;;Proteins destined for these structures often possess a C-terminal SKL sequence. Mutations in the ABCD1 gene lead to a demyelination disease involving these organelles called adrenoleukodystrophy. In humans, a reduction in their number is the cause of Zellweger syndrome. Beta oxidation of fatty acids to acetyl CoA occurs in these structures, which also contain the enzyme catalase, which is responsible for breaking down a certain toxic material into oxygen and water. For 10 points, name these organelles that isolate and destroy hydrogen peroxide.;;peroxisome
;;In one of this man's novels, jazz drummer Rufus Scott commits suicide by jumping off the George Washington Bridge. This author wrote another novel about a man who deceives his fiancee Hella until the title character is guillotined for killing the Paris gay bar owner Guillaume. This author of Another Country and Giovanni's Room also wrote a work divided into two parts, "My Dungeon Shook" and "Down at the Cross," in which he urged racial acceptance and warned of a title conflagration. In one novel by this author, a preacher named Gabriel steals his wife's savings; that novel opens on the fourteenth birthday of the protagonist John Grimes. For 10 points, name this author of The Fire Next Time and Go Tell it On the Mountain.;;(James) Baldwin
;;One result of this meeting was the formation of a Counsel of Foreign Ministers that would reevaluate an agreement involving terms of Turkish naval control, the Montreux Convention. Also created here was an agreement that included a demand to enforce the Cairo Declaration under threat of "prompt and utter destruction." This conference resulted in millions of German nationals being forcibly relocated due to its declaration of the Oder-Neisse line as the western border of Poland. For 10 points, name this meeting of Winston Churchill, Joseph Stalin and Harry Truman that laid out terms of surrender for the Axis and plans for the future of formerly occupied Europe.;;Potsdam (Conference)
;;At one point in this work, it is suggested that the Lydian and Ionian modes should be done away with for being dirgelike and lax, respectively. This work presents a theory that ascribes three aspects of appetite, spirit and reason to the soul. One character in this work uses the legend of the ring of Gyges to argue that people are only just because they fear punishment, and another character, Thrasymachus, defends the idea that might makes right. Book seven of this work uses the allegory of cave to support the argument that only philosophers are fit to rule society. For 10 points, name this Platonic dialogue which describes an ideal state.;;(The) Republic|Politeia
;;This man built a massive internal intelligence force under the leadership of Salah Nasr. The rise to the Jordanian presidency of Suleiman al-Nabusi lent support to one of this man's major political endeavors, though Abdel Qasim's defeat of al-Shawaf in Iraq led to further persecution of Communists. Despite the suspicions of Ibrahim Hadi this man helped form a coalition of junior officers under the leadership of Mohammed Naguib known as the Free Officers. An invasion by Israel, England, and France provoked a crisis that resulted from this man's nationalization of the Suez Canal. For 10 points, name this Egyptian president and leader of the United Arab Republic.;;(Gamal) (Abdel) Nasser
;;Sodium iodide scintillators are often used to counter the appearance of false peaks in gamma ray spectra , which is called this phenomenon's namesake edge. At higher frequency, its differential cross section is calculable by the Klein-Nishina formula. Planck's constant divided by rest mass times speed of light gives the wavelength named for this effect. That wavelength is multiplied by 1 minus cosine of the angle of scattered photons to give the shift in wavelength following this type of scattering. For 10 points, name this phenomenon, a photon's decrease in wavelength and increase in energy when it collides with an electron, named after an American physicist.;;Compton (effect/scattering)
;;The declaration of one character in this play that "Our revels now are ended" is sometimes seen as its author's farewell to the stage. One character in this play allies with the clownish Trinculo and the drunken butler Stephano to plot a rebellion. One character in this play guides another character by singing the lines "Full fathom five thy father lies." The deceased witch Sycorax is the mother of one character in this play, which opens after Antonio usurps the throne of Milan. In this play, Caliban fails in his attempts at revolt and Ariel serves a central character after being freed from a tree. For 10 points, name this Shakespeare play in which Miranda and her magician father Prospero are stranded on an island.;;(The) Tempest
;;This figure reunites with her father, alternately called Schoeneus or Iasius, in between the two primary myths involving her. After taking an oath, this figure kills the lustful centaurs Rhoikos and Hylaois. Althaia kindles a brand after one man kills his uncles Toxeus and Plexippus for insulting this woman. As punishment for having sex in Cybele's temple, this woman is turned into a lion. This huntress was raised by a she-bear and first wounded the Calydonian Boar in one story, and in another, she is distracted by golden apples and loses a footrace to Hippomenes. For 10 points, name this Argonaut and Greek warrior woman.;;Atalanta
;;This economist asked "What need of a House of Commons or of a House of Lords?" in Observations on Parliamentary Reform. His namesake equivalence was popularized by Robert J. Barro. One of his works, subtitled "A Proof of the Depreciation of Bank Notes," argues for the adoption of a metallic currency and is titled The High Price of Bullion. His most famous work sets out a theory of rent which was criticized by Malthus, as well as introducing the idea of comparative value. For 10 points, name this economist who wrote Principles of Political Economy and Taxation and espoused the Iron Law of Wages.;;(David) Ricardo
;;In one work, this author describes a conversation in the Cafe de la Regence that pits his own moralist views against the passionate opinions of a composer's relative. In another work by this author, a servant trying to tell the story of his loves is constantly interrupted, but does reveal his philosophy that all events are written already on a great scroll in the sky. This author of Rameau's Nephew and Jacques the Fatalist may be best known for working with Jean D'Alambert in creating a "Figurative system of human knowledge" and editing articles on philosophy, politics, and religion. For 10 points, name this French chief editor of The Encyclopedia.;;(Denis) Diderot
;;This ruler concurred with ambassador Diego Sarmiento, count of Gondomar, to marry his heir to an infanta of Spain. This ruler summoned the brief Addled Parliament, and once kidnapped by William Ruthven, earl of Gowrie, this man escaped the regency of the earl of Morton and settled on his crown by the Treaty of Berwick. This man signed the Negative Confession in favor of Puritans, but saw the Mayflower migration during his reign. The son of Lord Darnley, this ruler took up the Duke of Buckingham as a favorite and wrote The True Lawe of Free Monarchies espousing the divine right of kings. For 10 points, name this subject of the Gunpowder Plot who succeeded Elizabeth I, and authorized a new Bible translation.;;James I|James VI (of) Scotland
