;;In cricket, bowlers from this nation include Jacques Kallis and Hansie Cronje. At one World Cup, this nation's rugby team won against another including Jonah Lomu in the finals and was led by Francios Pienaar. One runner from this nation won the 800 meters at the 2009 World Championships, and was accused of being not entirely female. Siphiwe Tshabalala scored a goal for this nation against Mexico this year in a group which also included Uruguay and France. For 10 points, name this home of Caster Semenya and Ernie Els whose vuvuzelas buzzed throughout its hosting of the 2010 FIFA World Cup.;;(Republic) (of) South Africa|(Republiek) (van) Suid(-)Afrika
;;A generalization of these operations to mappings between Banach spaces is named for Frechet. Higher order ones can be calculated by Faa di Bruno's Formula, and they do not exist for any point on the Weierstrass Function. The entries of the Jacobian matrix are first order examples of these, as are the components of the gradient. When there are multiple variables, partial ones are used. This mathematical concept can be defined using limits. When there is a composition of functions, the chain rule can be used to compute them. For 10 points, name this operation that describes the change of a function as its input changes and which is the opposite of an integral.;;derivatives
;;In one of this author's novels, Tertuliano discovers his resemblance to film star Antonio. This author of The Double used the convent of Mafra as the setting for Baltasar and Blimunda. Fernando Pessoa outlives the title author by nine months in his The Year of the Death of Ricardo Reis. This author wrote a novel in which the Iberian Peninsula breaks off from Europe, and his most famous novel features rampant crime because everyone other than the doctor's wife suffers from the title condition. For 10 points, name this author of The Stone Raft and Blindness, a Nobel Laureate from Portugal.;;(Jose) (de) (Sousa) Saramago
;;This meeting was reassembled by Julius III by the bull "Quum ad tolenda." This council declared the entire Vulgate to be canonical, including the Deuterocanonical books. Pius IV reinstated this council for the last time and codified the mass eventually superseded by the one decided at the Second Vatican Council. This council defined original sin and the seven sacraments, and rejected threatening ideas like justification by faith alone and Huldrych Zwingli's version of the Eucharist. For 10 points, name this ecumenical council that condemned Protestant doctrines and began the Counter-Reformation.;;(Council) (of) Trent|Nineteenth (Ecumenical) (Council)
;;During this war, a group of Catholic deserters formed a battalion called the San Patricios, of which 50 were later hanged after being captured at the Battle of Churubusco. One negotiator ignored his recall and was fired after successfully negotiating this war's peace treaty. That man was Nicholas Trist. One leader in this war lost his fake leg to troops guided on a flanking route by Robert E. Lee in the Battle of Cerro Gordo. One side in this war made an amphibious landing at Veracruz under Winfield Scott, and that side also had troops under Zachary Taylor. For 10 points, name this war ended by the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, from which one side received California.;;Mexican(-)American (War)
;;A famous example of these objects, studied by Ellis Englesberg, uses a protein called C to bind to two sites at once, blocking access to the PBAP site. Like bacteriophages, they may use anti-termination. CAP bound to cAMP can activate another more famous example of them in the presence of inducers like IPTG or allolactose. These objects include both promoter sites and namesake stretches of DNA that bind repressors and activators. For 10 points, name these systems of gene regulation investigated by Francois Jacob and Jacques Monod, famous examples of which include ara, gal, trp, and lac.;;operons
;;One character in this novel is left without a job after his producer Hal Valence cuts his role of Maxim Alien. Another character in this novel loves the mountaineer Alleluia Cone. A girl named Ayesha leads a pilgrimage which ends as people disappear intothe Arabian Sea. Other dream sequences  in this novelfeature a character called "Mahound." Saladin Chamcha is detained on a beach for being an illegal immigrant after a plane explosion over the English Channel causes him and the Bollywood star Gibreel Farishta to take on the personas of the devil and the archangel Gabriel. For 10 points, name this novel which led to a fatwa against its author, Salman Rushdie.;;(The) Satanic Verses
;;This man was influenced into militarism by the growth of the shin or new zaibatsu. This man's country was taken off of the gold standard by a prime minister who was assassinated during the May 15 Incident. This man made a recorded radio broadcast known as the Jewel Voice Broadcast that announced his country's surrender in one war. This ruler also issued the Declaration of Humanity, which ended his claim to divine status. That declaration came when this man's country was under Douglas MacArthur's administration during U.S. occupation. For 10 points, name this ruler whose reign saw WWII and who was succeeded by Akihito as emperor of Japan.;;(Michinomiya) Hirohito|Showa
;;This composer set a text by Goethe about Druids fighting Christian persecution in his cantata, Die Erste Walpurgisnacht. The minuet from his First Symphony is sometimes replaced with a version of the scherzo from his String Octet in E-flat. In his teen years, this composer wrote an overture for a play for which he would later write a wedding march. One of his symphonies ends with a presto saltarello finale, while another was written on the same trip that inspired his Hebrides Overture. For 10 points, name this composer of Scottish and Italian symphonies and incidental music to A Midsummer Night's Dream.;;(Felix) Mendelssohn
;;One character in this play lives with Miss Pearl and has to be bailed out of jail for disturbing the peace. Another character in this work is the seven year-old girl Raynell, and another character in this play has a metal plate in his head and believes he is the Archangel Gabriel. The protagonist of this work has an affair with Alberta who dies in childbirth, and his friend Bono listens to his complaints while both work as garbage men. The protagonist of this play won't let his son Cory accept a football scholarship due to his own failed aspirations of playing baseball. For 10 points, name this drama about the family of Troy Maxon, a play by August Wilson.;;Fences
;;This city's Castril Palace is located in its Ajsaris district, and its gitano district houses the Sacromonte Abbey in which Saint Caecilius was martyred. The Court of the Water Channel sits in its Generalife Palace, and this city is located on the confluence of the Beiro, Genil, and Darro Rivers. This provincial capital sits near the Sierra Nevada range and houses the palace of Charles V. This city's most famous feature sits in the Assabica valley and contains the Gate of Pomegranates and the Court of the Lions, both examples of Andalusia's Moorish influence. For 10 points, name this Spanish city, home to the Alhambra.;;Granada
;;This thinker introduced his namesake triangles linking consumer spending and production time in his Prices and Production. He distinguished between thesis and nomos in the three-volume Law, Legislation, and Liberty. This organizer of the Mont Pelerin Society distinguished his outlook from the title one in "Why I Am Not a Conservative." One work by this author includes a chapter on "The Socialist Roots of Naziism" and warns against conditions leading to collectivization and the title oppression. For 10 points, name this Austrian economist who described the consequences of central planning in The Road to Serfdom.;;(Friedrich) (August) (von) Hayek
;;This artist added Pharoah Sanders and Rasheed Ali to his usual quartet for the album Meditations. His collaborations with bass clarinetist Eric Dolphy include the album Africa/Brass, which contains a reworking of "Greensleeves" by this artist's long-time pianist, McCoy Tyner.  One of his albums contains a track named for the bassist Paul Chambers, "Mr. P.C.", and the ballad, "Naima." Sections titled "Acknowledgment" and "Pursuance" form parts of a later spiritual album. For 10 points, name this tenor saxophonist whose notey, arpeggiated style was described as "sheets of sound" and can be found on the albums Giant Steps and A Love Supreme.;;(John) Coltrane
;;One type of this reaction uses DMSO and oxalyl choloride at about negative 78 degrees Celsius to generate a ketone, and another type can use peracids to convert cyclic ketones into lactones. In addition to the type named for Swern, a reaction of this type catalyzed by chromium trioxide, its namesake's "reagent," converts secondary alcohols into ketones. The Baeyer-Villiger and Jones are types of this reaction, for which a Lewis structure can be employed to determine its namesake state. For 10 points, name this type of reaction in which an atom loses an electron, contrasted with a reduction.;;oxidation
;;The first king of this nation got the steel to make a royal crown  through his victory at the Battle of Plevna. The far-right Legion of the Archangel Michael spawned the fascist Iron Guard in this country. One dictator in this country lost support for his rule after he ordered protestors supporting Laszlo Tokes in Timisoara to be fired upon. That ruler of this country succeeded Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej and was killed while trying to flee this country with his wife Elena on Christmas Day. For 10 points, name this eastern European country that was ruled by a Communist regime until a 1989 revolution against Nicolae Ceausescu's rule in Bucharest.;;Romania
;;Widda Machree and Kelly argue about the price of a cow in this author's one-act work Time to Go, while this author wrote a play in which Stoke and Poges attempt to restore a Tudor home. This author of Purple Dust wrote about a "demon bird" that terrorizes Mauthraun in Cock-a-Doodle Dandy, and this author wrote a play in which Nora Clitheroe goes mad after her husband Jack is killed on Easter. In another work, Joxer Daly often gets Jack Boyle drunk. For 10 points, name this Irish playwright who wrote The Plough and the Stars and Juno and the Paycock.;;(Sean) O'Casey|(Sean)  Cathasaigh(;)|(John) Casey
;;A faithless elector in this election chose to abstain from voting due to Washington, D.C.'s lack of statehood. 67,000 votes in this election in New Mexico were misattributed due to a programming error, and New Mexico was won by only 366 votes. In another state during this election, N. Sanders Sauls became involved in the contest phase of the election after Katherine Harris ended the protest phase. That state also had many voters confused by the location of Pat Buchanan's name on butterfly ballots. For 10 points, name this election decided in favor of the Republican candidate after recounts in Florida were stopped by the ruling in Bush v. Gore.;;(Election) (of) 2000
;;This type of organic molecule is oxidized in the Swern oxidation. They can also be oxidized by Pyridinium chlorochromate, which is abbreviated PCC. Tosyl chloride converts these into tosylates, and thionyl chloride reacts with them to form alkyl chlorides. They react with carboxylic acids in the Fischer esterification. Reacting aldehydes with an organomagnesium halide reagent creates these. Sulfuric acid can be used to dehydrate these in elimination reactions governed by Zaitsev's rule. Tertiary ones are reactive with hydrogen halides in the SN1 reaction. For 10 points, name these organic compounds that have a hydroxyl group, an example of which is ethanol.;;alcohols
;;In one work, this author urged psychologists to stop using mentalistic constructs like defense mechanisms, homunculi, and the two title concepts. In another work, he distinguished internal speech, or autoclitics, from the four types of regular speech: echoic behavior, mands, tacts, and interverbals. He wrote a novel demonstrating a community founded by T. E. Frazier according to this man's theory. This psychologist delivered reinforcing stimuli to creatures in his namesake box during operant conditioning. For 10 points, name this behaviorist who wrote Verbal Behavior, Beyond Freedom and Dignity, and Walden Two.;;(Burrhus) (Frederic) Skinner
;;This nation's southernmost city is the port of Leticia, and its city of Buenaventura is often called the world's wettest city. This country occupies the northern portion of the Guajira Peninsula. The Cauca department is home to its third-largest city Cali. This nation's Magdalena River empties into the ocean at the city of Barranquilla, and this nation is known for its emerald production. Its border with a northern neighbor is formed by the Darien Gap, and this country is home to the cities of Medellin and Cartagena. For 10 points, name this South American nation troubled by a guerilla group called FARC, which has its capital at Bogota.;;Colombia
;;In one novel by this author, Charlotte loves the Captain but is married to Edward, who loves Ottilie. In another of this author's plays, Klarchen kills herself after the title character is put to death by the Duke of Alba. This author of Elective Affinities and Egmont wrote a play in which Helen has a son named Euphorion with the title character and in which Wagner creates a homunculus. Another character created by this author kills himself after he is spurned by Lotte, and a play by this author sees Gretchen drown her child after the title character makes a deal with Mephistopheles. For 10 points, name this author of The Sorrows of Young Werther and Faust.;;(Johann) (Wolfgang) (von) Goethe
;;This artist painted a woman with a sword in a burning landscape where a dark river flows into a giant mouth.  In another work by him, skeletons with trumpets and spears kill people in a desolate landscape alongside a cart full of skulls. In addition to Dulle Griet and The Triumph of Death, he painted a man holding a kabob and riding a barrel while being pushed towards a sickly man with an oar in The Fight Between Carnival and Lent. This man also painted a work in which a man and his donkey plow a field on a hill while a ship sails away from a small splash in the background.  For 10 points, name this artist of The Peasant Wedding and Landscape with the Fall of Icarus.;;(Pieter) Brueghel (the) (Elder)
;;This protein's namesake prosthetic group is synthesized in a pathway that includes 5-aminolevulinic acid as an intermediate.  2,3-Bisphosphoglycerate alters its binding ability, but has less interaction with a version of this protein using zeta and epsilon chains. That form is found in the embryo, and separate versions of this protein are expressed in the fetus and in adults. When the glutamic acid at position six of this protein is changed to a valine, a disorder that results in increased malarial resistance occurs. This protein is a tetramer, and defects in this protein yield thalassemia and sickle cell anemia.  For 10 points, name this protein in red blood cells that transports oxygen.;;hemoglobin
;;This leader organized a conference that was intended to break up all Burschenschaften after Karl Sand murdered August Kotzebue. That conference resulted in the issuance of the Karlsbad Decrees. This man helped to marry off Marie-Louise to another ruler and sent 30,000 troops under Karl Schwarzenberg to help that leader assault Russia. This man was later forced to resign his position at the start of the 1848 revolutions. This leader was a major player at a meeting that broke up the Duchy of Warsaw and started a period known as the Concert of Europe. For 10 points, name this Austrian statesman who served as the host for the Congress of Vienna.;;(Klemens) (Wenzel) (Nepomuk) (Lothar) (von) Metternich(-)Winneburg(-)Beilstein
;;One work by this author features a wedding in which the groom leaves Muriel at the altar, and takes its title from a phrase written by Boo Boo. One work by this author centers on a seven year old writing a letter from the title camp in 1924, and another of this author's works discusses the effect of The Way of a Pilgrim on the girlfriend of Lane Coutell. This author of Raise High the Roof Beam, Carpenters created a character who punches his roommate Stradlater and stays at Mr. Antolini's house before going to Central Park and meeting his sister Phoebe. For 10 points, name this author of Franny and Zooey who wrote about Holden Caulfield in The Catcher in the Rye.;;(Jerome) (David) Salinger
;;One early leader of this religion, who gave the "Salt Sermon," was Sidney Rigdon. Males in this religion can enter the Aaronic and Melchizedek priesthoods. One book sacred to this religion contains the vision of the Tree of Life and an account of the wars between the Lamanites and the Nephites. Members of this religion were driven out of Nauvoo, Illinois. Its founder was told by the angel Moroni where to find the gold plates that he translated into their namesake book. For 10 points, name this religion whose early leaders include Brigham Young and Joseph Smith, many of whom currently live in Utah.;;Mormonism|(The) (Church) (of) (Jesus) (Christ) (of) Latter(-)Day Saints
;;This composer set lyrics by David Byrne in his collection, Songs from Liquid Days. He set the titular Allen Ginsberg poem in his sixth symphony, "Plutonian Ode," and he used tunes from David Bowie and Brian Eno's albums in his second and third symphonies, subtitled "Low" and "Heroes" respectively. He is better known for an opera which involves Tolstoy, Tagore, and Martin Luther King; and one whose sections "Prematurely Air-Conditioned Supermarket" and "I Feel the Earth Move" follow the third "Knee Play." For 10 points, name this American minimalist composer whose "portrait trilogy" includes Satyagraha and Einstein on the Beach.;;(Philip) Glass
;;One theorem named for this man means that for any simply connected open proper subset of the complex plane, there exists a bijective analytic map from it to the open unit circle about the origin.  Manifolds with a smooth inner product are named for him.  He and Cauchy name a set of differential equations used in determining whether a function is holomorphic.  He is also known for a function for which a namesake hypothesis states that all trivial non-zeros of the function have real part one-half.  For 10 points, name this formulator of a zeta function and a method of integration which involves using his namesake sums.;;(Bernhard) Riemann
;;In the second stanza of this poem the speaker longs for a "beaker full of the warm South" that "tastes of Flora" and is compared to the "blushful Hippocrene." The speaker of this work discusses Ruth "sick for home" and is carried away "on the viewless wings of Poesy" to a place where "there is no light." This poem closes after the speaker asks, "was it a vision, or a walking dream? Fled is that music: - Do I wake or sleep?" For 10 points, name this poem which opens, "My heart aches, and a drowsy numbness pains my sense, as though of hemlock I had drunk" and contains the phrase "tender is the night," a poem written by John Keats to a title bird.;;Ode to a Nightingale
;;This architect included a ribbon-like spiral staircase in his renovations of the Art Gallery of Ontario. A large pair of binoculars dominates the center of his Chiat/Day Building. He included a "Sky Church" in a building whose structure was inspired by pictures of guitars. He also designed a building inspired by Fred Astaire and Ginger Rogers, his Dancing House in Prague. This architect used random computer-generated curves to invoke the structure of a ship for a building that sits along the Nervion River. For 10 points, name this Canadian architect of Seattle's Experience Music Project and the Guggenheim Museum in Bilbao.;;(Frank) Gehry
;;This god put Delphinus in the stars after the latter helped him court his wife. He and Apollo were forced to build the walls of Troy for King Laodemon after attempting to overthrow Zeus. In another story, this god fathered Despoena and Arion when he seduced Demeter in the form of a stallion, and his wife transformed Scylla into a barking monster after Scylla had an affair with this figure. He lost a contest to Athena when she gave Cecrops an olive branch, thus giving her patronage of Athens. Out of wedlock, he was the father of the Cyclops Polyphemus, and with his wife Amphitrite, he fathered Triton. For 10 points, name this trident-wielding Greek god of the sea.;;Poseidon
;;The Sommerfeld number is important in the study of decreasing this phenomenon, and the Frenkel-Kontorova-Tomlinson model describes it.  Its coefficient is related to the Stribeck number by the Stribeck curve.  It causes the formation of tribofilms.  It is described by a pair of laws named for Amonton, and the point where one form of it is overcome is the angle of repose. This force is independent of sliding velocity and proportional to the normal force.  When its strength alternates with motion, the stick-slip phenomenon occurs.  For 10 points, name this phenomenon, which represents the force resisting any sliding motion, and which comes in static and kinetic varieties.;;friction
;;As prime minister, this man sought to make his country a "Just Society." His tenure in office was briefly interrupted by Joe Clark. His Finance Minister, John Turner, resigned before he instituted wage and price controls in his country. This leader's time in office saw his country join the Group of Six to make the G7. He invoked the War Measures Act after the abduction of James Cross and Pierre Laporte by the FLQ in the October Crisis. This man established the Charter of Rights and Freedoms as part of the patriating Constitution Act of 1982 to remove his country from British law. For 10 points, name this Liberal prime minister of Canada who served from 1968-1984.;;(Pierre) (Elliott) Trudeau
;;At one point, this character follows a priestess carrying his daughter to a cave in the middle of the night. This character's father is a flute player who is heavily in debt, and he gains fame for defeating an opponent nicknamed "the cat" in a wrestling match. This character beats his wife during the Peace Week, and is exiled from his village after his gun goes off and kills a youth during Ezeudu's funeral. This figure is disappointed in his son Nwoye and takes care of the boy Ikemefuna before killing him with a machete. For 10 points, name this yam-farming resident of Umuofia who fights against British colonization, the protagonist of Chinua Achebe's Things Fall Apart.;;Okonkwo
;;This man's successful efforts to expand railroads in his country resulted in an increase from 400 to 15,000 miles during his time in office. This leader was advised by men like Enrique Creel, Ramon Corral, and Jose Yves Limantour, who were members of his Cientificos. In an interview with James Creelman, this leader claimed he would not run for office again in an upcoming election, but won that election after imprisoning his opponent. For 10 points, name this long-time, dictatorial ruler whose removal from office in 1911 by forces under Emiliano Zapata, Pancho Villa, and Francisco Madero marked the start of the Mexican Revolution.;;(Porfirio) Diaz
