;;This artist depicted a man in a gray suit standing in front of a drip painting in Abstract and Concrete. This painter portrayed men playing a violin, clarinet, and cello in a back room behind the window of the title establishment in Shuffleton's Barber Shop. Late in life, this artist painted a series of paintings attacking racism, including Southern Justice and The Problem We All Live With, as well as the mural The Golden Rule for the United Nations. This artist depicted himself smoking a pipe and staring into a mirror while painting an idealized version of his face in his Triple Self-Portrait. For 10 points, name this painter of The Four Freedoms, who created many covers for the Saturday Evening Post.;;(Norman) Rockwell
;;Xia argued that the time-inverse of an exponentially accelerating object, or "space invader," would violate this idea. Peter van Inwagen's Mind and Consequence arguments support this idea, while John Norton attempted to disprove it for Newtonian physics using an example of a ball at rest rolling off a frictionless dome. Richard Taylor used the example of an "ingenious physiologist" who is able to induce volitions into other subjects to refute this idea's "soft" type, which is also known as compatibilism. Its "scientific" type is illustrated by Laplace's demon. For 10 points, name this philosophical belief that past events and the laws of nature necessitate future events, which is opposed to the idea of free will.;;determinism
;;In one of this author's works, the photographer Francisco Leal falls in love with Irene Beltran despite her engagement to an army captain known as The Bridegroom of Death. Another of this author's novels focuses on Eliza Sommer's relationships with Tao Chi'en and Joaquin Andieta. That novel, Portrait in Sepia, is continued in this author's novel about Aurora de Valle, Daughter of Fortune. This author wrote a novel about Rolfe Carl's relationship with the title storyteller, and a novel about Esteban's marriage to the psychic Clara. For 10 points, name this Chilean author of Eva Luna who wrote about the Trueba family in The House of the Spirits.;;(Isabel) Allende
;;This man's neice Salonina Matidia was the mother of Rupilia Faustina and Vibia Sabina, and in one conquest, this figure also took advantage of the death of Rabbel II Soter. He installed Parthamaspates after deposing Osroes II, and had no children with his wife Pompeia Plotina. The city of Selinus was renamed for this figure, who commissioned Apollodorus of Damascus for several architectural works. One of his conquests occurred after his victory at the battle of Tapae, where he defeated the forces of Decebalus. For 10 points, name this Roman emperor and adoptive father of Hadrian, whose defeat of the Dacians is commemorated in his namesake column.;;Trajan|(Marcus) (Ulpius) (Nerva) Traianus
;;This architect created a family pantheon of full figure statues, including one of Caterina, Queen of Cyprus, in first use of the two-story projecting portico-loggia motif in Western architecture. The Emo family commissioned a residence from this architect, who used a Greek temple-front design for a house commissioned by the Foscari family, La Malcontenta. This architect designed a bilaterally symmetrical building with four porticos surrounding a central dome inspired by the Pantheon, which is sometimes called the Villa Capra. For 10 points, name this Italian Renaissance architect of the Villa Rotunda.;;(Andrea) Palladio
;;This country's second and third largest cities lie on Huon and Astrolabe Bays. The Boluminski Highway links the provincial capital of Kavieng and the smaller town of Namatanai, spanning the eastern coast of this country's New Ireland province. The southern plain of this nation is named for the Fly and Digul rivers which run through it, and most of the production of the country takes place in its capital and in Lae, but a majority of the coastline and much of the mainland are dominated by mangroves and swamp. For 10 points, what is this country in the South Pacific, which occupies the Eastern half of its namesake island, and whose capital is at Port Moresby?.;;(The) (Independent) (State) (of) Papua New Guinea
;;One work by this man attempted to disprove the universality of the Oedipus complex, and another work focused on Race relations in Africa and included a discussion of native diets and land issues. In addition to The Dynamics of Culture Change and The Sexual Life of Savages in North-Western Melanesia, his theorized that cultures were ruled by institutions in his A Scientific Theory of Culture. The sequel to one work studied the agricultural methods of the same tribe; that work includes accounts of an overseas expedition and the exchange of goods via the Kula ring. FTP, name this anthropologist, the author of Coral Gardens and their Magic and Argonauts of the Western Pacific.;;(Bronislaw) Malinowski
;;Alexander Scriabin's opus 74 consists of five of these pieces, including one marked "Tres lent, contemplatif." Alberto Ginastera included tributes to Juan Jose Castro and Aaron Copland in his twelve American ones. One of these in D flat major marked "Sostenuto" was nicknamed for its repetition of A flat in the left hand. One of these pieces consisting of arpeggiated chords opens J. S. Bach's first cello suite. Rachmaninoff's opus 3 number 2 is one of these pieces in C sharp minor, while Chopin's set of twenty-four of them includes one known as the "Raindrop." For 10 points, name these pieces paired with fugues in The Well-Tempered Clavier, named for their origin as short introductions to longer works.;;preludes
;;During one conflict, this commander captured and executed Alexander Arbuthnot and Robert Ambrister. This man was attacked by the "coffin handbills," and was known as "Sharp Knife" to Native Americans. This commander defeated Mateo Manrique at the Battle of Pensacola after crushing the Red Sticks. This candidate won a presidential election over William Wirt, and vetoed the Maysville Road bill. He appointed Roger Taney to the Supreme Court, replaced his vice-president during the Peggy Eaton affair, and signed the Indian Removal Act. For 10 points, name this general who defeated John Quincy Adams in the election of 1828, America's seventh president.;;(Andrew) Jackson|Old Hickory
;;In Yury Olesha's novel Envy, a computer is named for this figure. An Arthur Rimbaud poem titled for this figure describes her as "beautiful as snow" on "the calm black water where the stars are sleeping." She tells her brother not to emulate a "ungracious pastors" who preach morality while treading "the primrose path of dalliance," and exclaims "O, what a noble mind is here o'erthrown!" In "The Waste Land," the end of "A Game of Chess" quotes this character's last words. In a play, she sings "He is dead and gone" and "Larded all with sweet flowers" after lapsing into madness. Told "Get thee to a nunnery," for 10 points, name this sister of Laertes, daughter of Polonius, and lover of Hamlet.;;Ophelia
;;This figure's brother was born after lightning struck a broken egg, and his own birth resulted in the Gods cowering and asking him to shrink. Sometimes considered the descendent of Cyena and Cyene, during the Mahabarata, Dronacharya uses a battle formation named for this figure. This ruler of the Suparnas had a sister named Sumati, and this figure's children include Sampati and a friend of Rama who attempted to stop Ravana's kidnapping of Sita, Jatayu. Indra stole a container of amrita during his quest to free his mother Vinata from Kadru. FTP, name this king of the birds and eternal enemy of the snakelike Nagas, the mount of Vishnu.;;Garuda
;;Atomic absorption spectroscopy uses this effect to correct background, and in EPR this effect creates a gap in the energies of a paramagnetic center, which is then matched by a microwave emission. The alpha and pi lines that this effect produces absorb plane polarized radiation in perpendicular directions and the anomalous form of this effect prompted Lande and Heisenberg to introduce half integer quantum numbers. Also used to explain the Lyman-alpha transition in hydrogen, it can be reversed when sufficiently large field strengths disrupt the coupling between orbital and spin angular momenta in the Paschen-Back effect. For 10 points, name this effect, which occurs due to the splitting of energy levels and associated spectral lines by an external magnetic field.;;Zeeman (effect)
;;The Genoese admiral Emmanuele Pesagno was responsible for the buildup of this country's navy under King Dinis. The first major dynasty in this country was established after the defeat of the Count of Ourem, and one king of that dynasty gained a sobriquet after victories at Alcacer Ceguer and Arzila, before avenging a defeat of his father, King Edward. Philip Massinger's play Believe as You List treated the subject of the some four false versions of a monarch of this country that appeared after that monarch's army was slaughtered at Larache. Establishing bases in Goa, Malacca, and Hormuz, the end of this country's Aviz dynasty greatly weakened their colonial ambitions. For 10 points, name this country associated with explorers such as Da Gama and Prince Henry the Navigator.;;Portugal
;;One character in this play moans "I feel me going, uh, uh, uh, uh / I am sailing to my port, uh, uh, uh, uh, uh?" while pretending to die. One character in this play orders his wife to talk and walk backwards after she throws her handkerchief to a man disguised as the quack Scoto Mantua. In its fourth act, Bonario saves a woman from being raped after her husband Corvino makes her sleep with the title character, who receives gifts from Corbaccio and Voltore in the hope of becoming his heir. In its final act, the title character consigns himself to prison rather than give up his fortune to Mosca. For 10 points, name this play about a rich Venetian con man by Ben Jonson, which compares the title character to a fox.;;Volpone|The Fox
;;This ruler patronized the poet Magolwane, and won the Battle of Gqokli Hill over his rival Zwide. He invented the iklwa, and divided his army into parts coordinated by izindula. This ruler's lieutenant Mzilikazi established the Matabele Kingdom. His subjects nearly died of starvation after the death of his mother Nandi, and he created a corps of elite soldiers called impi. This ruler conquered the area between the Tugela and Pogola Rivers during the mfecane, before being assassinated by his brother Dingane, who used this ruler's "buffalo horns" attack formation at the Battle of Blood River. For 10 points, name this nineteenth century leader who unified the Zulu.;;Shaka (Zulu)
;;This compound is synthesized in the liver by the reaction of CO2 and ammonia with a methylene tentrahydrofolate derivative, and in porphyrin synthesis this compound reacts with succinyl-CoA to form aminolevulinic acid. A disruption in its receptors causes hyperekplexia, and its function is also inhibited by strychnine. Transamination of glyoxylate results in this compound, and in the spinal cord, it opposes glutamate as an inhibitory neurotransmitter. Thirty-five percent of the collagen helix contains this amino acid, although the entropy cost of including it in many structures is quite high. FTP, name this only achiral amino acid with side chain H.;;Glycine
;;One episode in this work recounts the rescue of a princess from the cannibal Soulless, and it applies the same rationale for secluding menstruating women to secluding oracles. It describes the "making the curse to fly away" ceremony of the Batta people in "Transference of Ills," and the French tradition of lighting bonfires for Lent is linked to the Norse legend of Baldur in another section. The magical stage precedes the religious and scientific stages according to this work, which caused a scandal with a pagan reading of the Lamb of God and which is subtitled "A Study in Magic and Religion." For 10 points, name this anthropological study whose title refers to an object Aeneas used to enter the underworld, written by James Frazer.;;(The) Golden Bough
;;After attending a lecture by this author, Leos Janacek composed a chorus for men's voices based on this author's work, titled "The Wandering Madman." Rued Langgaard composed a suite of ten hymns named for this author's major poetry collection, which also inspired songs for voice and piano by John Alden Carpenter such as "On the seashore of endless worlds." This author represents the present, along with Tolstoy and Martin Luther King, Jr.'s "past" and "future," and advises Mahatma Gandhi in the second act of Philip Glass' opera Satyagraha. His compositions include the music and libretto of "Jana Gana Mana," adopted as India's national anthem. For 10 points, name this Bengali poet of Gitanjali.;;(Rabindranath) Tagore
;;One disorder involving this organelle is caused by a mutation in E325K on the NAGA gene, called Schindler disease. One method of transporting molecules to it involves an hsc70-containing chaperone complex. Another disorder results in enzyme transport to the extracellular space rather than this organelle and is called I-cell disease. Proteins are marked for this structure with mannose-6-phosphate, and proton pump activity in this organelle maintains the acidic pH necessary for its primary function. One genetic defect results in ganglioside buildup in this organelle and thus causes Tay-Sachs disease. For 10 points, identify this cellular organelle that breaks down macromolecules with the aid of acid hydrolases.;;lysosome
;;The protagonist of this novel detests "men of measured merriment," and goes to college with Fatty Pfaff, who eventually becomes a male midwife. The novel opens with a scene from the life of the title character's great-grandmother, who is excited to go West because "they's a whole lot of new things I aim to be seeing!" Its protagonist is modeled after Paul DeKruif, and discovers that the X Principle might prevent bacterial disease, only to learn that D'Herelle has already published the results. The title character belatedly chooses research over fame and wealth when he retreats to the Vermont woods with Terry Wickett. For 10 points, name this novel about an idealistic doctor by Sinclair Lewis.;;Arrowsmith
;;The Commissions of Array were enacted in order to oppose one article passed by this legislative body, the Militia Ordinance. One of its leaders, William Strode, had earlier been imprisoned for political opposition. The Solemn League and Covenant was advocated by another of its members, John Pym. It was convened following a battle in which Alexander Leslie led his troops across the Tyne River, the Battle of Newburn. This body passed the Triennial Acts and the Self-Denying Ordinance, abolished the Star Chamber, and ended when one hundred and twenty one of its participants were forced out in Pride's Purge. For 10 points, name this assembly, which was followed by the Rump Parliament.;;Long (Parliament)
;;A deadly avian adenovirus causes the "marble" disease that affects this organ, and,it is completely absent in Ivemark syndrome. Deletions in 7q31-32 give rise to a lymphoma of its marginal zone, and it contains the cords of Billroth between its sinusoid vessels. It is surrounded by a fibroelastic and serous coats. This organ contains Malphigian corpuscles that contain germinal centers for lymphocyte production. Its marginal zone separates its red pulp and white pulp, and it can become enlarged as a result of diseases like Gaucher's and Epstein-Barr. Notably sequestered in sickle-cell anemia, for 10 points, identify this organ of the lymphatic system in which erythrocytes are both destroyed and stored.;;spleen
;;In one of this author's plays, Diocletian commands a playwright to write a play mocking Christianity, only for that playwright to convert. In another, Diana is enraged that her secretary Teodoro is sleeping with Marcella. This author of From Make Believe to Reality characterized Francis Drake as a merciless pirate in La Dragontea, and expanded on Ludovico Ariosto's Orlando Furioso in the lengthy poem La Hermosura de Angelica. In one of his plays, the citizens of the title village are pardoned for killing a commander who raped Jacinta by Ferdinand and Isabella. For 10 points, name this Spanish playwright of The Dog in the Manger and The Sheep Well, as well as hundreds of other plays.;;(Felix) Lope de Vega (y) (Carpio)
;;This thinker asserted that a moral argument is reasonable if its side effects for every individual could be accepted by all without coercion, which he termed the principle of universalization. This philosopher argued that speech acts have to fulfill the validity claims of sincerity, rightness, and truth, and wrote that secular society should "acquire a new understanding of religious convictions" in an essay dialogue with Joseph Ratzinger, The Dialectics of Secularization. He elaborated on his theory of discourse ethics in Between Facts and Norms, and described a place apart from the market where citizens can exchange their ideas openly in The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere. For 10 points, name this German philosopher of The Theory of Communicative Action.;;(Jurgen) Habermas
;;This figure once decided against altering the memories of Arhul Hexaphron, and his future abilities were honed by Gormo. The X'Ting built a 70-meter statue of this figure, who also won a contest set up by King Katuunko alongside three subordinates. He commanded the Chu'unthor and gave its data to a member of the Singing Mountain Clan of Dathomir, from whom this figure's most famous student would later obtain them.  He once defeated a Bpfasshi whose spirit would later enter a tree, and Bail Organa helps this figure escape after his failed duel in the Senate Chamber with Darth Sidious. For 10 points, name this figure who died on the swamp planet Dagobah, the last head of the Jedi Council and teacher of Luke Skywalker.;;Yoda
;;Novikov proved that the word problem for these objects is sometimes undecidable. Special types of these are called periodic or torsion ones, which are the subject of Burnside's problem. The Cayley graph is a method of representing these, and another one of these can be represented as a 194-by-194 character table,  the Fischer-Greiss Monster. They may act on a set, usually as what may be called "symmetries" of that set, and functions from one to another that preserve their structure are called homomorphisms. Characterized by closure, associativity, and inverses, those that are commutative are also called abelian. FTP, name these algebraic structures, distinct from rings and fields.;;Groups
;;One work containing this word in the title is based on the work of poet Aasmund Vinje and forms the second half of Grieg's Elegiac Melodies. A symphony subtitled this features a pizzicato section in its first movement, and a Scherzo movement containing two trios in opposing rhythms. Another symphony of this name includes poems by Milton and Auden and ends with a finale on "London, to Thee I do Present." This period of time appears in the title of a tone poem in which a clarinet, an oboe and strings imitate the calls of a bird, Frederick Delius' On Hearing the First Cuckoo in this period. For 10 points, identify this word shared by the opening movement of Antonio Vivaldi's The Four Seasons.;;spring
;;This author declares that the title entity is "only my knees all entangled and sinking like stone" in the title poem of the collection Non-Vicious Circle. This author advocated the study of colonization "to decivilize the colonizer, to brutalize him" and "degrade him" in Discourse on Colonialism. In one of this author's plays, the main character insists on being called X before defending his rape of Miranda. This author wrote a poem that repeats "At the end of daybreak," Notebook of a Return to My Native Land, and rewrote The Tempest to portray Caliban as a hero. For 10 points, name this Francophone writer from Martinique, who co-founded negritude along with Leopold Senghor.;;(Aime) Cesaire
;;In Schwarzchild space, the Fokker-deSitter type of this behavior can occur, while in Kerr space an additional type of this behavior named for Schiff may occur. The Rashba effect causes one type of this phenomenon in spin, and another variety of it corrects for time dilation between electrons and the atomic nucleus and is named after Thomas. One type of this phenomenon is exploited in NMR spectroscopy and occurs when an external field is applied to magnetic moments, called the Larmor type. Irregularities in axial motion due to it are called nutation, and it is commonly demonstrated in gyroscopes. For 10 points, name this physical phenomenon in which the rotational axis of a body changes direction.;;Precession
;;One of this artist's paintings portrays Hur and Aaron holding up a scowling Moses' arms during a battle against the Amalekites. In addition to Victory, O Lord!, this painter depicted a young man pulling off a white armband while embracing his lover in A Huguenot on St. Bartholomew's Day. A child looks back at a double rainbow while perched on the lap of the title accordion player in this painter's Blind Girl. His created a painting of the Holy Family lambasted for its realism by Charles Dickens, and a painting in which Elizabeth Siddal modeled a drowned Shakespearean character. For 10 points, name this pre-Raphaelite painter of Christ in the House of His Parents and Ophelia.;;(John) (Everett) Millais
;;This novel repeats the refrain "O Gods, Gods," and its early drafts were titled Here I Am and The Foreigner's Horseshoe.  Styopa awakens with a hangover to discover a delicious meal presented to him by a stranger in this novel's chapter "A Naughty Apartment." That character's Variety Theater hosts a mysterious magic show that discombobulates the members of MASSOLIT. This novel's antagonist engineers the decapitation of Berlioz and drinks blood from his skull on Walpurgis Night, and is called Professor Woland. Containing parts of a book by the first title character about Pontius Pilate's condemnation of Jesus, for 10 points, name this novel in which the devil comes to Moscow, by Mikhail Bulgakov.;;(The) Master and Margarita
;;After this battle, John Sullivan became the focus of "illiberal complaints" despite successfully distracting of the British from Stirling's forces, which had nearly been outflanked at Meeting Horse Hill. Following the retreat from this battle, Charles Grey defeated of Anthony Wayne at Paoli. Wilhelm Knyphausen successfully captured American artillery during this battle, during which the Marquis de Lafayette was wounded. After this battle fought near Chadd's Ford, forces under William Howe were able to march into Philadelphia. Fought on September 11, 1777, for 10 points, name this Revolutionary War battle in which Washington's forces could not prevent the British from crossing the namesake body of water.;;(Battle) (of) Brandywine (Creek)
;;This ruler patronized such poets as Romanus the Melodist. This ruler took advantage of the death of Amalasuntha to invade Sicily. This man's reign saw a loss to Gelimer at Ad Decimum, but at Tricamarum generals serving this ruler defeated the Vandals. Another conflict occurring during this ruler's reign saw a major defeat at Callinicum, which was followed by a truce known as the Eternal Peace. He put down unrest instigated by members of the Blue and Green factions, and one of his most important achievements, which was overseen by Tribonian, solidified the power of the emperor and outlawed certain religious practices. For 10 points, name this Byzantine emperor, husband of Theodora and author of a revolutionary legal code.;;Justinian I|Justinian (the) Great
;;One chapter of this book notes that while George Washington relaxed by reading Voltaire and Locke, Eisenhower relaxed with "cowboy tales and detective stories." Inspired by Franz Neumann's analysis of the National Socialism, Behemoth, this book argues that American society is being transformed from a public to a mass manipulated into perceiving a "pseudo-world." It asserts that the title group's thirst for wealth has created a "higher immortality," and begins by contrasting them with "ordinary men" unable to make pivotal decisions. For 10 points, name this book which argues that the United States is controlled by interlocking "higher circles" of politics, business, and the military, by C. Wright Mills.;;(The) Power Elite
;;Marschall exported mineral water to France in order to circumvent this polity's tariffs. This organization's founder explained his views Outlines of American Political Economy, as well as the more famous The National System of Political Economy. Treitschke claims that it was here that "public opinion won its first well-deserved victory," and this polity's Heppenheim program unsuccessfully called for a parliament. Karl Buck advocated expanding it to include neighboring states, but Rudolf Delbruck insisted on the exclusion of Austria to protect its industry.  and in its second incarnation no single state possessed veto power.  Founded by Friedrich List  and later reformed after the Austro-Prussian war, FTP, name this German customs union founded in 1834.;;Zollverein
;;John Mood wrote books about this author "on Death and other Oddities" and "On Love and other Difficulties." William Gass translated this author's concept of "weltinnenraum" as "innerworldspace" in a book titled "reading" this author. This poet described a caged animal who sees "a thousand bars, and beyond them no world" in a poem inspired by a Rodin sculpture, and praised Gaspara Sampa as an ideal hero in the first of a set of ten poems. This author of "thing-poems" like "The Panther" asked "Who, if I cried out, would hear me among the angelic orders?" in poems named for a castle. For 10 points, name this German poet of the Sonnets to Orpheus and the Duino Elegies.;;(Rainier) (Maria) Rilke