;;An identity named for this man can be obtained by using only two, rather than four sets of elements in the Cauchy-Binet identity and gives a more general form of the Cauchy-Schwarz inequality. This man also names the remainder obtained in the Taylor series for a function. In physics, his namesake operator is equal to kinetic energy minus potential energy, laying down his theory of mechanics. Locations in an orbital system where centrifugal and gravitational forces balance are five points named for this man. For 10 points, name this mathematician whose namesake multipliers are used to maximize a function subject to constraints.;;(Joseph(-)Louis) Lagrange
;;One composer from this country wrote a violin fantasy on the opera Carmen. One composer from this country dedicated a five-instrument concerto to Wanda Landowska and wrote the Atlantis cantata. One composer from this country wrote a difficult four-book piano suite opening with an A-minor "evocation" of this nation, and one "symphonie" set in this country was written by douard Lalo. This country was the setting of a ballet in which the miller and his wife trick a magistrate. Iberia and The Three-Cornered Hat were set in, for 10 points, what country, whose classical music was composed by Manuel de Falla?.;;(Kingdom) (of) Spain|Espana
;;To the south of this island lies the u-shaped Aniva Bay, and it is home to the Oroks. Korsakov and Kholmsk are major ports of this island, whose city of Yuzhno is by far its largest. Two parties agreed to share this island in the Treaty of Shimoda, but one country was later ceded its southern half through the Treaty of Portsmouth. This island is separated from the mainland by the Strait of Tartary, and the La Perouse Strait separates it from Hokkaido. This island borders the Sea of Okhotsk, and its namesake oblast includes the Kuril Islands. For 10 points, name this Pacific island home to the Ainu which is now part of Russia.;;Sakhalin|Karafuto(;)|Saharin(;)|Kuye(;)|Saghalien
;;This author wrote of a character known as "superbrain" who participates in a title event after meeting Ambrosio at a dog pound. In another of his works, Fushia travels to a leper colony, Chapiro loses a game Russian Roulette to Lituma, and the harpist Don Anselmo runs the title bordello at the edge of the rainforest. This author of Conversation in the Cathedral and The Green House wrote about a series of cadets at The Leoncio Prado Military Academy in one work, and in another of his novels, Pedro Camacho writes radio soap operas and Mario falls in love with the older title character. For 10 points, name this Peruvian novelist of The Time of the Hero and Aunt Julia and the Scriptwriter.;;(Mario) Vargas Llosa
;;This term was less famously used in 1874 by writer and war correspondent Junius Henri Browne as a title for Harper's Magazine to describe the number of people dead being greater than the number of people living.  Republicans sometimes use it to explain election outcomes in which the media predicted that the Democratic candidate would win easily, but on election day, the Republican candidate came out on top.  In a 1963 speech, it referred to Americans that did not protest the Vietnam war or participate in the media.  For 10 points, what is this term popularized by Richard Nixon for a mass of people that do not express their opinions publicly?.;;silent majority
;;This rebellion faltered after a skirmish in which militia under William Shepard defeated troops who erroneously believed they would receive reinforcements from Luke Day. This rebellion was ended with the capture of several leaders at Petersham, which occurred the day after Benjamin Lincoln successfully defended the Springfield Armory from a rebel attack. Governor James Bowdoin had to ask local merchants to form a militia to put this down, which showed the weakness of and contributed to the demise of the Articles of Confederation. For 10 points, name this rebellion of veterans of the American Revolution who weren't being paid in Massachusetts.;;Shays' (Rebellion)
;;One speaker in this poem remembers "They called me the hyacinth girl" after quoting a German song that translates to "Fresh blows the Wind." This poem notes the "falling towers" of "Jerusalem Athens Alexandria Vienna London." This poem also references an "unreal city" and a "famous clairvoyante" with "a bad cold" and "a wicked deck of cards." Madame Sosotris appears in the section of this poem called "The Burial of the Dead" which opens with the line "April is the cruelest month." For 10 points, name this poem which ends with the Sanskrit mantra "Shantih shantih shantih," a work of T.S. Eliot.;;(The) Waste Land
;;The beginning of this composition sees the strings play col legno a rhythmic ostinato that consists of an eighth-note triplet, two quarter notes, two eighth notes and then another quarter note. The main melody of this piece is carried for the majority of the piece by the brass section, and it climaxes with a shift into 5/2 meter on a dissonant quadruple forte chord. As part of a suite containing seven pieces, this piece in 5/4 time is contrasted with the calmer last movement, which is subtitled "The Mystic." For 10 points, name this first movement of Gustav Holst's The Planets, subtitled "The Bringer of War.".;;Mars(:)The (Bringer) (of) (War)
;;The Rogue and Versa have appeared several times on this show as part of its alliance with Nissan, and this show's most recent season introduced the Sullivan Brother's Carnival. Organizations in this show include the government task force headquartered in Building 26 and the Primatech Paper Corporation, which employed Noah Bennet. This first season of this show concerns an attempt to prevent the destruction of New York predicted by the painter Isaac Mendez. For 10 points, name this show which includes the cheerleader Claire Bennet and the villainous Syler, an NBC show about people with powers.;;Heroes
;;This man argued that a just God would not inflict "eternal punishment for temporary offences" in an essay that argued against the immortality of the soul. Pamphilus observes the conversations of Demea, Cleanthes, and Philo in his Dialogues concerning Natural Religion. The is-ought problem is also known as this man's fork. His most famous work contains a section on miracles, and also considers the problem of the missing shade of blue. For 10 points, name this member of the Scottish Enlightenment whose Treatise on Human Nature was reworked into An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding.;;(David) Hume
