;;A case involving it led to the production of a set of seven rules which specify when the Supreme Court should make decisions about the constitutionality of legislation.  Those "Ashwander" rules were drawn up by Louis Brandeis in an opinion which concurred with the ruling that Article 4, section 3 of the Constitution authorized a certain practice.   It originated with a scheme to end dependance on Chilean nitrate imports during the First World War, and one of its chief opponents was John Lewis, who feared for the economic health of the coal mines. Nevertheless, its increase in aluminum production earned it greater popularity in the 1940s, when power for the nuclear facility at Oak Ridge was provided by its hydroelectric plants at Hales Bar, Fort Loudoun, and Muscle Shoals.  FTP, name this government body responsible for the "economic and social well being" of a certain southeastern river system.;;Tennessee Valley Authority
;;A heterozygous individual who exhibits no signs of this disease still scores substantially higher than a normal person on a plasma tolerance test.  Mothers who are heterozygous carriers of the disease are at risk for serious pregnancy complications. Clinical signs include eczema and decreased pigment in skin and hair.  Its classical form is an autosomal recessive disorder of a locus on chromosome 12.  Normally the body would produce the amino acid tyrosine, but due to a deficiency of a hydroxylase, another amino acid can build up to toxic levels.  FTP, name this disease that can cause mental retardation following consumption of a certain amino acid, and whose name derives from the musty odor of the patient's urine.;;phenylketonuria|PKU|Folling's (Disease)
;;This author wrote about a "space-sweeping soul" who longs for a time when he "shall sleep / Without identity" in "The Philosopher."  A song written in the person of "Julius Brenzaida" asks if Geraldine will delay, while the speaker claims to be "bred the mate of care" and the "foster child of sore distress" in "At Castle Wood."  This author announced that the "thousand creeds / That move men's hearts" are "unutterably vain" in one of Emily Dickinson's favorite poems, "No Coward Soul Is Mine."  In a more famous poem, "Remembrance," this author noted that someone is "cold in the earth" and asks herself if she has forgotten to love one who is "severed at last" from her by "Time's all-severing wave."  Many of her poems can be found in a lengthy saga about an imaginary land named "Gondal," which she wrote about along with her sister Anne.  FTP, name this English poet who published under the pseudonym Ellis Bell and also wrote a novel about the Earnshaw family.;;Emily Bronte
;;The commander of the losing army's right wing betrayed his commander by advising him to abandon the field, after which he told the opposing army's commander to attack at once.  The winning army took shelter in an orchard on the banks of the river Baggiruttee, which proved helpful when a sudden rainstorm soaked the cannon of their opponents.  It took place a year after the death of the beloved Alivardi Khan, whose nephew was killed by the son of the perfidious Mir Jafar following it.  Though the winning army only numbered about 3,000 men, it defeated a force of over 50,000 men led by Surajah Dowlah, who had made the battle inevitable by killing a number of prisoners in a small room in Calcutta.  FTP, name this engagement of 1757, in which an army under Robert Clive established British dominance over Bengal.;;(the) (battle) (of) Plassey
;;This thinker's work led to a famous exchange with Congressman William Rice when he testified in front of the House Committee on Depression.  He had originally studied to become an Episcopal priest, and even edited The Living Chruch before his views came into conflict with orthooxy.  He wrote historical works on the early history of the United States such as Andrew Jackson as a Public Man and The Financier and Finances of the American Revolution.  He further expounded on the history of currency in A History of Banking in the Leading Nations and A History of American Currency, but he is best known for his social theories.  He coined the term "ethnocentrism" and decried the redistribution of income in his essay on "the forgotten man."  FTP, name this advocate of Social Darwinism and co-author of The Science of Society, best known for Folkways.;;(William) (Graham) Sumner
;;His most famous serious of utterances begins with a consideration of the quote "Drink a little wine for thy stomach's sake," while the 21st and last was given upon the return of the aged Flavian.  Along with a sermon which attacked the practice of women signing at funerals, "Against the Games and the Theaters," his best-known addresses were the homilies "On the Statues."  Following the death of Nectarius, the emperor's chamberlain Eutropius suggested that he be made Patriarch of a major city.  After he was said to have called the Empress a "Jezebel," Theophilus of Alexandria and Eudoxia conspired to remove him from his post in Constantinople.  He is one of the Three Holy Hierarchs of the Orthodox Church and a Doctor of the Church to Catholics, and most Orthodox and Eastern Rite churches use his Divine Liturgy.  FTP, name this Byzantine theologian who after his death was given a name meaning "Golden Mouthed.".;;(Saint) John Chrysostom|(Saint) John of Antioch
;;The mechanical, or stress, form of it is often used in thin-film strain gauges, and the Pockels effect, which can be used for voltage-controlled wave-plates that can quickly open and close shutters, is based on it. In the Pockels effect it is linearly proportional to an externally applied electric field. In other isotropic materials, it is proportional to the square of the applied electric field, which induces anisotropies in the dielectric tensor, and this is known as the Kerr effect. The Nicol, Glan-Foucault, and Wollaston prisms all make use of it, and tetragonal, hexagonal, and trigonal crystals all exhibit this property because they are uniaxial. Resulting when a beam of light breaks up into an ordinary and extraordinary component, FTP, identify this physical effect, which occurs when a material like calcite has different indices of refraction in different directions.;;birefringence|double refringence
;;A painting of this man at work by Louis-Leopold Boilly (bwah-ee) shows him looking at an almost-naked man holding a staff, while a grim man stands behind him with his arms crossed.  One of this man's works depicts the child Alexandre Brongniart, who would grow up to become a noted geologist who coined the word "Jurassic."  Another of his works shows two lovers bound together by a chain of roses, The Kiss Given.  He depicted a person who is understandably shivering because only the top half of her body is clothed in The Cold Girl, though he is better-known for depicting such men as Robert Fulton and the finance minister Marie-Sebastien de Bire.  He also created a notable portrayal of a seated Voltaire, but most of his works don't show quite so much of the subject's body.  FTP, name this French sculptor whose numerous busts include depictions of Benjamin Franklin and Louis XVI, whose portrait of Jefferson adorns the nickel.;;(Jean(-)Antoine) Houdon
;;Its provision involving the islands in Passamaquoddy Bay was administered by one of its signers, John Holmes.  Another man associated with it got the nation's first bankruptcy act passed while serving as a congressman from Delaware.  Yet another man associated with it took time away from his work Anglicizing the legal system of Trinidad to work on it.  That man, Henry Goulburn, achieved notoriety three years prior to it when he confronted John Bellingham following the latter's assassination of Spencer Perceval.  It was also signed by Albert Gallatin and Henry Clay, though several weeks after it was signed Edward Pakenham was killed in the unnecessary battle of New Orleans.  FTP, name this treaty signed in December 1814 which ended the War of 1812.;;(the) (Treaty) (of) Ghent
;;His second play features a prologue which claims that Moors throw their infants into the sea to test whether they are bastards, while the prologue to his fourth play compares dramas to almanacs in their frequency of appearance.  Minor characters in his second play include a chaplain named Saygrace and a "uxorious, foolish old knight" named Sir Paul Plyant, while minor characters in his fourth play include two prisoners named Heli and Osmyn and a eunuch named Selim.  His second play opens with a conversation between Careless and Mellefont in Lord Touchwood's house, while his fourth play opens with Almeria, the Princess of Granada, discoursing on the charms of music.  He wrote about Vainlove and Heartwell in his first play, The Old Bachelor.  FTP, name this author of The Double-Dealer and The Mourning Bride, who also wrote The Way of the World.;;(William) Congreve
;;Its central highlands receive almost an inch of rain a day on average, making the Fly-Digul shelf one of the wettest places on Earth.  The western half of this island includes the copper mine Tembagapura, while gold is mined at Ok Tedi further to the east. The Ramu, Markham, and Sepik rivers drain to its north coast, while the south coast around the Fly river is covered in mangroves and sago palms.  Its many high mountains, including the Maoke range in the center and the Owen Stanley range in the southeast, have encouraged the development of hundreds of indigenous languages, whose speakers communicate today using pidgins such as Hiri Motu.  Its western half is a province whose capital is Jayapura, while its eastern half is a nation whose capital is Port Moresby.  FTP, name this second-largest island island in the world, whose two halves are known as Irian Jaya and Papua.;;New Guinea
;;A chief named Agueybana believed that this man was a god, but realized his mistake after his brother drowned Diego Salcado in a river.  After that, the Tainos revolted against this governor of Borinken, but their bows and arrows were no match for the guns his men possessed.  This man was appointed to his first important post by the man who introduced the encomienda system, Nicolas de Ovando.  He died in 1521 following a visit to Pine Island, where the Calusas were under no false impressions of his divinity.  More famously, he went looking for Bimini Island, which he thought he discovered on Palm Sunday in 1513.  In fact, the so-called "island" he named "feast of flowers" was a peninsula.  FTP, name this conquistador who happened across Florida in his search for the Fountain of Youth.;;(Juan) Ponce de Leon
;;In one section of this work, an angel advises a man to live as the puppies and lambkins do.  In another section, the ocean sees a woman weeping on the shore and divulges that he weeps too when the bustling fates heap his hands with corpses.  In the 29th section, a spirit returns from the land of the farther suns to find himself in a "reptile-swarming place."  In the final section, a spirit goes through spaces of night and valleys of black death-slime calling for God, only to be killed by a "sword from the sky" after denying the existence of a deity.  More famous are the first section, in which the titular figures "came from the sea" with "clang and clang of spear and shield," and the third, in which a naked and bestial creature is observed squatting in the desert and eating his heart, which he likes because it is bitter and because it is his heart.  FTP, name this 1895 book of poetry by Stephen Crane.;;(The) Black Riders and (Other) (Lines)
;;The composer of this work used parts of it in the funeral cantata Lament, Children, Lament the World, which he wrote after the death of Prince Leopold of Anhalt-Kothen.  The texts used in it were written by Christian Friedrich Henrici, who went under the pen name Picander.  It opens and closes with choral movements, and features 15 chorales along with 28 recitatives and arias.  It is based on chapters 26 and 27 of a certain text, a section which describes the suffering and death of Christ.  A trimmed-down version of it was famously performed on March 11, 1829 and helped spark a revival of interest in its composer, though it was first performed in 1727.  FTP, name this musical work whose BWV number is 244, a composition by Johann Sebastian Bach which follows the text of a noted evangelist.;;(the) St(.) Matthew Passion|(the) Passion According to Saint Matthew|Matthaus(-)Passion
;;A paper he wrote about the geometrical representation of a certain kind of property by means of surfaces so excited Maxwell that he made a model illustrating the method.  During the early 1880s, this man worked on a modification of the quaternion which he thought could be adapted into a new system of vector analysis, but it had little impact.  He developed an "electrical theory of light" which presumed that light is a disturbance propagating through relatively fine-grained media, while his last work was a treatise on Elementary Principles in Statistical Mechanics which he completed a year before his death in 1903.  His greatest discovery was popularized by the Dutch scientist who experimentally confirmed it, Hendrik Roozeboom.  His most famous work was translated by Le Chatelier and Ostwald, and established a basis for the theory of the thermodynamic properties of heterogenous substances.  FTP, name this founder of physical chemistry, an American scientist known for his namesake phase rule.;;(Josiah) (Willard) Gibbs
;;The title work of this author's third book begins "We thought we were beggars, we thought we were nothing at all" and includes sections called "May Snow" and "Song About Song."  This author's second book sparked a popular game in which one person would recite one line of poetry, after which others would follow with subsequent lines until the entire book had been read aloud.  In addition to The White Flock and Rosary, her first husband's trip to Abyssinia led her to write the poems of Evening.  That first husband, Nikolai Gumilyov, would later be executed for his role in the Tagantsev affair, while her third husband, Nikolai Punin, died in a Siberian prison camp.  FTP, name this author of Requiem and Poem Without a Hero, a one-time Acmeist who is considered the greatest female poet of 20th century Russia.;;(Anna) Akhmatova
;;He is mentioned in only three poems, two of those being the Harbardsljod and the Vafthrudnismal.  In the latter, the giant Vafthrudnir says that he is one of the two who will "bring about a cessation of the killing," and in prose he appears in the Skaldskaparmal along with "the Angry One."  In that work, he appears as the son of the giantess Jarnsaxa, one of Heimdall's nine mothers, and for this reason the gift of the horse Gullfaxi from his father arouses Odin's ire.  Having a giantess mother makes this god similar to Vidar and Vali, and like Hoder and Balder he is one of the "second-generation" gods who will survive Ragnarok.  Before that, his only major feat is the rescue of his father as the latter lies pinned under the leg of a giant he has just killed.  Appearing in the skaldic Thorsdrapa, FTP, identify this son of Thor and brother of Modi who is known as "the Strong" and who will wield Mjollnir when Thor falls at Ragnarok.;;Magni
;;His childhood name translates as "bounty of the sun," and his ugliness caused him to be called "monkey" and "bald rat." After taking Takamatsu, at Enmyoji River he destroyed the army of Akechi Mitsuhide, and he established his dominion with his victory over Shibata Katsuie.  He arranged to be adopted by Konoe Sakihisa after taking the title of Kampaku, which had previously been held only by those of Fujiwara descent, and following that event he adopted the name by which he is better known and which means "bountiful minister." As Kampaku, he held the Grand Kitano Tea Ceremony and issued the first Christian Expulsion Act, and his failed military expeditions include those against his future successor as well as two against Korea, the last of which was abandoned when he died in 1598.  Succeeding Oda Nobunaga in 1582, FTP, identify this Japanese unifier who was himself succeeded in 1600 by Tokugawa Ieyasu.;;(Toyotomi) Hideyoshi
;;In the second chapter, the title character meets a girl with a hare-lip and asks her if there is any news from Gilgal.  In order to verify the claims of a man he meets, he hides behind a tamarisk bush and when morning comes he sees the hare-lip girl again, who tells him to love others. On the outskirts of a village he meets a blind old man who claims that he has "merely been dead" and who won't relate anything about the realm of the dead because "it exists, but it isn't anything."  When the persecutions begin, the blind old man goes to the Sanhedrin to testify against the girl, who is promptly stoned to death.  In revenge, the title character knifes the man who cast the first stone and secretly buries the girl's body outside Jerusalem, though he is later executed with some Christians who started a fire in Rome.  Beginning with the crucifixion of Jesus, FTP, identify this novel whose title character is the man freed in Jesus' stead, a work by Par Lagerkvist.;;Barabbas
;;Only half of those directly affected by it took the oath of loyalty required by an attendant piece of legislation, and it had strong support from Henri Gregoire, who became the first to take the oath of loyalty it required.  Jean de Boisgelin authored the Exposition of Principles opposing it, but the Jansenist Armand Gaston Camus argued that there was no conflict between it and the New Testament.  Pius VI's rejection of Cardinal de Lomenie's suggestion of withholding mental assent assured that its passage would cause a schism, and it was finally revoked by the Concordat of 1801, which returned to the papacy the right to choose bishops but forced it to give up claims to all lands confiscated during the revolution.  Abolishing "regular and secular chapters for either sex," providing for the election of bishops, and outlawing absentee bishops, FTP, name this law passed on July 12, 1790 which subordinated the Catholic Church in France to the state.;;Civil Constitution of the Clergy
;;One mathematical result of this name may be generalized to the statement that every holomorphic function from a parabolic Riemann surface to a hyperbolic one must be constant. A generalized version of the physical result of this name can be derived for non-Hamiltonian systems by introducing a metric factor. A more specific mathematical result of this name states that a bounded, entire function in the complex plane is constant and has the fundamental theorem of algebra as a corollary, and is unrelated to the physical result. That physical theorem states that in a Hamiltonian system, the phase space density is conserved. FTP, give the common name of these theorems, whose namesake was a Frenchman whose work with Jacques Sturm resulted in a theory used to solve integral equations.;;Liouville's (Theorem)
;;Near it is the Palace of Tau, which houses the Perpersack tapestries, and this building itself contains the Sainte Ampoule.  It differs from a similarly-named older structure because the portals project forward as gabled porches, the tympanums above the doorways are replaced with windows, and the royal statue gallery is at the level of the third-story arcade.  A Chagall window is located in its choir, and the south tower contains an 11-ton bell named Charlotte and a rose window depicting the apostles, while the north tower has a figure of Jesus and a represenation of the Last Judgement. The typical S-curve of its statuary is can be seen in such works as the Melchizedek and Abraham group and the Annunciation and Visitation depictions on its west portal.  It was founded on the site where Clovis was baptised in 496 C.E.  FTP, name this French Gothic cathedral, the traditional site of the coronation of French kings which is located next to the Abbey of St. Remi.;;(Cathedral) (of) (Notre(-)Dame) (de) Reims (ranns)
;;The Feynman disk paradox can be resolved by noting that the electromagnetic field is allowed to carry this property.  For light, multi-electron atoms, spectral details are correctly reproduced by Russell-Saunders coupling of this property of the electrons.  The Kerr metric is appropriate for describing black holes with a nonzero value for this quantity and zero charge.  The Bohr model of the atom proposes that this quantity is quantized in units of h-bar.  FTP name this quantity whose time derivative is the torque, given by the moment of inertia times the rotational velocity, which comes in orbital and spin subtypes.;;angular momentum
;;Ameinius of Pallene came close to collecting the 10,000 drachma bounty for capturing this ruler, but the unfortunate King Damasithymus of Calynda afforded a means of escape.  Another ruler of this name employed the sculptors Leochares and Scopas for a project completed around 350 BC.  Herodotus's frequent praise for this commander of the men of Cos and Nisyra is probably hometown patriotism.  The sinking of Damasithymus' ship supposedly prompted Xerxes to exclaim, "My men have turned into women, my women into men," on the mistaken assumption that this woman had rammed a Greek ship.  FTP, identify this participant in the battle of Salamis, a queen of Halicarnassus whose shares her name with a painter whose surname is Gentileschi.;;(Queen) Artemisia (of) (Halicarnassus)
;;This man's wife was so enraged by his infidelities that she put a curse on him that made him discharge scorpions, serpents, and millipedes if and when he slept with other women.  One of his daughters was Apollo's first love, and one of his sons was revived by the seer Polyeidus after drowning in a jar of honey.  He captured Nisa after being presented with the magical purple lock of hair of King Nisus by Nisus's daughter Scylla.  The siege of Nisa was part of a campaign to avenge the death of his son Androgeus, whose ambush was plotted by Aegeus.  He finally achieved vengeance by compelling a certain city to pay a tribute of fourteen youths every nine years.  FTP, name this father of Phaedra and Ariadne, a king of Crete who ordered the building of the Labyrinth.;;(King) Minos
;;This thinker's most famous concept was the result of influence by the first academic psychologist to write about Freud, E. B. Holt. He postulated five independent variables in developing an equation for behavior; he also proposed a set of unobserved factors, such as hunger, which connect the stimulus situation with the observed behavior, and named these unobserved factors the intervening variables.  He rejected Thorndike's law of effect, suggesting that repeating a task strengthens a learned relationship between environmental cues and an organism's expectations.  He called that association a "sign Gestalt," but he is more famous for arguing that behavior was not future-directed in a teleological sense, but in terms of meaning.  FTP, name this self-proclaimed "purposive" behaviorist whose studies of rats in mazes led him to conclude that organisms develop patterns of "sign Gestalts" known as "cognitive maps.".;;(Edward) (Chace) Tolman
;;Magnetic sector mass spectroscopy studies of these structures by Munir Humayun have uncovered anomalously high siderophile-lithophile trace element ratios associated with them, supporting a proposition of Jason Morgan that linked them with certain surface phenomena hypothesized by J. Tuzo Wilson.  They have an axial flow of about 5 meters per year at the 670 kilometer discontinuity, and are hypothesized to originate at a thermal boundary layer, probably the D prime prime layer.  They might explain the uplift and lateral extent of volcanism associated with continental flood basalts.  FTP, name these long conduits of thermally buoyant material which rise through the mantle, which were originally thought to be the sources of hot spots.;;(mantle) plumes
;;The first chapter of this work's second book takes place in a convent near the banks of Lake Geneva, where some travellers discuss a "very important" Saint Bernard.  Near the end of this novel, one character rises from her wheelchair and leaves her house for the first time in twenty years.  That character is traveling to see her son, who returned to set up a business after decades in the Orient and who marries the title character at the end.  This happens shortly after the blackmail scheme of Mr. Blandois is revealed, primarily due to the help of Mr. Rugg and the clerk Pancks.  A sideplot concerns Fanny, the title character's older sister, who marries into the Merdle family, but the central focus is on the title character's devotion to her family and her loyalty to Arthur Clennam, her eventual husband.  FTP, name this work that features several scenes at Marshalsea Debtor's Prison, a novel by Charles Dickens.;;Little Dorrit
;;One of their works mentions an astronomer named Tom, a professor named Vernon, and a man named Andy who would bicycle across town in the rain to bring a woman candy, all of whom are upstaged by someone who is lucky enough to have a car.  In another of their works, a musical instrument is offered its own car and reminded that it could have belonged to Steve Earle, Charo or Gwar.  In yet another, a self-proclaimed "great composer" loses his composure and shoots Ferdinand de Saussure.  The speaker of an earlier work remarks that she has a mandolin that makes her want to kill herself, and goes to a park where she sees 100,000 fireflies.  This group's early albums include The Charm of the Highway Strip and Holiday, while the title of every song on their most recent album begins with the letter "i."  However, they are best known for a work in three volumes, each of which contains 23 songs.  FTP, name this musical group led by Stephin Merritt, best known for 69 Love Songs.;;(The) Magnetic Fields
;;He had an uncredited part in the television version of Poodle Springs, Raymond Chandler's incomplete novel, for which he wrote the teleplay.  In his time as a drama critic for Scene, he wrote reviews under a name taken from Evelyn Waugh's Scoop, William Boot.  His other works include an adaptation of Ferenc Molnar's Play at the Castle, Rough Crossing, and two adaptations of plays by Schnitzler, Dalliance and Undiscovered Country.  He has also written such plays for radio as If You're Glad I'll be Frank and Artist Descending a Staircase, as well as one novel, Lord Malquist and Mr. Moon.  Upon Andre Previn's request he wrote Every Good Boy Deserves Favour, while his better known plays include Night and Day, Jumpers, and The Real Inspector Hound.  FTP, name this writer whose other plays include Arcadia, Travesties, and Rosencrantz and Guildenstern are Dead.;;(Tom) Stoppard|(Tomas) Straussler
;;English journalist Archibald Forbes coined the term for one of the structures that became significant during its rule.  Perhaps its most unusual demand was the closure of all pawn shops in the surrounding area.  In its aftermath, 7,000 of its staunchest supporters were exiled to New Caledonia.  A month earlier, actions came to a head when 147 of the involved combatants were shot in front of the "Wall of the Federalists," and the death toll escalated until the period from May 21 to 27 was known simply as the "Bloody Week."  It started with the National Guard's refusal to give up a canon and within eight days Louis-Auguste Blanqui was elected president.  In power for approximately two months in the spring of 1871, FTP, name this socialist government that controlled the French capital.;;Paris Commune
;;The opening of Brighton Rock features Fred Hale using this name to distribute cards for tourists.  The title character of this man's best-known poem patiently bears a loss he can never know, and asks "what is that thing called light?"  In addition to "The Blind Boy," he wrote such plays as The Double Gallant and She Would and She Would Not.  However, he was best known in his lifetime for an Apology which depicts English theater in the early 18th century, a period in which he stole the stage with his portrayal of Sir Novelty Fashion in Love's Last Shift.  In that Apology, he claimed to have saved the poetry of England by preventing its most famous poet from sleeping with a prostitute in a brothel, a claim which enraged Alexander Pope.  FTP, name this man who became Poet Laureate in 1730 and who was frequently ridiculed by his contemporaries, remembered today as the hero of the final edition of The Dunciad.;;(Colley) Cibber|(Colley) Cibert
;;It constricts just above Fort Good Hope between some limestone cliffs known as "The Ramparts."  Below Point Separation, it splits into the East, Peel, and Middle Channels, and its large delta is bordered by the Richardson Mountains and the Caribou Hills.  At Fort Simpson it is joined by the Liard River, while near the North Nahanni River it goes past an escarpment of the mountains which share its name.  Its headwaters are the Peace and Athabasca Rivers, while it empties into the Beaufort Sea.  Issuing from the Great Slave Lake, it is named for the white explorer who initially followed its course in 1789.    FTP, name this river, which is the second longest in North America and whose drainage basin is the largest of any river in Canada.;;(the) Mackenzie (River)
;;One of this work's characters is disgusted with another character who is vulgar enough to play a musical instrument, though the final stage instruction informs us that Randall "at last succeeds in keeping the home fires burning on his flute."  Another character is said to have sold his soul to the devil in Zanzibar and to have married a black witch in the West Indies.  That character drinks three bottles of rum a day and strives to attain the seventh degree of concentration.  He has a servant, Nancy Guiness, who calls everyone "ducky," and his guests include a woman who believes herself in love with Marcus Darnley.  That character has two daughters, Lady Ariadne Utterwood and Hesione Hushabye, both of whom also visit the title structure.  FTP, name this "Fantasia in the Russian Manner on English Themes," a play whose title refers to the abode of Captain Shotover and which was written by George Bernard Shaw.;;Heartbreak House
;;This work's first part begins by mocking such "English psychologists" as Spencer and Buckle, who are said to always seek the directing force of human development in the place where man's intellectual pride would least wish to find it.  Later in that section, the author offers an etymological digression which begins with Theognis's use of the word "esthlos" and also considers the Gaelic "fin" and a phrase from Horace about people with dark hair.  In the preface, the author expresses his disagreement with a similar work by Doctor Paul Ree, while the second essay in this work criticizes Eugen Duhring for his correlation of justice and a "reactive feeling."  Its final section uses the example of Wagner's writing of Parsifal to help answer the question "what is the meaning of ascetic ideals?"  This follows the other two essays that make up this work, "'Guilt', 'Bad Conscience,' and the like" and "'Good and Evil,' 'Good and Bad.'"  FTP, name this work that also contrasts "master" and "slave" versions of the title concept, a book by Friedrich Nietzsche.;;(On) (the) Genealogy of Morals|Toward the Genealogy of Morals|(Zur) Genealogie der Moral
;;One of them was written by Carl Heinrich Graun to commemorate Frederick the Great's victory at the Battle of Prague.  Another was written by Zoltan Kodaly (koh-dye) to commemorate the 250th anniversary of the relief of Buda from the Turks.  Charpentier wrote four of them, including one in D major which was probably written to commemorate the battle of Steinkerque, while Michael Haydn wrote six.  Bruckner originally intended his to be the final movement of his Ninth Symphony, while William Walton's was written for the coronation of Elizabeth II.  The last verse of Arthur Sullivan's originally began "O Lord, save the Queen," but the previous verse can be repeated for other occasions.  Berlioz intended for his version, scored for three choruses, organ, and orchestra, to be performed in a cathedral. FTP, name this musical setting of a hymn often attributed to St. Ambrose, which is sung on celebratory occasions and whose first part praises God the father.;;Te Deum
;;Both nitrogen and sulfur-containing compounds of this class can undergo the Stevens rearrangement.  The sulfur variety are formed as intermediates in DMSO oxidations such as the Pfitzner-Moffatt and Swern reactions.  Variants of the most widely used reaction involving these compounds include those using them as a lithium halide complex, and the Horner-Wadsworth-Emmons reaction, which uses a phosphonate.  They are more stable than their corresponding carbanion due to the field effect and they are generated from the corresponding halide using a strong base.  FTP, name these organic compounds whose phosphorus variety react with aldehydes and ketones in the Wittig reaction.;;ylides
;;The second of them was provoked by George of Podebrad's refusal to capitulate to accepted reforms.  The first got underway after an early encounter at Kutna Hora.  That first one degenerated into a civil war following the introduction of the agreement known as the Compactata.  However, a decisive result at Lipany, where Procopius the Elder was killed, brought an end to the first one.  As a result, the Utraquists, one of the two divisions of the namesake group, assumed power.  They began with the expulsion of Emperor Sigismund and only worsened when the gap with the Taborites was furthered by the death of Jan Ziska.  FTP, identify this series of wars in 15th-century Czechoslovakia named for a religious group whose namesake was burned at Constance in 1415.;;Hussite (Wars)
;;El Kantara and Marabout, Exodus resulted from his travels to Tunis and the Sahara.  This artist wrote a children's book, The Dreaming Youth, which was deemed inappropriate because of the psychosexual illustrations that he provided.  He had already been kicked out of art school for his Pieta with Bloody Man and been in hot water for his pen drawings of a naked Mata Hari.  His mature period saw the production of such major canvases as Venice, Boats at the Dagana, Help the Basque Children, and his Portrait of Tomas Masaryk.  This followed a time when he had made a life-sized doll of his mistress that he would often take to the opera before smashing the doll to pieces during a night of heavy drinking.  That doll was a likeness of his infatuation, Alma Mahler, whom he depicted in his major work.  FTP, name this member of the so-called Viennese Big Three and artist of Bride of the Wind, or The Tempest.;;(Oskar) Kokoschka
;;Possibly the first memory of this novel's narrator is his reunion with his father aboard the deck of the Peter Stuyvesant when he was a twenty-one-month old.  Its first book, "The Cellar," includes the narrator's encounter with upstairs neighbor Yussie.  The narrator is let in on a family secret after the arrival of his loud aunt Bertha, after which he becomes preoccupied with the story of the Prophet Isaiah.  The climax occurs in Book IV, "The Rail," in which the narrator is accidentally electrocuted at the tramlines, an event that helps bring his parents Albert and Genya out of their funk.  FTP, name this novel narrated by adolescent David Schearl, the masterwork of Henry Roth.;;Call it Sleep
;;He was once sued for monopolizing his town's news media, as he was the owner of both dailies in Lynchburg.  He was elected to Congress twice to fill seats left vacant by death, first that of Peter Otey and then Thomas Martin.  In his sole Cabinet post he was appointed to replace William McAdoo and his most notable achievement in that office was the floating of a five billion dollar Victory Loan to liquidate World War I expenses.  Twenty-five years later, he refused FDR's offer to serve again as Secretary of the Treasury.  In his time as a Congressman and Senator from Virginia he co-authored two major pieces of legislation, in 1913 and 1933.  FTP, name this politician who co-authored the Federal Reserve Act with Robert Owen and the Banking Reform Act with Henry Steagall.;;(Carter) Glass