;;One hymn to this deity calls him the "highest source of treasure," and he possessed the power to remove all sins upon one's death. In the Atharvaveda, he passes the job of psychopomp onto Yama, while in the Mahabharata, he renews his vigor by destroying the Khandava forest. This man's chariot is pulled by two parrots, and his consort is Svaha. In some cases, he is the twin brother of Indra, but in other versions he is the son of ten mothers who are all sisters, corresponding to man's fingers. An acceptor of sacrifices, he is often portrayed with two faces and seven  tongues, and has an appetite for butter. FTP, name this messenger of the Vedic gods and god of fire.;;Agni
;;The imaging and understanding of certain events in this region is the goal of NASA's STEREO mission, whose rotation was measured by the LASCO instrument and by Waldmeier using its namesake green line which arises from a transition in iron.  Divided into the K, F, and E components, this region manifests areas of low x-ray emission known as its namesake "holes," which were discovered by SkyLab. The OSO-7 instrument first detected the namesake mass ejections emanating from this region, which extends about 13 million kilometers from the photosphere. Consisting of a plasma that is the last stage of acceleration for outgoing solar wind, for ten points, identify this outer layer of the solar atmposhere.;;corona
;;This country saw an easing of government monopolies under Tomas Cipriano de Mosquera, whose successor, Jose Hilario Lopez, contributed to ending slavery in this nation. In 1899, the drop in coffee prices ignited the War of a Thousand Days in this country, and in the 1970s, the electoral loss of Gustavo Rojas Pinilla in this country led to the formation of the 19th of April movement. The 1950s in this nation saw the regime of Laureano Gomez as well as a civil war known as La Violencia. Treaties signed between it and the United States include the Hay-Herran treaty, signed after Panama seceded from it. For ten points, identify this country home FARC, which is currently headed by Alvaro Uribe.;;(Republica) (de) Colombia
;;This thinker attempted to resolve Skolem's Paradox in a paper titled "Models and Reality." Along with Quine, this thinker names an "indispensability" argument for mathematical realism. This philosopher argued against "brain state theorists" in a series of works outlining his multiple realizability thesis. To demonstrate that meaning is not determined by intrinsic properties, he created a thought experiment involving a counterpart to Oscar who uses the word "water" to refer to XYZ instead of H20. In Reason, Truth, and History, he attempted to refute the idea of the "brain in a vat." For 10 points, name this philosopher whose essay "The Meaning of Meaning" put forth his "Twin Earth" thought experiment.;;(Hilary) Putnam
;;This painter depicted a saint fallen from a white horse with a spotted bridle in his version of The Conversion of St. Paul. portrayed a bearded man sporting a diagonal square hat in his Portrait of a Man, and created a fresco of Three Foolish Virgins Flanked by Adam and Eve. A saint covers his eyes while imagining a muscular Christ pulling a cross in his 1527 painting The Vision of Saint Jerome. He painted a man unfurling a scroll next to a single Doric column in a painting which features an elongated baby sitting in the lap of a woman with the title feature. For 10 points, name this Italian Mannerist painter of Self-Portrait in a Convex Mirror and Madonna with the Long Neck.;;Parmigianino|Parmigiano(;)|(Girolamo) Francesco (Maria) Mazzola
;;One character in this novel orders her son to sing the suggestive song "Mama doan wan' no peas" to demonstrate his talent. The protagonist imagines a "super Dr. Know-All Pierce-All" leading a mob, and watches the pornographic film Le Predicament de Marie at Audrey Jenning's whorehouse. Near the end of this novel, Miguel's bird Jujutla defeats a broken-beaked bird of Honest Abe Kusich in a cockfight. Its protagonist watches a set collapse during a filming of the Battle of Waterloo, and tries to sleep with Faye Greener, although she moves in with Homes Simpson. For 10 points, name this novel about Tod Hackett, a work by Nathanael West set in Hollywood.;;(The) Day of the Locust
;;This text's 31st section is concerned with education and requires the learning of the "Italian and Slavic tongues." This document reaffirmed a principle set forth in the Declaration of Rhens, while its ninth section concerned the allocation of gold and silver mines and "Jew taxes." Its promulgation caused Rudolf IV to forge a title in hopes of becoming co-equal with certain individuals enumerated in this document. This document granted certain privileges to the archbishops of Mainz, Trier, and Cologne, but those could be outvoted by princes from Saxony, Brandenburg, the palatinate of the Rhine, and Bohemia. Issued in 1356 by Charles IV, for ten points, identify this decree which set up the system for electing the Holy Roman Emperor.;;Golden Bull (of) (1356)|(of) (Charles) (IV)
;;In one scene in this novel, a crippled urchin murders a soldier whose body is then hidden by the main character, who is later trapped by the sabotage of Souvarine. Late in this novel, the main character kills Chaval, his competitor for the affections of Catherine. In this novel, Victor Maheu is known as "Bonnemorte" for surviving so long while working in Le Voreux, but is killed when soldiers fire into a mob striking in protest of Hennebeau's wage structure. Ending with the departure of Etienne Lantier from the town of Montso, for 10 points, identify this book about the plight of coal miners, an Emile Zola novel named for a month of the French Revolutionary calendar.;;Germinal
;;Paul Gaugain compared this piece to "the somber harmonies of brown and dull violet in Delacroix." The twelfth measure of this piece's first movement changes to a bright "Allegro di molto e con brio" in cut time, after it opens with the tempo marking "Grave" over a richly scored C minor chord. Its third movement, a Rondo: Allegro, returns to C minor, after the A flat minor of its second movement, a flowing Adagio Cantabile. It shares its name with a symphony whose second movement contains an unusual waltz in 5/4 time. For 10 points, identify this piano sonata, the eighth by Beethoven, which its name with Tchaikovsky's sixth symphony.;;Pathetique (sonata)|(Ludwig) (van) Beethoven's piano sonata (no(.)) (8) (in) (C) (minor)
;;Karaites believe that this festival always falls on Sunday, and Isaac Luria developed a "Rectification" service for the evening of this holiday. The Haftarah portion for this festival's second day is taken from Habbakuk, while the portion for the first comes from Ezekiel. Because the Israelites overslept on this day's first occurance, it is customary to stay up all night reading and then pray first thing in the morning. The Aramaic poem Akdamut is read on this day, as is the Book of Ruth, and it is customary to eat only dairy foods. Also known as the Day of First Fruits, it marks the end of the seven weeks of the Omer and is the Jewish equivalent of Pentecost. Celebrated on the 6th of Sivan, FTP, name this Jewish holiday which commemorates Moses receiving the Ten Commandments at Mount Sinai.;;Shavuot
;;Its protagonist sees a Waggoner oil painting, a hi-fi sound system, and a 370-year-old cross in the house of one character, but no beds. The cross belongs to a character who swam the Channel to study medicine in Europe, Carlisle. Among Carlisle's "children" are one who was freed from an asylum after she was targetted by the "tracker" James, Alice. Another son, who Carlisle treated for Spanish Influenza, describes the protagonist as his "brand of heroin". The titular time of day is the safest for that family; in sunlight, their skin glitters "like thousands of diamonds were embedded in the surface". FTP, name this first published novel of Stephanie Meyer, which ends at the Forks High School prom as Bella dances with Edward Cullen.;;Twilight
;;In the Noyori [3+2] reaction, a compound containing two atoms of this element and nine carbonyl groups is used to generate cyclopentadienones. In some bacteria, a specific type of chelating agent known as a siderophore complexes with ions of this element, and its levels in the blood can be assayed by measuring FR5RI.  Mohr's salt contains a central atom of this element, and seven atoms of it are found in every molecule of Prussian blue. Pauson and Kealy found this element coordinated to two cyclopentadiene molecules in the first example of a metallocene, and catalase contains four atoms of it coordinated to a certain tetrapyrrole. FTP, name this metal, which is found coordinated to porphyrin in myoglobin and hemoglobin.;;iron
;;After the populace shouts "Ritorna vincitor!", one character in this opera sings the aria "Numi pieta," demonstrating her conflicting emotions. After being captured, Amonasro tells the protagonist about the ghost of her mother, causing her to eventually sing, "O patria! Quanto mi costi!" Its final act features a double scene, where one character is imprisoned in the Temple of Vulcan after revealing that he planned to attack using using the pass of Napata. The title character wins the love of Radames over her mistress Amneris, but is buried alive in a vault. For 10 points, name this opera about an Ethiopian princess by Giuseppe Verdi.;;Aida
;;One character in this novel plans to write a book called Prospero in Africa. Another character publicly admits his guilt to a question posed by General R after leading a hunger strike in the Rira camp to protest the brutality of John Thompson. The murder of Thomas Robson sparks an armed conflict in this novel, in which a revolutionary leader captures the Mahee police post. It ends with Giyonko reuniting with his wife Mumbi after Mugo admits to betraying the leader Kihika. Set during the Mau Mau rebellion, for 10 points, name this novel by Ngugi wa Thiong'o, whose title refers to a Bible quote about the fruit produced by a falling seed.;;(A) Grain of Wheat
;;The town of Rayan in this country is promoting itself as a replacement for a popular tourist destination destroyed. In the southwest, the Tomb of Daniel and Chogha-e Zanbil are notable sites, while the town of Tus is the location of the tomb of this country's most famous writer. Gonbad-e Kavus is a noted minaret, and sites like Kharanaq, Chak Chak, and Meybod are excellent places to meet girls if you're tired of the Amir Chakmakh Complex in Yazd. Home to ancient sites such as Naqsh-e Rostam, Behistun, Ecbatana, Pasargadae, and Persepolis, for 10 points, name this country whose largest cities include Mashhad, Esfahan, Tabriz, and Tehran.;;(Islamic) (Republic) (of) Iran(,) (Jomhuri(-)ye) (Islami(-)ye) Iran
;;Hill's ABCX model measures this concept in families. Cox developed a transactional model of this concept, which Holmes and Rahe measured from one to one hundred on the Social Readjustment Rating Scale. Another model of this phenomenon, General Adaptation Syndrome, posits that it leads to the successive stages of alarm reaction, adaptation, and exhaustion. This phenomenon, whose name was coined by Hans Selye, causes the the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis to release cortisol, which is known as this type of hormone. It appears in high levels in people with Type A personalities. For 10 points, name this unpleasant physical tension that causes high blood pressure and ulcers.;;stress
;;This artist composed an overture in the style of Mendelssohn for an opera which includes the songs "When Love and Beauty," "Over the Roof," and "Then come not yet." In one of this composer's last operas, Ludwig replaces the miserly Grand Duke Rudolph of Pfennig Halbfennig; that opera is subtitled "The Statutory Duel." This composer wrote the music for an opera in which The Gods of Mount Olympus go on a holiday, and an opera about a war between peers and fairies subtitled "The Peer and the Peri." The composer of Cox and Box, The Grand Duke, Thespis, and Iolanthe, for 10 points, name this composer of the Savoy Theatre who collaborated on The Mikado and The HMS Pinafore with W. S. Gilbert.;;(Sir) (Arthur) (Seymour) Sullivan
;;The A206K mutation of this protein breaks its tendency to dimerize. Pedelacq and Cabantous developed a hyperfolding mutant of this protein, which builds on an earlier F64L mutant. Lictman and Staines used several variants of it to distinguish groups of neurons in one system, and another set of mutations causes it to become sensitive to pH changes, creating the super-ecliptic pHluorins. Its function is reliant on a F-S-Y loop embedded within a beta-barrel. Two variants of it are used in a common FRET system; those are the cyan and yellow varieties. Chalfie, Tsien, and Shimamura won the Nobel prize for characterizing, FTP, what protein used as a reporter and originally found in jellyfish, that glows a particular color?.;;Green Florescent Protein|GFP (FYI(,)) (the) (Lictman/Staines) (thing) (is) (called) (Brainbow(.)) (How) (awesome) (is) (that?!)
;;One of this thinker's works claims that "the evil of men is that they like to be teachers of others" and that the people come before the "spirits of the land and grain," which comes before the sovereign. That work includes the story of soldiers who have fled fifty steps laughing at those who have fled one hundred steps. This philosopher argued that the populace has the right to topple a government that does not live up to its de, and used the example of a child falling down a well to demonstrate his idea of the Four Beginnings. His view that "human nature is good" was opposed by Xun Zi. For 10 points, name this Chinese philosopher of the Warring States period who defended the teachings of Confucius.;;Mencius|Mengzi
;;This author wrote short stories about Paul Hilbert, who resolves to shoot six random people with a revolver, and Lucien Fleurier, who punches a Jew in the face after joining a Fascist organization called the Camelot du roi. Besides "Erostratus" and "The Childhood of a Leader," this author wrote a play about a character who is sent poisoned chocolates in prison after killing the leader Hoederer, Hugo Barine, as well as a trilogy of novels about Mathieu Delarue, Roads to Freedom. His plays include The Respectful Prostitute and Dirty Hands, and he wrote a novel about a man who discovers that the essences of objects hide their existence, Antoine Roquentin. For 10 points, name this author of Nausea and No Exit.;;(Jean(-)Paul) Sartre
;;This man authored The Theory and Practice of Macroeconomics in Developing Countries after attending the London School of Economics, a work for which he won a Nobel Prize. Like his ancestor, who signed the Declaration of Independence, this man served as Governor of New Hampshire.  His court appointments include Christopher Mulready and Evelyn Baker Lang, and he was wounded during an attack in Rosslyn.  He defeated future running-mate John Hoynes in the Democratic primaries with the help of his chief of staff, Leo McGarry, and is first mentioned in the phrase "POTUS in a bicycle accident" during the pilot episode. For 10 points, name this United States president played by Martin Sheen, a central character of The West Wing.;;(Josiah) (Jed) Bartlett
;;A compound of this element is found is Cornforth's reagent, and the first carbene characterized by Fischer contained this metal, as did the first carbyne. The Takai olefination uses a compound with this metal bound to two halogen groups. This metal is found in the active compounds of the Corey-Suggs Reagent and the Collins reagent, where it is mixed with pyridine. This metal is able to create a quintuple bond with itself, and another reagent that contains two atoms of it and seven oxygen atoms is used to oxidize alcohols when mixed with sulfuric acid - this is the Jones reagent. FTP, name this silvery metal found in stainless steel with atomic number 24 and symbol Cr.;;Chromium
;;In one of this artist's paintings, a seven, an ace, and a face card fall out of a man's hand, below a couple kissing in a window under a broom. This painter depicted a bagpipe player sitting at a table and watching a dancing couple in The Kermess. He portrayed a large number of kids amusing themselves playing leapfrog and rolling hoops in his panoramic painting Children's Games, and painted skeletons destroying mankind in The Triumph of Death. In another of his paintings, puddings and pies are carried to a roomfull of people at the title celebration. For 10 points, name this Flemish artist of Peasant Wedding, Landscape With the Fall of Icarus, and Hunters in the Snow.;;(Pieter) Brueghel (the) (Elder)
;;Eight of the "Twenty-Four Generals" of one faction were killed at this battle. The namesake location was controlled by Okudaira Sadamasa, who before this battle had to fend off a seige. One sides' cavalry, lead by Baba, Naito, and Yamagata, was slowed down by the Rengogawa stream, allowing the other side to set up wooden stockades and align his arquebusiesrs into three protected lines. Depicted in the Kurosawa film Kagemusha and considered the first modern Japanese battle, for 10 points, name this battle fought outside of the namesake castle that lead to the downfall of the Takeda clan, a decisive victory for Oda Nobunaga and Tokugawa Ieyasu.;;(Battle) (of) Nagashino
;;This ruler exiled Lord Clarendon after his country's ships were raided by Michael de Ruyter. This king unsuccessfully attempted to issue a Royal Declaration of Indulgences, and was targeted by a plot based from the home of Richard Rumbold. The Second Anglo-Dutch War occurred during the rule of this king, who ascended to the throne after issuing the Declaration of Breda. Titus Oates fabricated the Popish Plot against this king, who was advised by the Cabal. This ruler survived the Rye House Plot and was unprepared to deal with the Great Fire of London. For 10 points, name this Stuart king of England who was restored to the throne after the English Civil War.;;Charles II (Stuart)
;;This author responded to the death of the author of Growing Up Absurd in the essay "On Paul Goodman." This author penned historical novels about Maryna Zalezowska, a Polish actress who emigrates to California to found a utopian commune, and Sir William Hamilton, a Mt. Vesuvius enthusiast whose wife Emma loves Lord Nelson. Besides In America and The Volcano Lover, this author criticized comparisons of negative traits to diseases like cancer in "Illness as Metaphor," and wrote an essay chiding critics who continually search for symbols under the surface of works of art. For 10 points, name this American author of "Notes on 'Camp'" and "Against Interpretation.".;;(Susan) Sontag
;;Pershin and Di Ventra proposed that this device can work based entirely on the electron-spin degree of freedom. Tungsten oxide was used in this device in a 1990 article describing its possible use in electronic neuron networks. The graph of its IV characteristics was described to look like "pinched hysteresis loops" by the scientist who defined it as a two-terminal element in which the magnetic flux is a function of the amount of electric charge passing through it. In the current version of this device two layers of titanium oxide are used, one of which contains TiO2-x instead of TiO2. For 10 points, identify this device postulated by Leon Chua which is able to change and maintain its namesake value based on the current and voltage across it, the fourth fundamental circuit element.;;memristors
;;The fifth of these pieces, a funeral march, is the only one to retain the same tempo marking throughout. The eleventh of these pieces uses delicate tremolos and sixty-fourth-note configurations to mimic the sound of a cimbalom. These pieces are structured in the verbunkos style, and open with a lassan, or slow beginning, followed by a friska, or fast conclusion. Including pieces titled "Heroide-elegiaque," "The Carnival at Pest," and "Rakoczy March," the most renowned one may be the second, notable for its extreme technical difficulty. For 10 points, name this series of nineteen piano pieces based on folk themes of the Magyars, composed by Franz Liszt.;;Hungarian Rhapsodies|Magyar rapsodiak
;;He was almost killed by Gjalp and Greip, who after offering him a chair, tried to crush him by pushing him against the ceiling. This man ripped off Arvandil's toe and threw it into the sky, creating a new star. Two of his possessions could reheal themselves unless their bones were damaged, which Roskva did and subsequently became his handmaid. The gods angered him by promising his daughter to Alvis as a wife, but he turned Alvis to stone by keeping him busy until the sun rose.  He wears the belt Megingjord and accidentally kicked Lit into Baldur's funeral pyre. His servant Thjalfi defeated a clay monster and his son Magni was the only one who could lift the giant Hrungnir off of him. For 10 points, name this god who defeated Hrungnir and Geirrod with his hammer, Mjolnir.;;Thor
;;The non-linear Anscombe transform on this type of variable sets the variance of it to 1, and Dobinski's formula demonstrates that nth Bell number is the nth moment of this distribution.   With PDF proportional to its characteristic value to the k over k factorial, the difference between two variables with this distribution follows the Skellam distribution, and it can be considered a limiting case of the binomial distribution.  It has both mean and variance lambda, and von Bortkiewicz used it to model deaths by horse kick in the Prussian army, illustrating his proposed Law of Small Numbers.  For 10 points, identify this probability distribution, used to model the number of low-probability events that occur in a specific time period.;;Poisson (Distribution)
;;This poem was written in response to a poem which asks, "Who'll grip and tackle the job unafraid? / And who thinks he'd rather sit tight?" titled "Who's for the game." It mentions men who "marched asleep" towards their "distant rest" before "All went lame; all blind." In its second stanza, an "ecstasy of fumbling" precedes the sight of a man "yelling and stumbling" through "thick green light" and "flound'ring like a man in fire or lime." In this poem's third stanza, the speaker claims that "If you could hearthe blood / Come gargling from the froth-corrupted lungs," then "My friend, you would not tellThe old Lie" of the title. For 10 points, name this poem about a gas attack on retreating infantrymen by Wilfred Owen, whose title is a quotation from Horace.;;Dulce et Decorum Est
;;In its early years, this political party was supported by the Genesee Valley Free Press, a newspaper established by Asahel N. Cole. Thomas Cardozo masterminded this party's so-called "Black and Tan" Revolution. It gained support after the election of Nathaniel Banks as Speaker of the House, and pioneered the use of torchlight parades called Wide Awakes. This party's first convention was held in Pittsburgh, and was presided over by Francis Blair, Sr. Later, this party was rocked by the Credit Mobilier scandal, while the issue of political patronage caused this party to split into factions called Half-Breeds and Stalwarts. For 10 points, name this political party which nominated presidential candidates such as John C. Fremont and Abraham Lincoln.;;Republican (Party)|(the) Grand Old Party
;;Confusion occurs in this play over two meanings of the Greek word dinos. Its protagonist marvels upon hearing that one character dipped the legs of a flea in melted wax to measure the distance it could jump. Before this play begins, we learn that a lizard had defecated in the open mouth of that character, who claims he is "walking on air and attacking the mystery of the sun" while hanging in a basket. During this play, Right Logic loses a debate to Wrong Logic, after an attempt to avoid paying his debts leads Strepsiades to enroll his son Pheidippides at the Thinkery of Socrates. For 10 points, identify this play by Aristophanes named for its chorus of celestial objects.;;(The) Clouds|Nephelai
;;Upon his death, his son Eleazar succeeded him, and during a battle with Amalek, Hur and this man fulfilled the command that an object "of God might be lifted up."  A possession of this man was the only one to bear almonds when left alone in the tabernacle, and that object was later kept in the Holy of Holies, which could only be entered by this man on Yom Kippur.  Descended from Amram and Jochebad, the marriage of his younger brother to a foreigner was opposed by this man and his sister Miriam, and he supervised the creation of the Golden Calf while that brother was away.  For 10 points, identify this Biblical figure, the high priest of the First Temple, who often spoke on behalf of his brother, Moses.;;Aaron
;;The King-Crane Commission conducted a survey of 36 major cities in this country, whose soldiers were defeated by Mariano Goybet in the Battle of Maysalun. This nation lost the city of Iskenderon to a neighbor, and the plan for a withdrawal of this country's soldiers from another of its neighbors was outlined in the Taif Agreement. One party in this country took 87 of 173 seats in its People's Council, a move endorsed by its former Minister of Defense Hafiz al-Asad. Its army bombarded the small town of Hama in its larger efforts to contain the fundamentalist Muslim Brotherhood, and it had earlier silenced Communist activity by forming the United Arab Republic with Egypt. For 10 points, name this country with capital at Damascus.;;Syrian (Arab) (Republic)