;;This animal experiences approximately 8 hours of REM sleep per day, which is the highest of any mammal. Like snakes, certain defensin-like proteins are found in this animal's venom. Both males and females have ten sex chromosomes, and they may be the only mammals that follow the ZW sex determination system, a characteristic shared with birds. They belong to genus Ornithorhynchus, and other similarities to birds, including the use of a cloaca for reproduction, show these animals' early divergence from the placentals and marsupials. For 10 points, name these primitive mammals, certain egg-laying monotremes with duck bills.;;(duck(-)bill) platypus|Ornithorhynchus anatinus
;;The protagonist of this novel believes that his grandfather is a paper magnate living in Buffalo, New York under the name Joe Colchic. Its protagonist is accused of the murder of Sister Dorothea Kongetter after falling in love with Roswitha Raguna while working for Bebra's troupe. Alfred swallows a party pin in this novel, and his son is the protagonist who helps Bronski steal a necklace for Agnes by cutting a hole through glass with his voice. The protagonist of this novel grows a hump after he stops growing at the age of three. For 10 points, name this novel about Oskar Matzerath who plays the title musical instrument, the first book of the Danzig Trilogy by Gunter Grass.;;(The) Tin Drum|(Die) Blechtrommel
;;Some buildings that this architect designed using interconnected textile blocks include his Freeman House, "La Miniatura," and Ennis House. This architect designed the Wingspread for the same client for whom he produced the no-walled "Great Workroom," the interior of the Johnson Wax Headquarters. Roman brick and Bedford limestone were used in this architect's Robie House, which exemplifies his Prairie style of architecture. This architect of the Tokyo Imperial Hotel is best known for a cantilevered structure for Edgar Kaufmann in southwestern Pennysylvania. For 10 points, name this American architect who designed Fallingwater.;;(Frank) (Lloyd) Wright
;;The term "shoe leather cost" refers to the cost of trying to counterbalance this phenomenon. The Mundell-Tobin effect arises as a result of it. Keynesians have argued that it can causes labor markets to reach equilibrium faster. Andrew Jackson's Specie Circular was implemented in order to mitigate it. It has notably affected the Hungarian pengo, the Weimar mark, and, most recently, the Zimbabwean dollar. For 10 points, name this phenomenon which occurs when the money supply increases faster than the rate of economic growth.;;inflation
;;Weyl's theorem can be used to show that the Dirchlet type of these are asymptotic, providing an answer to the Mark Kac-proposed question "can one hear the shape of a drum?"In quantum mechanics, ladder operators alter these quantities by one, and they are taken to be 1 or -1 for the permutation operator. Always real for a Hermitian matrix, they are the roots of the characteristic polynomial, and for diagonal matrices, they are given by the entries of the diagonal. For 10 points, name these scalars that, when multiplying a matrix, are equal to the product of a vector with that matrix and which are usually denoted by the Greek letter lambda.;;eigenvalues|latent roots(;) proper values(;) characteristic roots(;) characteristic values
;;Early in this conflict, Boii and Insubrian revolts ruined Roman plans, and its first confrontation on Italian soil, the Battle of Ticinus, forced the Romans to retreat to Placentia. The disastrous defeat of Varro and Paullus at a more famous battle caused Philip V to forge an alliance with Rome's enemies, initiating the First Macedonian War. The Romans had better luck in this war's Spanish theater, expelling the opposing general's brothers, Mago and Hasdrubal. This allowed a final push into Africa by Scipio, and there, despite his elephants, the Battle of Zama saw the final defeat of Hannibal. For 10 points, identify this second war between Rome and Carthage.;;Second Punic (War)
;;A prologue by this author decries singing of "wars, of captains, and of kings, Of cities founded, commonwealths begun." This poet whined "My burning flesh in sweat did boil" in a poem about a fever, and in another poem wrote of "piteous shrieks of dreadful voice" and "fearful sound of 'fire' and 'fire.'" This author of "Verses Upon the Burning of Our House" addressed one collection as an "ill-formed offspring of my feeble brain," and opened another poem with the line "If ever two were one, then surely we." For 10 points, name this poet who included "The Author to Her Book" and "To My Dear and Loving Husband" in her collection The Tenth Muse Lately Sprung up in America.;;(Anne) Bradstreet
;;One member of this group painted landscapes like Mount Desert Island, Maine. Aside from Jervis McEntee, members of this group included Worthington Whittredge and Sanford Robinson Gifford, as well as the painter of The Heart of the Andes. One member of this group created a work depicting William Cullen Bryant in the Catskills standing next to this group's most famous member, the painter of The Course of Empire and The Voyage of Life. For 10 points, name this American art movement which included such painters as Frederic Church, Asher Durand and Thomas Cole.;;Hudson River (School)
;;During this conflict, two ships, forced to turn back after a premature departure from Marseilles, were shamefully met by the main fleet going in the opposite direction. Within three years of its end, two of its leaders, Baldwin and Boniface, were both killed by Bulgarians. Pope Innocent III excommunicated all of its participants when they attacked the Dalmatian capital in exchange for assistance from Enrico Dandolo, the doge of Venice. After that siege of Zara, they established the Latin Empire by laying siege to a city on the Bosporus. For 10 points, identify this crusade whose participants sacked Constantinople.;;Fourth Crusade
;;This god was the lover of Melaina and Corycia, the daughters of Cephissus, who was turned into a sea monster by this god. This god's lover Cyparissus asked that his tears fall forever in penance for killing a tame deer, a penance this god granted by turning Cyparissus into a cypress tree. This god served as shepherd for King Admetus for one year as punishment for avenging the death of his son Asclepius, but his less forgiving actions include flaying the satyr Marsyas. This lover of Hyacinthus exchanged several of his cattle with Hermes for the first tortoise-shell lyre. Also known for pursuing Daphne, for 10 points, name this Greek god of light, music, and the arts.;;Apollo
;;If sufficiently light, these particles could be produced in a Drell-Yan type process which would occur in proton-antiproton collisions at the Tevatron. The first solution to the Yang-Mills equation was one of these particles named for Wu and Yang, and Dirac showed that these particles imply quantization of electric charge. Providing symmetry to Maxwell's equations, these particles contradict the fact that the divergence of the B-field is zero, thereby violating Gauss's law for magnetism. For 10 points, identify these particles, the magnetic analogues of charge with either north or south-oriented directions.;;magnetic monopole
