David Lurie, and another depicts the title hare-lipped gardener's return to Cape Town. For 10 points, name this author of Disgrace and The Life and Times of Michael K, a South African also famous for Waiting for the Barbarians.;;(John) (Michael) Coetzee
;;The losers' only success in this battle saw Ysembart attack the eventual victors' baggage convoy. Jehan de Waurin chronicled this battle through firsthand experience. Between two hills at this battle, the victors planted [*] palings, a type of wooden stake. Thomas Erpingham commanded the successful division of longbows. Rain beforehand led to an incredibly muddy battlefield, which bogged down the retreating troops of Charles d'Albret. For 10 points, name this victory for Henry V of England on St. Crispin's Day, 1415; a part of the Hundred Years' War.;;(Battle) (of) Agincourt
;;In one of this man's works, he notes a correlation between Irish prostitutes' beauty and their potato consumption. He described the "propriety of action" and "sense of propriety" in subsections of his work A Theory of Moral [*] Sentiments. Another of his works describes the motives of the butcher, the brewer, and the baker, and describes the self-correcting nature of markets as an "invisible hand". For 10 points, name this Scottish economist known for advocating laissez-faire capitalism in his 1776 work The Wealth of Nations.;;(Adam) Smith
;;One work by this author includes the political analyst Teddy Regler, who is loved by the dissatisfied Clara Veldt. In addition to A Theft, this author depicted Tommy Wilhelm's alienation from his father in Seize the Day. In another novel by this author, the title character recounts his marriage to [*] Madeline and writes a number of letters, while the protagonist of another novel is raised by Grandma Lausch. That novel opens with the line "I am an American, Chicago born." For 10 points, identify this author of Herzog and The Adventures of Augie March, a Jewish-American winner of the 1976 Nobel Prize in Literature.;;(Saul) Bellow
;;This figure was the last man nominated to the position of Flamen Dialis; two years later, he was proscribed, stripped of his priesthood, and forced into exile.  He was captured en route to Rhodes by Cilician pirates, who, after his release, he hunted down and had killed. He once shared power with Bibulus, and at the battle of [*] Alesia, he defeated Vercingetorix, whom he wrote about in his Commentaries on the Gallic Wars. For 10 points, name this member of the First Triumvirate, a Roman consul, general and dictator who crossed the Rubicon and got stabbed to death by the Senate on the Ides of March.;;(Gaius) Julius Caesar
;;In some denominations, "epiclesis" precedes this practice, and Justin Martyr's First Apology is sometimes used as evidence that early practicioners believed in "real presence". In the Eastern Orthodox church, this ritual is accompanied by the [*] anaphora prayer; Scriptural precedent for this ritual is found in Matthew 26:28 and Mark 14:24. At the Marburg Colloquy, Luther and Zwingli diverged in their doctrine regarding a component of this ritual known as transubstantiation. For 10 points, identify this rite, which involves the consumption of bread and wine as the body and blood of Jesus.;;Eucharist|Holy Communion(;)|Lord's Supper
;;The Museum of Modern Art displayed a painting by this man upside down for 47 days before some one noticed; besides La Bateau,  A picture frame, dark jug, and leaping statue appear on a tall draped desk in this artist's Woman Reading.  He depicted flowers in his Annelies, White Tulips, and Still Life with [*] Geraniums; he's also famous for paper cutouts and for founding an art movement including Andre Derain. Also known for painting a woman serving numerous fruits, The Red Room, he painted five figures holding arms in a circle in another work. For 10 points, name this painter of The Dance, Green Stripe, and Blue Nude, the leading French Fauvist.;;(Henri) Matisse
;;This river's namesake tidal bore, also called le mascaret, was eliminated by the early 70s due to dredging. Rising on the Langres plateau, and repeatedly used by Viking conquerors, this river's many [*] bridges include the cable-stayed Pont de Normandie and the Pont Neuf. An intellectual hotbed along this river, which empties at Le Havre in the north, was the Left Bank, and it originates in the Burgundy Alps. For 10 points, name this second-longest river in France, which flows through Paris.;;Seine (River) (SR/MJ)
;;This idea was used to demonstrate that auxiliary constraints reduce elasticity in the short run in a work by Paul Samuelson. The theory of response reactions is used to explain inherent violations of this principle, while in commercial synthesis, it is applied to increase [*] yield, as in the case of the Haber-Bosch process. The introduction of a noble gas into a system does not result in changes according to it, while the common-ion effect is a corollary of this principle. For 10 points, identify this principle, which holds that a system at equilibrium will shift to counteract a change in pressure, temperature, volume, or concentration.;;Le Chatelier's principle
;;In this novel, the Stinger is fired at nine o' clock every evening at Walworth to satisfy the Aged P, the father of John Wemmick. At one point, a man nicknamed Dolge uses a leg iron to assault the protagonist's older sister. While avoiding Compeyson, that protagonist enlists the rowing of Startop and [*] Herbert Pocket, but fails to smuggle away the convict Abel Magwitch, who reveals that he, and not the wealthy old Miss Havisham, is the unknown benefactor. For 10 points, name this Charles Dickens novel about the rags-to-riches-to-rags life of Pip.;;Great Expectations 
;;Some members of this phylum, like ctenophores, possess an actinopharynx, and they include organisms connected by stolons, stolonifera. This phylum also includes Anthozoa and Cubozoa. Members of the phylum have a layer under their [*] ectoderms filled with mesoglea, and are definted by their poison filled nematocysts; organisms this phylum begin life as polyps before becoming medusas. For 10 points, name this largely aquatic phylum that includes corals and jellyfish.;;Cnidaria (the) (c) (is) (often) (silent) 
;;This man argued that governments can be classified by "form of sovereignty" and "form of government" in his essay "Perpetual Peace." He answered the title question with mankind's emergence from self-imposed immaturity in "What is [*] Enlightenment?" This man outlined his aesthetic theory in Critique of Judgment. Also known for distinguishing between analytic and synthetic truths, one theory by this philosopher asserts that immoral acts are inherently irrational, as outlined in his Groundwork for the Metaphysics of Morals. For 10 points, name this creator of the categorical imperative, the German author of Critique of Pure Reason.;;(Immanuel) Kant
;;One author from this country wrote about Elizabeth Hunter, the matriarch of her family, in "The Eye of the Storm"; that author wrote of Mr. Bonner, who supports a German explorer's doomed journey, while another wrote about two characters' bet that a [*] glass cathedral can move through this country's wilderness. The setting of Voss and of Oscar and Lucinda, for 10 points, name this country home to Patrick White, Peter Carey, and the author of Schindler's Ark, Thomas Keneally, whose writers were often inspired by the Outback.;;Australia 