;;This opera's libretto was adapted by Edmond Gondinet from the novel Le mariage de Loti. In this opera's first act, the lead tenor draws a picture of the protagonist's jewelry, which she had left on a bench, causing them to meet. The female lead is forced to sing about a pariah's daughter who saves a traveler from wild beasts in the aria "Air des clochettes," this opera's Bell Song. In its second act, Nilakantha stabs a British soldier, causing the title character to nurse him back to health. However, in its final act, the title character dies in Gerald's arms after she poisoning herself. Featuring the "Flower Duet" between Mallika and the title character, for 10 points, name this opera by Leo Delibes about an Indian princess.;;Lakme
;;One set of polynomials used to describe these phenomena are the basis for the ENZ theory and are orthogonal on the unit disk. In addition to the Zernike polynomials, one of these phenomena is called the Petzval curvature. The sine theorem can be used to characterize another one of these in which point sources appear to have a long tail. Seidel decomposed them into five different types, and the Schmidt plate is used to correct one that occurs due to varying focal length across a spherical lens. Also coming in a chromatic variety, FTP, name these effects which include tilt, astigmatism, and distortion, which leads to blurring of images in imperfect lenses.;;Abberations
;;The formulator of this concept hypothesized a connectionist gymnasium to rebut Paul and Patricia Churchland's objection to it. Based on Schank and Abelson's "Script Applier Mechanism," this argument can be derived from four axioms, including "Brains cause Minds." Pat Hayes defined cognitive science as an ongoing research project to refute this argument, which is critiqued in the Robot and Many Mansions replies. This argument compares the behavior of an English speaker who manipulates symbols rather than understanding them to a computer. For 10 points, identify this argument against Strong Artifical Intelligence, a thought experiment by John Searle named for a foreign language.;;Chinese Room (Argument)
;;A novel by Susan Vreeland is named for this painting, which depicts Charles Ephrussi wearing a top hat. In the upper-right corner of this painting, Paul Lhote and Eugene Pierre Lestringez flirt with Jeanne Samary. It depicts Alphonsine Fournaise leaning on a rail and looking wistfully into the distance, while its lower left portrays its painter's future wife, Aline Charigot, playing with a little dog. Also including Gustave Caillebotte wearing a straw hat, this painting is set along the River Seine at the Maison Fournaise near Chatou, France. For 10 points, name this impressionistic painting of the artist's friends enjoying a banquet by Pierre-Auguste Renoir.;;(The) Luncheon of the Boating Party
;;The protagonist of this play attributes Glesne's deer-hunting feats to himself, and tells a story about trapping the Devil in a nut to explain why he and the blacksmith Aslak don't like each other. The protagonist impregnates a girl in a green dress merely by desiring to marry her, and encounters the Byg in Act three. In this play's final act, a button-moulder comes to collect and melt down the soul of this play's title character, who tries to seduce Anitra in Morocco. The title character reunites with Solveig before returning home before to say farwell to his dying mother, se. For 10 points, name this verse drama by Henrik Ibsen featuring a scene in the hall of the Mountain King, which inspired a suite by Grieg.;;Peer Gynt
;;This politician was forced to move after beating William Stanbery with a hickory cane. He ran a trading post among the Cherokee, who named him "Big Drunk." Edward Clark replaced him as Governor of his state because of his vehement opposition to secession, while Anson Jones replaced him in another position. As a commander, he won a battle with the help of cannon nicknamed "Twin Sisters," although direct disobedience of his orders to retreat led to disasters at Bexar and Goliad. For 10 points, name this man who won the Battle of San Jacinto over the forces of Santa Anna, the first elected president of Texas.;;(Samuel) Houston
;;A lariat-dependent version of this process is known as LaNe RAGE, while another variation of this procedure uses the S-Tbr molecule and smaligos. A digital version of this procedure carries it out within emulsified droplets, while the Polony method suspends the targets in a solid matrix. Pfu or Pfx can replace one reagent in order to increase fidelity, and background products can be reduced by ramping down the temperature in the touchdown variant. SYBR green is a florescent probe often used in the real-time variation of this procedure, and modifying the amount of magnesium ions, template, and primer concentration is necessary for optimizing it. FTP, name this technique which amplifies a segment of DNA using Taq polymerase, developed by Kary Mullis.;;Polymerase Chain Reaction|PCR
;;This composer adapted one of Pushkin's Little Tragedies in an opera in which a priest admonishes youngsters to honor the dead caused by a recent cataclysm. In addition to Feast in the Time of Plague, he wrote an opera based on a tragedy by Heinrich Heine, William Ratcliff, and composed versions of Puss and Boots, Ivan the Fool, and Little Red Riding Hood for children. In another of his operas, the title character falls in love with Fatima, who ultimately commits suicide. For 10 points, name this Russian composer of The Prisoner of the Caucasus, a member of the Mighty Five along with Balakirev, Mussorgsky, Borodin, and Rimsky-Korsakov.;;(Cesar) (Antonovich) Cui
;;The second of Carl Orff's three Trionfi cantatas is based on the poetry of this author, in whom Verona rejoices according to the last of Ovid's Amores. In an epyllion by this author about the marriage of Peleus and Thetis, the description of a bedspread leads to a long digression containing the lament of Ariadne on Naxos. Another of his poems is addressed to Asinius Marrucinus, a notorious napkin thief. He described traveling over the sea to pay his respects to his dead brother in a poem which ends "Ave atque vale," and wrote "Odi et amo" at the beginning of a poem to his mistress. For 10 points, name this Roman poet who wrote an elegy about the death of a pet sparrow and about his love affair with Lesbia.;;(Gaius) (Valerius) Catullus
;;One figure in this period defeated rebels at the Battle of Vosma. During this period, Bishop Ignatius replaced the patriarchs Job and Hermogenes, who were deposed and imprisoned. The "bandit of Tushino" appeared during this period, which included a peasant revolt in Kaluga. During this period, Stanislaw Zolkiewski won the Battle of Klushino, which led to the election of Wladyslaw IV. Vasilii Shuiskii briefly ruled during this period, which began with the assassination of Fyodor I and ended when a zemskii sobor elected Mikhail Romanov. For 10 points, name this period featuring three False Dmitris and the rule of Boris Godunov, a pretty turbulent era of Russian history.;;Time of Troubles|Smutnoye Vremya
;;With Faber and Lovasz, this mathematician names an unproved conjecture about a union of k copies of a k-clique intersecting at one vertex, and another result partly named for this man regards transforming a non-convex polygon into a convex one with a series of flips. He names the constant equal to the sum of the reciprocals of the Mersenne primes along with Borwein, and an inequality named for him relates the distances from a point to the vertices and edges of a triangle - that result is also named for Mordell. He helped develop Ramsey theory and discovered an elementary proof of the prime number theorem, and believed that all beautiful proofs came from THE BOOK. FTP, name this prolific Hungarian mathematician, whose namesake number gives the publishing distance between him and a given mathematician.;;(Paul) Erdos
;;The narrator self-consciously corrects this story's assertion that the protagonist was waiting for the rain to stop. The protagonist of this short story has a pimple on his right cheek, and sees another character pulling out hairs from a pile of rotting corpses in order to make a wig. An earlier version of this short story's ending states that the protagonist hurries to Kyoto in order to become a thief. This short story focuses on a fired servant who steals an old woman's kimono at the title location. For 10 points, name this short story by Ryunosuke Akutagawa set in the tower of the namesake gate.;;Rashomon
;;His latest book is the anthology of "Great Love Stories, from Chekhov to Munro" which he edited. Amazingly, each short story mentions a sparrow somewhere, even in "The Dead" by James Joyce. His first novel is about four doomed teenaged sisters at the mercy of four neighborhood boys set in 1970s suburbia. That novel was adapted for the big screen and directed by a first-time woman director who eventually won an Oscar like her father and her grandfather. His second novel has its narrator Calliope described as "part Tristram Shanty, part Ishmael, part Holden Caulfield" before she undergoes an "Orlando" transformation, changing into Cal. For 10 points, name this editor of My Mistress's Sparrow Is Dead and novelist of The Virgin Suicides and the Pulitzer Prize-winning Middlesex.;;(*) (Jeffrey) Eugenides
;;One story about this battle says that the baggage train of one side's rear force was attacked by a band of peasants led by three knights, who stole jewels and a crown, leading to a panic in which that side ordered the killing of all of its prisoners. Casualties on one side included Michael de la Pole and Edward of Norwich, while the Duke of Barabant arrived late from a christening party. The losing side's vanguard was commanded by the Marshal Boucicaut, Jean le Maingre, and was notably decimated by longbowmen in this contest which saw the Constable Charles d'Albret defeated on St. Crispin's Day. For 10 points, name this big victory for Henry V in 1415 during the Hundred Years War.;;(Battle) (of) Agincourt
;;After this battle, representatives of both sides assembled at the cottage of a weaver at Donchery. This battle saw the victorious general divide his troops into three groups, allowing them to encircle the opposing force. After their commander had been wounded, the losers at this battle under General Ducrot attempted to break out of this encirclement by a retreat to the town of La Monchelle. In the prelude to this battle, the army of Chalons had lost the Battle of Beaumont, while attempting to help the besieged General Bazaine at Metz. Because the losing forces did not totally capitulate, the eventual victors would go on to lay siege to Paris. Resulting in the capture of Napoleon III, for ten points, name this 1870 victory for von Moltke and the Germans, the climactic battle of the Franco-Prussian War.;;(Battle) (of) Sedan
;;Huang et al. showed that expression of microRNAs miR-373 and miR-520c promotes this process by suppressing expression of CD44. Gain of function mutations in the transcription factor Twist can promote this process by incorrectly  inducing the Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition. Activation of matrix metalloproteases to degrade the basal lamina and facilitates this process, but it is frequently abortive because the cells are ripped apart by shear forces. In vitro, this process can be analyzed using a trans-well migration assay and is responsible for 90% of the deaths due to cancer. For ten points, identify this process by which a tumor leaves the tissue where it developed and colonizes other areas of the body.;;metastasis
;;These people were defeated at the battle of Third Battle of Homs, after winning the first two battles of that same name. Tamerlane became hostile to Barkuk, the founder of one branch of this dynasty. Tuman Bey, the last sultan of this dynasty, suffered a stunning defeat at the battle of Ridyana. Earlier, they ended the expansion at the Ilkhanate when Kitquba was defeated at the Battle of Ayn Jalut by Baybars. In 1811, Muhammad Ali invited a few hundred of them to his court for a celebration but ambushed and slaughtered them on the way to his palace. They overthrew their Ayuubid masters after Aybak was killed and Qutuz took power, establishing the Bahri dynasty. For ten points, name this military caste of Islamic slaves who ruled Egypt from 1250 to 1517.;;Mamluks|Mamlukes
;;This man corrected the Clausius-Mossotti equation to account for permanent dipoles in a gas, and he confirmed the existence of the acusto-optic diffraction with Sears. With Lorenz and Mie, he lends his name to a model of light scattering by a spherical particle. His temperature is defined as his frequency multiplied by Planck's quantum constant, divided by Boltzmann's constant. That frequency is the highest-frequency normal mode of vibration in a crystalline lattice, and with Ivar Waller he lends his name to a factor that describes the disorder in a crystal. Together with Huckel, he developed a model of the behavior of electrolyte solutions. For ten points, identify this Dutch scientist who developed a model of heat capacity employing phonons, and who gives his name to the unit for electric dipole.;;(Peter) Debye
;;In one of this author's novels, Tony Hunter is ruined by his homosexuality, and a poor French sailor nicknamed "Congo Jake" becomes the millionaire Armand Duval. Recurring characters in this author's novels include the hypocritical labor leader George Barrow and the corrupt politician Bowie Planet. He satirized Huey Long as Senator Chuck Crawford in his novel Number One, which along with The Grand Design and Adventures of a Young Man makes up his trilogy about Glenn Spotswood, District of Columbia. He incorporated newsreels, biographies of prominent Americans, and segments called "the camera eye" into his major work. For 10 points, name this author of Manhattan Transfer and the U.S.A. trilogy.;;(John) Dos Passos
;;This thinker argued that metaphysicians who reify their biases for stable processes into principles that exist "outside of experience" commit the "philosophical fallacy." This philosopher distinguished between existential and ideational propositions in Logic: The Theory of Inquiry, and responded to Walter Lippmann's claim that the public could not successfully participate in democracy in The Public and Its Problems. Another of this thinker's works examines the pedagogical theories of Rousseau and Plato, and argues for in favor of experiential, progressive education. For 10 points, name this American pragmatist, the author of Experience and Nature and Democracy and Education.;;(John) Dewey
;;This artist worked with Margaret Jarman Hagood in North Carolina, and notably attended a seminar by Clarence H. White at Columbia. A collection of works by this artist is found in An American Exodus, which includes text by Paul Taylor. A man who is leaning on a wooden railing and clutching a tin mug is depicted in this artist's work White Angel Breadline. One of this artist's works is set in Nipomo, California in 1936, and depicts Florence Owens Thompson, surrounded by three children. For 10 points, name this photographer whose portraits of rural workers during the Great Depression include Migrant Mother.;;(Dorothea) Lange
;;In the penultimate scene of this music video, the singer leads a zebra towards her significant other.  In one scene, the singer reminisces about former days when she and her partner were inseparable. After her lover is confronted by bridesmaids sporting baseball bats, she compares their relationship to a rollercoaster ride. The singer also begs for someone to call a doctor to help with a case of "love bipolar" because her partner changes his mind like a girl changes clothes. The chorus to this song features a list of opposites such as up and down, wrong and right, and also the two which give this song its title. For ten points, name this song by Katy Perry that describes her partner as having the title qualities which are thermal opposites.;;Hot N' Cold
;;His doctoral dissertation concerned the substitution between Labor and Capital in U.S. Manufacturing. One of his articles introduced a model in which all individuals can only observe aggregated price changes, a set up which means that they cannot make the right decisions about changing production levels. A related concept to that Islands model is this man's namesake critique which claims that any economic relationships that appear to hold in the real world may become invalid as a response to active fiscal or monetary policy. For 10 points, identify this Chicago economist whose paradox concerns why more capital is not flowing from developed to developing nations, a 1995 Nobelist better known for expounding the neutrality of money and rational expectations.;;Robert Lucas(,) Jr(.)
;;The Frankland synthesis makes organometallic compounds of this element. Dialkyl derivatives of this element are transmetallation agents in the Negishi coupling. The carbonate ore of this element is smithsonite, while its silicate is hemimorphite. Franklinite is a spinel of this metal but its most important source is sphalerite ore . This element is present in the active sites of  carboxypeptidase and carbonic anhydrase, while a method of transforming alpha-haloesters to beta-hydroxy-esters uses an enolate of this metal and is named for Reformatsky. This metal is also coordinated to two cysteine and two histidine residues in some DNA binding domains, its namesake fingers. For ten points, name this transition metal with atomic number 30 and chemical symbol Zn.;;zinc
;;The General Accounting Office was created during the tenure of this president. He endorsed Irvine Lenroot as his running mate, and his postmaster general was the namesake of a code used to censure Hollywood films. He may have had affairs with Carrie Phillips and Nan Britton, and he appointed William Howard Taft to the Supreme Court. After his nomination was secured by his campaign manager Harry Daughterty, he defeated a ticket consisting of Franklin D. Roosevelt and James Cox. His Secretary of the Interior Albert Fall leased the fields at Elk Hills to Edward Doheny in the Teapot Dome Scandal. For 10 points, name this president who the election of 1920 and advocated a "return to normalcy.".;;(Warren) (Gamaliel) Harding
;;[Maybe insert clues about Harding's many mistresses, like Nan Britton, who was shipped off to China to stop him from shtupping her. -JM]  17.This civilization believed that humans had two souls, one of which returned to its place of origin after death. One deity of these people changed herself and her son into rocks after she was impregnated by a fruit made of sperm. These people were allegedly founded when four brothers and four sisters came out of the Tavern of Dawn. They believed that the world was created when a god sometimes known as Con-Tiki emerged from Lake Collasuya. These people also believed that their second ruler, Sinchi Roca, was son of a deity, who taught the art of spinning to mankind. That deity, Mama Ocllo, was the daughter of a sun deity, who was worshipped in the festival Raymi, Inti. For ten points, name this civilization, which worshiped deities like Illyapa and Viracocha, and was centered at Cuzco.;;Inca|Incan
;;In one of this author's novels, the protagonist is interrogated by policemen named Bookish and Fishermen about the murder of Mei after befriending a thirteen year old psychic at the Dolphin Hotel. In another, the protagonist avoids INKlings during a journey to an underground laboratory, and is assigned to read dreams from unicorn skulls by "the gatekeeper." This author of Dance, Dance, Dance wrote about a trilogy of novels about "the Rat," including A Wild Sheep Chase, as well as Hard-Boiled Wonderland and the End of the World. For 10 points, name this contemporary Japanese novelist of Kafka on the Shore and The Wind-Up Bird Chronicle.;;(Haruki) Murakami
;;The city of Pakxe in this country has seen a decline of importance due to a shift in trading towards this country's southwestern neighbor. The capital city is provided power by the Nam Ngun Dam, and the Banghiang, Noi, and Theun rivers flow westward into this country's main waterway. The Kingdom of a Million Elephants was based in this country's second largest city, Luang Prabang. Unexploded ordinance from this country's so-called Secret War still litters the Plain of Jars in its center, and this country was also the main location of the Ho Chi Minh Trail. For 10 points, identify this landlocked country in Southeast Asia with capital at Vientiane.;;Laos
;;The converse of this theorem is the basis of the Pratt certificate. Paul Zeitz' proof of this theorem relies on considering a bracelet consisting of beads with a fixed number of characters, then removing those with only one unique character. Another proof of it relies on using Lagrage's theorem on a multiplicative group G.  Also the basis of the RSA encryption scheme, the Carmichael numbers notably foil the test named for this theorem, which can be generalized using Euler's totient function. Stating that a to the p is congruent to a modulo p, for ten points, identify this theorem of number theory named after a French mathematician, which is less famous than its namesake's last one.;;Fermat's Little (Theorem)
;;Benjamin Franklin claimed to be indebted to this author for his highly practical civic study An Essay upon Projects. Mrs. Bargrave meets the title character, unaware that she is a ghost, in his short story "The True Relation of the Apparition of One Mrs. Veal." This author of the satirical poem "The True Born Englishman" wrote a novel about a woman whose maid Amy inspires her to accumulate a fortune by selling her body. In addition to that novel about a "fortunate mistress," Roxana, this author chronicled a disease which ravaged London in 1665 in a work narrated by H.F, A Journal of the Plague Year. For 10 points, name this British author of Moll Flanders and Robinson Crusoe.;;(Daniel) Defoe
;;This structure disconnects from its rostral organ in Zenker's Diverticulum, and Schatzki rings can impede the function of this structure. Plummer-Vinson syndrome causes webbing to appear in this structure, and Barrett's syndrome is caused by metaplasias in one portion of this structure. Zollinger-Ellison syndrome leads to lesions in it due to the overproduction of gastrin. Its mucosa consists of a layer of non-keratinized squamous epithelium, and it passes through a namesake hiatus in the diaphragm. It is bound by the epiglottis and cardiac sphincter, and peristalsis moves a bolus through this structure. FTP, name this muscular tube that connects the pharynx to the stomach.;;esophagus
;;In an apocryphal text describing his "Ascension", this figure is accused by the Samaritan Balkira and sawn in half upon orders from Manasseh.  He is described as the son of a woman known only as "the prophetess", and first came to prominence as an advisor to king's Jotham and Ahaz.  His book's earlier chapters includes the anti-war passage "They will beat their swords into plowshares".  Also described in his namesake book is King Hezekiah's alliance with Egypt, prompting the Assyrian siege of Jerusalem under King Sennacherib, and near the end his book includes a series of famous Messianic prophecies known as the songs of the "Suffering Servant".  For 10 points, name this namesake of the longest prophetic book of Old Testament.;;Isaiah
;;This congressman was the primary sponsor of the Alaska Mental Health Enabling Act, and won his first Senate seat by defeating majority leader Ernest McFarland. Along with Bill Nichols, this politician sponsored a 1986 bill reorganizing the Department of Defense. This author of The Conscience of a Conservative used the slogan "A choice, not an echo" when running for president, although his campaign was damaged by his statement "extremism in defense of liberty is no vice." In that campaign, the Daisy commercial preyed on fears that he would start a nuclear war against the USSR. For 10 points, name this ultra-conservative Republican from Arizona who was defeated by Lyndon B. Johnson in the Election of 1964.;;(Barry) (Morris) Goldwater
;;This novel ends during Remembrance Week with the wife of the protagonist flirting with Dr. Vilbert, who had earlier sold her a love potion. Earlier, that wife leaves him to go to Australia and marry Cartlett. Near the end of this novel, the protagonist's oldest son hangs himself and his two half-siblings; that son is known by the nickname "Father Time." The title character wooes a woman in Christminster, who becomes the wife of the schoolteacher Mr. Phillotson. Sue Bridehead leaves the title character of this novel in order to force him back to his first wife, Arabella Donn. For 10 points, name this book about a man surnamed Folly, a super-depressing novel about a stonemason by Thomas Hardy.;;Jude the Obscure
;;In one game in which this character appears, he can be fought in the Platinum match. In another game in which this character appears, a triad of this man's images on the DMW causes the main character to use Octa-slash. In that game, it is revealed that this character was born under similar circumstances to Angeal and Genesis. In another medium in which this character appears, Kadaj transforms into this character. This character's father manufactured the Mako Cannon, Professor Hojo, and the orchestration most associated with him is called "One Winged Angel." For 10 points, name this summoner of Meteor and killer of Aeris, the main antagonist of Final Fantasy VII.;;Sephiroth