;;Historically, the Lachine Canal in this city's southwest allowed ships to navigate around the canal's namesake rapids though more recently, that district near Atwater Market, has become gentrified. Just north of downtown, a giant illuminated cross rests atop a mountain that is part of the Monteregian Hills. Nuns' Island and Ile Bizard are some of the islands in the Hochelaga archipelago of which this city's namesake island is the largest. A world exposition in this city gave it a geodesic dome named the Biosphere while an Olympics nine years later gave it a stadium nicknamed the Big O. Lying at the confluence of the St. Lawrence and Ottawa Rivers, for 10 points, name this city, the home of McGill University and the largest city in Quebec.;;Montreal
;;A version of this play that added the servant Arante and a happy ending was created by Nahum Tate. The servant Oswald urges his killer to deliver a letter in this play, and another character in this work is prevented from committing suicide by his son, who takes him to some imaginary cliffs. One character in this play disguises himself as Tom O Bedlam to escape his bastard half-brother Edmond. After demonstrating loyalty to the title character, Gloucester is blinded by Cornwall and Regan.  For 10 points, name this Shakespeare play in which Cordelia is the only faithful daughter of the title British king.;;King Lear
;;A propaganda brochure in its defense asks, "Did [it] fall out of the sky?" and, "Is [it] a gymnastic apparatus?" Its end was precipitated by the Monday demonstrations, and parts of it now reside in the Vatican Gardens and the Sanctuary of Fatima in Portugal. Its East Side Gallery featured Dmitri Vrubel's painting of an infamous kiss from Brezhnev. Wooden crosses near Checkpoint Charlie commemorate its victims, the most famous being Peter Fechter, who was shot in its 'death strip.' In response to a mass emigration, Erich Honecker began its construction in 1961 and it was dismantled 28 years later. A physical manifestation of the Iron Curtain, for 10 points, name this structure which Ronald Reagan told Gorbachev to tear down.;;Berlin Wall
;;This region occupies the Armorican Peninsula, and its Pink Granite Coast is one of only three such areas in the world. The first duke of this region, Nominoe, is seen as the father of it, and it contains many megaliths at Carnac. This region's port of Saint-Malo served as the main harbor of Jacques Cartier, and its island of Ushant is the westernmost point in its nation. The Loire River empties into the ocean in this region, whose cities include Rennes, Brest and Nantes. Lying between the Bay of Biscay and the English Channel, for 10 points, name this northwestern region of France.;;Brittany|Breizh(;)|Bretagne
;;This event started out as a peaceful meeting at Blue Island, but Edward Walker was appointed to deal with its participants after this event turned violent. Its participants disregarded Attorney General Richard Olney's attempts at mediation. Over the objections of Peter Altgeld, President Cleveland ordered federal troops to enter on the grounds that this event was disrupting mail service, a costly mistake which would lead to President Cleveland's failure to recapture the Presidency in 1896. For 10 points, name this riot launched in response to the Panic of 1893 in which labor workers led by Eugene Debs refused to run trains containing cars made by a certain company.;;Pullman (Strike)
;;The original Thomsen-Berthelot principle, also known as the principle of maximum work, was shown to violate this law because it failed to incorporate irreversibility. The Kelvin-Planck statement is one component of this law, and a flaw in Boltzmann's H-theorem concerning this law and time reversal symmetry is Loschmidt's paradox. A thought experiment in which an imaginary creature guards a trapdoor between a two-part gas container was proposed to try to violate this law. Clausius stated it as heat cannot flow from a hot object to a cold one spontaneously. For 10 points, name this law which says that the entropy of a system increases until it reaches equilibrium.;;second law of thermodynamics
;;One character in this work leaves a note saying "I divorce you" after Emerald reveals he has been hiding in the basement. Its narrator describes his grandfather falling in love with his grandmother after examining her medically through a perforated sheet. Mary Pereira works at the Braganze Pickle factory that the narrator starts to manage just before his son Aadam says his first word, Abracadabra. One character founds a street gang, becomes a war hero, and helps the government sterilize the title characters after discovering he was switched at birth with the protagonist. For 10 points, name this novel about Saleem, Shiva, and other Indian children born on August 15, 1947, a work of Salman Rushdie.;;Midnight's Children
;;This work concludes by mentioning a Roman judge who would ask accusers cui bono. Its first section, "Of Man," gives competition, diffidence and glory as the three causes of conflict, while its middle two sections discuss commonwealths and Christian commonwealths, respectively, and its fourth and final section is concerned with a "confederacy of deceivers" called the kingdom of darkness. This work argues that only a strong sovereign can prevent a war of all against all. For 10 points, name this work which characterizes life as "solitary, poor, nasty, brutish and short," a book by Thomas Hobbes.;;Leviathan
;;The tunneling of electrons between objects displaying this property separated by an insulator is described in the Josephson effect. When metals with this property are placed in a magnetic field they repel the field demonstrating perfect diamagnetism, which can be seen in the levitation of a magnet above them. That effect postulated by Ochsenfeld and Meissner is described in a theory of it stating that this arises from the condensation of electron pairs. That BCS theory states this phenomenon is linked with the formation of Cooper pairs, allowing for increased electric flow. For 10 points, name this property characterized by zero resistance in very cold metals.;;superconductivity|superconductor
;;This city is the setting for a Harry Chapin song in which a fatal truck accident spills the title amount of fruit. This setting for "Thirty Thousand Pounds of Bananas" is also the setting of a play and film about the twenty five year reunion of a basketball team called That Champion Season. Along with Wilkes-Barre, this city has a Triple A baseball team which dropped its association with the Phillies and replaced the Columbus Clippers as the Yankees top farm team. This city's Poor Richard's Pub is a favorite haunt of characters like Kevin Malone and Stanley Hudson. For 10 points, name this Pennsylvania location of Michael Scott's branch of Dunder Mifflin on The Office.;;Scranton
;;In one of this author's novels, Pavel tells a story about how he threw a newlywed couple out of a carriage to save himself from wolves. In a second novel by this author, Frank shoots his wife Marie when he finds her cavorting with the protagonist's brother Emil in an orchard. In the former novel by this author, the protagonist first works for the Harlings and then takes a job with Wick Cutter after establishing a relationship with Jim Burden in Black Hawk.  The latter work of this author centers on Carl Linstrum's relationship with Alexandra Bergson and is set in Hanover, Nebraska. For 10 points, name this author of O Pioneers! who wrote about the Bohemian Shimerdas in My Antonia.;;(Willa) Cather