;;William Morris wrote a poem about the "eve" of this battle, whose refrain is a French phrase meaning "Ah, Margaret is beautiful."  It resulted in the deaths of Louis of Nemours and Charles of Alencon, the brother of the losing commander.  The losing army made at least fifteen charges, but was never able to inflict any serious casualties on the winning army, which is said to have lost only 40 men.  Among those killed was the blind King John of Bohemia, whose insignia of three white plumes and motto "Ich Dien" was taken by one of the victorious commanders.  This battle taught Europe that Genoese crossbowmen can't be trusted, at least if they are confronted with superior longbowmen.  Fought neer Abbeville on the Somme, it ended in defeat for the French army led by King Philip VI.  FTP, name this battle of the Hundred Years' War at which the Black Prince "won his spurs," a victory for Edward III's army in 1346.;;(the) (battle) (of) Crecy
;;This man's ideas were contrasted with those of Husserl in a 1956 book by Maurice Natanson, while Martin Buber's social anthropology was compared with this man's views in a book by Paul Pfeutze.  He criticized the judicial system for making an institution out of the human instinct of hostility in his essay "The Psychology of Punitive Justice."  He rejected Whitehead's attempt to employ absolute idealism to provide a philosophical underpinning for the theory of relativity, arguing instead that the principle of sociality does the needed work in his essay "The Objective Reality of Perspectives."  In his Carus lectures, he sought to bring together scientific determinism and the emergence of novelty, which he did through his "philosophy of the present."  He published no books during his life, but after he died such works as Movements of Thought in the Nineteenth Century and Mind, Self, and Society appeared.  FTP, name this leading thinker of the Chicago School, an associate of John Dewey known for his "philosophy of the act.".;;(George) (Herbert) Mead
;;In 1893 Max Klinger sculpted a "new" version of this figure, while a bronze depiction was produced in 1930 by Friederic Storck.   A 1510 painting by Sebastiano del Piombo depicts her, and she is the subject of one of the Scalzo cloister paintings of Andrea del Sarto.  She appears holding a swatch of pink fabric in each hand and showing a lot of belly in a 1909 painting by Robert Henri, while she is almost nude and pointing with her outstretched left arm in 1876's The Apparition.  She is seen "dancing" in another painting of that year by Gustave Moreau, and the controversy about seventeen drawings of her which began to appear in 1894 in The Yellow Book forced their artist, Aubrey Beardsley, to flee England.  FTP, name this daughter of Herodias and Herod, whose naughty dance procured the decapitation of John the Baptist.;;Salome
;;His first published story was about a college student who works part-time killing dogs to be used in experiments.  At the end of another of his stories, Clerk is cremated along with the black soldier who had been captured by the people of a village.  In addition to "An Odd Job" and "Prize Stock," he has written a story about a fat man who nearly went mad after nearly being thrown to a polar bear, as well as a story about a man dying of liver cancer who likes to sing "Happy Days Are Here Again."  In one of his novels, the protagonist's wife is driven to suicide by his homosexual adventures, after which he discovers the joy of ejaculating against young girls on the subway.  In another of his novels, Bird nearly goes to Africa with his mistress before returning to the deformed baby whom he had tried to kill.  Another novel was originally called Sorrow in the Year 1860, and depicts a young man who goes to the village of his youth after becoming the father of a retarded child.  FTP, name this author of Teach Us To Outgrow Our Madness, A Personal Matter, and The Silent Cry.;;(Kenzaburo) Oe
;;A derivative of this compound prefixed by pseudo- is an important modifier of the T-arm of tRNA, while its fluorine derivative is used to inhibit the enzyme thy-mi-dyl-ate syn-thase, effects of which are essential to its use in chemotherapy. Its N-gly-coy-lase is an important excision enzyme, participation of which explains the absence of Okazaki fragments on the leading strand; it is also essential to protection from damage resulting from deamination of another compound to this nucleotide. First identified in herring sperm, FTP, name this pyrimidine in which the lack of a methyl group is the only difference between it and the nucleotide it replaces, thymine, in RNA.;;uracil
;;Its penultimate ruler took a name meaning "the cultivated field is difficult to move," while its last ruler was known as the "shark who made the ocean waters tremble."  That penultimate ruler, Glele, was defeated by the Abeokuta, as was his predecessor Gezu.  A puppet named Goutchilli was installed as its ruler after the overthrow of its last ruler, Behanzin, who was defeated in an 1892 battle by the army of Alfred-Amedee Dodds.  Originally part of Allada, it was made independent by Wegbaja in the 17th century.  A major player in the slave trade, its power depended upon a permanent army which included a group of the king's wives known to Europeans as the "Amazons."  FTP, name this African state of the Fon people, which occupied modern-day Benin.;;Dahomey|Abomey
;;One of this film's main characters falls in love while asking for a liverwurst sandwich.  She is harrassed by a man with a parcel from Pittsburgh while at the Empire State Hotel, where she has gone in pursuit of a man who calls himself John Brown.  After going to Gabriel Valley, the other main character remembers that he accidentally caused the impaling of his brother as a child, but the discovery of the corpse of the author of Labyrinth of the Guilt Complex complicates matters.  In the end, John Valentine and Dr. Constance Petersen get married after all.  The film also features a dream sequence designed by Salvador Dali.  FTP, name this 1945 film starring Gregory Peck and Ingrid Bergman, a movie about psychoanalysis by Alfred Hitchcock.;;Spellbound
;;This river was connected to its country's capital by the Grand and Royal Canals, built between 1756 and 1817.  It falls by about 100 feet over its last 15 miles, a drop which is used to generate hydroelectric power at Ardnacrusha.  The limestone deposits beneath the central lowlands through which it passes are responsible for numerous lakes along its courses, including Ree and Derg, and it is also surrounded by marshlands known as "callows."  It rises from some pools at the base of Tiltinbane Mountain, after which it flows about 220 miles to the south before emptying into Lake Ree at Lanesborough.  After passing through the Killaloe gorge, it becomes tidal a few miles above Limerick.  FTP, name this river that rises in Country Cavan, the longest in Ireland.;;(the) Shannon (River)
;;After another god knocked this god out of the sky, this god's father got angry and gave all the gods upset stomachs until this god was granted immortality.  He was created from an item which was captured by a bird before it could be eaten by Kaikeyi, the youngest wife of Dasaratha.  That item, a cake, was found by the wife of Kesari, a queen named Angara.  In later life, he served as a general under Sugriva and killed Kalanemi, and oversaw the construction of a bridge from India to a nearby island.  The son of the wind god Vayu, he is depicted as having a red face and a very long tail, and was created to help Vishnu in his incarnation as Rama.  FTP, name this being who came to the rescue when Ravana abducted Sita, the monkey god of Hindu myth.;;Hanuman
;;Fitz-Greene Halleck wrote a poem to a woman of this name, who is asked to say that she loves the Man and not the Poet.  In Robert Southey's "Rudiger," the title character marries a woman of this name.  Swinburne wrote a poem in Scottish dialect about a woman of this name who goes for a ride with Lord Hugh of Burnieshaw.  An old man named Armytage reminisces about a woman of this name who died of sadness while waiting for the return of her husband Robert in a long poem written in the 1790s.  In another poem, a girl of this name is admonished that "sorrow's springs are the same" and asked if she is grieving over Goldengrove unleaving.  FTP, give this common name which appears in Wordsworth's "The Ruined Cottage" and Gerard Manley Hopkins's "Spring and Fall," which is also the first name of a Canadian poet who wrote The Circle Game and The Journals of Susanna Moodie.;;Margaret
;;His mother's lover Gallys conspired to raise him to power by secretly conducting him to the camp of the Third Legion, which proclaimed him emperor.  Later, that Legion grew dissatisfied with him and tried to make its commander Berus emperor, but the coup failed, as did another led by Seleucus.  His first wife was Julia Cornelia Paula; his third wife was Annia Faustina, a descendant of Marcus Aurelius; but it was his second wife, Julia Severa, who scandalized the people, as she was a Vestal Virgin when he married her.  After succeeding Macrinus, he stayed at Antioch for months before travelling to Rome, where he attempted to institute a monotheistic religion based on the Syrian sun god whose priest he was.  FTP, name this last of the Antonine emperors, who was born Varius Avitus Bassianus and was succeeded in 222 by Alexander Severus.;;Elagabalus|Heliogabalus
;;Oliver Wendell Holmes wrote a ballad about this device, in which a young man is confused by one after some "silly, confused flies" are trapped in a spider's web within it.  It was improved by Pierre Adolphe Piorry, who added a "pleximeter" to it.  Most of the ones in use today follow a design introduced by David Littmann, while George Camman seems to have invented the first usable binaural one in 1852.  The original one was invented after a French scientist saw some children playing with a piece of wood, after which he experimented with paper and wood tubes.  Its use was discussed in the Treatise on Mediate Auscultation by its inventor, who originally called it "The Cylinder" before he gave it a name from the Greek for "I see" and "the chest."  FTP, name this medical device invented in 1816 by Rene Laennec, which allows a doctor to listen to the patient's chest.;;(the) stethoscope
;;One of these precedes a polonaise in the Opus 38 of Henri Vieuxtemps (vyu-tahm).  Six of them, including one for alto saxophone and another for trombone, were written by Frank Martin.  One of these for piano and orchestra is the Opus 19 of Gabriel Faure, who also wrote one for solo piano.  The Opus 9 of Franck is one, while Liszt wrote two and Grieg wrote one in G minor "in the form of variations on a Norwegian folk song."  The first of them in the Opus 10 of Brahms is based on a Scottish poem, "Edward," which was translated by Herder.  Brahms wrote four of them in total, as did the composer who introduced this musical form.  Those original four are works in compound meter that are said to be based on poems by Adam Mickiewicz, and the first one appeared in 1836.  FTP, name this type of composition, an instrumental piece with a narrative form which was pioneered by Chopin.;;(a) ballade
;;This work includes a discussion of the witch's nest at Norcia, which is described in a letter by Aeneas Sylvius.  The final chapter begins with a discussion of the execution of Boscoli as an example of the "general spirit of doubt."  A rhyming topographical work, the Dittamondo of Uberti, is discussed several times in part 4, which the previous part discusses the poetry of Palingenius, Sannazaro, and Maffeo Vegio.  The first part considers a number of despots and their republican opponents, while generally treating the idea of the "state as a work of art," while later sections deal with the "development of the individual" and "the revival of antiquity."  When it first appeared in 1860, its author, a professor of history at the University of Basel, was unknown.  FTP, name this work of cultural history by Jakob Burckhardt.;;(The) Civilization of the Renaissance in Italy|(Die) Kultur der Renaissance in Italien
;;A stepwise mechanism for this reaction has been proposed where a pair of electron additions occur, each addition followed by abstraction of a proton from solution, proceeding through a radical anion intermediate before reaching the neutral final product.  Substituents on the target compound can control the regioselectivity of the reaction; electron-donating groups favor protonation at an unoccupied site meta to the substituents, while electron-attracting substituents favor para protonation. Reaction conditions typically feature an alkali metal dissolved in liquid ammonia, which provide the electrons and protons, respectively. FTP, what is this reaction that reduces a benzene ring to 1,4-cyclohexadiene?.;;(the) Birch (reduction)
;;In its fourth section, the author considers the claim that "Brutus killed Caesar" and notes that it would be false even if the word "killed" were to mean "begat."   In its final section, the author asserts that as a "lay physicist" he doesn't believe in Homer's gods, but insists that questions about centaurs, brick houses on Elm Street, and classes are more or less on par.  The first section offers some historical background, including discussion of such pairings as "Scott" and "the author of Waverley," before considering the claim that "No bachelor is married."  The author attacks Lockian and Humian definitions of the titular concept, and claims to espouse a "more thorough pragmatism" than that of C. I. Lewis or Carnap by repudiating the imagined boundary between the analytic and synthetic.  FTP, name this seminal 1951 essay which appears in From a Logical Point of View, a work by Willard Van Orman Quine.;;Two Dogmas of Empiricism
;;The earlier one was spread among the Paviosto by Frank Spencer, who was a disciple of its originator Wodziwob.  One offshoot of that version was the Bole-Maru movement founded by Lame Bill, while another offshoot was the Big Head movement which flourished among the Yuki, Wailaki, and Kato.  The later version gave rise to a "hand game" which took four days to complete and was introduced by Joseph Carrion.  That later version was founded by the son of Tavibo, who during a solar eclipse on New Year's Day was taken to the other world and given five songs that would control the weather, as well as invulnerability to weapons.  During it, shirts that were thought to be bullet-proof were worn, though the Lakota Indians who wore them discovered that they were ineffective at Wounded Knee.  FTP, name this Native American religious movement whose 1890 version was led by Wovoka.;;(the) Ghost Dance
;;He has 30 years, four months, and two days left to live, as he learned from an astrologer named Serapa.  He refuses to own a mule unless it was sired by a wild ass, and he notably placed an order for mushroom spores from India.  According to his will, Carion is to receive an apartment house and Philargyrus is to get a farm, while he asks his friend Habinnas to make the plot of his grave a hundred feet wide.  When we last see him, he has ordered some trumpeters to play a funeral march, after which a fire brigade bursts in and allows some disgusted guests to slip away.  He acquired the praenomen "Gaius" when he became a freedman, and he delights in drinking fine Falernian wine at a party which features his wife Fortunata and such guests as Ganymede and Encolpius.  FTP, name this wealthy ex-slave who holds a lavish party in the Satyricon of Petronius.;;(C(.)) (Gaius) (Pompeius) Trimalchio (Maecenatianus)
;;His armies were defeated at Guinegate, but three years later he signed a treaty that won him Artois without a fight, following the death of Mary.  His barber, Olivier le Dain, was one of his most influential advisors, along with Cardinal Balue and Tristan l'Hermite.  After being captured by the Duke of Burgundy, he caused the Swiss to rise up against and kill Charles the Bold.  The oldest son of Charles VII, he tried unsuccessfully to overthrow his father and was forced to flee the country before taking power in 1461.  FTP, name this French monarch who ruled until 1483, and whose machinations earned him the nickname the "Spider King.".;;Louis XI
;;In one of them, Nourmahal learns a magical song from Namouna to regain her husband's affection after they have a fight during the Feast of Roses.  In another, Hinda drowns herself after her lover Hafed commits suicide on a funeral pyre.  In the first of them, Zelica marries a fraud named Mokanna because she mistakenly believes that her lover has died in battle, but Azim is still alive and later kills her by mistake.  The only remaining one features a tear of a repentant criminal, which enables a peri to enter into Heaven.  At the end of the work, we discover that the man who told these stories is actually the King of Bucharia, who is engaged to marry the titular daughter of Aurungzebe.  FTP, name this 1817 work, a collection of four narrative poems which are told on a journey from Delhi to Cashmere which was written by Thomas Moore.;;Lalla Rookh(:) (An) (Oriental) (Romance)
;;He implicitly criticized the beach paintings of William Collins in his depiction of a choppy sea in Chain Pier, Brighton.  He paid tribute to Bishop Fisher by depicting his living, Langham Church, in his Glebe Farm.  He was inspired by Claude, whose work he saw through his patron Sir George Beaumont, in works like Dedham Vale, Evening.  With his largescale 1819 painting of a White Horse, his reputation was established, though he had to suppress his Whitehall Stairs to consolidate his reputation as a landscape painter.  He painted in Dorset, Hampstead, and Salisbury, but is best known for a series depicting the Stour valley.  FTP, name this British artist, best known for The Hay Wain.;;(John) Constable
;;The argument made in the dissent in this case would be taken up again 23 years later in a dissent to Wallace v. Jaffree.  Ten years earlier, the court had considered a similar case involving a program in New York in Zorach v. Clauson.  That case reached a similar conclusion as was reached in a case involving a New Jersey man named Arch Everson, in which Hugo Black's majority opinion relied on an argument advanced in the "Memorial and Remonstrance" of James Madison.  In this case, Hugo Black again wrote the majority opinion, though he offered no precedent for his conclusion that a certain practice was inconsistent with the Establishment Clause.  In his dissent, Potter Srewart countered that the Free Exercise Clause was most important, and the Constitution only forbade the government to establish a church.  FTP, name this 1962 decision in which the Supreme Court asserted that public schools could not sponsor prayers.;;Engel v(.) Vitale
;;They appear in the prologue to Fulke Greville's Alaham and in Thomas Hughes's The Misfortunes of Arthur.  In addition to Gorlois and the King of Ormus, one appears in Catiline which was singled out for special praise by T. S. Eliot in his essay on Ben Jonson.  A duke of Genoa named Andrugio is one in John Marston's Antonio's Revenge, while another is the lover of Bel-Imperia, Don Andrea, who appears in the frame narrative of The Spanish Tragedy.  One of them throws earth on Flamineo in Act V of The White Devil.  In Act IV of Julius Caesar, one of them promises to see Brutus at Philippi.  Another one sits in the title character's chair in Act III of Macbeth, while the most famous one threatens to tell a tale which would make his son's hair stand on end "like quills upon the fretful porpentine."  FTP, name this type of creature who tells of being murdered by his brother Claudius in Act I of Hamlet.;;(a) ghost
;;Two and a half weeks before this battle, the man who would lose it burned the fortress of Norham in retaliation for John "the Bastard" Heron's murder of Robert Kerr.  While that man dallied with Elizabeth Heron at Ford Castle, the man who would beat him went from Pontefact to Wooler, assembling his army.  After the English crossed the River Till on September 9, they assembled at the foot of Branxton Hill, where the 15-foot spears employed by the losing army proved to be no match for the 8-foot "long bills" of the victors.  Over 10,000 Scots, including the king, were killed in this battle, which was a decisive triumph for a lieutenant of Henry VIII, the Earl of Surrey.  FTP, name this battle in which James IV was defeated, which ended a Scottish invasion of England in 1513.;;(the) (battle) (of) Flodden (Field)
;;After ending her lesbian relationship with Natalie Raymond, she took up with Ruth Valentine.  Her first book was an unfinished work called Adventures in Womenhood, which was to have considered "new women in three centuries" by profiling Olive Schreiner, Mary Wollstonecraft, and Margaret Fuller.  Another of her books was attacked by Congressman Andrew May, who denounced its assertion that some African-Americans were more intelligent than some whites, even if those whites were from Kentucky.  That book, Races of Mankind, was a collaboration with Gene Weltfish, written three years after she analyzed stereotypes in Race: Science and Politics.  In 1925 she became editor of the Journal of American Folklore, two years after publishing her The Concept of the Guardian Spirit in North America.  She discussed Apollonian and Dionysian configurations in her 1934 masterwork.  FTP, name this anthropologist who wrote The Chrysanthemum and the Sword and Patterns of Culture.;;(Ruth) Benedict
;;In section 46, the author criticizes Pierre Poiret's view that eternal truths are arbitrary.  Section 16 includes a criticism of Pierre Bayle's article on Jerome Rorarius, who had written a book arguing that animals reason better than people.  Section 85 offers the author's definition of the City of God as the "assemblage of all rational minds," while the 90th and final section concludes that if we could understand the order of the universe, we would find that it surpasses our wisest wishes.  Section 33 distinguishes between truths of reason and truths of fact, while the preceding sections define the two principles on which reasoning is based, those being the Principle of Non-Contradiction and the Principle of Sufficient Reason.  In the first section, we learn that the subject of the discourse is nothing else than a simple substance which enters into composites, and later we learn that the titular objects are the "real atoms of nature" which exist in a pre-established harmony.  FTP, name this work written in 1714 which asserts that we live in the best of all possible worlds, a treatise by Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz.;;(the) Monadology
;;The Lewis/Randall rule states that this quantity's value for each species in an ideal solution is proportional to the mole fraction of that species.  Use of this quantity corrects for nonideality due to attractive and repulsive forces between particles, and sidesteps problems with using the chemical potential for real fluids.   It has units of pressure, and may be defined as pressure times its namesake coefficient, usually symbolized phi.  For an ideal gas, phi is equal to one, and this quantity equals the pressure.  FTP, what is this quantity which represents the tendency of a substance to escape from its phase?.;;fugacity
;;He was inspired by Sir Walter Scott's The Monastery to paint Roadside Meeting, while a poem by Thomas Campbell inspired Lord Ullin's Daughter and the "Man of Law's Tale" inspired his depiction of a woman lounging in a canoe, Constance.  He depicted the sun setting behind a strangely bowed sailboat in his With Sloping Mast and Dipping Prow.  Two people in Elizabethan garb stand in the lower left of his The Forest of Arden, while God holds a brown orb and raises his left hand in the center background in this man's Jonah.  His other depictions of boats on the ocean include Toilers of the Sea and The Flying Dutchman.  In his most famous painting, a snake hangs out by a ruined fence in the foreground, while the central figure rides by holding a scythe.  FTP, name this American artist of Death on a Pale Horse.;;(Albert) (Pinkham) Ryder
;;The title character is so impressed by a cake which contains absinthe in the dough that he offers a job to a cook named Sarah.  He strings along Doctor Bradley by promising to consult on the manuscript of Forty Years an Ohio Doctor.  He regrets summoning the glamorous Lorraine Sheldon from England to break up the courtship of the editor of the Mesalia Journal and his assistant Maggie Cutler, but his friend Banjo helps him resolve the crisis with the help of a handy mummy case sent to him by the khedive of Egypt.  The action takes place during the two weeks before Christmas, during which time the Stanley family is forced to put up with a cranky celebrity after he fractured his hip on their doorstep.  FTP, name this play dedicated to Alexander Woollcott, a work about Sheridan Whiteside by Moss Hart and George S. Kaufman.;;(The) Man Who Came to Dinner
;;One man with this surname was the Metro Conference Player of the Year in 1986, after which he was drafted in the first round by the Utah Jazz.  That man scored the first four-point play in the history of the Cavaliers, and would later play with Milwaukee and Toronto, though he spent most of his career with a team that picked him in the expansion draft in 1988.  Another man with this surname played on a 10-day contract with Washington in 1996, but would have more success with Milwaukee and Detroit, who traded him to Toronto in 2003 for Lindsey Hunter.  That man was waived in 2005 when Dale Davis was signed by the Pacers.  Another man of this surname was the youngest player ever drafted by his team when he was drafted fourth overall in 2001.  In 2003, that man became the first man since Artis Gilmore to lead the league in field-goal percentage as a Chicago Bull.  FTP, give the common last name of NBA players Dell, Michael, and Eddy.;;Curry
;;Recoil drift may produce slow leakages through them via the Yarkovsky Effect, a possible explanation for their population of high-albedo objects. Trajectories associated with them were first solved with a time-averaged Hamiltonian applied to a restricted ellipse, which reduced to a harmonic dynamic. That equation permits their population's approach to a separatrix, and was first solved by Wisdom. Examples like the Hestia and the Hecuba give rise to the Alinda and Griqua groups. The most prominent ones occur at mean-motion ratios of 3:1, 5:2, 7:3, and 2:1 with that of a certain nearby body, and result from chaotic increases in eccentricity.  FTP, name these large spaces cleared by orbital resonances of Jupiter from the Asteroid Belt.;;Kirkwood Gaps
;;This man lost a campaign for re-election  as governor by a single vote to Marcus Morton.  He was compelled to resign from his Senate seat after only serving 15 months of his term, having outraged his constituents by being absent during the vote on the Kansas-Nebraska Act. After the Hungarian uprising against the Austrians, he wrote the Hulsemann letter at the invitation of Daniel Webster.  He allowed black students to take the entrance exams during his time as President of Harvard, and before going into politics he served as Harvard's first Eliot professor of Greek literature, a position which he qualified for by going to Gottingen and receiving the first Ph. D. ever awarded to an American.  A long-time Whig leader, he ran for his best-known office in 1860 when he was the Vice Presidential candidate of the Constitutional Union ticket with John Bell.  FTP, name this American who rallied support for the Union cause with his many orations, including a lengthy one on November 19, 1863 at Gettysburg.;;(Edward) Everett
;;This work includes an admiring analysis of the prose of Lord Byron in the chapter titled "Vester, Camenae."  We learn that the poem which has been most useful to the author is George Herbert's "Submission" in a chapter titled "The Campo Santo."  The author remarks on how pleased his father was to learn that Sydney Smith admired his second book in a chapter called "The Feasts of the Vandals."  The last chapter, "Joanna's Care," is dated from Brantwood in 1889, and concludes with a reminiscence of seeing Siena with Charles Norton.  The first chapter, "The Springs of Wandel," describes the author's childhood as the privileged son of a wine-merchant, and was also printed in Fors Clavigera.  FTP, name this autobiographical work which describes the writing of The Stones of Venice and Modern Painters, a book by John Ruskin.;;Praeterita
;;His second opera was based on Ernst von Wolzogen's The Quenched Fires of Oudenarde, and ends with Diemut accepting the love of the magician Kunrad.  His first opera depicts a member of the Holy Society of Peace who saves Freiheld, the wife of the evil Duke Robert, from killing herself.  In addition to Feuersnot and Guntram, he wrote about the surrender at Breda in Friedenstag and about the love of Apollo for a daughter of Peneios in Daphne.  A composer named Flamand and the Countess Madeleine appear in his final opera, the one-act work Capriccio.  He wrote about the sister of Chrysothemis in a 1909 opera based on a play by Sophocles, while Zerbinetta and Bacchus appear in his Ariadne on Naxos.  FTP, name this German composer of Elektra and Der Rosenkavalier.;;(Richard) Strauss
;;The Boussinesq approximation of this relation reduces nonlinearity in the body in question by ignoring non-gravitational contributions of density. In another form, the insertion 2 omega cross u-sub-r accounts for motion in a rotating reference frame, and it also has two nonspecific variations that cover compressible and incompressible fluids. One of its most important solutions defines the conditions for Hagen-Poiseuille Flow. This equation relates viscosity, the pressure gradient and density to the partial derivative of velocity with respect to time. FTP, name this equation that describes the momentum of fluids at low speeds.;;Navier(-)Stokes (Equation)|(Equations)
;;The title character of this work falls on the tarsus of the poet's left foot, from which a black cloud redounding spreads over Europe.  Later, that title character meets an opponent on the shores of Arnon, where he uses the red clay of Succoth to make new flesh for the bones of his adversary.  This prompts Los to decide that the title character is the one who was prophecied to ascend from Ulro to set Orc free from his chain of jealousy.  The second book of this poem describes the "purgation" of the title character, as his female emanation Ololon descends into Beulah.  Written while the poet was staying in the vale of Felpham, its "preface" asks if "those feet in ancient time" did "walk upon England's mountains green."  First printed in 1804, it promises to "justify the ways of God to Men."  FTP, name this poem which features the descent from Eden of an author who died in 1674, a work by William Blake.;;Milton
;;In Seneca Indian myth, an enormous one of these which kept its heart in the ground so that it could survive any attack was finally killed by Othegwendha.  In Micronesian myth, an "ancient" one created the sun, moon, and earth from a snail he found in a mussel shell.  In addition to Djien and Areop-Enap, the Sumerian goddess Uttu was one of these.  Among the Hopi, Hahai Wugti is associated with this creature, while among the Navajo people of this type established the four warnings of death,  A better known one was the son of Asase Ya and Nyame, and won his powers in a contest with the sky-god Nyankopon.  More famously, a daugher of Colophon and Idmon was changed to one of these after losing a contest with Athena.  FTP, name the type of animal associated with the Ashanti trickster god Anansi and an unfortunate weaver named Arachne.;;(the) spider
;;The Etosha Pan lies in the arid north of this country.  This country's breadbasket is the Grootfontein-Otavi-Tsumeb triangle, where corn is grown.  Tourist attractions include the resort city Swakopmund and the Fish River Canyon in the south, which is nearly as large as the Grand Canyon.  The Kunene and Cubango Rivers separate it from its neighbor to the north, while its west coast features such attractions as Sandwich Bay, the treacherous Skeleton Coast, and Hottentot Bay.  The city of Katima Mililo lies in the far east of this country, just south of Zambia and north of Botswana in a part of this nation known as the Caprivi Strip.  Also home to Walvis Bay, FTP, name this African nation to the northwest of South Africa whose capital is Windhoek.;;Namibia
;;One of them which involved Fuchsian systems and monodromy groups was addressed by Josip Premelj, but his work was shown to be flawed by Andrei Bolibruch.  Another was addressed using the "p-adic" system developed by Helmut Hasse, while Montgomery and Zippin extended the work on one of them by Andrew Gleason.  One of them considers the physical sciences, and mentions the kinetic theory of gases and the "laws of the motion of rigid bodies" as subjects which merit an axiomatic treatment.  The first to be addressed was considered by Max Dehn, who showed that a regular tetrahedron and a cube of the same volume cannot be divided into identical piles of pieces.  Some of them involved the "most general law of reciprocity in any field," "building up space from congruent polyhedra," and the extension of Kronecker's theorem on Abelian fields.  The first of them asked about Cantor's problem of the cardinal number of the continuum.  FTP, name this program for research which was announced at a lecture in 1900, in which a German professor suggested that his colleagues work on 23 questions.;;Hilbert's problems|(the) Mathematical Problems (of) (David) (Hilbert)
;;In 1926, he began publishing the five-volume memoir that would be known as Leaves from My Life.  His socialist views were propounded in the "Proletarian Preacher" column he wrote for the Arbeiter Zeitung, while his less politically-charged journalism included an advice column known as the "Bintel Brief."  In his first work of fiction, a man named Jake chooses Mamie over his wife and son, while his longer works include a "novel of Revolutionary Russia," The White Terror and the Red.  His major work is a novel about a cloth manufacturer which began appearing in McClure's in 1913.  FTP, name this author of The Imported Bridegroom and Yekl, a long-time editor of the Jewish Daily Forward whose best-known novel is The Rise of David Levinsky.;;(Abraham) Cahan
;;It began at the Hanselbauer Hotel, where the man who ordered it was upset by the rampant homosexual activity on display.  In its aftermath, Victor Lutze became the head of a group that had previously been led by a man who three years earlier had been recalled from Bolivia to command it.  Among those killed were the socialist Gregor Strasser, former prime minister of Bavaria Gustav von Kahr, and the country's previous chancellor, Kurt von Schleicher.  Taking place on June 30, it was designed as a "blood purge" of a paramilitary organization led by Ernest Rohm.  FTP, name this event of 1934 in which Hitler consolidated his grasp of power by killing some leaders of the SA.;;(the) Night of the Long Knives
;;The early ones were inspired by a similar set of works by Joseph Schuster, and the first six were dedicated to the Electress of Mannheim.  The one in E flat is dedicated to the composer's pupil Josepha Auernhammer, while the next one was written for the virtuoso Regina Strinasacchi.  The last one is a work in F written "for beginners" at the same time the composer wrote a more famous piano work in C, also for beginners.  One of the best known is the one in E flat written in 1785 and first performed at the composer's Masonic lodge.  FTP, name this group of 16 pieces, which have been championed in the 20th century by Itzhak Perlman and which were composed by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart.;;(the) violin sonatas (of) (Mozart)
;;It includes an anecdote about the twins Date (dah-tay) and Dabitur which is told by Martin Luther.  In a pair of works about the roses in June, it contrasts "one way of love" with "another way of love."  It includes the questions "Who fished the murex up?  What porridge had John Keats?" at the end of "Popularity," while another speaker in it feels "chilly and grown old" after asking, in regard to the people of Venice, "What of soul was left, I wonder, when the kissing had to stop?"  The death of Christ is the subject of both "An Epistle Containing the Strange Medical Experience of Karshish" and "Cleon," while other poems in it are devoted to Master Hugues of Saxe-Gotha and King Saul.  Its titular figures also include Bishop Bloughram and Andrea del Sarto, while it most famously includes "Childe Roland to the Dark Tower Came."  FTP, name this collection of 51 poems published in 1855 by Robert Browning, which features two types of people.;;Men and Women