;;One explanation for this process is methane outgassing, which relies on dissociation of clathrates. The Ganesa Macula dome may have been created by this process, and in another location this process is responsible for creating the E ring and occurs in the "tiger stripes." Hili and Mahilani are two structures responsible for it, and the radioactive decay on may drive it on Quaoar. It is usually caused by tidal friction or a sub-surface greenhouse effect. The first known instance of this phenomenon was discovered by Voyager 2 on Triton, while Cassini discovered this phenomenon on Enceladus. FTP, name this astrogeological phenomenon in which geysers spew cold water, ammonia, or methane, seen on several outer planet moons.;;Cryovolcanism
;;This figure is sometimes credited with founding the coastal city of Ardea in Latium, while in a less-popular version of one myth she is impregnated by her father's brother Proetus.  She was taken in by the fisherman Dictys after arriving on the island of Seriphus, having washed ashore on the island within a locked up wooden chest.  In Seriphus this figure garned the attention of Dictys' brother King Polydectes, who stumbled upon a convenient way to dispose of her son when he arrived to his court without a gift.  Earlier, her father Acrisius had locked her in a bronze tower after hearing a prophecy that this figure's son would kill him, forcing Zeus to take innovative means to reach her.  For 10 points, name this mother of Perseus, impregnated by Zeus in the form of a golden shower.;;Danae
;;*This man contradicted the work of Didymus is his lost tract On Cicero's Republic, and his lost Prata is cited as the origin of a boomerang myth. The work of Marius Maximus was styled in imitation of this man, who wrote a work with sections on "Grammarians", "Rhetoricians", "Poets", and "Historians"- a largely-lost text entitled Concerning Illustrious Men. This man, a private secretary to Hadrian, is the source for scandalous anecdotes such as the maddened tirade "Quintilius Varus, give me back my legions!" and the scheme to name a horse as consul cooked up by Caligula.  For 10 points, name this Roman biographer who discussed leaders from Julius Caesar to Domitian in his Lives of the Caesars.;;(Gaius) Suetonius (Tranquillus)
;;One of this thinker's works states that the "good life" is a "process of movement" characterized by "openness to experience" and "an increasing Trust in His Organism." This psychologist developed the Q-sort technique in order to enable individuals to identify differences between their "perceived" and "ideal" selves. This psychologist developed a system of therapy in which the therapist refrains from explanation while encouraging patients to speak freely about their problems through unconditional positive regard. The author of A Way of Being and On Becoming a Person, for 10 points, name this humanistic psychologist who developed client-centered therapy.;;(Carl) Rogers
;;In this symphony's Scherzo, the timpani and basses play contrasting rhythms during a similar melody of repeated A's. Its first movement, an allegro energico, begins with a variation of the song "Der Tamboursg'sell," which transforms into a march punctuated with the timpani playing a left-left-left-right-left cadence. Cowbells play during the finale of the first movement, which introduces an ascending theme named for the composer's wife. Its final movement is thirty minutes long, and ends with a fortissimo A flat chord after a repetition of the march theme is interrupted by three hammer blows, symbolizing three blows of fate. For 10 points, name this symphony by Gustav Mahler titled for its expression of despair.;;Tragic (Symphony)|(Mahler's) Symphony (no(.)) 6 (in) (A) (minor)
;;This work criticizes a priori reasoning because it implies such fallacies as a falling pebble being able to destroy the sun. One section of this work begins by lauding Dr. Tillotson's argument against the real presence, and hypothesizes an Indian prince who refuses to believe that frost and water are the same substance, to argue against taking the testimony of witnesses at face value. This work distinguishes between "relations of ideas" and "matters of fact," and contains the sections "Of Liberty and Necessity" and "On Miracles." Written in response to the failure of its author's earlier Treatise of Human Nature, for 10 points, name this empiricist philosophical tract by David Hume.;;(An) Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding
;;This effect, when anisotropic behavior is present, but cubic symmetry is not, is known as the Goldanskii-Karyagin effect. An effect analogous to it can occur in "phonon wings," and the fraction of events that experience it is given by the Debye-Waller factor. Applications of it include studying chemical shift and quadrupole splitting. Walter Kundig used it to quantitatively verify the transverse Doppler effect, and it was also applied to measure the gravitational redshift at Harvard by Pound and Rebka. Utilized in a similarly named type of spectroscopy, for 10 points, name this effect, the recoil-less absorption of gamma rays.;;Mossbauer (effect)
;;This poet called Paris "our black classic, breaking up / Like killer kings on an Etruscan cup" in "Beyond the Alps." This poet asked Josiah Hawley to picture himself "cast / into a [burning] brick-kiln" in a poem whose final line declares "This is the Black Widow, death." The song "Love, O careless Love" causes this author to assert "I myself am hell" in a poem he dedicated to Elizabeth Bishop. This poet of "Mr. Edwards and the Spider" wrote that "a savage servility / slides by on grease" in a poem about a monument that "sticks like a fishbone" in the throat of Boston. For 10 points, name this American author of the collection Life Studies and the poems  "Skunk Hour" and "For the Union Dead.".;;(Robert) Lowell
;;These people collected outstanding debts from their neighbors at weddings as part of their gozana exchange. The last great king of these people withstood a long siege from this people's mountain stronghold of Giengola. They had ruins at Yagul, and are often credited with developing the 52-year religious calendar eventually used throughout their region.  They inhabited a city sometimes referred to as Danipaguache, meaning "Sacred Mountain." They worshiped the rain god Cocijo, and reached their peak between 300 and 700 CE, when their terraced hilltop city of Monte Alban began to decline. For 10 points, name this Mesoamerican people who preceded the Mixtecs as the dominant civilization in Oaxaca.;;Zapotecs
;;This artist depicted smokestacks rising behind the right shoulder of the title author in his Portrait of Pierre Loti. His self-portraits include a "portrait-landscape" in which he dwarfs a Parisian street, as well as The Artist with a Lamp. He portrayed monkeys playing with a backscratcher and a bottle in The Merry Jesters, while the first exhibition of the Fauves included his painting The Hungry Lion Throws Itself on the Antelope. He painted a musician playing a flute to the right of a nude woman reclining among flowers in a lush jungle in The Dream, as well as a canvas in which an instrument and a lion appear beside a resting dark-skinned woman. For 10 points, name this French painter of The Sleeping Gypsy.;;(Henri) Rousseau
;;With Cobb, the namesake of this reaction characterized the reaction of quinone and hydrochloric acid, and cyclopentenone undergoes this reaction with thiols and GSH in biological systems.  Ochiai and Tada developed a tandem version of it with a carbene rearrangement, and a more famous variation uses a silyl enol ether and is named for Mukaiyama. Chiral ammonium salts are used to force the reaction to favor the "Syn" product produced by this reaction, known as its asymmetric version. This reaction is combined with an intramolecular aldol reaction to create a six-membered ring in the Robinson annulation. FTP, name this reaction which adds a namesake donor to an alpha-beta unsaturated ketone, named for an American.;;Michael (addition)
;;One of this author's short stories centers on a young student hiking in the title peninsula who is taken aback, then relieved, when he sees a young girl running naked from a bathhouse. This author described a man who falls in love with a woman's earlobe in "Her Husband Didn't," which appears in his short story collection First Snow on Fuji. This author wrote about the schoolteacher Gimpei Momei in The Lake, and about Eguchi, who spends the night with narcotized young women, in The House of the Sleeping Beauties. Another of his novels chronicles the relationship between the geisha Komako and Shimamura. For 10 points, name this Japanese author of The Master of Go and Snow Country.;;(Yasunari) Kawabata
;;This architect's works in Texas include the Amon Carter Museum in Fort Worth and the Chapel of St. Basil at the University of St. Thomas in Houston. With Burgee, this architect designed two buildings slanting towards each other in Madrid, the Puerta de Europa towers. He built a gatehouse he called "Da Monsta" in front of his personal residence, which uses a central brick cylinder to divide space. This architect used a "Chippendale" style ornamental top as a pediment for a skyscraper now called the Sony building, the AT&T Building. For 10 points, name this American architect who built the Glass House and collaborated with Mies van der Rohe on the Seagram building.;;(Philip) Johnson
;;This nation's easternmost point lies along the Napo River, and its largest island is Isla Puna.  Its largest cities were formed after Belalcazar's defeat of Ruminyahui, and this country's western shore is home to the port cities of Manta and Machala, while much of its northern border is formed by the eastward-flowing Putamayo River.  Other locales in this country include the active volcanoes of Pichincha and Cotopaxi as well as a mountain considered by some to be the tallest in the world because its peak is the farthest from the center of the earth- Mount Chimborazo.  Also home to Guayaquil and the owner of the Galapagos Islands, for 10 points, identify this South American country with capital at Quito.;;(Republica) (del) Ecuador
;;One character in this novel reads about the smuggler Yanko from a journal. The title character of one of this novel's sections is pursued by the protagonist in order to cover up his illicit affair with Vera. In order to win Azamat's sister, the protagonist of this novel steals the horse of Kazbich, leading him to stab that sister, Bela. This novel's unnamed narrator learns about the title character from Maksim Maksimich, and its climax features a clifftop pistol duel which ends with Grushnitski's death. For 10 points, name this novel about the gloriously superfluous Grigory Pechorin, the masterpiece of Mikhail Lermontov.;;(A) Hero of our Time|Geroy Nashego Vremeni
;;Parts of this law were upheld in New Negro Alliance v. Sanitary Grocery Co, and it improved upon the earlier Davis-Bacon Act. Legal interpretation of this law often focuses on the definition of "the allowable area of economic conflict." Exceptions to this act must be approved in open court, and a 1974 amendment to the NLRA extended its provisions. This act prohibited yellow dog contracts and prevented federal courts from issuing injunctions against pickets, boycotts, and strikes. Supplanted by the more extensive Wagner Act, for 10 points, name this act that extended rights to unions, which was proposed by a Nebraska Senator and a longtime mayor of New York City.;;Norris(-)La Guardia (Act) (of) (1932)
;;These compounds become isocynates via a hydroxamic acid intermediate in the Lossen rearrangement, and undergo alpha-hydroxylation in the Chan reaction. Methods of synthesizing them include a migratory insertion which uses MCPBA on a ketone, and carboxylates of any length can be created using the synthesis named for the malonic type of them. Cyclic ones are known as lactones, and in addition to the aforementioned Baeyer-Villiger oxidation, they can be synthesized under reflux conditions in a reaction named for Fischer that uses an acid and an alcohol. Also undergoing the Claisen condensation when reacted with a base. FTP, name these organic compounds responsible for the sweet smell of fruit.;;esters
;;The narrator of this novel compares the feeling of watching people recede in the distance to "the too-huge world vaulting us." Its narrator is delighted to be sold marijuana in Gregoria, and after meeting a woman named Terri, gets a job in her hometown picking cotton. Another character in this novel is married at various times to Marylou, Camille, and Inez. Remi Boncouer gets its narrator a job as a security guard, after that character meets Elmer Hassel, a stand-in for Herbert Huncke, as well as the intellectual poet Carlo Marx. For 10 points, name this novel about the cross-country travels of Dean Moriarty and Sal Paradise, written by Jack Kerouac.;;On the Road
;;Like The Puritans, this opera contains a cavatina which begins with the words "Vieni fra queste braccia." One aria in this opera contains a prayer to God to "Protegge il adres mio," whcih follows the title invocation, "Deh, tu reggi in tal momento il mio cor." Isacco provides evidence against the protagonist of this opera, who is sheltering her father Fernando. This opera's overture switches from G major to E major and back, and uses two snare drum rolls to introduce its orchestra section. Centering on a servant of Fabrizio who wishes to marry his son Gianetto, for 10 points, name this opera in which Ninetta is absolved of stealing a spoon actually taken by the title bird, composed by Giacchino Rossini.;;(The) Thieving Magpie|(La) Gazza Ladra
;;The Prologue to this play laments that the Comic Muse is dying and asks the audience to pronounce a doctor regular or "dub him quack." One character in this play sings "Let schoolmasters puzzle their brain / With grammar, and nonsense, and learning" while drinking at the Three Jolly Pigeons. That character later drives some ladies around in a circle for three hours instead of taking them to Aunt Pedigree's house, before taking his Constance Neville back to Hastings. In its main plot, Kate disguises herself as a servant in order to be courted by Marlow. Subtitled "the mistakes of a night," for 10 points, name this about the Hardcastle family, a comedy by Oliver Goldsmith.;;She Stoops to Conquer(:) (Or(,)) (the) (Mistakes) (of) (a) (Night)
;;This city was the original capital of a duchy ruled by Otto de la Roche, and along with Orchomenos, it was once inhabitated by the Minyan people. One commander from this city unprecedentedly used a reserve contigent of cavaliers in one battle and was named Pagondas. Another general from this city led a 1000 man force to defend the construction site of Megalopolis and later took care of a notable hostage to this city. It lost the battles of Coronea but was responsible for the killing of Lysander at the earlier battle of Haliartus, and three of its generals were killed despite its victory at the Battle of Mantinea. The most famous general from this polity gave Pelopidas control of the Sacred Band and fought in the Battle of Leuctra. Home of Epaminondas, for 10 points, name this Greek-city state that gained hegemony prior to the Macedonian conquest.;;Thebes
;;In chapter 20 of this work, a night raid led by Oleg surprises the protagonists, who are resting in the port town of Badon after having returned from the Dread Isle. One character, a noble of Pherae, is depressed due to the death of his father Elbert in the previous chapter. However, he is cheered up by Ninian, whom he later kills when he promotes into a Knight Lord and receives a blade once wielded by Roland, Durandal, in chapter 27. These events are seen through the eyes of a wandering tactician who meets Lyndis in the first chapter of this game that takes place on the continent Elibe. For 10 points, name this strategy RPG that stars Eliwood, the seventh installment of a series by Intelligent Systems whose other installments include characters such as Marth and Ike.;;Fire Emblem (7)|Fire Emblem(:) (Rekka) (no) (Ken(;))|Fire Emblem(:) (The) (Blazing) (Sword)
;;Musical performances in this short story include one by Bartell D'Arcy, who's described as full of conceit, while one character is shocked to learn that another character worked at the gasworks. One character in this short story debates whether he should quote Browning, and chooses Shakespeare because it seems less pretentious. That quote is part of a speech that he must give after he carves a goose. The story opens at a party held by Miss Kate and Miss Julia, who give an annual Christmas party. The dead man Michael Furey prevents Gretta from loving the central character of this story, who sees snow falling all over Ireland in the famous last paragraph of this story. For ten points, identify this story in which Gabriel Conroy joins the title group of people, which is the last story from Dubliners.;;(*) (The) Dead
;;This thinker utilized anthropological techniques to attack philosophical problems in his work Available Light, while he contrasted two island societies with varying economic conditions in his work Peddlers and Princes. This thinker wrote about a situation in which all participants in a society portrayed different dramatic characters as societal roles at different times in his Negara: The Theater State. In addition to that work, he used the example of a Balinese cockfight to examine a game in which the stakes were so high it made sense for no participant to play, a situation which he termed "deep play." For ten points, identify this anthropologist who utilized "thick description" to analyze societies, which he advocated in his work The Interpretation of Cultures.;;(Clifford) Geertz
;;According to Donald Keene, the major characteristics of this author's style include pivot words whose meaning changes depending on the words surrounding them, and chains of related words, or engo. This author collaborated with the chanter Gidayu on works like The Mirror of Craftsmen, and criticized laws mandating the execution of adulterous wives in The Almanac of Love and Gonza the Lancer. This playwright established a new genre of plays in a work in which the villanous Kuheiji causes the deaths of the prostitute Ohatsu and the clerk Tokubei. For 10 points, name this Japanese author of puppet plays like The Love Suicides at Amijima and The Love Suicides at Sonezaki.;;Chikamatsu Monzaemon
;;This ruler was unable to prevent Lothan and Girling from attacking the Isle of Wight and Sandwich. This man appointed Robert of Jumierges to be the archbishop of Canterbury, and he was in power when a riot at Dover threatened Eustace of Boulogne. Throughout his reign, this king was forced to appease the Earls of Leofric, Siward, and Godwin. This king had his mother tried on a charge of adultery after she supported Magnus instead of him; that woman's name was Emma of Normandy. This man succeeded Harthacanute, and he preceeded Harold Godwinsson, and he was the husband of Edith, whom he sent to a nunnery. For ten points, identify this son of Aethelred the Unready, the last English king form the House of Wessex, who was notably sainted.;;Edward the Confessor
;;Important sites in this region are the fortress at Mariamberd and the monastery at Gandzasar, and it is possible to cross this region by foot using the Janapar trail. Jerderduz, a meadow outside the town of Shushi, this region's most important historical city, was once the site of a golf course, but has given way to a sheep and goat pasture. The ruined city of Agdam, once home to 100,000 people, is only accessible by illegal taxi, and is home to a defaced Sunni mosque. This region's largest city is still officially known as Xankandi, but is now known by the name Stepanakert since a 1994 cease-fire which effectively put this territory under Armenian control. FTP, name this territory disputed between Azerbaijan and Armenia.;;Nagorno(-)Karabakh|Artsakh
;;This artist depicted a "half-figure in a yellow shirt" looking at a distant red object in Complex Presentiment. This artist painted a group of "trans-rational" canvases, which contain symbols like an ace of clubs, the number zero, a saw, and a fish. This artist of The Aviator participated in only exhibition done by the group Donkey's Tail, and described his style in The Nonobjective World.  This member of Jack of Diamonds pioneered an artistic movement in paintings such as Black Square and White on White, which consist of assorted simple geometric shapes. For 10 points, name this Russian painter, the founder of Suprematism.;;(Kasimir) (Severinovich) Malevich
;;This author described a mystical nightingale-catching dwarf nicknamed the Flea in the short story "Kasyan From the Beautiful Lands." In an essay, this author argued that all mankind can be divided into into the character types of Hamlet and Don Quixote. His first novel is named for a "man of the forties" whose passionate rhetoric inspires love in Natasha Lasunsky, and his only major play focuses on Natalya Islaev, who schemes to marry off Vera after falling in love with her tutor Belyaev. This author of Rudin and A Month in the Country collected his stories about rural Russian peasants in A Sportsman's Sketches. For 10 points, name this Russian author who wrote about the nihilist Bazarov in Fathers and Sons.;;(Ivan) Turgenev
;;In the chiral limit, the Nambu-Jona-Lasinio Model can be seen as a phenomenological version of this theory, and one version of it was formulated using an invariant equal to the trace of a path-ordered exponential known as the Wilson loop, and is referred to as the "lattice" variety.  Another version relies on a series of factorization theorems, called the "perturbative" variety. The Gell-Mann matrices are the infinitesimal generators of the SU(3) group, which is central to this theory, and Gross, Politzer, and Wilczek derived one feature of this theory, which states that particle interactions will become weak at shorter distances, known as asymptotic freedom. FTP, name this theory that explains the strong force in terms of quarks, gluons, and color charge.;;QCD or Quantum Chromodynamics
;;Baron Burgio and Bishop Brodarics are important primary source chroniclers of this battle, and the saintly Dorottya Kanizsai is traditionally depicted in art burying the dead after this battle. During this battle, the Archbishop of Kalosca was beheaded, and its losing commander allegedly drowned after falling off a horse in his golden armor in the Csele. The initial charge of the Rumelian troops was repulsed by Pal Tomori, but Jan Zapolya did not arrive in time to save the Europeans. Leading to the downfall of the Jagiellon Dynasty, for 10 points, name this 1526 battle, in which Suleiman the Magnificent defeated the army of Louis II of Hungary.;;(Battle) (of) Mohacs
;;Peter-Klaus Schuster claimed that its left and right sides represent fortune and virtue in a book that labels this work its artist's "Denkbild." In this work, a coastal city can be seen in the distance through the rungs of a ladder, next to a small winged figure who holds a nail and sits on a grindstone. A ring of keys hangs from the belt of its central figure, who holds a compass and sits near a huge sphere and a curled-up dog. More prominent features include a large hourglass, a rainbow over a comet, a giant irregular polyhedron, and a magic square. For 10 points, name this engraving filled with symbols of alchemy, a work by Albrecht Durer about the saddest temperament.;;Melencolia I
;;This work's main character sees two lights described as "the furniture of the world" shortly after one character asks another what kind of pie he likes best. In its sixth section, one of its characters remembers lines about a dying Legionnaire in Algiers from Caroline Norton's "Bingen on the Rhine." Repeated refrains in this work include the line "Funny they don't see us!" and a plea to "seven mad gods," and it begins with the line "None of them knew the color of the sky." The oiler Billie drowns in this story, although the captain, the cook, and the correspondent all survive. Based on its author's experiences after the sinking of the Commodore, for 10 points, name this short story about a shipwreck by Stephen Crane.;;(The) Open Boat
;;This man invented a resource-allocation procedure that makes a safe-state check before granting requests, the banker's algorithm. He developed a method for parsing equations given in infix notation, the shunting yard algorithm, which can output in a format he developed with F. L. Bauer. This developer of reverse Polish notation and semaphores also created an algorithm with a heuristic modification called "A*" (a-star) that fails for negative edge weights. For 10 points, identify this formulator of the dining philosophers problem, hater of GOTO statements, and namesake of a shortest path-finding algorithm, a Dutch computer scientist.;;(Edsger) (Wybe) Dijkstra