;;One character in this film says "I wish they were rabbits" as another character personifies two dollar bills as "Mama" and "Papa". It's not Sesame Street, but two characters in this film are named Ernie and Bert, and in an early scene, a gymnasium floor retracts to reveal a pool. [*] The protagonist saves his brother, Harry, from a sled accident, and later sees a vision of Harry's grave and a row of conformist houses financed by Mr. Potter. For 10 points, name this 1946 film where the angel Clarence convinces George Bailey that his existence has been beneficial, which is notable for being broadcast every Christmas.;;It's a Wonderful Life
;;This author's first novella, "Fast and Loose," is often published with this author's unfinished novel about Nan and Virginia St. George, The Buccaneers.  In one of her novels, Ralph Marvel kills himself after being blackmailed by his Midwestern wife Undine Spragg, and in another, [*]Countess Ellen Olenska is the secret love of Newland Archer, who marries May Welland. In addition to The Custom of the Country and The Age of Innocence, in another of her novels, Mattie Silvers and the title man from Starkfield attempt suicide by crashing a bobsled into an elm tree. For 10 points, name this author of Ethan Frome.;;(Edith) Wharton 
;;This nation once contained a black secret society called the Abakua. Indigenous people from this nation included the Ciboneys, and this nation sent troops to support the MPLA during the Angolan Civil War. A document [*] detailing attempts on this island which vilified Franklin Pierce's administration was called the Ostend Manifesto, and the the Rough Riders fought here after the USS Maine exploded. For 10 points, name this island nation whose current government withstood the Bay of Pigs invasion after a 1959 revolution by Raul and Fidel Castro.;;Cuba
;;Mathematical models for this phenomenon use the Fokker-Planck equation or the Langevin equation. Jean Perrin used it to obtain Avogadro's number, and Richard Feynman described a "ratchet" that uses it. This phenomenon is the physical version of the Weiner process, and is also [*] a stochastic process. The kinetic theory of gases was used in Einstein's 1905 explanation of it, and its namesake, a Scottish botanist, observed it in pollen grains in water. For 10 points, name this seemingly random motion of particles suspended in a fluid.;;Brownian motion
;;In this painting, two silhouettes stand in a vestibule at center-right behind the central action, and three rows of occupied seats are barely visible in the background. A table in the bottom-left holds a rag and several metal items, and the podium [*] on the left holds papers on which the clerk is taking notes. The lone woman in this picture covers her eyes with her left arm in horror as the central gray-haired figure holds his glasses and looks away. For 10 points, name this 1875 painting depicting four men performing femur surgery at Jefferson Medical College, by Thomas Eakins.;;(The) Gross Clinic
;;On of his discoveries states that if atmospheric carbonic acid increases geomtrically, then the temperature will increase at a nearly arithmetic rate. In addition to his Greenhouse Law, he is the namesake of an equation that can be graphed yielding a straight line for 1 over Time versus the natural log of [*] a constant k; it includes a pre-exponential factor and relates that constant k, the rate constant of a reaction, to temperature and activation energy. For 10 points, name this chemist who has a namesake acid-base theory and hails from Sweden.;;(Svante) Arrhenius
;;Complex ones of these can be Hermitian. These objects can be factored into three through Singular Value Decomposition, of which the first and third are unitary, and QR-decomposition forms orthogonal and right triangular ones. They have specific numbers symbolized lambda, eigenvalues, and corresponding [*] eigenvectors. Reduced to row-echelon form by Gaussian elimination, in computer science, these non-commutative objects are represented as double arrays. For ten points, name these mathematical objects with determinants, rows, columns, and numbers as entries.;;matrix|matrices
;;A modification of its initial plan violated the Boland Amendment; this change was stalled because of Manucher Ghorbanifar's insistence on a 41% markup. Reverend Benjamin Wier was among those exchanged during this, and this arrangement was exposed by the [*] Lebanese magazine Ash-Shiraa. The Tower Commission stated the President did not have control of the National Security Council while Oliver North orchestrated it. For 10 points, in what Reagan-era scandal were anti-Sandinista rebels in Nicaragua funded by proceeds from hostage-arms deals with a certain Islamic Republic?.;;Iran(-)Contra (affair) (/) (scandal) (/) (deal)
;;In one of his plays, Lizzie curses a snake-shaped bracelet while hiding a black man from police; besides The Respectful Prostitute, an unnamed man faces a fascist firing squad in his short story "The Wall". One of his plays features a cave from which the dead reappear in [*] Argos for the day. In his main novel, the historian Antoine finds that inanimate objects limit his ability to define himself, causing a sweetish sickness, and in another play Estelle tries to stab Inez, leading Garcin to declare that "hell is other people" in a Second Empire room. For 10 points, name this French existentialist author of The Flies, Nausea, and No Exit.;;(Jean(-)Paul) Sartre
;;In this opera, a tenor character finds a woman's key before touching her cold hand in the aria "Che Gelida Manina", and another character smashes a plate, complaining about cafe service to Alcindoro before singing the seductive "Quando me n'vo". At the start of this opera, two characters burn a five-act manuscript to keep warm before [*] Schaunard and Colline arrive. Its main characters are the painter Marcello, who reunites with Musetta, and the playwright Rodolfo, whose love Mimi dies in his arms of tuberculosis. For 10 points, name this Puccini opera about starving Parisian artists, an inspiration for the musical RENT.;;La Boheme
;;This leader captured and hanged Arnold of Brescia by allying with Adrian IV, who crowned him. He started collecting a tax called the fodrum after declaring his rights at the Diet of Roncaglia. This man was forced to sign the Treaty of Venice following his defeat at the Battle of [*] Legnano by the Lombard League. His grandson regained access to Jerusalem for the West in the Sixth Crusade, while he himself was the son of Conrad III, who founded the Hohenstaufen Dynasty. Known for drowning while in heavy armor, for 10 points, name this Holy Roman Emperor during the Third Crusade, known for his red beard.;;Frederick I|Frederick Barbarossa
;;It is determined by resource allotment according the Heckscher-Olin model, and Paul Craig Roberts claimed it doesn't exist when capital is mobile. Conceived of by Robert Torrens in 1815, it was discussed two years later in [*] Principles of Political Economy and Taxation, with the example of easily-made English cloth and Portuguese wine. For 10 points, name this international trade theory of David Ricardo, saying that countries should only produce goods for which their opportunity cost is lowest, in contrast to absolute advantage.;;(theory) (of) comparative advantage