;;In one work, this thinker identified three classes of options in deciding which of two hypotheses to follow: living, forced, and momentous. That work argues against W. K. Clifford's evidentialism in defending religious practices. One of his works discusses the methods of analysis, introspection, experiment, and comparison in the title discipline. This author of The Principles of Psychology and The Varieties of Religious Experience used the example of a man chasing a squirrel around a tree to illustrate his theory of meaning in a work subtitled "A New Name for Some Old Ways of Thinking". For 10 points, name this American philosopher and author of Pragmatism.;;William James
;;In this play, one character claims he is a son of Thomas d'Alburci of Naples and has survived a shipwreck on the way to Paris. Characters in this work include the matchmaker Frosine and one who is supposed to be wed to the older Anselme. The central character of this play has a cook named Master Jacques who falsely attributes a theft to Valere, the lover of Elise. In this play, Cleante loves the young Mariane, who is to be wed to Cleante's father, the title character whose hidden "best friend" is a casket of gold. For 10 points name this Moliere comedy in which Harpagon is the title money saving character.;;(The) Miser|L'Avare
;;This event prompted a future president to say "a little rebellion now and then is a good thing." John Bly and Charles Rose were the only leaders of this event executed at its conclusion. One side in this conflict called themselves "Regulators" and fought against the government of James Bowdoin. That side in this event was surprised and routed at Petersham after another army marched thirty miles in a snowstorm under Benjamin Lincoln. The namesake of this rebellion tried to take the Springfield armory. For 10 points, name this revolt under the Articles of Confederation that saw a number of courts forced to close by indebted farmers in western Massachusetts.;;Shays' (Rebellion)
;;The change in this quantity for mixing is equal to the sum of the products of the component's mole fraction and the natural log of the mole fraction times RT.  When temperature is constant, the partial derivative of this quantity with respect to pressure is volume. The chemical potential is equal to the partial derivative of this quantity with respect to the number of particles. The equilibrium constant is equal to the exponential of negative RT dividing the change in this quantity. It is equal to enthalpy minus the product of temperature and entropy.  For 10 points, name this quantity that when the change in it is negative indicates a reaction is spontaneous, and which is symbolized G.;;Gibbs Free Energy
;;In one story this creature holds up the sky by leaning on a rock after switching places with a rabbit that promised to bring back a stick but never returned. In one myth, this figure tells two ducks to dive down and creates earth from the mud one of them brought back. This creature also ruins the practice of returning things from the dead after embracing his wife one day too early. According to various myths, this figure founded the earth with his brother Cirape, or with Puma. A Nez Perce tale tells the story of this figure and the Shadow People. For 10 points, name this analogue of Raven, a canine Native American trickster god.;;Coyote|Ola'li|Sedit|Ueuecoyotl
;;In one novel by this author, the professor Eugene Debs Hartke becomes the warden of a prison. This author created an American spy in WWII who becomes a Nazi propagandist. Another work of this author is set in a completely automated world and centers on Anita and Paul Proteus. In addition to writing Hocus Pocus, Mother Night and Player Piano, this author wrote a work that ends when the body of the president of San Lorenzo is thrown into the ocean after the world is consumed by ice-nine. For 10 points, name this novelist who created the religion Bokononism in Cat's Cradle and wrote about Billy Pilgrim and the firebombing of Dresden in Slaughterhouse-Five.;;(Kurt) Vonnegut
;;Only the first movement survives of this composer's 1876 Piano Quartet in A minor, written in his student days at the Vienna Conservatory. Cowbells are employed in the first "Nachtmusik" movement of his seventh symphony. The finale of his fourth symphony and his Lieder eines fahrenden Gesellen both set texts from the German folk poem collection, Das Knaben Wunderhorn. His fifth symphony opens with a funeral march in C-sharp minor and contains an Adagietto in F major, while his sixth symphony contains a melody named for his wife, Alma. For 10 points, name this Austrian composer of symphonies nicknamed "Titan," "Tragic," and "Resurrection.".;;(Gustav) Mahler
;;These structures are defective in Kartagener's syndrome, leading to its symptom of situs inversus, as they are important in creating the left-right asymmetry of the internal organs during embryonic development.  The outer segments of photoreceptor cells are variants of these structures. They are responsible for making water currents in clam siphons. Their two actions are power and return strokes, unlike the continuous motion of a similar structure.  These structures are relatively common in the respiratory tract where they help move mucus. For 10 points, name these structures with a characteristic whipping or beating motion that are similar to flagella.;;cilia|cilium
;;In this work, "Caviar" and "Strasburg Pie" are given as examples of appropriate "tokens of esteem." One number was cut from its film version because Sir John Mills was too old to perform the dance moves. Two thief characters describe themselves as "Knockabout clowns" and "quick change comedians," they are Mungojerrie and Rumpleteaser. In this musical, Old Deuteronomy chooses Grizabella to be reborn and sing "Memory." For 10 points, name this Andrew Lloyd Webber musical based loosely on a work by T.S. Eliot's about the title animals.;;Cats
;;One of this director's films open with the title character being pushed into a river and robbed by her boyfriend. The main character of another of his films is a strongman who expands his chest to break chains, the Gypsy Zampano. He won his sole Oscar for a film of vignettes about the misadventures of the Biondi family during the Mussolini years. This director of Amarcord, Nights of Cabiria, and La strada created a scene in which Marcello and Sylvia dance in the Trevi Fountain. He depicted Guido Anselmi's artistic and marital crises in a work numbered after his then film output. For 10 points, name this Italian director of La dolce vita and 8 .;;(Federico) Fellini
;;This ruler sought to ease the burdens on serfs by issuing the Robot Patent with a co-regent who later repealed it. This ruler's country became allied to France during the Diplomatic Revolution through the work of Wenzel Anton von Kaunitz. This ruler conceded lost territory in one war in the Treaty of Hubertusburg. Another war started despite the efforts of this monarch's father Charles VI, who tried to secure a peaceful succession to the throne. For 10 points, name this monarch who fought in multiple wars for control of Silesia against Frederick the Great, and whose succession as empress to the Austrian throne was contested despite the Pragmatic Sanction.;;Maria Theresa (of) (Austria)
;;Coulson solved Chandrasekhar's X and Y functions for this process when a Lambert surface was underneath.  The Babinet point is an example of a neutral point predicted by the theory of this effect. It is inversely proportional to the fourth power of the wavelength of the light. This process predominates when the size of the particle is much smaller than the wavelength. This effect is seen as light travels through transparent solids and liquids, but is most noticeable in gases. This effect is enhanced for short wavelengths. For 10 points, name this elastic process named for British scientist that causes the sky to appear blue.;;Rayleigh scattering
;;In this novel, the violinist Vieuxtemps plays in an orchestra conducted by Johann Strauss. A ball in this novel takes place at Apartment 50, and Rimsky is the manager of the Variety Theatre who flees to Leningrad. In an insane asylum, the poet Ivan Bezdomny meets a man who wrote a work about Pontius Pilate. At the beginning of this novel, a foreign magician predicts the death of Berlioz, the head of MASSOLIT who is decapitated. That character Woland is the devil is disguise and is accompanied by a giant black cat called Behemoth. For 10 points, name this work of Russian author Mikhail Bulgakov about a title writer and his lover.;;(The) Master and Margarita|Master i Margarita
;;The Barrage Cavagnac is located on this landform and forms the artificial Lake Takerkoust, and this range contains "high" and "middle" subranges and covers Ouarzazate province. The peak Chelia can be found in the Aures Mountains, a subrange of this feature. The Tell Mountains and a region called the Rif are lesser parts of this larger mountain range. Cities in this feature include Tin Mal, and this range contains the peak Jebel Toubkal. It is home to Berbers and is often seen as an extension of the Alps. For 10 points, name this chief mountain range of Northern Africa, named for a mythological titan.;;Atlas (Mountains)
;;This man's wife circumcised his first son during a stay at an inn; that son was Gershom. This man had a speech impediment from a time he put a hot coal to his mouth instead of a piece of gold. He was punished with premature death after striking a rock for water. This figure's wife was one of seven sisters who met him at a well in Midian; that wife was Zipporah, the son of Jethro. His sister was Miriam, and his brother, the high priest Aaron, led this man's people in making a golden calf while he was away. For 10 points, name this Biblical figure who received the Ten Commandments on Mt. Sinai and parted the Red Sea as leader of the Jews during the Exodus.;;Moses|Moshe
;;Portraits by this artist include one of Lord Henry and Lady Mary Guilford. He painted Anne Lovell with a squirrel and a starling. A Virgin Mary in a navy blue dress with orange sash holds an infant Jesus in a work this artist painted for Jakob Meyer. Besides the Darmstadt Madonna, another of his works depicts a green curtain in front of a table containing items like a lute and a globe. That painting also contains an anamorphic image of a skull on the floor next to the two title figures. For 10 points, name this court painter of Henry VIII famous for his portraits of Erasmus and Thomas More and for The Ambassadors.;;(Hans) Holbein the (Younger)
;;The period of these numbers modulo m is equal to m if and only if 24 times 5 to the lambda where lambda is an integer greater than or equal to zero. Cassini's Identity is on these numbers. The Euclidean Algorithm's worst case occurs when finding the greatest common denominator of two of these numbers according to Lame's Theorem.  The closed form solution is called Binet's formula, and as n goes to infinity, the nth one of these numbers divided by the previous one approaches the golden ratio. They were used by their namesake to solve a problem about the population of breeding rabbits. For 10 points, name this sequence of numbers that start with 1, 1, 2, 3, and 5.;;Fibonacci (numbers)|Fibonacci (sequence)
;;Characters in this novel include the jester Wamba and Lucas de Beaumanoir, who accuses another character of witchcraft. One character in this work breaks out of his casket at his own funeral. One of its characters called "The Black Sluggard" is accompanied by the old woman Ulrica, who burns Torquilstone castle. In this novel, the Grand-Master of the Templars forces Bois-Guilbert to fight against the champion of Rebecca. At the end of this novel, Cedric the Saxon allows Lady Rowena to be married to his son. For 10 points, name this Waverly novel in which King Richard the Lion-Hearted helps the title night, a work of Sir Walter Scott.;;Ivanhoe
;;An early kingdom in this modern nation was divided into "Water" and "Land" portions and was called Chenla. A ruler of another kingdom in this country built the mostly stone temple Bakong and was named Indravarman I; that kingdom was started by Jayavarman II. This nation was more recently ruled by a man who had been part of the Cercle Marxiste and established a "year zero" policy. That man ruled as part of the Angkor and took the name Brother Number One. For 10 points, name this country in Southeast Asia once ruled as a communist nation by Pol Pot under the Khmer Rouge that has the temple Angkor Wat and a capital city of Phnom Penh.;;(Kingdom) (of) Cambodia|(Preahreacheanachakr) Kampuchea
;;This thinker objected to Descartes's ideas about the transcendence of God and the existence of human free will in his explanation of Principles of Philosophy. One of his works begins with definitions, axioms, and fifteen propositions about the nature of God, the only substance in the universe. In another, he denies that Moses wrote the entire Torah, and insists on a close, critical reading of Scripture in distinguishing between Jewish divine and ceremonial law. For 10 points, name this author of the Tractatus Theologico-Politicus who was excommunicated from the Jewish community of Amsterdam before writing Ethics.;;(Baruch) Spinoza|(Benedictus) Spinoza
;;One collection written by these people that contains a number of astrological calculations is named the Dresden Codex. The culture and language of this civilization was studied by the bishop Diego de Landa, who was also responsible for burning most of this civilization's idols and books. One site built by these people contains a pyramid devoted to Kukulcan and a court for playing pok-ta-pok, a ritual ball game. This civilization had over 800 characters in their hieroglyphic language. For 10 points, name this Mesoamerican civilization that was on a decline before the arrival of the Spanish, and which built Chichen Itza and used an advanced kind of calendar.;;Mayan (Civilization)
;;In one of this author's works, the Communist Carson helps the wife of Maurice Castle escape to South Africa. Another of his works features the vacuum cleaner salesman James Wormold, who is offered a job by Hawthorne. This author of The Human Factor also wrote a work in which Sarah Miles promises God to stop seeing Maurice Bendrix if he should survive his injury from an explosion. However, this author is better known for a novel set in Mexico featuring characters such as The Mestizo, Coral Fellows, and the Whiskey Priest. For 10 points, name this British author of Our Man in Havana, The End of the Affair, and The Power and the Glory.;;(Graham) Greene
;;One figure in this painting looks to his right at a vase held by a figure on the left of the canvas. Brown curtains appear at the top; and on the right, in the distance, a man wearing a toga looks away from the scroll held in his outstretched arms. Next to that man, a column is partially blocked by the title figure's flowing blue robes. The title figure of this painting rests her bare foot on a pair of pillows at the bottom, and her elongated fingers graze the top of her white dress. For 10 points, a very large infant Jesus lies on the lap of the title figure in what mannerist masterpiece of Parmigianino, whose title references a noticeable physical feature of the Virgin Mary?.;;(The) Madonna of the Long Neck|(The) Madonna with the Long Neck(;)|Madonna and Child with Angels and St(.) Jerome(;)|(La) Madonna del Collo Lungo
;;A hymn to this figure, "Ut queant laxis," gave rise to the solfege syllables. According to Luke, this figure's mother was "of the daughters of Aaron" and either cousin or aunt to Mary. That woman, Elizabeth, was the wife of this figure's father, the priest Zechariah. This figure called himself "the voice of one crying out in the wilderness", and said of Jesus, "I knew him not", and he also called Jesus the lamb of God. At the bidding of her mother Herodias, Salome asked for this figure's head on a dish, and Herod Antipas obliged. Sometimes called "the Precursor", for 10 points, name this man who got his epithet from ritually bathing people in the Jordan River, including Jesus Christ.;;John (the) Baptist|Yo(-)khanan ha(-)matbil
;;In one story by this author, a boy ignores a warning from a spring and is turned into a deer, which leads the king to marry his sister. In another story by this author, four talking animals travel to the title town to become musicians and defeat a band of robbers. This author of "Brother and Sister" and "The Bremen Town Musicians" wrote a story in which the servant Heinrich grieves over the transformation of his master into a frog, as well as a story in which a boy and girl eat from a gingerbread house. For 10 points, name this duo who collected such stories as "The Frog King," "Hansel and Gretel," and "Little Red Riding Hood" into their namesake "Fairy Tales.".;;(The) (Brothers) Grimm|(Jacob) Grimm(,)|(Wilhelm) Grimm
;;Some of the first evidence for this phenomenon was seen in an observed excitation of the cyanogen radical. It experiences a diffusion damping named for Silk. Using the Kompaneets equation, it can be shown how electrons scatter this in an inverse Compton Effect. The effect of gravitational potential perturbation on this phenomenon is known as the Sachs-Wolfe effect, and this anisotropy shows fluctuations in density from the time of recombination. It was discovered at Bell Labs by Penzias and Wilson and it has a temperature of about 2.7 Kelvin. For 10 points, name this blackbody radiation left over from the time around the big bang that permeates the universe.;;CMB|CMBR(;)|Cosmic Microwave Background (Radiation)
;;One leader based in this modern country made his people swear allegiance to Russia by the Pereyaslav Agreement, and that man earlier led the successful Khmelnytsky uprising against the Poles. Over seven million people died in the Holodomor famine forced on this country in the 1930s by the Soviet Union. This country was once the location of the Cossack Hetmanate. A candidate for the presidency of this country in 2004 was found to be suffering from dioxin poisoning. That election became the focus of the Orange Revolution and resulted in the presidency of Viktor Yushchenko. For 10 points, name this eastern European country with a capital at Kiev.;;Ukraine|Ukrayina
;;The female lead of this opera explains how the breezes will carry her sighs to her lover in the duet "Verrano a te sull'aure." Earlier she had sung of a ghost appearing near a fountain, whose waters turned blood-red, in "Regnava nel silenzio." In Act II, the male lead discovers that his beloved has signed a marriage contract, shortly after singing "Chi mi frena in tal momento?", this opera's famous sextet. The title character sings "Il dolce suono," as part of the Mad Scene of this opera that sees its title bride fall in love with Edgardo Ravenswood against the wishes of her brother Enrico Ashton. For 10 points, name this opera based on a story by Walter Scott by Gaetano Donizetti.;;Lucia di Lammermoor
;;Zuckerkandl's tubercle is a pyramidal extension of this body component. Another key feature of this structure is Berry's ligament. Hurthle cells are associated with Hashimoto's disease, an autoimmune disorder affecting this structure.  Its parafollicular cells produce calcitonin, and when it is overactive in producing a similarly named hormone, weight loss and rapid heartbeat can result. A more well-known disease associated with it is Graves' disease, and a lack of iodine can cause the enlargement of it. For 10 points, name this endocrine gland in the neck that is afflicted by goiters.;;thyroid (gland)
;;An Andante con moto siciliana in 6/8 is the second movement of one of these works, composed in four days for Count Thun. The Presto finale of one of these works in D major is reportedly to be played "as fast as possible" and shares a dedicatee with an earlier serenade by the composer. The penultimate of these was scored to be played with or without clarinets, and is one of only two in a minor key. The finale of the last of these uses a theme previously used in Michael Haydn's Symphony No. 33 and ends with a five-voice fugato. For 10 points, "Linz", "Haffner", "Great G minor", and "Jupiter" are some of what orchestral works by the composer of The Marriage of Figaro?.;;Symphonies (of) (Wolfgang) (Amadeus) Mozart
;;This economist's theories were revived in Production of Commodities by Means of Commodities by Piero Sraffa. This man invoked Say's Law in suggesting that a general glut was impossible. He published an essay stating that raising the tariff on grain imports would lead to decreased manufacturing profits and increased rent. He linked the price of commodities to the amount of time expended in their production in his labor theory of values. This man stated that working wages would remain near subsistence level, his Iron Law of Wages. For 10 points, name this author of Principles of Political Economy and Taxation who explained the theory of comparative advantage.;;(David) Ricardo
;;In this poem, "three glass knobs" are missing from a drawer, and the narrator notes that boys that should "bring flowers" in "last month's newspapers" and "wenches [that] dawdle" in typical dresses. This work asks for guests who have come to see the "cold" and "dumb" woman who once "embroidered fantails" on the sheet that now covers her face but neglects to hide "her [protruding] horny feet." Calling for the title figure to "whip / In kitchen cups concupiscent curds," for 10 points, identify this poem in which the narrator calls for the "roller of big cigars," and declares, "Let be be finale of seem," written by Wallace Stevens.;;(The) Emperor of Ice Cream
;;In one work, this thinker linked material things to cause-and-effect reasoning and motivating forces with moral reasoning as two of the four distinct types of objects and reasoning. This author of "On the Basis of Morality" built on Kant's view to say that humans create the violent state of nature in one work. That work also states that the human body is the only object with both of the title entities, which represent the objective and subjective self. Besides "The Fourfold Root of the Principle of Sufficient Reason", he wrote a work which criticizes Kant's view of the thing-in-itself. For 10 points, name this pessimistic German author of The World as Will and Representation.;;(Arthur) Schopenhauer
;;Gutmann introduced a measure that increases with the strength of these and is known as DN. In molecular orbital theory, reactions involving them see their HOMO interact with their counterpart's LUMO. Electron withdrawing groups decrease the ability of aromatic ring containing compounds to act as one, while imidazole and pyridine act as these. E2 elimination is promoted by relatively strong examples of these, and nucleophiles correspond with a classification of these. In one classification, they are electron pair donators, while according to the Bronsted-Lowry definition they accept protons. For 10 points, name these substances with a pH greater than 7.;;base
;;At one point in this novel, the protagonist has a dream in which he breastfeeds from a woman who had been his best friend, and he leaves a city after dreaming of a dead song bird in a golden cage. Characters in this novel include Kamaswami, who was skilled in business, and the protagonist's son runs away from home after stealing his money. That child's mother was killed by snakebite and named Kamala. After spending time with the Samanas, the central character of this work apprentices to the ferryman Vasudeva for most of his life since leaving home with his friend Govinda in search of Gotama. For 10 points, name this novel about the title Brahmin written by Herman Hesse.;;Siddhartha