;;He covered his face in blood to avoid being recognized by his opponent's army after suffering a major defeat in the Valley of the Maidens.  At that battle on the Idistaviso plain, his wife Thusnelda was captured.  Seven years earlier, he had won a major victory in the aftermath of which a number of prisoners were nailed to trees while still alive.  As a youth, this son of Segimer served as an auxiliary in the army he would later oppose.  His great victory was achieved near Detmold, and led to the suicide of a former governor of Syria who had married the grand-niece of Augustus.  FTP, name this chief of the Cherusci, who in 9 AD defeated three Roman legions led by Varus in the Teutoberg Forest.;;Arminius|Hermann
;;This concept was popularized in the 19th century in books like The Non-religion of the Future by Jean-Marie Guyau, who argued that it would become the morality of mankind. It caught on in America after playing a key role in 1933's The Human Problems of an Industrial Civilization by Elton Mayo.  In a continuation of the book that most famously employs this concept, Maurice Halbwachs rejected it.  Leo Srole developed a "scale" to measure it, but he was influenced by the pessimistic version introduced by Robert Merton.  In an 1893 book, it was hypothesized as an abnormal form of the division of labor, but four years later it appeared in conjugal and economic forms as a cause of suicide.  FTP, give this sociological concept, which means an absence of norms and which was employed by Emile Durkheim.;;anomie
;;He updated Schopenhauer's The World as Will and Representation by arguing that the artist must create new forms of cognition to subvert the tyranny of the object world in his The World as Non-Objectivity, which followed up his earlier book God Is Not Cast Down.  His early paintings, such as Peasant Woman With Buckets, were produced while he was associated with such groups as "Jack of Diamonds" and "Donkey's Tail," but after appearing in the Tramway V exhibition of 1915 he lost interest in non-geometrical representations.  During the 1920s he worked on "arkhitektona" and models of Utopian cities, which were exhibited at Chagall's school in Vitebsk.  His own movement reached its culmination in the White on White series of paintings.  FTP, name this Russian artist of Black Square who founded Suprematism.;;(Kazimir) Malevich
;;Naked women sit on horseback in the stables and "press their firm nipples" against any young foreigners who approach in Hypatia.  Because it it completely filled with dirt, Argia is different from all others.  Berenice is alternately just and unjust, and is noted for its sober but tasty cuisine, which includes a superb rice and celery soup.  The moerchants of seven nations gather at every solstice and equinox at Euphemia.  The first to be discussed contains sixty silver domes, and is named Diomira.  Accounts of them were delivered with greater success after a traveller mastered the Tartar language, and while Lalage is the one of the Emperor's dreams, his atlas also includes maps of Butua, Icaria, Oceana, and New Harmony.  These are all discussed in a 1972 book in which a Venetian explorer tells Kublai Khan of his journeys.  FTP, name this work in which Marco Polo describes a number of the titular places, a work by Italo Calvino.;;Invisible Cities|(Le) Citta invisibili
;;They may have included Traiano Boccalini and Tommaso Campanella, according to a chapter on "Italian Liberals" in a book about them.  They are described in The Labyrinth of the World by Comenius, while the Theatrum Chemicum Britannicm indicates that Elias Ashmole wanted to be one.  Johann Theodore De Bry published many of their best known works, including the book of emblems Atalanta fugiens and the History of the Macrocosm and the Microcosm written by Robert Fludd.  Their notion of an "Invisible College" seems to have inspired the Royal Society, while their manifestos, like the Fama Fraternitatis, describe a pilgrimage to the Holy Land made by one C. R.  An "enlightenment" associated with them is described by Frances Yates, who depended heavily on the Chemical Wedding of Johann Andreae.  FTP, name this mystical society whose symbol was a red rose on a cross.;;(the) Rosicrucians
;;It starts at the King of Clubs, where two characters disagree about whether Shep said to be there at 7:30 or 8:30.  One character gets several phone calls from Riley Diefenbach, who wants some serial numbers to be sent to him.  Another character expresses his need for what he calls "ung-went" after he is bitten on the hand by a woman.  That woman then gets tangled in a shower curtain and falls down a staircase.  One of the characters gets a surprise call late at night from Mike Yanagita after he sees her on TV.  Another character claims that he just wants to be "in compliance," but his attempt to bribe a traffic cop leads to three murders.  Norm and his pregnant wife Margy are the sanest characters in the film, which features a kidnapper who is fed into a wood-chipper.  FTP, name this film which stars Steve Buscemi, William H. Macy and Frances MacDormand, a Coen Brothers movie about murders in Minnesota.;;Fargo
;;Early explorers of this island include J. E. Lavoie and Joseph-Elzear Bernier, who spent a winter at Pond Inlet.  One of the first maps of it was made in 1884 by Franz Boas, who stayed at Kekertuk.  South of the Hantzch River lies the Plain of Koukdjuak, while it includes a notable bird sanctuary at Cape Dorset.  In the north, the Borden and Brodeur peninsulas are separated by Admiralty Inlet, which may be the world's largest fjord.  It is separated from the Melville Peninsula by the Foxe Basin, while it is separated from an island to the east by the Davis Strait.  It is home to Auyuittuq National Park, its nation's first park north of the Arctic Circle, and Iqaluit, the capital of Nunavut.  FTP, name this fifth-largest island in the world, which is also the largest island in Canada.;;Baffin (Island)
;;The conclusion to this work mocks Bayle and Polybius for imagining that there could be nations that wouldn't need religion, because the maxims of philosophers are useless to make people be virtuous.  It begins with an "explanation of the picture placed as frontispiece," in which we learn that the "lady with the winged temples" on top of a globe represents metaphysics, while the "luminous triangle with the seeing eye" is of course God.  Its conclusion describes an "eternal natural commonwealth" which was "ordained by divine providence," and follows the fifth book, which considers the "latest barbaric history" and the connection between "feudal law" and "ancient Roman law."  The fourth book claims that ancient jurisprudence was "a severe kind of poetry," while poetic wisdom is the subject of Books 2 and 3, the latter of which deals with the "discovery of the true Homer."  First published in 1725, it proposes a cyclical theory of history.  FTP, name this major work of Giambattista Vico.;;(The) New Science|(La) scienza nuova
;;The close distribution of its solutions is known as Lehmer's Phenomenon.  It constrains the function f of z in the plane of an open disk with radius less than 1/4 according to the Voronin Universality Theorem.  The eigenvalues of a suitable Hermitian operator are given by its nonimaginary solutions at one half plus i times E sub-n according to the Berry Conjecture.  For the right half plane, it is given by the Dirichlet eta function, and it may be extended by the reflection functional equation to the entire complex plane, though it contains a singularity for the case s equals 1.  FTP, name this special function defined as the natural analytic extension of the sum over every positive integer n of 1 over n to the s, whose non-trivial zeros may have real part equal to one half.;;(Riemann) zeta (function)
;;One of them written to the author's wife claims that his love for her is greater than the Clarian poet's love for Lyde or Bittis's for Coan.  Another reminds Perilla that she is getting old, and encourages her to keep writing poems.  Yet another notes that the name of the place where they were written derives from the murder of Absyrtus there by his sister.  In Book Five, the author notes that hordes of Sarmatae and Getae live in a certain town and regrets missing his wife's birthday.  While they were written, the author wrote a similar set of poems which were each addressed to a named person, and also wrote a long poem in the form of a curse, the Ibis.  The first book of them was finished in 9 AD and sent to Rome from a town on the Black Sea.  FTP, name this book of poems which laments the author's exile at Tomis, a work by Ovid.;;(the) Tristia|Sorrows|Sorrows of an Exile
;;His mother wrote several novels, including The Nereid and Antethusia.  He served as president of one of the nation's first electrified city railways, the Knoxville Street Railway Company, but after it collapsed he relocated to New York City.  While working there, he became dissatisfied with the ferries on the Hudson River and established a campaign to build his namesake "tunnels" under it.  His ambitions were dashed later in life when the public learned that he had done legal work for Edward Doheny, after which he deadlocked with Al Smith and lost a Presidential nomination to John W. Davis.  Twelve years earlier, this man had taken charge of the 1912 Democratic convention for his future father-in-law, who rewarded his service by giving him a cabinet post.  FTP, name this man who implemented the New Freedom program as Secretary of the Treasury under Woodrow Wilson.;;(William) McAdoo
;;According to Charles Burney, its first use in an opera came in Johann Christian Bach's Orione.  Two pioneering concertoes for it were written by F. X. Pokorny, while an early set of six concertoes for it was written by J. M. Molter.  Max Reger wrote three sonatas for this instrument and piano, a combination also employed in Schumann's Opus 73, a set of three "fantasy pieces."  Heinrich Baermann inspired Carl Maria von Weber to write two concertoes for it, while Hermstedt was the original soloist in the four concertoes for it by Louis Spohr.  One of its early virtuosi was Anton Stadler, for whom the "Kegelstatt Trio" was composed by Mozart.  More recent performers include Gervase de Payer, for whom Thea Musgrave wrote a concerto, and a man for whom Copland's concerto and Bartok's Contrasts were written.  FTP, name this musical instrument, whose noted performers include Woody Herman, Artie Shaw, and Benny Goodman.;;(the) clarinet
;;One character in this work remembers when her son walked around the block singing the Marseillaise at the age of eighteen months.  That character also remembers singing a song about a wild cat in "Argentine" who jumped on a sewing machine and received forty-nine stitches.  At the beginning of the final act, one character descends a staircase and wakes his son, who is asleep on the sofa, to tell him that his mother is thinking of leaving them.  In the end, an alcoholic writer drives his car into a pond so that his ex-wife will be free to marry John Tucker, a death which parallels the suicide of the author's husband Reeves.  According to this work's "Personal Preface," it was inspired by the death of the author's mother and written with the encouragement of Tennessee Williams.  FTP, name this play which premiered in 1957, a work about the Lovejoy family by Carson McCullers whose title designates an incalculable mathematical value.;;(The) Square Root of Wonderful
;;Aplasia of this organ may occur in Digeorge syndrome, while tumors originating in this organ often occur in patients with myasthenia gravis.  Capillaries in this organ have a barrier which is impervious to macromolecules, and it is the only other organ other than the brain, testes, and placenta to have one. A pyramidal organ with two fused lobes, it is derived most of the time from the third pharyngeal pouch and is often the site of ectopic parathyroid tissue.  Located above the heart, deep to the sternum, and in front of the trachea, FTP name this ductless gland in which T cells migrating from the bone marrow mature, which notably atrophies after puberty and which makes a yummy treat as "sweetbread.".;;thymus
;;Its second commander was Henry A. Burgevine, but he was dismissed for failing to pay his troops and replaced by the British officer J. Y. Holland.  It was founded by a man who was known as "the Devil Soldier" by his opponents, and who was killed at Tzeki, a town outside Ningpo.  It was assisted by the Lay-Osborne fleet, seven steamers which constituted its country's first modern navy.  It was disbanded at Kunshan after its most successful commander relieved Chansu and captured Soochow, the headquarters of Chung Wang.  Its most notable triumph under its first commander, the American adventurer Frederick Townsend Ward, came at Sung-chiang.  FTP, name this army most famously commanded by Charles Gordon, which helped to suppress the Taiping Rebellion and which wasn't quite as successful as its name would indicate.;;(the) Ever(-)Victorious (Army)
;;He wrote a ghost story which is told by a "moth-eaten aristocrat" named Galaktion, "The White Eagle," while he wrote about a police officer who is instructed to find out what people are going to think in "The March Hare."  Private Postnikov deserts his post to save a man from drowning in "The Sentry," while a saying about a steel flea made by the English inspired his "The Left-Handed Craftsman."  The title character of one of his tales is controlled by a priest whose death he brought about.  That story originated in his trip to the monastery islands of Korela and Konevetz on Lake Ladoga, while he locked himself into the punishment rooms of the University of Kiev in order to write his best-known work, which appeared in the magazine Epoch in 1865.  FTP, name this author of "The Enchanted Wanderer," who wrote about a merchant's wife named Katerina Izmaylova in his Lady Macbeth of the Mtsensk District.;;(Nikolai) Leskov
;;Dowling developed the EPIC model to study these objects. Polvani has shown that at least one of them is a pulsating Kida vortex with a Rossby deformation radius at least two thirds as large as its diameter, and they are large enough to initiate orographic condensation around their edges. Believed to be analogous to the Jovian "brown barge" phenomenon, shearing of their highest sections produces their long trails of cirrus clouds and contributes to methane thinning in their atmosphere. One of them famously disappeared in 1994, though another formed at the same latitude in the northern hemisphere. FTP, name these infrequent earth-sized storms discovered by Voyager 2 in the atmosphere of Neptune.;;(Great) Dark Spots
;;Its late period saw the rise of the Gutians, and the invasion of the Amurrus hastened its decline.  Its fourth ruler took the title "king of the four quarters of the earth," and modestly had himself called a god.  That king's two predecessors, Manushtusu and Rimush, were both murdered, as was Naram-Sin.  The last of its five major rulers was Shar-kalli-sharri, while the first started out as a cupbearer at the court of King Ur-Zababa of Kish.  This empire reached its greatest extent after seizing the kingdom of Magan, and its people spoke a Semitic language whose Babylonian dialect replaced Sumerian as the common tongue, paralleling the defeat of Luggalzaggisi of Uruk that gave rise to the establishment of this state.  FTP, name this empire spanning all of southern Mesopotamia which was founded by Sargon the Great.;;(the) Akkadian (Empire)
;;The third of them discusses the Symbolic Snake, which made its first appearance in 429 BC.  The last of them discusses the qualities of an ideal ruler, who must not be at the mercy of his passions.  This work derives from a book published under the pseudonym of John Retcliffe, which itself derived from a book about Montesquieu and Machiavelli by Maurice Joly.  The former book, Biarritz, was written by a postal clerk and spy named Hermann Goedsche, who plagiarized extensively from Dumas's Joseph Balsamo.  A popular early edition of it was published by George Butmi, while Professor Sergei Nilus called attention to it under the name "Chapter 18" and claimed that it had been written in Basel.  Lucien Wolf exposed it in 1921, a year after a huge printing of it was sponsored by Henry Ford.  FTP, name this document which purports to document a plot to destroy Christian civilization and bring about a Jewish world state.;;(the) Protocols of the Elders of Zion|(the) Protocols of the Learned Elders of Zion
;;It avoids the central problem of the earlier Siemens process by using a throttling process rather than expansion through a turbine, thereby creating a system without moving parts exposed to ultralow temperatures.  If the system is modified to send a portion of the vapor in a superheated state through an expander instead of the Joule-Thomson valve, it becomes known as the Claude process.  The major breakthrough in this process was to send expanded cooled gas through a heat exchanger to cool incoming compressed gases, allowing for far lower temperatures.  FTP, what is this refrigeration process patented in 1895 that is the most common method of liquefying gases?.;;Hampson(-)Linde (cycle)
;;At one point, the narrator looks through a knot-hole into a "Charity-House," but since it is not supplied with matches, straw, or hay, he concludes that it isn't really a "humane house."  The narrator eats apple-sauce and doughnuts which are supplied him by a man with whom he discusses George Washington and the meaning of the name "Axy."  In addition to the chapter on the "Wellfleet Oysterman," this book includes chapters on the "Highland Light" and on "Stage-coach Views."  In the first chapter, we learn that the author made three visits to the titular location between 1849 and 1855; on the first visit, he observed the wreck of the brig St. John at Cohasset.  Also including chapters on "The Plains of Nauset" and "Provincetown," FTP, name this posthumously published book about a portion of Massachusetts which was written by Henry David Thoreau.;;Cape Cod
;;One member of this dynasty won a major victory at La Forbie over his treacherous uncle, though his allies at that battle would soon desert him.  That ruler's father captured Damietta several times and like his son was forced to do battle with the Khwarezmians.  The last of them was murdered by one of his generals, who went on to marry the widow of an earlier one of them.  After Aybek killed Turanshah, they were supplanted by the Bahri dynasty.  The high point of this dynasty came at a battle in which Raymond III of Tripoli and King Guy were defeated near an extinct volcano, the Horns of Hattin.  FTP, name this Kurdish dynasty which ruled Damascus and Egypt during the 12th and 13th centures, and which was founded by Saladin.;;(the) Ayyubid (dynasty)
;;He attempted to rework Sidgwick's philosophy from the perspective of Fechner's psychophysics in his first book, New and Old Methods of Ethics.  His major book wasn't much noticed until the 1950s, when Shubik and Scarf took up his notion of "final settlements" in their work on game theory.  Two years after publishing that major book, he shifted gears and devoted himself to mathematical statistics, which led to his becoming the first editor of the Economic Journal.  The concepts of offer, contract, and indifference curves were all introduced by him, as was the general utility function, and he anticipated the Pareto optimum in 1881's Mathematical Psychics.  FTP, name this student of Jevons, a British economist best known for his eponymous box.;;(Francis) Edgeworth
;;In part 6, the fact that Lucullus was the first man to bring cherry trees to Europe from Asia is taken as an argument against the eternity of the world.  In part 9, it is pointed out that the products of 9 always compose either 9 or some product of 9, which leads to the inference that the whole economy of the universe may be conducted by a similar necessity.  The tenth section notably quotes Dryden's Aureng-Zebe in suggesting that most people would refuse to live again the last 20 years of their lives, though they hope the next 20 will be better.  At the beginning of the twelfth and final section, Pamphilius notes that the conversation continued after the abrupt departure of a character based on Samuel Clarke, Demea.  In the end, Philo tells Cleanthes that to be a philosophical sceptic is the first step towards being a sound Christian.  FTP, name this book published posthumously in 1779, three years after the death of its author, David Hume.;;Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion
;;Infection with an anaerobic gram-positive rod causes this disease, which is mediated by a plasmid-produced toxin. The toxin that causes the symptoms of this disease is absorbed by peripheral nerves and is transported to the brainstem and spinal cord, where it binds to specific presynaptic nerve terminals.  That prevents the release of glycine and GABA, leading to the increased firing rate of alpha motor neurons.  Cardinal signs of this disease include a sustained grimace or sneer, arched back, and difficulty swallowing. Typically beginning with spasms of the masseter muscle, FTP, name this bacterial disease, uncommon in the US due to vaccination, which can be acquired by stepping on a rusty nail.;;tetanus|Clostridium tetani|trismus|lockjaw
;;It may be a response to a now-lost work in which a young woman attached pieces of boxwood to pictures of her parents, Albert Stevens's Palm Sunday.  It may take its name from a character in The Dialogue of the Foolish Virgins and the Wise Virgins by Zacharie Astruc, whose poem about this work was quoted by its artist in response to questions about its meaning.  In earlier works, the artist depicted the model for this work "in the costume of an espada" and as a "street singer."  The subject of the painting wears a black ribbon around her neck and a pink flower in her hair, while a bouquet of flowers is brought to her by a servant.  A portrayal of Victorine Meurent, it also features a small black cat.  FTP, name this 1863 painting of a reclining nude whose left hand covers her genitals, a work by Edouard Manet.;;Olympia
;;In the second act, the title character sees phantom mammoths while floating in "the abyss of space," and discusses an episode in which his father cured a lamb that had been stung by a reptile.  When the title character returns to Earth in Act 3, he wonders why his infant son is sleeping beneath a cypress tree and learns that he has only been gone for two hours.  In the preface, the author disavows having read works by Solomon Gesner and Alfieri on a similar subject, and refers to Bishop Warburton's Divine Legation to explain the absence of allusion to a future state in the Old Testament.  He also discusses his decision to name the title character's wife Adah and his sister-in-law Zillah, though they are nameless in the Bible.  Near the end, a whirlwind scatters a fruit sacrifice, after which the title character kills someone whose sacrifice was accepted.  FTP, name this "mystery" written in 1821, a dramatic work by Lord Byron about the first murderer.;;Cain
;;When this group reformed in 1997, Adrian Vandenberg and the vocalist were the only holdovers from their previous incarnation.  That version performed an unplugged show in Japan which was released as Starkers in Tokyo as well as the album Restless Heart, which wasn't released in the United States.  After that, the lead singer put the band on hiatus to release the solo effort Into the Light, having previously put the group on hold to collaborate on an album with Jimmy Page.  The third version of the band produced Slip of the Tongue with Steve Vai, while the first produced such albums as Northwinds and Lovehunter.  But it is the second version, whose songs included "Still of the Night" and "Slide It In," which is best remembered today.  FTP, name this "hair metal" band fronted by former Deep Purple vocalist David Coverdale, whose hits include "Love Ain't No Stranger" and "Here I Go Again.".;;Whitesnake
;;The one at Napata selected Aspelta to be king, while the one at Elaius was popular with sailors and was associated with Protesilaus.  The one at Tefenni involved the throwing of dice, while the one at Thalamae was connected to Ino and involved incubation.  At Oropus, one slept on the skin of a ram, while the one at Antissa was associated with a famous severed head.  The one at Telmessos was visited by a messenger from Croesus, but he returned home too late to do any good.  One in Epirus was home to a sacred oak-tree, while the most famous one started out in the Korykian Cave before moving to a stone temple designed by Trophonius.  That one was the site of a conflict between a great dragon and Apollo, who possessed the Pythia who spoke there.  FTP, name these places at which people got advice from the gods, some of which were at Dodona and Delphi.;;oracles
;;One of the most important medieval natives of this city was Vannoccio Biringuccio, whose On Pyrotechnics is the first modern work on metallurgy.  This city won a major victory when Bocca degli Abati treacherously cut off the hand of his own army's standard bearer, after which their army triumphed at Montaperti.  After the assassination of Niccolo Borghese, this city was controlled by Pandolfo Petrucci, who was forced to flee after becoming involved in a plot against Cesare Borgia.  Horse races known as the Corso del Palio are held in its central Piazza del Campo, which is also the location of a large Public Palace which contains the Gaia Fountain and some notable frescoes depicting the effects of good government.  FTP, name this Tuscan city which was said to have been founded by Romulus's nephew Senius, a long-time rival of Florence whose famous natives include Duccio and Saint Catherine.;;Siena
;;The Opus 19 of Hugh Wood is a song cycle which sets seven of these to music, including "In the hot depth of this summer" and "Snared by the dying light."  In the ninth of them the speaker, "drunk with pines and long kisses," finds that his lover's parallel body yields to his arms like a fish infinitely fastened to his soul.  The sixteenth is a paraphrase of a poem from Tagore's The Gardener, while the first poem in this collection by a twenty-year-old poet celebrates the "goblets of the breast" and the "eyes of absence" of the body of his woman.  In 1955, they were translated into English by Patrick Bowles and Christopher Logue, and they have recently been translated again by W. S. Merwin.  The last of them shows a notable change in mood, as the poet laments the "hour of departure."  FTP, identify this work published in 1924, the first volume of poetry by Pablo Neruda.;;Twenty Love Poems and a Song of Despair|Veinte poemas de amor y una cancion desesperada
;;His first surviving work for piano is a "Bohemian Dance" written when he was 17.  His last works for piano include "To the girl dancing with antique cymbals," "To invoke Pan, god of the summer wind," and four other Antique Epigraphs, as well as a Heroic Berceuse he dedicated to the king and people of Belgium and a "Hommage to Haydn" written for the centenary of the composer's death.  All three of his ballets, including Games and Khamma, were originally written as piano scores, and the first of his Etudes is written for five fingers after a work by Czerny.  He wrote musical depictions of an eccentric general named Lavine, Samuel Pickwick, and Delphic Dancers in his two books of Preludes for piano, while "Pagodas" and "Night in Grenada" are depicted in his Estampes.  FTP, name this French composer, whose other piano works include the Suite Bergamasque and a collection including "Golliwogg's Cake-Walk," Children's Corner.;;(Claude) Debussy
;;In this novel, Anton wants to begin a piano recital with a piece by Johann Reichardt, but his mother intervenes and instead he plays Bach's Capriccio on the Departure of his Brother.  In the penultimate chapter, the protagonist refuses to discuss the Neutrality Conference which was nearly held, though he does remark that algebra, like laudanum, deadens pain.  In the Afterword, we learn that George was killed at the battle of Smolensk, while Sidonie and Erasmus died young and the Bernhard drowned in 1800.  The protagonist's beloved dies two days following her 15th birthday, after which he decides to begin writing under a pseudonym meaning "clearer of new land," while also pursuing a career in the Salt Mine Directorate.  He never finished Heinrich von Ofterdingen, from which this work takes its title.  FTP, name this 1995 novel about the love of Sophie von Kuhn and Friedrich von Hardenberg, or Novalis, a book by Penelope Fitzgerald with a botanical title.;;(The) Blue Flower
;;One of them is a fat old man who wears a green robe and waves a fan made out of feathers to soothe the ocean.  Another of them is a patron of gardeners who was once carried to the heavens by a stork, which caused him to drop his wooden belt and single shoe.  Another of them lost his body when a servant prematurely cremated it, after which his soul was put into the body of a beggar who had died of hunger.  Yet another of them is a god of barbers who always bears a sword, rides a donkey backwards, and wrote the Hundred Character Tablet.  The only female of them is also known as Kasenko, and is usually accompanied by a judge.   Two of them began as ordinary humans, but were granted eternal life by the gods.  Including Han Chung-Li, Ho-sien-ku, and Lu Tung-pin, FTP, name this group of figures from Chinese myth.;;(the) Eight Immortals|Ba Xian|Pa Hsien|Pa Kung
;;Its most dangerous island is Fonuafo'ou, which is wracked by earthquakes and volcanoes.  It is governed by an assembly, the Fale Alea, nine of whose seats are reserved for people selected by the country's 33 nobles.  In the north it includes Tafahi and Niuatoputapu, though most of its people live in three major island groups.  The town of Neiafu is located in the Vava'u group, while Pangai and Kao Island are found in the Ha'apai group.  It gained independence from Great Britain in 1970, though this archipelago of "Friendly Islands" was first united in 1845.  FTP, name this island nation in the South Pacific which is ruled by Taufa'ahau Tupou IV, which is the only monarchy in its part of the world and whose capital is at Nuku'alofa.;;Tonga
;;In a hypothetical universe where quark masses are made very large but the QCD scale unchanged, this would become the lightest meson, because the masses of the mesons we know would scale like quark masses.  Attempts to calculate its properties have made use of the AdS/CFT duality, or of lattice QCD.  Experimentally it has remained elusive, perhaps because it is a broad resonance and mixed with other mesonic states.  A theoretical proof of its existence in Yang-Mills would demonstrate a mass gap and win a million-dollar Clay Institute prize.  FTP, what is this theoretical color-singlet state made up of the force carriers of QCD, a bound state of gluons?.;;glueball
;;This concept is the subject of a 1975 book by Larry Berkson.  It was first used to strike down a state law in a case involving drug addiction, Robinson v. California, but the rule established in that case was not followed six years later in a case involving chronic alcoholism, Powell v. Texas.  In one of the first important cases to invoke this concept, Joseph McKenna invalidated a Phillipine statute involving the "cadena temporal."  Prior to Weems v. United States it was only occasionally mentioned, as in a case involving crucifixion, Wilkerson v. Utah, but it has appeared more recently in regard to expatriation in Trop v. Dulles and in a number of cases involving the state of Georgia, including Eberheart, Gregg, and Coker.  Most famously, it was invoked in 1972 to compel 39 states to stop employing the death penalty following Furman v. Georgia.  FTP, give this four-word term for something which is prohibited by the Eighth Amendment.;;cruel and unusual punishment
;;Her autobiographical works include This Is That and In the Service of the King, and her writings frequently appeared in the magazine she founded, Bridal Call.  After she was accused of having a fling with Kenneth Ormiston, she removed her mother from a leadership position in the Echo Park Association.  Earlier, she had travelled the country with her mother in a special car which had the messages "Where Will You Spend Eternity" and "Jesus Is Coming Soon" painted on it. Her best-known creation was taken over by her son Rolf prior to her death, and was given a name which derived from her interpretation of Ezekiel 1:10.   FTP, name this American evangelist, who founded the Church of the Foursquare Gospel.;;(Aimee) (Semple) McPherson
;;He was appointed to a notable position in the year he published Madagascar, and Other Poems.  His early works include The Cruel Brother and The Tragedy of Albovine, but it was after the success of his The Temple of Love that he took charge of masques for the court.  He was appointed governor of Maryland in 1649, but was captured on the voyage to America and imprisoned in the Tower of London, where he got some writing done.  That writing included the epic poem Gondibert, though after he was released thanks to the intervention of John Milton he returned to his first love, the theater.  In 1656, a play was produced in England for the first time in 14 years when his The Siege of Rhodes was performed.  FTP, name this author who was appointed Poet Laureate in 1638, and who was the godson of a man whom he claimed was really his father, William Shakespeare.;;(Sir) (William) D'Avenant
;;The title character gets a job writing for a TV series on ABC after nearly being killed by a hit-and-run driver.  When she goes to an orgy hosted by Clem Masters, she fondles the breasts of Gloria Gordon before being anally raped by a member of the band the Four Skins, to her irritation.  She writes the story of her life for her dentist and analyst, Dr. Randolph Spenser Montag, who is horrified to read about an incident in which she used a strap-on dildo to anally rape one of her students at the Academy of Drama and Modelling, Rusty Godowsky.  Her goal is to write a commentary on Parker Tyler's Magic and Myth of the Movies, but she loses interest in films of the 40s after ceasing to take female hormones.  FTP, name this 1968 work about a gay man who moves to Hollywood after undergoing a sex change operation, a novel by Gore Vidal.;;Myra Breckinridge
;;One of its first major actions was a response to the assassination of the German ambassador, Count Wilhelm von Mirbach-Harff.  A month later, Fanny Kaplan's attempt at killing the country's leader led to its receiving the power to impose death sentences.  When peasants refused to sell their grain to the government at fixed prices, it was empowered to seize the grain, which resulted in the so-called "Bread War."  These things made it understandably unpopular, and a year before it was superseded by the State Political Administration its power to investigate ordinary crimes was withdrawn.  When it was established by the Sovnarkom, it was given extraordinary powers to combat counter-revolution and sabotage.  FTP, name this police force which preceded the GPU, and which was established in 1917 with Felix Dzerzhinsky as its first head.;;(the) Cheka|VCHEKA(,) (or(:)) All(-)Russian Extraordinary Commission for Combating Counter(-)Revolution and Sabotage
;;One problem in testing this theory is that serial correlations may be the result of time varying rates and premiums. Technical analysis assumes that market action discounts everything, and that certain price formations are recurrent, thus violating a form of this theory. Another challenge to this theory is posed by possible limits to arbitrage and human psychology, the tenets that underlie behavior finance.  Developed by Eugene Fame, the theory comes in three varieties. The weak form asserts that all past market prices and data are fully reflected in securities prices. The semistrong form claims that all publicly available information is reflected in securities prices, while the strong form argues that all information is reflected.  FTP, identify this economic theory which claims that predicting the market on a long term basis is impossible.;;(the) Efficient Markets Hypothesis