;;Early in this battle, a stalemate had ensued surrounding Miller's Cornfield, and General George Sears Greene captured, but soon had to leave the Dunker Church Plateau. It began with an advance against Lawton and Jones from Doubleday, Ricketts, and [*] Hooker; later in the day, troops under D.H. Hill decimated William French's troops at the Sunken Road, or Bloody Lane.  Following the battle, McClellan did not pursue Lee's troops to Virginia, and Abraham Lincoln used this slight Union victory to issue an Emancipation Proclamation.  For 10 points, name this Civil War battle in Maryland, which the bloodiest single day in American military history.;;(Battle) (of) Antietam|(Battle) (of) Sharpsburg
;;Sites associated with this entity include one at Pothohar and another at Mardan.  In the Rigveda, it is the only entity of its type that is masculine.  Its "submarine fan" is the second largest sediment deposit in the world, and [*] it is spanned by the Ayub bridge.  It is especially susceptible to changes due to melting glaciers due to its origin in the Tibetan Plateau.  Central to a namesake Bronze Age civilization, is, for 10 points, what major river of Pakistan that empties into the Indian Ocean?.;;Indus (River)
;;In one of this writer's poems, the title character "yet dauntless the slug-horn to his lips set, and blew;" in another, the title figure lets Lucrezia go to her cousin, after stealing money from Francis I to build a house in Italy. Those poems, in his collection Men and Women, are "Childe Roland to the Dark Tower Came" and [*] "Andrea Del Sarto". A monologue of his describes a portrait by Fra Pandolf, whose title woman had "a heart too soon made glad, too easily impressed." For 10 points, what British poet, the husband of Elizabeth Barrett, wrote "My Last Duchess"?.;;(Robert) Browning
;;While in London during the American Civil War, Horace Greeley hired this man as a pro-Union correspondent for the New York Daily Tribune. This author of The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis-Napoleon claimed "philosophers have only interpreted the world; the point is to change it" in his Theses on Feuerbach, a criticism of a fellow Young [*] Hegelian. He described commodity feitishism in the first volume of another work which puts forth his labor theory of value. For 10 points, name this author of Das Kapital who supported a temporary dictatorship of the proletariat and, with Engels, wrote The Communist Manifesto.;;(Karl) Marx
;;This work mentions Engelard and Guy of Cignone by name. The tenth and eleventh sections of this document concern the death of one who dies owing money to a Jew, while it demanded the removal of all fish-weir traps from rivers in its thirty-third section. Devised after the battle of [*] Bouvines, it prohibited the use of scutage without consent. Its main signatory was coerced at Runymede, and this document is known for establishing the concept of habeas corpus. For 10 points, name this 1215 document signed by King John, which guaranteed certain rights for British nobles.;;Magna Carta (Libertatum)
;;In one of his works, people "turn to their affairs" after watching the pulse of a boy become "little - less - nothing;" that boy had lost his hand to a buzz-saw. In addition to "Out, Out," he stated that the apple, the pear, and the plum are all roses. Mary and Warren argue about employing [*] Silas in his long poem "The Death of the Hired Man". In one work of his collection North of Boston, the narrator notes that "apple trees will never get across," while his neighbor insists that "Good fences make good neighbors." For 10 points, what New England poet wrote "Mending Wall" and "The Road Not Taken"?.;;(Robert) (Lee) Frost
;;Division of this quantity by thermal diffusivity gives the Prandtl number. When this property equals zero for a substance, the Navier-Stokes equations simplify to Euler's equations. The ratio of inertial forces to this kind of force is given by the [*] Reynolds number, which implies turbulence at high values. Its kinematic variety is measured in stokes while its dynamic variety is measured in poise. Assumed to be constant for Newtonian fluids, this is, for 10 points, what measure of a fluid's resistance to flow?.;;viscosity
;;At one point, this character is disappointed that he does not get a bath in the washing machine. This character's truck is stolen by a bully who is "pretty persuasive" for "a guy with a monosyllabic vocabulary", and on another occasion he tries to get a friend to eat that bully, [*] Moe. One of his alter egos is a detective whose hat covers a bad haircut; besides Tracer Bullet, another alter ego, Stupendous Man, opposes the babysitter Rosalyn and once answers the door when Susie Derkins comes by. For 10 points, name this yellow-haired, mischievous six-year-old from a Bill Watterson comic, whose adventures occur alongside his tiger Hobbes.;;Calvin
;;This composer included a castle lord, or chatelaine, in The Maiden in the Tower, his only opera. In response to demands by his publishers, Breitkopf and Hartle, this composer added a quatrain to preface his Tapiola. He included a movement about the title character "and the Maidens of the Island" as one of his Four Legends or [*] Lemminkainen Suite, and also composed the Kullervo symphony, based on characters from the Kalevala. For 10 points, name this composer who represented his homeland in the Karelia Suite and the tone poem Finlandia, the namesake of a digital music composition program.;;(Johan) (Julius) (Christian) (Jean) Sibelius
;;In one work by this author, the protagonist gives a hare-skin jacket to a mysterious man who saves him in a snowstorm, before falling in love with the title character at Orenburg. In addition to The Captain's Daughter, this man reworked the legend of Don Juan in "The Stone Guest," and wrote of [*] Evgenii's death at the hands of a statue in "The Bronze Horseman." He also wrote verse novels about a man who kills Lensky in a duel over Olga, and about a Tsar whose death leads to the Time of Troubles. For 10 points, name this Russian author who penned Eugene Onegin and Boris Godunov.;;(Alexander) Pushkin 
;;A method of removing energy from these objects was proposed by Roger Penrose because the Lense-Thirring effect creates frame-dragging around the Kerr and Kerr-Newman, or rotating, type of them. They only have three externally quantifiable properties according to the [*] no-hair theorem - charge, mass, and angular momentum. For a certain mass, the Schwarzchild radius gives the event horizon for one of these. Thought to evaporate via Hawking radiation, these are, for 10 points, what massive celestial objects from which even light cannot escape?.;;black holes
;;This figure's grandfather, Pittheus, founded Troezen. After defeating Periphetes, this figure used his club. This figure killed a pet of Phaea, the Crommyonian Sow, on a land journey to Athens. He was killed after being pushed from a cliff by Lycomedes, and he aided Pirithous in an attempted [*] abduction of Persephone. In one story involving this figure, a curse placed on this figure led him to raise a black sail, resulting in the death of his father. The individual who cursed this figure had earlier given him a ball of string before being abandoned on Naxos. For 10 points, identify this Athenian who was loved by Ariadne and slew the Minotaur.;;Theseus