;;This author wrote about two inmates who rehearse for a performance of Sophocles' Antigone every night, and another of this author's works features the attempts of Elsa and Pastor Byleveld to help Miss Helen. This author of The Island and The Road to Mecca wrote a work in which Styles photographs a man pretending to be the dead Robert Zwelinzima. He wrote about the bond between the brothers Zachariah and Morris. Another work by this author sees the servants Sam and Willie practice ballroom dancing. For 10 points, name this author of Sizwe Banzi is Dead and Blood Knot, an playwright from South Africa who wrote about Hally in Master Harold... and the Boys.;;(Athol) Fugard
;;El Baga Nature Park is a part of this nation's Jardines del Rey, which is an archipelago that is part of the Sabana-Camageuy. The Marea del Portillo is part of this country's Turquino National Park, which contains Pica Turquino, this nation's highest point. The Canarreos Archipelago contains the Isla de la Juventud, which is the second largest island in this nation and which is located south of its capital city. Its longest river, the Cuato, flows through the province of Santiago before emptying into the Caribbean. It is located approximately 90 miles south of Florida. For 10 points, name this largest Caribbean island nation home to Guantanamo Bay with capital at Havana.;;(Republic) (of) Cuba
;;This thinker criticized Bernardino Telesio for not going far enough in De Principiis atque Originibus. In one work, he compared scholastic deduction to a spider's web and introduced the bee as a symbol of scientia operativa. This author of Cogitata et Visa proposed constructs which beget fallacies and can be based on human nature, personal belief, public communication, and philosophical systems; those are related to the Tribe, Cave, Marketplace, and Theatre and are the four idols. That work by this man updates a work of Aristotle with a new, inductive way of testing knowledge. For 10 points, name this pioneer of the scientific method who wrote Novum Organum.;;(Francis) Bacon(,) (Viscount) (Saint) (Alban)
;;The player of this game can trade an egg for Cojiro, beginning a series of trades culminating in Biggoron's Sword. The protagonist of this game goes to Goron City before ascending Death Mountain. After defeating Volvagia, the player gets the Fire Medallion. The player's mother dies before the action of this game, leaving him under the care of the Great Deku Tree. This game's predecessor for the Game Boy started in Mabe Village and was named after its protagonist's Awakening. It is set in Hyrule and was followed by Majora's Mask. For 10 points, name this game in the Legend of Zelda series for the N64 which features a namesake instrument.;;(The) (Legend) (of) (Zelda(:)) Ocarina of Time|(Zeruda) (no) (Densetsu(:)) Toki no Okarina
;;One novel by this author follows a cult led by Galileo Gall and Antonio Conselheiro that believes the world will end at Ganudos Ranch. He wrote of Lituma losing a game of Russian Roulette in Don Anselmo's title whorehouse in another novel. This author of The War of the End of the World and The Green House wrote of Cava, who steals an exam for the Jaguar while a cadet at the Leoncio Prado military academy. In another of his novels, Uncle Lucho's divorced sister-in-law hires Pedro Comacho to write various novellas for broadcast on Radio Panamerica. For 10 points, name this Peruvian author of The Time of the Hero and Aunt Julia and the Scriptwriter.;;(Mario) Vargas Llosa
;;The wood from this vessel was supposedly used to build a barn in the village of Jordans. The Speedwell twice proved unseaworthy to travel along with this craft. William Button was the only passenger on this ship to die during its voyage from Delftshaven under its captain, Christopher Jones. At the end of this boat's voyage, forty-one of its members agreed to form a government. Those passengers had earlier fled to the Netherlands and included John Alden, Myles Standish, and William Bradford. For 10 points, name this ship that crossed the Atlantic and carried the Compact-forming founders of Plymouth Colony, the Pilgrims.;;Mayflower
;;One character in this novel is killed while trying to make love to the figurehead of a wooden ship. Another character in this work dies after seeing eels being pulled from a dead horse. In addition to Herbert Truczinski, another character in this novel becomes a lover of Roswitha Raguna after joining Bebra's group of performers. Jan Bronski steals a necklace for Agnes in this novel. Its protagonist can shatter glass with his voice and refuses to grow any more at the age of three. It is followed by Cat and Mouse and Dog Years in its author's Danzig Trilogy. For 10 points, name this novel about Oskar Matzerath, who cherishes the title instrument, written by Gunter Grass.;;(The) Tin Drum
;;This artist's final exhibition included a depiction of a naked woman holding a lantern and lying among twigs, which had to be viewed through a keyhole. One title figure of another work is connected to a cloud with three white squares, while the other title figures are nine "malic molds." Besides tant Donnes and The Bride Stripped Bare by Her Bachelors, Even, his other works include a snow shovel, an object that has been signed "R. Mutt" and an inverted bicycle wheel sitting on a stool. Prelude to a Broken Arm and Fountain are among his "readymades." For 10 points, name this French Dada of L.H.O.O.Q and Nude Descending a Staircase.;;(Marcel) Duchamp
;;Hildebrand gives his name to a parameter that characterizes this which is property and which is used in a theory co-named with Scatchard.  For polymers this property can be modeled using Flory-Huggins theory. A compound with different values of this property for different phases will see the difference reflected in the partition ratio. The equilibrium constant for this property and the product can be used to find the related molar version. Compounds of group one and nitrates have this property in water, which are a part of the namesake rules of it. For 10 points, name this property that relates how well one substance will dissolve in another.;;solubility
;;One early extension of these texts includes the Panchavimsha. Each of these texts contains a set of doctrines meant to be studied in a deserted forest, known as the "Book of the Wilderness." The "going of the cows" ceremony is described in the aforementioned extension of these. Each of them is broken up into a collection of hymns, a Samhita; and exegetical sections including the Brahmana. This set of works is grouped into the "threefold knowledge" and the last part, the Atharva one. The main portion of these texts is extended in the Upanishads. For 10 points, name these Sanskrit texts which serve as the foundation for Hindu doctrine, the oldest of which is the Rig.;;Vedas
;;This politician had an affair with the wife of Francis Sykes before he gained some financial security through his marriage to the widow of Wyndham Lewis. This man disliked his party's divisive nature and called for a 'One Nation' party, and he also supported the George Smythe-led movement in his party named Young England. This politician served three times as Chancellor of the Exchequer under Lord Derby before briefly succeeding to the prime ministership for the first time in 1868. For 10 points, name this two-time Conservative prime minister who was the political opponent of William Gladstone and the first prime minister to have been born a Jew.;;(Benjamin) Disraeli|Dizzy
;;In this novel, after being offered a small cottage, a widow dines with two daughters and her generous cousin John Middleton. One character in this novel falls in love with a man after he carries her inside when she slips in the rain and falls. John is the owner of Norland Park in this novel, in which Lucy Steele marries Robert. Colonel Brandon explains the true character and infidelity of John Willoughby in this novel that ends with the marriage of Edward Ferrars and Colonel Brandon to Elinor and Marianne. For 10 points, name this Jane Austen novel centered on the Dashwood sisters.;;Sense and Sensibility
;;For orthotropic materials, a 36 member compliance matrix can be used to generalize this law. For an isotropic solid this law can be expressed in terms of the two Lame parameters. The anisotropic form of this law was expanded to describe three dimensional objects by Cauchy. The negative sign in this law describes the tendency to return to equilibrium position, and this law does not apply beyond the elastic range. It states that stress is directly proportional to strain. For 10 points, identify this law, more commonly stated as f equals negative k x, which can be used to calculate the restoring force on a spring.;;Hooke's (Law)
;;In this play, Betty faints when her father jumps out of a bush, and is later examined by a reverend from the town of Beverly. Deputy Danforth questions a man who interrupts the court while his wife is on trial, and the protagonist fails to recite all the Ten Commandments when questioned by Reverend Hale. One character in this work is crushed under stones while asking for "more weight" and is named Giles Corey. Mary Warren, a housemaid to the protagonist, brings a poppet doll in to the house, leading to Goody Proctor's conviction of witchcraft. For 10 points, identify this Arthur Miller play about John Proctor, set during the Salem Witch Trials.;;(The) Crucible
;;This painter's landscapes include two of Antwerp that feature the Steen Castle. Modern knowledge of the composition of Da Vinci's lost The Battle of Anghiari comes from a drawing by him. The title figure is seen being crowned in Saint-Denis and disembarking at Marseilles in his Marie de Medici cycle. His second wife, Helene Fourment, was thought to have posed for works such as The Three Graces and one in which the title figure scratches his chin while deciding between Hera, Athena, and Aphrodite, The Judgment of Paris. For 10 points, name this Flemish artist of a famous Descent from the Cross triptych, known for his full-bodied female nudes.;;(Peter) (Paul) Rubens
;;One work by this author examines the reforms of Samuel Tuke and uses the "ship of fools" to compare the title state with leprosy in the Middle Ages. Another of his works studies systems of knowledge, which he called "epistemes," throughout history with his "archeological" method. He described ways in which governments take advantage of human functions, known as "biopower". This author of Madness and Civilization wrote a work which uses Bentham's Panopticon as a model for society and its prisons. For 10 points, name this postmodernist author of The Order of Things, The History of Sexuality and Discipline and Punish.;;(Paul(-)Michel) Foucault
;;One speaker in this work claims that Aeschylus has misinterpreted the relationship between Achilles and Patroclus. At the end of this work, Socrates argues that tragedy and comedy are of the same nature. One of its characters distinguishes between a heavenly, motherless goddess and a more vulgar one, the daughter of Zeus and Dione. Aristophanes says that man was originally androgynous in this work. Phaedrus comments on Alcestis dying for her husband, and Socrates relays Diotima's argument that Love is an intermediary and a philosopher. For 10 points, name this Platonic dialogue on the nature of love that takes place at a drinking party.;;Symposium
;;In one of this thinker's experiments, his graduate students found it difficult to ask fellow subway riders for their seats, even though most obliged. In another, he found that people were less willing to mail lost letters if they were addressed to odious organizations. Mr. Jacobs was a prolific friend of a stockbroker in Sharon, Massachusetts, who passed letters on to him from Omaha in this man's Small World experiment, which gave rise to the idea of "six degrees of separation". For 10 points, name this psychologist who showed that subjects were willing to give electrical shocks up to 450 volts to actors who got questions wrong in his namesake experiment on obedience.;;(Stanley) Milgram
;;This type of organism has a namesake pit that can occur when limited states exist. The functional responses of these organisms are divided into three types, with "type two" including saturation and extinction. The canonical differential equation for them includes a conversion efficiency factor. Changes in their population size lead to trophic cascades. Their interaction is described by the Lotka-Volterra equation. Mobbing is a response to them, as is aposematism and mimicry. Those that do not have any organism in a similar relationship to themselves are apex ones.  For 10 points, name this type of organism that kills prey for sustenance.;;predator
;;Paintings inspired by this work include Roger Brown's Puerto Rican Wedding. At the right of this painting, a narrow yellow door stands shut. A white-clad figure in this painting is bending down as he looks at a woman in a red dress. A sign running along the top of this painting advertises cigars selling for "only 5 cents." In addition to the aforementioned woman, other people in this painting include two dark-suited men in fedoras, each of whom leans on the counter next to cups of coffee. For 10 points, name this painting that depicts a diner in the hours of darkness and was painted by Edward Hopper.;;Nighthawks
;;A recent Bollywood movie titled after this two word phrase has the year "2050" appended to its title. In one song with this title, the singer refers to herself as a "scarlet letter". A film with this title sees a Harvard Law student struggle with his wife's cancer and his relationship with his father, Oliver Barrett III. In the aforementioned song, the singer commands, "Romeo, take me somewhere we can be alone," and exhorts its addressee to "just say yes." For 10 points, name this phrase that titles a Taylor Swift song and a drama that says that the title emotion "means never having to say you're sorry.".;;love story
;;One ballet by this composer makes use of the Renaissance French dance, bransle, for its serialist second Pas de Trois. Another of his ballets was adapted from music the composer thought to be by Pergolesi and had sets designed by Picasso. Besides Agon and Pulcinella, his other ballets include one written for Sergei Diaghilev in which the Moor slays the title puppet. He wrote a ballet whose first part, "The Adoration of the Earth," opens with a high bassoon solo, and caused a riot at its 1913 Paris premiere. For 10 points, name this Russian composer of Petrouchka and The Rite of Spring.;;(Igor) Stravinsky
;;The masses of these objects are related to velocity dispersion in the M-sigma relation, and their abrupt spin flip may be a result of galaxy mergers. They can be described by a metric named for Kerr when they possess angular momentum, and that metric allows angular momentum to be extracted in a process named for Penrose. The simplest metric describing these objects gives a namesake radius equal to two G M over c squared or two thirds of the radius of the photon sphere; that radius is named for Schwarzschild. They have an event horizon. For 10 points, name these objects with a singularity in the center from which not even light can escape.;;black holes
;;The speaker of this poem is "cloistered in these living walls of jet" where "parents grudge" and "use makes you apt to kill me." The speaker asks if the listener has "purpled thy nail, in blood of innocence" and is then confused when he "findst not thyself, nor me, the weaker now."  This poem mentions "A sin, nor shame, nor loss of maidenhead," and the title figure was said to "take life from thee." The title figure is compared to "a marriage bed and marriage temple," and that figure "sucked me first, and now sucks thee" so that "two bloods mingled be." For 10 points, name this John Donne poem about a blood-sucking bug.;;(The) Flea
;;One of this architect's buildings contains a lobby known as the Crystal Court, uses a cutback design he called "zogs," and is the tallest building in Minneapolis, the IDS Tower. A building that he co-designed with John Burgee, is mocked for its resemblance to Chippendale furniture. Besides the former AT&T Building, now Sony Tower, he is most famous for a house without exterior walls that he built for himself in New Canaan, and for co-designing a Phyllis Lambert-commissioned skyscraper that houses the Four Seasons restaurant. For 10 points, name this American architect of the Glass House and co-designer of the Seagram Building with Mies van der Rohe.;;(Philip) Johnson
;;Characters created by this author include the crippled cooper Yvars. In one of his stories the engineer d'Arrast helps move the title object. This author of "The Silent Men" and "The Growing Stone" also wrote an unfinished novel about Jacques Cormery titled The First Man. In one novel, he wrote of Raymond Rambert's attempt to escape the city of Oran with Tarrou and Dr. Rieux. This author created a character who smokes a cigarette before the body of his dead mother, and who vacations with his friend Raymond and shoots an Arab on the beach. For 10 points, name this French existentialist author of The Plague and The Stranger.;;(Albert) Camus
;;In one poem by this author, the narrator encounters a boring poet on the Sacred Way and can't get out of the conversation until the bore is dragged to prison. Another poem by this author begins "Now it is time to drink," and notes that Cleopatra "sought to die more nobly." This author commissioned 27 boys and 27 girls to sing his Carmen Saeculare, and one poem by this author is addressed to Leuconoe and advises her to "trust as little as possible in tomorrow." He wrote the essay Ars Poetica. For 10 points, identify this ancient Roman author of the Satires and Epodes whose Odes contain a poem which includes the line "carpe diem.".;;Horace
;;This author wrote about Curtis Carlyle's capture of Ardita and their romance in "The Offshore Pirate." Another story by this author recounts the meetings between Judy Jones and Dexter Green. One story by his author sees the protagonist cut off her cousin Marjorie's pigtails, and another of his stories features John Unger and Percy Washington, whose family owns the title jewel. This author of the stories "Winter Dreams," "Bernice Bobs Her Hair" and "A Diamond as Big as the Ritz," is more famous for a novel in which Daisy Buchanan is courted by the title character, as observed by Nick Carraway. For 10 points, name this American author of The Great Gatsby.;;(Francis) (Scott) (Key) Fitzgerald
;;Normal mode expansion is used to decompose coupled versions of these systems. The quantum version of one of them has a minimum energy level of h bar omega over two. An electrical example of these systems is a series RLC circuit. This system becomes more complex if the right-hand side is changed from 0 to a force term, or if a first derivative term is added to the left side. Those phenomena in this system are called "driving" and "damping" respectively, and the basic version of this system is developed by equating Newton's second law with Hooke's law. For 10 points, name this type of physical system that is exemplified by a mass on a spring.;;(simple) harmonic oscillator
;;This work distinguishes between a substance and a subsistence, saying that the human soul is the latter because it is incomplete without a body. This work's author rejects the Pluralist argument in saying that humans are uniquely rational beings, while angels and God are intelligent but not rational. Uncompleted at its author's death, this work's Supplement was taken from parts of its author's commentary on Peter Lombard's Sentences. This work contains arguments from motion, efficient causes, possibility and necessity, gradation of being, and design, the so-called quinque viae, or Five Ways to prove God's existence. For 10 points, name this magnum opus of Thomas Aquinas.;;Summa (Theologiae)|Summa (Theologica)
;;One national park in this nation is an oasis called the Ein Gedi, and one of the highest peaks in this country is Mount Meron. An erosion-produced crater in this nation is Makhtesh Ramon, which sits in this country's Negev desert, located north of its resort town of Eilat. The largest city in the north of this country is situated near Mount Carmel and is called Haifa, and this nation's west contains the lowest dry-land point in the world. It lays claim to the Golan Heights and is bounded on the right by the Jordan River. For 10 points, name this nation that boasts the Dead Sea and has its capital at Jerusalem.;;Israel
;;Prefetching in LDS can be accomplished using the jump type of these objects. A dispatch table consists of function ones. C allows arithmetic with these objects, which are used for the internal representation of arrays. When objects in memory are deallocated, these can dangle. A segmentation fault arises when these objects do not correspond to a valid location. Each node in a linked list contains two of these data types, one of which can be dereferenced to return the next node. References are safer ways to handle some of the functionality of these objects. For 10 point, name this type of variable which stores a memory address of another variable.;;pointers
;;One version of this religion imagined the Plain of High Heaven where deities lived, while another included the "Perpetual Country" beyond the seas. Inner sanctuaries in this religion often feature carefully wrapped mirrors representing deities. In this religion's creation story, a husband and wife created land from drops off a jewel-encrusted spear used to stir brine. Coming in Folk, Sect, and Shrine varieties, this religion's shrines have gateways called torii. Believers worship over 800 natural spirits called kami. The Grass-Cutting Sword and the goddess Amaterasu come from, for 10 points, the myth of what indigenous religion of Japan?.;;Shintoism|kami(-)no(-)michi
;;This author wrote a work in which Father Chantavoine's bells are rung by the prostitute Rachel to celebrate her stabbing of the title effeminate captain. In another of his works, Count Breville and Cornudet share a coach ride from Rouen to La Havre and encourage the prostitute Elisabeth Rousset to sleep with a Prussian officer. This author of "Mademoiselle Fifi" wrote a story in which Ramponneau invites the central characters to the Ministry of Education ball, where Mathilde loses Madame Forestier's title piece of jewelry, which turns out to be fake. For 10 points, name this French author of the ironic short stories "Ball of Fat," and "The Necklace.".;;(Henri) (Rene) (Albert) (Guy) (de) Maupassant
;;One character in this opera sings of conquering lands for his beloved in an aria that begins with the line "Se quell guerrier io fossi."  In its final act, the two protagonists sing the duet "O terra addio" as they are sealed in a tomb. The title character of this opera puzzles out her allegiances after mocking her rival's cry of "Ritorna vincitor." That rival begs the priests for mercy as Ramfis condemns a character that revealed the location of the army to Amonasro and is the king's daughter, Amneris. For 10 points, name this Giuseppe Verdi opera in which the Egyptian captain Radames falls in love with the title Ethiopian princess.;;Aida