;;In one that was painted for Francois Derbais, three angels loll on a cloud above the title figure, while another angel sits at her right knee.  About 90 years before Francois Boucher painted that version, Guido Reni produced one in which the title figure is looking toward a Cupid who hovers in the upper right of the canvas.  Two women support the title figure, while another woman explostulates toward two angels dangling from the trees overhead, in one that was painted around 1570 by Paolo Veronese.  In the most famous one, completed in 1562, a cherub rides a fish to the left of the titular event, while the title character holds a red cloth in her right hand and a horn in her left.  FTP, give the name shared by these depictions of the abduction of the daughter of Agenor by Zeus in the form of a bull, the most famous of which was by Titian.;;(The) Rape of Europa
;;The protagonist of this novel uses the word "onions" as a code phrase for sex with his lover.  He is working on a biography of General Gordon when he is interviewed by Peter Weatherby, whose girlfriend Sylvia he borrows for a trip to a funeral.  He borrows the son of a man named Perkis when he wants to visit the rationalist preacher Mr. Smythe, whose disfigured face was once kissed by the woman he loves.  The pivotal event of the novel occurs during the bombing of London, when the protagonist is crushed by a door and his lover promises God that she will renounce him if he is restored to life.  After a walk in the rain proves to be the death of Sarah, her husband Henry Miles invites the protagonist to move in with him.  FTP, name this novel in which Maurice Bendrix tries to understand the termination of a romance, a work by Graham Greene.;;(The) End of the Affair
;;The Spencer and Danner modification to it replaces the critical compressibility with a namesake factor unique to each component.  Unlike the Lee/Kessler correlation, this correlation remains accurate even for highly polar fluids, and unlike the two-parameter Lyderson-Greenkorn-Hougen correlation, does not require knowledge of the density, making it more useful near the critical point of the liquid.  Given as V-sat equals the critical volume times the critical compressibility raised to the quantity 1 minus the reduced temperature to the two sevenths power, FTP, what is this equation that can be used to estimate the molar volume of a saturated liquid?.;;Rackett (equation)|(correlation)
;;He gained his rhetorical skills as interpreter to Sir Stewart Gore-Brown shortly after undertaking a nationwide bicycle tour to drum up support for his first party, though he later withdrew from that party with Simon Kapwepwe.  His "positive nonviolent action" campaign with a splinter faction of the ANC resulted in his incarceration at Gwelo.  He nationalized his country's mining industry in the Mulungushi Reforms after leading a party founded by Mainza Chona to victory over the British colonialists, but within a decade copper prices fell, and he responded to ethnic strife between the Bemba and Lozi tribes by banning all parties except his United National Independence Party.  FTP, name this strongman who was replaced by Frederick Chiluba in 1991 as President of Zambia.;;(Dr(.)) (Kenneth) (David) Kaunda
;;The 13th chapter of this work claims that the first part of Henry VI was written by a Catholic who may not have been Shakespeare, and includes a long discussion of the poetry of Gaultier de Coincy.  The preface announces that the book was written for "nieces" of the narrator, and imagines a summer vacation which begins at Madame Poulard's famous hotel.  The penultimate chapter deals with such "mystics" as John of Salisbury and Adam of Saint Victor, and is followed by a chapter on Thomas Aquinas, while earlier chapters consider the Song of Roland and the "court of the queen of Heaven" found in one of the titular locations.  The first titular location is home to an abbey church dedicated to an archangel, while the other is a cathedral sacred to the Virgin Mary.  FTP, name this book which was privately published in 1904, a "study in 13th century unity" written by Henry Adams.;;Mont Saint Michel and Chartres
;;It is divided into ten parishes, which include Torteval and Saint Saviour.  It is governed by a unicameral Assembly of the States, which includes two representatives from a nearby island which includes the city of St. Anne.  Off its west coast lies Lihou Island, while Jethu, Herm, and Sark lie to its east.  The largest island in its immediate vicinity is Alderney, and one of its two significant ports is Saint Sampson.  It is often paired with a larger island to its south, which includes the cities of Gorey and Saint Helier.  The capital of this "bailiwick" is at Saint Peter Port.  FTP, name this British crown dependency, an island in the English Channel which is a remnant of the Dukedom of Normandy, much like Jersey.;;Guernsey
;;His foster-father lived in a castle that was guarded by three magical cranes, and owned a famous magic cauldron.  On one of his quests, he was assisted by the king of the Sidi, Bodb.  That quest began when he fell in love with a woman in a dream, whom he eventually found chained to 149 other women in the form of swans.  Though he loved Caer Ibormeith, he also kidnapped the wife of his brother Mider, put her in a glass case and carried her around with him at all times.  He took over the castle Brugh na Boinne from his human father, Elcmhaire, though his real father was a god who had slept with his mother Boann.  His sacred animal was the pig, and he had a magic harp that enchanted all who heard it.  FTP, name this son of Dagda, a god of youth and love who is the Celtic equivalent of Adonis.;;Angus|Cengus|Angus Mac Og
;;It is thought that in quantum gravity in asymptotically flat spacetime, it is the only gauge-invariant observable.  For a time in the 1960s, quantum field theory was in doubt and the study of this object was dominant, as led by Chew and Gell-Mann. Chew's "bootstrap" was intended to provide a foundation for the study of hadron physics in terms of analyticity and unitarity properties of it.  It provides the probabilities for transitions between different well-defined asymptotic particle states, and as such is particularly useful for obtaining predictions for collider experiments.  FTP, what is this operator whose name reflects its derivation from "scattering"?.;;S(-)matrix
;;One of the three major sources for this work is a ballad from Runeberg's Songs of Ensign Stal about Lotta Svard, while another is the novel The Runagate Courage.  One scene opens with one of the title characters singing "The Song of the Great Capitulation," while another features the successful sale of a capon.  In the end, three of the four title characters are killed, as Kattrin is shot while beating an alarm on the roof of a farmhouse, Eilif is executed in retribution for his brutality to peasants, and Swiss Cheese dies after refusing to give up his regiment's cash-box.  The twelve scenes of the play cover a period between 1624 and 1636, during which the first title character follows the Protestant armies of the Thirty Years War.  FTP, name this work that was first produced in 1941, a play by Bertolt Brecht.;;Mother Courage and her Children|Mutter Courage und ihre Kinder
;;His refusal to enforce his own Consolidation of Labor Laws led workers to attack him in the Miner's Manifesto. His abuses caught up with him when his guard Tenente Fortunato was implicated in the murder of Rubens Vaz during the Tonelero Street conspiracy. His replacement of the Constitution of 1891 attempted to ease the lot of the workers, but his brutal suppression of the cangacos did not endear him to his anti-coronelist power base, and he used the Cohen Plan, a fabricated plot by the Integralistas, to assume dictatorial powers.  Starting out as the governor of Rio Grande do Sur, he led the Liberal Alliance in overthrowing the government of Washington Luis in 1930, and he modeled his rule on the Estado Novo of Antonio Salazar.  FTP, name this president of Brazil.;;(Getulio) (Dornelles) Vargas
;;Histological features of this disease include characteristic Curschmann spirals, Charcot-Leydon [shar-co lai-don] crystals, and eosinophilic infiltration, while a major observation found in this disease is an increase in the Reid index. Treated alternatively by the Butekyo method, medication for this disease includes the resorcinols and the methylxanthines. It is rarely incited by aspirin, penicillin, toluene, and formaldehyde, but in the majority of cases of this disease, no specific precipitating antigen is identified. Distinguished from other bronchiolar diseases by its reversibility upon administration of a beta-agonist, FTP, name this disease of the resipiratory tract characterized by inflammation and plugging with mucus of bronchioles, whose best known symptoms are breathlessness, cough, and wheezing.;;asthma
;;On one episode, a man who went on to appear on American Idol noted that he wasn't much of a rapper and called his singing a "secret weapon."  Another star of this show went on to appear as Eddie in Frankenbabe and as the "impossibly hot fireman" on an episode of The O.C.  In addition to Constantine Maroulis and Chris Showerman, one episode featured Kevin Marlo, but it never aired after he was killed on 9/11.  A person who resigned from one episode went on to appear in the third season of For Love or Money, while old people have appeared on the "Fabulous Over Fifty" special.  The most recent season adds such innovations as a "Tournament of Champions" and a special high-school edition, and features the return of "Bikini Week."  FTP, name this creation of Alex Duda, in which four suitors are whittled down to one champion in a competition which is won with surprising infrequency by the contestant with the largest breasts.;;elimiDATE
;;This individual is the subject of a 1785 singspiel by Friedrich Benda, while his "fable" is the subject of the most popular opera by Alfredo Casella.  A musical drama about this figure by Antonio Sartorio added such superfluous characters as Achilles, Bacchus, and the title character's brother Aesculapius.  The title character is raised to the heavens by Jove at the end of an opera about his "death" by Stefano Landi, whils six electronic interludes interrupt the narrative in a work called "the mask of" this character by Harrison Birtwistle.  The title character is mistakenly stabbed to death by his dead wife's three sisters in a work about his "misfortunes" by Darius Milhaud.  A more famous work about him first appeared in 1607, and opens in the fields of Thrace before moving to the underworld.  FTP, name this figure from Greek myth, the subject of works by Offenbach, Gluck, and Monteverdi.;;Orpheus|Orfeo(,) (I) (suppose)
;;One algorithm that uses this technique is the Smith-Waterman algorithm, which searches protein databases to find those with the best alignment.  A common application of it is finding solutions to the chain matrix multiplication problem.  It is used in the Viterbi algorithm to find the most likely sequence of hidden events in the context of Markov Chain models.  Most easily seen in recursive problems like finding solutions to the knapsack problem, it is an alternative to greedy algorithms or branch and bound techniques. Developed by Richard Bellman, it relies on two features of a given problem, those being memorization and overlapping subproblems. FTP, identify this algorithm design technique that uses the idea that a solution can be constructed using optimal solutions to its subproblems.;;dynamic (programming)
;;Among the books written by one of its leaders were A Short and Easy Method of Prayer, while another of them wrote an Explanation of the Maxims of the Saints Concerning the Interior Life.   Its tenets were most famously explained in The Spiritual Guide Which Disentangles the Soul, which was condemned in the papal bull Coelestis pastor.  That bull accused this movement's leader, correctly, of lasciviousness.  It held that sex was unimportant, because while the devil can force the body to perform sinful acts, those acts cannot break the union with God achieved by a certain kind of soul.  After Innocent XI condemned it, Fenelon recanted but Madame Guyon went to prison rather than break with this movement, which was founded by a Spaniard who died in 1696.  FTP, name this form of mysticism developed by Miguel Molinos, which advocated passive contemplation of the divine.;;quietism
;;He found time to write books on both Greek and Latin prosody while serving as deputy advocate general of the vice admiralty court, a position he received through the assistance of Thomas Pownall and William Shirley.  After Shirley promised this man's father a vacancy on the state Supreme Court, this man became furious when the state's lieutenant govenor, Thomas Hutchinson, took the position instead.  This man went on to resign his own place on the vice admiralty court in order to collaborate with Oxenbridge Thacher on a case involving Charles Paxson, who was issuing Writs of Assistance.  He survived the battle of Bunker Hill, only to be killed at Isaac Osgood's farm when he was struck by lightning.  FTP, name this author of A Vindication of the British Colonies, who in the 1760s influentially argued against England's power to tax America.;;(James) Otis
;;In this work's preface, the author laments that people no longer read Bishop Wilson's Maxims of Piety and Christianity, and agrees with Michelet that the Imitation of Christ could not have been written by an Englishman.  In this work's conclusion, the author notes that Pericles may have been the most perfect public speaker who ever lived, but prefers the "disinterested play of consciousness" exhibited by Socrates.  One chapter takes its title from Luke 10:42, announcing that "But one thing is needful," while other consider "Our Liberal Practitioners" and the notion of "Doing as One Likes."  One chapter contrasts two spiritual disciplines, the Hellenic and the Hebraic, while the first chapter insists that the pursuit of perfection is the pursuit of sweetness and light.  FTP, name this "essay in political and social criticism," an 1869 work by Matthew Arnold.;;Culture and Anarchy
;;First noticed as an S-shaped anomaly in a plot generated by the Tully-Fisher relation, its density is predicted to peak near PKS1343-601, and the red shifts of its central objects display a prominent Finger-of-God effect. The cluster Abell 3627 is believed to be near its center, though its position near the Zone of Avoidance hinders its direct mapping. Its distinguishing property gives rise to a non-uniform flow toward the cosmic microwave background dipole which, after correction for Hubble Flow, had an average velocity of 600 kilometers per second for affected superclusters.  FTP, name this dense astronomical structure located in the direction of Hydra named for its influence on the motion of other galaxies.;;Great Attractor
;;His father was allowed to die after he ate the brains of the man who killed him.  Prior to the Trojan War, this man and his friend Acamas went to demand the return of Helen, but as you know their mission was fruitless.  During the Trojan War, this man's wife Aegialeia had an affair with Cometes.  Apollo was compelled to hide Aeneas in a cloud and transport him to Pergamos after this man nearly killed him, wounding Aphrodite in the process.  Later, Hera helped him by enabling his spear to hit Ares, ending a Trojan attack.  After the war, he returned to his kingdom of Aetolia with the Palladium which he had helped Odysseus steal.  FTP, name this Greek hero who was also known as Tydides, a favorite of Athena who shares his name with another figure from Greek myth who owned some flesh-eating mares.;;Diomedes
;;In one of his works, he expresses a desire for a hermit's house beside a stream and mocks vain and foolish men who grasp too wide.  That poem was originally entitled "On Retirement," but a later version published under the pseudonym Hezekiah Salem was called "The Wish of Diogenes."  He noted that "kindled rum" often burns as blue as brimstone in a poem addressed to Sir Toby, a Jamaican sugar planter, while he imagined a man alighting on Saturn's double ring in a poem addressed to the "celebrated aeronaut" Mr. Blanchard.  However, he is best known for a poem which imagines "Pale Shebah, with her braided hair" in the titular place, and which expresses the opinion that the posture we give the dead points out the soul's eternal sleep.  FTP, name this poet of The American Village, The British Prison Ship, and "The Indian Burying Ground.".;;(Philip) (Morin) Freneau
;;This dynasty doubled the production of its peasantry with the publication of the manual Straight Talk on Agricultural Matters, and later built a network of Ever Normal Granaries to prevent famines. In its later years it repulsed a French invasion by Pierre Roze and the expedition of Ernst Oppert, who tried to pillage its royal tombs.  It attempted to curb the power of its scholar officials in four "literati purges," and eventually its ruling intelligentsia devolved into the Sirhak and Tonghak movements.  The Kabo Reforms deified its rulers, but the collapse of its Yangban elite had weakened its structure, and the Treaty of Kanghwa ended its isolation.  FTP, name this house founded by King Taejo that ruled from 1392 to 1910, the longest ruling dynasty of Korea.;;Yi|Choson (Dynasty)
;;Electrical currents driven by proton gradients in symport with amino acids in these structures provide signaling with regard to apical localization. Also at the apices or divisions of these structures are the Spitzenkorper, which are collections of organelles and vesicles. These structures are also found in unrelated oomycetes, whose motile spores derive from them. Clusters of these structures are present in the soredia and are necessary for asexual reproduction of certain symbiotes. Croziers or clamp connections are required for the formation of the dikaryotic type of this structure, which eventually form the mycelium. Separated by chitin walls known as septa, FTP, name these threadlike filaments that are the base components of fungi.;;hyphae
;;He warned a friend that "man-woman is not woman-man" in the poem "On One Who Affected an Effeminate Manner."  He asked one of the title figures to let his "iron spanker" fall on "broker and banker" in "What Thor Said to the Bard Before Dinner."  Auden greatly admired a poem he wrote about an "Irish Legend" of A.D. 700, "The Voyage of Maeldune," though his more famous late poems include "The Death of Oenone" and "Merlin and the Gleam."  He imagined falling to sleep to a poem by Chaucer in "A Dream of Fair Women," while he wrote about a "lordly pleasure-house" built on a "huge crag-platform" which would house his soul in "The Palace of Art."  More famously, he noted that "After many a summer dies the swan" in a poem about Tithonus.  FTP, name this poet of "The Lotos-Eaters" and "Crossing the Bar.".;;(Alfred(,)) (Lord) Tennyson
;;In this work's second section, the mayu ni and dama ni systems among the clans of the Kachin are compared to the concepts of the bone and flesh in Tibetan society and the role of gift giving among peoples like the Lolo and Tungus.  That section examines Morgan's three stage model of social evolution along a Burma-Siberia axis.  Later, this evolution is extended to the Miwok structure of oblique marriage and the Murngin practice of sister exchange, though for more complex societies positive rules for the title concept break down, and only taboos remain.  FTP, name this work that proposes reciprocity in marital exchange with universal prohibition of incest as the means to forming the title hierarchies, the thesis that launched structural anthropology by Claude Levi-Strauss.;;(The) Elementary Structures of Kinship|(Les) Structures elementaires de la parente
;;Prior to this engagement, one force marched south from Fort Peaje, while the opposing force formed a line stretching west from the garrison known as "the Brickhouse." The defenders' advantage included a fortified road at the crest of a ridge defended by General Berriozabal. The attackers, fresh from a victory at Amozoc, formed three columns, one of which was sent to attack a nearby city and was repulsed by the Zappadores of Francisco Lamadrid. Another column failed to drive Arriata's Morelia battalion from Forts Loreto and Guadalupe. The repulsion of the final advance led to a cavalry charge by Felix Diaz, after which General Laurencez retreated to Orizaba. FTP, name this May 5, 1862 battle that temporarily prevented Napoleon III's annexation of Mexico.;;(Battle) (of) Puebla
;;One of this thinker's essays begins by quoting the Monologue of Novalis and concludes by citing a text on the "diversity of the structure" of the titular concept by Wilhelm von Humboldt.  Another of his essays discusses the "Lichtung," or clearing in the forest, in relation to a definition of truth as "unconcealment" which he takes from  Parmenides.  Yet another of his essays discusses C. F. Meyer's poem "Roman Fountain" and a painting of shoes by Van Gogh in order to understand the titular concept.  In addition to "The Way to Language," "The End of Philosophy and the Task of Thinking," and "The Origin of the Work of Art," he criticized French appropriations of his thought in the "Letter on Humanism" and suggested that the modern world is enframed by scientific thinking in "The Question Concerning Technology."  However, he is best known for an unfinished book whose first part appeared in 1927, in which he discussed the nature of Dasein.  FTP, name this German author of Being and Time.;;(Martin) Heidegger
;;One of the terms in its name is the imaginary part of the generalized AC susceptibility. It was established by Callen and Welton in 1951, and it may be formulated by noting that the linear susceptibility of an order parameter is given by minus beta times the time derivative of the correlation function.  The susceptibility term characterizes an effect that could be associated with friction, and the result holds assuming the external interaction can be treated as a small perturbation.  On the other side of the equation, the correlation function characterizes the expectation value of statistical deviations of the perturbed quantity. FTP, what is this theorem relating two important quantities in statistical mechanics?.;;fluctuation(-)dissipation (theorem)
;;One of his paintings depicts a throng of people rushing toward the lighted doors of a building labelled "CAFF."  In another of his paintings, a man in black boots rides a red horse through a landscape marked by factory chimneys and high-tension poles.  In addition to Riot in the Galleria and Elasticity, he depicted a glum man sitting with his hands folded in his lap in Horizontal Volumes, while The Farewells, Those Who Go, and Those Who Stay figure in his States of Mind series.  Some street workers and a straining horse are seen in his The City Rises, while a man's head, a cyclist, and a soccer player are among the figures whose "dynamism" he depicted.  FTP, name this Italian artist best known for a 1913 bronze sculpture, Unique Forms of Continuity in Space.;;(Umberto) Boccioni
;;The protagonist is impressed by a performance of Thomas Corneille's The Count of Essex, but when he admires a play set in Arabia the person sitting next to him at the theater sets him straight about the work.  After losing money at a game of faro he overhears a discussion of a novel by Doctor Gauchat, while Madame de Parolignac mocks the works of Archdeacon T.  Later, a Venetian nobleman disparages the works of Horace and Milton, and complains that the Raphaels he owns are a bit too brownish.  The title character ends up in Constantinople, having spent time in Portugal and Paraguay in earlier portions of the book.  In the end, he enjoys the company of a dour philosopher named Martin and a loyal servant named Cacambo while living on his farm.  FTP, name this novel in which an endless stream of misadventures befalls Paquette, Cunegonde, and Doctor Pangloss, a work about optimism by Voltaire.;;Candide
;;The villain of this work meets his eventual victim while she is trying on hats, and they later meet again at a movie about Jesse James.  In this film's most terrifying moment, the main female character asks "Want to kiss me, ducky?" in an affected Cockney accent.  Earlier, that female character had met two men in a bar at a train station, where she sold them some letters addressed to a man named Max.  One of those men spends most of the film accompanied by the uppity nurse Miss Plimsoll, who is constantly scolding him to take pills and drink cocoa as he recovers from a heart attack.  In the end, the villain is stabbed to death by his wife Christine after being found not guilty of a murder he really did commit.  FTP, name this film directed by Billy Wilder, which stars Charles Laughton, Tyrone Power, and Marlene Dietrich as the titular provider of testimony.;;Witness for the Prosecution
;;He imitated Burns in his first dialect poem, "The Bailie O'Perth."  He called Rafael Semmes the "sweet Peculator / And Depredator / Of every sea," and "The Wrath of McDawdle" and "In Memoriam Jefferson Davis" also appear in his Civil War Poems.  Having become famous for "To the Pliocene Skull," he had a huge hit with 1870's "Dickens in Camp," while "A Question of Privilege" and "The Spelling Bee at Angels" were among the narrative poems "reported" by one of his most popular characters.  The preface to his best-known work of fiction discusses the Honest and Dissolute Miners in the course of claiming that there is no moral to such stories as "The Right Eye of the Commander" and "Miggles," though he is better known for "Tennessee's Partner" and "Mliss."  FTP, name this editor of the Overland Monthly who is even better known for such short stories as "The Luck of Roaring Camp" and "The Outcasts of Poker Flat.".;;(Francis) (Bret) Harte
;;This treaty was signed at the home of George Hays while one force waited nearby at Parkzicht.  In the discussion leading up to it, delegates expressed fear that a backlash over a recent skirmish at Holkrans would derail peace efforts, but realization that their situation had worsened since the failed Hatherley proposal led to the eventual rejection of the plan of Marthinus Steyn.  It was precipitated by an offer of mediation by Abraham Kuyper, which led to the Klerksdorp Conference and to the formal surrender at Melrose House.  Drawn up by James Hertzog and Jan Smuts, FTP, name this document that deferred voting rights for people of color, guaranteed right of return for Uitlanders and Dutch language schools in the Orange Free State and Transvaal, and ended the Boer War.;;(Treaty) (of) Vereeniging
;;One of his orchestral works uses two of Beethoven's marches for military band in its second movement, which unlike the rest of the piece is scored only for winds.  Another of his orchestral works ends with a Passacaglia adapted from the "Hymn to the Sun" appearing in his ballet Saint Francis, from which the work was adapted.  In addition to the Symphonia Serena and Nobilissima Visione, he used a medieval dance called "Three Fountains" in his Concerto for Piano and Orchestra, while he used German folk tunes in his 1935 Concerto for Viola and Orchestra called "the Organ-Grinder."  He was inspired by themes by Carl Maria von Weber in writing his Symphonic Metamorphoses, while his best known symphony is based on themes from an opera he himself wrote.  FTP, name this German composer of Mathis der Maler.;;(Paul) Hindemith
;;The only footnotes in the text appear in a chapter which takes the form of a letter "from jake, jack and little sousoucie," which also features marginal notes the last of which mentions the "kakao-poetic lippudenies of the ungumptious."  The second part of the book begins in Feenichts Playhouse, and features a dramatic work adopted from the Ballymooney Bloodriddon Murther by Bluechin Blackdillain.  The brief fourth and final part begins with the word "Sandhyas" repeated three times and ends with the word "the."  The first sentence of the novel mentions a "commodius vicus of recirculation" which brings us back to Howth Castle.  Among the characters are Isabel, Shaun, and Shem, the three children of a tavern keeper who is married to Anna.  FTP, name this book which obscurely describes a night in the life of Humphrey Chimpden Earwicker, the last work of James Joyce.;;Finnegans Wake
;;One of them brought Melicertes's corpse to his uncle Sisyphus.  In Brazilian folklore, the boto is one of these creatures who at night turns into a man to sleep with women, though he never takes off his hat.  In Egyptian myth, the wife of Ba-nab-djet, Hat-Mehit, was one of this kind of animal, who also appeared on the crown worn by the Hittite goddess Atargatis.  A constellation in this form was created in honor of the emissary of Poseidon who convinced Amphitrite to marry him.  More notably, a singer who was travelling from the court of Periander to his home on Lesbos was saved by one of these creatures after his shipmates threw him overboard.  FTP, name this kind of aquatic animal sacred to Apollo, which rescued Arion from a watery grave.;;(the) dolphin
;;The protagonist bears a grudge against his brother Jackson for rejecting the estate which Reverend Chandler offers to leave them.  He is rescued from death by a ship commanded by Captain Quackenbush, the Juno, on which he meets up again with Isadora Bailey.  It is to flee an arranged marriage with Isadora that he joins the crew of the Republic, even though it is commanded by the evil dwarf Ebenezer Falcon.  On April 14, 1830, that ship leaves New Orleans on a voyage for the Windward Coast of Africa, where Falcon acquirs the god of the Allmuseri, along with a number of slaves.  FTP, name this 1990 novel about Rutherford Calhoun, a work by Charles Johnson whose title refers to a portion of the slave trade.;;Middle Passage
;;This body of water is the subject of a one-act opera by Malcolm Williamson.  It features more than twenty Deeps, including the Discovery, Oceanographer, and Atlantis II.  It is home to the extinct volcano Jabal at-Ta'ir, while a number of active volcanoes are found in its Dahlak Archipelago.  The central Jeddah region is without tides, and unlike most similar bodies of water no rivers flow into it.  Ports on its northeastern branch include Elat and Dahab, while its northwestern branch features the harbor of Abu Zanimah.  It is separated from the Gulf of Aden to the south by a strait called the Bab el-Mandeb.  FTP, name this body of water which divides North Africa and Arabia.;;(the) Red (Sea)|(Bahr) al(-)Ahmar
;;His namesake tetrahedrons circumscribe and inscribe each other.  He introduced the null system in his book on statics, while his namesake net first appeared in a book which worked from the principle that a combination of weights at various points can be replaced by a single weight at the combination's center of gravity.  That book on the "barycentric calculus" appeared in 1827, and was the basis of his later work on spherical trigonometry.  He also published books on the path of Halley's comet and a notable treatise on celestial mechanics that didn't use advanced math, and in 1840 he asked how a kingdom could be divided into five parts such that each region would border on each of the others, a forerunner of the four-color problem.  However, he is best known for an 1858 discovery found in an essay on the geometrical theory of polyhedrons.  FTP, name this German mathematician who twisted a piece of paper and connected its ends to make a namesake strip.;;(August) (Ferdinand) Mobius
;;Fletcher Pratt has argued that this man should be seen as the "Father of American Cavalry" because of his pioneering use of mounted riflemen.  This man put forward a measure to have members of Congress receive an annual salary rather than a $6 per diem, but when the public opposed the measure he vowed to fight for its repeal.  He offended religious groups by arguing that the separation of church and state prohibited the closing of post offices on Sundays, and further scandalized the nation through his open relationship with a mulatto he had inherited, Julia Chinn.  When he was elected to the House in 1807, he became the first native Kentuckian to enter Congress.  When he ran for his highest office many Democratic electors refused to vote for him, which led to his becoming the first Vice President chosen by the Senate.  FTP, name this man who claimed to have killed Tecumseh and who definitely served as Vice President under Martin Van Buren.;;(Richard) (Mentor) Johnson
;;The culture and religion of its early society revolved around a talisman called the Mune. The seeds of its greatness were laid at the Siege of Manan, after which the Banu Duku people supplanted the Zaghawa. Its cultural nadir came with the reforms of Dibalami II, but its time of troubles caused by uprisings of the Sao and Kotoko was only brought to an end by Ali Gaji.  Its later years saw wars with Bagirmi and Ouaddai after its power peaked with victories at Murzuk and Kano, which gave it control of all the land between the Hausa States and the Fezzan following one of its rulers' return from a 1580 hajj armed with Ottoman muskets.  FTP, name this kingdom whose land area climaxed under Idris Alawma, and whose two nuclear states were ruled by the Seyf dynasty.;;Kanem(-)Bornu
;;Some trees are inexplicably knocked over in the background of one of his paintings which shows a man with enormous hands playing the titular instrument.  In addition to Blind Accordion Player, he depicted a man with one leg ascending the titular structure by the side of a ruined building in The Red Stairway.  He was the first painter to give Harvard's Charles Eliot Norton lectures on the arts, which were published as The Shape of Content.  He depicted a group of stunt cyclists in Epoch, while his more overtly political works include 1947's Death of a Miner.  During World War II, he painted the mural in Washington's Social Security Building.  Born in Lithuania, his works in the 1930s include a series of 15 paintings of Tom Mooney, but he is better known for a group of 23 paintings of two immigrants who were executed.  FTP, name this artist of The Passion of Sacco and Vanzetti.;;(Ben) Shahn
;;This work's final part opens with "an heroical epistle" to an astrologer, in which the latter's ears are compared to those of William Prynne, after which a lady treats the title character to a masquerade "by furies and hobgoblins made."  That astrologer first appears in part 2, in which he is consulted by the title character who wants to learn whether he will marry a rich widow.  In part 1, the title character and his squire attack a group of bear-baiters and put their leader, Crowdero, into the stocks.  The title character is a Presbyterian based on Sir Samuel Luke, who is accompanied by a squire named Ralpho.  FTP, name this poem in octosyllabic couplets whose first part was published in 1663, a work by Samuel Butler.;;Hudibras
;;In Act 4 of this work, one of the characters gets upset over being termed a "runagate," and after a brief conversation about tailors kills the man who maligned him.  After a soothsayer recounts a vision of Jove's bird flying to the west, Lucius discovers the corpse of that dead man, who had been laid to rest with a song which notes that "Golden lads and girls all must / As chimney-sweepers, come to dust."  In the final scene, Posthumus wakes from a nap to find a "label" on his chest, which is interpreted to mean that the title character's two sons are indeed alive.  Other characters in this work include a faithful servant named Pisano, a banished lord named Belarius, and the loutish Cloten.  FTP, name this romance about a king of Britain whose other characters include Iachimo and Imogen.;;Cymbeline