;;In one poem by this author, the gossip Miriam Lane reveals the identity of the title character after he returns from being lost at sea to find his wife Annie married to Philip. This author of "Enoch Arden" noted that his sorrow came from the "depth of some divine despair" in "Tears, Idle, Tears." In another work, this poet wrote "Sunset and evening star, /And one clear call for me!" and expressed his hope to see his "Pilot face to face." He also described a group of six hundred who rode "Half a league onward" "into the valley of death." For 10 points, name this poet of "Crossing the Bar" and "The Charge of the Light Brigade," the longest serving Poet Laureate of Great Britain.;;(Alfred(,)) (Lord) Tennyson
;;Joachim von Sandrart noted that the two leftmost figures in this painting are derived from a Holbein woodcut depicting two card players. The window at the top of this painting is covered in oilskin, and its figures are lit by an unseen source at the top right. This painting hangs in the Contarelli chapel along with two other paintings by the same artist depicting the title character's inspiration and martyrdom. Only three of the figures sitting at Levi's money table take notice of the barefoot figure at right. For 10 points, name this Caravaggio painting in which Jesus gestures towards a certain tax-collector.;;(The) Calling of Saint Matthew
;;This economist wrote a work on "the conduct of universities by business men" entitled The Higher Learning in America. He lends his name to a type of luxury good which violates the law of demand. This author of The Theory of Business Enterprise also wrote a work with a section on "The Belief in Luck." That work cites festive celebrations as an example of spending for the purpose of displaying one's wealth. For 10 points, name this economist who coined the term "conspicuous consumption" in The Theory of the Leisure Class.;;(Thorstein) Veblen
;;Much of this man's discontent stemmed from his excommunication by Manuel Abad y Queipo, and his closest advisors included Jose Jimenez and Juan Aldama. The Alhondiga de Granaditas was the focus for this man's forces' attack on Guanajuato, and although outnumbered more than twelve to one, Felix Maria Calleja was able to defeat his forces at the Battle of Calderon Bridge. This man was aided by general Ignacio Allende, and this man's revolt began with the Grito de Dolores. Jose Morelos led the insurgency after the execution of, for 10 points, which priest who began Mexico's War of Independence in 1810.;;(Miguel) Hidalgo (y) (Costilla)
;;These organisms, which produce the acetylcholine-like compound anatoxin-a, cycle through a dormant akinete cell stage. Some members of the family Nostocaceae of these organisms are motile due to filamentous hormogonia, while heterocysts enable nitrogen fixation by members of this phylum. Phycobilins are associated with their pigmentation, and their evolution has resulted in an oxidizing atmosphere. Endosymbiosis of these organisms is thought to be the source of chloroplasts, and these organisms account for the majority of photosynthesis in the ocean. Appearing in green algal blooms, for 10 points, identify this phylum of photosynthetic bacteria, also known as blue-green algae.;;cyanobacteria|cyanophyta(;)|blue(-)green algae (early)
;;These numbers can be obtained by the generating function "x" over quantity "1-x-x2", and a closed form expression of them is obtained from Binet's formula. The first two of these numbers are different from the first two Lucas numbers, but both sets satisfy the same recursion relation. Named for the author of the Book of the Abacus, these numbers' successive ratios approach 1.618, the golden ratio. They occur in the sums of diagonals in Pascal's Triangle and various places in nature such as the multiplication of rabbits. The nth of these is equal to the n minus 1st plus the n minus 2nd of them. For 10 points, name this sequence whose initial entries are 0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5.;;Fibonacci (numbers)|(sequence)
;;This author detailed the life of an old bookseller named Iambo Bodoni who wakes from a coma and relives his lost memories in his novel The Mysterious Flame of Queen Loana. One character created by this author saves Niketas Choniates, is adopted by Frederick Barbarossa, and travels to Constantinople in search of Prester John. This author wrote about Belbo, Diotallevi and Casaubon, who set out to invent a conspiracy called "The Plan." This author of Baudolino is better known for a novel in which Adso of Melk helps William of Baskerville solve a murder mystery in a Benedictine abbey. For 10 points, name this author of Foucault's Pendulum and The Name of the Rose.;;(Umberto) Eco
;;This book describes a man who drops dead for withholding a portion of profit from a real estate sale. The story of Ananias is found in this book which describes how a meeting place shook after its participants were infused with the Holy Spirit. This book describes the resurrection of a dressmaker called Dorcas or Tabitha, and its fifteenth chapter describes prohibitions against eating bloody meat, idol worship, and fornication. This book contains the Apostolic Decree in addition to describing the stoning of Stephen and the appearance of "tongues of flame" over the title group. Paul is converted in, for 10 points, what Biblical book following the four gospels?.;;Acts (of) (the) (Apostles)
;;This state's Aztalan State Park is home to some notable Native American ruins, and in 1897, the Boaz mastodon was found here. This state is home to the ancient Gogebic and Baraboo mountain ranges, the latter of which forms the eastern border of the Driftless Area, and it controls the Apostle Islands. The site of the Bad Axe Massacre in 1832, in which the Sauk and Fox followers of Black Hawk were killed, this state is home to the Door Peninsula, which juts into Lake Michigan, as well as Lake Winnebago. For 10 points, name this Midwestern state whose cities include Green Bay and Milwaukee.;;(State) (of) Wisconsin
;;In the second act of this opera, one character returns a gold coin to another. That act opens at the inn of Lillas Pastia and sees Dancaire and Remendado inform the title character that they must dispose of their contraband. The "Card Song" plays in this opera's third act and is sung by the protagonist's friends Frasquita and Mercedes, after the male protagonist sings the "Flower Song." The "Toreador" song is sung by the bullfighter Escamillo, who is shot at by Don Jose before he stabs the title gypsy, who proclaims that "love is a rebellious bird" in her "Habanera." For 10 points, name this Georges Bizet opera about a Spanish gypsy cigarette girl.;;Carmen