;;One play by this author features characters named Lady Loadstone and Sir Diaphanous Silkworm, and this author wrote a poem beginning "Drink to me, only with thine eyes and I will pledge with mine." In addition to The Magnetic Lady and "To Celia," this author wrote a play about Knowell and his servant Brainworm. Another play by this author is set in Venice and features Corvino, Corbaccio, and Voltore vie to be the heir of the title character served by Mosca. Another play by this author sees Master Lovewit marry Dame Pliant and confront Face. For 10 points, name this British dramatist who authored Every Man in His Humour, Volpone, and The Alchemist.;;(Ben) Jonson
;;Multinet growth only occurs in this structure's outer layers, but the microfibrils that primarily compose it are laid mostly transverse to its direction of growth. Its growth occurs via the loosening of the microfibrils, pectins, and other polymers, as regulated by expansins and caused by acidic conditions stimulated by auxin. The interconnection of these structures is the apoplast.  It is very thin for parenchyma and growing cells, while its lignified secondary type makes up much of xylem tissue. There are usually primary and secondary instances of this structure. For 10 points, name this outer layer made mostly of cellulose, that provides structural support to a plant cell.;;(plant) cell wall
;;This body of water traditionally marks the southern boundary of the Palouse region, and the end of this river's course includes Lake Wallula, created by the McNary Dam in Umatilla County. After flowing southwest of Rexburgh, this river is fed by the Henrys Fork River, and eventually runs through the ski town of Jackson Hole. This river receives the Salmon River and flows over both Shoshone Falls and Twin Falls. This river creates the deep gorge called Hell's Canyon and forms part of the Idaho-Oregon border. For 10 points, name this river of the Northwestern United States with a serpentine name.;;Snake (River)
;;A 1789 rearrangement of this work omitted the organ part, increased the woodwinds, and gave one of the alto solos, "But Who Will Abide," to the bass. Another movement in this work is a pastoral sinfonia titled Pifa. In an aria in this work, a tenor sings higher notes on the lyric "ev'ry mountain and hill," and lower notes when he sings, "made low." Besides "Every Valley Shall Be Exalted", in its most famous part, "King of Kings, Lord of Lords" is chanted while the audience traditionally stands. For 10 points, Charles Jennens wrote the libretto for what oratorio by Handel that contains the "Hallelujah Chorus"?.;;Messiah|HWV 56
;;This economist's work on information asymmetry includes "Uncertainty and the Welfare Economics of Medical Care". He names a model in general equilibrium theory assuming a lot of labor resources and access to every kind of available good with Gerard Debreu. Alan Gibbard and Mark Satterthwaite modified this man's most notable idea, which was presented in Social Choice and Individual Values. That idea states that criteria such as the Pareto efficiency and unrestricted domain cannot exist in a voting system that seeks to fairly represent voters' preferences. For 10 points, name this economist with a namesake Impossibility Theorem.;;(Kenneth) (Joseph) Arrow
;;This dynasty was defeated by the Byzantines at the Battle of Akroinon while under the rule of Hisham. Hisham's brother and predecessor as ruler, Yazid II, issued an edict for the destruction of Christian imagery during this dynasty. This dynasty ended after the Battle of the Zab when Marwan II was defeated. This dynasty founded by Muawiyah saw the defeat of its military forces under Abd ar-Rahman in 732 by Charles Martel at the Battle of Tours. Following the Rashidun and with a capital at Damascus, for 10 points, name this second caliphate of the Islamic Empire that preceded the Abbasid.;;Umayyad (caliphate)|Omayyad (dynasty)
;;This god fathered Magni by the giantess Jarnsaxa. This god threatened to kill Loki after he had cut off the hair of this god's wife. His chariot is pulled by Tanngnjost and Tanngrisni, two goats, and he lives in Bilskirnir. In Jotunheim, this man was challenged, and failed, to lift the cat of the king of the Frost Giants, Utgard-Loki. He reduced the giant Hrungnir to rubble. At Ragnarok, this figure and Jormungandr, the Midgard Serpent, will kill each other. On one occasion, this god dressed up as Freya and killed Thrym, who had stolen his prized possession. The husband of Sif, for 10 points, name this owner of the hammer Mjollnir, the Norse god of thunder.;;Thor
;;This President decided not to send any federal troops to help put down Dorr's Rebellion. This President's veto of two banking bills resulted in the resignation of his entire cabinet except for one man. That Secretary of State under this President negotiated a treaty that settled the border between Maine and Canada called the Webster-Ashburton Treaty. This President earlier served as Vice President to a man who developed pneumonia after giving a two hour inaugural address. For 10 points, name this Whig who became the tenth President and earned the nickname "His Accidency" after William Henry Harrison's death in 1841.;;(John) Tyler(,) (Jr(.))
;;The central character of this play skips work for three days, traveling to the Green Hat bar to drink and listen to a jazz duo. The main characters reject Mr. Linder's bribe, even after $6500 is stolen by Willy Harris, to keep them out of Clybourne Park. George Murchison is rejected by the main female character in favor of the Nigerian Joseph Asagai, in this work. Travis's mom, Ruth, has started to pay for an abortion, and Beneatha attends college in this play that centers on the effects of a $10,000 insurance check on the life of Walter Lee Younger. For 10 points, name this play which takes its title from Langston Hughes' "A Dream Deferred," written by Lorraine Hansberry.;;(A) Raisin in the Sun
;;The Allegory of the Christian Knight forms the center panel of this painter's Modena Triptych. In one of his paintings, a man in green prepares to remove Jesus's red tunic. In another of his paintings, a blue-robed St. John outstretches his arms while angels distribute robes to naked people. In another, this man's son, as well as St. Stephen, and St. Augustine, surround the interment of the titular armor-clad nobleman. For 10 points, name this painter of The Disrobing of Christ, The Opening of the Fifth Seal, and The Burial of the Count of Orgaz, whose common Spanish name alludes to his birth on Crete.;;(El) Greco|(The) Greek(;)|(Domenikos) Theotokopoulos
;;This poet asked "would you learn the spells that drowse my soul" in a poem about an concept that "draws nectar in a sieve." He talks of a "secret ministry" and icicles "Quietly shining to the quiet Moon" in another work. In addition to writing "Work Without Hope," and "Frost at Midnight," this poet wrote about "viper thoughts" and "grief without a pang" in a poem about a glum emotion. He described a location by the sacred river Alph. For 10 points, identify this poet of "Dejection: An Ode" who wrote of a "stately pleasure-dome" in Xanadu in "Kublai Khan" and depicted the shooting of an albatross in his long poem The Rime of the Ancient Mariner.;;(Samuel) (Taylor) Coleridge
;;In one episode, this character stands in front of an airplane driven by an astronaut, who had murdered his ex while in space. He accidentally gets the police to raid the slumber party of his assistant's daughter Julie. In the last episode, this man's co-worker Randy Disher marries his ex-assistant Sharona, and he meets Molly, the daughter of his murdered wife, Trudy. Both Randy and this character work under Captain Leland Stottlemeyer, and he his helped by Natalie Teeger. For 10 points, name this title character on a USA show who works with the San Francisco Police Department, an obsessive-compulsive detective played by Tony Shalhoub.;;(Adrian) Monk
;;One figure sometimes included in this group killed the demon Asuradhenuka. The fifth of these was a dwarf who defeated Bali, while the first was a fish who warned Manu, the first human, of an impending flood. Besides Vamana and Matsya, one of these figures killed Kartavirya Arjuna and his family, and takes the form of a later one wielding an axe. Buddha is usually said to be the ninth of these, while the last one will appear on a white horse at the end of the world and is named Kalki. They include the speaker of the Bhagavad-Gita, Krishna, and the hero of a namesake epic, Rama. For 10 points, name these ten figures, earthly reincarnations of the Hindu preserver god.;;avatars (of) Vishnu
;;Recent research has shown that the protein central to this disease is sumoylated by Rhes, leading to increased cytotoxicity. One drug approved for treating this disease is tetrabenazine.  Like Parkinson's disease, this disease sees atrophy and neuron death in the striatum. The genetic basis of this disease is an increase in the polyQ track of a gene located on chromosome four, causing more CAG repeats. The symptoms of this disease include dystonia and chorea.  For 10 points, name this neurodegenerative disease caused by an autosomal dominant mutation which usually does not manifest until the victim is forty years old.;;Huntington's (Disease)
;;This author wrote about a woman's relationship with her father in law and the gardener Saburo in Thirst for Love. One work by this author features a romance between Noguchi and the restaurant owner Kazu, and in another of his novels Ryuji is killed by Noboru, the son of his lover Fusako. One series of works by this author of After the Banquet features the character Isao Iinuma and describes the life of Shigekuni Honda. In another work by this author, the stuttering Mizoguchi burns down the title structure. For 10 points, name this Japanese author who wrote The Sailor who Fell from Grace with the Sea, The Temple of the Golden Pavilion, and the Sea of Fertility tetralogy.;;(Yukio) Mishima
;;As a mature composer, he orchestrated tunes he wrote as a child into his Nursery Suite and two The Wand of Youth suites. In 1932, he conducted a recording of his Violin Concerto in B minor, with Yehudi Menuhin as the soloist. His overtures include ones titled Froissart and In the South. He set a poem by Cardinal Newman for his oratorio, The Dream of Gerontius. An orchestral work by him contains portraits of his friends, including Augustus Jaeger, who is depicted in an Adagio called Nimrod, and is based on a mysterious, never-played theme. For 10 points, name this British composer of the Enigma Variations and the Pomp and Circumstance Marches.;;(Edward) Elgar
;;The northeastern portion of this nation is a region called Isan, which takes its name from the capital of the Chenla Kingdom and includes the Khorat Plateau. This country's north contains the provinces of Chiang Rai and Chiang Mai, and the resort island of Phuket is located in this nation's south. This country's capital contains waterways called "Khlongs" formed by the Chao Phraya River, and it sits on a namesake gulf jutting out from the South China Sea. For 10 points, identify this nation formerly known as Siam which borders Burma and Laos and has capital at Bangkok.;;Thailand
;;One member of this group paid twenty dollars for the Newfoundland dog Seaman. This group got lost while being guided by Old Toby and nearly starved to death. Another member of this group brought along his slave York. The recommendation of Watkuweis helped this group befriend the Nez Perce, and they also were helped after hiring as an interpreter Toussaint Charbonneau. That man was hired by this group after they wintered in Fort Mandan and he was married to a Shoshone woman. For 10 points, name this expedition that traveled from St. Louis to the Pacific to explore the west for Thomas Jefferson after the Louisiana Purchase, which was helped for a time by Sacagawea.;;Lewis and Clark (Expedition)|Corps of Discovery
;;In this author's first play, a wounded insect falls into a group of cockroaches and falls in love with. Another work by this author is described as a "tragic poem" and sees the title character strangle her impotent husband. This author wrote the poem "Lament for the Death of a Bullfighter." In addition to Yerma, this member of the Generation of '27 wrote about Leonardo Felix, who attends the title event and shoots the groom. He wrote a drama about the title widow and her five daughters featuring the character Pepe El Romano. For 10 points, name this Spanish author whose "Rural Trilogy" includes the plays Blood Wedding and The House of Bernarda Alba.;;(Federico) Garcia Lorca
;;One of this man's paintings depicts silhouettes created by rows of Venus de Milos which form the image of a man wearing a green tie, amidst a bullfighting scene. In another of his paintings, a kneeling figure from Greek myth is morphed into a hand holding an egg from which a flower protrudes. In another work by this creator of The Hallucinogenic Toreador and The Metamorphosis of Narcissus, the image in the water of some title creatures' necks appears to be the other title creatures' trunks. One of his paintings features ants crawling on melting watches. For 10 points, name this Surrealist Spanish artist of Swans Reflecting Elephants and The Persistence of Memory.;;(Salvador) Dali
;;This thinker's early work rejected traditional epistemology for his "theory of inquiry", which appeared in works like "Is Logic a Dualistic Science?". He argued that humans interact with the world through self-guided activity in "The Reflex Arc Concept in Psychology." This man termed a bias for the stabler aspects of existence the "philosophic fallacy" in his Experience and Nature. His experiences with a laboratory school he opened in Chicago informed his view that school should be an extension of society with self-directed students acting as a community. For 10 points, name this pragmatist philosopher who wrote The School and Society and Democracy and Education.;;(John) Dewey
;;This author wrote "If I be too familiar with a fool I'm on the way to be another fool" in the poem "Merlin." This author wrote of a location where "millions cringe and shiver," and commands the title figure of another poem to "go to the western gate." This author of "Luke Havergal" and "The Town Down the River" described a drunkard who "loved the Medici albeit he had never seen one" in one poem. In another work, he described a "gentleman from sole to crown" who "one calm summer night, Went home and put a bullet through his head." For 10 points, identify this American poet who wrote "Miniver Cheevy" and "Richard Cory.".;;(Edwin) (Arlington) Robinson
;;The first section of this work refers to an experience of Joseph Delboeuf, which he called "hypermnesic." This work claims that the title entities are effected through condensation to overcome censorship, and also contains a scene called "Non vixit." One scene in this work features the author's friends Leopold and Otto, who had given the ailing Irma an injection. This work's third chapter states that each of the title entities "is the Fulfillment of a Wish", which its author later revised in Beyond the Pleasure Principle. It contains the first formulation of the Oedipal complex. For 10 points, name this analysis of visions people have while asleep, written by Sigmund Freud.;;(The) Interpretation of Dreams|(Die) Traumdeutung
;;An important measure of this material is its cation-exchange capacity and its color is notated using the Munsell system. WDPT is one measure of the water repellency of this substance. One important taxonomic scheme for it includes great groups and a lowest rank of series. Its Atterberg limits include liquid and plastic limits, which are related to its porosity. Its structure can be columnar, platy, or granular. Layered in horizons, it can aggregate into structures called peds. Examples of this substance formed from decomposing organic matter is called humus and its grains are classified by size into sand, silt, and clay. For 10 points, name this material in which plants can grow.;;soil
;;A few years into this war, the Twelve Years' Truce ended, allowing two nations to enter, while another nation joined after signing the Truce of Altmark with Poland. That nation's leader in this war was advised by Axel Oxenstierna and died at the Battle of Lutzen. Another side in this war attempted to undo the secularization of church lands by issuing the Edict of Restitution. Commanders for one side in this war were Tilly and Wallenstein, who both fought against Gustavus Adolphus. For 10 points, name this war fought between Protestants and Catholics that resulted in the confirmation of the Peace of Augsburg through its Peace of Westphalia.;;Thirty Years' (War)
;;In one poem, this author wrote about Old Floyd who was "tarred and feathered and carried in a cart" by the women of Marblehead. The author of "Skipper Ireson's Ride," this author wrote a poem that asks the title creatures to "Stay at home...fly not hence!" about a custom for the funeral for Mary, while the title character of another poem tells a group of soldiers, "Shoot, if you must, this old gray head." This author of "Telling the Bees" wrote a narrative subtitled "A Winter Idyl" about a family trapped in their house during a snowstorm. For 10 points, identify this Quaker poet of "Barbara Frietchie" and "Snow Bound".;;(John) (Greenleaf) Whittier
;;This activity on one episode of Sports Night ends after Natalie refuses to trust Jeremy and has to win back his affection by promising to wear only his tuxedo shirt to bed. One song about this activity notes that "Russian Roulette is not the same without a gun." In a film, Vesper Lynd has to supply the resources needed to defeat Le Chiffre at this activity, where she falls for James Bond. A series of C.M. Coolidge paintings depicts dogs playing this game. For 10 points, identify this card game played in the movie version of Casino Royale and mentioned in a Lady Gaga song about a facial expression, which comes in stud and Texas Hold 'em varieties.;;poker
;;One king of this polity was captured in the Battle of Neville's Cross and detained until his ransom eleven years later by the Treaty of Berwick. Between 900 and 1286, this country was ruled by the Kingdom of Alba, which began with the reign of Donald II. Andrew Moray was one of the leaders of a force that briefly preserved this country's independence at the Battle of Stirling Bridge. A few decades later, this kingdom's independence was regained after a victory at the Battle of Bannockburn over the forces of Edward II by Robert the Bruce. For 10 points, identify this kingdom that was defended by William Wallace against its southern neighbor, England.;;Scotland
;;The protagonist of one novel by this author works several jobs after his car breaks down in Newport, Rhode Island in 1926. In addition to writing Theophilus North, this author wrote a work featuring the maid Sabina which centers on the family of George Antrobus and is entitled The Skin of Our Teeth. This author wrote a novel about Brother Juniper, who witnesses the death of five interrelated people when the title structure collapses. This author wrote a play set at Grover's Corners about George Gibbs and Emily Webb. For 10 points, identify this American author of The Bridge of San Luis Rey and the play Our Town.;;(Thornton) Wilder
;;In the s-domain, an inductor with no initial conditions can be characterized as having this quantity of s times the inductance.  In an RLC circuit, this quantity is at a minimum at the resonance frequency. In an RC circuit, it is inversely related to frequency.  In Thevenin's theorem for AC circuits, a circuit can be replaced by a single voltage source and a single value of this quantity. In a purely capacitive circuit it is equal to the total capacitive reactance.  One may combine values of this in series by adding the two complex forms.  Reactance is the imaginary part of this.  For 10 points, name this quantity that for a pure resistor is resistance, the opposition of a circuit to AC, written as Z.;;(electrical) impedance|complex impedance
;;One dictator in this country was forced to flee to England after he lost the Battle of Caseros. Under that dictator, this country saw the use of a secret police force called the Mazorcas. Bernardino Rivadavia and Bartolome Mitre were presidents of this country that was also ruled by Juan Manuel de Rosas. One president of this country supported a coup as part of the United Officers Group and came to power with the support of los descamisados, or "the shirtless ones." That president was married to the actress known as Evita. For 10 points, name this South American country that was ruled in the twentieth century by Juan Peron from Buenos Aires.;;Argentina|Argentine (Republic(;))|(Republica) Argentina
;;According to the Tummal Inscription, this man and his son restored the temple district of Nippur. He defeated a siege launched by Agga of Kish. Eventually, he managed to go past Mount Mashu to a garden full of jewels and eventually sought the advice of the alewife Siduri. This man was the father of Urlugal and the son of Ninsun and Lugulbanda. He gained his best friend after that friend had a week's worth of sex with Shamhat. He sought immortality from Utnapishtim after he and the aforementioned friend defeated Humbaba. With that friend, Enkidu, he killed the Bull of Heaven sent by Ishtar. For 10 points, identify this hero-king of Uruk in a Sumerian epic.;;Gilgamesh
;;A woman in blue-green rides a chestnut horse in the title position of this painter's Side-Saddle. He served as illustrator for Georges Clemenceau's book, At the Foot of Sinai. Two women lie in bed, locked in embrace, in his depiction of The Kiss. A stern ringmaster whips a gray horse ridden by a red-haired woman in his At the Circus Fernando. He painted the title nightclub owner dressed in a black jacket and hat and red scarf in his paintings of Aristide Bruant. For 10 points, name this French Post-Impressionist known for his paintings of Jane Avril and La Goulue dancing at the Moulin Rouge and for his short stature.;;(Henri) Toulouse(-)Lautrec
;;The preface to one novel by this author invokes the "dual substance" of its title character, who lives with Mary and Martha and raises a family. Another work by this author centers on the lives of Nuri Bey and Captain Michaelis and is usually published as Freedom or Death. In another of this author's novels, the narrator's friend had derided the title character as a "bookworm" for not going with him to rescue people in the Caucasus. The title character of that novel uses a cimbalom to seduce Madame Hortense while he is helping the narrator to start a lignite mine. For 10 points, name this author of The Last Temptation of Christ and Zorba the Greek who hailed from Crete.;;(Nikos) Kazantzakis
;;As Secretary of State, James G. Blaine became embroiled in a controversy with Italy after one of these events occurred in New Orleans. A high frequency of these events preceded the Rosewood Massacre of 1923. Walter Francis White went undercover to investigate these events. A prominent opponent of this practice documented them in The Red Record and Southern Horrors. Emmett Till had an open-casket funeral after one of these events, but Roy Bryant and J.W. Milam were acquitted by a Mississippi jury. Ida B. Wells campaigned against, for 10 points, what form of extrajudicial mob-inflicted punishment often directed against African-Americans?.;;lynching