;;Infuriated by the bad press given to him after a campaign, this man had reporter Edward Crapsey lashed to the back of a mule and paraded through the ranks, leading to a silent agreement by the press never to mention his name unless he had suffered a reverse.  A stern discipinarian, he insisted that each corps have its own gallows for "Friday executions."  After the war he prevented a Fenian invasion of Canada, though he was still irked at having been passed over for promotion in favor of Philip Sheridan.  During his feud with Daniel Sickles, who nearly cost him his most famous victory, this man was accused of inactivity similar to that he showed at Mine Run.  After his subordinates, like John Reynolds and Winfield Scott Hancock, managed to get his best-known enemy on the ropes, this man let him get away.  FTP name this general, famous for defeating but not destroying Robert E. Lee as commander of the Army of the Potomac at Gettysburg.;;(George) (Gordon) Meade
;;His article "Monopoly" proposed the concept of conjectural variations to connect various imperfect competition theories.  In his Theory of Wages, he restated the marginal productivity theory, and he introduced the Slutsky decomposition of demand into income and substitution effects.  His work in welfare economics produced his namesake compensation criteria for ordering allocations and 1956's Revision of Demand Theory.  In his Contribution to the Theory of the Trade Cycle, he introduced a Harrodian multiplier-accelerator system with ceilings and floors, and his 1937 paper "Mr. Keynes and the Classics" proposed his liquidity trap and IS-LM model.  Probably his most famous work, which laid out the conditions for stability of general equilibrium, is 1939's Value and Capital.  FTP name this economist who shared the 1972 Nobel Prize with Kenneth Arrow, also the namesake of a demand curve based solely on substitution effects.;;(John) Hicks
;;The Maharajah of Indore commissioned him to design a Temple of Meditation to house his works, but it never got built.  If it had been built, it might have included works like his Vitellius and Head of Laocoon.  His last important work was Flying Turtle, while he created controversy with the phallic Princess X and the wooden The Prodigal Son.  One of his most important works was commissioned by his country's National League of Women, and includes the circular Table of Silence and a stylized version of a funeral pole, Endless Column.  The creator of such ovoid works as The Newborn and The Beginning of the World, he sculpted a famous funeral monument for the grave of a suicide in Montparnasse Cemetary.  FTP, name this creator of Mademoiselle Pogany and The Kiss, best known for his numerous bronze sculptures of a Bird in Space.;;(Constantin) Brancusi
;;In an episode of this work, seven red cocks run away from a cockfight, after which a character decides to take his men to "Chasing Beach" and join the army encamped there.  At the beginning of the final book, a great earthquake hits the capital, after which a fradulent skull is employed to persuade a character to enter into revolt.  The first book ends with the burning of the inner palace following the uprising of the monks, and features a plot to assassinate a favorite of the abdicated emperor Toba on the last night of the Five Dancers Bountiful Radiant Harvest banquets.  Possibly written by an official named Yukinaga, it ends with the execution of Rokudai, the great-grandson of Kiyumori, after the titular group is defeated at the battle of Dan-no-ura.  FTP, name this work set during the later 12th century, which depicts the decline of the Taira clan and its defeat by the Genji.;;(the) Tale of the Heike|Heike Monogatari
;;He classified three types of papillae and distinguished between the horny and reticular layers of the tongue in his De lingua.  In his first book, which consisted of two letters sent to his friend Giovanni Borelli, he built on recent observations on Jean Pecquet to argue that hematosis, or the conversion of chyle to blood, doesn't occur in the liver but in the lungs.  His microscopic observation of a clot of coagulated blood led him to discover red corpuscles, as reported in his On Heart Polyps, while he discovered the aortic arches, the protoliver, and the glands of the prestomach in his work on embryology.  He discovered stomata in leaves, and produced a pioneering description of the silkworm moth, but is best known for his work on frogs, in which he made the first observations of the capillary system.  FTP, name this physician to Pope Innocent XII, an Italian biologist known for his namesake tubules in insects.;;(Marcello) Malpighi
;;She played Maureen Schuster in a film which starred Michael Caine as a dashing entomologist who tries to save Houston from South American killer bees, The Swarm.  She played "Smokey," who burns some documents to protect her boss Ed Browne, in the film Government Girl.  She starred opposite Bette Davis in Hush, Hush Sweet Charlotte, having by that time outgrown the sweet girl she played in such Errol Flynn films as The Adventures of Robin Hood and Captain Blood.  She received Oscar nominations for playing a victim of mental illness in The Snake Pit and for playing a schoolteacher who is duped into marrying a Romanian gigolo in Hold Back the Dawn.  However, she may be most famous for the second film she made with Leslie Howard in 1939.  FTP name this actress who won Academy Awards for roles in To Each His Own and The Heiress, but lost out to co-star Hattie McDaniel in the year she was nominated for her portrayal of Melanie Wilkes in Gone with the Wind.;;(Olivia) de Havilland
;;George Santayana wrote about the "secret" of this author in Dialogues in Limbo.   Fritz Mauthner wrote a critical book on him from a linguistic point of view, while in a book subtitled "a chapter from the history of science" his work was judged unfavorably by G. H. Lewes.  Lane Cooper wrote several books on this man's aesthetic philosophy, while major studies of him were written by George Grote, Werner Jaeger, and one of his most important English translators, W. D. Ross.  This thinker's "short physical treatises" include On Memory and Reminiscence and On Prophesying by Dreams, while his longer works include On the Heavens and On Generation and Corruption.  His logical works, including the Categories and the Prior Analytics, are collected in the Organon.  FTP, name this Greek philosopher who also wrote the Metaphysics and the Nicomachean Ethics.;;Aristotle
;;It was discovered by Frederick Addicott in 1963.  Mutant corn plants suffering from vivipary have seeds that germinate while still on the cob due to a lack of this substance. It is synthesized from the carotenoid viola-xanthin, and when guard cells are exposed to it they open calcium channels, which eventually results in the closing of the stoma.  It promotes accumulation of storage proteins in seeds by allowing the expression of their genes, and it is usually found in high concentrations in dormant buds or seeds. The primary inhibitor of stem elongation, FTP name this plant hormone that is commonly referred to as the "stress hormone," which received its name when it was initially thought to help fruit fall from plants.;;abscisic acid (ab(-)SIS(-)sic)
;;At the end of the second act, Hafi tries to persuade the title character to accompany him to the Ganges.  In the opening scene, the title character returns home to be told by Daya that his house had been on fire during his absence.  This work has been called the "twelfth Anti-Goeze pamphlet," as it was written a few months after the author was forced to halt his controversy with Pastor Johann Goeze.  The title character's adopted daughter Recha is rescued by a Templar who falls in love with her, but they turn out to be siblings.  That Templar had been captured by the man who turns out to be his uncle, Saladin.  It is in reply to Saladin's question about the true religion that the title character tells his parable of the three identical rings.  FTP, name this play that was first performed in 1783, a work of Gotthold Ephraim Lessing.;;Nathan the Wise|Nathan der Weise
;;He was arrested along with Philip de Montmorency, the count of Hoorn, who was also a Knight of the Golden Fleece.  They had been put on trial by the Council of Blood, and in response to their deaths a group of guerillas known as the "Beggars" attacked a certain country.  Earlier, this man had won a major victory over Anne de Montmorency at Saint-Quentin, while he defeated Paul des Thermes at Gravelines.  Later in life, he opposed the policies of the Cardinal Archduke of Mechelen, Antoine de Granvelle, who was the chief minister to Margaret of Parma.  He was one of the first victims of a reign of terror instituted by the man who won the battle of Muhlberg and engineered the peace of Cateau-Cambresis.  FTP, name this Dutch nobleman who refused to join William the Silent in revolt but was executed anyway by the Duke of Alba, who was the subject of a play by Goethe.;;(Lamoraal(,)) (the) (Count) (of) Egmont|Egmond
;;The final movement of this man's fourth symphony features two timpanis at opposing ends of the orchestra playing against each other.  The final movement of the last of his symphonies ends with a famous bassoon note, while that work's second movement is a "humoresque" scored for only nine instruments, including a piccolo and a pair of clarinets.  The first of his symphonies begins with an "Allegro orgoglioso" movement in G minor before progressing to C major.  He wrote a notable wind quintet as well as such works as the music drama Aladdin and operas like Saul and David and Masquerade, though he is best known for a set of compositions which includes the "expansive," the "four temperaments," and the "inextinguishable."  FTP, name this Danish composer of six symphonies.;;(Carl) Nielsen
;;One of the goofier sections of this work describes a group of phantoms who make "arabesques" with the "pirouettes of marionettes," while some of them sidle up stairs "with the mincing step of a demirep."  Later on, this work mentions a man with a "swollen purple throat" who was given "three weeks of life" by a "man in red."  In another section, we learn about a group of people whose profession is revealed by the "quicklime on their boots," while another part features a man in a "cricket cap" who spent six weeks looking wistfully at the sky.  In the opening stanzas, we encouter a man who does not wear his scarlet coat, because blood and wine were on his hands when he was found in bed.  In the most famous lines of this work about a guardsman named Charles Thomas Wooldridge who killed his wife, we learn that "each man kills the thing he loves."  FTP, name this maudlin poem published under the pseudonym Sebastian Melmoth, which was inspired by events during the author's incarceration at the titular location, a work by Oscar Wilde.;;(The) Ballad of Reading Gaol (pronounced) (jail)
;;In this reaction, unsaturated aldehydes, esters, nitriles, and amides are common acceptor components, while malonic ester and the product of a Claisen condensation are common donors.  The base catalyst removes a proton from the donor, commonly a beta-keto ester, which then must be able to form a stable enolate ion.  Another enolate is formed after the newly created nucleophile attacks the carbon-carbon double bond of the acceptor, which then abstracts a proton from the solvent to complete the reaction.   FTP name this reaction between an enolate and an alpha, beta-unsaturated carbonyl compound, noted for its conjugate 1,4-addition product.;;Michael (addition)|(reaction)
;;One of his aspects was a god of feasts known as "Two Reeds," while another of his aspects was a god of the polar star who invented fire by using the heavens as a drill.  In one legend, his foot was bitten off by a sea-monster named Cipactli.  After Tata and Nene survived a great flood, their consumption of a fish angered this god, so he cut off their heads and stuck them on their asses, thereby creating the first dogs.  Earlier, he ruled over a race of giants before being struck into the sea, whereupon he devoured the giants and animal-like humans.  His wife was the hairy maize-goddess Xilonen, though he once seduced the flower goddess Xochiquetzal because he thought he would make a better companion for her than her husband.  A son of Coatlicue, he was god of the north, of material things, and of night.  FTP name this Aztec deity who carried an obsidian smoking mirror and is known for tempting men with evil.;;Tezcatlipoca
;;One of his shorter poems features the riddle "Why does the bee have a sword to his fiddle?" which is propounded by one of the titular crows to the other one.  The speaker reads "man's epitaph" on the "runic moon" in his "What the Sexton Said," while he compared the author of Aurora Leigh to Mary Pickford in his "Elizabeth Barrett Browning."  One of his poems imagines an American folk hero reading the books of Swedenborg on the mountain top called "Going-To-The-Sun," while another depicts a dead "prairie-lawyer" who cannot sleep until peace comes to "Cornwall, Alp and Sea."  A poem written for a man who died on March 12, 1902 advised a forgotten eagle to sleep softly under the stone, while another poem imagines banjos rattling and tambourines jing-jing-jingling as a philanthropist enters into heaven.  FTP, name this author of "In Praise of Johnny Appleseed" and "Abraham Lincoln Walks at Midnight," who also wrote "The Congo.".;;(Vachel) Lindsay
;;In the extreme upper left, a bell hanging from a tree is rung by two figures.  In the far lower right, a man plays a lute while lying in the lap of his lover, while a figure watches over them.  Behind them is a round table with a white cloth, in front of which a man in red draws a long sword.  The upper right features a man at the gallows, and a group of chanting monks appears on the left over some water.  Smoke billows from the mountains and sea in the background, and a slain king is seen in the lower left.  On the right, phalanxes guard a gigantic coffin into which people are being driven in, FTP, what painting showing a bunch of skeletons kicking mortals' asses by Pieter Bruegel the Elder?.;;(The) Triumph of Death
;;This work includes the narrative of Karmin, who seeks refuge in Babylon from Zaryos and Karmelos, and a story which traces the origin of mules to the sons of Kalimath.  Its 19th section discusses the ethnography of Domitius, who links the Byzantines to Shem through the main character's half-brother 'Adrami.  Important religious overtones are inherent in its myth of the Pearl of Adam, which eventually becomes Jesus Christ.  The central event is enabled by Azaryas, who follows the merchant Tamrin on a mission to Jerusalem and helps procure a sacred item.  Meanwhile a blessing allows a son of Makeda to be crowned David II.  FTP, name this work about the royal line of Menyelek, a son of Solomon who steals the Ark of the Covenant, the national epic of Ethiopia.;;Kebra Nagast|(The) (Book) (of) (the) Glory of Kings
;;It had three major parts, Munichia [moo-NIK-yuh], Zea [ZEE-uh] and Cantharus, the first two of which were exclusively military, while the last was mainly commercial.  It was designed by a man who was said to be the first non-statesman to speculate about the best form of government.  After being destroyed, it was rebuilt by a man who was coming off a big victory at Cnidus.  Its street plan was laid out by Hippodamus of Miletus, who may not have intended for it to contain a disproportionate number of its city's foreign residents.  This place is the site of an all-night religious festival to which Socrates is going when he gets waylaid and taken to Cephalus' house in Plato's Republic.  In 393 Conon undid the destruction by the Spartans from 10 years earlier and rebuilt Themistocles' long walls to, FTP, what triple harbor that was the main port of fifth-century Athens?.;;Piraeus
;;His affair with the daughter of his former patron, John Eyles, almost caused him to be hanged, but he was pardoned by Clement XII.  His early works include Story of a Modern Greek, about a slave who falls in love with her captor, and The English Philosopher, about a man who turns out to be the bastard son of Cromwell.  His other achievements include his editorship of the journal For and Against and his seventeen part General History of Travel, which details his time in England, much of which was spent translating Richardson into his native tongue.  Though his years of exile saw him collaborate on the Gallia Christiana he found time to work on his autobiographical Memoirs of a Man of Quality.  FTP name this French author, whose most famous work features a duel in New Orleans fought by Monsieur Synnelet and the Chevalier des Grieux over the titular Manon Lescaut.;;(Abbe) (Antoine) (Francois) Prevost
;;This man and Galusha Grow spearheaded tax reforms during his time as chairman of the Ways and Means committee.  Known as the "old Commoner," he was born with a club-foot, a trait which may have influenced his desire to become a lawyer.  His defense of the suspects in the "Christiana Riot" and his willingness to help fugitive slaves made him many enemies, and Lee was unable to prevent his men from destroying this man's ironworks near Chambersburg.  He would later gain his revenge by promulgating the "conquered provinces" policy that came to dominate early Reconstruction efforts.  However, this man is best known for being the most vocal supporter of Andrew Johnson's impeachment.  FTP, name this politician from Pennsylvania, a leader of the Radical faction of the Republican party during the Civil War.;;(Thaddeus) Stevens
;;During flashbacks the main character remembers his time as the creator of "a field of fire," while his mother feigns mental illness and wants to kill the leader of the "blue tunics," Ben Wackes. This eventually causes her to steal a pistol from her gardener and shoot the wrong man. Taking place over ten hours on September 6, 1958, much of it is dominated by opposing mentalities symbolized by the "lamb" and "buffalo." The latter is represented by Otto, who died near Kiev, while the protagonist's childhood friend, Alfred Schrella, represents the former and returns from exile late in the novel.  Its title refers to the protagonist's appointment with the bellboy Hugo at the Prince Heinrich Hotel and much of the story is taken up with the mystery about the destruction of the central family's masterpiece, St. Anthony's Abbey. Ultimately Joseph finds out that his own father demolished it.  FTP identify this work narrated by Robert Fahmel, a man who likes to escape his past by playing the title game in a work by Heinrich Boll.;;Billiards at Half(-)Past Nine|Billard um halbzehn
;;All of its chapters are prefaced by quotes from Tagore's poetry and much of the research for it grew out of an interdisciplinary seminar that its author headed at the University of Chicago.  The behavior of children at Theresienstadt is discussed in the section on "Hope," though many of the middle sections are taken up with transcribed interviews.  In the section on "the family" the problem of communication is addressed and the book finishes with a description of "the silence that goes beyond words," or the realization that love and support are what must be given.  Most famous for its description of a five-stage theory that ranges from "Denial and Isolation" to "Acceptance," FTP what is this work that ends with the chapter "Therapy for the Terminally Ill" which was written by Elisabeth Kubler-Ross.;;On Death and Dying
;;Because their victims are often found with swollen rectums, they are sometimes called "anus vampires."  One of them tried to trick a man on horseback into playing tug-of-war, but when the man jeopardized the liquid on top of this creature's bowl-shaped head, this creature panicked and offered to teach the man the lucrative skill of bone-setting.  Another tale describes Genta hanging one of them from a tree.  A sub-class of the Sujin, they smell blood from miles away, wear tortoise shells, and can be bribed to leave potential prey alone with offerings of inscribed cucumbers.  They threaten the life of a Calcutec in Hard-Boiled Wonderland and the End of the World, and Akutagawa wrote a novella about these crafty creatures that always stink of fish and try to lure human beings into the depths of ponds to eat them.  FTP, identify these Japanese demons with monkey-like features.;;Kappa|Kawako|Karanbou|Enkou
;;Initially discovered by electron microscopy of adenovirus sequences and in the mouse beta-globin gene, they may have contributed to speeding the evolution of eukaryotic proteins by increasing the probability of favorable recombination events.  These sequences may be bound by hnRNPs, marking them for nuclear retention and destruction.  Reactions involving them may be self-sustained through ribozymes, or may be mediated by a collection of small ribo-nucleo-proteins in spliceosomes. Their discovery won Sharp and Roberts the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1993.  FTP, name these sequences of RNA which are transcribed but are excised during maturation of mRNA, the counterpart to exons.;;introns
;;Two versions of it exist because its creator decided to keep the original and send a copy to the fraternity at San Francesco Grande in Milan.  It was designed to be the center of an altarpiece that was originally commissioned by the De Predis brothers.  A natural window opening up to the misty sea can be seen in the left background, while exquisite plants and flowers dot the foreground and contrast with the bleakness of the setting.  Perhaps the most impressive detail is the title figure's foreshortened hand which hovers above one of the other three figures.  Departing noticeably from contemporary depictions of the "Immaculate Conception" it features a sitting angel and a young John the Baptist kneeling in homage to his cousin.  Drawn primarily from sketches of geological formations in the painter's notebooks, FTP, identify this work by Leonardo Da Vinci that shows the Christ child and his mother in a stony grotto.;;(The) Virgin of the Rocks
;;One of its few named characters is Caroline, who is told to embrace death "as a welcome friend," while another figure, who is described among the playing "brass bands," is "never lonesome in Babylon."  Originally accompanied by Aaron Douglass' drawings, its preface implores the poet to follow the footsteps of John Millington Synge and create an authentic literature informed "by spirits from within" his own culture.  It features anthropormorphic descriptions of a supreme being who is "stepping out on space" and who creates man from a riverbed "like a mammy bending over her baby." Compiled over the course of ten years, it was finished during its author's time as field secretary of the NAACP and its most famous sections include "The Judgment Day," "The Creation," and "Let My People Go."  FTP identify this collection named for the instrument that its author associated with his own preacher, a work subtitled "Seven Negro Sermons in Verse" by James Weldon Johnson.;;God's Trombones
;;One side had prepared to fight ever since executing the emissary who carried the note that began "This is the word of he who rules the earth submit."  Precipitated by victories at Aleppo and Damascus earlier in the year, the result of this encounter was echoed by a subsequent battle that saw Abaka and Kalawun, the successors of the commanders engaged in the original struggle, meet at Homs. Three toumans of the invading force were left in the field after Hulagu was recalled by the death of Mangku.  The sultan Kotuz sought to press this momentary advantage and sent out 120,000 ghulams to meet a force made up overwhelmingly of light cavalry on the Plain of Esdraleon.  After falling for a feigned retreat Kit Boga would be captured and the Mongols would be turned away from the Middle East in, FTP, what 1260 battle that saw the ascendancy of the Mamelukes under Baybars?.;;Ain Jalut
;;One of his works features Tilburina falling in love with Don Ferolo Whiskerandos during a production of Mr. Puff's The Spanish Armada, while another sees the title figure foiling the Jew Isaac's plot to marry Jerome's daughter Louisa. His most successful partnership began with an adaptation of Vanbrugh's The Relapse, in which he revised Bernithia's unsavory character and made her temptation of Loveless the natural response of a wronged woman. Although he served as secretary to the Treasury, where he gave a brilliant speech on the Begums of Oudh that called for the impeachment of Hastings, he was always strapped for cash after his marriage to Eliza Linley.  Even his later successes, including a work about a viceroy of Peru, could not save the failing theatrical venture that had started off so promisingly with a work about Ensign Beverly, Bob Acres, and Lydia Languish. FTP identify this author of such comic plays as St. Patrick's Day, The Duenna, and The Rivals.;;(Richard) (Brinsley) Sheridan
;;His last instrumental work was a Phantasy for Violin with Piano Accompaniment, while his other late works include a string trio in one movement and a set of variations in G minor for band.  He wrote an oratorio based on Swedenborg's vision of heaven in Balzac's Seraphita in which six people are admonished by the archangel Gabriel, while his lighter works include the comic operetta From One Day to the Next, whose libretto was written by his daughter Gertrud.  One of his major works features a long duet that is interrupted after each verse by orchestral commentary and contains the solemn "lament of the wood dove."  That work is based on a poem by Jens Peter Jaconsen, and features King Waldemar and Tove, whose castle provides the name of the Gurrelieder.  He also wrote a Chamber Symphony in E major and a string sextet based on a poem by Richard Dehmel, Transfigured Night.  FTP, name this composer of Moses and Aron and Pierrot Lunaire.;;(Arnold) Schoenberg
;;The final section of this work includes such observations as "The motion of the sea may be retarded by obstructions in the bed" and claims that the moon is about six times denser than the sun.  The third book opens with four "rules of reasoning in philosophy," in which the author insists that the light of our fire and that of the sun are similar natural effects which should be assigned to the same causes.  Roger Cotes's preface to the second edition insists that stones must behave the same way in Europe as in America, and attacks the theory of vortices propounded by Descartes.  The second book adds a consideration of "resisting mediums" to the discussion of the "motion of bodies" introduced in the first book, while the third offers a treatment of the "system of the world."  FTP, name this book first published in 1686 which offers a notable theory of gravity, a work by Isaac Newton.;;(the) (Philosophiae) (Naturalis) Principia Mathematica|(Isaac) (Newton's) Mathematical Principles (of) (Natural) (Philosophy) (and) (his) (System) (of) (the) (World)
;;It tells of a crafty page who trains a falcon to convey his love notes and a rose to a princess in a tower, and who later creates Paganini's magic lute.  Other sections discuss the "two discrete statues" of nymphs who guard a great treasure, while two parts are dedicated to the one-armed Governor Manco and his encounters with "a notary" and "a soldier." Its dedication to the painter David Wilkie notes that it will attempt to "illustrate peculiarities, something in the Haroun Al Rashid style," and much of it features the author's guide Mateo Jimenez. The beginning concerns the author's first impressions "by moonlight" and his investigations of the Hall of Governors and the Vermilion towers. Primarily composed during its author's time as a diplomatic attache to the American legation in Madrid, FTP, identify this work that takes its name from a citadel in Granada, a collection of sketches by Washington Irving.;;(The) Tales of the Alhambra|The Legends of the Alhambra or (simply) The Alhambra
;;The book of Malachi ends with a prophecy that this man will return.  He informed Ochozias that the injuries the latter suffered in a fall would prove fatal, and sent a letter to Joram which stated that Joram's whole family would be killed by a plague.  God commanded him to anoint two kings, Hazael of Syria and Jehu of Israel.  This Thesbite first appears in 1 Kings 17, where the Lord tells him to dwell by the brook Cherith and then go to Zarephath, where he stayed with a widow whose tiny store of flour and oil miraculously sustained them both.  Famously, he prophecied that dogs would eat the flesh of Jezebel.  FTP, name this man who defeated the prophets of Baal, who was fed by ravens and appointed Elisha his successor before ascending to Heaven in a chariot of fire.;;Elijah|Elias (but) (in) (no) (way) (shape)|(form) Elisha
;;Bars in it include Buquebar, El Abasto, and La Pasiva, many of which have recently been invaded by swarthy anthropologists.  Rodo Park contains the work of both Charles Thays and this city's most famous sculptor, Jose Belloni, while this city's Dolores and Lecoq Zoos contain specimens native to the continent.  Mario Palanti designed what was formerly the tallest building in South America, the Salvo Palace, for this city, and other attractions in it include the Solis Theater, the Cerro's Fortress, and Lavalleja's House, in which a famous general of this city used to live.  The main conduit of this city is La Avenida 18 de Julio, which commemorates the date in 1830 on which its nation adopted its first constitution under the leadership of General Fructuoso Rivera.  FTP, name this city that lies at the mouth of the Rio de la Plata, the main port and capital of Uruguay.;;(San) (Felipe) (y) (Santiago) (de) Montevideo
;;He became unpopular following the so-called "Black Friday" when he persuaded Frank Hodges to accept a wages pool for miners.  Other scandals of this man's career included an insider-trading scheme involving the Marconi Company as well as a long-term affair with his secretary Frances Stevenson.  His first cabinet post was as President of the Board of Trade to Henry Campbell-Bannerman.  The power of the British House of Lords was broken in 1911 as part of the fight he started, as Chancellor of the Exchequer, in introducing the so-called "People's Budget" of 1909.  His nominal boss at that time was Herbert Asquith, who would eventually promote him to War Minister.  FTP, name this Welshman who managed to oust Asquith from power and replace him in time to be British Prime Minister at the end of World War I.;;(David) (Lloyd) George
;;Early on its author reflects on Anaxagoras' definition of "nous" and its implications for a shift from considering providence an element of the individual.  Divided into four primary sections that consider the Oriental, Greek, Roman, and German "worlds," it argues that human passions are driving forces and are important to developing a coherent version of the titular concept.  It argues that freedom is found in the state, but its most famous sections are those that outline the "four types of individual" and single out men like Caesar and Napoleon as "heroes," whose actions are dictated by what their age demands.  The lengthy introduction reasserts that the rational is the real and considers the "Original" purveyors of the title idea, including Thucydides and Herodotus, FTP, identify this series of lectures given during 1830 and 1831 by Hegel, which are concerned with the progress of the consciousness of Spirit through time.;;(Lectures) (on) (the) Philosophy of History
;;Thunderclouds race across the sky helping to dim much of the canvas, which is already thrown into darkness by the vegetation and the jutting rock-face that hangs over and surrounds the painting's focal point. Modeled on a Roman sculpture on view at the time at the Palazzo Senatorio, its creator was haunted by an image he saw returning home from Italy, during a stop at Ceuta in Morocco. One of the title figures seems to have emerged out of the shadows to surprise the other, whose white coat makes it stand out and whose head has whipped around in panicked anguish to try and dislodge the predator on its back. FTP identify this work that depicts the violent encounter between a big cat and a Barbary stallion, a painting by George Stubbs.;;Horse Attacked by a Lion|Lion Attacking a Horse|(anything) (that) (mentions) (a) (horse) (a) (lion) (and) (some) (attacking)
;;They have recently been used to control the size distribution in zinc-phosphorus nanoparticle preparation and when doped with potassium they have been shown to exhibit the properties of a Mott insulator. More mundane uses include their application in ion-exchange beds for water purification systems. Natural examples form as diagenetic alteration products of volcanic ash and glass or basalt by reaction with alkaline or highly saline groundwater, which introduces calcium and sodium ions, creating varieties like natrolite, stilbite, chabazite, and analcime.  FTP, identify these hydrous aluminum tectosilicate minerals whose small, porous channels are best known for their ability to absorb water.;;zeolites
;;This author admires a certain actor for pounding out a tap dance of mortal sadness against Klondike frosts in "To Charlie Chaplin," while his time in Santo Domingo inspired the long poem "Fuku."  He sarcastically thanks Samuel Cohen for his new weapon in "Momma and the Neutron Bomb," while he remembers singing "Little Bricks" for a woman in hopes of getting some food in the "Ballad about Sausage."  He noted that we "grow more candid as we grow up" in a long poem in which the speaker is asked about a visit to the Hall of Columns in March 1953, "Zima Junction."  In his most famous poem, the speaker identifies with a "young boy in Byelostok," Dreyfus, and Anne Frank after noticing that no monument stands over the titular ravine.  FTP, name this Russian poet of "Bratsk Station" and "Babi Yar.".;;(Yevgeny) Yevtushenko
;;Its initial leaders included Nicholas Bayley and John Blaxland, and it involved a dispute over whether a judge, Richard Atkins, should be replaced in favor of a more capable man. Major George Johnston supported the case of one of its leaders, the man who introduced sheep-grazing to his country.  That man was described as "Arch-Fiend" John Macarthur in a letter sent to Viscount Castlereagh.  The affair was finally squashed with the arrival of Lachlan Macquarie, about two years after the Government House was stormed on the historic night of January 26 by the New South Wales Corps. FTP, name this 1808 insurrection against governor William Bligh in Australia, which was ostensibly sparked by the prohibition of a tasty alcoholic beverage as currency.;;Rum Rebellion
;;Joseph Schumpeter referred to it as "trivial," and its application in early 19th century Canadian history can be seen to falsify the Staple Theory.  The first form of this principle was stated by Theognis in his Maxims.  The first person to call this idea by its current name was Henry Dunning Macleod, while a medieval discussion of it can be found in a treatise by Nicholas Oresme (oh-rem).  Rolnick and Weber argue that the reverse of this idea is demonstrable in countries with weak economies, especially if the use of paper currency is declared illegal.  In order for it to apply in modern cases, legal tender laws must establish that fiat money is equally valid, in which case the buyet will offer it in place of commodity money.  Named for a 16th century English merchant, FTP, name this economic law which states that bad money drives good money out of circulation.;;Gresham's (Law)
;;The main character has a black cocker spaniel named Flo and is plagued by a birthmark on his cheek. He secretly resents the uselessness of men like Westfield and the drunken Mr. Lackersteen, whose daughter Elizabeth he saves from a buffalo attack. He competes for her vain affection with the newly arrived officer Verrall, and his friendship with Dr. Veraswami, often referred to as Dr. Very-Slimy, puts him at odds with Mr. Macgregor and the rest of the European Club.  That protagonist, Flory, is joined in the novel by his mistress Ma Hla May and the corrupt politician U Po Kyin. Published in 1934 as the author's first novel, FTP, name this George Orwell work about British colonialism in a certain country now known as Myanmar.;;Burmese Days