;;This architect briefly worked on the Church of San Sebastiano for Lodovico Gonzaga. One of this artist's Florentine palaces features entablatures built on pilasters, and he designed a chapel for that family in the San Pancrazio church. In addition to those buildings for the Rucellai, he designed the facade for the Santa Maria Novella and worked on the Tempio Malatestiano in Rimini. This artist discussed the mathematical nature of linear perspective in a book modeled after a work of Vitruvius with the same name. For 10 points, name this Renaissance architect from Italy, the author of On Painting and Ten Books on Architecture.;;(Leon) (Battista) Alberti
;;One work with this title from the album Thugs Are Us features Money Mark Diggla, who recommends the listener "hit 'em 16-60 blind, crippled, or po'." A track with this title which describes a figure that "loves velvet in the colors blue" also contains sections performed by a man who'd "rather taste the green than sip the honey," Brother Marquis of 2 Live Crew. Those two songs, by Trick Daddy and Ice-T respectively, are quoted in the most famous song of this title, which notes that "some fools just love to perform" after the singer describes being called "Money Cash Hoes" by critics and getting pulled over in 1994 for "doin' fifty-five in a fifty-fo'." For 10 points, give the title of the third single from The Black Album, a song in which Jay-Z notes that "a bitch ain't one" of the titular afflictions.;;99 Problems
;;Bart Kosko developed the "fuzzy" type of these concepts, which are measured by Hasse diagrams. Robert Axelrod's book The Structure of Decision analyzes these concepts in political elites. These concepts are divided into "route-based" and "survey level" types, and were introduced in an article about rats which navigated radial alleys in an elevated maze. These concepts were first theorized by the author of Purposive Behaviors in Animals and Men, who compared them to "sign Gestalts." For 10 points, name these mental representations of the outside world theorized by Edward Tolman.;;cognitive maps
;;This author described a general's "swift lightning strokes" that run from "Pyramids to Heights Alpine" in a Napoleonic Ode titled "Fifth of May." The title character of one of this author's novels is tortured after a victory at Macalo and is based on Francesco Bussone. In addition to The Count of Carmagnola, this author wrote about a Lombard son of Desedirio, whose sister Ermengarda was former wife of Charlemagne, in Adelchi. In one of his novels, Fra Cristoforo helps a woman pursued by the dastardly Don Rodrigo. For 10 points, name this Italian author who wrote about Renzo's love for Lucia in The Betrothed.;;(Alessandro) Manzoni
;;One character in this novel has a penchant for watching her children while stroking a lapdog named Pug. As a child, the protagonist is labeled ignorant because she lacks list knowledge like the chronological order of the kings of England. At the urging of Mr. Yates, characters in this novel plan to put on a performance of Elizabeth Inchbald's Lovers' Vows. In this novel, Maria runs from her husband Mr. Rushworth to elope with Henry, while Thomas travels to Antigua to look over his possessions. Its protagonist is brought to the title place on the urging of Mrs. Norris, and falls in love with Edmund Bertram. For 10 points, name this novel about Fanny Price's upbringing at the title estate, by Jane Austen.;;Mansfield Park
;;A mutation in the enzyme catalyzing the final step of its biosynthesis gives rise to Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome, while its presence in plasma is measured by the Lieberman-Burchard test. The SREBP transcription factors are regulated by this molecule. One step of its biosynthesis sees the creation of a certain 2,3-epoxide, which then cyclizes, and it is sometimes stored in chylomicrons. Farnesyl pyrophosphate and squalene are intermediates in that process and that pathway begins with the condensation of three acetyl coAs to yield HMG-CoA, which is reduced to mevalonate. That step is regulated by drugs called statins. For 10 points, identify this ubiquitous steroid that can cause atherosclerosis when bound to lipoproteins.;;cholesterol
;;One agitator of this conflict was broken at the wheel at Kazimiersz despite the pleas of his sister, Princess Ulrica; that man was Johann Patkul. One battle in this war led to Denmark's exit in the Peace of Travendal, and another country in this conflict was occupied with Golitsyn as its governor in an event known as the Greater Wrath. The Treaty of Preobrazhenskoye spurred this conflict, which saw early defeat for the eventual victors under Charles Eugene de Croy. This war ended by the Treaty of Nystadt included the decisive Battle of Poltava. For 10 points, name this 1700s conflict that began at the Battle of Narva between Charles XII's Sweden and Peter the Great's Russia.;;(the) Great Northern (War)
;;One figure of this name, a son of Ares and Cyrene who was a king of the Bistones, was killed by a man accompanied by Abderus. Another figure of this name found his wife Aegiale living in adultery with Cometes shortly after being robbed by Demophoon on the coast of Attica. He was accompanied to Troy by Euryalus and Sthelenus, who like this man were members of the Epigoni, and he and Odysseus won over Philoctetes and stole the Palladium. Apollo brought Aeneas to Pergamos after this man wounded him, and this son of Tydeus halted Trojan attacks by wounding Aphrodite and Ares with the help of his protectress Athena. For 10 points, identify this Greek hero who shares his name with the Thracian king who owned the target of Heracles's eighth labor, a bunch of flesh-eating horses.;;Diomedes
;;One of this composer's works contains a B section intermezzo in G sharp, and was commissioned by Artur Rubinstein. Besides Fantasia baetica, this composer's harpsichord concerto was commissioned by Wanda Landowska. This composer never completed his cantata Atlantida, and included movements titled "Will o' the Wisp," "The Dance of Terror," and "Ritual Fire Dance" in a ballet about Carmelo's love for Candelas. This composer wrote a set of three symphonic impressions including "In the Generalife," and composed a piece about a miller based on a story by Alarcon. For 10 points, name this Spanish composer of Love, The Magician and The Three-Cornered Hat.;;(Manuel) de Falla (y) (Matheu)
;;This work describes "The Philanthropic Ogre," and one section heading is titled "Return" to the title construct. In this work the author describes the central country as "Other" and this work features section titles such like, "The Day of the Dead," and, "The Pacucho and Other Extremes." This work that also contains a section called "Mexican Masks, and this work was written by the author of The Bow and the Lyre and "The Sunstone." For 10 points, name this Octavio Paz work that focuses on the machismo and Mexican history, and is titled after a lonely maze.;;(*) (The) Labyrinth of Solitude|(El) Laberinto de la Soledad
;;One English monarch of this name issued the "Statute of the Staple," mandating which ports could ship which goods. Another king of this name is also the addressee of an anonymous poem that contains the line "Alas! For hunger I die!" written "on [his] Evil Times," and served as the British king during the Great Famine that marks the beginning of the Little Ice Age. The first English monarch of this name executed the heads of all of the Hebrew families for coin-clipping before issuing the Edict of Expulsion, kicking the Jews out of England. The fifth monarch of this name was one of the "Princes in the Tower," while the third was King at the beginning of the Hundred Years' War. For 10 points, name this kingly British name, the first of whom was nicknamed "Longshanks.".;;Edward
;;This city's largest park is home to a natural amphitheater known as the "Fifteen Acres," and its name derives from a large pool where the Poddle enters this city's main river. A large northern suburb of this city is called Swords, which is served by its light rail system, dubbed the "Luas." One can hit the bars in the vibrant Stephen's Green district of this city, or catch a soccer game at its Croke Park. This city is home to the green-domed judicial center known as the Four Courts. This city is home to Trinity College, Phoenix Park, and O'Connell Street. For 10 points, name this city on the mouth of the River Liffey, the capital of Ireland.;;Dublin(,) (Ireland)|Baile Atha Cliath
;;A 2008 paper from Ishihara et al found that anhydrous phenylglyoxal is a solution to the problem of low reactivity of an asymmetric variety of this reaction with alcohols. A similar reaction to this one involves using aluminum alkoxide catalysts and instead of its normal products produces ethers and is named after Tischenko and Claisen. The first step of this process involves the nucleophilic addition of a base to a carbonyl group to give an alkoxide which is then deprotonated to create a namesake di-anion intermediate. One version of this reaction utilizes formaldehyde as a reducing agent to yield a higher output of an alcohol product and is known as the crossed version. Producing both an alcohol and a carboxylic acid, FTP, identify this disproportionation reaction discovered in 1853 by an Italian chemist.;;Canizzarro (reaction)
;;This country's literary tradition includes a book of poetry detailing the narrator's escapades with Urraca to debauch mountain women, The Book of Good Love. An author from this country wrote about Crispin's plot to swindle the father of Silvia in Bonds of Interest. This country also produced an author who published a Secret Dictionary of dirty words in its native language, and an author who created a "nivola" about Augusto, Niebla. Home to the author of The Hive and The Family of Pascual Duarte, this country's literary movements include the Generation of 98 and Generation of 27. For 10 points, name this country home to Camilo Jose Cela, Juan Ramon Jimenez, and Miguel de Cervantes.;;Spain|Espana
;;It was proposed by Ginsburg as a way to generate microwaves, and is relied on in a variation of liquid scintillation counting. It can result from the Askaryan effect, and an unusual type of it can exist near a periodic structure with Bragg scattering, which was confirmed by Smith and Purcell. Its energy is measured by calculating its cone angle, and its cause was explained by Tamm and Frank. Sometimes found surrounding the fuel elements of a nuclear reactor, for 10 points, name this blue glowing light that is emitted when a charged particle travels at a speed greater than the speed of light in a medium.;;Cherenkov (radiation)|(effect)|(light)
;;Minor figures in this painting include a Chinese man refusing to listen to a missionary and a boy kneeling on the ground sketching on a piece of paper. Its left side includes a skull resting on a newspaper as well as a large floppy hat, a cloak and dagger, and a guitar. Its right side depicts friends of the painter like Champfleury, Bruyas, Proudhon, and Baudelaire. The center of this painting features a wooden doll posed as a crucified figure and a young boy, who stares at a landscape. A nude female model stands behind the central figure of this painting, who reaches his brush towards an easel. For 10 points, name this "real allegory" by Gustave Courbet named for his place of work.;;(The) Artist's Studio(:) (A) (real) (allegory) (summing) (up) (seven) (years) (of) (my) (artistic) (and) (moral) (life)|(The) Painter's Studio(:) (A) (real) (allegory) (summing) (up) (seven) (years) (of) (my) (artistic) (and) (moral) (life)
;;This clash was preceded by a so-called "impecable siege" of Pir-Sar at Aornos, and was decided after Coenus swept up the loser's right flank, defeating the losing army's cavalry away from their main line. The assistance provided by Omphis prior to this battle prompted Malayketu lifelong hatred by for Taxila. The experiences of the winning side here prompted wariness of Magadhan forces that led to a later event at the Beas. In the wake of this battle, Nikaia was founded along with another city named for its most famous casualty, Bucephalus. Pitting companion cavalry and phalanxes against a formidable array of war elephants, FTP, identify this victory over Porus by Alexander the Great, named for a body of water in India.;;(Battle) (of) Hydaspes (River)
;;Wallace Thurman satirized this author as Sweetie May Carr in Infants of the Spring. This author wrote a short story in which Joe Kanty's ghost pushes the title character into a circle-saw, as well as a novel about Reverend John Pearson, who survives a challenge from Felton Cozy before being forced out of the ministry for his affair with Hattie Tyson. In addition to "Spunk," this author of Seraph on the Suwanee and Jonah's Gourd Vine created a character who runs away with Jody Starks before working in the Everglades with Tea Cake. For 10 points, name this Harlem Renaissance author who wrote about Janie Crawford in Their Eyes Were Watching God.;;(Zora) Neale Hurston
;;The late Kimmerigian epoch of this period saw the onset of the marine crocodile genus Geosaurus while invertebrates that appeared during this time include the belemnites and reef-building mollusks known as rudists. North American was home to the Sundance Sea during this time; sediments of which are found below the sediments of the Morrison Formation. This middle of this period saw the placement of large batholiths in the northern Cordillera resulting in the Nevadan orogeny as well as the closing up of the Tethys Sea. Early ornithopods diversified into the stegosaurs during this time while large sauropods such as Brachiosaurus also became dominant. Named after a subrange of the Alps, FTP, identify this period of geological time; the second period of the Mesozoic Era which lies between the Triassic and Cretaceous.;;Jurassic (Period)
;;In the Hervarer saga, this figure is the answer to a riddle asked by Gestumblidni to Heitrek about a creature with three eyes, and Gangleri asks High about the origin of this figure in one instance. During a visit to Jotunheim, this figure won a race against Gullfaxi. This ancestor of Grani created the Asbyrgi canyon during one quest, and he has a series of runes carved on his teeth. Hermod borrowed him during his journey to rescue Baldur, and this creature was born after a bet in which one side wagered the Sun, the Moon, and Freya in exchange for building a wall, after Loki seduces a creature belonging to a Hrimthurs, named Svadilfari. FTP, name this eight-legged horse, the mount of Odin.;;Sleipnir
;;Peter Sedgwick criticized the British left for failing to aid residents of this nation, an attack which prompted an anti-starvation project directed by John Hunt. Phillip Effiong served as its first vice-president, and a former leader ran for the presidency of another nation on the All Progressive Grand Alliance ticket in 2003. Ralph Uwazuruike leads an organization named for this nation. Its war for independence led to the founding of Doctors Without Borders and featured an invasion of its Owerri region by the FMG. Later incorporated into the East Central State after Odemegwu Ojukwu surrendered its presidency, for 10 points, name this Ibo-dominated state that is again a part of Nigeria after its brief independence from 1968 to 1970.;;(Republic) (of) Biafra
;;One legend associated with this body of water is that it is inhabited by a god known as Nyami Nyami, and its tributaries include the Kabompo and the Lungue-Bongo. Another of its tributaries, the Kafue, contains the Itezhi-tezhi dam, and it forms much of the eastern boundary of the Caprivi Strip. Other dams on this river include the Kariba and one of Africa's largest hydroelectric dams, Cahora Bossa. Emptying into the Indian Ocean at Mozambique. For 10 points, name this river that flows over 2,000 miles across Africa from its source near Kalene Hill in the Central African Plateau, whose name means "Great River" in the language of the Tonga and whose section on the Zambia-Zimbabwe border includes Victoria Falls.;;Zambezi River
;;A character in this novel nicknamed "Echo," Nepomuk, dies of meningitis while visiting the main character's farm. The protagonist of this novel comes under the influence of Ehrenhrid Kumpf and Eberhard Schleppfuss at the University of Halle. Rudiger Schildnapp inspires this novel's main character to plan an work based on Shakespeare's Love's Labours Lost. This novel's title character creates a composition titled Marvels of the Universe and an oratorio titled Apocalypse during a period of twenty-four years of genius he is granted after renouncing love. Narrated by Serenus Zeitblom, for 10 points, name this novel about Adrian Leverkuhn, a composer who makes a deal with the devil, written by Thomas Mann.;;Doktor Faustus
;;Bucladesine is used as an analog of this compound, and theophylline inhibits the enzyme that breaks it down. In the temporal lobe, this compound activates HNC channels, and it leads to the activation of the RAPGEF3 protein. Cholera toxin increases the levels of this compound by ribosylating G-proteins, and in the lac operon, this compound binds to the Catabolite Activator Protein, which enhances RNA polymerase binding to the promoter. Another protein that binds to it contains two catalytic and two regulatory subunits, Protein Kinase A. Usually destroyed by phosphodiesterase and created by adenylate cyclase, FTP, name this second messenger, a cyclic nucleotide often created from ATP.;;cyclic AMP|cAMP|cyclic adenosine monophosphate
;;Several members of this artistic school were lured away from Tramway V, while the move toward cubism by one  member seen in The Violin created tension surrounding the 0.10 exhibition. One member of this school, which grew in part out of the Donkey's Tail, advocated a so-called fusion of painting and architecture he dubbed "Proun" and rambled insanely in the Judaism-inspired text Four Billy Goats. The cultural influence of the "beautiful corner" on this movement was discussed by its founder in The Non-Objective World, while another member created the politically-driven Beat the Whites with the Red Wedge. Including Popova and El Lissitzky, its founder worked on the set design for Victory over the Sun and works like a giant black dot and a "self-portrait" of red rectangles. FTP, identify this artistic school responsible for White on White, a blank canvas by Russian founder Kazimir Malevich.;;(*) Suprematism
;;Incidences of this phenomenon create the divisions in a construct named for Freeman, Perez, and another thinker, while it was first described following an analysis of Kondratiev's long-wave cycles. An example of this concept in action was the rise in popularity of personal computers and subsequent fall of mainframe computer giant Digital Equipment Corporation. It occurs when a new entry into a market centering on a new or innovative technology creates growth in that market at the expense of established companies in that market. First coined in Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy, it has been referred to as its originator's namesake "Gale." FTP, name this process central to the theories of endogenous growth and evolutionary economics, created by Joseph Schumpeter.;;Creative Destruction
;;Hroswitha's six comedies are based on the plays of this author, whose works Quintilian praised as "elegantissima." In one of this author's plays, Aeschinus abducts a Music Girl for his brother Ctesipho. This author wrote a play in which Chremes disguises himself as the title character to have sex with Panfila, as well as a play named for Menedemus, a farmer who punishes himself with hard work for forcing his son into the army. This author of Adelphoi adapted many works of Menander, including The Eunuch and the The Self-Tormentor. For 10 points, name this Roman playwright who was brought from Carthage to Rome as a senator's slave.;;Terence|(Publius) Terentius (Afer)
;;The Banno Bir is an unauthorized version of this text, and a noted copy of it was lost during the 1762 "Second Holocaust." The Dasam is a companion piece to this scripture, parts of which laud Kabir and other sections of which were written by Tegh Bahadur. Other sections are arranged according to their raga, and portions of this text include the Japji, or "Recital" and the opening Mul Mantra, which declares truth as the quintessential property of the Deity. Found in all gurdwaras, where it is ritually wrapped every night, it carries the authority of the head of the religion that reveres it. First compiled by Arjun, for 10 points, name this scripture that includes the writings of Guru Nanak, the holy book of the Sikhs.;;Adi Granth
;;A letter from George Fishback tipped off investigators to this event. The guilt of one of its participants was suggested by the "Sylph Dispatch," an implication denied during the farcical "Bloody Shirt Revue" conducted by defense lawyers George Williams and Emory Storrs. Myron Colony and David Dyer worked to prosecute its participants, who were organized by John McDonald. Its impetus was Carl Schurz's opposition to the sitting president, which caused the creation of a private slush fund. Leading to the prosecution of Orville Babcock, for 10 points, name this scandal during the Grant administration, whose participants tried to skirt taxes on the namesake variety of alcohol.;;Whiskey Ring
;;This school evolved from a tradition founded by Aristippus of Cyrene, the Cyrenaic school. Its adherents included Diogenes of Oinoanda, the Younger Idomeneus, and Pythocles, and it put forth the doctrine of "tetrapharmakios." In contrast to Leucippus and the younger Atomists, they held the world was made of continuously falling atoms of varying sizes and shapes, and believed that atoms had free will and could enact a clinamen, or swerve, to converge and combine. Expounded in the De Rerum Natura of Lucretius, for 10 points, name this philosophical school, which held that the only evil was suffering, and the only good was pleasure.;;Epicureanism
;;An opera of the this name by Domenico Monleone prompted a lawsuit from the composer of the more famous version. Villagers sing "Gli arancio olezzano" near the beginning of this work, whose protagonist sings an aria describing one character as "as lovely as the bright blossoms of spring." This opera's aria "Vio lo sapete" contains Santuzza's confession of her adultery to Lucia, while the main character sings "Viva, il vino spumeggiante" to invite Alfio to drink with him. Alfio's refusal provokes a duel between him and Turridu. Based on a short story by Giovanni Verga, for 10 points, name this verismo opera by Pietro Mascagni often performed with Leoncavallo's I Pagliacci.;;Cavalleria Rusticana|Rustic Chivalry
;;One character in this film has his hair lit on fire while trying to light a cigar which is only made worse when it is 'extinguished' with a flask of liquor. One character in this film is imprisoned in a streetlight after being the victim of three knife wounds and two snakebites while attempting to kill the overweight, chain-smoking Landlady who possesses the "Lion's Roar". This movie's protagonist robs an ice cream vendor twice only to realize that she was actually a mute girl from his childhood with a large lollipop he failed to save using the Buddhist Palm technique. Set in 1940s Shanghai, FTP, identify this 2004 comedy-action film starring Steven Chow in which the Pig Sty district defends itself from the notorious Axe Gang.;;Kung Fu Hustle
;;This man referred to himself as a "black snake" in a document addressed to James Babington. His collaboration with Harry Power caused him to abuse the postal service using cow testicles. His early life featured an apocryphal clash with a pig farmer named Ah Fook, and he instigated the Fitzpatrick incident. This man declared that he is a "widows son" in the Jerilderie Letter, and killed a bunch of policemen at Stringybark Creek. His plate metal armor failed to save him during his last stand at Glenrowan Inn, where his partners Steve Hart and Joe Byrne died. For 10 points, name this legendary outlaw, whose namesake gang criminalized their way through nineteenth century Australia.;;(Ned) Kelly|Grand Theft Kangaroo
;;This author's late novels St. Leon and Mandeville were commercial failures. He attacked the law as "inevitably corrupt" and coined the term "philosophical anarchism" in his tract Enquiry Concerning Political Justice. Charles Brockden Brown was heavily influenced by his novel about the despotic Squire Tyrrel. That novel's characters include the brooding, cultured Lord Falkland and the title character, who eventually goes mad. He lived in a separate house from his wife, Mary Wollstonecraft. For 10 points, identify this father of Mary Shelley, an English author who pioneered the psychological novel with Caleb Williams.;;(William) Godwin
;;This book's third section argues that unjust contracts are a necessary consequence of castes, which its author describes as forced types of the title phenomenon. It asserts that the number of types of crimes have decreased throughout history in a section about the evolution of the collective consciousness. Its author posits that the title phenomenon is directly proportional to the volume and density of civilizations. Its first section contrasts repressive laws to restitutive laws, and divides civilizations into ones characterized by mechanical and organic types of solidarity. For 10 points, name this classic sociological text by Emile Durkheim about social specialization.;;(The) Division of Labor (in) (Society)