;;A murder attempt by one character in this work is forgiven in the aria "In diesen heil'gen Hallen." Earlier another character sings a love song to a picture of a woman presented to him by the Three Ladies in "Dies Bildnis Ist Bezaubernd Schon." One character in this opera is ordered to commit murder by her mother, who sings of how "Hell's vengeance boils in her heart" in her most famous aria. In this opera, a prayer to Isis and Osiris is sung by the priest, Sarastro, and an aria about birdcatching is sung by Papageno, who helps save the Queen of the Night's daughter, Pamina. For 10 points, name this Mozart singspeil about Tamino's title instrument.;;(The) Magic Flute|(Die) Zauberflote
;;A catalyst with this element and four chlorine atoms catalyzes the oxidation of ethylene in the Wacker process.  This element is used in the catalyst in a reaction of aryl boronic acid and aryl halides called the Suzuki coupling.  Another coupling reaction involving aryl halides and a catalyst of this element is the Heck reaction.  Lead acetate and quinoline are used to poison a catalyst of this element used to hydrogenate alkynes. That catalyst is named for Lindlar. This metal can store large amounts of hydrogen, and like platinum, which is in the same group, it is used in catalytic converters. For 10 points, name this group ten element named indirectly after Athena, with symbol Pd.;;palladium
;;The city of Zahedan in this country is a common destination for refugees, making it one of the fastest growing cities in the world. The imprisonment for religious reasons of two women in this country's second most populous city, Mashhad, sparked international outrage in October 2010. Its city of Qom is particularly known for its conservatism. A recent electoral controversy centered on this country's city of Tabriz, where the incumbent won a majority of the votes despite that city's Azeri majority. Large cities in the central part of this country include Shiraz and Esfahan. For 10 points, identify this largest predominantly Shi'a country in the world, with capital Tehran.;;Iran
;;This composer's interest in the poetry of Walt Whitman is evidenced by his early Overture: Walt Whitman and a setting of Whitman's "From Noon to Starry Night," The Mystic Trumpeter. He paid homage to Thomas Hardy with the tone poem, Egdon Heath, and he used a fantasia on "The Dargason" for the finale of two other suites: his St. Paul's Suite and his Second Suite for Military Band. His most famous composition ends with a "fadeout" effect from an offstage choir, opens with a militaristic theme in 5/4, and has movements subtitled "The Winged Messenger" and "Bringer of Jollity." For 10 points, name this British composer of The Planets.;;(Gustav) Holst
;;ALP and the enzyme that oxidizes this substance are the most common markers for dysgerminoma. MCTs can transport molecules of it and a related oxidized substance across membranes. MELAS disease and tissue hypoxia can lead to increased levels of this substance in the blood, a namesake acidosis.  In the liver, one molecule of NAD+ is reduced to oxidize its alpha-hydroxyl group, generating pyruvate and starting off gluconeogenesis. This compound is the result of the simplest alternative to cellular respiration. For 10 points, name this compound which is a byproduct of fermentation associated with a lack of oxygen in muscles, which also can be found in sour milk.;;lactate|lactic acid
;;After settling in Gerar, this man mirrored his father's actions in claiming that his wife was his sister so that the king of the Philistines would not kill him for her beauty. Eliezer of Damascus found this man's wife after she fetched water for Eliezer's camels. This man's brother-in-law Laban employed his son as a shepherd. He almost died during the akedah on Mount Moriah. In his blind old age, this man blessed his younger son, who gave him venison. This figure had a half-brother whose mother was Hagar, and his mother was Sarah. For 10 points, name this husband of Rebecca who fathered the twins Jacob and Esau and whom his father Abraham almost sacrificed.;;Isaac|Yitzhak
;;One essay by this thinker discusses the sentence "Scott is the author of Waverley." This man held the view that the world consists of discrete entities which together form facts, which he called logical atomism, but later abandoned it for neutral monism. This author of "On Denoting" devised his "theory of types" to resolve the question of whether the set of all sets that are not members of itself is a member of itself, his namesake paradox. One of this man's works, written with his former tutor, attempted to derive mathematics from formal logic. For 10 points, name this logician who, with Alfred North Whitehead, wrote Principia Mathematica.;;(Bertrand) (Arthur) (William) Russell(,) (3rd) (Earl) (Russell)
;;One character in this novel is served by Wenham and buys expensive jewels for another character. This novel features Lord Steyne and is partially set at a residence located on Great Gaunt Street. In this novel, Captain Dobbin serves in India and brings news of war during a meeting at Brighton. One character in this book goes to work for the Crawley family and marries the son Rawdon after scheming to marry Jos for his money. Its protagonist attends Miss Pinkerton's school as a child and hears George Osborn is killed during the Battle of Waterloo. For 10 points, name this "novel without a hero" about Amelia Sedley and Becky Sharp, written by William Makepeace Thackeray.;;Vanity Fair
;;Despite an armistice forced by the First Battle of Custoza, this man fought with varying success while outnumbered at Luino and Morazzone before retreating to Switzerland. This man had earlier served as commander of the Uruguayan navy fighting against Juan Manuel de Rosas. The Battles of Calatafimi and Milazzo occurred before this man's biggest battle at Volturno. Those battles were part of his conquering of Sicily and Naples for Victor Emmanuel II during the Expedition of the Thousand. For 10 points, name this soldier who fought for the Risorgimento with his Red Shirts, which eventually resulted in the unification of Italy.;;(Giuseppe) Garibaldi
;;This work shares its name with a Scottish school of philosophy whose members included Thomas Reid and Adam Ferguson. An "Epistle to the Quakers" was appended to later editions of this work. It says that the ancient Jews angered God by wanting a king, but He let them have one. This work later argues that monarchy could come from election, usurpation, or random selection, and that hereditary selection is illegitimate in any case. Beginning with a section that finds monarchical and aristocratic tyranny in the English constitution, this work lambastes the absurdity of an island ruling a continent. For 10 points, name this revolutionary pamphlet by Thomas Paine.;;Common Sense
;;Characters in this work include the bad influences Thomas Ratterer and Willard Sparser. Its protagonist is invited to parties by his future lover to annoy his cousin Gilbert. One character in this work serves as a bellhop in Kansas City, but flees to Chicago after riding in a stolen car which ran over a little girl. The protagonist of this work lives in Lycurgus and becomes involved with Sondra Finchley. That protagonist hits Roberta Alden with a camera and knocks her out of a canoe, leading to her drowning. It is based on the real case of Chester Gillette. For 10 points, name this novel about the life and eventual execution of Clyde Griffiths, a work of Theodore Dreiser.;;(An) American Tragedy
;;This character's former lover, Andrea Beaumont, became the Phantasm in one animated movie. Psychologist Chase Meridian falls in love with him and his alter ego in one movie named after this character. Another movie features a crime boss named Carl Grissom and sees another villain fall from a cathedral after attempting to kidnap Vicki Vale; that man is played by Jack Nicholson. A TV series saw Burgess Meredith play the Penguin against Adam West, who played this protagonist. For 10 points, name this comic book character whose most recent movie featured Heath Ledger as The Joker and was called The Dark Knight.;;Batman|(Bruce) Wayne
;;This value can be calculated by Dodgson's condensation.  The volume of a parallelepiped is equal to the absolute value of this for an object of which the shape's bounding vectors are the components.  One can find this value by applying the Laplace expansion, which also called expansion by minors.  Taking a ratio of them can be used to solve a linear system via Cramer's rule. For an identity matrix, the value for this is one, and if this zero, then the matrix is singular. For 10 points, name this value which for a two by two matrix can be found by taking the difference of the two diagonals.;;determinant
;;One character in this play describes a condition where a certain group gnashes its teeth and go into a stamping-mill. Characters in this work include the psychologist Dr. Hallemeier and Busman, who work with the engineers Fabry and Dr. Gall. At the end of this work, Alquist realizes that Primus and Helena are a new Adam and Eve. In this play, Helena Glory meets and eventually marries Harry Domin, and later both of these characters are killed in a revolt led by the title entities, whose name is Czech for "serf" or "worker." For 10 points, name this play by Karel Capek that introduced the word "robot".;;R(.)U(.)R(.)|Rossum's Universal Robots
;;The Haftarah starting at Zechariah 2:14 is read on this holiday. One song connected with this holiday is a round with the drawn-out word "Shma" and is entitled "Mi YeMalel", while another is the "Hanerot Hallalu" blessing. The shamash is a helper for the main ceremony of this holiday. In Israel, the letter Pey, instead of Shin, accompanies Nun, Gimel, and Hey on a top used in a game on this holiday, which also involves the singing of the Ma'oz Tzur, or Rock of Ages. Beginning on the 25th of Kislev, it commemorates a revolt by the Maccabees and includes a candle-lighting ceremony for eight nights. For 10 points, name this Jewish holiday known as the "Festival of Lights".;;Hanukkah
;;The attacking force in this battle was on its way to meet with troops under the command of John Gibbon, which was part of a plan to start using a hammer-and-anvil tactic. Frederick Benteen was sent out to scout before this battle, and his troops united with Marcus Reno's when Reno was forced to retreat to nearby bluffs. The commander of the losing side in this battle disobeyed the orders of Alred Terry. This battle resulted in the defeat of the Seventh U.S. Cavalry. For 10 points, name this battle that took place in Montana, during which the Cheyenne and Lakota fighters under Sitting Bull and Crazy Horse crushed the troops of George Custer.;;(Battle) (of) (the) Little Big Horn|Custer's Last Stand(;)|(Battle) (of) Greasy Grass (Creek)
;;Dandelions and plantago are among the weeds growing in this artist's watercolor, Great Piece of Turf. An Albuquerque voyage commissioned by King Manuel I led this artist to draw an anatomically inaccurate depiction of a rhinoceros. In one work by this artist, a skull lies on a window ledge while a lion and dog sleep in front of the main figure as he compiles the Vulgate. Another work by this man shows a human skull barely visible on an irregularly sided polyhedron which lies to the left of a depressed angel. For 10 points, Saint Jerome in his Study and Melancholia I are by what German woodcut artist of the Apocalypse series?.;;(Albrecht) Durer
;;The title characters in one work by this author include Urthona, Urizen, Luvah and Tharmas, and another work opens with a roar by Rintrah, the son of Los, as he shakes the fires of the underworld. This author of The Four Zoas wrote about children sold off as chimney sweepers in one poem, and this author of The Marriage of Heaven and Hell asks if God smiled "when the stars threw down their spears" in another poem. That poem by this author asks "what immortal hand or eye could frame thy fearful symmetry." For 10 points, name this British writer whose Songs of Innocence and Experience contains poems such as "The Lamb" and "The Tyger".;;(William) Blake
;;The orbit of satellites experience this phenomenon with a frequency proportional to the radius to the negative seven halfs due to the quadrapole term in the Earth's gravitational field.  Since the Moon orbits the Earth at a slight angle to the Earth's orbit, a variation called nutation is imposed on this effect of the Equinoxes.  There are torque-free and torque-induced varieties of this phenomenon; the torque induced variety is sometimes known as the "gyroscopic" form. For 10 points, name this shift in the axis of a rotating body.;;precession
;;Polydectes was one popular nickname for this Greek god who in one story transformed the nymph Leuce into a white poplar tree. This God's wife also transformed his mistress Minthe into a mint plant. Pirithous got trapped in this figure's seat for eternity after he and Theseus attempted to kidnap this god's wife, whom he had married after giving her a pomegranate. Orpheus once traveled into this man's kingdom, which includes the Asphodel Meadows and Elysium, in a failed attempt to recover his wife Eurydice. Cerberus guards the domain of this man, who in one story abducted Demeter's daughter Persephone. For 10 points, name this Greek god of the underworld.;;Hades
;;This composer's first and last symphony are both opened by the timpani: the first with a sustained roll over which a clarinet plays, the last with a short roll opening its sole movement. He wrote a quatrain describing the titular wood-sprite, prefacing his Tapiola. An English horn depicts a bard singing in the second movement of a suite by him that has an Alla Marcia finale. An English horn is employed in another of his works to depict the title creature, as strings depict the shimmering water it swims in. This composer of the Karelia Suite and The Swan of Tuonela wrote another work protesting Russian occupation of his native country. For 10 points, name this composer of Finlandia.;;(Jean) Sibelius
;;This author wrote of a bizarre love triangle between Private Ellgee Williams, Captain Weldon Penderton and his wife Lenora on a Georgia army base titled Reflections in a Golden Eye. In another work by this author, Berenice Brown and John West are friends with the protagonist, who seeks to escape with her newly married brother Jarvis. This author wrote about Frankie Addams in The Member of the Wedding, and included the African-American Dr. Copeland and the cafe owner Biff Brannon, along with a deaf silver engraver named John Singer in another work. For 10 points, name this American author of The Ballad of the Sad Cafe and The Heart is a Lonely Hunter.;;(Carson) McCullers
;;Bodies of water off the coast of this region include the Queen Charlotte Sound and the Hecate Straight, and this region is home to the wine producing Okanagan Valley. This territory's economic center is home to Arthur Erickson designed Robson Square. The Fraser River runs entirely through this territory. This territory also controls the northern portion of the San Juan Islands and was the site of the brief Pig War. This territory north of the Juan de Fuca straight is home to the resort town of Whistler and borders Montana, Idaho, and Washington. For 10 points, name this southwestern province of Canada which has capital at Victoria and contains the city of Vancouver.;;British Columbia
;;In one experiment conducted by this man, subjects were trained to run through a maze to find food; when the maze was shortened, the subjects would run straight into the wall. This author of Psychological Care of Infant and Child wrote a "manifesto" which claimed that psychology was an experimental branch of the natural sciences. In one experiment, he hit a metal pipe with a hammer to create a Pavlovian response in an 11-month-old child, who soon developed a fear of white rats. For 10 points, name this American psychologist and pioneer of behaviorism who conducted the Little Albert experiment.;;(John) (Broadus) Watson
;;This element is bonded to two acetate groups in a reaction in which an alkene forms an alcohol in a Markovnikov process that is free of rearrangements. This element is combined with zinc in a reaction that reduces a ketone to an alkane, an acidic alternative to the Wolff-Kishner reaction called the Clemmensen reduction. An alternative name for thiols reflects their ability to bond strongly to this element. Old vaccines were preserved with a compound of this element called thimerosal. This element is mined mainly in the form of cinnabar. For 10 points, name this metallic element that is liquid at room temperature and can be used in thermometers.;;mercury
;;The opening of this battle saw intense fighting involving forces under Chulouk Bey. Uluch Ali was given the title of Kilic for his capture of the flag of the Maltese knights during this battle. This battle fought near the Gulf of Patras opened with heavy fighting that included a group commanded by Andrea Doria, who fought under a man who was the son of Charles V and half-brother of Philip II. One side in this battle fought for Selim II and was led by Ali Pasha, who was opposed by the fleet of the Holy League commanded by Don Juan of Austria. For 10 points, name this decisive naval defeat in 1571 for the Ottoman Empire.;;(Battle) (of) Lepanto
;;One work by this man describes an investigative process as a "virtuous circle" rather than a "vicious circle" in examining both the title entity and the process of creating it. This author of "The Origin of the Work of Art" closely read The Critique of Pure Reason in his Kant and the Problem of Metaphysics. In another work, he said that people should be more authentic in their interactions, responding to the "call of conscience" to achieve their possibilities. That work described the existence of the individual as being engaged with other people and things, which he called "Dasein". For 10 points, name this German philosopher and Nazi supporter who authored Being and Time.;;(Martin) Heidegger
;;One character in this novel takes another to see Three Weeks in a Helicopter. One of its characters meets with a former lover called Tomakin after a period of drinking mescal with her lover Pope. This novel features the use of Podsnap's Technique, and characters in this novel include Helmholtz Watson and Mustapha Mond, the Resident World Controller. People in this novel worship Henry Ford and take a drug called soma. The beginning of this novel features the romance of Lenina Crowne and Bernard Marx, who witnesses the introduction of John the Savage into modern society. For 10 points, identify this dystopian novel by Aldous Huxley.;;Brave New World
;;This thinker argued that morality and freedom imply one another, sometimes called the reciprocity thesis. In one work, he stated that non-empirical concepts need a transcendental deduction to justify them. That work is divided into a "Transcendental Doctrine of Elements" and a much shorter one "Of Methods." This author of Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals contrasted material and formal principles and their corresponding hypothetical and categorical imperatives. He also claimed that the title concept of one work was related to a priori, not a posteriori, knowledge. For 10 points, name this author of the Critique of Pure Reason and the Critique of Practical Reason.;;(Immanuel) Kant
;;In one of this author's plays, the prime minister Proteus struggles with king Magnus and his mistress Orinthia. He wrote about Tom Broadbent's trip to the title place with his partner Larry Doyle in another play. In addition to writing The Apple Cart and John Bull's Other Island, this author wrote a work about a daughter of Andrew Undershaft who is an officer in the Salvation Army. His play about Raina Petkoff takes its title from the first line of the Aeneid. This author is better known for a work centering on the education of Eliza Doolittle by Henry Higgins. For 10 points, identify this British playwright of Major Barbara, Arms and the Man, and Pygmalion.;;(George) (Bernard) Shaw
;;Shostakovich's first work of this type has a third movement Passacaglia and opens with a moderato Nocturne. Tchaikovsky's sole work in this genre is sometimes performed with cuts advocated by its dedicatee, Leopold Auer. Beethoven's sole work in this genre begins with four lone timpani strokes and has the soloist enter playing in broken octaves. In spite of its title, Lalo's Symphonie Espagnole is often considered one of these works. Brahms wrote one for Joseph Joachim and Mozart wrote ones nicknamed "Strassburg" and "Turkish." For 10 points, name this type of composition in which an orchestra might accompany Itzhak Perlman or Jascha Heifetz.;;violin concerto
;;One feature located on this river contains a naturally formed swimming area called "the devil's pool," and this river is home to Chavuma Falls and is on the Barotse Plain. Lake Cahora Bassa was created by a dam on this river, which receives the Kafue River and the Shire River before emptying into the ocean. This river forms a border in the Caprivi Strip before being flowing through the Kariba Dam, which provides a large amount of hydroelectric power. It empties into the ocean at Mozambique. For 10 points, identify this river which flows over Victoria Falls, the chief river of Southern Africa which forms part of the border between Zambia and Zimbabwe.;;Zambezi (River)
;;This substance was used in a tracer in a 1950 paper whose authors included JA Bassham and his graduate advisor. One source of it is the Clinton pile where ammonium nitrate is irradiated and the product is shipped through barium carbonate. The existence of this substance was demonstrated by Ruben and Kamen, while Libby helped develop a notable application. It is produced in the atmosphere when cosmic ray neutrons collide with nitrogen. The resulting heavy product is then incorporated into organic compounds thanks to photosynthesis.  It has a half-life of 5,730.  For 10 points, name this isotope of carbon used in radiometric dating that has two more neutron than carbon-12.;;Carbon 14|C14
;;This architect's namesake "plan" shaped the redesigning of Oklahoma City in the late 1960's and early 70's. One building by this architect sits alone on an island in the Persian Gulf, his Museum of Islamic Art in Doha. Working alongside Cobb, this man experienced many technical problems with panels falling off his John Hancock Tower. He also designed the East Wing of the National Gallery of Art in Washington D.C. and the National Center of Atmospheric Research at Colorado. For 10 points, name this Chinese architect of the glass pyramid in front of the Louvre Museum.;;(Ieoh) (Ming) Pei
;;The report of the British MAUD Committee helped lay the groundwork for this enterprise along with the work of the heads of the NDRC and OSRD, James B. Conant and Vannevar Bush. This program was put under the control of Leslie R. Groves. A major success for this project came at when the Chicago Pile 1 kept up a self-sustaining reaction. Project Y of this program set up the first test of its end product, which occurred at the Trinity Site near Los Alamos under the direction of Robert Oppenheimer. For 10 points, name this project set up during World War II that successfully developed the first atomic bombs.;;Manhattan (Project)|Manhattan (Engineer) (District)