;;Published in 1842 in the work "On the Nature of the Forces Which Regulate the Constitution of the Luminiferous Ether," oscillating fields are an exception as they will induce an alternating current in a conductor. Gauss's Law ensures the truth of this because it implies that a point cannot exist in empty space such that the force vector everywhere on the surface of an incremental region surrounding that point is directed inward. It is also violated by the principles of diamagnetism, which compensate for external magnetic fields as seen in maglev trains. FTP, name this theorem which states that there is no stable and static levitation of fixed magnets, or alternatively that point charges cannot be in equilibrium under purely electrostatic forces.;;Earnshaw's (Theorem)
;;In its greatest victory, it defeated an army led by Bartolomeo d'Alviano on the banks of the Adda River.  Its opponent blamed the defeat on the indecisive leadership of Leonardo Loredan, which was thought to have contributed to the loss at Agnadello.  In the aftermath of that battle, its opponent's sphere of influence was reduced to Mestre, Treviso, and the Friuli.  Named for a fortified town on the Escaut or Scheldt River, its forces came from such places as Hungary, Ferrara, and Savoy, though its most effective armies were led by Maximilian I.  Ferdinand V of Aragon and Louis XII of France were other members, but it collapsed in 1510 after one of its members, Pope Julius II, switched sides.  FTP, name this league formed in 1508 that was  formed to limit the political and territorial power of Venice, named for a town in France.;;(League) (of) Cambrai
;;The final song heard in this film originally contained a line about being a fool, but that was changed to "What grace have I, to fall so in love" at the request of the director.  At the end of this film, the protagonist puts a cockroach in a freshly-made bed after her husband leaves for work.  That protagonist masturbates over the prospect of being compelled to eat exactly four peas, and possesses a notable collection of drill bits and porcelain ballerinas with sharpened toes.  Toward the end of the film, she goes on a hunger strike, soiling her wedding dress and refusing to move.  She rejects her boyfriend Peter, played by Jeremy Davies, in favor of E. Edward Grey.  Directed by Steven Shainberg, FTP, name this dark comedy released in 2002 in which Lee Holloway overcomes the urge to cut herself by taking the title position, a film which stars James Spader and Maggie Gyllenhaal.;;Secretary
;;The oldest section of this city is founded on two medieval towns, a religious settlement known as Kaptol and a walled region known as Gric.  Those two towns combined in the 19th century when this city began to grow on the Sava floodplain, after starting out as a small site at the base of Medvednica Hill.  It lies in the southwestern part of the Pannonian Basin and is home to a noted memorial with an eternal flame, the Shrine of the Homeland.  It lies to the south of the Zagorje forest, and the nearby Mount Sljeme provides a view of the Kupa Valley and the Julian Alps.  It is much larger than its country's biggest port Rijeka, which lies on Kvarner Bay, and also dwarves the second-largest city of Split on the Dalmatian coast.  FTP, name this capital city of a country separated from Italy on the west by Slovenia and wrapping around Bosnia Herzegovina in the south, which serves as the capital of Croatia.;;Zagreb
;;His time in Japan led to the writing of Noto, while his time as foreign secretary to the mission to Korea led to the writing of Choson, The Land of the Morning Calm.  Those books had little in common with this man's later writings, such as The Evolution of Worlds and The Genesis of the Planets.  In his major scientific project, this man competed with the discoverer of Saturn's moon Phoebe, William Pickering.  This man's work built on observations made by Richard Proctor, and agreed with the assumptions of Nicolas Flammarion and the director of the Brera Observatory in Milan.  Harold Spencer Jones later offered an explanation of this man's observations by showing that smudges at the edge of vision appear to be connected straight lines.  He correctly guessed the existence of a "Planet X" beyond Neptune, but was less successful in his observations of a planet closer to Earth.  FTP, name this American astronomer who claimed to have seen "canals" on Mars.;;(Percival) Lowell
;;This book's epilogue features an ice-cream sociable given by the Methodists, at which Lily Fisher's twins wonder why Tillie is always talking about a thousand dollars.  In the final chapter, Fred learns from Mr. Harsanyi that the protagonist's secret is "passion."  The title of this novel comes from a Jules Breton painting seen at the Art Institute in Chicago by the protagonist, who is the daughter of a minister in the desert town of Moonstone, Colorado.  In her youth, she encounters the mandolin-playing Spanish Johnny and the helpful town physician Dr. Howard Archie, while she learns a lot from self-educated railroad brakeman Ray Kennedy.  In a central passage, the sensual experience of bathing at Panther Canyon teaches the protagonist the true meaning of art. FTP, name this novel about the rise of a diva named Thea Kronborg, a novel by Willa Cather.;;(The) Song of the Lark
;;His forces commited a massacre at the granary of a major silver-producing city, which was a response to resistance led by Juan Antonio Riano.  His army was weakened following the Pyrrhic victory of Monte de las Cruces, after which the Army of the Center defeated him at Aculco and Puente de Calderon.  His actions were sparked by Gabriel de Yermo's arrest of Jose de Iturrigaray, which led to the Queretaro plot.  His most notable utterance was the "cry of Dolores," and every September 16 the president of his country recites the "Grito" to commemorate Independence Day. This man was replaced by Ignacio Allende in the final days of his revolt, but both were executed in 1811.  FTP, name this Catholic priest who led a rebellion of Indians and Mestizos against the Spanish government of Mexico, and who fought under the banner of the Virgin of Guadalupe.;;(Miguel) Hidalgo (v) (Costilla)
;;He wrote about the relationship between a girl named Vita and the title character in his opera The Stranger, while he depicted the conversion of Nicea, the Queen of Pleasure, by a man originally known as Auferus in his The Legend of Saint Christopher.  He wrote about the Saracen invasions of his country in his music drama Fervaal, while he reversed the usual arrangement of variations in his Istar.  He used a text by Uhland for his "symphonic legend" The Enchanted Forest and wrote three symphonic overtures based on Schiller's Wallenstein, while his major symphonic works include the Sinfonia brevis and an 1886 work alternately known as the "Symphonie Cevenole."  His teaching methods, detailed in Cours de Composition, were used on such pupils as Joaquin Turina, Georges Auric, and Erik Satie. FTP, name this Belgian-French composer who was himself taught by Cesar Franck, and who is most famous for his Symphony on a French Mountain Air.;;(Vincent) d'Indy
;;His prose works include an expose of the underworld, The Bellman of London, and a popular pamphlet on rogues and prisons, Lantern and Candlelight. The author of the poems "Country Glee" and "Art Thou Poor," he also wrote a play in which a virgin poisons herself rather than sleep with a king, though that work is better known for a character named Horace who is mocked by Crispinus and Demetrius.  Another of his works features the nobleman Rowland Lacy, who disguises himself as a Dutchman to pursue Rose, the daughter of Simon Eyre.  His many collaborative efforts include Patient Grissel with Henry Chettle and William Haughton, The Witch of Edmonton with William Rowley and John Ford, and The Virgin Martyr with Philip Massinger.  His own plays include If It Be Not Good the Devil Is in It, Satiromastix, and Old Fortunatus.  FTP, name this English author of The Shoemaker's Holiday and The Honest Whore.;;(Thomas) Dekker
;;An alternative to this is the Kochi reaction, which uses lead acetate and lithium halide as reagents.   The mechanism of this reaction involves initial formation of a hypobromite as a result of the precipitation of a metal bromide salt.  A radical reaction is initiated by homolytic cleavage of the oxygen-bromine bond of the hypobromite. The carboxyl radical then proceeds to shed carbon dioxide, leaving an alkyl radical, which then attaches to a bromine to create the final product.  Performed with a heavy metal salt heated with bromine, FTP, name this reaction that decarboxylates an acid leaving an alkyl halide with one less carbon, which is named for German chemists Heinz and Clare.;;Hunsdiecker (Reaction)
;;One individual  of this name was a daughter of Oceanus and Gaia, while another was a naiad married to Hypseus, King of the Lapiths.  That naiad had a daughter who wrestled with a lion to save her father's sheep, and by that daughter, Cyrene, she was the grandmother of Aristaeus.  Another woman of this name was a daughter of Erechtheus who married Xuthus and gave birth to Achaeus and Ion.  Yet another was a daughter of Creon of Corinth who was burned to death after putting on a poisoned gown given to her by her husband's first wife, Medea.  FTP, give this feminine name of Greek mythology that also named a daughter of Priam who gave birth to Ascanius and died while fleeing Troy, unlike her husband Aeneas.;;Creusa
;;Three years prior to the day on which this work is set, the first character who speaks in it underwent an experience that turned his hair white in a single day.  It begins atop the Cloudy Mountain, Helseggen, in the dreary district of Lofoden, where three men look out at a group of islands that includes Ambaaren and Vurrgh.  The narrator is unimpressed by Jonas Ramus's account of the titular phenomenon, though he finds himself agreeing with the fanciful explanation proposed by Kircher.  The story has an epigraph from Joseph Glanville which compares God's works to the well of Democritus, and at a key point it features a footnote referring to a work by Archimedes.  Most of the story is told by an old man who saved his life by lashing himself to a water-cask, though his brother is killed by a natural phenomenon.  FTP, name this story about a Norwegian fisherman who survives the titular downward journey, a work by Edgar Allan Poe.;;(A) Descent into the Maelstrom
;;During this battle a number of officers on the losing side decided to attend a shad-bake hosted by General Rosser, which created understandable confusion for the army.  This battle resulted in the deaths of  Frederick Winthrop and the lovable artillery officer Willie Pegram. The supply line of the South Side Railroad was threatened when forces led by Kemble Warren attacked the Confederate left flank.  Although Pickett had been ordered to hold this place "at all hazards," his fortification of "the Angle" was overrun by Sheridan's men.  In the aftermath of this battle, Lee informed Jefferson Davis that Petersburg and Richmond must be evacuated.  FTP, name this final Union offensive of the Civil War, which was fought at a crossroads in Dinwiddie, Virginia on April 1, 1865.;;(Battle) (of) Five Forks
;;The initiation of this process may be plotted on the lower boundary of the transport field on a Hjulstrom diagram.  During low-velocity Horton overland flow, it is the primary means of erosion.  A fast-response piezoelectric sensor can be used to monitor it by collecting a continuous record of aeolian activity at a point on a playa surface.  It is associated with the abrasion of ventifacts and the purification of sand, as silicates weaker than quartz are dislodged by the ballistic impact of the grains.  FTP, what is this geologic process whereby rock particles bounce along the surface of a dune or riverbed?.;;saltation
;;One member of this family is a carpenter turned politician named John whose son, also named John, participates in a murder with Johannes Pafuri.  Another is defended by Mr. Carmichael and in the end is hanged for his role in that same murder.  Gertrude is a prostitute who moves in with Mrs. Lithebe when her father arrives, urged on by a letter sent by Reverend Theophilus, but refuses to return to Ixopo.  Arthur Jarvis was murdered by Absalom, the son of Stephen, a pastor who travels to Johannesburg in order to reclaim his family.  FTP, name this family central to Alan Paton's Cry, the Beloved Country.;;Kumalo
;;His second opera, Dorval and Virginia,  is now lost, as is a Christmas Cantata he wrote which was dedicated to Tsar Alexander I.  According to William Beckford, this man was working for the Duchess of Osuna in 1787, the year after he composed his opera La Clementina.  His Stabat Mater was originally written for solo soprano, but he revised it in 1800 to feature three singers.  A violin concerto that used to be attributed to him was probably written by Henry Casadesus, while his best-known concerto is in the key of B flat and used to be widely played in an arrangement by Friedrich Grutzmacher.  His chamber music includes a number of arrangements for guitar quintet and several groups of string quintets which featured two cellos.  FTP, name this Italian composer and virtuoso cellist who was nicknamed the "wife of Haydn.".;;(Luigi) Boccherini
;;Queen Rehendi Kilege compelled him to marry into the royal family, and he spent several months at her court in the Maldives before being forced to leave for plotting a coup against the government.  After being shipwrecked while sailing along the Coromandel Coast, he met up with his brother-in-law Ghiyath al-Din, but after the latter died of the plague at Pattan he went to China.  He befriended Bayalun, the daughter of the Byzantine emperor Andronicus who had been married to Khan Ozbeg of the Golden Horde, and accompanied her to Constantinople.  While living in Fez, his stories so entertained Sultan Abu'Inan that the court poet Ibn Juzayy was assigned to transcribe them, which he did in the book A Gift to Those who Contemplate the Wonders of Cities, which is better known as the Rihla or Travels.  FTP, name this native of Tangier, a 14th century judge who is known as the "Arab Marco Polo.".;;(Ibn) Battuta
;;The town of Arkona can be seen in the distant background of this man's The Tree of Crows, while three people walk down a deserted road beneath a bright sun in his Easter Morning.  The lady in a greenish dress looking out a square windowsill in his Woman at the Window was his wife, Caroline Bommer, who appeared in the painting with her back facing the viewer, like most of the human subjects in his paintings.  Depicted in his studio with a trademark oversized easel and canvas in a portrait by Georg Kersting, this man also painted Two Men Contemplating the Moon, Chalk Cliffs on Rugen, and Wanderer above the Sea of Fog.  Fond of snowy winter settings, he depicted an icebound shipwreck in Polar Sea, and is also known for an 1812 painting that put the elements of a religious altarpiece into a landscape setting.  FTP, name this German Romantic artist, who painted the Cross in the Mountains.;;(Caspar) (David) Friedrich
;;The protagonist of this novel wrote his dissertation on Maxwell's demon, and laments that he only exists for the benefit of shoe polishers in Havana.  He nearly misses a flight because he feels "unrasiert," a feeling that he can never explain to his girlfriend Ivy, but through a bizarre coincidence makes the ill-fated Super-Constellation flight and sits next to Herbert, the brother of the man who he thought had performed an abortion on his girlfriend after she declined to move to Baghdad with him.  While on a trip to Paris to report on the installation of turbines in Venezuela for UNESCO, the title character meets and beds a young girl named Sabeth, who turns out to be the un-aborted daughter of his former lover, Hannah.  In 1991, Volker Schlondorff made this novel into the movie Voyager.  FTP, name this work about an engineer named Walter, a novel by Max Frisch whose title means "man the maker.".;;Homo Faber
;;It attracted notice following a shooting by Johnnie Edgecombe, a Jamaican jazz musician who had earlier been involved in a knife fight with Aloysius Gordon.  It was called to national attention by George Wigg, who slipped a mention of it into a debate about a homosexual clerk named William Vassall.  Nicknamed "Bowtie" by the FBI, it was investigated by Alfred Denning.  After it became public, osteopath Stephen Ward decided to commit suicide rather than face charges of living on "immoral earnings" for introducing the teenage lover of Eugene Ivanov to the incident's namesake, a man who was replaced in the cabinet by James Ramsden.  FTP, name this scandal that involved a romantic liaison with Christine Keeler and brought down Harold MacMillan's Secretary of War.;;(the) Profumo (Affair)
;;One man who played this position went to Livingstone College before being picked in the fifth round of the 1991 draft, while another was drafted 192nd overall out of Savannah State College in 1990.  One of them in the Hall of Fame is a long-time Raider who was nicknamed "The Ghost."  Those featured in the 2002 NFL draft included Doug Jolley and Daniel Graham, though the highest profile player at the position that year was from Miami.  Those currently playing for the Bengals include Reggie Kelly and Tony Stewart.  Hall of Famers who played this position include Dave Casper and Charlie Sanders, while the best collegiate player is awarded the John Mackey Award, which recently went to Virginia's Heath Miller.  FTP, name this offensive position which has been played by such greats as Jeremy Shockey, Kyle Brady, and Mike Ditka.;;tight end
;;It was painted "at Canajoharie" by Edward Gay, and is the subject of an 1828 painting by Alexander Wyant.  Harmen Meyndertsz van den Bogaert was one of the first white men to travel past its treacherous Cohoes Falls.  One city along it was originally known as Veedersburg before being renamed for a city in the Netherlands, while another was originally named Lynchville before being renamed in honor of the battle of Oriskany.  It joins with a larger river near a city which is the home of the symbol "Uncle Sam," Troy.  Along with Amsterdam and Rome, cities along this river include the seat of Oneida Country, Utica.  FTP, name this largest tributary of the Hudson River, which joins the latter near Albany.;;(the) Mohawk (river)
;;This man discusses "focalization" as the fundamental fact of reasonable thought in an essay which wonders why dogs don't frame abstract ideas.  Another of his essays contends that to know an object is to lead to it through a context which the world supplies.  In addition to "Brute and Human Intellect" and "The Knowing of Things Together," he argued that there is only one primal stuff in the world out of which everything is composed in order to answer the question "Does 'Consciousness' Exist?"  He called for a survey of the limits of human power in his essay "The Energies of Men," while his final essay was a tribute to the writer Benjamin Paul Blood, "A Pluralistic Mystic."  In better known essays, he considered the "Mental Effects of the Earthquake" that hit California in 1906 and discussed the "moral equivalent of war."  FTP, name this American philosopher who also wrote books about The Meaning of Truth and The Varieties of Religious Experience.;;(William) James
;;Each of them was prefaced by a sonnet which asked "For is it still to tell / That, be the theme a point or the whole earth, / Truth is a circle, perfect, great or small?"  The first included a discussion of "The Bothie of Toper-na-fuosich," while the second began with James Collinson's "The Child Jesus."  The last one featured "Modern Giants" by one Laura Savage, a pen name of Frederick Stephens, as well as "A Modern Idyl" by Walter Deverell.  After two appearances, Alexander Tupper suggested that the name be changed to Art and Poetry: Being Thoughts Toward Nature Conducted Principally by Artists. More famously, it included works by Ellen Alleyn, Thomas Woolner, and Ford Madox Brown.  FTP, name this journal that featured "The Blessed Damozel" in its second issue and was published by the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood.;;(The) Germ
;;The later version insisted that public functions are by necessity temporary, and concluded by noting that in certain circumstances insurrection becomes the most indispensable of duties.  That version also abolished the class of "servants" by insisting that people can only contract their services and time, but cannot sell themselves.  One response to this document called for a law to assist widows and girls who are deceived by false promises, and demanded the legalization of prostitution.  The preface to this document declares that ignorance, neglect, or contempt of the titular things are the sole cause of public calamities, and defines "liberty" as the freedom to do everything which injures no one else.  The first of its 17 articles asserts that social distinctions can only be founded on the general good, since men are born and remain free and equal.  FTP, name this document which wasapproved on August 26, 1789 by the National Assembly of France.;;(the) Declaration of the Rights of Man (and) (of) (the) (Citizen)|(La) Declaration des droits de I'homme et du citoyen
;;In nucleophilic aliphatic substitution reactions, this mechanism depresses the reaction rate by making the first step of SN-1 reactions reversible, and it slows DDT solvolysis in saline solution.  Its importance increases after the equivalence point is passed in titration, and if present during neutralization, it counteracts the change in the value modeled by the central ratio of the Henderson-Hasselbach equation, functioning as a buffer.  An application of Le Chatelier's principle, FTP, name this effect that alters the molar solubility of a compound by addition of species identical to a pre-existing product of dissolution.;;(the) common ion (effect)
;;In his most famous work, this thinker distinguished between R type people and S type people, the former of which are more risk-averse than the latter.  This man believed that people are fundamentally irrational, and in that major work he also differentiated between compulsive feelings, or resides, and rationalizations of those feelings, or derivations. Serving as a director for a railway company, he opposed the "transformist" doctrines of his country's ruling class. Along with such chums as De Johannis and Martello, he joined the Adam Smith Society. In his first work he advocated a law of income distribution, while in later works he proposed the concept of "indifference curves" and analyzed "ophelimity," or economic satisfaction. Known for his theory of "the circulation of the elites", his later views were co-opted by fascism.  FTP, name this student of Leon Walras, the author of Course in Political Economy and Mind and Society who is known in free market circles for his namesake "optimality.".;;(Vilfredo) Pareto
;;Its first ruler was defeated by an army led by Ulchi Mundok at Salsu, where almost 300,000 troops were said to have been killed.  That victory saved the Koguryo dynasty, which had been under attack by an emperor who took the throne after assassinating his older brother and his father.  During this dynasty, the architect Yu-wen K'ai redesigned the capital of Ta-hsing, which was renamed Ch'ang-an.  Its last ruler, Kung Ti, ruled for only a year, while its second emperor rebuilt the Great Wall and began to build the Grand Canal system.  After Yang Ti was assassinated, Li Yuan would reunite the empire under the next dynasty.  FTP, name this Chinese dynasty founded by Wen-ti in 581 AD, which unified China for a short time before being supplanted in 618 by the Tang.;;(the) Sui (dynasty)
;;Following a suggestion of Delbruck, he avoided the epistemological problems of using the term "complementarity" in his refutation of Jordan's theory of stabilizing quantum mechanical interactions.  During World War II, he used the paramagnetic properties of oxygen to measure its concentration in mixtures of diverse gases.  His first book dealt with the practice of spectroscopy and was co-written with Samuel Goudsmit, and nine years after Stucture of Line Spectra appeared he wrote his most important work, an "introduction to modern structural chemistry" entitled The Nature of the Chemical Bond. His theory of the function of antigens suffered from his assumption that antibodies contain the same polypeptide chains and differ from normal globulin only in configuration.  FTP, name this scientist whose authorship of the Mainau Declaration and the formation of the Committee of Atomic Scientists earned him a Nobel Peace Prize to go along with his Nobel Prize for Chemistry.;;(Linus) (Carl) Pauling
;;It was signed in Aix-la-Chapelle ten days after a conference began in another city.  It was addressed to a former leader of the Albany Regency who had signed the first reciprocity treaty entered into by the United States.  One of the men who signed it was a longtime rival of John Slidell, while another had served as Tyler's secretary of the navy and as Polk's attorney general.  It claims that the actions it describes could lead to the extension of railroads to Cadiz, Malaga, and northern Portugal.  However, it was blasted in the Republican Party platform as a "highwayman's plea that 'might makes right.'"  It condemned the seizure of the Black Warrior and warned that America should not permit the establishment of another "Africanized" Santo Domingo.  Its repudiation by William Marcy brought about the resignation of one of its writers, Pierre Soule.  FTP, name the 1854 document that called on the U.S. to invade Cuba if Spain refused to sell it, which is named for the city in Belgium where it was written.;;(the) Ostend (Manifesto)
;;One of his late works was a nude crucifixion, currently housed at El Escorial, which was probably modeled by his assistant Fernando.  One of his works shows a nude young man who holds his left arm in the air, while his right hand rests on a wing of the bird he is riding.  Another of his works depicts two figures who sit across from each other with their legs crossed, in the same way that the arms of the sea flow into the land, and features a man mounted on four seahorses and a woman sitting next to a temple.  Yet another, which is located in the Loggia dei Lanzi in Florence, shows a young man holding a sword in his right hand and a decapitated head in his left. He sculpted a bust of Cosimo I di Medici as well as Ganymede Riding the Eagle, and like Canova he sculpted a Perseus with the Head of Medusa.  FTP, name this larger-than-life Renaissance artist, whose works include a notable "Saltcellar" and a lurid Autobiography.;;(Benvenuto) Cellini
;;It was turned into a musical in 1964 by Lee Adams and Charles Strouse, which featured a young Louis Gossett Jr. along with Sammy Davis Jr. as the title character.  In a 1939 film adaptation of this work, the title character's father was played by Lee J. Cobb, who had appeared as Mr. Carp in the Broadway version.  That film version, which was directed by Rouben Mamoulian, also starred Adolphe Menjou and Barbara Stanwyck, and featured the first starring role of William Holden.  The title character is killed in a car crash after himself killing a man.  Earlier, he had convinced Tom Moody to help him, while going out with Moody's girlfriend Lorna.  Engaging in a certain sport leads him to risk damaging his hands, which endangers his musical career.  FTP, name this play about boxer and violinist Joe Bonaparte, a work by Clifford Odets.;;Golden Boy
;;Bardeen, Hill, and Lindner proposed that these Standard Model particles may form condensates that break electroweak symmetry, generating a composite Higgs boson.  In many contemporary models, they are viewed as composite objects with new strong interactions not felt by other known fermions.  For instance, Sundrum and Agashe recently proposed that the right-handed one and the Higgs are composite.  It has been suggested that their abnormally large mass comes from an infrared fixed point of renormalization group flow.  They generally decay to a W boson and a bottom quark, and the left-handed one is in a doublet with the left-handed bottom quark.  FTP, what is this heaviest of the six flavors of quarks?.;;top (quark)
;;He wrote that the title character's eyes, lips, and breasts are "so provoking" that they set his "heart more cock-a-hoop / Than could whole seas of craw-fish soup" in his "To a Young Lady with Some Lampreys."  He reminded a milkmaid named Priscilla how she would tremble, when her "nipple's pressed," to see "white drops bathe" her "swelling breast" in an "eclogue" that parodies Virgil's Pollio, "The Birth of the Squire."  His most famous work includes an "air" in which one character speaks of being warm with his love "on Greenland's coast," while she vows that she would love him even if she were "sold on Indian soil."  His longer poems include The Shepherd's Week and a work about the "art of walking the streets of London," Trivia, but he is best known for a work whose sequel was 1729's Polly.  FTP, name this author who wrote about Captain Macheath in The Beggar's Opera.;;(John) Gay
;;At one point, it was ruled by the brothers Abreha and Atsbeha, who were notably visited by Frumentius.  Athanasius recorded a letter which was sent to its king Ezana by Constantius II, while Procopius noted its struggle with a Yemeni ruler named Abreha.  Its King Bazen has been claimed to be one of the Three Magi, while its last great ruler was known as Kaleb.  Endubis was the first of its rulers to oversee the minting of coins, and Gedara is mentioned in its language, Ge'ez, as the "king of kings," a title inherited by all of its rulers, including one whose fourth-century invasion of Meroe made it the most powerful empire in Nubia.  FTP, name this empire, centered at a namesake capital on the Tigray Plateau, which flourished between 100 and 700 CE.;;Axum|Aksum
;;Fishburn proved it false in an infinite case, while Armstrong proved the same result even when profiles are restricted to those which use a Boolean algebra of coalitions. One consequence of it is the Gibbard-Satterthwaite Theorem, which deals with the concept of non-imposition, or the inclusion of a potential for every result.  Underpinning this theory is the concept of unrestricted domain, and excluding the Smith set, some methods can meet all the criteria that it demands.  Amartya Sen famously tried to disprove by using utility analysis.  If it did not hold, a mapping function would have two properties, one of which is monotonicity, or the inability to hurt an option by ranking it higher.  That function would  map individual preferences to societal preferences.  First posited in 1951's Social Choice and Individual Values, FTP, name this theorem, which states that no set of rules for social choice can be achieved that satisfy all reasonable criteria of society, named for a 1972 Nobel Prize-winning economist.;;Arrow's Impossibility (Theorem)
;;It was much admired by Michael Angelo Titmarsh, who noted that the fire in it looked red but might have been done with cobalt and pea-green.  It may be a response to a work by Thomas Talbot Bury which depicts the excavation of Olive Mount Cutting.  A farmer plows a field on the right of this work, while on the left some people are boating on a river.  At the center is a bridge composed of two brick arches which connects Taplow and Maidenhead.  A rabbit runs to take cover from the central object in this work, which approaches the viewer.  Also of note is the yellow-brown puff of smoke which dominates the left-center, and which is one of the title components.  FTP, name this 1844 landscape depicting a train crossing a bridge, a depiction of "the Great Western Railway" by J.M.W. Turner.;;Rain(,) Steam and Speed(.) (The) (Great) (Western) (Railway)
;;After this character tires of acting in tableaux vivants, she tells her friends a "spectral legend" about a man named Theodore who falls in love with a mysterious lady.  Later, this woman is eavesdropped upon by someone who takes a room in a hotel that happens to face her rooms in a boarding-house.  We first hear from her in a chapter about "A Knot of Dreamers," in which she is mocked by Silas Foster.  After she confronts some other characters at the base of Eliot's Pulpit, one of her fancy French shoes is discovered in the mud, after which her body is fished out of the river.  She drowns herself in despair because her half-sister Priscilla is beloved by Hollingsworth.  FTP, name this character from an 1852 novel, a woman based on Margaret Fuller who appears in Hawthorne's The Blithedale Romance.;;Zenobia
;;They nominated a man who went by the pseudonym "Henry Homespun" for a major office, and Solomon Southwick later published the National Observer to expound their views.  One of their leaders gained support for his Chenango Canal Bill, but that wasn't enough to get Francis Granger elected governor.  One of them, William A. Palmer, was elected governor of Vermont.  They were concerned about a man who may have collaborated with David A. Miller on the republication of Jachin and Boaz, and who was last seen in the Canandaigua jail in 1826.  Their views were set forth in an Enquirer published by Thurlow Weed, and their leaders included William H. Seward.  In 1831, they nominated former Attorney General William Wirt to run against Andrew Jackson.  FTP, name this first American third party, which was opposed to secret societies.;;(the) Anti(-)Masonic (Party)
;;She is "missed" as the subject of a 1971 short film co-directed by Tinto Brass.  She starred as the daughter of a political commentator at the center of a feud between two reporters in Everything Happens at Night.  In 1942, she played a girl who mistakes a marine's flirting for a marriage proposal in Iceland.  In her American debut, she was brought to Madison Square Garden by a theatrical manager played by Adolphe Menjou.  In One in a Million, Happy Landing, and Sun Valley Serenade she appeared on ice, showcasing the talent with which she won six European championships, a record equaled by Irina Slutskaya and Katarina Witt.  FTP, name this figure skater, who won three Olympic gold medals and ten world figure skating championships between 1927 and 1936.;;(Sonja) Henie
;;This country's major weekly newspaper is the Ubumwe, which is published in the Kirundi language.  The country's National Museum is located in its former capital, Gitega, which is one of the only cities with electricity.  One of the only lowland areas in this nation is the plain of the Ruzizi River, while much of its southern border is formed by the Malagarazi River.  It is separated from its neighbor to the north by the Ruwa, Kanjaru, and Kagera rivers, the last of which is one of the southernmost sources of the Nile.  First settled by a pygmy tribe known as the Twa, it is now inhabited by two principal ethnic groups, a Hamitic and a Bantu people.  FTP, name this landlocked African nation bordered by the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Tanzania, and Rwanda, whose capital is at Bujumbura.;;Burundi
;;A prologue he wrote for a book by his friend the Count of Yebes was published separately as Meditations on Hunting.  His late works include Origin and the Epilogue of Philosophy and a book in which he discussed a distinction between "to observe" and "to count on" while arguing that the titular concept is a "radical orientation."  That book, Some Lessons in Metaphysics, extends his discussion of Parmenides and Heraclitus in The Origin of Philosophy.  He concluded that "to live is to decide what we are going to be" and "the basic reality is our life" in a book which expounded his "vitalist" views, while he wrote about "Man the Technician" and "The Sportive Origin of the State" in History as a System.  FTP, name this author of Man and People, What Is Philosophy?, The Dehumanization of Art, and The Revolt of the Masses.;;(Jose) Ortega (y) (Gasset)