;;In one work by this man, he encounters his younger self on a park bench in Cambridge; that work, "The Other," is found in this author's The Book of Sand. He described men like Tom Castro and Hakim in his collection A [*] Universal History of Infamy. In his most famous collection, Erik Lonnrot follows a Kabbalah-using murderer in "Death and the Compass", and Captain Richard Madden attempts to capture Yu Tsun, a German spy, in "The Garden of Forking Paths".  For 10 points, name this blind Argentine author of "The Library of Babel," a short story found in his Ficciones.;;(Jorge) (Francisco) (Isidoro) (Luis) Borges (Acevedo)
;;This man's Tenth Walk, in Reveries of a Solitary Walker, is unfinished, and another work discusses federalizing The Government of Poland. One theory of his posits that monarchies should develop in warmer nations, and a discourse of his describes the first man to enclose a plot of land and declare "This is mine"; [*] that's On the Origins of Inequality in Mankind. This author of the Confessions wrote a tract on education called mile, popularized the "noble savage", and said that the general will leaves man "forced to be free". For 10 points, name this Swiss-French philosopher and author of The Social Contract.;;(Jean(-)Jacques) Rousseau
;;Locales in this poem include "the hills, / Rock-ribbed and ancient as the sun", and "Old Ocean's gray and melancholy waste;" it also urges the reader to "Take the wings / Of morning, pierce the Barcan wilderness". Beginning "To him who in the love of [*] Nature holds / Communion with her visible forms", this poem describes those who "join the innumerable caravan", saying to "go not, like the quarry-slave at night" but like  "one who wraps the drapery of his couch / About him, and lies down to pleasant dreams". For 10 points, name this poem, a "meditation upon death" written at age 17 by William Cullen Bryant.;;Thanatopsis
;;This man's essay on "Baloma" spirits appears in one collection, and he attempted to disprove the universal Oedipal complex in another work. In addition to Magic, Science, and Religion and Sex and Repression in Savage Society, he believed that cultural institutions fill seven basic human needs, in accordance with [*] functionalism. This anthropologist also described a complex exchange system dubbed the Kula Ring.  For 10 points, name this Polish-born anthropologist who studied the Trobriand Islands, the author of Argonauts of the Western Pacific.;;(Bronislaw) (Kaspar) Malinowski
;;One ruler of this people was opposed by Zibhebhu, and these people were massacred at the Battle of Blood River. Another ruler of this people, murdered by his half-brother Dingane, pioneered the iklwa spear and a long throwing-javelin called the assegai. That [*] ruler ran the mfecane 'crushings', and his "buffalo horns" technique was later used at the Battle of Isandlwana against Lord Chelmsford's British troops. For 10 points, name this nation whose leaders included Shaka, known for fighting a namesake 19th-century war in southern Africa.;;Zulu
;;This author described sharing two words with Einstein and three "degrees" of thought in the essay "Thinking as a Hobby". He describes the last Neanderthals being killed by Homo sapiens in his The Inheritors, and a lone British naval officer hallucinates survival [*] on a barren rock in his Pincher Martin. In another of his novels, the title entity speaks to Simon atop a wooden stick; later in that novel, the followers of Jack steal Piggy's glasses and break the conch shell of Ralph, their former chief. For 10 points, name this British author who described boys on a formerly deserted island in his Lord of the Flies.;;(William) Golding
;;Hubert Gravelot illustrated books like Pamela and Tom Jones in this style, and Dominikus Zimmermann designed the Pilgrimage Church of Wies in this style. One practitioner of it depicted a stock character of commedia dell'arte, Gilles, and a student of [*] Francois Boucher painted another work of this movement, which features a gentleman spying on a carefree girl on The Swing. Notably featuring Embarkation for Cythera, for 10 points, Watteau and Fragonard are representatives of what early 18th century French art movement, featuring feminine lightness, cherubs, and playfulness?.;;Rococo
;;This ruler nominated Robert Cecil to be state secretary, in which role Cecil served as spymaster, and executed Robert Devereux on charges of rebellion. Ridolfi and Babington name two plots against this monarch, and the papal bull Regnans in Excelsis led to this monarch's excommunication [*] from the Catholic Church. The second Act of Supremacy was passed during this monarch's reign; she later executed Mary, Queen of Scots and sent forces to defeat the Spanish Armada. For 10 points, name this daughter of Henry VIII and sister of "Bloody" Mary I, a supposed Virgin Queen of England.;;Elizabeth I
;;About every four years at this geographic location, most recently in 2009, space observations find three-mile-wide dark circles on its surface ice. In this body, golomyanka fish are fed on by its namesake seals, which are also known as Nerpa. Also containing the Ushkani Islands and [*] Olkhon Island, the Selenga River flows into this body of water, while the Angara River, on which the town of Irkutsk is located, flows out of it. Containing about 20 percent of the world's surface freshwater, for 10 points, name this eastern Russian lake, the oldest and deepest in the world.;;(Lake) Baikal
;;When this god saw his own ugliness in a mirror, he became intoxicated and ended up in a debauchery with his own sister. He is said to return in a year of the One-Reed, after setting out to the East on a raft of [*] snakes. He created mankind by sprinkling his blood on some bones from the underworld Mictlan, and taught the cultivation of maize. He is associated with the morning star, unlike his twin brother Xolotl, and his rival is the god whose name means "smoky mirror", Tezcatlipoca. For 10 points, name this Aztec god, a plumed serpent for whom Montezuma mistook Cortez.;;Quetzalcoatl
;;This composer's early opera The Ban on Love was based on Shakespeare's Measure for Measure, and other early operas of his include one about "The Last of the Tribunes", Rienzi , and his The Faeries. King Amfortas is visited by a wounded [*] knight of the Grail in his Parsifal, and this designer of the Bayreuth festival theater included the Liebestod aria after one title character takes a love potion in his Tristan and Isolde. For 10 points, name this composer of Tannhauser, Lohengrin, and The Flying Dutchman, a German Romantic whose four opera "Ring of the Nibelung" cycle includes the "Ride of the Valkyries".;;(Richard) Wagner