;;In one of this author's novels, Roberto de la Grive becomes marooned with his alter ego Ferrante on an island across the International Date Line. In addition to The Island of the Day Before, this author wrote a novel about Belbo, Diotellavi, and Casubon, who work for a publishing company and create a worldwide conspiracy theory about the Knights Templars. This author wrote a novel about investigations of murders in an Italian monastery by Adso of Melk and William of Baskerville. For 10 points, identify this author of Baudolino, Foucault's Pendulum, and The Name of the Rose.;;(Umberto) Eco
;;This artist's unfinished sculptures include the Boboli Captives and the Taddei Madonna. His statues of Night, Day, Dawn, and Dusk are inside a part of a building that contains his Laurentian Library, the Church of San Lorenzo. And he depicted the title biblical figure with a large beard and horns in his Moses. In another project that included The Deluge, he drew his self-portrait on the flayed skin of Saint Bartholomew. For 10 points, name this man who was ordered to build the dome of St. Peter's Basilica and the tomb of Pope Julius II, the painter of The Last Judgment and the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel.;;Michelangelo (di) (Lodovico) (Buonarroti) (Simoni)
;;The travels of this religion's founder with his companion Mardana, are related in the Puratan tradition. Adherents sing the nine hymns of the Sodar at sundown. The most sacred place in this religion sits in the middle of a lake enlarged by Ram Das. This religion's holiest text was appointed its eternal leader by its final human leader, Gobind Singh. This religion's followers wear the Five Ks, including the kirpan, a ceremonial sword, and worship at the Golden Temple at Amritsar. For 10 points, name this religion which was founded by the author of the Adi Granth, Guru Nanak, an Indian religion whose male adherents are often named Singh and wear turbans.;;Sikhism
;;Members of this ethnic group formed the religions of hauhauism and Ringatu during the same decade that they fought against the British in the Taranaki and Waikato Wars. One elected leader of this people took the name Potatau I as a result of its King Movement. One governor who worked with this ethnic group was George Grey. The sale of land and other rights of this people were protected in a treaty negotiated by William Hobson. That treaty signed by some members of this ethnic group in 1840 was the Treaty of Waitangi. For 10 points, name this ethnic group located on the North and South Islands that is the indigenous population of New Zealand.;;Maori
;;Instances of these devices with stacked lamination uses an alternate method of E and I laminations. Large ones can use oil for insulation. Scott-t ones can handle two to three phase connections.  Their components can be in delta or wye configurations. The cores of these devices can be three, four, or five limbed. Electric audio amplifiers, particularly those in a class b, use center tapped ones on the input and the output.  The ratio of voltages associated with one of these devices is proportional to the ratio of turns. They can be used to step up or down voltage.  For 10 points, name these devices that transfer electrical energy from one AC circuit to another using induction.;;transformer
;;A trip with Robert Capa around the Soviet Union is documented in this author's A Russian Journal. This author of a novel about Henry Morgan's sacking of Panama created a World War I mule driver named Danny. This author of Cup of Gold created the diver Kino and the loafer Mack, who attempts to throw a party for Doc. This author of Tortilla Flat and The Pearl wrote about the animal Gabilan in The Red Pony, and wrote a book that features Curly's wife being strangled and ends with George shooting Lenny. For 10 points, name this author of Travels with Charlie, Of Mice and Men, and The Grapes of Wrath.;;(John) Steinbeck
;;The amount of this quantity increases when banks can lend, according to the multiplier effect. One theory of this is based on an equation which contains the product of the average price level and the volume of transactions, the Fisher Equation; that theory is known as the "quantity theory" of this. The rate at which this is exchanged is called its velocity. The three aggregates of this quantity include bank deposits, savings accounts, and repurchase agreements, and are known as M1, M2, and M3. By Gresham's law, bad amounts of it drive out good amounts at a fixed rate of exchange. For 10 points, name this staple of the economy consisting of coins and banknotes.;;money
;;A salt correction formula derived from 1998 SantaLucia paper is commonly used to design a component used in this technique. The emulsion variant of this lab procedure uses capture beads and oil in water microreactors.  That variant is used in 454 sequencing. Mastermix is a combination of many of the chemical components needed in this process. It was enzymes such as TAQ that made this technique possible because of the high temperatures. This technique typically consists of a denaturation step, followed by annealing and elongation. It uses primers and DNA polymerase.  For 10 points, name this laboratory technique which is used to amplify DNA samples.;;Polymerase Chain Reaction|PCR
;;This prime minister's government had a dispute about rescuing the namesake helicopter company in the Westland Affair, during which Defense Secretary Michael Heseltine resigned. As Education Secretary under Edward Heath, this leader stopped a program that gave free milk to school children. Ascension Island was used as a staging point in this prime minister's recapture of South Georgia in a war fought against Leopoldo Galtieri's Argentina over the Falklands. John Major replaced this leader in 1990 as head of the Conservative Party. For 10 points, name this British politician who served through the 1980s as the country's first female prime minister.;;(Margaret) (Hilda) (Roberts) Thatcher
;;British troops carry the title commander under a Union Jack in this painter's Battle of Jersey scene, Death of Major Peirson. A wife, dressed in blue, leans over to look at her husband's sketch of a sculpture in his Mr. and Mrs. Izard. This artist is better known for a painting that shows the title figure stroking his chin with his right hand, while holding a silver teapot in his left, and another in which two men lean over to rescue one title character while a standing man tries to harpoon the other title character. For 10 points, name this 18th century American painter of a portrait of Paul Revere and Watson and the Shark.;;(John) (Singleton) Copley
;;A woman with a blue parasol and a child walk through a field of the title red flowers in this painter's Poppies. He painted the effects of sunlight in the fog on the title structure in his Houses of Parliament series, and showed the many different shapes of the smoke issuing from trains in his Gare Saint-Lazare series. He depicted the harbor at Le Havre in a painting that lent its name to his artistic movement, and painted a series depicting certain objects in the water near a Japanese bridge at his Giverny home. For 10 points, identify this French painter of Impression: Sunrise and many water lilies.;;(Oscar) (Claude) Monet
;;This philosopher named a form of perception the "analogon" in his work The Imaginary. He argued that feelings of despair and angst are not enough for individuals to hide behind "deterministic excuses," arguing that one's essence is created and that the title concept "is a humanism" in one essay. In another work, he analyzed sexual desire in the context of "the look" and distinguished between the first title concept "in-itself," "for-itself," and "for-others," while opposing living life in terms of the past or defining one's existence in terms of social role as examples of "bad faith." For 10 points, name this French proponent of existentialism who wrote Being and Nothingness.;;(Jean(-)Paul) (Charles) (Aymard) Sartre
;;While governor, this man's lieutenant governor was the creator of the "Pickrick drumsticks," Lester Maddox. This man approved a plan that was hampered by a haboob and resulted in the death of eight participants, which was the disastrous Operation Eagle Claw. This President lost his reelection bid in a race that featured Independent candidate John B. Anderson. This President helped negotiate an agreement between Sadat and Begin in the Camp David Accords. For 10 points, name this President whose time in office also saw the Iran hostage crisis begin, and who served as governor of Georgia before his election in 1976.;;(Jimmy) Carter|(James) (Earl) Carter(,) (Jr(.))
;;When this function is divided by its input, a new function results that acts as the ideal reconstruction filter. That filter exhibits the Gibbs phenomenon, and this function is used in Fourier series representations of odd functions.  In Euler's formula, this function represents the imaginary part and as such is multiplied by i. The Taylor series for this function consist of alternating terms of the form X to N where N is odd, divided by N factorial. Its derivative is cosine, a function that is this function shifted by 90 degrees.  For 10 points, name this trigonometric function that for an angle is equal to the length of the opposite side divided by the hypotenuse.;;sine
;;This man's general Sagmandia was responsible for the capture of another empire's capital city. The architect Es-Saheli was paid by this ruler to build a religious structure in that city, Gao. That architect also built Djingerayber and this man's Madugu in Timbuktu. This leader arrived during the rule of al-Malik al-Nasir, a fellow Muslim ruler, when he journeyed through Egypt. That trip supposedly involved five hundred slaves carrying gold staffs and resulted in the flooding of the Cairo gold market. For 10 points, name this ruler who made an extravagant hajj during his time as mansa of the Mali Empire.;;(Mansa) (Kankan) Musa (I)
;;One study of this phenomenon pitted it against authoritarianism in the "F-Scale" and was made by Levinson, Sanford, Frenkel-Brunswik, and Adorno. In his book on the "pattern and growth" of this phenomenon, Gordon Allport developed the "trait" theory of it. Studies of this phenomenon are grouped into "projective" and "objective" types; an example of the latter is the Minnesota Multiphasic Inventory. The best known method of studying this phenomenon combines one letter from each of ENSJ and INFP. For 10 points, identify this measure of a person's individual differences and human nature measured by the Myers-Briggs test.;;personality
;;Orbiting this planet are the irregular Carme and Himalia groups of satellites, and its atmosphere contains a feature called Oval BA. The rings of this planet gain much of their material from the moons Metis and Adrastea, while another of its moons is the reddest object in the solar system. It is responsible for the Kirkwood gap and its atmosphere is grouped into regions called zones and belts.  Its rotation is fastest among the planets and it is associated with the Trojan asteroids. This planet was impacted by Shoemaker-Levy 9 and is home to a large anticyclone called the Great Red Spot. For 10 points, name this largest planet in the Solar System.;;Jupiter
;;This poem speaks of those who wander at "midnight in the railway yard" and those with "pushcarts full of onions and bad music." The author thinks of himself as someone who is "putting down here what might be left to say in time come after death." Its second part laments cities as being "robot apartments" and "demonic industries," comparing them to Moloch. Its author dedicated this work to a friend in a mental asylum, and in the third part of the poem assures him repeatedly, "I'm with you in Rockland." For 10 points, name this poem dedicated to Carl Solomon which begins "I saw the best minds of my generation destroyed by madness," a work of Allen Ginsberg.;;Howl
;;These structures are the primary location of DHAP acyltransferase, which plays a role in plasmalogen synthesis. Most proteins imported into this organelle require a serine lysine leucine C-terminal signal. One defect of this organelle is Zellweger syndrome. Along with mitochondria, this organelle converts fatty acids into acetyl-CoA in a process known as beta-oxidation. However, this organelle uses catalase for its most notable function. It is most abundantly found in the liver. For 10 points, name this organelle that get rids of a namesake group of compounds by breaking it into water and oxygen.;;peroxisomes
;;This country contains many large basalt fields around Harrat Kishb and a cryptovolcanic remnant at Wahbah Crater. The Tuwaig escarpment is a major water source in this country's central Nejd Plateau. This nation's western border is sometimes referred to as "Winston's Hiccup," and the Asir Mountains in this nation contain its highest point of Jebel Sawdah. This nation's city of Dharan is located near the largest oil field in the world, the Ghawar field, and its city of Jiddah is home to its King Abdullah University. For 10 points, identify this nation with borders on the Red Sea and the Persian Gulf, which is home to the cities of Medina, Mecca, and Riyadh.;;Saudi Arabia
;;Glutamate decarboxylase antibodies are found in many patients with one disease of this organ.  It secretes a namesake polypeptide and produces C-peptide. Like the hypothalamus, its delta cells secrete somatostatin.  This organ's exocrine glands secrete digestive enzymes, but it also has endocrine functions performed by the alpha and beta cells. Those cells in this organ, lying in clusters called the islet of Langerhans, secrete glucagon and insulin. For 10 points, name this organ that regulates blood sugar and whose attack by the immune system leads to type 1 diabetes.;;pancreas
;;One story from this collection ends with the copyist Farrington beating his son Tom, while in another story Mr. Duffy causes Mrs. Sinico great pain. In addition to "Counterparts" and "A Painful Case," this collection includes a story about canvassers hoping to elect Richard Tierney. In addition to "Ivy Day in the Committee Room," this book contains a story in which a boy buys a gift for Mangan's sister at the title bazaar. In its final story, Gretta's memory of Michael Furey causes a devastating epiphany for Gabriel Conroy. For 10 points, "Araby" and "The Dead" are found in what short story collection by James Joyce which takes its name from the residents of the Irish capital?.;;Dubliners
;;One character in this opera sings to the overcoat he is about to sell in the aria "Vecchia zimarra." Another character in this opera sings farewell to her lover in "Addio senza rancor" in a scene in Act III, set by a tollhouse. Earlier, a character in this opera had won back a former lover by singing "Quando m'en vo" to incite his jealousy, before instructing a waiter to put all of her friends' charges on Alcindoro's bill. Musetta sells her earrings for medicine, but even Rodolfo's remembrance of a pink bonnet cannot save the tubercular Mimi in this opera. For 10 points, name this Giacomo Puccini opera about a group of poor artists living in Paris.;;(La) Boheme
;;The neighbor of the protagonist of this novel is a Catholic mother of six children named Dodo Conway. The protagonist assumes the identity of an orphan named Elly Higginbottom to flirt with a sailor, and she is repulsed more by the advances of Joan than by the Peruvian Marco's attempt to date rape her. Its protagonist seduces the math professor Irwin, but breaks up with her boyfriend Buddy Willard. This novel contains an episode of food poisoning suffered by Betsy and Doreen, who are working for a New York fashion magazine. It opens with the execution of the Rosenbergs and centers on Esther Greenwood. For 10 points, name this novel by Sylvia Plath.;;(The) Bell Jar
;;This man's forces supposedly searched fruitlessly for Carthaginian gold before defeating the forces of Domitius and the Numidian king Iarbas. This man was sent to Spain to help Metellus fight against the rebellion of Sertorius. The Lex Gabinia gave this general more power to complete the task of clearing out the Cilician pirates. This man fled to Greece when his rival moved on Rome, and later fled further to Egypt where he was assassinated by orders of Ptolemy XIII. For 10 points, name this Roman general who lost the Battle of Pharsalus during a civil war fought against a fellow member of the First Triumvirate, which was made up of Crassus, Julius Caesar, and this man.;;Pompey (the) (Great)|(Gnaeus) Pompeius (Magnus)
;;In one play by this author, the title character shoots himself after the honest doctor Eguene Lvov accuses him of cheating on his tubercular wife Anna.  In another of his works, Dmitri Gurov meets Anna Sergeyevna while on vacation in Yalta. This author of Ivanov and Lady with a Lapdog wrote about the Baron Tuzenbach and Kulygin, who marry two of the title characters in one play.  Another of his works sees Anya's pursuit of Trofimov and concerns Madame Ranevskaya's departure to Paris after selling the title estate to Lopakhin. For 10 points, name this Russian playwright who wrote about Olga, Irina, and Masha in Three Sisters, the author of The Cherry Orchard.;;(Anton) (Pavlovich) Chekhov
;;This figure presented beef hidden in an ox's stomach and bull's bones coated in glistening fat for a sacrifice which set the precedent for future sacrifices. This figure was either the son of Themis, or the brother of Atlas and Menoetius and son of Iapetus. This figure's actions, which included molding humanity out of clay, caused Hephaestus to fashion the woman Pandora, his sister-in-law. Hercules freed him from Mount Caucasus, where he was having his liver eaten by a vulture and regenerated an infinite number of times. For 10 points, name this Titan whom Zeus bound to a rock for giving fire to humanity.;;Prometheus
;;One work by this author consists of letters written to Franz Kappus at a military academy, and one poem by this author includes the lines "We cannot know his legendary head" and "you must change your life." In addition to writing Letters To a Young Poet and "Archaic Torso of Apollo," one collection by this author dedicated to Vera Knoop contains fifty-five poems addressed to a mythological figure who "performed his song," and another collection by this author takes its name from an Italian castle and begins, "Who, if I cried out, would hear me among the Angelic Orders?" For 10 points, identify this author of Sonnets to Orpheus and The Duino Elegies.;;(Rainer) (Maria) Rilke
;;Dagan, Golumbic, and Pinter defined the class of graphs that generalize interval and permutation graphs and correspond to this shape. Romberg's algorithm recursively uses a technique named for this shape that is the two points Newton-Cotes formula. That technique uses small line segments to approximate the definite integral. It's not a triangle, but the isosceles version of this shape has diagonals equal to the square root of the sum of the square of the leg length and the product of the bases. The area of this figure is equal to its height times the length of the central median, which is the average of the bases. For 10 points, name this quadrilateral with a pair of parallel sides.;;trapezoid
;;This ruler became head of the Salo Republic after he was rescued from captivity during an operation led by Otto Skorzeny. This leader forced out Zog I when he invaded Albania and made Albania a protectorate of his country. This man brought an arms embargo against his country for an invasion that prompted a speech to be given in Geneva to the League of Nations by the invaded nation's leader. This ruler was a part of the Pact of Steel and came to power after leading a march of his Blackshirts. For 10 points, name this ruler who invaded Ethiopia and forced Haile Selassie out of power, and who ruled a fascist Italy for much of World War II.;;(Benito) (Amilcare) (Andrea) Mussolini
;;This author created a Swiss born character who befriends Rick and Kurt and joins the talk at Versailles in one novel. That creation of this author appears in a novel set during the Nazi takeover of Germany that takes its name from pyramid-shaped fortifications. Those novels, World's End and Dragon's Teeth, appear in his Lanny Budd series. He wrote about the millionaire James Arnold Ross and his son Bunny in Oil! This author is best known for a work about Lithuanian immigrants who work in the Chicago stockyards. For 10 points, name this author who wrote about Ona and Jurgis Rudkus in a novel which helped reform the meat industry, The Jungle.;;(Upton) Sinclair
;;In semiconductors, the mobility is multiplied by this entity to get drift velocity. In the Lorentz force law, unlike a similar quantity it is not multiplied by the velocity. Its divergence is equal to the charge density divided by the permittivity of space. The cross product of this quantity with the magnetic field appears in the equation for the Poynting Vector. The Stark effect refers to this entity splitting spectral lines. It polarizes dielectrics, allowing capacitors to store energy in capacitors.  For 10 points, name this field whose magnitude at a location is defined as the strength of the force divided by the point charge that experienced it.;;electric field
;;One of this man's works quotes the Aeneid to prove that gods can be conquered. That work begins with ten books attacking paganism and adopts Varro's conception of theology. He wrote a religious imitation of Cicero's Orator called De doctrina christiana. He spent most of his last twenty years attacking Pelagianism. One of his works contrasts the title entity, which contains virtuous men and angels, with a similar one "of Man." In one work, he describes how he rejected Manichaeism and how he was read neo-Platonist works by St. Ambrose of Milan. For 10 points, name this bishop from Hippo who wrote the City of God and the autobiographical Confessions.;;(St(.)) Augustine (of) (Hippo)
;;At one point in this work, two characters approach an empty boat and imagine themselves traveling two-thousand miles. At another point in this work, Countess Trifaldi tells the central character to board a flying wooden horse. One character in this work is named Samson Carrasco and disguises himself as the Knight of the White Moon to challenge the title character to a duel. This novel focuses on a man in search of his love Dulcinea who rides the steed Rocinante and attacks windmills, believing them to be giants. For 10 points, identify this novel featuring Sancho Panza and the title man of La Mancha, written by Miguel de Cervantes.;;Don Quixote
;;In carbon 13 NMR, this compound has a single peak and 27.1 ppm. Using platinum oxide and hydrogen in acetic acid will reduce benzene to this compound. Substituted ones try to reduce 1 3 diaxial interaction and flagpole hydrogens can destabilize one form of this compound. Its most stable conformation is one in which the carbon-carbon bonds are strained, half of the hydrogens are in an axial position, and the other half are in the equatorial position making the molecule strain free. Its conformations include the twist, boat, and chair.  For 10 points, name this alkane with a saturated six member carbon ring.;;cyclohexane
;;The southeastern border of this body of water is theorized to be a remnant of a crater and is called the Nastapoka Arc. Located west of the Ungava Peninsula, this body of water is home to the Belcher Islands and is known for its low salinity. One city located on this body of water is called the "Polar Bear Capital of the World," and the Arctic Bridge is a proposed sea route linking Russia and that city of Churchill. It contains an offshoot called James Bay and is surrounded by the Canadian Shield. For 10 points, identify this large body of water bordered by Quebec, Ontario, and Manitoba which takes its name from the English explorer Henry.;;Hudson Bay