;;In Book 3 of this work, some characters see a circle of white swans who are destroyed by eagles, after which one character urges her father to go to war.  Three years pass before the war begins, and even then one army is delayed when Bacchus commands some river gods to create a drought.  In Book 10, the king's son Menoeceus kills himself to save his city, after which one of the main characters is killed by a lightning strike. Following the death of Capaneus, Megara and Tisiphone incite two of the main characters to kill each other, after which their father is banished to Cithaeron.  The Nemean characters in this work include Lycurgus and Hypsipyle, but more famous are such Argives as Tydeus, Amphiaraus, and Adrastus.  FTP, name this epic poem in twelve books about the war of Eteocles and Polynices for rule of the titular city, a work written around 90 AD by Publius Papinius Statius.;;(the) Thebaid|Thebais
;;His time in his country's highest office was marked by a scandal in which his predecessor's associate minister of national defence, Pierre Sevigny, was revealed to have had an affair with a German prostitute named Gerda Munsinger.  His time in office was also marked by a contentious "Flag Debate," as he controversially proposed to replace the Red Ensign with a new design.  He represented Algoma East in his country's House of Commons, and after St. Laurent resigned he defeated Paul Martin to become the leader of the Liberals.  In 1963, he replaced John Diefenbaker as Prime Minister of Canada.  FTP, name this man who became President of the General Assembly of the UN in 1952, and whose work in defusing the Suez crisis was rewarded with the Nobel Peace Prize in 1957.;;(Lester) (Bowles) Pearson
;;One of the developers of this algorithm collaborated with Teller and Fermi on the first nuclear reactor.  In chemistry, the First Reaction method is a dynamic type of this algorithm, and is used to model molecular behavior.  One version of this technique is used to determine solutions for complex Ising models.  Simulated annealing is a heuristic approach to global optimization using this method, and the Metropolis-Hastings algorithm is used to simulate a Markov Chain.  A Las Vegas algorithm is a special case in which the outcome is always correct.   FTP, name this type of algorithm, which refers to another center of gambling and which uses random numbers to solve problems, which is most notably attached to a method of numerical integration.;;Monte Carlo (algorithms)
;;The one by Henry Cowell includes such movements as "Repression" and "Liberation," and is nicknamed the "Anthropos."  The one by Philip Glass opens with an English horn introduction, and is a follow-up to a work based on the David Bowie album Low.  The one by Sibelius is written in D major and based upon themes originally composed for a tone poem based on The Divine Comedy.  The one by John Corigliano won the Pulitzer Prize in 2001.  The one by Brahms was also written in D major, and features two movements written in waltz time.  An important one written in Heligenstadt replaced the usual Minuet in the third movement with a Scherzo.  FTP, give the number shared by these symphonic works, including one by Beethoven which preceded the Eroica and Mahler's Resurrection.;;(Symphony) (No(.)) 2|second
;;One of the characters in this work notes that a car's mileage is at 55890, which she never gets around to telling anyone.  That character tells a story about a man who once gave her a watermelon with his initials carved into it, but since those intials were "E. A. T" a child ate the melon before she could get it.  Some of the characters get lunch at The Tower, where they buy barbecue sandwiches from Red Sammy Butts.  Another character remarks that he has been in a tornado, has seen a man burned alive, and has himself been buried alive, and criticizes Jesus for raising the dead.  That character has helpers named Hiram and Bobby Lee, to whom he remarks that "it's no real pleasure in life."  John Wesley and Bailey are the first to die in this story, and are rapidly followed by June Star, June's mother, and the grandmother.  FTP, name this story in which the Misfit proves the titular point, a work by Flannery O'Connor.;;(A) Good Man Is Hard to Find
;;After catching a cold during a balloon ascent he was forced to end his service in the Franco-Prussian War, after which he was reprimanded by the duke of Cambridge because his service was a violation of British neutrality.  He was shot in the jaw during his campaigns against the slave trader Osman Digna, while his image as a "man of destiny" was forwarded by a popular book written by G. W. Steevens.  It was rumored that he was not dead but sleeping in a cave in the Hebrides after the HMS Hampshire, which was taking him on a secret mission to Russia, was sunk by a German mine in 1916.  Named Secretary of State for War during the Asquith ministry, a recruitment campaign using his image saw three million people enlist, including a million volunteers who comprised his namesake army, which was also called the "New Army."  He was serving as sirdar of the Egyptian army when he won a victory at Omdurman and met Captain Marchand at Fashoda.  FTP, name this general, who also led British forces to victory in the Boer War.;;(Horatio) (Herbert) Kitchener(,) (first) (earl) (of) (Khartoum)
;;This work's plot comes from Benjamin Hederich's Mythological Lexicon, rather than from a better-known account.  The title character makes a decision which upsets a High Priestess, who wants to get on with the Festival of Roses.  That decision is supported by the bellicose Asteria and opposed by Prothoe, who later advises the title character to make a secret alliance.  The title character discloses that she was told to seek out a famous hero by her mother, Otrere, and disgusts him by explaining a certain surgery which was first undergone by Tanais.  In the penultimate scene, Meroe anonunces that the title character has not only killed that hero, but assisted her dogs in ravaging his corpse.  In her defense, the title character notes that the words "kisses" and "bites" rhyme, which presumably justifies the killing of Achilles.  FTP, name this 1808 drama about an Amazon, a work by Heinrich von Kleist.;;Penthesilea
;;The year before this battle was fought, the man who commanded the victorious army married the princess of Polotsk.  The loser of this battle would go on to marry Ingeborg, the sister of King Erik Eriksson.  The winner of this battle was expelled from his city a few months afterward, but he was invited back to resist an invasion that had been incited by Pope Gregory IX.  The losing army in this battle set up its camp on the Izhora River, after which the winning army moved down the Volkhov River and launched a surprise attack.  That attack resulted in the loss of an eye for Birger Jarl, while most of his Swedish forces were annihilated.  FTP, name this victory for Novgorod, a 1240 battle which earned the victorious Alexander Yaroslavich his nickname.;;(the) (battle) (of) (the) Neva (River)
;;Some self-termed "disciples" of this saint practice erotic asphyxiation.  One legend mistakes him for a similarly-named man born in Jersey who taught the English how to comb wool, partly because the iron combs with which he was executed resemble wool combs.  An Armenian bishop who escaped Christian persecution in the third century, he is noted for reappearing to warn the city of Dubrovnik of an impending Venetian invasion in 971, while during his lifetime he cured wild animals and young children of their illnesses.  FTP, name this saint, who because of a blessing occurring on his feast day, February 3, is said to be the patron saint of throat ailments.;;(Saint) Blaise
;;His T to the three-halves law gives fractional change of magnetization in terms of temperature and is based on the magnon density of states. His namesake wall separates domains of a crystal magnetized in different directions. His namesake frequency describes the oscillation of an electron in a superlattice in a constant electric field. His equations describing magnetic relaxation are used in the study of magnetic resonance. FTP, name this physicist who proved the fundamental result of solid state physics that eigenfunctions for a periodic potential are plane waves times periodic functions, and shared a Nobel Prize in 1952 with Edward Purcell for the invention of NMR.;;(Felix) Bloch
;;After this battle there were too many prisoners for the winning army to handle, so the losing army was allowed to walk away on the provision that they file past the victorious king with their hats in their hands.  The eventual victors in this battle began by firing a cannon twice from Hermansberg Hill to signal a charge, which was aided by a blizzard that blinded the opposing army.  After they ran out of ammunition, the charging soldiers under General Rehnskiold surprised their opponents by charging at them with swords.  After the collapse of the losing army's center, which was commanded by the Duke of Croy, the cavalry attempted to retreat across the Neva river but were killed when their pontoon bridge collapsed.  FTP, name this battle fought on November 20, 1700, in which Russian forces were defeated by King Charles XII of Sweden during the Great Northern War.;;(Battle) (of) Narva
;;This sweet-tasting compound was first isolated by Drechsel in 1889, and it had its structure determined in 1902. It produces cadaverine when decarboxylated which helps produce the smell of a decayed organism, and also the metabolite carnitine. It is the limiting amino acid in all cereal grains and it helps in fighting herpes by competing with arginine necessary for viral replication. Along with leucine, this amino acid is ketogenic and is unable to contribute to glucose production. An amino acid on which protein acetylation occurs, FTP, identify this essential amino acid coded by two adenines followed by a purine, with an R group of a positively charged butyl amine, symbolized by the letter K.;;lysine
;;This work opens with two passages from the Epistles of Horace, which suggest that the book's author is "dwarfish" and young.  The author of this work criticized it in the preface to his Adelmom the Outlaw, while he parodied parts of it in poems such as "Giles Jollup the Grave, and Brown Sally Green," which appeared in his Tales of Wonder.  The first chapter of this work ends with a Gypsy Song which suggests that Leonella will live to be fifty-one years old.  The Wandering Jew arrives at the Castle of Lindenberg in time to deal with a ghost whom Raymond mistakes for Agnes.  Meanwhile, the title character strangles Elvira and proceeds to rape and murder her daughter Antonia.  At the end, the title character's lover Matilda turns out to be a demon, and Lucifer reveals that Antonia was Father Ambrosio's sister, just before bashing Ambrosio against some rocks.  FTP, name this Gothic novel, a work of Matthew Lewis.;;(The) Monk(:) (A) (Romance)
;;He notably invoked Article 87 of the Fundamental Laws to implement changes in electoral procedures.  He was assisted by the moderate Octobrists, but they turned on him after he went over their heads to change the government of Poland.  He notoriously created special courts which handed out so many death sentences that the hangman's noose came to be known as his "necktie."  Following the Manifesto of June 3, he assured himself of a conservative majority in his country's legislature.  He started out as Interior Minister under Goremykin, and served as governor of Grodno and Saratov before taking his best-known office.  His work came to an end at the Kiev Opera House when a former spy for the Okhrana, Dmitri Bogrov, killed him.  Things got bad for radicals after he dissolved the Second Duma.  FTP, name this Prime Minister of Russia from 1906 to 1911, who is most famous for his agrarian reforms.;;(Pyotr) (Arkadyevich) Stolypin
;;With Molly Harrower, this man published an autobiography that was an "unwitting self portrait."  In his most famous work, he outlines three approaches to developmental history: theories of utility, theories of correspondence, and theories of recapitulation.  In 1922, Robert Ogden translated his first paper to be published in America for the Psychological Bulletin.  This man's first published research concerned his own color blindness, which he performed under the physiologist Carl Stumpf.  While at the University of Giessen, he wrote The Growth of the Mind: An Introduction to Child Psychology.  He later moved to the United States and promoted the movement with which he is associated in Principles of Gestalt Psychology.  FTP, name this proponent of Gestalt who worked with Wolfgang Kohler and Max Wertheimer.;;(Kurt) Koffka
;;Synthesis of quadrigemine via double Heck cyclation requires the removal of the central property of these compounds in the substrate. For most substrates, that removal may be achieved via one of several Sharpless asymmetric methods. In Cahn-Ingold-Prelog theory, a lowercase r or s configuration notation is used in labeling their pseudoasymmetric central carbon atoms, which are so named because their trans isomers are enantiomer pairs, while their cis isomers are separated by a plane of symmetry Examples include tartaric acid and glycerol.  FTP, what are these optically inactive compounds characterized by multiple chiral centers that produce an internal symmetry, and therefore no net chirality?.;;meso (compounds)
;;This artist depicted an angel in red robes pointing one of the title figures toward a seated and bound Jesus in his Christ and the Christian Soul.  A young man holds a beaker to the left of the seated title figure in his Old Woman Frying Eggs.  He showed five brothers tricking their horrified father in Joseph's Bloody Coat Brought to Jacob, while Francisco Lezcano and Sebastiano de Morra are two of the dwarves he painted.  The title figure reclines naked on a bed and looks into a mirror supported by a cherub in his Venus at Her Mirror, also known as the Rokeby Venus.  FTP, name this painter whose other works include the Surrender at Breda and Las Meninas.;;(Diego) Velasquez
;;This work is dedicated to a man who also "in peg-top trousers went the pace that kills along the road to ruin."  One of the characters quotes from Carlyle's French Revolution, and also makes a fuss about The Picture of Dorian Gray and Swinburne's Poems and Ballads.  A player piano grinds out "Bedelia" at the beginning of Act III, in which the protagonist offers a kiss to the prostitute Belle, but refuses to sleep with her.  Sid and Lilly, the protagonist's uncle and aunt, provide comic relief, while David McComber tries to prevent the protagonist from dating his daughter Muriel.  Taking place on July 4th and 5th, 1906, the play ends with Richard's realization that he was a fool to go with "fast women."  FTP, name this play which features Tommy and Arthur Miller, a nostalgically-titled comedy by Eugene O'Neill.;;Ah! Wilderness
;;The title character of this work suffers from extreme thirst when he is kidnapped by a gang of thieves called "The Fancy," and snubs his emancipator upon his return in favor of water from a purple vase.  It begins with a description of the title character's ancestry, followed by an account of his early years in Reading with the Mitford family.  The title character later accompanies his primary companion and her maid Lucy to Florence, where he is attacked by bugs and humiliated when he has to be shaved by his companion's husband Robert.  FTP name this account of the life of Elizabeth Barret which is told through the eyes of the titular canine, a book by Virginia Woolf.;;Flush
;;He resigned from the Senate to become minister to France, but lost to Dixon Lewis when he wanted to resume his office.  However, when Arthur Bagby resigned Reuben Chapman returned him to the Senate, where he served on the Committee of Thirteen that drafted the Compromise of 1850 and became president pro tem after the death of Zachary Taylor.  He proposed a rule that would require a two-thirds vote to nominate a candidate at the Democratic Convention of 1832, which reflected his sympathy for the north.  He also served on the Committee of Fifteen that drafted his state's constitution, and in 1819 became one of the first senators from Alabama.  William Sharkey administered a notable oath to him while he was living on a plantation in Havana, though he died of tuberculosis the following month.  Famous for living with James Buchanan, FTP, name this Vice President, who served briefly under Franklin Pierce.;;(William) (Rufus) (de) (Vane) King
;;Hugh Aitken wrote a suite for flute and orchestra in which this man is "remembered."  Castel allegedly introduced this man to the bird songs noted in Kircher's Musurgia Universalis, which can be heard in his The Call of the Birds and The Hen.  Leopold Godowsky wrote piano arrangements of his "Tambourin" and "Rigaudon," while his four grand motets reflect his origins as a church organist in Clermont.  The author of exotic operas such as Samson and Zoroastre and a treatise which introduced a new system of theoretical music, he is better-known for his use of classical myths in works like Dardanus and The Festivals of Hebe.  FTP name this French composer who engaged Pergolesi in the War of the Buffoons and composed the operas Hyppolyte et Aricie and Castor et Pollux.;;(Jean(-)Phillipe) Rameau
;;In one of his stories, the Marshal prefers to stay inside a chateau playing the titular game, even though hundreds of his men are dying outside.  In addition to "A Game of Billiards," this man's first work was a book of poems, Women in Love, which was dedicated to the model Marie Rieu.  In one of his last novels, The Immortal, he made fun of the Academie Francaise, which never made him a member.  His other prose works include novels about a wealthy Tunisian expatriate in Paris and an exiled King of Illyria, while one of his plays was the basis of Bizet's L'Arlesienne Suites.  The New Don Quixote is the first novel in his trilogy about the "wonderful adventures" of a man who later would go to the South Seas and the Alps, Tartarin de Tarascon.  However, he is best-known for a collection which includes the story of Father Gaucher's elixir and Pope's mule.  FTP name this French author of The Nabob, Sapho, and Letters from My Windmill.;;(Alphonse) Daudet
;;In one of this author's stories, Polly shoots her half-brother Tom after the latter tries to escape from prison before being murdered for killing Captain Walker.  In another of his stories, Alice is dismayed when her father mistakes a bishop for a congressman, after which the rules of the Blue Vein Society seem to prevent her from marrying the man she wants.  In addition to "Sherriff Campbell's Children" and "A Matter of Principle," this author wrote a play entitled Mrs. Darcy's Daughter, but failed to find a producer for it.  Although his last two novels, Baxter's Procrustes and The Colonel's Dream, were received poorly, he achieved financial success with his first novel, The House Behind the Cedars.  The stories "Hot Foot Hannibal" and "Po Sandy" are featured in his major collection, which also includes the first story published by an African American in Atlantic Monthly. FTP, name this American author of "The Goophered Grapevine," which appears in The Conjure Woman.;;(Charles) (Waddell) Chesnutt
;;Its westernmost point is Dursey Head, on an island which lies off the Beana Peninsula.  The easternmost portion lies on Youghal Bay, while Sherkin Island lies in the Roaringwater Bay to the south.  North of its largest city, the Bottlehill Forest can be found, while its mountain ranges include the Nagle and Boggeragh ranges.  It is home to Charles Fort, which guards the approach to Kinsale, and a cathedral designed by Ashlin and Pugin which is dedicated to Saint Colman.  It also features the home of the Lords of Muskerry, Blarney Castle, as well as a city supposedly founded by Saint Finbarr.  FTP, name this portion of the province of Munster, the largest county in Ireland.;;(County) Cork
;;According to legend this man released one of his slaves because he resembled Bacchus, and in The Birds Pistheteros says that the birds should "do to the gods" what this man "did to the Melians."  When he established a camp at Catana, his opponents mockingly asked if he was planning on settling down with the Catanians rather than fighting.  He was stoned to death about Gylippus refused to negotiate with him, while his men were worked to death in a quarry.  Earlier, he was disgraced when a rival took over his unsuccessful siege of the island of Sphacteria.  He secured the ostracism of Hyperbolus, which preceded a campaign that ultimately failed due to the death of Lamachus.  FTP name this rival of Cleon and Alcibiades, an Athenian general who led the disastrous Sicilian expedition and arbitrated a namesake peace during the Peloponnesian War.;;Nicias
;;His major work was criticized by Joseph Petzval on flimsy mathematical grounds.  His assumptions were also criticized by a Dutch metereologist who created the first experiment to provide verification of this man's work.  One of the conclusions drawn by this man seemed to be supported by an astronomical Catalogue published by Benedict Sestini, but it wasn't until William Huggins introduced more advanced spectroscopic methods that research could proceed.  He was under the impression that all stars were white and only emitted light in the visible spectrum, which led him to draw dubious conclusions about double stars.  One version of this man's best-known observation was famously taken up by Fizeau, while he didn't believe that his principle could be applied to transverse vibrations of light.  FTP, name this Austrian scientist who in an 1842 paper showed that the observed frequency of light and sound waves changes with the relative motion of the source or observer of those waves, an "effect" named for him.;;(Johann) (Christian) Doppler
;;The magic wand of this man's father is celebrated in Taliesin's Kerdd Daronwy.  A blob that eventually grows to be Llew Llaw Gyffes and Dylan the son of the wave spring forth when his niece Arionrhod steps over his wand, and he fashions a wife named Bloedeuwedd for Llew Llaw Gyffes out of flowers.  After he is tricked into going to war over a set of pigs, his nephew rapes his lover Goewin, for which this man turns him into a stag, then a hound, then a swine.  Dwelling at Caer Dathyl in Arvon, this man's feet must be in the lap of a virgin whenever he is not at war.  Lord over the land of Gwynned, this is - FTP - what sorcerer from Celtic myth, who along with his nephew Gwydion is thought to be the origin of the legend of Merlin.;;Math (ap) (Mathonwy)
;;He received his highest position after Clement Haynsworth and G. Harrold Carswell were deemed unfit.  He changed his mind about the interpretation of the 10th Amendment in his opinion for Garcia v. San Antonio Metro Transit Authority, which reversed his key vote in an earlier case which extended minimum wage protection to state employees, National League of Cities v. Usery.  Though he was originally considered a Republican he opposed the death penalty, as he argued in his dissent in Callins v. Collins.  He delivered the majority opinion in Doe v. Bolton, which helped him to distinguish himself from the Chief Justice, his friend and fellow "Minnesota Twin".  He had a cameo role as Joseph Story in the film Amistad, which appeared three years after he was replaced by Stephen Breyer.  FTP, name this Supreme Court Justice, who wrote the majority opinion in Roe v. Wade.;;(Harold) (Andrew) Blackmun
;;In chapter 8 of this work, the "Acis and Galatea of Ovid" is criticized for including too many epithets, and one character recites a lengthy ballad about Edwin and Angelina which is free of that defect.  Chapter 23 purports to show that "none but the guilty can be long and completely miserable," and includes a story about the teenage widow Matilda.  Charles Dickens took his pseudonym "Boz" in homage to this novel's character Moses, who takes an interest in the daughter of family neighbor Solomon Flamborough.  A turning point occurs when Sophy is thrown into a stream and rescued by the mysterious Mr. Burchell, whom the protagonist later believes has run away with his other daughter.  George is betrothed to Arabella Wilmot, who is the subject of the antagonist's affections after he grows tried of Olivia.  Eventually Mr. Burchell reveals himself to be Sir William Thornhill, and helps the title character's family happily resolve its problems. FTP, name this novel centering on Charles Primrose, a work by Oliver Goldsmith.;;(The) Vicar of Wakefield
;;He appeared in court for the last time in 1806, when he participated in the trial of William Smith and Samuel Ogden for aiding the South American revolutionary Miranda.  That same year, he died in the home of his son-in-law, Stephen van Rensselaer.  One of his earliest writings was the Glimpses of Colonial Society and the Life of Princeton College, which described his time there as a founder of the Cliosophic Society.  As a member of the Senate, he wrote much of the Judiciary Act of 1789, but he resigned the following year to replace William Livingston as his state's governor.  He also served on the Supreme Court, but is best remembered for suggesting a unicameral federal legislature in which states would have equal votes, regardless of population.  FTP, name this man who responded to a plan favoring large states at the Constitutional Convention by proposing the so-called "New Jersey Plan," and who lent his name to a town located at the falls of the Passaic River.;;(William) Paterson
;;Because one of the elements plotted on this curve cannot be negative, the curve must be increasing and convex to the y axis.  The creator of this curve was inspired by his teacher Richard Ely at the University of Wisconsin.  Ely's book, Studies in the Evolution of Industrial Society, discussed "concentration and diffusion" as a central problem in economic analysis.  An early alternative to this curve was proposed by George Holmes, but the originator of this curve objected, noting that the difference between two medians depends on the total level of income.  The curve plots along the x axis cumulative percents of the population from poorest to richest, as compared to the cumulative percent of income each group holds.  FTP, identify this graph used to calculate the Gini coefficient which is employed to plot the income inequality in a population.;;Lorenz (curve)
;;His late works include a depiction of a doleful "cottage girl" who holds a pitcher in her right hand and a dog in her left hand, as well as a depiction of Actaeon surprising Diana and her attendants.  His early works include the desolate Landscape with Sandpit and a self-portrait with a woman in a voluminous pink dress who is probably his wife.  One of his most famous works is set at the Auberies and features an enclosed pasture of grazing sheep, a girl named Frances Mary Carter, and a man wearing a three-cornered hat and holding a rifle.  Another of his paintings shows his children Margaret and Mary chasing a butterfly, while he made portraits of William Wollaston, the Duchess of Cumberland, and the Honorable Mrs. Thomas Graham.  FTP, name this artist who famously depicted Mr. and Mrs. Robert Andrews, as well as a notorious boy dressed in blue clothing.;;(Thomas) Gainsborough
;;In 1993, this man collaborated with Azio Corghi to write an opera in commemoration of the 1200th anniversary of the founding of Munster.  At the end of one of his novels, Maria Sara learns that a certain book ends with the death of the muezzin, after which Mogueime and Ouroana return to Galicia.  At the end of another of his novels, Marcal's father-in-law abandons his kiln after discovering the titular thing underneath the Center.  One of his early novels features such actual people as "The Flying Man," Padre Bartolomeu Lourenco, and King Joao V, while others feature a clerk in the Central Registry and a heteronym of Fernando Pessoa.  FTP, name this author of the recent novel The Double, whose earlier works include All the Names, The Year of the Death of Ricardo Reis, and Blindness.;;(Jose) Saramago
;;These structures may dimerize, forming G-quartets, which may mediate the process of recombination. The TRAP assay is used to detect activity of their namesake enzyme, a form of reverse transcriptase. Ones found in Tetra-hymena contain the sequence GGGTGG, while all vertebrates have repeats of TTAGGG, and in 1998, Bodnar et al demonstrated that these structures may be maintained indefinitely in certain cell lines without becoming cancerous or losing the typical 100 base pairs per mitosis typical for somatic cells. Those found in Dolly the sheep are only 80% of their normal length, and it is thought that somatic cell clones age prematurely because of the diminished length of, FTP, what structures that prevent loss of the unreplicated 3' [three-prime] end of the lagging strand in chromosomal replication?.;;telomeres
;;It featured Ni Zan and Huang Gongweng, who were masters of the wenrenhua style and are known as two of its "Four Masters."  During it, a kind of white porcelain coated with a blue glaze known as "shu fu" was first made.  The great dramatist Kuan Han-ch'ing wrote The Injustice Suffered by Tou-o during it, though this period is best known in literature for some works attributed to Lo Kuan-chung, such as The Subjugation of the Evil Phantoms and The Water Margin.  A visit to its court by Oderic of Pordenone resulted in sorghum being introduced to China.  A law code known as the Yassa was instituted by this dynasty, which ruled from a capital at Dadu.  After a succession of 10 rulers over 98 years, the dynasty fell in the wake of the revolt of the Red Turbans and was supplanted by the future Hongwu emperor and his Ming dynasty.  FTP, name this dynasty of China that was founded by Kublai Khan.;;Yuan (Dynasty)|Dai(-)on Ulus
;;The liner notes to this album acknowledge that John Cohen, Mozart, and Quazimodo were right, and feature an episode in which Paul walks by in an umpire's suit and replies to a sarcastic remark made by "some college kid who's read all about Nietzsche."  One song features a junkyard angel who always gives the singer bread, while another features a man who has been through all of F. Scott Fitzgerald's books.  Another song offers suggestions on what to do if you're lost in the rain in Juarez in the Eastertime, while the longest song on this album features Dr. Filth, the Phantom of the Opera, and Casanova, and begins by noting that "they're selling postcards of the hanging" in the titular location.  The song which gives this album its title mentions Mack the Finger, who wants to get rid of a thousand telephones that don't ring, and includes God's suggestion that Abraham do some killing out at the title location.  FTP, name this album which features "Desolation Row," "Tombstone Blues," and "Like a Rolling Stone," one of the greatest records made by Bob Dylan whose title suggests a return to a certain road.;;Highway 61 Revisited
;;One of the first books about this body of water was written by Watkin Tench, who produced a famous narrative of his expedition to it.  Its "savage shore" was located at the "farthest limits of the world" and was "unbroken by the plough" and "undelved by hand," according to a set of eclogues by Robert Southey.  Entering from the east, its mile-wide opening is flanked by the Kurnell and La Perouse peninsulas.  Fed by the Georges and Cooks Rivers, its north shore is home to Kingsford Smith airport.  It was deemed uninhabitable by Captain Arthur Philip in 1788, who established a colony at Port Jackson instead of here.  Originally named Stingray Harbor by a party which sighted it from the HMS Endeavor in 1770, FTP, name this inlet of the Tasman Sea located south of Sydney, whose name refers to the diversity of new plant species found there.;;Botany (Bay)
;;This scientist initiated the theory of proton and electron showers in cosmic rays and helped to resolve contradictions in the nuclear mass scale.  With Marshak, he predicted the discovery of the pi meson and later worked on that meson's production by electromagnetic radiation.  With Peirels, he developed a theory of the deuteron and also worked with Heitler to calculate the bremsstrahlung emitted by relativistic electrons . The first to explain the hydrogen spectrum's Lamb shift, he applied group theory and quantum mechanics to electrostatic theory to develop crystal field theory.  FTP, identify this German-American physicist who, independently of Carl Weizsacker, discovered the carbon-nitrogen cycle and proton-proton reactions that power stars, work for which he won the 1967 Nobel prize in Physics.;;(Hans) Bethe
;;In this work, Oliver Lodge and Julian Huxley are caricatured as members of a team of intellectuals which visits Andrew Scheuchzer at the London Zoo.  It begins with the refusal of the Sumatran Bataks to pearl dive at Devil Bay.  Replacement labor is soon discovered and the financier G.H. Bondy, who appears in another of the author's works, The Absolute at Large, is eventually called in by Captain van Toch to help manage the titular group.  After years of exploitation, a leader emerges who will lead them to increased "Lebensraum."  Culminating in the discovery that the titular group's leader is actually the human Andreas Schultze, FTP, name this 1936 work of Karol Capek which centers around a conflict with a group of salamanders.;;(The) War with the Newts|Valka s mloky
;;Vera Figner, the last member of this group's Executive Committee, was convicted as part of the Trial of the Fourteen that greatly allayed its influence.  They originally splintered from the group "Land and Liberty" and demanded universal suffrage and a Constituent Assembly through their "Worker's Gazette."  Their members included the designer of an early rocket, Nikolai Kibalchich, and a Lithuanian Pole named Ignacy Hryniewiecki (rih-new-ick-ee), who actually performed their most notable act.  Their impatience led to rise of a more radical splinter group, the Pervomartovtsi (per-voh-mar-toft-cee), whose terrorist campaign culminated in an action on March 1, 1881 for which the government hung four people.  George Plekhanov was once a member of this group, which more famously included the brother of Lenin.  FTP, name this revolutionary Russian organization that assassinated Tsar Alexander II.;;People's Will|Narodnaya Volya
;;Pieces sharing this name include the concerto in F sharp minor of Heinrich Ernst, which was a staple of the 19th century violin repertoire, and one of the last works of Frederic Kuhlau,  his Allegro in C for two pianists.  Liszt wrote a concerto with this name, and it identifies the seventh piano concerto of Ignaz Moscheles.  One of the most famous works with this name is a composition that may be the most successful piece of its composer's "C minor mood," a work dedicated to Prince Lichnowsky.  The other most famous work with this sobriquet was written in 1893, and premiered ten days before the composer died of cholera.  FTP, give this common musical nickname which identifies Beethoven's eighth piano sonata and Tchaikovsky's sixth symphony.;;pathetique
;;This author claims that she has no idea what she meant by the line "Heart of Midlothian, never mine" in one of her early villanelles, while her other poetic works include the lengthy "The Ballad of the Fanfarlo."  This author's short stories include "A Hundred and Eleven Years Without a Chauffeur" and "The Gentile Jewesses," while such early stories as "The Portobello Road" and "The Seraph and the Zambesi" were inspired by her time living in Rhodesia.  Graham Greene encouraged her to begin writing novels and a writer named Caroline Rose is the central character of her first, The Comforters.  Following a divorce she lived for a time at London's Helena Club which inspired the novel The Girls of Slender Means, though she is best known for a work centering on the headmistress of the Marcia Blaine School for Girls. FTP, name this Scottish author of The Ballad of Peckham Rye and The Prime of Miss Jean Brodie.;;(Muriel) Spark
;;The Rodionov and Fedorova, or "crossed" version of this reaction utilizes formaldehyde as a reducing agent. This reaction cannot occur with hydrogen present on the alpha carbon of the carbonyl since compounds that can form an enolate will instead undergo an aldol condensation. Unusual in that it forms a tetrahedral intermediate that can expel a leaving group, a hydride ion, it has limited utility in synthesis other than for converting alpha-keto aldehydes into alpha-hydroxyacids. Discovered with benzaldehyde and generally conducted in potassium hydroxide, FTP, identify this reaction, the base-catalyzed disproportionation of an aldehyde into carboxylic acids and alcohols.;;Cannizaro (Reaction)