;;The narrator of this novel hangs up on a character after being asked to send out some tennis shoes. Another character in this novel talks about "Oggsford College" and is alleged to have fixed the World Series. The narrator of this novel becomes involved with a professional golfer who cheated to win her first tournament. A man known as Owl-Eyes is one of the few who shows up at the title character's funeral after he is shot in his pool by George Wilson, who incorrectly believes that the car that killed Myrtle Wilson was driven by the title character rather than Daisy Buchanan. For 10 points, name this novel narrated by Nick Carraway, a Jazz age work by F. Scott Fitzgerald.;;(The) Great Gatsby
;;This man espoused his socialist ideas in Wealth in the Hands of the Few, and like William McKinley, this president served in the Army of West Virginia during the Civil War. A city and department in Paraguay are named for this man because he arbitrated the end of the War of the Triple Alliance. Although he was overridden, this president vetoed the Bland-Allison Act, and the Great Railroad Strike occurred during his administration. For 10 points, name this one term president from Ohio whose victory over Samuel Tilden in the Election of 1876 resulted in the end of Reconstruction.;;(Rutherford) (Birchard) Hayes
;;One character on this show is defeated by Shunk Wugga during his attempt to get his father to sign a permission slip so he can present evidence before The Swollen Eyeballs. In one episode of this show, a girl gets her foot stuck in the title character's lawn while selling cookies. One character on this show often replaces his brain with food, and recurring characters on this show include the Almighty Tallest, the leaders of the Irkens. Dib is the brother of the antisocial Gaz on this show, and attempts to stop the machinations of the title character and his robot GIR. For 10 points, name this Nickelodeon show about the title alien's bumbling attempts at world domination.;;Invader Zim
;;Despite its name, Buridan's ass was first formulated in this man's On the Heavens. His works include a discussion of the essence of living things called On the Soul and a group of six works on logic known as the Organon. He also distinguished material, formal, efficient, and final causes. One of his works introduced ideas such as anagnorisis, hamartia and mimesis. Aside from the Poetics, he wrote a work which introduced the idea of the prime mover. For 10 points, name this founder of the Lyceum, a philosopher who taught Alexander the Great and wrote the Metaphysics.;;Aristotle
;;Brocard's problem asks which outputs of this function are one less than a perfect square, and Christian Kramp was the first to use the notation commonly used to denote this function. By Stirling's approximation, the natural log of this function on n is equal to n natural log of n all minus n. It is extended to all the complex numbers except the non-positive integers by the gamma function, and the Taylor series of e to the x features this function acting in the denominator of the polynomial terms. This function can be defined recursively as n times this function for n minus one. For 10 points, name this function denoted by an exclamation mark.;;factorial
;;This battle was preceded by the defeat of armies under Henry Hawley and John Cope at Falkirk and Prestonpans, respectively. One side in this battle camped near the Nairn River, while the other force attempted to make a night attack on them but failed. This battle was preceded by a bombardment from Belford's artillery and in it, Barrel's and Munro's regiments received the brunt of the attack. Boggy ground forced the Chattan group to move right during this battle thereby forcing much of one army against Jame's Wolfe's forces, and it saw the use of improved bayonet technique to overcome the shields of the highlanders. For 10 points, name this 1746 battle, a victory for the Duke of Cumberland over Charles Edward Stuart, better known as Bonnie Prince Charlie.;;(Battle) (of) Culloden
;;This author wrote about an innocent silk-winder whose journey connects the sordid lives of four others in a poem that coined the phrase "God's in His heaven All's right with the world." This author of Pippa Passes wrote a poem in which the title painter urges "Grow old along with me! The best is yet to be." This poet documented an Italian murder in his The Ring and the Book, and included "Rabbi Ben Ezra" among his dramatic monologues. One of this author's poems concerns a character who had a "heart too soon made glad," and whose portrait by Fra Pandolf is "painted on the wall." For 10 points, name this English poet of "My Last Duchess," the husband of Elizabeth Barret.;;(Robert) Browning
;;This artist depicted Jesus holding the title fruit while in his mother's arms in Madonna of the Pomegranate. Another circular depiction of Jesus by this artist is Madonna of the Magnificat. He painted himself into his Adoration of the Magi but moved away from Christian themes in a work which is bordered on one side by a red-cloaked man about to pick an orange from a tree. Another work shows a nymph in the process of throwing a cloak over the nudity of the titular figure standing on a shell. For 10 points, name this creator of Primavera and The Birth of Venus.;;(Alessandro) Botticelli
;;In one work, this author parodied the condescending Henry James as "Mr. Nixon." The title character of that work by this author writes "medallions" in an attempt to "resuscitate the dead art of poetry." Another poem by this man consists of the lines "The apparition of these faces in the crowd; Petals on a wet, black bough." This author of "In a Station of the Metro" and "Hugh Selwyn Mauberley" translated several works of the Chinese poet Li Po. This author included Chinese characters in a work that has "Rock-Drill" and "Pisan" sections and was largely written in an Italian jail. For 10 points, name this fascist sympathizer, an American modernist poet who wrote The Cantos.;;(Ezra) (Weston) (Loomis) Pound
;;This ruler set up vassal kings with the title Syenessis in Cilicia, and this ruler subjugated the Massagetai whose warrior queen Tomyris may have killed him. Harpagus defected to the army of this man, who won a victory over Nabonidus. This ruler won a battle against his grandfather, Astyages, at a site where he later founded the city of Pasargadae, and after the Battle of Thymbra he was able to capture Sardis from Croesus, the king of Lydia. This ruler freed the Jews from captivity when he conquered Babylonia, and he also overthrew the Medes. For 10 points, name this man who founded the Achaemenid Empire of Persia.;;Cyrus the Great|Cyrus II (of) (Persia)
;;Deviation from optimal pH or ionic strength results in star activity in this class of proteins. Dcm and Dam methylation in bacteria introduces resistance to the activity of these proteins, which are used to analyze RFLPs. Engineered constructs with multiple cloning sites can be acted on by many of these enzymes. Examples of these enzymes common to digests are XbaI [x b a one] and BamHI [bam h one], and the action of these enzymes results in the formation of either blunt or sticky ends. For 10 points, HindIII [hin d three] and EcoRI [eeko r one] are what types of bacterial enzymes that are useful for cleaving DNA at specific sites in biological experiments?.;;restriction (enzymes)|restriction (endonucleases)