;;This composer used a habanera rhythm and the double harmonic scale to portray the title "Evening in Granada," one of his Estampes. "The Sunken Cathedral" joins a mostly pentatonic melody in G-flat depicting the title "Girl with the Flaxen Hair" in his Preludes. The second movement of his most famous orchestral piece is titled "Play of the Waves," while "Doctor Gradus ad Parnassum" and "Golliwog's Cakewalk" are among the movements in his Children's Corner Suite. For 10 points, name this French Impressionist composer of La Mer, Prelude to the Afternoon of a Faun, and Clair de Lune.;;(Claude) Debussy
;;The narrator of this story notes that "I pitied him, although I chuckled at heart" after describing a certain feeling. One sound in this story is compared to the sound "a watch makes when enveloped in cotton." The narrator of this work tries to perform the central action for eight nights, and on the last night he opens a lantern so that a single ray shines into the next room. Later the narrator offers chairs to three policemen, and is continually bothered by his neighbor's blue "vulture eye." For 10 points, identify this short story in which a murderer confesses to killing his old neighbor after hearing the beating of the title object, a work of Edgar Allen Poe.;;(The) Tell(-)Tale Heart
;;Metachromatic leukodystrophy is caused by a problem in one enzyme of this organelle. One genetic disorder in trafficking proteins here is I-cell disease. That trafficking uses the mannose-6-phosphate modification. Pompe's disease and Tay-Sachs disease result when one of its proteins are missing. In order for its enzymes to function, it has a pH that is much more acidic than its surroundings.  One type of programmed cell death occurs when these bodies process old organelles and proteins and is called autophagy. It will often fuse with a vacuole to digest the contents of it. For 10 points, name this organelle which helps the cell to break up debris and food obtained from phagocytosis.;;lysosomes
;;In one essay, this thinker described the world as a "system of concentric circles." One of his works describes "A subtle chain of countless rings" in its opening poem. This author attacked modern Christianity as restraining the spirit in his Divinity School Address. In one speech, this man called for the precepts "Know thyself" and "Study nature" to become one and the same for the title pursuer of knowledge. This man described conformity as an "aversion" to the title virtue of one work, while in another he refers to himself as a "transparent eye-ball". For 10 points, name this transcendentalist who wrote "Self-Reliance," "The American Scholar," and "Nature.".;;(Ralph) (Waldo) Emerson
;;In one work, this thinker stated that modern technology was incompatible with the irrational process of business and finance, contrasting industrial and pecuniary employment. One of his works has a chapter on "The Belief in Luck" and examines the title group's interest in sports like bullfighting and football. This author of The Theory of Business Enterprise has namesake goods which fall in demand when they fall in price due to a perception of lower quality. That ties in with this author's idea that the rich need a way to justify and display their wealth. For 10 points, name this economist who introduced the idea of conspicuous consumption in his Theory of the Leisure Class.;;(Thorstein) (Bunde) Veblen
;;One novel by this author features Worm and Mahood, a body and head stuck in a jar. Another work of this author features no characters and is meant to be performed in 35 seconds. This author of Breath and The Unnamable wrote play in which the title sixty-nine year old listens to recordings he made in his youth. This author of Krapp's Last Tape wrote a work featuring two characters that live in trashcans and interact with Hamm and Clov. Another work by this author features the arrival of Lucky and his slave Pozzo. For 10 points, name this author of Endgame who wrote about Vladimir and Estragon in the absurdist work Waiting for Godot.;;(Samuel) Beckett
;;In one story by this author, Alexander Cragie becomes fascinated with blue stones. This author of "Blue Tigers" wrote a story about a Babylonian king is stranded in the middle of a desert, and another about a boy who could recall a day's worth of memories at will. This author of "The Two Kings and the Two Labyrinths" and "Funes the Memorious" wrote a story about a structure of infinite hexagonal rooms, as well as a story about the murder of Dr. Stephen Albert. For 10 points, identify this author whose stories "The Library of Babel" and "The Garden of Forking Paths" are collected in Ficciones, a blind author from Argentina.;;(Jorge) (Luis) Borges
;;This leader launched a campaign to use the steppe to cultivate grain which was known as the Virgin Lands project. This man worked to have Lavrenty Beria executed and took power from Georgy Malenkov. This leader decried the use of secret police, poor economic policies, and a cult of personality in his Secret Speech. In another speech, this man told the West, "We will bury you." He allegedly banged his shoe on a desk during a UN meeting. This leader started a foreign policy of peaceful coexistence and a domestic period known as his "thaw." For 10 points, name this Soviet leader during the Cuban Missile Crisis who oversaw a period of de-Stalinization.;;(Nikita) (Sergeyevich) Khrushchev
;;For an isothermal process, the change in this quantity is equal to nR (en are) times the natural log of the ratio of volumes. Heat capacity is equal to temperature times the partial derivative of this quantity with respect to temperature.  This quantity can be calculated by finding the natural logs of available microstates, and its change is equal to the change in heat divided by temperature.  It can be defined as the amount of thermal energy in a system that cannot do useful work, and the second law of thermodynamics means that for the universe this is always increasing. For 10 points, name this measurement of disorder in a system.;;entropy
;;This architect's final building, completed after his death, is the Martin Luther King Jr. Library in D.C. Cullinan Hall is one of two additions this architect made to the Caroline Weiss Law Building in Houston. He designed both the building and sculpture gardens for the Neue Nationalgalerie in Berlin. His German Pavilion for the 1929 International Exposition contained the first of his Barcelona chairs. Another of his works was purposely built in the floodplain of the Fox River, the Farnsworth House. For 10 points, "less is more" was the maxim of this International Style architect and final director of the Bauhaus.;;(Ludwig) Mies (van) (der) (Rohe)
;;Nominal interest rates are said to lag behind this in the Mundell-Tobin effect. The built-in form of this effect is the base of the "triangle model" of it. This phenomenon can be due to a decrease in aggregate supply or an increase in aggregate demand. Milton Friedman argued that this concept was not linked inversely with unemployment, and in the 1970s, a high rate of this was linked with stagnation, discrediting the Phillips curve. The hyper- form of this phenomenon plagued Weimar Germany, and this effect can be "cost-push" or "demand-pull". Measured by the Consumer Price Index, for 10 points, name this phenomenon in which a unit of currency is worth less over time.;;inflation
;;Cities on this island include Balikpapan and Banjarmasin, and this island home to the Muller Mountains is directly south of a group called the Spratley Islands. One part of this island is ruled by the Sultan Hassanal Bolkiah, and this island is home to Mt. Kinabalu. Two regions on this island are Sabah and Sarawak, and its largest portion is known as Kalimantan. Separated by the Makassar Strait from Sulawesi, it is located north of the Java Sea and follows New Guinea as the largest island in its archipelago. For 10 points, name this island shared between Brunei, Malaysia, and Indonesia.;;Borneo
;;The narrator of one poem by this author sees a "luminary clock against the sky" which "proclaimed the time was neither wrong nor right" while walking past "the furthest city light." This author of "Acquainted with the Night" wrote a long poem that features Warren and Mary and the death of Silas, while another of his poems asserts "The land was ours before we were the land's." In addition to writing "Death of the Hired Man" and "The Gift Outright," this author wrote a poem beginning "Two roads diverged in a yellow wood" that ends by noting "and that has made all the difference." For 10 points, name this American poet of "The Road Not Taken" and "Mending Wall.".;;(Robert) Frost
;;The outcome of a sea battle in this war was reported to one side's leader by his jester when his commanders were too frightened to report the loss. Another battle in this war resulted in the death of the blind John of Bohemia, whose three feather crest was then taken by an opposing commander who won his spurs that same day. One side in this war was greatly helped by mud in a battle where archers played an important role. For 10 points, name this war in which commanders such as Edward III, Edward the Black Prince, and Henry V fought at the Battles of Sluys, Crecy, and Agincourt, and which resulted in the near total expulsion of England from continental Europe by the French.;;Hundred Years' (War)|(Guerre) (de) Cent Ans
;;With partner Stanislas Wawrinka, this man won men's doubles at the Beijing Olympics. A backpedaling shot this man hit against Andre Agassi in the 2005 US Open was described as one of his namesake "Moments" in an article about this player "as Religious Experience" by David Foster Wallace. Martin del Potro was only the second person to beat this man in a Grand Slam finals appearance, and this man missed the US Open finals for the first time in six years after his loss to Novak Djokovic in the 2010 semifinals. For 10 points, name this Swiss tennis player who won five straight US Opens and Wimbledons but lost the French Open three straight years to Rafael Nadal.;;(Roger) Federer
;;Many of this religion's main figures reached moksha on the mountain Sametshikharji. This religion performs sacred rituals at derasars, including reciting a mantra which ends "Padhamam Havei Mangalam," the Navkar Mantra. Members of one sect of this religion sweep ahead of where they walk and wear cloth over the mouth to avoid trampling and ingesting insects, while another group does not even own clothes and are called "sky-clad," or Digambaras. It was founded by its 24th "ford-maker", or Tirthankara, Mahavira. For 10 points, name this Indian religion whose five core principles include ahimsa, the protection of all life.;;Jainism
;;The Yukawa interaction for a fermion is proportional to the square of this property of the particle. This property of a black hole whose Compton wavelength and Schwarzschild radius are equal is named for Planck.  Using units where space and time are equal, the square of this property is equal to e squared minus p squared.  Particles are believed to gain this property through the Higgs boson. The gravitational force between two objects is proportional to the product of the objects' this.  For 10 points, name this quantity that is multiplied by acceleration to obtain force in Newton's Second Law of Motion, a measure of the amount of matter in an object often measured in grams.;;mass
;;One ruler of this empire conquered a city by tricking a chief into celebrating peace out in the sea, leaving the city of Guarco undefended. This people made use of extended familial units called ayllus that were led by men known as curacas. This civilization had a system of runners known as chasquis that were able to run messages between cities. Members of this people were part of the forced labor system called mita. Records were kept by this empire on knotted and colored cords called quipu. For 10 points, name this empire that fell during a civil war between Huascar and Atahualpa that occurred at the same time as the arrival of Francisco Pizarro.;;Inca (civilization)|Tahuantinsuyu
;;The phrase "twenty centuries of stony sleep" in this poem is a reference to William Blake, and it follows a line stating "the darkness drops again." One image in this poem is a "shape with lion body and the head of a man" with "a gaze black and pitiless as the sun." This poem recalls the troubling image of the "vast image out of Spiritus Mundi." It contains the lines "The falcon cannot hear the falconer" and "Things fall apart, the centre cannot hold." For 10 points, identify this poem beginning "Turning and turning in the widening gyre," a poem about an apocalyptic event, written by William Butler Yeats.;;(The) Second Coming
;;Jesus stands on the shore as his disciples cast nets from a boat in this artist's Christ at the Sea of Galilee. Peacocks watch on the lower right as stars shoot out from the breast of Juno, where Hercules is suckling, in another of his painting. A descending figure in an orange cape intercedes to save a Christian from impending execution in a painting from his St. Mark series. Besides Origin of the Milky Way and Miracle of the Slave, he is most famous for a painting where angels surround a table that stretches diagonally away from the viewer. For 10 points, name this Venetian Renaissance painter of a celebrated Last Supper, with a name meaning little dyer.;;Tintoretto|(Jacopo) Comin(;)|(Jacopo) Robusti
;;Classes of these structures in bacteria include those associated with a repH gene and the pRN family.  The FLP-FRT recombination system derives from yeast's 2u one. BACs and YACs are based on these, but larger. Agrobacterium's Ti one is useful for genetic engineering. They commonly use rolling circle replication. The tra operon allows them to be transferred as part of the F factor. Infectious bacteria often have virulence ones along with ones containing genes for antibiotic resistance. They can be transferred through transformation or conjugation.  For 10 points, name these self-replicating extrachromosomal pieces of DNA that are often circular and found in bacteria.;;plasmids
;;This President signed the Clean Air Act, which was then administered by his creation, the Environmental Protection Agency. This man earlier achieved national prominence for his role in the Alger Hiss case. While running for Vice President, this man claimed that the only political gift he accepted was a cocker spaniel named Checkers. This Vice President to Eisenhower started the strategy of Vietnamization. This man was the subject of an investigation aided by Mark Felt, which saw Woodward and Bernstein investigate this man's role in the break-in to a Washington hotel. For 10 points, name this President who resigned in response to the Watergate scandal.;;(Richard) (Milhous) Nixon
;;This thinker devised a thought experiment wherein two figures communicate using only the words block, pillar, slab, and beam. In one of his works, he made use of notation including the propositional variable p and the formal operation N of xi. This thinker introduced the aforementioned language-games in his Philosophical Investigations. Another of his works consists of seven propositions and their corollaries about the nature of facts and logic, including "The world is everything that is the case" and "What we cannot speak of, we must pass over in silence." For 10 points, name this Austrian philosopher and author of Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus.;;(Ludwig) Wittgenstein
;;One character in this work angrily writes notes in his copy of Don Juan, and another character in this work is called the "precious ideal." In this poem, an overweight general called "the prince" marries another character, and another character in it is served by Guillot. The protagonist of this work is tricked into attending a ball celebrating another character's name-day, but danced too much with Olga. After a lack of preventative attempts from Zaretsky, Vladimir Lensky is shot through the heart in a duel by the title character, who was loved by Tatyana Larin. For 10 points, name this verse novel by Alexander Pushkin.;;Eugene Onegin
;;A congruence class Zn (zee en) is a field if and only if n is a member of the set formed by these numbers The existence of arbitrarily long arithmetic progressions of them was proven by Green and Tao.  One theorem about these numbers states that a number a is congruent to a to the n mod n if n has this distinction. If n divides a times b and n is one of these, then n divides a or b according to Euclid's Lemma.  They can be found using the Sieve of Eratosthenes, and another result by Euclid states that there are an infinite number of them. For 10 points, name these positive integers which have no positive integer divisors other than themselves and 1.;;prime (numbers)
;;The Presto finale of one piece by this composer consists entirely of triplets played in octaves, except for its last bar. A lone F is the only note belying the nickname of a piece that joins a work inspired by the November Uprising in this composer's Opus 10. He wrote twenty-one works in a genre pioneered by John Field. His works in another genre include one with an Andante Spianato introduction and ones nicknamed "Heroic" and "Military". For 10 points, name this composer of many Polonaises and Nocturnes, the "Funeral March" sonata, the "Black-Key" and "Revolutionary" etudes, and the Minute Waltz.;;(Frederic) Chopin
;;In Act III of this play, one starving character is tormented by a man who teases, "you shall have the mustard, or else you get no beef of Grumio." In one subplot, Tranio convinces a woman he is rich while vying for her daughter's hand, and Hortensio abandons his pursuit of one character and marries a widow. At the opening of this play, Christopher Sly is intoxicated and tricked into thinking he is part of the nobility. In this work, Baptista forbids his eldest daughter to marry before Bianca, who eventually married Lucentio. For 10 points, name this comedy by Shakespeare centering on Petruchio's courtship of Katherina, the title figure.;;(The) Taming of the Shrew
;;In one pome by this author, "fatuous sunbeams toil to break earth's sleep" on a fallen dead body, and the narrator of another poem by this author notes "Courage was mine, and I had mystery, Wisdom was mine, and I had mastery," when encountering his killer in Hell. This author of "Futility" wrote a work which opens "What passing-bells for these who die as cattle." This author of "Strange Meeting" wrote a poem about men "Bent double like old beggars under sacks, Knock-kneed, coughing like hags, we cursed through sludge," which ends with the line "pro patria mori." For 10 points, name this World War I poet of "Anthem for Doomed Youth" and "Dulce et Decorum Est.".;;(Wilfrid) Owen
;;With Piola, this man names a stress tensor that, unlike the Cauchy stress tensor, defines stress relative to a reference state, rather than to the present state. Building on the experimental work of Fraunhofer, this man showed that hot solids produce continuous spectra, while hot gases produce discrete emission spectra. That work was done partly with Bunsen. This man's second law applies to closed meshes.  His first law is a statement of the conservation of charge.  For 10 points, name this German physicist who developed two rules for analyzing circuits, his eponymous node and loop rules.;;(Gustav) Kirchhoff
;;This thinker followed the growth of agriculture and metallurgy in his Discourse on Inequality. In one work, he claimed that all passions grow out of amour de soi, including amour propre. He praised the independence of Sparta over the corruption of Athens in one work, while another advocates "negative education," where children discover things for themselves. He claimed that Sovereigns should advance the cause of the general will in a work which contains the line "man is born free, but everywhere he is in chains." For 10 points, name this French enlightenment author of Emile, or On Education and The Social Contract.;;(Jean(-)Jacques) Rousseau
;;One character in this novel is called Something Something Rubinstein, and another has a vision of a silver wrapper growing to engulf the whole universe before attempting suicide. The protagonist first sees this work's title on the typewriter of F. Alexander and spits in correctional officer P.R. Deltoid's face. This novel opens with "your humble narrator" sitting in Korova milkbar. The protagonist has his love of "Ludwig van" removed by Doctor Brodsky and the Ludovico method. For 10 points, name this novel which is narrated in nadsat slang, a dystopian novel about the sociopathic Alex and his "droogs," written by Anthony Burgess.;;(A) Clockwork Orange
;;This sort of range is formed from points ABCD if AC over CB equals AD over DB. This term is given to any function that has continuous second partial derivatives and satisfies Laplace's equation. The angular part of the solutions of Laplace's equation in spherical coordinates are called spherical this. This term describes the series that is the sum of one over n for one to infinity. This type of mean is the reciprocal of the mean of the reciprocals. For 10 points, name this term that in acoustics refers to frequencies that are integer multiples of the fundamental and thus names the analysis of additively combined waves.;;harmonics
;;Sterope and Aithops were two of these animals which ended up nightly in a golden cup. The Celtic goddess Epona took this form. The kings of Troy owned twelve of these, which were promised to Heracles for rescuing Hesione. A race of hybrids with the rears of these animals was spawned when Ixion raped the cloud nymph Nephele. Eurystheus commanded Heracles to fetch man-eating examples of these animals which belonged to Diomedes. One animal of this type was born from the neck of Medusa and tamed by Bellerophon, and had wings. For 10 points, name these creatures which included Pegasus and whose form made up the bottom half of centaurs.;;horses|mares
;;In one story by this author, Owen Warland creates a living mechanical butterfly for his beloved Annie. In another of his stories, Reuben is plagued by guilt for leaving Dorcas' father to die. This author of "The Artist of the Beautiful" and "Roger Malvin's Burial" wrote a story in which Colonel Killigrew and Mr. Medbourne drink water from the Fountain of Youth. This author wrote of Reverend Hooper, who alienates his parish by wearing the title headgear. This author wrote "Dr. Heidegger's Experiment" and "The Minister's Black Veil." For 10 points, identify this author of the collection Twice-Told Tales who wrote of Hester Prynne in The Scarlet Letter.;;(Nathaniel) Hawthorne
;;One figure in this film takes his girlfriend Celia out to a Japanese restaurant until his friend storms in and causes a scare. The main characters in this film get banished to the Himalayas, where they stay with the Yeti, voiced by John Ratzenberger. One protagonist replaces Henry J. Waternoose as CEO at its end after turning the tables on Randall, his second-best coworker. At the end of this film, the protagonists find out that laughs are more potent than screams after some time with the young girl Boo. For 10 points, name this Pixar movie in which Sulley and the one-eyed Mike are among the title creatures who harness energy by popping out of closets and scaring kids.;;Monsters(,) Inc(.)