;;One character in this opera sings "we fight, we die / and if we do not fight, we die" in an aria titled "I Am No One." This opera ends with one character singing "How much of what we did was good?", and its second act includes a performance of one of the eight model plays. Its title character sings "News Has a Kind of Mystery" after a giant plane descends from the ceiling in its first scene. With a libretto written by Alice Goodman, its third act features a foxtrot later adapted into the Chairman Dances. Including characters like the soprano Pat and the baritone Chou En-lai, for 10 points, name this opera by John Adams about a president's visit to a Communist country.;;Nixon In China
;;This character exclaims "what a pretty claw!" after being shown a "bodily defect" of a woman he has a romantic involvement with. This character is sent by a manufacturer to a cramped, two-doored attic apartment filled with small girls to meet with a painter who forces him to buy identical landscapes, Tintorelli. He becomes jealous of Block, a tradesman in his same situation, for staying overnight with Leni, before firing Herr Huld, a lawyer recommended to him by Uncle Karl.  He is executed in a quarry "like a dog" after a priest tells him a parable about a man who comes "before the law." For 10 points, name this banker who is accused of an unknown crime in Franz Kafka's The Trial.;;Joseph K
;;Ninai Games developed a "Puzzle Attack" spin-off of this game for the GBA, while Inuits and Charles Dickens are enemies in a game where its protagonists travel "Through Time".  The most recent game in this series saw a Wii port and included unlockable characters such as Fifi the Poodle and V.E.R.N. the Abomination.  The original game featured people in bathtubs who would knock the player down, and had the player taking damage from others playing the game.  The three protagonists teamed up in a 1997 sequel subtitled "World Tour" where they once again battled National Guardsmen.  Starring Ralph, Lizzie and George, for 10 points, name this game where giant monsters try to destroy buildings and get angry.;;Rampage
;;It begins with the protagonist's wife apologizing for the cold meat offered to a character who describes his boss as a "chicken-hearted chap, a coward".  The protagonist notes how he once wrote a favorable article in The Messenger about an entity he later describes as "the main artery" and "nerve center".  The protagonist's daughter gets fired from her teaching position after her supervisor receives threats, and, besides Petra, Vik fired Captain Horster for providing the main character with a speaking venue.  Other characters include Aslaksen and Billing, two men who work on The People's Herald under Hovstad.  The protagonist is accused by the mayor of writing his inflammatory article because of the will of Morten Kill.  For 10 points, name this Henrik Ibsen play about Dr. Stockmann, a man who finds contaminated water in the town's baths.;;(An) Enemy of the People|En Folkefiende
;;Theodore J. Nottingham's The Curse of Cain asserts that this man fled to Japan, although his body was officially identified on the USS Montauk. Late in life, he was unwittingly helped by Peanuts Burroughs, although part of his plan was foiled by the incompetence of George Atzerodt. His meetings at the house of Mary Surratt resulted in her execution, and his other accomplices included Lewis Powell, a man thwarted by his victim's neck brace. Eventually killed by Boston Corbett at Garrett's Farm in Virginia, for 10 points, identify this actor who shouted "sic semper tyrannis" after assassinating Abraham Lincoln.;;(John) (Wilkes) Booth
;;This philosopher's last major work salutes "every fine genius" and "those who have added new sciences" over "fine society" in a section titled "Considerations by the Way." His position that "he who does a good deed is instantly ennobled" was later expanded into a work reflecting on a sermon about how "the wicked are successful" and "the good are miserable," "Compensation." He wrote that "new views are ... but the very oldest of thoughts" in an 1842 work named for his school of philosophy, and also wrote an essay which advises "Trust thyself." For 10 points, name this transcendentalist, the author of philosophical essays like "Experience," "Nature" and "Self-Reliance.".;;(Ralph) (Waldo) Emerson
;;On its southern border lie the Tumuc-Humac Mountains as well as the Sipaliwini River, but this country has disputed ownership of land southwest of Kayser Mountains and the Courantyne River, which also forms its western border. In the northeast, bauxite mines populated the city of Moengo, near Albina; those cities, with Benzdorp, lie within the Marowijne district with the Maroni river to its east, while other large districts include Saramacca and Brokopondo, which contains Lake W.J. Blommenstein and the country's namesake river, as well as part of the Wilhelmina Range, home to the highest peak, Juliana Top. For 10 points, name this South American country with capital at Paramaribo on the Caribbean coast, formerly known as Dutch Guiana.;;(Republiek) Suriname|(Republic) (of) Suriname
;;The middle section of this work draws briefly from the composer's once-thought-to-be-destroyed Messe solennelle, and uses an oboe and an English horn to represent a franz des vaches. One section of this work was adapted from a march in the composer's earlier Les Francs Juges, and concludes with funeral bells tolling a parody of the Dies Irae. In its fourth movement, plucked strings represent a severed head skipping to the ground after the falling of a guillotine. At its premiere, its composer handed out a program describing this work's recurring idee fixe. Containing sections like "Reveries-Passions," "A Ball," and "Dream of a Witches' Sabbath," for 10 points, name this symphony by Hector Berlioz.;;Symphonie Fantastique|Fantasy Symphony(;)|(An) Episode in the Life of the Artist
;;One punishment given to this god involved plucking out his hair and removing his nails, and he also had to provide 1000 tables of tribute to the other gods. This figure tested his future son-in-law by forcing him to retrieve an arrow from a burning field and sleep in a room of scorpions.  His daughter Suseri-Hime ran away with Okuni-Nushi after his hair was tied to the roof. After he turned the only surviving daughter of an elderly couple into a comb, he defeated an eight-headed dragon and obtained the sword Kusangi.  After he threw a flayed horse through the ceiling of his sister's sewing room, he was banished to Izumo For 10 points, name this brother of Amaterasu, the Shinto god of storms.;;Susanoo(-)o(-)no(-)Mikoto
;;One form of this phenomenon can be modeled with a hierarchical model developed by Haldane and Haperin.  When plotted against the chemical potential and another value, the integer version of it colors Hofstadter's Butterfly.  Dan Tsui and Horst Stromer won a Nobel Prize for analyzing a variant of this where multiple particles are in motion.  The fractional form produces narrower plateaus than the integer form, the latter of which involves Chern numbers.  As a result of this effect, discovered in the inversion layer of a MOSFET by Klaus von Klitzing, the elementary charge, filling factor and Planck's constant determine its namesake's conductivity.  For 10 points, name this effect from physics, whose classical analog describes the perpendicular voltage generated by applying an electric current perpendicular to a magnetic field.;;Quantum Hall (Effect)
;;One character in this novel tells a lengthy story about losing his virginity to a devout old woman before faking a fall in front of a "beauty of the first water."  The protagonist of this novel is made to trample on the stomach of a pregnant woman by an American soldier, and watches a woman squirting breast milk into a cup during a tea ceremony. After the stuttering protagonist starts attending university, he befriends the club-footed Kashiwagi. The protagonist repeats the koan "If you meet the Buddha in the road, kill him" after becoming an acolyte of the title structure. For 10 points, name this novel in which Mizoguchi burns down the beautiful title structure, a work by Yukio Mishima.;;(The) Temple of the Golden Pavilion|Kinkaku(-)ji
;;Barry Lopez explored the role of these animals among several cultures in Of [Them] and Men.  The Navajo word mai-cob meant both witch and this animal, with witches dressing up as them to rob graves.  Although the "everyday religion" of the Shoshoni worshiped Tam Apo, their mythology viewed this animal as the supervisor of the world.  The people of Gubbio ended up mourning of these animals following its interaction with a certain saint, and in Norse mythology, a giantess from the Iron Wood gave birth to two of them, and another pair of them named Geri and Freki belonged to Odin.  For 10 points, name this animal exemplified in Norse mythology by Hati, Skoll and Fenrir.;;Wolf|Wolves
;;One type of this technique is beneficial because of the higher signals produced, the so-called Jacquinot Advantage. Another form of this technique, developed from techniques used in NMR, uses picosecond-long exposures to track dynamics, the so-called two dimensional or color-correlated form of it.  Samples can either be ground into a nonvolatile mull of nujol or spread across a pair of salt plates. In this technique, higher stretching frequencies tend to correspond to bonds to lighter elements like hydrogen, and one part of it is the group frequency region.  Containing the fingerprint region, for 10 points, name this type of spectroscopy that uses electromagnetic radiation with longer wavelengths than visible light.;;IR (Spectroscopy)|Infrared (Spectroscopy)
;;A classification system for this region was developed by Hirayama, while one of the most prominent components of this region probably spawned Diogenites and Eucrites, two HED meteorites.  The Griquas, located here, are characterized by an unusually slow and eccentric orbit, much like another component of this region, the Alindas.  Some prominent features in this region arise due to orbital resonances such as 2:1 and 7:2 with a nearby object.  The recently launched Dawn spacecraft will be landing on its two most massive objects, including the V-type object, Vesta.  The largest object in this body was discovered in 1801 by Giuseppe Piazzi and is known as Ceres.  Also containing the Near Earth objects and Kirkwood Gaps, for 10 points, name this area of the solar system between Mars and Jupiter.;;Asteroid Belt
;;This author wrote about an aged woman who tells stories about Danko, who tears his heart from his chest in a forest, and Larra, who becomes unable to die after killing a young girl, in "Old Izergil." This author's first play focuses on the expelled student Pyotr and his sister Tanya, who are oppressed by their father Vassily. Besides that play, which is variously translated as The Petty Bourgeois and The Philistines, this author wrote a play about the truth-telling Bubnov and the locksmith Kleshch, which is set in a boarding house run by Vassilissa and the landlord Kostylyov. For 10 points, name this Russian author who pioneered socialist realism in his novel Mother and wrote The Lower Depths.;;(Maxim) Gorky|(Aleksey) (Maksimovich) Peshkov
;;The speaker of one poem in this collection asserts that "The tree of man was never quiet," and compares wind blowing through woods to the "gale of life" which affected an ancient Roman. Another poem in this collection recalls "the happy highways where" the speaker "went / and cannot come again" after asking "What are those blue remembered hills, / What spires, what farms are those?" This collection includes a poem which ends "I cheer a dead man's sweetheart / Never ask me whose," "Is my team ploughing," and begins with a poem about the Golden Jubilee of Queen Victoria, "From Clee to heaven the beacon burns." Including "When I was one-and-twenty" and "To an athlete dying young," for 10 points, name this poetry collection by A. E. Housman.;;A Shropshire Lad
;;This organization's secret laws, Adeplhon Kruptos, were revised by its secretary Charles Litchman. That secrecy caused it to be known as the "Society of the Five Stars." This organization's General Investigator, Leonora Barry, helped recruit its members, and its motto was "an injury to one is the concern of all." One of its leaders was a former mayor of Scranton, and organized the Great Southwest Railroad Strike. Its membership declined after many of its members joined the American Federation of Labor. For 10 points, name this Noble and Holy Order led by Grand Master Workmen such as Uriah Stevens and Terence Powderly.;;Knights of Labor
;;This thinker described a frog repeatedly shooting its tongue at a fly blocked by a glass panel to illustrate "syncretic structures," which contrast with "amovable structures." One of his works describes a mouse in an art museum more affected by cookie crumbs than Velasquez paintings. He argued that rejecting Marxism means rejecting all meaning in history in Humanism and Terror. This author of The Structure of Behavior and The Visible and Invisible adapted the ideas of Husserl for his assertion that bodily experience informs consciousness. For 10 points, name this French philosopher, who coined the term existentialism and wrote The Phenomenology of Perception.;;(Maurice) Merleau(-)Ponty
;;This song was the artist's first single since 1969's "For What It's Worth", and it was succeeded as number on the on the Billboard charts by the Theme from "Shaft". One character in this song is given a ride to Memphis and filled with a hot meal; that character has a smooth southern style but is not seen for a while. One character in this song makes a living by preaching gospel and selling bottles of Dr. Good, and it repeatedly notes that "every night the men would come around / and lay their money down". For 10 points, name this Cher song, whose protagonist was born in the wagon of a traveling show, for which she is subjected to the titular epithets.;;Gypsies(,) Tramps and Thieves
;;The Weber number is inversely proportional to this quantity, while one must correct for deviations in this quantity in circular matter using Tolman's delta. One method of measuring this quantity is the Wilhelmy plate method, and this quantity is zero at the critical point according to the Eotvos rule. Mass transfer due to this property is called the Marangoni effect, and one equation states that this is equal to the pressure difference divided by the sum of the inverses of the radii of curvature; that equation is named for Young and Laplace. Surfactants lower this value, which is responsible for tears of wine. FTP, name this property of liquids that allows bugs to walk across a lake.;;Surface Tension
;;The 3rd Book of the Lady's Banquet contains the first publication of any part of this work, whose latter portion may have been used for the ballet of the knights in its composer's opera Amadigi. Usually grouped into a suite in F featuring horns, followed by suites showcasing trumpets and flutes respectively, it opens with a French overture featuring two solo violins. Its nineteen sections include a Riguadon, two Bourees, and three Hornpipes, or sailor's dances. It drew two encores at its outdoor premiere, for which the Prince of Wales was absent. For 10 points, name this set of instrumental works by George Friedrich Handel, first performed in 1717 for King George on a barge sailing up the Thames River.;;Water Music
;;This novel parodies Freudianism in a chapter about the protagonist's dream of holding a live fish in his hands. In this novel's final chapter, the protagonist realizes why a prostitute often beat his ex-roommate over the head with a shoe. It satirizes McCarthyism in a chapter about the Great Loyalty Oath Crusade, and in its chapter "The Eternal City," the protagonist realizes the title means that "they have a right to do anything that you can't stop them from doing." This novel's protagonist sleeps with Luciana, Nurse Duckett, and the wife of General Scheisskopf, and runs away to Sweden after the death of Snowden causes him to oppose Colonel Korn and Colonel Cathcart. For 10 points, name this World War II novel about Yossarian by Joseph Heller.;;Catch(-)22
;;This being's posessions include his altar Samantacakpaka, his arrow Naga-Pasa, and his sword Asi, and he is sometimes depicted wearing a black antelope skin. This god became so angry at the Four Munis, who were praying rather than doing their work, that he created Rudra. The Ramayana claims that this being was originally a boar, and one story tells of how he lusted for Sandhya after the birth of Kama, despite Sandhya being his daughter. This god, who sprouted additional heads so he could look at his wife, may have emerged from the Narayana, a golden egg. He rides Hansa the goose and his consort is Sarisvati. For 10 points, name this Hindu good associated with creation.;;Brahma
;;This psychologist used a triangular diagram to explain the acquisition of complex behaviors. He used the concept of "delayed matching" to critique the limits of behaviorism. Works of his such as Social Foundations of Thought and Action laid out his theory that the environment and behavior influence each other, reciprocal determinism. A pioneer in the fields of self-control therapy and modeling therapy, he conducted an experiment involving children who were more aggressive after watching a woman shout "sockeroo!" and punch a toy. For 10 points, name this psychologist who performed the Bobo doll experiment.;;(Albert) Bandura
;;For Langmuir isotherms the isosteric enthalpy of adsorption can be determined using an equation named after this man. That equation can be derived using the Gibbs-Helmholtz equation, and relates the rate of change of the equilibrium constant as a function of temperature. The fact that the chemical potential of a solvent must be equal on each side of a membrane is used to derive another equation named after this man, used to calculate the osmotic pressure of dilute solutions. FTP, name this Dutch scientist, whose namesake factor describes the dissociation of solutes that are important in colligative properties, and who in 1901 was the winner of the first Nobel Prize in Chemistry.;;(Jacobus) (Henricus) van't Hoff
;;Near the beginning of this novel the protagonist is woken by a 7 a.m. bugle call, and not served breakfast because he is suffering from a toothache. This novel is broken into four sections, the First, Second, and Third Hearing, and The Grammatical Fiction. This work never explicitly mentions the Soviet Union, and Stalin is alluded to by the totalitarian leader "Number One". The protagonist develops a code that he taps on the wall in order to communicate with his neighbor, the occupant of cell number 402. When it is deemed Ivanov is being too soft in interrogating the protagonist, he is replaced by Gletkin, who has the hare-lipped Keiffer testify against the protagonist. For 10 points, name this novel about the imprisonment and eventual execution of Rubashov, a work by Arthur Koestler.;;(*) Darkness at Noon
;;Separated from another polity on the west by the largest gulf named after a Bonaparte, islands off the coast of this territory include Melville Island, Bathurst Island, and Groote Eylandt. The southwestern part of this polity contains a formation of 36 weathered rocks called the Olgas. The Katherine River flows southwest to the Daly River, and other rivers in this polity include the Finke River and the Todd River, the latter of which disappears into the Simpson Desert. The MacDonnell Ranges are a system of mountains here and contain an alluvial plain in which its second-largest city, Alice Springs, is located. Also containing Uluru, or Ayers Rock, for 10 points, name this Australian territory that has its capital at Darwin.;;Northern Territory
;;In one work in this genre, Chief Cocomel protects the Lunareja, and the title character is defeated by Juan Sin Ropa. In another work in this genre, Leandro Galvan becomes the guardian of Fabio Caceres, a waif who is willed a ranch by the title character. In addition Hilario Ascasubi's poem Santos Vega and Ricardo Guiraldes's novel Don Segundo Sombra, another work in this genre focuses on a payador who deserts from the army with Sargeant Cruz and loses a singing contest to a black man. Incorporating the language of the pampas, for 10 points, name this genre of Argentine literature exemplified by Jose Hernandez's poem Martin Fierro, which describes the rural life of the title people.;;gaucho (literature)
;;This anatomical structure is involved in the Jod-Basedow and Wolff-Chaikoff effects. The gene Pax8 is required for the formation of its follicular cells, and antibodies are produced against its namesake peroxidase enzyme in an autoimmune disease named for Hashimoto. The iodination of tyrosine is involved in creating its namesake hormones, deficiencies of which in newborns can lead to cretinism. Found on the ventral surface of the trachea, this bi-lobed structure produces calcitonin. For 10 points, name this gland, an enlarged version of which is associated with Graves' disease, and is known as a goiter.;;thyroid gland
;;The Bejart sisters acted lead roles in many plays by this author. In one of this author's plays, the daughters of Gorgibus spurn the advances of La Grange and Du Croisy, but fall in love with their valets. In another, the title character delivers a long dialogue of nonsense Latin to prove his learning, and examines Lucinde after being beaten with sticks. This playwright wrote about Magdelon and Cathos in The Pretentious Young Ladies, and Sganarelle in The Doctor in Spite of Himself, and created the hypochondriac Argan for The Imaginary Invalid. He also wrote a play about Alceste's hatred of hypocrisy. For 10 points, name this French playwright of The Bourgeois Gentleman and The Misanthrope.;;Moliere|(Jean(-)Baptiste) Poquelin
;;In the first act of this opera, one character asks his wife for a meal after singing "Rallalala, rallalala, Hunger ist der beste Koch." Its second act ends with the Dream Pantomime, in which fourteen angels descend from a ladder to protect the main characters. In the third act, the antagonist sings "Hurr, hopp, hopp, hopp" after discovering the title characters, who are awakened by the Dewman. This opera's Hexenritt represents the ride of the antagonist, who enchants the children of Peter the Broomman after they sing the Gingerbread Waltz. Climaxing with the explosion of the Witch in an oven, for 10 points, name this opera by Engelbert Humperdinck based on a German fairy tale.;;Hansel and Gretel|Hansel und Gretel
;;This man won a series of battles against the Rugians but did not annex their lands. This man came to power after the clamoring of Scirian and Torcilingi mercenaries were denied land demands, and at Piacenza this figure captures the Roman general Flavius Orestes. This man declared submission to Emperor Zeno, who later saw him as a rival and accused him of aiding the revolt of Illus. This man lost battles at Aquileia and the Adda River, and his greatest rival killed him at a banquet that followed the Siege of Ravenna. Eventually killed by Theodoric the Great, for 10 points, name this Germanic leader who ended the Western Roman Empire by deposing Romulus Augustulus.;;Odoacer|Odovacar
;;He quoted Aeschylus's line that "I say the dead slay the living" in his collection The Incomparable Earth, and his notable translations include those of Moliere's Tartuffe and e.e. cummings. His early works, first published in the journal Solaria, include "Vento a Tindari" and "Vicolo", part of his first collection Water and Land. First coming to international attention with And Suddenly It's Evening, one of his poems was set by Elliot Carter in Tempo e Tempi along with works of his compatriots Ungaretti and Montale; that work was the titular poem of his 1932 collection The Sunken Oboe. For 10 points, name this Italian hermeticist who shares a name with the bell-ringer from The Hunchback of Notre Dame.;;(Salvatore) Quasimodo
;;In his journal, this character calls himself a "paranoiac in reverse" who suspects "people of plotting to make [him] happy." At the age of twelve, he throws a rock at Charlotte because of how beautiful she looks sitting in a driveway. As a seven year old, he asks his family to send him the complete works of Tolstoy, the Gayatri Prayer, and Don Quixote in a letter from camp, titled "Hapworth 16, 1924." This character dubs his wife Muriel "Miss Spiritual Tramp of 1948" in a short story about his conversation with Sybil Carpenter. His wedding is the subject of Raise High the Roof Beam, Carpenters. For 10 points, name this character who commits suicide in "A Perfect Day for Bananafish," created by J.D. Salinger.;;Seymour Glass
;;This artist chose Nikias to paint many of his works. The Leconfield Head and the Aberdeen Head are attributed to this artist, who was trained by his father Cephisodotus. This artist used the courtesan Phyrne as a model for many of his works, which include the Marathon Boy. He sculpted a god standing next to a tree being climbed by a lizard in his statue Apollo Sauroktonos. According to Pliny, he scuplted a nude goddess for the town of Kos, as well as a statue of an infant being held by the messenger of the gods. For 10 points, name this ancient Greek sculptor of the Aphrodite of Cnidus and Hermes Carrying the Infant Dionysus.;;Praxiteles
;;In one account, this figure died after a group of handmaidens dressed as the Furies and hung her from a tree; in that account, she was driven from her home by Nicostratus and found refuge with Tlepolemus and Polyxo. In another story, Hermes created an image of this woman out of clouds while she took refuge in Egypt. Her daughter Hermione later married Neoptolemous, and this daughter of Tyndareus was rescued by the Dioscuri after Pirithous and Theseus attempted to kidnap her. Born from an egg laid by swan, FTP, name this husband of Menelaus and daughter of Zeus and Leda, who's kidnapping by Paris began the Trojan War.;;Helen (of) (Troy)