;;The Askaryan effect can generate this phenomenon, whose alteration by a periodic grating is the Smith-Purcell effect. Hankel functions were utilized by Ilya Frank and Igor Tamm to develop a formula calculating the intensity of this effect. It occurs when an electromagnetic field in a local medium is disrupted, releasing photons that constructively interfere and is often considered an analogue of a sonic boom. For 10 points, name this effect named for its Russian discoverer which occurs when particles propagate faster than the local speed of light through a medium, generating an oft-seen blue color.;;Cherenkov (radiation) (/effect)
;;Alain Le Brun has led excavations in this region at places like Kastros and Choirokoitia, and although it is not Jerusalem, one site here features a necropolis known as the Tombs of the Kings. Home to the pilgrimage site of the Hala Sultan Tekke, this region reaches its furthest eastern extent at Cape Andreas and is indented by Morphou Bay.  This island's north is marked by the Kyrenia Mountains, while renowned painted churches can be found in its southerly Troodos Mountains. Important cities here include Famagusta and Limassol, and it was home to a cult center of Aphrodite at Paphos. Divided between north and south by the Green Line, for 10 points, name this island with capital Nicosia, marked by ethnic strife between Greek and Turkish inhabitants.;;Cyprus
;;One character created by this author writes a Ulysses retelling entitled The House on Eccles Street. Before creating the Australian author Elizabeth Costello, this novelist wrote of a Third Bureau officer named Colonel Joll, whose cruelty and decisiveness shocks The Magistrate. In one of this author's novels, Lucy is raped by some thugs after her professor father David Lurie is forced to leave the university when he seduces a student. Another of his characters is a hare-lipped gardener who travels to Prince Albert to deliver his mother's ashes. For 10 points, name this South African author of Disgrace, Waiting for the Barbarians, and The Life and Times of Michael K.;;(John) (Maxwell) Coetzee
;;This book closes with a discussion of the strengths and weaknesses of Spanish and Swiss forces. Chapter twenty of this work concludes that the best fortress is to not be hated, while chapter nineteen examines the downfall of Roman emperors like Pertinax. Chapter eight praises the example of Agathocles, and another leader praised in this work is Cesare Borgia. Chapter eighteen of this work advises that a ruler should be both a fox and a lion and feign many good traits rather than have them. For 10 points, name this political tract which begins with a dedication to Lorenzo de' Medici, written by Niccolo Machiavelli.;;(The) Prince|(Il) Principe
;;The winter following this engagement is known as the Forage War, and this battle ended with John Sullivan's capture of Nassau Hall. At a critical point in this engagement, John Cadwalader arrived with militiamen to support the fleeing forces of Hugh Mercer, who the British mistook for George Washington. The night before this defeat for Charles Mawhood, the victorious side had won the Battle of Assunpink Creek, and it occurred about a week after the Battle of Trenton. Resulting in the British fleeing from New Jersey, for 10 points, name this 1777 victory for George Washington in an Ivy League college town.;;(Battle) (of) Princeton
;;One character in this novel has written a textbook which is used by Gaston Godin at the Beardsley College for Women. The narrator of this work believes he is being followed by an Aztec Red Convertible driven by Inspector Trappe. The narrator of this novel stays in the Enchanted Hunters Hotel after driving to Camp Q. In this novel, Charlotte is run over by a car after reading her husband's diary, and the title character eventually marries Dick Schiller after running away with by the playwright Clare Quilty. For 10 points, name this work in which Dolores Haze is the subject of Humbert Humbert's proclivity for "nymphets," a novel by Vladimir Nabokov.;;Lolita
;;One branch of this religion is derided as the "farmer" variety and places emphasis on the poem "The Harmony of Difference and Sameness." In addition to the Soto sect, this religion's sect includes one which focuses on the makyo hallucinations experienced prior to kensho, which might be brought about with excerpts from the Blue Cliff Record. This religion was brought to China by Bodhidharma, focuses on inquiry into paradoxical koans, and teaches the use of personal experience to bring about satori, or enlightenment. For 10 points, name this kind of Buddhism popular in Japan.;;Zen (Buddhism)|Chan(;)|Thi?n(;)|Seon
;;One character in this novel uses the deceitful governess Mrs. Younge to plan an elopement with Georgiana. One character in this work stays with the Gardiners while visiting London. This novel features the haughty Catherine de Bourgh, who supports the clergyman Mr. Collins, a man who marries the protagonist's best friend Charlotte Lucas. The protagonist's youngest sister Lydia causes a scandal by eloping with the villainous officer Mr. Wickam in this novel. The protagonist of this novel helps match up her sister Jane with Mr. Bingley, before finally accepting Fitzwilliam Darcy's second proposal. For 10 points, name this Jane Austen novel about Elizabeth Bennet.;;Pride and Prejudice
;;Nathaniel Isaacs wrote an account of this ruler, who established his capital at Bulawayo. This ruler invented the Iklwa, a shorter version of the assegai, and he defeated Zwide at the Battle of Gqokli Hill by using his "buffalo horns" formation. This man ordered the milk in his empire to be drained away after the death of his mother Nandi; after Nandi's death, this ruler massacred over 7,000 of his own subjects which led his brother Dingane to assassinate him. Earlier he had united the Mthethwa and Ndwandwe peoples after succeeding Dingiswayo. For 10 points, name this brilliant tactician who united his people and founded the Zulu Kingdom in the early nineteenth century.;;Shaka (Zulu)
;;The Dangrek or "Carrying-Pole Mountains" run along the northwest border of this country, whose southwestern region contains the Elephant Mountains, a subrange of the Cardamom Mountains. This country's only deepwater port was founded in 1964 and named after the then-king, who abdicated in 2004. That city, Sihanoukville, has seen a surge in tourism, but the most popular destinations remain Siem Reap, at the northern end of the Tonle Sap, and its largest city, at the confluence of the Tonle Sap River and the Mekong. The aforementioned Siem Reap serves as a gateway to this country's temples of Angkor. For 10 points, name this Southeast Asian country where the Khmer Rouge ordered forced evacuations of the capital, Phnom Penh.;;Cambodia