;;One meeting during this event required delegates to disguise themselves as workers to convene the Vysocany Congress. The leader of this movement launched an "Action Program" that was intended to change the direction of the KSC party. This period saw the publishing by Ludvik Vaculik of the "Two Thousand Words" manifesto. The Soviet response to this event resulted in the promulgation of the Brezhnev Doctrine. The reforms of this period were intended to bring about "socialism with a human face." For 10 points, name this event that resulted in a Soviet invasion of Czechoslovakia in 1968, which was a brief period of liberalization under Alexander Dubcek.;;Prague Spring
;;Pauwels classification describes fractures to one part of this bone, which suffers avascular necrosis in Legg-Calve-Perthes disease. Several muscles attach to this bone via the linea aspera, and its points of attachment to other structures include the lateral and medial condyles and the greater and lesser trochanters.  This bone is the origin of the vastus lateralis. The head of this bone joins with the acetabulum of the coxal bone in a ball and socket style joint.  This bone connects with the patella and articulates with the tibia. For 10 points, name this longest bone in the body which is located in the thigh.;;femur
;;This artist painted one of the title nomads attending to a brown horse at right as the title blue-robed poet reclines off left in Ovid Among the Scythians. A hand sticks out from the rubble at the foot of a despairing woman in his allegorical Greece Expiring on the Ruins of the Messolonghi. A turbaned figure on a rearing horse overlooks a field of dying people in his Massacre at Chios, while the title king watches calmly as one his slaves' throat is slit in his The Death of Sardanapalus. A little boy waves a pistol in the air as the title bare-breasted figure waves a French flag in this painter's most famous work. For 10 points, name this painter of Liberty Leading the People.;;(Eugene) Delacroix
;;One character in this play tells the story of a man who snatches back a bouquet he gave to his fiancee. Another character declares that her real name is Sherlock Holmes after proving that two characters aren't who they think they are because Donald's daughter has a red right eye and Elizabeth's daughter has a red left eye. Two characters in this play argue about whether a ringing doorbell means someone is always there or never there, and earlier discuss a family of people all named Bobby Watson, before the Fire Chief arrives. For 10 points, name this play by Eugene Ionesco in which the Smiths and the Martins discuss the title woman who always wears her hair in the same style.;;(The) Bald Soprano
;;With the author of Steps to an Ecology of Mind, this thinker wrote a "photographic analysis" of the denizens of an Indonesian island entitled Balinese Character. This author compared the gender equality among the Arapesh with the Tchambuli, whose men ran the household, and the fierceness of the Mudugmor. Derek Freeman argued that this author was pranked by her informants of her best-known work. This author of Sex and Temperament in Three Primitive Societies argued that American adolescents should be retrained to accept sexuality more freely, like the adolescent girls she talked to in Manu'a. For 10 points, name this author of Coming of Age in Samoa.;;(Margaret) Mead
;;This state's eventually successful attempt to mark its border at the Harris Line resulted in a skirmish at Phillips Corners against another territory. This state was represented in Congress during the Civil War by the leader of the Peace Democrats, or Copperheads, Clement Vallandigham. John Filo took a picture in this state of Mary Ann Vecchio kneeling over the body of Jeffrey Miller. That photo in this state came after a National Guard shooting of war protestors at Kent State University. For 10 points, name this state where the Cuyahoga River caught fire in 1969 and whose residents are known as Buckeyes.;;Ohio
;;A month before this battle, one side captured the other's gunboats in the Battle of Lake Borgne, but John Keane's caution may have cost that side a chance for further victory. John Lambert was forced to lead one side in this battle after the death of Edward Pakenham. The other side fighting this battle received support from the Baratarian pirates led by Jean Laffite. This battle occurred over two weeks after the signing of a peace treaty ending its war. For 10 points, name this War of 1812 battle that occurred after the signing of the Treaty of Ghent and saw Andrew Jackson defeat British forces in a Louisiana port city.;;(Battle) (of) New Orleans
;;This city is home to a complex called the Villa Muller. Locations in this city include the old town area of Stare Mesto and the Mala Strana, or the "Lesser Quarter." One landmark in this city contains a statue of St. John of Nepomuk and is called the Charles Bridge. This city is called "the city of a hundred spires," and it is home to the Frank Gehry co-designed Dancing House. This city is home to the gothic St. Vitus Cathedral, and this city is home to a namesake castle that was used by the kings of Bohemia. For 10 points, identify this city located on the Vltava River, the capital of the Czech Republic.;;Prague
;;This religion's calendar is divided into 19 months of 19 days each, with four or five extras as needed. One leader of this religion wrote a text inspired by the murders committed by Nasirid-Din Shah, the Epistle to the Son of the Wolf. Another of its leaders, known as the Guardian of the Cause of God, was Shoghi Effendi. Its founder wrote The Seven Valleys and The Four Valleys, and was inspired by a figure known as "The Gate". It is currently headquartered at the Universal House of Justice in Haifa, Israel. For 10 points, name this religion whose primary text is the "Book of Certitude," an offshoot of Islam inspired by the Bab and founded by Baha'u'llah.;;Baha'ism (faith)
;;One dynasty in this territory made use of the kolp'um system, which included classes known as songgol and chingol in its bone rank. Another dynasty in this nation was forced to sign the Treaty of Kanghwa and earlier created a phonetic alphabet under Sejong. This territory was the site of a war that was ended by a truce at Panmunjom. That war in this location saw a push to the Yalu River by UN forces that had made an amphibious landing at Inchon under Douglas MacArthur. For 10 points, name this peninsula once ruled by the Silla and Choson dynasties, which is split into two countries by a demilitarized zone at the 38th parallel.;;Korean (peninsula)|Hangook (bando(;))|Choson (bando)
;;In one episode of this show, Mothmonsterman drives the Bus of the Undead. Two characters from this show are pixellated green and purple creatures named, Ignignokt and Err, the Mooninites. A guerrilla campaign in Boston for a movie based on this show consisted of LCD displays, which were confused for bombs. Other reccurring characters in this include Dr. Weird and the title group's bald neighbor, Carl Brutananadilewski. For 10 points, name this Adult Swim show whose title characters are the anthropomorphic Frylock, Meatwad and Master Shake.;;Aqua Teen Hunger Force
;;In one play by this author, Sultan Orosmane stabs the title slave when he mistakes her meeting with a priest for a romantic rendezvous. This author wrote a story about two giants visiting earth. Azora, Semire, and Astarte are the lovers of the title Babylonian philosopher of a novel by this author. This author of Zaire, Micromegas, and Zadig, is most famous for a work whose title character kills Don Isaachar and the Grand Inquisitor, and whose teacher is given syphilis by Paquette. That character travels with a woman with one buttock along with his beloved, Cunegonde. For 10 points, the optimistic Dr. Pangloss is the creation of what French author of Candide?.;;Voltaire|(Francois(-)Marie) Arouet
;;This man defeated Howard McMurray in an election that came after he surprisingly won a nomination over incumbent Robert La Follette, Jr. One speech by this man prompted the creation of the Tydings Committee; that speech was given to a women's club in Wheeling, West Virginia. This man was challenged by the "Declaration of Conscience" speech made by Margaret Chase Smith. This man was asked by Joseph Welch, "Have you no sense of decency, sir, at long last?" during his hearings with the Army in 1954. For 10 points, name this Wisconsin Senator who became famous for accusing members of the government of being communist spies.;;(Joseph) (Raymond) McCarthy
;;One couple in this work is pleased to hold a party that is exactly like everyone else's, down to the cakes served as snacks.  Another character forces his son to postpone marriage for a year, out of disapproval of his son's fiance, and his daughter lives with him on their estate at Bald Hills. In this work, Dolokhov is wounded in a duel over Elena and later joins the Masons. This novel opens with a party held by Anna Scherer and ends with the weddings of Nikolai and Maria and Natasha Rastov to Pierre Bezukhov. For 10 points, name this novel focusing on the events surrounding the invasion of Russia by Napoleon, a work of Leo Tolstoy.;;War and Peace|Voyna I mir
;;Clifford Brown played this instrument for Art Blakey's Jazz Messengers, as did Freddie Hubbard. Another player of this instrument cut notable recordings with Anita O'Day during his time with the Gene Krupa Orchestra. Besides Roy Eldridge, another player of this instrument won the Pulitzer Prize for his oratorio, Blood on the Fields, and is artistic director of Jazz at Lincoln Center. Another player of this instrument recorded "Potato Head Blues" and "Heebie Jeebies" with his Hot Five. One man to play it led the albums Sketches of Spain and Kind of Blue. For 10 points, name this instrument played by Wynton Marsalis, Louis Armstrong, and Miles Davis.;;trumpet
;;The zero-length column method was designed to measure this process within zeolite crystals. Its rate is the denominator of the Thiele modulus.  The effective constant for it is a function of its bulk constant along with tortuosity and hindrance factors. Large scale enriching uranium is accomplished using centrifugation or this process.  The mass flux is a function of the partial derivative of concentration with respect to length in Fick's law describing this. Osmosis is this of water across a membrane.  For 10 points, name this phenomenon resulting from the random movement of particles that sees transfer between regions of high concentration to regions of low concentration.;;diffusion
;;This leader supported the canton of Grisons in its claim to the Valtelline Valley before signing the Treaty of Monzon. The Treaty of Regensburg went unsigned by this man. The Code Michaud issued by this man defined the role of intendants. One plot to overthrow him was organized by Cinq-Mars. Another attempt to remove this man from power was supported by the prince Gaston and resulted in the Day of the Dupes. That failed attempt led to this man's supremacy over Marie de Medici in influencing Marie's son, the king. For 10 points, name this chief minister and cardinal who served under Louis XIII of France.;;(Cardinal) (de) Richelieu|(Duc) (de) Richelieu(;)|(Armand(-)Jean) (du) Plessis
;;One poem by this author is set on "the lonely moated grange" and includes a title character who weeps "I am aweary, aweary, i would that I were dead!" This author of "Mariana" is better known for a poem whose title character bemoans, "The Gods themselves cannot recall their gifts" to Eos for granting him immortality. He wrote a poem which begins "sunset and evening star" in which the speaker hopes to see his Pilot "face to face." For 10 points, name this poet of "Tithonus" and "Crossing the Bar," who wrote "Into the valley of Death rode the six hundred" in a memorial written after a Crimean War loss, his "Charge of the Light Brigade.".;;(Alfred(,)) (Lord) Tennyson
;;Two of these stellar objects are located in the Epsilon Indi system.  One type of these objects have 1.7 and 2.2 micrometer methane signatures in their spectra, while one important test for them is the presence of the indication of lithium in their spectra.  One example of this type of star is Gliese 229 B.  They include cooler members of the L spectral class and all objects in the T class.   For 10 points, name these substellar objects that are less than 0.08 solar masses and are not hot enough to start thermonuclear reactions.;;brown dwarf
;;The figure of a dotted eighth note followed by three thirty-second notes depicts the "Prophet Bird" in this composer's Waldszenen. "An Important Event" and "Knight of the Hobbyhorse" are piano pieces from a set by him which also contains "Traumerei." Movements in another set of his piano pieces take their names from characters he used for articles in the New Journal for Music, "Florestan" and "Eusebius." He depicted the title E.T.A. Hoffmann character in Kreisleriana and his Op. 54, Piano Concerto in A minor was premiered by his wife Clara. For 10 points, name this German composer of Scenes from Childhood, Carnaval, and the Rhenish symphony.;;(Robert) Schumann
;;This ruler gained support for his succession to the throne from Philip II of France after the signing of the Treaty of Le Goulet. This ruler entered his brother's territory in an attempt to overthrow his brother's chancellor William Longchamp. Innocent III excommunicated this man when he refused to accept as Hubert Walter's replacement Stephen Langton. Langton led unrest against this king and was responsible for much of the drafting of a document whose precursor was the Articles of the Barons. For 10 points, name this youngest son of Henry II and Eleanor of Aquitaine, who was forced at Runnymede in 1215 to sign the Magna Carta.;;John (of) (England)|John (Lackland)
;;One character in this novel tells a story about how a man named Finito made a scene at a dinner after being hit by a bull. Another of its characters is moved by reading the letters of a dead cavalryman. One group in this novel meets with a force under El Sordo, who is later ambushed on a hill. In this novel, the elderly Anselmo is tasked with killing a sentry. The protagonist of this work becomes involved with Maria, and Pilar's husband Pablo steals detonators which were intended to be used to blow up a bridge behind enemy lines. For 10 points, name this novel about Robert Jordan which is set during the Spanish Civil War, a work of Ernest Hemingway.;;For Whom the Bell Tolls
;;A series of different colored squares form the shell of the title animal in this artist's The Snail. Ships sit in the pink waters of the harbor in one of several paintings he did of Collioure, The Open Window. In one of his paintings, a maid is arranging fruit on a platter on a table whose tablecloth bears the same color as the wallpaper. In another painting by him, the nudes reclining and playing on a yellow lawn include a group dancing in a ring, a trope he would revisit in his painting The Dance. He used a technique he called "drawing with scissors" for his Blue Nudes series. For 10 points, name this French Fauvist of The Joy of Life and Harmony in Red.;;(Henri) Matisse
;;The AIRE gene is expressed in cells that help these cells mature. The receptor of these cells interacts with a complex that has two epsilon chains, along with a delta and gamma chain. Lck and ZAP-70 are important to this type of cell's signaling pathway. Unlike an associated class of cells, they undergo both positive and negative selection. A very small percentage of these cells are known as delta-gamma cells. FOXP3 acts as a marker for regulatory ones. They have CD3 and two major types of them are distinguished by whether they have CD4 or CD8.  For 10 points, name these lymphocytes that come in cytotoxic and helper varieties, which are not B cells.;;T (cells)
;;After a meeting with Traugott von Jagow, this agent may have received training for a certain profession, for which purpose Georges Ladoux later recruited this agent. Henry Wales reported on the death of this person, which came after an interrogation by Pierre Bouchardon and was done by firing squad. This person adopted a Malay name that meant "eye of the day" as a stage name. This person was given the codename Agent H21 before choosing to work for the French, leading to her arrest as a double agent. For 10 points, name this Dutch woman executed during World War I for espionage, who also worked as an exotic dancer.;;Mata Hari|(Margaretha) (Geertruida) Zelle(;)|(Margaretha) (Geertruida) MacLeod