;;In 2000, this nation recently lowered its voting age to 18 for the December elections. Sites within this country include Harappa, known as the "Bronze-Age" city, and Mohenjo-[*] Daro. Though its capital has a population of over 1.7 million people, its main cultural center is Lahore, where many Western-influenced shops and restaurants, as well as the University of the Punjab, are located. Headed by President Asif Zardari and still reeling from the assassination of Benazir Bhutto, for 10 points, name this country whose largest city is Karachi and has its capital at Islamabad.;;(Islamic) (Republic) (of) Pakistan
;;A canal ray tube was used in the Ives-Stilwell experiment to find the transverse form of this effect, and the relativistic form of it holds in a vacuum. This effect can be quantified by dividing the [*] velocity of a wave plus the speed of the observer by the velocity of a wave plus the speed of the source, and multiplying by the frequency.  This effect, used to measure the distance to galaxies, is the cause of red shift. For 10 points, identify this effect, the perceived change in frequency of a wave by a moving observer, responsible for the fluctuations in the pitch of a passing siren.;;Doppler (effect)
;;One class in this phylum can projectile-vomit its organs and is called Holothuroidea; another class is called Ophiuroidea. Members of this phylum often use ampulla to move and, like Chordata, are deuterostomes. A structure known as stereom [*] often gives members of this phylum a calcified endoskeleton, and the madreporite is connected to their tube feet within the water vascular system. For 10 points, name this animal phylum generally expressing pentaradial symmetry, which includes sea stars and sea urchins and is named for their spiny skin.;;Echinodermata|echinoderms
;;One work by this author sees Hyllus harshly attacking Deianeira. This author of The Women of Trachis and the fragmentary play The Tracking Satyrs also wrote about [*] Ismene, who refuses to help her sister give Polynices a proper burial due to Creon's decree. Known for introducing the 'third actor', in another of his works, the foster-son of Polybus and Merope denies Tiresias's accusations, but later blinds himself for having slept with Jocasta. For 10 points, name the Greek tragedian who wrote Antigone as part of his Oedipus cycle.;;Sophocles
;;Verse 21 of the 19th sura of the Koran is sometimes called a reference to it. Justin's 100th Dialogue with Trypho provides support for this doctrine, and Peter Comestor responded to St. Bernard's critique of it. Evidence in Scripture for this doctrine is found in Genesis 3:15 and Luke 1:28. A [*] "feast" of this doctrine was established by Sixtus IV and is held on December 8th, and Pope Pius IX established this doctrine as dogma. Often confused with the Annunciation, for 10 points, name this Catholic doctrine, which holds that Mary was purged of original sin before the conception and later virgin birth of Jesus.;;Immaculate Conception of (Mary)
;;His most famous finding was repeated by Charles Holfing in a hospital setup involving the drug Astroten, and this man supervised breachings asking able-bodied people to give up seats in New York subways. He planted sealed envelopes in public, his "lost letters", and [*] his small world experiment led to the phrase "six degrees of separation". His most famous experiment involved the learning of associated words, and was inspired by the Eichmann trial. For 10 points, name this Yale psychologist who observed obedience to authority by finding that 65 percent of people would eventually administer 450-volt shocks.;;(Stanley) Milgram
;;One of this novel's characters stuffs crabapples in his cheeks because they are "better than horse chestnuts;" another character sits in a tree naked at Snowden's funeral. In this novel, whose sequel is Closing Time, M&M Enterprises buys the entire world's crop of Egyptian [*] cotton, while the protagonist escapes to Sweden in a lifeboat. Characters in this novel, set on the isle of Pianosa, include Colonel Cathcart and Major Major Major Major. For 10 points, name this novel about Yossarian, who struggles against the illogical title ordinance requiring sane World War II bombers to keep flying, written by Joseph Heller.;;Catch(-)22
;;This formula is useful when the Hammett function is inapplicable. One theoretical weakness of it is that it relies heavily on approximation when electrolytic effects of hydrogen and hydroxyl ions are taken into account, and it can be used to calculate the [*] isoelectric point of specific subtstances. Derived from an equation determining the acid dissociation constant, for 10 points, name this equation which states that the pH of a buffer is equal to pKa plus the logarithm of conjugate base or acid concentration, named for two scientists.;;Henderson(-)Hasselbalch (equation)
;;This man killed himself with poison that he had supposedly carried in his ring following his betrayal by Prusias I, and spent some time at the court of Antiochus III of Syria, who ignored his strategic advice. He lost an eye from conjunctivitis in the [*] Apennines, and this brother of Mago used the double-envelopment technique to crush a large force at the battle of Cannae. Defeated at the battle of Zama by Scipio Africanus, for 10 points, name this Carthaginian commander, a son of Hamilcar who marched his entire army, including war elephants, over the Alps.;;Hannibal (Barca)
;;The album named after this song was the first of its group without Bernie Leadon, and includes tracks like "Pretty Maids All In a Row"; the song's band claims it is an allegory for rampant hedonism and the "dark underbelly of the American dream". At one point, people "gather for the feast", where "they [*] stab it with their steely knives, but they just can't kill the beast." The lead singer requests the Captain to "please bring him  wine"; he responds, "We haven't had that spirit here since 1969." About a place "on a dark desert highway" where "you can check out any time you like, but you can never leave," for 10 points, name this Eagles song.;;Hotel California
;;This thinker claimed that Africa had no history in a series of his lectures; he discussed 'absolute difference' and 'sublation' in his The Science of Logic. This philosopher discussed the title concept in the three 'spheres' of the abstract, morality, and ethical life in Elements of the [*] Philosophy of Right. He described the process of Geist coming to know itself in another work, where he developed a law of progress from thesis and antithesis to synthesis. For 10 points, name this German idealist philosopher of The Phenomenology of Spirit, who inspired Marx with his idea of the dialectic.;;(Georg) (Wilhelm) (Frederic) Hegel
;;Comedian Carol Burnett sued this show claiming that they had infringed on her trademarked Charwoman character. They were also sued for changing the lyrics of "When You Wish Upon a Star" in an episode featuring Weinstein. Andrea [*] Freidman defended her role as Ellen on this show, while South Park parodied this show by claiming that all of its cutaway gags are made by manatees combining random word balls. The brainchild of Seth MacFarlane, for 10 points, name this Fox animated sitcom which centers on the family of Peter Griffin.;;Family Guy