;;Applying an inversion to this figure gives the Dupin cyclide, and the systole and area of one of these figures is related by Loewner's inequality. The Weyl group can be defined as the normalizer of a group isomorphic to one of these figures, modulo the centralizer of said group. A compact Lie Group has a maximal one of these, and the standard one of these requires seven colors to color according to the Heawood conjecture. Double and triple ones of these have more than one handle, and N-dimensional ones are the direct product of a circle with itself n times. FTP, name this shape important in topology which is homeomorphic to the coffee cup and is shaped like a donut.;;Torus
;;The idea for work's fifth movement came from it's composer's unpublished Fetes des belles eaux. Its third movement requires notes to be sustained from ppp to fff to create the effect of an abyss. In this piece's first movement, the cello repeats a fifteen-note melody of five pitches while the violin and clarinet respectively imitate a nightingale and blackbird. Performers of this piece imitate gongs and trumpets in its sixth movement, a "Dance of Fury." Ending with a movement titled "Praise to the immortality of Jesus," it represents an apocalyptic angel who comes to announce the title event. First premiered at Stalag 8A near the POW camp of Gorlitz, for 10 points, name this quartet by Olivier Messiaen.;;Quartet for the End of Time|Quatuor pour la fin du temps
;;One criticism of this theory by Buchanan stated that if it were true, the public would be completely indifferent to an unfunded pension system. One formulation of it stated that families are infinite dynasties with intergenerational altruism in order to support it, but that work was criticized by Martin Feldstein due to its ignorance of population growth. Its modern form was proposed in the article "Are Government Bonds Net Wealth", but it was first proposed in the article "Essay on the Funding System", but then later retracted. Sometimes also named for Robert Barro, FTP, name this theory that states the change in demand is the same whether a government finances itself with debt or taxes, named for the author of The High Price of Bullion and proponent of comparative advantage.;;Barro(-)Ricardian (equivalence)|Barro(-)Ricardo (equivalence) (proposition)
;;This ruler was strongly influenced by Pierre Dubois's "De recuperatione Terrae Sanctae," and enacted heavy reparations on Flanders after winning the Battle of Mons-en-Pevele. His marriage to Joan of Navarre added Brie and Champagne to his domains, and in a bid for popular support, he summoned the three estates to meet in the first Estates-General. This king expelled the Jews from France, and burned Unam Sanctum during his feud with Boniface VIII. He orded the burning of Jacques de Molay at the stake, and appointed Clement V to begin the Avignon papacy. For 10 points, name this Capetian monarch who crushed the Knights Templar, known for his dashing good looks.;;Philip IV (of) (France)|Philip the Fair(;)|Philip le Bel
;;Fischer and Schutzhold developed a simulation of this process in a Bose-Einstein condensate. This process' original formulation relied on bubble nucleation, which lead to the "graceful exit" problem; Steinhardt addressed that issue with the "slow-roll" variety of this process. A chaotic version of this process would result in fractal structuring and was proposed to be still continuing according to Linde.  Proposed to solve the flatness, horizon, and monopole problems, evidence for this process includes the existence of anisotropies in the cosmic microwave background. FTP, name this process proposed by Alan Guth, in which the universe expanded very rapidly after the big bang.;;(Cosmic) inflation
;;This artist was commissioned by the Comte de Blacas to create many works, including one that depicts the male title figure riding a hippogriff, and another in which Francis I is shown bending over the title artist. Besides Roger Freeing Angelica and The Death of Leonardo da Vinci, this artist incorporated a figure from his painting The Valpincon Bather into a scene of nude women in a harem, The Turkish Bath. This artist's title figures include an author being crowned with a laurel wreath by Nike, and a woman on a blue couch holding a peacock feather fan, which does not cover her two additional vertebrae. For 10 points, name this French painter of The Apotheosis of Homer and La Grande Odalisque.;;(Jean) (Auguste) (Dominique) Ingres
;;Fictional treatises described in this work include History of Styles in Sixteenth-Century Lute Music and an essay comparing the horoscopes of Goethe and Spinoza. Its protagonist expresses admiration for the Swabian theologian Johann Albrecht Bengel while studying at the monastery of Mariafels with the Benedictine monk Father Jacobus. This novel represents Nietzsche as Fritz Tegularius, and Thomas Mann as Thomas van der Trave. The protagonist dies by drowning after overseeing the synthesis of mathematics, art, and music by inhabitants of Castalia. For 10 points, name this novel in which Joseph Knecht becomes the Master of the titular pursuit, written by Hermann Hesse.;;(The) Glass Bead Game|(Das) Glasperlenspiel(;)|Magister Ludi
;;This country's central region is dominated by the Bie plateau, and major cities include Luena, Malanje, and Uiga. Major ethnic groups include the Kimbundu and Makongo. The Cunene forms a southern border of this country, while the Kasai and Kwango rivers form part of the boundary with its neighbor to the north. Huambo and Namibe are other large cities, and after achieving independence in 1975, it collapsed into a bloody and lengthy civil war between the pro-Soviet MPLA and the US-backed UNITA separatists. For 10 points, name the African country that has been at fragile peace since 2002 while also struggling to maintain control of Cabinda, with a capital at Luanda.;;Angola
;;This author's lesser-known works include a monograph on Raymond Lully's Ars magna generalis and a technical article on the possibility of improving chess by eliminating one of the rook pawns. He transposed Le Cimitiere Marin into alexandrines and wrote an invective against its author, Paul Valery, but other of his poems were withheld by Madame Henri Bachelier. This author's line "truth, the mother of history" is "almost infinitely richer" than the same line written by a seventeenth century author, because it adds to the "art of reading" the technique of "deliberate anachronism." For 10 points, name this fictional author who attempts to rewrite Don Quixote in a short story by Jorge Luis Borges.;;(Pierre) Menard
;;The Corey-Bakshi-Shibata catalyst contains a toluene molecule bound to one of these atoms, and the reducing agent L-selectride contains lithium and this element. Acids of this element react with alkyl halides in the Suzuki coupling, and complexes of this element adopt closo, nido, and arachno configurations according to Wade's rules. 9-BBN contains this element, and another reaction that uses it was developed by Herbert Brown and is a counterpart to oxymercuration that violates Markovnikov's rule. FTP, name this electron deficient element whose sodium hydride is a common reducing agent, with atomic number 5 and symbol B.;;Boron
;;To set its goals, this meeting appointed a five-member committee, which included Nathan Dane and Chauncey Goodrich. Theodore Lyman wrote a short account of this meeting, which proposed a series of amendments, including one preventing presidents from being elected from the same state in successive terms. Its secretary was Timothy Dwight, and it was contemporaneous with Governor Caleb Strong's secret peace mission. George Cabot presided over this meeting, which was instigated by discontent with the Non-Intercourse Act and the War of 1812. For 10 points, name this 1814-1815 convention which ruined the Federalist Party, and discussed New England's secession from the United States.;;Hartford (Convention)
;;The actor who plays this character grew up in Macon Georgia, and studied theater at the University of Evansville, before performing at improvOlympic and Second City. That actor's first break into show business came when he performed as a waiter at the country club in two episodes of Arrested Development, and he performs a two-man show with Paul Scheer. The character, on the other hand, grew up on a pig farm in Stone Mountain, Georgia, and graduated from Kentucky Mountain Bible College, where he studied television theory. He has an ongoing feud with a character portrayed by Paul Scheer named Donnie, who is the head of the NBC pages. For 10 points, name this lovable yokel portrayed by Jack McBrayer on the series 30 Rock.;;Kenneth (Parcell)|Kenneth (the) (Page)
;;One character in this novel declares "a man that is born falls into a dream," and advises the protagonist to submit "to the destructive element." The narrator remarks that the protagonist is either "too interesting or too unfortunate" to collect guano with Chester and Robinson. Its title character wins an important military victory against Sharif Ali with the aid of Tamb'Itam, but is later betrayed by Gentleman Brown. Based on the account of the Jeddah, this novel climaxes with the willingness of the title character to be shot by Doramin for the death of Dain Waris in Patusan. Narrated by Marlow, for 10 points, name this novel about a sailor who abandons the sinking ship Patna, written by Joseph Conrad.;;Lord Jim
;;These cells are infected in Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia. Belimumab is used to inhibit the growth of these cells, which express TNF receptor superfamily 17 genes when mature and requires Pax5 expression for differentiation. These cells express CD20 throughout their lifetimes, and use somatic hypermutation in one important process, which also sees a recombination between V, D and J exons of a certain gene cluster. They are partitioned into plasma and memory types, and are usually activated by helper-T cells in response to an infection. Usually produced in the bone marrow, FTP, name these antibody-producing lymphocytes, the basis for humoral immunity.;;B (cells)
;;In contemporary politics, this country's far right has seen such groups as MIEP, a break off of the Smallholder's Party. Historically, fascists in this country included the Palffy and Mesko-led "Green Shirts", but more successful was a revolt raised by the publishers of "Ten Commandments of the Storm Troopers", the Scythe Cross, which took power east of the Tisza and was led by Zoltan Boszomeny. This country's fascists' dreams were realized with the Vienna Concessions, including the Arrow Cross Party of Ferenc Szalasi, who led this nation after the Nazi-enforced deposing of its long-time "regent", Miklos Horthy. The revision of the Treaty of Trianon was a major issue in, for 10 points, what country, a former partner in the dual monarchy with Austria?.;;(Republic) (of) Hungary|Magyarorszag
;;He held a game in honor of Consus, and was once betrayed by Tarpeia before a climactic battle. He ruled jointly with Titus Tatius before disappearing in a storm, and in his youth he was fed by a woodpecker named Picus. Raised by Acca Larentia and Faustulus, he helped restore Numitor by deposing Amulius and later perpetrated the rape of the Sabine women. He committed his most famous action after seeing twelve vultures as an omen, and was later deified as Quirinius. For 10 points, name this son of Rhea Silvia and Mars, who as a baby was flowed along the river Tiber until he was found by a she-wolf, the murderer of his brother Remus.;;Romulus
;;This author wrote about his friendship with Panamanian dictator Omar Torrijos in Getting to Know the General. Ida Arnold and the gangster Pinkie Brown investigate the murder of Hale in a novel by this author named for a type of candy. He wrote a novel about the love triangle between Thomas Fowler, a Vietnamese woman named Phuong, and Alden Pyle, and a novel about James Wormold, who passes off vacuum designs as top-secret intelligence. Besides Brighton Rock, The Quiet American, and Our Man in Havana, he also wrote about a "whiskey priest" captured and killed in Mexico. For 10 points, name this British author of The Heart of the Matter and The Power and the Glory.;;(Graham) Greene
;;In one of this composer's works, an allegro vivo theme represents a green coat and red shoes being made on a poplar branch. This composer wrote an opera about the exiled Bohu, who returns to his father in Paris, called The Jacobin, as well as symphonic variations on "The Fiddler." This composer's piano music includes two sets of Silhouettes and a cycle of Humoresques, and he composed a widely performed cello concerto in B minor. This composer's fourth piano trio is known as "Dumky," and he incorporated the spiritual "Goin' Home" in a symphony that used the pentatonic scale and snap rhythms to represent Native Americans. For 10 points, name the composer of the American string quartet the symphony From the New World.;;(Antonin) Dvorak
;;In 1684, sailors on the vessel Bachelour's Delight visited these islands, then partly named after Sebald de Weert. One member of that boat trip mistakenly identified an island in this group as Pepys Island, and Frenchmen called these islands after their hometown in Brittany, also home to Jacques Cartier. Early settlements on these islands included Port Louis and Port Egmont. The name of commander Miguel Quimaraez de Luna's beloved pet macaw was the source of the Jason Islands, located to the northwest of the two main islands. Mount Usborne is the highest peak in these islands, and Berkeley Sound is to the north of the capital city, serviced by Point Pleasant Airport and once known as Puerto Argentino. For 10 points, name these islands with capital at Port Stanley, source of a 1980's war.;;(Las) (Islas) Malvinas|Falkland (Islands)
;;One procedure that uses this technique calculates the target score of the second-batting team in an interrupted cricket match, while another is used for finding the maximum likely path in a Hidden Markov model. In addition to the Duckworth-Lewis method and the Viterbi algorithm, its also used to evaluate B-spline curves in De Boor's algorithm. The optimality condition for this procedure is given by Bellman's equation, and its more famously used in the Needleman-Wunsch sequence alignment algorithm and to find the longest common substring of a set of strings. This technique also relies on optimal substructure and recursion. FTP, name this programming technique that divides a problem into a set of subproblems.;;Dynamic Programming
;;In one poem, this author wrote that "to say would be to sing," "a frown would be a smile," and november would be may" if "seventy were young and death uncommon." This poet wrote about "four lean hounds crouched low and smiling" who hunt a "horse of gold / into the silver dawn" in a poem beginning "all in green went my love riding." He described people who "masturbate with dynamite" and "shake the mountains when they dance" in "the boys I mean are not refined," and wrote about a soldier who responds to torture by repeating "there is some shit I will not eat" in a poem collected in ViVa, "I sing of Olaf glad and big." For 10 points, name this American poet of "anyone lived in a pretty how town," whose poetry is marked by irregular stanzas and unusual grammar.;;(Edward) (Estlin) Cummings
;;One conflict involving this nation saw the taking of Mannerplaw and the capture of Khun Sa. In another conflict, an attack on Negrais led to rise of a dynasty ruled by Hsinbyushin and Bodawpaya. An Anti-Fascist People's Freedom League resisted Japanese rule here after being trained by them. Alaungpaya founded its Konbaung dynasty at Ava after a Mon rebellion toppled the Toungoo, which had been led by king Bayinnaung. Khin Nyunt held the leadership of an organization founded by General Saw Maung in this nation, SLORC, and early kingdoms here include Arakan and Pagan. For 10 points, name this polity once ruled by the regime of Ne Win, currently home to Nobelist Aung San Suu Kyi, who is held under house arrest in Yangon.;;(Union) (of) Myanmar(;)|Burma
;;This city is the subject of a chronicle written in the mid-15th century by Burkhart Zink and in 1084 and 1088, this city's bishop Siegfried, was twice deposed when it was taken by Welf of Bavaria. One controversy in this city was the result of the nepotistic appointment of Aaldbero as bishop here by his uncle, who is, along with Afra, the patron saint of this city, Ulrich. Ulrich organized the defense of this city during a siege which was prompted by the Liutpoldings, Liudolf and Conrad, though that siege ended with Otto I's victory at Lechfeld, in 955. This city lends its name to a 1548 "Interim" peace proposal of Charles V, and to another agreement which established "cuius regio, eius religio". For 10 points, name this city, which was the site of a "Confession" authored by Philip Melanchthon, which defined Lutheranism.;;Augsburg
;;In one role, this actress plays a character who falls in love with army officer Gian Singh, and in another role she plays the lead in Kaare Andrews' version of Sleeping Beauty. In addition to those roles in Partition and Dream Princess, she played Laurel, a student at McKinley High School, in the teen drama Edgemont. Her most recent role sees her battling characters played by Taboo and Michael Clark Duncan, while she stars opposite Tom Welling in a series that has seen her character marry Michael Rosenbaum's Lex Luthor. FTP, name this Canadian actress who portrays the title character in Street Fighter: The Legend of Chun-Li and Lana Lang on Smallville.;;(Kristen) Kreuk
;;This man stated that contractions in money income are almost always caused by a decrease in velocity in his The Veil of Money, and one of his ideas was criticized by Public choice theorists because it relied on the intervention of a benevolent despot. Michael Kalecki criticized one concept named for this man, which states that during times of deflation, employment and economic output increase due to a rise in the real balance of wealth. His most famous idea was published in Wealth and Welfare, and was criticized in "The Problem of Social Cost" by Coase. FTP, name this welfare economist, whose namesake taxes are used to stop market failure by correcting for negative externalities.;;(Arthur) Pigou
;;One of this musician's works includes Thad Jones playing a "Pop Goes the Weasel" solo, and was arranged by "Wild Bill" Davis. He first joined Walter Page's Blue Devils, and employed Joe Williams for the standard "Every Day I Have the Blues," and Frank Foster for the tenor sax riff in "Shiny Stockings." This musician originated a piece first called "Blue Ball" that includes a twelve-bar blues tune arranged by Eddie Durham. He formed a band featuring the dueling soloists Herschel Evans and Lester Young, his Barons of Rhythm, and later led his namesake orchestra. For 10 points, name this jazz pianist of "Taxi War Dance," "April in Paris," and "One O' Clock Jump.".;;(William) (Count) Basie
;;This president signed an immigration act written by Congressmen Johnson and Reed, which created a two percent "national origins quota system." This president twice vetoed the McNary-Haugen Bill, and created the Federal Radio Commission, a precursor to the FCC. During his time in office, Congress passed two Revenue Acts designed by his Secretary of the Treasury, Andrew Mellon. He gained national fame by asserting "There is no right to strike against the public safety" during the Boston police strike, which occurred during his term as Governor of Massachusetts. For 10 points, name this Republican who defeated John W. Davis in the election of 1924, who was succeeded in office by Herbert Hoover.;;(Calvin) Coolidge
;;This metal is coordinated to four ammonia groups and  two water molecules in a reagent that is used to dissolve cellulose and is named of Schweizer, while another solution containing it is an alternative to Tollen's reagent that tests for only alipathic aldehydes. One solution that contains this metal is used to find monosaccharides and reducing sugars in solution by creating a brick-red precipitate. In addition to Fehling's solution and Benedict's reagent, this metal is the central atom in a reagent used to make 1-4 additions to unsaturated ketones named for Gilman. Its also found in azurin and cytochrome c proteins. FTP, name this metal often found in wire and whose +2 ion appears blue in solution, with atomic number 29 and symbol Cu.;;Copper
;;Jean Sibelius composed incidental music to this author's fairy tale Swanwhite. One of this author's plays ends with the image of Bocklin's painting The Isle of the Dead, while in another, Agnes is born to a glazier to disprove her immortal father's assertion that "Complaining is their mother tongue." This playwright wrote about the Captain, who dies of a stroke after his miserable marriage to Alice, in The Dance of Death. Another of his plays is set on Midsummer Eve, and ends with Jean handing the title character a razor and telling her to commit suicide. For 10 points, name this playwright, the author of A Dream Play and Miss Julie.;;(August) Strindberg
;;Hans-Georg Gadamer argued that the ideal described in this work is heuristic in nature in an essay about this work's author "and the poets." Books six and seven of this work assert that knowledge is ultimately for the Good, which shines on intelligible essences like the sun. It asserts that love is "a tyrant" over man, and compares imaginative, real, intelligent, and abstract levels of thought to a line divided into four segments. In its first book, Thrasymachus describes justice as "the advantage of the stronger," while its seventh book likens people unaware of Forms to humans viewing shadows on the wall of a cave. For 10 points, name this Platonic dialogue that describes an ideal society.;;(The) Republic
;;One phase of these conflicts was sparked by the garrison of Neapolis, a response to the occupation of Fregellae on the Liris by the other side. After taking Apulia and Lucania, that side is defeated at Lautulae, leading them to adopt the Manipular formation. One of them began with the relief of Campania by taking Capua, and is interrupted by a victory at Trifanum and the Latin war, in which allegiances switched. In the second one, an army is trapped in a canyon, and its defeat led to its soldiers having to march under a yoke of their own spears. Leading to the construction of Via Appia, it saw the battle of Claudine Forks. For 10 points, name these 343 to 290 BC wars fought by the Romans against a mountainous Oscan tribe.;;Samnite (wars)
;;Rod Stewart was briefly lead vocalist for an early incarnation of this group. Within a few years, they had achieved success on both sides of the Atlantic with such singles as "Set Me Free." However, this was soon limited by an effective ban on performing in America, lasting until 1969. After charting some of their biggest hits, such as "Apeman," they began to experience a commercial drought, with Muswell Hillbillies and several rock operas, including Acts 1 and 2 of Preservation, performing poorly. They returned to form in the late '70's and early '80's with such albums as Give the People What They Want and Low Budget. For ten points, name this band of the British Invasion founded by the Davies brothers and known for such singles as "You Really Got Me" and "Lola.".;;(The) Kinks
;;One reaction with this eponym has products that follow the Anderson-Schulz-Flory distribution. Another reaction with this eponym is modified by first combining an aryl bromide and a hydrazone in one step, known as the Buchwald modification. Other reactions with this eponym include one that uses phenylhydrazines to distinguish between epimeric sugars, and one that uses a cyanohydrin to produce an oxazole. This name is given to a reflux of a carboxylic acid with an alcohol and strong acid, as well as a construct commonly used to represent sugars, a certain "projection". For 10 points, give this name shared by chemists Franz and Emil, which also names the most common esterification reaction.;;Fischer (Franz) (and) (Emil)
;;This poem uses the rivers Alpheus and Arethusa to bookmark a section criticizing those who "play lean and flashy songs" on "scrannel Pipes of wretched straw." In this poem, the god of the Cam river asks "Who hath reft...my dearest pledge?" before "the Pilot of the Galilean lake" denounces "Blind mouths!" who swell their listeners with wind instead of feeding them. At the end of this poem, a swain calls the title character "the Genius of the shore"after imploring "Look homeward Angel now, and melt with ruth." Foretelling "the ruin of our corrupted / Clergy then at their height," for 10 points, name this elegy on the drowning of Edward King, written by John Milton.;;Lycidas
;;One indentation on this body of water is the Gulf of Dunqunab, and az-Zuqar is one of the Hanish Islands found here. Farasan Island is a tourist destination in this body of water, and Ghabbi-Hu and other islands make up the Dahlak archipelago found here. In ancient times ports such as Adulis and Berenice were important sites here, and the Hala'ib Triangle is one disputed region located along this body of water. Ras Mohammed National Park is in the entrance to the Straits of Tiran, while Perim is located in the Bab el-Mandeb, which connects this body of water to the Indian Ocean. For 10 points, name this body of water whose indentations include the Gulfs of Suez and Aqaba, which separates the Mediterranean from the Indian Ocean.;;Red (Sea)|(Bahr) el(-)Ahmar