;;At a key point, the title character compares himself to the horse in a poem by Ibycus who is forced against his will to compete in a game.  This work begins when some people go to Melita to find a man who is concerned with his horse's bridle, but who grudgingly agrees to recount a story which he had heard from Pythodorus.  In that story, a young man goes to the Ceramicus, where some new texts are read to him.  Most of this work consists of a methodical discussion of the eight different consequences which may follow from any hypothesis, and offers as an example a set of deductions about the metaphysical properties of "one being."  The title character stymies his interlocutor by asking him about undignified things like hair and mud, which may or may not each have a form of its own.  He also raises the "third man" problem, which continues to concern philosophers.  FTP, name this Platonic dialogue, whose title refers to a thinker who visited Athens with Zeno to expound his Eleatic views.;;Parmenides
;;It was faciliated by such gifts as four copies of Audubon's Birds of America, several cases of cherry cordial, two telegraphs, a telescope, and a full size locomotive with rails.  Initially, one of the chief participants was incapacitated by an episode of arthritis which forced him to leave the early negotiations to a man named Henry Adams.  Four years after it was written, the free exercise of religion was allowed while the opium trade was outlawed in a document signed by Townsend Harris.  It specified that shipwrecked men from a certain nation would be allowed to go anywhere within seven miles of two designated cities.  After it was signed aboard the USS Powhatan, the ports of Shimoda and Hakodate were made available to American shipping.  FTP, name this treaty signed by Matthew Perry which ended 200 years of seclusion by the Japanese.;;(the) (Treaty) (of) Kanagawa (or(:)) (The) (Treaty) (of) Amity and Friendship
;;Yvor Winters disapproved of this poet's lines about "the graduate opacities of evening" which take numbers of people away to somewhere "Virginal perhaps, less fragmentary, cool."  This poet wondered what it would be like to drink the sun as did and does Xochipilli (cho-chee-pih-lee) in "The Circumstance."  In another poem, he advised some "brilliant kids" to "frisk with your dog" at the beach while remembering that "the bottom of the sea is cruel," while the speaker remembers having "heard a kitten in the wilderness" at the end of "Chaplinesque."  James Agee took the title for a book of poetry from this man's line "Permit me voyage, love, into your hands," which appears in the third section of "Voyages."  However, he is best known for a long poem whose first section asks the titular object to descend and of its "curveship lend a myth to God."  His three books include Key West and White Buildings, as well as a longer work which includes sections about Quaker Hill, "The Harbor Dawn," and Cape Hatteras.  FTP, name this American poet of The Bridge.;;(Hart) Crane
;;Alamouti Coding and MIMO technology are currently being explored as possible approaches to increasing the throughput to physical layer of this standard. Currently its most popular application employs Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Avoidance technology over 14 overlapping 22-megahertz channels that comprise a 2.4 Giga-Hertz spectrum. In summer 2003 anticipation grew as the adoption of the 'G' amendment neared and it was expected that the 5.9 mega-bit per second throughput could be increased. FTP, what is this family of IEEE (EYE-Triple E) standards through which machines are able to connect to the Internet without a cord.;;IEEE 802(.)11|Wi(-)Fi|Wireless LAN|Wireless Internet
;;(do not accept or prompt: AirPort or Bluetooth)  22. His son and successor was excommunicated by Pope Gregory V, which would seem to bely his nickname.  This man's problems with Church figures came to a head when the Bishop of Laon joined with Eudes of Blois in a plot designed to deliver him into the hands of his enemy Otto III.    He also was at odds with Pope John XV, particularly over the deposition of archbishop Arnulf, the nephew of the duke of Lorraine.  That duke, Charles, was the only legitimate heir to a certain crown following the death of Louis the Indolent.  However, this man schemed with yet another clergymen, Adalbero of Reims, who crowned him at Noyon in 987.  The originator of a dynasty which lasted until the 1328 death of Charles the Fair, FTP, name this king, the name of whose dynasty derived from his penchant for "wearing a cape.".;;(Hugh) Capet
;;Guerrila warfare in Russia is the subject of his novel Tragic Ground, while Maine is the setting of A Lamp for Nightfall.  He dealt with the sensitive subject of nymphomania in Gretta, and addressed the problem of racial hatred in A Place Called Estherville and Trouble in July.  He wrote about his attempts to relocate a childhood friend who was black in his In Search of Bisco, while his notable short stories include "Kneel to the Rising Sun" and "Candy-Man Beechum."  In a 1933 novel by him, the titular area moves around depending on the protagonist's circumstances, while a 1932 novel features Lov Bensey, Ellie May, Pearl and Jeeter Lester.  FTP, name this author of God's Little Acre and Tobacco Road.;;(Erskine) Caldwell
;;After it captured the "Red Hill," its opponents discovered that Colonel Lundkvist was a traitor.  Its leaders complained about the inadequate naval support given them by Admiral Cowan after it failed to accomplish a major objective.  Its northwestern wing attempted a march on the capital but was stopped at Pulkovo, a year after its most competent commander died at Ekaterinodar.  After losing a last stand at Oryol, its commander, Denikin, fled to France and gave control to Peter Wrangel, who quickly led its remnants to exile in camps around Constantinople.  First organized by Mikhail Alekseyev, it achieved its greatest success under the leadership of Kornilov, who was able to unite such disparate opposition groups as the Czech Legion, Kadets, churchmen, royalists, and Mensheviks.  FTP, name this force defeated by the Bolsheviks in the Russian Civil War.;;(the) White (Army)
;;While working as a blacksmith, he read Daniel Fagunwa's Forest of a Thousand Demons, which inspired him to write a novel that was published in Britain after it was glowingly reviewed by Dylan Thomas.  He was criticized in his home country for saying seemingly pro-colonialist things, such as "the wild people of the jungles are as senseless as donkeys," in The Witch-Herbalist of the Remote Town.  His second novel tells the story of a child who tries to return to his family after being lost in the "Bush of Ghosts," while he adapted folk beliefs in The Brave African Huntress.  Those works build on the "quest" theme seen in such works as Simbi and the Satyr of the Dark Jungle, while his major work is based on a Yoruba tale about a man who follows a bartender into Deads Town.  FTP, name this author of a 1952 novel about The Palm-Wine Drunkard.;;(Amos) Tutuola
;;At the end of part 2 of this work, the author considers the example of Buridan's ass, and rather testily remarks that he doesn't know whether a creature in complete equilibrium would be an ass or a man, just as he doesn't know if a fool or a baby is to be considered a man.  In part 4, we learn that cheerfulness cannot be excessive, though titillation can be excessive and bad.  That part also contains the claim that a free man thinks of death least of all things, and his wisdom is a meditation of life, not of death.  In part 5, the author claims that nobody can hate God and that anyone who loves God cannot endeavor that God should love him in return, which follows from his views on the power of the intellect.  God is also the subject of the first book, in which the author introduces his slogan "God or Nature" and defines such terms as attribute, mode, and substance.  FTP, name this philosophical work first published in 1677, which uses the geometric method to discuss human freedom and bondage, a book by Baruch Spinoza.;;(the) Ethics
;;The initial reagents in this process must be ultrapure to prevent poisoning of the vanadium oxide catalyst.  In this process, oxygen and sulfur dioxide are reacted, and the reaction product is dissolved in a concentrated solution to form oleum, H2S2O7, which can be reacted with water to give the final product. Developed in 1831 by a British vinegar merchant, it can produce a much more concentrated product than the older lead chamber process.  So named due to the interaction sulfur dioxide and oxygen have with the catalyst, this is, FTP, what major industrial process that produces sulfuric acid?.;;(the) contact (process)
;;It discusses the meaning of the phrase "still drinking their whisky," and one of the characters wonders what happens if a "four-letter man" marries a "five-letter woman."  That character threatens a servant with fifteen lashes for setting the table too slowly and promises not to tell the Mathaiga Club what happened.  Another character is a woman who once received five thousand dollars to pose with "a beauty product which she had never used," who threatens to leave her husband at breakfast.  At the beginning, the three central characters sit under the double green fly of a dining tent pretending that nothing had happened.  At the end, the title character's wife asks Robert Wilson to "please stop" after he asks her why she didn't just poison her husband.  FTP, name this story about a man who shows himself to be a coward during a lion hunt, a work by Ernest Hemingway.;;(The) Short Happy Life of Francis Macomber
;;In one installment, we learn that T. J. pushed his paralyzed friend Jonathan off a bridge to end his suffering.  In another installment, Kenny Weckerley smothers to death in the vents of a drug rehabilitation center.  The first of those installmetnts featured Pauly Shore and Brad Pitt, while the latter featured Christina Applegate.  After the pilot, Jeff Yagher was replaced in the lead role, while halfway through the first season Frederic Forrest was replaced by an actor who would go on to appear as the mysterious Mr. X on The X Files, Steven Williams.  Judy Hoffs was played by an actress who would later marry Rodney Peete, while Harry Truman Ioki was played by Dustin Nguyen.  More memorably, it starred two sons of Dom DeLuise, as well as the brooding Richard Grieco.  FTP, name this TV series which first appeared in 1987, which dealt with a special police squadron that investigated youth crime and which starred a young Johnny Depp.;;21 Jump Street
;;His son's arm was injured after some Jews threw his bed off the roof where he was sleeping, which led this man to expel the Jews from Khyber.  Following the battle of Nihavend, a slave named Abu Lu'lu'a stabbed this man to death during prayers.  He was the first person to use the title "commander of the faithful" and is alleged to have originated the tradition of stoning adulterers.  He is more firmly known to have created the status of "dhimmi" in his namesake "pact" with Syrian Christians.  This founder of Basra rose to prominence when his daughter Hafsa married Mohammed, and while in power he banned non-Muslims from Arabia, oversaw the conquest of Mesopotamia and Jerusalem, and started campaigns against Egypt and Iran.  FTP, name this Adi clansman who in 634 succeeded Abu Bakr as the second caliph.;;Umar (i) (Ibn) (Al(-)khattab)
;;It discusses such pressing topics as the "Cleverness of an upholsterer of Touraine" and "How the Lord of Grignaulx rid one of his houses of a pretended ghost."  In the penultimate section, we learn that the wife of a saddler named Brimbaudier returned from the brink of death after seeing her husband kiss a servant.  It frequently deals with the theme of lecherous clergy, such as the case of a boatwoman of Coulon and "the vicious designs of two Grey Friars," while its last section describes a nun in Lyons who seeks the Pope's pardon after being raped by a monk. The recurring characters Parlamente and Hircan may represent the author and her husband, and along with such persons as Nomerfide and Oisille, they wait out a flood in the Pyrenees by emulating a similar work set during the Black Plague.  FTP, name this compendium of 72 tales by Margaret of Navarre.;;(the) Heptameron
;;His only opera was based on a novel called A Cabin Outside the Village, and deals with the tragic love of a peasant girl and a gypsy.  His only symphony is a B minor work which calls for three sarussophones, and may be the only major symphony to use that instrument.  More than half of his songs are settings of French poems by Catulle Mendes.  He used folk music of his homeland's Tatra mountain people for an early piano collection and again for the "Gypsy March" in the opera Manru.  His violin sonata Six Humoresques de Concert contains a popular Minuet in G, while his lone choral piece is "Hey, White Eagle," which became an independence anthem.  FTP, name this pianist and composer who spent three years editing a complete edition of Chopin, decades after his one-year term as Prime Minister of Poland.;;(Ignacy) (Jan) Paderewski
;;She is accused of a plot to "sell her skin-milk" by Mr. Crofts, whom she fends off by shouting "old and ugly!"  After "drawing out the engine of love-assaults," Charles falls for her but is soon connived into sailing for the South Seas.  She then returns to a career she originally found after a journey from Liverpool to London with Esther Davis.  At the beginning of the final section of the book about her, she and her friend Emily join two gentlemen for a party by a creek.  Her work with Mrs. Brown is described in the first of ten letters that comprise her "memoirs."  In the service of Mrs. Cole, she meets such clients as Barville, who instructs her to wear out three scourges in an extended spanking session.  FTP, name this "woman of pleasure," the title character of an often-banned 1749 novel by John Cleland.;;Fanny Hill(,) (or(,)) (Memoirs) (of) (a) (Woman) (of) (Pleasure)
;;Kuan Shi-Yin gave one to the Monkey King which could change size according to a spell.  The Balinese folk character Bawang was brought one along with jewelry by birds.  The Chinese Bodhisattva Di-cang is sometimes shown with a funerary type.  One legend states that an angel named Sandalfon is constantly weaving one for God out of prayers.  Pliny the Elder said that the one on a basilisk was made of gold, while that of the Irish Lasair is traditionally heled to be silver.  Hapi's is made of papyrus or lily and Cybele's is shaped like the wall of a city. FTP, name these items, composed of laurel when worn by Apollo or of feathers representing Upper and Lower Egypt in the "atef" of Osiris.;;crowns
;;This country's former capital is home to the Basilica of Our Lady of the Angels, which itself houses a famous Black Madonna.  That city, Cartago, sits at the base of an active volcano, Mount Irazu.  The eastern portion of the country is dominated by the enormous Chirripo and La Amistad national parks.  Half of its people live in the Meseta Central, where cities in the orbit of its capital include Heredia and Alajuela.  Two mountain ranges, the Talamanca and Volcanica, run the length of the country, while the Papagayo and Nicoya bays are created by the Guancaste and Osa peninsulas, which jut west into the Pacific.  FTP, identify this country which is known for lacking a military, a Central American nation which borders on Nicaragua and Panama and whose capital is at San Jose.;;(Republic) (of) Costa Rica|(Republica) (de) Costa Rica
;;Described as being "born too late and too mediocre," he is convinced to accept special treatment at mealtime after being served "broiled Maine lobster with excellent Roquefort salad and two frozen eclairs." After being falsely accused of forgery, he strikes back by constantly signing his name as "Washington Irving."  He escalated his problems after being shunned at pickup basketball games because he looks like Henry Fonda, deciding to shun everybody by having his assistant Towser admit visitors only when he is out of his office.  If all else fails, he jumps out the window whenever someone approaches.  FTP, identify this man who was named by a joking father and then promoted by a computer glitch, the squadron commander of Yossarian in Catch-22.;;(Major) (Major) (Major) Major
;;Their surface brightness at any distance r from the center is given roughly by the formula "r over a constant a, plus one, to the negative second power times the central brightness." Found on the "handle" of the Hubble tuning fork, they are subdivided into classes zero through seven according to the extremity of their shape, with classes eight through ten remaining unobserved. Although small amounts of dust and O or B stars have been found in them, they are usually noted by their uniform coolness, age, and complete rotational symmetry. Messier objects 87 and 32 and the Sombrero are examples of, FTP, what form common to the largest galaxies visible from Earth, in which no spiral is visible?.;;elliptical (galaxies)
;;A remonstrance submitted to Congress accused this man of ordering his opponents "circumcised across the throat."  In a somewhat less violent episode, he defeated Sidney Rigdon for a leadership position before being jailed under the Poland Act.  He founded a Cooperative Mercantile Institution to maintain economic control after his "Sebastopol policy" failed to forestall the installation of Alfred Cumming as governor by the army of A. S. Johnston.  The federal government spent twenty years trying to prove that this President of the Quorum of Twelve Apostles ordered the Mountain Meadows massacre after leading the move to Winter Quarters from Nauvoo and eventually founding the State of Deseret.  FTP, name this successor of Joseph Smith as leader of the Mormons.;;(Brigham) Young
;;The first stated that it was to be valid until the target "has acknowledged that the rights of war are the same on land as at sea" and allotted half of all proceeds as compensation for native merchants.  The second scorned the enemy for "assimilat[ing] its legislation to that of Algiers" and opposed "the infamous principle that the flag of a nation does not cover goods."  The first one ordered the seizure of any ship at a friendly port which had previously docked with the enemy, while the second extended that power to privateers and targeted even those ships which submitted to British inspection.  Britain responded with the Orders in Council, which in turn prompted the U.S. to issue the Embargo Act.  FTP, name these two writs by which Napoleon imposed the Continental System.;;(the) Berlin and Milan Decrees
;;The identities of all the figures in this painting are known, except for the pair of hands at the upper left holding a pen against a chair.  Of the six figures lit in the foreground, three are engaged in work, while the one dressed in what looks like a maid's uniform appears less interested than several audience members who have stood up from their seats.  The man in the shadows on the right listening to a whisper is the painter responsible for the rest of the scene, who was added to the work by his wife.  Described as "Chirurgus expertissimus" in an inscription on the frame, the bald, white-mustached title figure is shown with a scalpel in his left hand, overseeing a mastectomy.  FTP, name this painting, reproduced on diplomas at Penn's medical school, the second of two medical scenes produced by Thomas Eakins.;;(The) Agnew Clinic
;;This man asked his former professor August Foppl if he could marry one of Foppl's daughters, and since he failed to specify which daughter he wanted Foppl's wife decided that this man would get the older one.  Along with Glaubert, he created a rule for subsonic flow of air under compression which now shares his name, and he also worked with Lanchester to develop a theory of airflow over wings.  He also discovered the boundary layer for bodies moving through a fluid and introduced the soap-film analogy for torsion force.  Although he is responsible for popularizing the use of the Reynolds number, he also created his own value which can be used to predict anything from rolls at a low value, to cell-free turbulent convection at a high value.  FTP, name this scientist whose dimensionless parameter is defined by kinematic viscosity over thermal diffusivity.;;(Ludwig) Prandtl
;;One commander sought the element of surprise by avoiding the Dryocephalai Road, but divided his force upon reaching Hisiai.  A long impasse in this battle was broken by an attempt to poison the Gargaphia spring eleven days after the defenders redeployed on Pyrgos Hill following the slaying of Masistius.  The taking of Megara Pass caused Amompharetus to retreat from the foothills of Mt. Cithaeron, but on the final day, the Tegean hoplites broke through and advanced on the River Aisopos while the Thebans failed to destroy the Athenian force near the namesake town.  The Bactrian force retreated north after Artabazus observed the Spartan unhorsing of Mardonius.  FTP, name this 479 BC victory for Pausanius which preceded the Persian withdrawal from Greece.;;(Battle) (of) Plataea
;;In this method, the McReynolds constant standardizes the Kovats retention index of the compound of interest with respect to squalane, while the rate of band broadening is given by the Van Deemter equation. Nitrogen and phosphorus compounds are especially sensitive to the thermionic emission type, but care must be taken to eliminate current reducing CFC's from the sample if an electron capture or flame ionization detector is used. Ion-flow problems can be considerably reduced by using a ion trap mass spectrometer detector, in which a drift tube collects the sample for analysis as it emerges from the capillary or silica packed column.  FTP, name this type of chromatography in which the volatilized portion of a sample is drawn off and separated by a carrier vapor flowing over a stationary phase.;;gas chromatography|gas(-)liquid (chromatography)
;;This work contains a digression about the massacre of Baron Dieskau's column under the orders of Major Effingham three years after the former's defeat at a lake which the protagonist calls the Horican.  Later, a series of abductions result when another battle is started by a woman's refusal to surrender a shawl, though the revelation of a tattoo of Unamis convinces Tamenud to suspend the death sentence of one abductee.  That character had earlier been saved when the psalmist David Gamut took his place at the stake, allowing Duncan Heyward to escape and join the pursuit of Cora Munro.  FTP, name this novel in which the attempted vengeance of Magua leads to the death of Uncas, the second of the novels featuring Natty Bumppo by James Fenimore Cooper.;;(The) Last of the Mohicans
;;Lawmakers like Timothy Pilsbury and Thomas Jefferson Rusk promulgated the Kaufman Doctrine in response to this legislation's widest interpretation by Preston King.  Its author circulated it with instructions that the first person to catch the eye of speaker John W. Davis should introduce it, which a member of the Committee of Seven accomplished.  The reading of its first draft, which was written by Jacob Brinkerhoff, led to the formulation of the Alabama Platform of William Yancey, while those in favor of it included John P. Hale, who organized the Free Soil Party around its chief stipulation.  FTP, name this amendment named for a Pennsylvania legislator which would have barred slavery from territories won by the United States in the recent Mexican War.;;Wilmot (Proviso)
;;A 1948 study by Patinkin points out that one of the results of this occurrence may be offset by the Haberler-Pigou effect, resolving a certain paradox surrounding instant price reduction. It may be resolved via the Svensson or Krugman methods, while Global Taylor rules may produce it when combined with the zero bound rate. Public depreciation announcements and inflation targeting are two of its popular solutions. An increase in government spending has a full multiplier effect on the equilibrium income level in this case in which the IS curve intersects a horizontal LM curve, though cutting interest rates fails to produce change in unemployment or demand. FTP, what is this scenario characterized by consumer preference for mobile hard currency?.;;liquidity trap
;;The Hurrian feast-day of Al-Baqat is believed to originate with this figure.  In one myth, Girgire and Shirru serve as scapegoats when his protector fails to save him, though he is at first able to forestall his fate by changing into a serpent.  Ninatta and Kulitta provide the music for the worship of this patron of the Dungi and Isin dynasties, though he is always able to prove his own musical talent with his flute of lapis lazuli.  He is aided by Ningizzida as a guard to the gate of heaven, but in his primary role Belili cannot help him escape from the Gallu demons sent by his consort, who later journeys to Aralu to save him.  FTP, name this deity whose rescue from Ereshkegal each fall by his wife Ishtar heralds the start of the planting season, the Babylonian god of vegetation.;;Tammuz|Dumuzi|Duzu|Ta'uz|Damu
;;The efficiency of this process is improved by chloroquine when using the di-ethyl-amine-ethyl-dextrose protocol that was first devised by Arthuro and Seed in 1987, while either BES or HEPES buffers are used for this process in another protocol described in 1973 by Graham and van der Eb using calcium phosphate.  In 1987 Life Technologies first described the compound DOTMA which mediates this process through liposome fusion, while Wong and Neumann were the first to shock cell membranes into opening pores to initiate this process.  FTP, each of these protocols allows the occurrence of this  process, in which foreign nucleic acids is introduced into eukaryotic cells.;;transfection (but) (not) (transformation)|(transduction)
;;A story surrounding this work told by Antonio Trueba has the painter being led to the scene it was based on by his servant Isidro after witnessing the action through a telescope.  Two fists are visible, one of which covers a man's left ear in the background.  The figure in the green jacket at lower left has been identified with a peasant who stabs a horse in this painting's companion piece.  That figure provides one of its most poignant symbols, which resembles the angle made by the box lantern at center, an inverted v-shaped pose.  The folded hands of a Franciscan monk sink toward the ground, contrasting with the pierced hands of the central figure, who lifts his arms in futile surrender.  FTP, name this painting in which a group of madrilenos is put to death by firing squad, a work by Francisco Goya.;;(The) (Executions) (of) (the) Third of May(,) (1808(:)) (The) (Shootings) (on) (Principe) (Pio) (Mountain)|(El) (ejecucion) del tris de mayo(,) (1808(:)) (El) (disparacion) (en) (la) (montana) (del) (Principe) (Pio)
;;In this novel, the collision of a three-horse carriage with a six-horse carriage is unresolved despite much wrangling by Uncle Minai and Uncle Mitai.  One character falls in love with Ulinka, but her father General Betrishchev believes that Tientietnikov is a scoundrel until the protagonist brings his research on the generals of the Napoleonic campaign to light.  The protagonist hopes to model himself on the efficient Constantine Kostanzhoglo, but his methods ultimately ruin Semen Khlobuev, and Murazov must save him after some lies spread by Nozdrev turn out to be not without justice.  FTP, name this novel in which Sobakevich and Manilov are duped by Pavel Chichikov's plans to buy up the taxes on deceased serfs, the best-known work by Nikolai Gogol.;;Dead Souls|Myortvye Dushi
;;This society's practices were first described by Guibert of Nogent. John of Spain first extended its membership to females by recognizing the Abbey of Prebayon.  Their laymen servants are known as the donne, and dwell in the Correrie, which restricts access to their communities.  Johann Amorbach first printed their namesake rule, which includes the "Tertia Compilatio" and the "Consuetudines."  Their centers of worship are organized around a central cloister which is connected to its members' individual cells, creating their distinct laurel shape.  Members are allowed one weekly fellowship, the spatiamentum, but must otherwise practice strict solitude.  FTP, name this monastic order noted for its austerity, which was founded in 1084 by Saint Bruno at La Grande Chartreuse.;;Carthusian (Order)|Carthusians
;;He saved the singing career of the prodigy Benedict Randhartinger by teaching him composition for free when his voice broke.  His orchestral works include a Concerto for Flute and Oboe noted for its unusual division of the violas in the final thematic recapitulation, and he also composed variations on Corelli's aria "La foglia di Spagna."  Better remembered for his theatrical talents, he met his first success with Le Donne Letterate after being brought to Vienna by his teacher Florian Gassman, and his popularity peaked with Palmyra, Queen of Persia and Armida, though his lasting achievement is his opera about the rescue of Aspasia by Atar.  FTP, name this teacher of Beethoven and Liszt best known for his opera Tarare, who also conducted a famous musical feud with Mozart.;;(Antonio) Salieri
;;His last years saw an attempt by the filibusterer George Scheffer to hand off part of his country to Czar Alexander I, to which he responded by dispatching Alexander Adams to its westernmost province.  Much of his military success depended on two Scottish advisors, John Young and Isaac Davis, who he picked up after they were abandoned following the Olowalu Massacre.  His survival of an assassination attempt following his failure in the Kauaawa War led to his greatest domestic achievement, a decree of protection for travelers called the Law of the Splintered Paddle.  His greatest campaign included battles at Iao and Nu'uanu, part of a war against Kahekili, which allowed him to append Maui and Oahu to his native island.  FTP, name this great unifier of Hawai'i.;;Kamehameha I|Pai'ea Kamehameha|Kamehameha the Great
;;In the middle of this work, the speaker remembers the bells of the old church-tower, which were the "poor man's only music" when they rang all one "hot Fair-day."  The speaker's "abstruser musings" are only interrupted by the owlet's cry and the "puny flaps and freaks" of a "companiable form" which lies on his low burnt fire.  Because the speaker was raised among the "cloisters dim" of the "great city," he hopes that his companion will "wander like a breeze" and find that all seasons are sweet, even if the eave-drops are hung up in silent icicles "quietly shining to the quiet moon."  The opening lines speak of the "secret ministry" of the titular natural phenomenon, which the speaker observes while sitting in a room with the "fluttering stranger," or the film on the grate, and his infant son.  FTP, name this poem written in 1798, which was written during a cold winter night by Samuel Taylor Coleridge.;;Frost at Midnight
;;In his first position, he attempted to use the Tidelands oil scandal and the unpopularity of Ezra Benson to prop up Kenneth Holson's senate bid, but the incumbent from Minnehaha County won out.  His own loss to that incumbent, Karl Mundt, in a bid for the Senate two years later gave him the time to direct the Food for Peace Program, and he later initiated proportional vote allocation as chairman of the Commission on Party Structure and Delegate Selection.  In his time away from politics, he has written such books as The Great Coalfield War and Terry, in which he discusses his daughter's "life-and-death struggle with alcoholism."  Due to support from Gary Hart he triumphed at his party's convention in Miami, but his campaign suffered from its replacement of Thomas Eagleton.  FTP, name this South Dakotan who saw his anti-Vietnam platform rejected by every state but Massachusetts, the Democrat defeated by Richard Nixon in 1972.;;(George) (Stanley) McGovern
;;One example for which it has been proven is for geodesic motion on compact hyperbolic spaces. Its failure for bodies interacting gravitationally is important, as if this property were present the Earth's orbit would be highly disturbed by the other bodies in the solar system. Birkhoff proved it holds in certain conditions. The hypothesis that statistical mechanical systems have this property was made by Boltzmann, and now it is a branch of mathematics that studies group actions on measure spaces. Essentially it allows one to relate space and time averages. FTP, what is this hypothesis that phase space trajectories eventually pass arbitrarily close to any given point?.;;ergodicity
;;Vigneras equates this man with a canon of the abbey of St-Loup who may also have been a chaplain at St-Maclou.  The first full reference to him is given in The Turning of the Antichrist, which praises him along with his chief follower, Raoul de Houdenc.  His retelling of the story of Philomela and Tereus, Philomena, is all that remains of his translation of Ovid's Metamorphoses, and of the histories attributed to him, that of St. Eustance, Guillaume d'Angleterre, is most famous.  He also satirized Manuel Comnenus in his story of Fenice and Alis, Cliges.  His best works recount Alundyne's rejection by Lunette and a journey to Montsalvat.  FTP, name this court poet of Marie de Champaign, who wrote the romances Yvain and Lancelot as well as the grail legend Perceval.;;Chretien (de) (Troyes)
;;One of this work's key points is illustrated by an Indian who can't remember what supports a turtle ridden by an elephant.  Its second book features thought experiments like the grinding of an almond and the destruction of a shaft of wheat which brings to light the relationship of an altered object with its full perception, which the author elaborates in his reply to the Molyneux Problem.  In its third book, the author attacks the abuse of language inherent in the Scholastic perception of "the essence," citing a disconnect of the word with its idea.  Its first book contains the observation that children possess no mutual assent to a set of knowledge, thus refuting Descartes's doctrine of innate ideas.  FTP, name this treatise that introduces the concept of the "tabula rasa," the major epistemological work of John Locke.;;(An) Essay Concerning Human Understanding
;;This body of water's Providencia Island once served as an independent leper colony.  Several efforts to deepen it have led to unrest among its indigenous Wayuu and Paraujano peoples.  The dense marshes of its southwest feature lagoons like the Sinamaica and the Escalante, which receive half the drainage of the nearby Perija Mountains, including rivers like the Chama and the Santa Ana.  In the north, its wide outlet is spanned by the Rafael Urdaneta Bridge, which links the Cabimas region on its eastern shore with its namesake city, the capital of the western state of Zulia.  Meaning "place of the serpents," FTP, name this lake that receives its fresh water from the Catatumbo River, which is connected to the Caribbean Sea via the Gulf of Venezuela and which is the largest lake in South America.;;(Lake) Maracaibo
;;This man's "An Overseer Doing His Duty" is among the best-known of his series of watercolors on slavery, but his southern residency is better associated with his designs for the Harvie-Gamble mansion.  In a lull in his career, he designed a steam powered wool mill in Steubenville, Ohio as an offshoot of a partnership to build steamboats with Robert Fulton.  Immigrating following completion of his Hammerwood Lodge, he got his first commission for the Virginia State Penitentiary from Thomas Jefferson, but soon moved north to design the waterworks for Philadelphia, and introduced a new style with his Bank of Pennsylvania.  FTP, name this classical revivalist architect best known for St. Mary's Cathedral in Baltimore and for redesigning the U.S. Capitol following the War of 1812.;;(Benjamin) (Henry) Latrobe