;;In graph theory, the "chromatic" one of these objects determines how many colors a vertex graph can have, and the "Legendre" type are orthogonal in the integral inner product space from -1 to 1. Though they aren't series, the Taylor [*] type of these can be used in approximations. According to the Abel-Ruffini theorem, there is no general solution to these of degree 5 or higher. Synthetic division can factor, for 10 points, what mathematical objects with positive integer exponents, exemplified by 'x to the fifth plus two' and 'x cubed plus x'?.;;Polynomials
;;One character in this novel serves seedcake to the protagonist and a friend who later dies during a typhus outbreak, Helen Burns. That character, Miss Temple, works with the sadistic Miss Scatcherd at an institution that the protagonist attends and later teaches at, [*] Lowood School. The protagonist later becomes a private tutor for Adele Varens, but bizarre events attributed to Grace Poole eventually lead to the blinding of her lover and the burning of Thornfield. For 10 points, name this novel, in which the insane Bertha Mason is kept in an attic by Mr. Rochester, written by Charlotte Bronte.;;Jane Eyre
;;A discredited theory of this man, the first to discuss Olbers' paradox, used nested platonic solids. One principle named for him contains the proportionality constant 4 pi squared over G M, and relates the square of a [*] period to the cube of a semi-major axis. Another law of his describes a line between two bodies that sweeps out equal areas in equal time, and his first law states that the sun is a focus of the elliptical orbit of any planet. For 10 points, name this German mathematician and astronomer whose laws of planetary motion came from inspecting Tycho Brahe's work.;;(Johannes) Kepler (AJ/MJ)
;;This man sculpted an egg on its side called The Beginning of the World. A forerunner to one of his series of works was the Maiastra. The park he designed in his hometown includes the cylindrical Table of Silence and a tall stack of roughly hexagonal shapes. His sculptures of women include a curved, featureless [*] phallic form and a sideways bronze head with a sharp brow. Besides the Endless Column, Princess X, and Sleeping Muse, he attempted to capture the essence of flight with a long, curved, slender form in one series. For 10 points, name this Romanian sculptor of Bird in Space.;;(Constantin) Brancusi
;;This man described a middle-class girl's wish to marry a prince as unlikely in one work critical of religion; in another, he claims the title figure was a murdered relative of Akhenaten. In addition to The Future of an Illusion and Moses and Monotheism, he and Joseph Breuer described Bertha Pappenheim, who he called [*] Anna O, in "Studies on Hysteria," and in another work he described manifest and latent content within the title occurrences and introduced the Oedipus complex. For 10 points, name this man who wrote The Interpretation of Dreams and divided the psyche into the Id, Ego, and Superego.;;(Sigmund) Freud 
;;One thinker of this school viewed philosophy as a clash between the tough-minded and the tender-minded and sought to answer "The Present Dilemma in Philosophy." Another founder described the method of tenacity, the method of authority, and the a-priori method to reduce the irritation of doubt in his essay "The [*] Fixation of Belief." An American who applied this philosophy to education was John Dewey, this school included C. S. Peirce [PURSE]. For 10 points, "A New Name for Some Old Ways of Thinking" is the name William James gave to what philosophy, which evaluates ideas based on their practical consequences?.;;pragmatism
;;Its followers set aside four or five Ayyam-i-Ha, or Intercalary Days, before observing a nineteen-day fast. One leaderr of this religion translated Epistle to the Son of the Wolf into English; that leader was Guardian Shoghi Effendi, and its Houses of Worship include the New Delhi [*] Lotus Temple. In favor of abolishing the extremes of wealth and poverty, its Book of Certitude emphasizes the unity between God, religions, and humanity. Currently centered at the Universal House of Justice in Haifa, for 10 points, name this religion, founded in 1844 by the Bab and popularized by Baha'ullah.;;Baha'i
;;This composer's namesake "snap" occurs in the fourth movement of his String Quartet No. 4, which is entirely pizzicato, and he wrote an instructional set of 153 increasingly difficult piano pieces called Mikrokosmos. This composer of Music for [*] Strings, Percussion, and Celesta depicted a "concrete jungle" and three "seduction games" in his ballet The Miraculous Mandarin, and in his most famous opera, the title character's wife, Judith, coerces him to unlock seven disturbing rooms. For 10 points, name this 20th-century composer of Duke Bluebeard's Castle, a folk tune-collecting Hungarian.;;(Bela) (Viktor) (Janos) Bartok
;;The TIM/TOM complex moves material in and out of them, and disorders caused by defects in these include Kearn-Sayle syndrome and Leber's optic neuropathy. Substances found within them include ubiquinone, or coenzyme Q, and release of cytochrome-c [*] from these organelles helps trigger apoptosis. Their internal fluid is known as matrix, and the inner folds of their bilayer membrane are called cristae. Their maternally-inherited DNA is a subject of the endosymbiotic theory. For 10 points, name this organelle in which electron transport occurs and in which ATP is produced, known as the "powerhouse" of a cell.;;mitochondria
;;He received a diplomatic and military education from Epaminondas while held hostage in Thebes. He made an alliance with the city of Olynthus, which was later broken when Olynthus sided with a long-time enemy.  That enemy, who turned on this ruler after he refused to lease them the promised city of Amphipolis, was [*] Athens. He defeated the Theban Sacred Band at Chaeronea; later, his bodyguards assassinated him as he began to plan an invasion of Persia. Demosthenes wrote namesake speeches opposing, for 10 points, what Macedonian king, the father of Alexander the Great?.;;Phillip II (of) (Macedon)
;;This man vetoed the McNary-Haugen Farm Relief Bill; like Franklin Roosevelt, his Secretary of Agriculture was named Henry Wallace. As Governor, he supported Edwin Upton Curtis and Mayor Andrew Peters by sending the state militia and denouncing the [*] Boston Police Strike. His Vice President won the Nobel Peace Prize for a post-World War I restructuring plan. The Vice President during the Teapot Dome Scandal, he was sworn in by his father when Warren Harding died. For 10 points, name the thirtieth US President known as "Silent", succeeded by Herbert Hoover.;;(Calvin) Coolidge
;;One novel by this author depicts the artist Thomas Hudson in its chapter "Bimini," and a short story by this author features the wounded gambler Cayetano. In addition to writing Islands in the Stream and "The Gambler, the Nun, and the Radio", this author wrote a number of short stories centered on Nick [*] Adams. In one novel by this author, Robert Cohn and Brett Ashley travel to San Sebastian, much to the dismay of Jake Barnes, and in another, Joe DiMaggio is idolized by the Cuban Santiago. For 10 points, name this author of The Sun Also Rises, For Whom the Bell Tolls, and The Old Man and the Sea.;;Ernest Hemingway