;;In one of this author's short stories, a motorcycle accident causes the narrator to dream that he is Chuang Tzu, a man about to be sacrificed on an Aztec altar. In addition to "The Night Face Up," this author wrote about a reader who is murdered by a character in the novel he is reading in "Continuity of Parks." He described a photographer who shoots a picture of a teenage boy being seduced by an older woman in "Las Babas del Diablo," the basis for Antonioni's film Blow-Up. In one of his novels, La Maga's disappearance in Paris causes Horacio Oliveira to return to Buenos Aires. For 10 points, name this Argentine author of a novel that allows the reader to jump between chapters, Hopscotch.;;(Julio) Cortazar
;;One of this thinker's works bashes Kant's development of the moral argument for God's existence as an outgrowth of an implicit belief in "the maxims he had imbibed at his mother's knee." This philosopher coined the phrase "sense-data" to describe different perceptions of a table, and considered the truth of the sentence "the King of France is bald" in his essay "On Denoting." This author of The Problems of Philosophy developed a theory of types to resolve a paradox about the set of all sets that are not members of themselves, which is named for him. For 10 points, name this author of Why I am Not a Christian, who cowrote Principia Mathematica along with Alfred North Whitehead.;;(Bertrand) Russell
;;The central figure of this work is depicted in the background of Alexander Moffat's painting Poets' Pub. Contemporary critics mocked the underarm hair and dirty appearance of this painting's central figure, who wears a Phrygian cap. It is similar to Schnetz's painting Combat de l'Hotel de Ville, and depicts the towers of Notre Dame in the distance, while its foreground portrays a fallen National Guardsman. It includes a man in a top hat carrying a gun and a boy brandishing two pistols. The title character is barefoot and bare-breasted, and is based on Marianne. For 10 points, name this painting whose title character holds up a flag over a barricade during the July Revolution, by Eugene Delacroix.;;(*) Liberty Leading the People|(La) (liberte) (guidant) (le) (peuple(;))|(Liberty) (on) (the) (Barricades)
;;According to the contemporary Meadows of Gold this man was reading a poem about death by Abu al-Atiyah at the time of his own death. After victories against the Byzantines, he forced Empress Irene to pay him an enormous tribute. One son of his burnt this man's succession decrees prompting the Battle of Rayy and in its aftermath Al-Ma'mun became caliph. This ruler destroyed the influence of the Barmakids. He may have gained fame in the West after sending a great envoy, complete with technologically advanced clocks and an enormous albino elephant, to the court of Charlemagne. For 10 points, name this Abbasid Caliph who ruled from 786-809 and has a name meaning "The Rightly Guided".;;(Harun) al(-)Rashid
;;This person wrote the novel The Notebooks of Captain George and the play Orvet. This director portrayed the struggles of the Texas sharecropper Sam Tucker in The Southerner, and adapted a Georges de la Fouchardiere novel into his film The Bitch. He focused on the resistance fighters Albert Lory and Louise Martin in The Land is Mine, and the actors of the commedia dell'arte in his The Golden Coach. In one of his films, the gamekeeper Schumacher kills the aviator Andre Jurieux in a greenhouse, and in another of his movies, the prisoners of war Marechal and Rosenthal escape into Switzerland. For 10 points, name this French director of The Rules of the Game and The Grand Illusion.;;(Jean) Renoir
;;The Codex Hermogenianus recorded precedents set during his rule, and during his reign, Carausius revolted and declared himself emperor of Britain and northern Gaul. His Edict on Maximum Prices was a failed attempt to curb inflation. Aristobulus defected from the forces of Carinus at The Battle of the Margus, the battle which made this man the successor to Numerian. He gave the general Maximian the title of Herculius, and the two campaigned against the Alamanni together. Later, he would adopt Galerius as successor and Maximian adopted Constantius, a division of power known as the Tetrarchy. For 10 points, name this Emperor who made four edicts that, until overturned by the Edict of Milan, established the Great Persecution of Christians.;;Diocletian
;;Martin Wight separated this theory from rationalism and revolutionism. This theory denies the importance of the second image in analyzing conflict. Alexander Wendt criticized this theory's definition of self-help in the article "Anarchy is what states make of it," while E. H. Carr favorably contrasted this theory with "utopianism" in The Twenty Years' Crisis. John Mearsheimer supports the "offensive" type of this theory, which asserts that states seek hegemony, while its "neo" version was introduced in Theory of International Politics by Kenneth Waltz. Supported by Hans Morgenthau, it asserts that states are self-interested, rational, and amoral. For 10 points, name this school of International Relations, often contrasted with liberalism.;;realism
;;One character in this play mentors the brilliant biologist Preston after establishing a research station in Antigua. In its penultimate act, Madeline Arnold watches her fiance win a yacht race. This play's main female character has an abortion after learning of the hereditary insanity running through her husband's family, and is devastated by the death of her fiancee Gordon Shaw in World War I. The main characters of this play speak their thoughts aloud in short soliloquies. It ends with Charlie Marsden marrying a woman who conceives a child with Dr. Ned Darrell instead of Sam Evans. For 10 points, name this play about Nina Leeds, a work by Eugene O'Neill named for the interval between the past and the future.;;Strange Interlude
;;In one tale, Erra threatens him when he neglects his duties, but conflict is averted by the priest Ishum. The "King of the Igigi", his weapons include Imhullu the tempest and the Abuba, the volcano. He rides a chariot pulled by Slayer, Pitiless, Racer and Flyer, and he was born as an adult with four eyes and four ears.  He split the Anunnaki into 300 to guard the sky and 600 to live on earth, and Marukka and Tutu are among the fifty names given him by Anshar. His mother was Damkina, and his father had earlier killed Mummu, and used a sleeping spell to kill Apsu. After Anu's failed peace-keeping attempt, he succeeds in killing Kingu and then seizes the Tablet of Destinies. Then he defeats Tiamat, using her to make the heavens and the earth. For 10 points, name this central figure of the Enuma Elish, the chief god of Babylonian mythology.;;Marduk
;;In one of this author's works, Lll leaves the narrator to marry the fish N'ba N'ga. In another, the narrator creates galaxies by playing marbles with hydrogen atoms. Those stores, "The Aquatic Uncle" and "Games Without End," are narrated by Qfwfq, who also narrates four stories in this author's collection t zero. This author's trilogy Our Ancestors ends with a novel about a suit of armor named Agilulf, The Nonexistant Knight. In another of this author's novels, the locations of Olinda, Zobeide, and Armilla are described by Marco Polo to Kubla Khan, while in yet another, you, the reader, pursue an international book fraud. For 10 points, name this author of Invisible Cities and If on a Winter's Night a Traveler.;;(Italo) Calvino
;;This composer featured three yodelers and four horns in Abendzauber for solo Baritone and Chorus, and one of his two Aequale for trombone trio was inspired by the death of his godmother, Rosalie Mayrhofer. Otto Kitzler's influence is present in this composer's Study Symphony in F minor, and the line "The mouth of the righteous instructor utters wisdom" opens another of his works set mostly in the Lydian mode. In addition to Os Justi, his choral works include a seven-part Ave Maria and a "Qui Tollis" from his E-minor requiem, both of which were quoted in Die Nullte, his Zeroth Symphony. For 10 points, name this Austrian composer whose Fourth Symphony is known as the "Romantic.".;;(Anton) Bruckner
;;One cause of this battle was the two day respite allowed in the blockade on Presque Island harbor. It was followed by the Battle of Longwoods, and one side was short both guns because they had previously been removed from Fort Amherstburg to be mounted on Commander Barclay's ships. When Procter's cannon failed to fire, many of his men fled to Burlington, leaving most of his men under Colonel Warburton to face American commanders like Isaac Shelby, Duncan McArthur, and Lewis Cass. Precipitated when Oliver Hazard Perry blockaded Detroit, it is named for an Ontario river. For 10 points, name this victory for William Henry Harrison in the War of 1812, during which Tecumseh was killed.;;(Battle) (of) (the) Thames|(Battle) (of) Moraviantown
;;One early method for this procedure was Fourier-Motzkin elimination, and the Hirsch conjecture provides an upper bound on the runtime of one method. Another method involves introducing slack variables and then manipulating the tableau through repeated pivoting.  Karmarkar's algorithm and other interior point methods are among the fastest solutions, and the ellipsoid algorithm was the first polynomial time algorithm for it. The cutting-plane method can be used to solve the integer variety, which is NP-hard but which can sometimes be approximated by examining the dual. Originally developed by Kantorovich to optimize plywood production, FTP, name this problem, efficiently solved using the simplex method, which calls for the optimization of a linear objective function given linear constraints.;;linear programming
;;The index, itself famous, of this book includes the entry "Cabbage brings heaviness to the soul," an example of how broadly the author interprets his remit in analyzing the title disposition. The love and religious varieties of that disposition are addressed in the third partition, where the author, a clergyman and bachelor, characteristically runs through a variety of kisses with a thicket of Latin quotations before breaking off with "What have I to do with this?" The second partition offers potential medical cures, ranging from change of diet to bloodletting - and as for the author, he admits that he wrote the book to remain busy and avoid it. Boswell wrote that this work brought Johnson to rise two hours early, while Keats proclaimed it his favorite book. The introduction contains a Latin poem dedicated to the book from Democritus Junior, the pseudonym under which it was published. For 10 points, name this Jacobean medical treatise, an analysis of depression by Robert Burton.;;(*) The Anatomy of Melancholy
;;*The main target of this event was involved in a controversial dispute over the control of a ship called the Porpoise and he had the former captain court marshaled, and that same man disrupted the barter economy in the region where it occurred by giving out free food to people who had been hurt by a recent flood. He was later found and captured by the people involved in this event, led by Major George Johnston, while he was cowering under his bed supposedly looking for missing papers, and a picture depicting his capture is considered the first political cartoon in the country in which it took place. That governor, who had earlier been overthrown in the Bounty Mutiny, Robert Bligh, brought enmity upon himself after receiving a letter from Castlereagh suggesting that he stop the trade of this event's namesake product. His replacement, William Paterson, returned to Sydney to take up Bligh's former post. For 10 points, name this 1808 uprising in Australia over a certain kind of alcohol.;;Rum (Rebellion)
;;The Sixth Council edition of this document includes a dialogue between King Menander and a monk. One part of its second section consists of fifty-one poems about the suffering of ghosts, while another, the Apadana, is a collection of biographical stories illustrating the effects of good karma. The final section includes the Dhammasangani, a matrix which classifies the dhammas. The first section consists mostly of rules for monks and nuns, who make up the monastic Sangha. Consisting of the Vinya, Sutta, and Abhidhamma sections, for 10 points, name this canonical collection of Theravada Buddhist scriptures, named either for the language in which it was written, or for the three baskets in which it was originally stored.;;Pali canon|Tipitaka(;)|Tripitaka
;;Jack Brehm tested for a post-decision version of this phenomenon using a set of appliances, and Daryl Bem criticism of it lead to the development of Self-perception theory. Aronson tested for this phenomenon in children by placing them in a room with a toy robot, and another famous test of it involved separating people into groups that were either paid 20 dollars or one dollar for a favor. An occurrence of it in a doomsday UFO cult was outlined in the book When Prophecy Fails, FTP, name this psychological phenomenon outlined by Carlsmith and  Festinger, in which someone holds two contradictory beliefs.;;Cognitive dissonance
;;Edwin Montagu opposed this document, which was strongly supported by the editor C. P. Scott. It was drafted by Lord Milner, and undermined promises made by Henry MacMahon. After this document was issued, the Declaration to the Seven was sent to the Party of Syrian Unity. Incorporated into the Treaty of Sevres at the San Remo conference, it was supported by a white paper written by Winston Churchill. A major supporter of this document was a chemist who developed a new technique for synthesizing acetone, Chaim Weizmann. Originally drafted as a letter to Lord Rothschild, for 10 points, name this statement issued in 1917 that supported the creation of a Jewish homeland in Palestine.;;Balfour Declaration (of) (1917)
;;The protagonist of one of this author's novels is the creator of works called Complacency and Eyes on the Horizon, and is disappointed by his grandson's obsession with the Lone Ranger and other American pop cultural icons. Another of his novels follows Christopher Banks, a detective who travels to Shanghai to search for his parents. In another, the protagonist buys a cassette by Judy Bridgewater named Songs after Dark after being brought up at the boarding school Hailsham. This author of An Artist of the Floating World and Never Let Me Go also wrote a novel about Reggie Cardinal and Lord Darlington's butler Stevens. For 10 points, name this author of The Remains of the Day.;;(Kazuo) Ishiguro|Ishiguro (Kazuo)
;;Defects in this pathway leads to HHH syndrome and lysinuric protein intolerance, and one intermediate in this pathway can be decarboxylated to putresciene. The main enzyme of this process is controlled allosterically by N-acetylglutamate, and that enzyme, mitochondrial carbamoyl phosphate synthetase, transfers a group from glutamine to phosphorylated bicarbonate. It is linked to the Krebs cycle via the creation of fumarate, and ther intermediates in this process include citrulline and ornithine, the latter of which is produced by the cleavage of arginine. FTP, name this cycle that takes place in the cytosol and mitochondria, responsible for creating a namesake nitrogenous molecule and component of urine.;;Urea (cycle)
;;Jean-Baptiste-Henri de Valincour wrote a book consisting of three letters criticizing this novel. The Peace of Chateau-Cambresis causes the Mareschal de St. Andre to leave the central location of this novel. Another character steals a painting of the protagonist, and later observes her gazing at a portrait of him in her garden in Colomiers. The title character's husband dies after discovering that she is in love with the Duc de Nemours. This novel is set in the court of Henry II of France, and focuses on the title youthful heiress. Often considered the first modern French novel, for 10 points, name this work published anonymously in 1678, which is usually attributed to Madame de La Fayette.;;The Princess of Cleves|(La) (Princesse) (de) (Cleves)
;;This architect designed the Paris headquarters of the French Communist Party. He designed several buildings in Algiers, including the Zoological Gardens and the University of Constantine, and created the Niteroi Contemporary Art Museum in 1996. This architect collaborated with Le Corbusier on the United Nations Headquarters, and designed the buildings of the Pampulha complex. He designed a cathedral using concrete hyperboloids while working with Lucio Costa's plan of a butterfly-shaped capital city. For 10 points, name this architect who designed the buildings of Brasilia.;;(Oscar) Niemeyer
;;In 1013, Zawi ben Ziri founded a kingdom at this city, which is protected by the Alcazaba Yidida and the fortress of Illora. In the sixteenth century, Aben Humaya led a revolt of the Moriscos near this city. In 1238, Ibn al-Ahmar founded the Emirate of this city, which was ruled by the Nasrid dynasty. Muhammad XII Boabdil was forced to surrender it after the fall of Malaga and Almeria. Invaded by Alfonso X of Castile in 1265, its capture on January 2, 1492 ended the Reconquista. For 10 points, name this last Moorish stronghold on the Iberian Peninsula, a Spanish city that contains the Alhambra.;;Granada
;;Hadwiger's theorem characterizes this quantity as the measure for the finite union of compact convex sets that is homogeneous degree zero. For a chain complex, it is defined as the alternating sum of the ranks of the homology groups, and can be defined as the alternating sum of Betti numbers. The this quantity is proportional to the integral of the curvature of a closed Riemannian manifold according to the Gauss-Bonnet theorem. The only closed compact surfaces for which it is zero are the torus and the Klein bottle, and its namesake's formula states that it is equal to two for the surface of any convex polyhedron. For 10 points, name this topological invariant, denoted by the letter chi, which was defined by its Swiss namesake as vertices minus edges plus faces.;;Euler characteristic|Euler number
;;This empire's political system vests a good deal of power in the Continuing Committee, and in one incident this empire kidnapped the Aenar Gareb to control a telepresence unit. This empire entered a period of isolation following the Tomed incident, and later signed the Treaty of Algeron. It lost the Battle of Charon in 2161, and in another instance their leader Shinzon attempted to destroy the earth using Thalaron radiation. Their secret police are known as the Tal Shiar, and they eventually allied with the other Alpha Quadrant powers against the Dominion. Often employing battleships called "Warbirds", FTP, name this race related to the Vulcans, an enemy of the United Federation of Planets on Star Trek.;;Romulan (Star) (Empire)
;;The Williams-Stove thesis attempts to justify the reasonableness of this concept. William Reichenbach developed a "pragmatic justification" of this concept, while Rudolf Carnap developed a Lambda-continuum of it. Carl Hempel proposed the paradox of the ravens to illustrate problems with this concept. In Fact, Fiction, and Forecast, Nelson Goodman used the example of an emerald described as "grue" to describe "the new riddle" of this concept. Karl Popper argued that it should be replaced by falsifiability to determine whether a theory is scientific. For 10 points, name this type of logic which makes general claims from particular instances.;;induction|inductive (reasoning(;))|inductive (logic)
;;One ancient tribe in this country burned down some trees to create the Horton Plains hunting ground, and a cultural upheaval here began with the displacement of the Hela people. One triangular "water fortress" in this country was given the moniker "resplendent city of growing victory" after Prince Sapumal of its kingdom of Kotte finally conquered the Jaffna Kingdom. It was conquered by the might of Rajendra and Raja Raja of the Chola, who built a notable base in its town of Nagapattinam, and its last independent bastion was conquered in 1815 and was thereafter referred to as the Kingdom of Kandy. One rebel group here regularly uses child soldiers and suicide bombing and is known as the LTTE. Lying on the south side of the Palk Strait, for 10 points, name this Tamil and Sinhalese island nation south of India.;;Sri Lanka|Ceylon
;;This poem has inspired musical works by Thomas Albert and Lukas Foss. According to M.L. Rosenthal, the title entity represents "the inseparability of life and death in nature," although Helen Vendler calls it "the principle of our final relation to the universe." This poem's sixth section describes how "icicles filled the long window / With barbaric glass," while its seventh section asks the "thin men of Haddam" why they "imagine golden birds." It begins, "Among twenty snowy mountains, / The only moving thing / Was the eye of" the title animal, which also "marked the edge of one of many circles." For 10 points, name this poem by Wallace Stevens about a number of methods for regarding an avian.;;Thirteen Ways of Looking at a Blackbird
;;With Seigert, this man names a frequency shift that occurs during the Rabi oscillation, and another construct named for this man employs the Fubini-Study metric and is used to model a two-level quantum system. A phenomenon named for him is the product of a plane wave envelope function and a periodic function. In addition to his namesake sphere, which is used to model qubits, and his namesake waves in crystalline systems, his theorem is used to model an electron placed in a periodic potential. His walls separate magnetic domains, and another set of equations named for him is used to model the relaxation time in a technique he co-developed. For 10 points, name this physicist, who, with Purcell, developed NMR.;;(Felix) Bloch
;;Jane Aiken called this work "the first extant painting full informed by" Leon Battista Alberti's "new humanist ideal of painting." The kneeling figures on the left and right of this work are thought to be members of the Lenzi family. It was rediscovered in the 1860s after Giorgio Vasari covered it with an altar. This work's lower portion depicts an open tomb with a skeleton and the inscription, "I was what you are and what I am you shall be." In the center of this work, perspective is provided by a barrel vault, which features a dove floating above the halo of Christ on the cross. Located in the church of Santa Maria Novella in Florence, for 10 points, name this fresco by Masaccio.;;(Holy) Trinity (with) (the) (Virgin) (and) (Saint) (John) (and) (donors)
;;This character tells his son stories about how "he obtained his first human head" to prevent him from becoming an agbala. After fasting for two days, this character is brought food by his daughter Ezinma, who becomes sick before he attends a council of spirits. During a year marked by the arrival of locusts, he violates a decree of the Oracle by killing Ikemefuna. This character is exiled for seven years for accidentally killing the son of Ezeudu, and returns to discover that his son Nwoye has converted. He commits suicide after burning down a church in an unsuccessful attempt to overthrow the colonial leadership of Umuofia. For 10 points, name this protagonist of Chinua Achebe's novel Things Fall Apart.;;Okonkwo
;;William Walton wrote a set of variations on the Andante from this composer's cello concerto. One of this composer's works opens with a Praeludium in C, includes a series of interludes and fugues, and ends with the Praeludium's retrograde inversion. Besides Ludus Tonalis, this author of The Craft of Musical Composition composed an opera based on E.T.A. Hoffmann's Mademoiselle de Scuderi, Cardillac. This composer wrote a requiem based on Whitman's "When Lilacs Last in the Dooryard Bloom'd," as well as Symphonic Metamorphosis on Themes of Von Weber. For 10 points, name this twentieth century German composer of an opera about the painter of the Isenheim Altarpiece, Mathis der Maler.;;(Paul) Hindemith
;;Frederick John Dalton wrote a book about the "moral vision" of this leader, who studied under Fred Ross while working for CSO. This leader set up the "Wet Line" to curb illegal immigration, and lobbied to end the bracero program. He fasted for twenty-five days at Delano to stem the support for violence among members of his organization, which was created from the merger of AWOC and NFWA. This man chose a black Aztec eagle as the symbol of that organization, and led many boycotts of grapes in the 1960s. For 10 points, name this labor leader, who organized migrant workers as the longtime head of the United Farm Workers.;;(Cesar) Chavez
;;In 1873, Peter Warburton became the first European to cross this region. The Canning Stock Route runs through the southeast of this region, which is located east of the Pilbara region. It is home to the Telfer gold mine as well as the town of Yulara, which is eighteen kilometers by road from Uluru, or Ayers Rock, which is found in the far southeast of this region, near where it meets the Tanami and Gibson deserts. It coincides roughly with the Canning Basin, and its vegetation consists mainly of spinifex. For 10 points, name this desert in Western Australia, which is the second-largest in Australia, after the Great Victoria Desert.;;Great Sandy (Desert)