;;Achaemenides hitched a ride with this figure, who carries with him household deities called the Penates; this man's enemies included Mezentius and Amata. His mother saves him from Diomedes, but he is wounded in the process, and then saved by Apollo. His [*] father, made lame as a punishment for fathering him, is Anchises. After being visited in a dream by his friend Hector, he flees Troy, and this son of Venus later sails from Carthage despite the appeals of Dido. For 10 points, name this man whose descendant Romulus founded Rome, the title character of an epic poem by Virgil.;;Aeneas
;;It's not Palm Beach or Kirkcudbright, but the St. Ignatius Cathedral in this city was designed by William Doyle.  The art deco Sassoon house in this city is now the Peace Hotel. Other notable buildings, such as the Development Tower and the Oriental Pearl Tower, lie on the western bank of the [*] Huangpu River.  This city's main airport, served by the world's first commercial Maglev train system, is called Pudong International Airport. Including neighborhoods like the Bund, for 10 points, name this city that lies between Hangzhou Bay and the Yangtze River Delta, China's most populous urban area.;;Shanghai
;;With Egbert Benson, this man represented his state at the Annapolis Convention; after early success as the captain of an artillery company, he gained control of three infantry battalions at the Battle of Yorktown. He advocated relieving a "shortage of hands" through "pecuniary bounties" for American industry in his [*] "Report on Manufactures", and his "First Report on Public Credit" proposed federal "assumption" of state war debts, and a First Bank of the United States. For 10 points, name this a prolific contributor to the Federalist Papers who was killed by Aaron Burr, the first Secretary of the Treasury.;;(Alexander) Hamilton
;;One collection set in this state includes "Lily Daw and the Three Ladies"; that collection, A Curtain of Green, features a story where a dog-owning hunter finds a ditch containing a black woman who set out for throat medicine. In addition to Phoenix Jackson in "A Worn Path", its literary inhabitants include Rosa [*] Coldfield, while Darl and Jewel bury their mother, Addie Bundren, in this state's town of Jefferson. Including the fictional Yoknapatawpha County, in which Absalom, Absalom! and As I Lay Dying occur, for 10 points, name this home state of Eudora Welty and William Faulkner, whose namesake river was traveled down by Huckleberry Finn.;;Mississippi
;;His namesake particle is defined as a micro-black hole with a Compton length equal to its Schwarzschild radius, and his namesake law holds that electromagnetic energy can only be emitted in integer amounts proportional to the frequency, correcting the Rayleigh-Jeans law and disproving the [*] ultraviolet catastrophe. He studied black bodies and proposed discrete packets called quanta. For 10 points, name this scientist with namesake "length" and "time", and whose constant is approximately equal to 6.6 times 10 to the -34 Joules seconds, and is symbolized lower-case h.;;(Max) Planck 
;;He's not Malthus or Ricardo, but this man claimed some interventions in free markets was justified in the textbook Principles of Political Economy. He championed inductive reasoning as freeing the empirical sciences by use of syllogisms in his A System of Logic. He served in Parliament from Westminster and his wife, Harriet Taylor, is referenced is his The [*] Subjection of Women. His most famous work mentions the "tyranny of the majority" and argues for people's right to actions not infringing on that right in others. For 10 points, name this 19th century Classical liberal thinker, the author of Utilitarianism and On Liberty.;;(John) (Stuart) Mill
;;Minor characters in this opera include a shepherd boy, a Sacristan, the agent Spoletta, and the escaped political prisoner Angelotti. Another character sings about how she has dedicated her life to art, love and God when forced to choose between being [*] raped and having her lover executed, in the aria "Vissi d'arte." That lover is Mario Cavaradossi, and the villain forcing her to choose is Baron Scarpia. For 10 points, name this opera by Giacomo Puccini, named for its heroine, who kills Scarpia and later commits suicide by jumping off a tower.;;Tosca
;;Two neighboring counties in the southeast of this state are Greenlee and Graham, whose county seats are Clifton and Safford, respectively. The highest point in this state is Humphrey's Peak, and its second most populous county is Pima County. [*]  Notable features of this state include Petrified Forest, Monument Valley, the Painted Desert, and the Sonoran Desert, while its longest river is the Gila [HEE-lah] and its second-most populous city is Tucson.  For 10 points, name this state that includes Grand Canyon National Park, with capital at Phoenix.;;Arizona
;;In a satire of Robert Walpole, this author wrote of a character that aspires to villainy with Count La Ruse and terrorizes Heartfree. Besides Jonathan Wild, another of his title characters has "vartue" with an "a" and sleeps with Parson Williams, betraying her husband Squire Booby; that parody of Samuel Richardson is named [*] Shamela. His most famous title character nearly commits incest with Jenny after Bilfil banishes him; he happily marries Sophia Western and finds that he is a member of the Allworthy family. For 10 points, what British author wrote about a foundling in Tom Jones?.;;(Henry) Fielding
;;Chapters four and five of this book describe Barak's military success; in chapter seven of this book, the Israelite army is reduced to three hundred men who lap up water. Also featuring the word "Shibboleth", one character in this book brags about slaying a thousand men at Ramath-Lehi with a [*] donkey's jawbone; that character, a Nazirite with long hair, destroys a Philistine temple by pushing its two central pillars apart. For 10 points, name this book of the Bible that recounts the stories of Gideon, Deborah and Samson, named for the twelve arbiters of Israel before it became a kingdom.;;(Book) (of) Judges|(Sefer) Shoftim
;;In a lecture, this man claimed that the gift of charisma was one of three grounds for legitimate rule; later in that lecture to the Free Students Society, he defined the state as that entity which monopolizes legitimate use of physical force. In addition to Politics as a Vocation, this author of [*] Economy and Society described the "iron cage" of rationality in another essay, arguing that self-confidence of salvation among Calvinists helped spur a mass action towards economic growth. For 10 points, name this author of The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism, a founding German sociologist.;;(Max) Weber
;;Towards the end of this novel, black liquid pours from one character's mouth like vomit, and a Blind Beggar with a horrible skin disease sings while that character dies in agony. Berthe is left a poor orphan in this novel, and the town apothecary is awarded a Legion of Honor. The title character attends a [*] performance of Lucia de Lammermoor in Rouen, where she re-meets the law student Leon. She earlier has an affair with Rodolphe after being disillusioned by her husband Charles. Emma's boredom with her life in Yonville leads to her eventual ruin in, for 10 points, what realist novel of Gustave Flaubert?.;;Madame Bovary
;;This policy was originated by Daniel Francois Malan, and its legality was questioned at the Rivonia Trial. One demonstration opposing it became the Sharpeville Massacre, and it was the impetus for a fourteen-year arms embargo and for the [*] Soweto Uprising. In 1990, Frederik Willem de Klerk started work on ending this policy, under which affected people were forced into Bantustans.  For 10 points, name this policy which caused Blacks and peoples of color to become completely segregated, a South African policy famously protested against by Nelson Mandela.;;apartheid
;;As a micronutrient, this element interacts with calcium in plants and helps maintain their cell walls. In an alloy with neodymium and iron, atoms of this element form the strongest permanent magnets. Found in colemanite and the optically bizarre ore ulexite, this element's [*] hydride contains 'banana bonds' and is a Lewis acid. Its oxide is found with silica in labware made of Pyrex glass, and this lightest element with electrons in a p-shell usually requires six valence electrons to be stable, violating the octet rule. For 10 points, name this nonmetal element with atomic number 5 and symbol B.;;boron
;;This state's far western area includes the manmade Candlewood Lake, whose northern end juts into Litchfield County. In 2008, a large LEGO factory closed in this state's town of Enfield. Sun-Myung Moon's Unification Movement runs a university near the Housatonic River in this state's populous coastal city of [*] Bridgeport, and the town of Old Saybrook lies by the delta of its namesake river. Mayor John deStefano was sued by firefighters in this state's city of New Haven, home to Yale University. For 10 points, name this New England state with capital at Hartford.;;Connecticut
;;This thinker depicted a debate between Pamphilus, Cleanthes, and Philo in one work. He wrote a six-volume history of England, and this man provided a counterexample to his Copy Principle by proposing a "missing [*] shade of blue." Also known for separating "is" from "ought", in his most famous work, he defined moral philosophy as "the science of human nature;" that work supposedly woke Kant from his "dogmatic slumber." For 10 points, name this Scottish empiricist author of Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion and An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding.;;(David) Hume
;;The narrator of this poem "by the tide / of Humber would complain" and claims the addressee will "rubies find" by "the Indian Ganges' side"; it also notes that "the grave is a fine and private place", using the images of "am'rous birds of prey" [*] and "Deserts of vast eternity". The narrator will continue "Till the conversion of the Jews," and hears "Time's chariot hurrying near". Beginning "Had we but world enough, and time," this is, for 10 points, what carpe diem poem whose narrator tries desperately to bed the title maiden, by Andrew Marvell?.;;To His Coy Mistress
;;This man's references to other artists include a "real picture" "at the Angelus hour" of Bocklin's Isle of the Dead, and The Ghost of Vermeer at Delft Which Can Be Used As a Table. A work of his shows a bayonet touching a reclining nude's shoulder, a pomegranate with a fish and two [*] tigers emerging from it, and a spindly-legged elephant. Hundreds of gold blocks appear in the "Disintegration" of the most famous painting by this collaborator with Luis Bunuel on Un chien andalou; that painting features a table, ants, and three melting watches. For 10 points, name this painter of The Persistence of Memory, a Spanish surrealist.;;(Salvador) Dali (y) (Domenech)
;;To take part in this event, Henry Stanberry resigned from the post of attorney general, and Benjamin Butler gave the first speech for the prosecution. In Myers v. United States, the Supreme Court ruled that the law at play in this event was unconstitutional. It took place after Lorenzo Thomas was appointed to a certain position; John [*] Bingham and Thaddeus Stevens sponsored the resolution leading to this event. Secretary of War Edwin Stanton was fired prior to this event, which was predicated on a violation of the Tenure of Office Act. For 10 points, identify this 1868 impeachment, which nearly saw Abraham Lincoln's successor removed from office.;;Impeachment of Andrew Johnson
;;This author wrote about how a stranger beats Tom Sargent and Little Jimmy Weezer at fiddling in "The Mountain Whippoorwill", while in another work, John discovers that inhabitants of the "Place of the Gods" are only people whose power overcame good judgment. In addition to [*] "By the Waters of Babylon", his poem "American Names" ends with the line "Bury my heart at Wounded Knee", while in another story, a jury trial presided over by Judge Hathorne rules in favor of Jabez Stone against Mr. Scratch. For 10 points, name this author of John Brown's Body and "The Devil and Daniel Webster".;;(Stephen) (Vincent) Benet 
;;This composer's operas include "The Coronation of Darius" and three works based on the work of Ludovico Ariosto, including Orlando Furioso. Seven basses sing "Et in Terra Pax" in this man's second Gloria, and his The [*] Contest between Harmony and Invention includes a set of violin concerti paired with sonnets, whose second movement ends like a thunderstorm in "L'Estate" and whose final staccato movement depicts icy rain in "L'Inverno". For 10 points, name this "Red Priest", the Italian Baroque composer of The Four Seasons.;;(Antonio) Vivaldi
;;The incompatibility of these structures with the bridgeheads of rings is governed by Bredt's rule. In organic chemistry, their "E" and "Z" substituents are useful in determining cis- and trans - isomers. They alternate with a weaker structure in conjugated systems, and have [*] "sigma" and "pi" components. One of these with carbons is the defining trait of an alkene [al-KEEN]. For 10 points, name these structures that occur naturally in atmospheric oxygen, a connection between two atoms in which exactly four electrons are shared, represented in Lewis diagrams by two straight lines.;;double bond
;;This economist argued that countries should avoid deflation and criticized the gold standard in A Tract on Monetary Reform. He proposed the existence of the money multiplier in his Treatise on Money, and this man served as the chairman of the World [*] Bank commission at Bretton Woods. He argued that aggregate demand determines employment in his most famous work, and criticized the Versailles Conference in The Economic Consequences of the Peace. For 10 points, name this author of The General Theory of Employment, Interest, and Money, who advocated government spending during recessions.;;(John) (Maynard) Keynes
;;This author shows a Chicago mobster hawking cauliflowers in The Resistible Rise of Arturo Ui, and describes three gods' treatment by Shen Te in The Good Person of Szechuan. In one of his plays, Grusha rejects a judge's instruction to pull the child Michael out of [*] The Caucasian Chalk Circle. Another work features Kattrin, Eilif, and Swiss Cheese, daughters who die as a merchants' cart is pulled through the Thirty Years' War. For 10 points, name this German "epic theater" playwright of Mother Courage and Her Children, who, with Kurt Weill, wrote about Mack the Knife in The Threepenny Opera.;;(Bertolt) Brecht