;;One poet from this country asked if the title animal would "climb the walls" in her poem "Cat in an Empty Apartment." This country is the setting for a Spanish play in which Basilio locks his son in a tower and convinces him that he only imagined actual events. This setting of Life is a Dream has a national epic sometimes titled Mister Thaddeus. One author from this country wrote a novel in which Nero burns down Rome for the sake of artistic accuracy and  Marcus Vinitius falls in love with the persecuted Christian Ligia. For 10 points, name this home of Quo Vadis author Henryk Sienkiewicz and Nobel Prize winning poet Wislawa Szymborska.;;(Republic) (of) Poland
;;This philosopher discussed the philosophy of science in Our Knowledge of the External World as a Field for Scientific Method in Philosophy. He coined the term "logical atomism" in a 1911 paper, and in "The Ethics of War," he defended wars of principle and wars of colonization. He criticized Alexius Meinong in his essay "On Denoting." His other works include a History of Western Philosophy and the essay Why I Am Not a Christian. His namesake paradox debunked the naive set theory of Gottlob Frege. For 10 points, name this philosopher who, with Alfred North Whitehead, wrote Principia Mathematica.;;(Bertrand) Russell
;;Arms production in this ruler's lands was greatly improved by the introduction of blast furnaces there by Louis de Geer, and he maintained a shaky alliance with John George of Saxony. This ruler ended wars with his neighbors through the treaties of Knared and Stolbovo, although he was constantly at war with his cousin, Sigismund III of Poland. Axel Oxenstierna served as this ruler's chancellor, and this ruler defeated Count Tilly and Albrecht von Wallenstein in battles such as Breitenfeld and Lutzen. For 10 points, name this king, the father of Christina, who led Swedish forces in the Thirty Years' War.;;Gustavus Adolphus (of) (Sweden)|(Gustav) (II) (Adolph)
;;This sculptor created a winged figure standing on a globe as a memorial for the Aviator James R. McConnell. This man's first major work was the bronze Mares of Diomedes, which he followed up with an equestrian statue of Philip Sheridan. This sculptor created a marble bust of Abraham Lincoln for the Capitol Rotunda and abandoned a project in which Robert E. Lee, Jefferson Davis, and Stonewall Jackson were carved into Stone Mountain. His best known work was finished by his son Lincoln and contains an enterable Hall of Records above a massive pile of granite remains. For 10 points, name this sculptor who designed Mount Rushmore.;;(John) (Gutzon) (de) (la) (Mothe) Borglum
;;The inherited form of this disease has been linked to presenilin 1 and 2 genes, as well as the apoE4 gene on chromosome 19. Hyperphosphorylation of tau proteins figures into the tau hypothesis concerning the pathogenesis of this disease. A better-known hypothesis is the amyloid beta hypothesis, which suggests that the buildup of amyloid beta plaques is responsible. Perhaps the oldest theory concerning this disease is that it is caused by a shortage of acetylcholine in the brain. For 10 points, name this neurodegenerative disease primarily affecting the elderly whose symptoms include memory loss.;;Alzheimer's (Disease)
;;This work describes a "hung jury" that "threw potato salad at CCNY lecturers on Dadaism." This poem's description of "twenty five thousand mad comrades" is reference to the population of Pilgrim State, a mental institution where one person mentioned in this poem received shock therapy. This poem's end references a "sea-journey on the highway across America in tears." This work repeats the word Moloch and tells Carl Solomon "I'm with you in Rockland." This poem opens with the line "I saw the best minds of my generation, destroyed by madness, starving hysterical." For 10 points, name this paragon of beat poetry by Allan Ginsberg.;;Howl
;;Stanley Newman claimed that these entities do not exist in the Nuxalk language. In Middle Chinese, one of them ending in [p], [t] or [k] was known as an entering tone. A "heavy" one of these is said to consist of two morae, while a "light" one consists of a single mora. They consist of an optional onset and coda surrounding an obligatory nucleus, which is usually a vowel. The shift from pictographic writing systems to systems based on these units is said to have occurred in Sumer with the development of cuneiform. For 10 points, name these prosodic structures which make up words.;;syllables
;;This organization's first president William Jones resigned over a scandal involving its Baltimore branch. This organization's second president Langdon Cheves restored its integrity by weeding out incompetent officers, including the director of that Baltimore branch, James McCulloch, who was also involved in the namesake 1819 Supreme Court case that established Congress's implied powers. The third president of this organization blamed the demise of it on the Specie Circular, and famously quarreled with the man who refused to renew its charter, Andrew Jackson. For 10 points, name this organization led by Nicholas Biddle, the national bank which succeeded the one proposed by Alexander Hamilton.;;Second Bank (of) (the) (United) (States)
;;Characters in this novel include a consumptive boy who forgets to put a firing cap on his pistol after reading his "Essential Statement." That boy, Hippolite, dies after befriending Kolya the younger son of General Ivolkin. Other characters include Burdovsky who tries to scam the protagonist out of part of his inheritance. The protagonist of this novel has an epileptic fit after breaking an expensive vase at a party. Aglaya Yepanchin is abandoned by a Polish count in this novel, and Rogozhin offers Nastassya one hundred thousand rubles but ends up stabbing her. For 10 points, name this work about the kind but naive Prince Myshkin by Fyodor Dostoyevsky.;;(The) Idiot
;;Male and Female, one of this artist's earliest works, may have been influenced by David Alfaro Siquieros, while his 1943 work The She-Wolf may have been influenced by Jungian psychology. One of his most famous works was done on an eight-foot by four-foot piece of fiberboard and prominently features layered yellow and brown streaks of paint. His 1952 painting Blue Poles and the aforementioned No. 5 both illustrate his technique of dripping paint directly onto his paintings. For 10 points, name this abstract expressionist who pioneered the technique of action painting.;;(Paul) (Jackson) Pollock
;;Unlike his predecessor, this ruler recognized the Parthian king Osroes I, and while he traveled abroad, this emperor employed the frumentarii and Marcius Turbo to prevent any coups. This emperor intended Lucius Aelius to become his successor, but outlived him, and following a proclamation by Akiba ben Joseph, this man faced the revolt of Simon Bar Kokhba in Judea. This ruler had his Greek lover Antinous deified, and adopted Antoninus Pius as his successor. For 10 points, name this third of the Five Good Emperors, the successor of Trajan, who ordered his namesake wall be built in England.;;(Publius) (Aelius) Hadrianus
;;This event saw the failed Project 571 conspiracy, whose supposed instigator would later die in a mysterious plane crash. This event officially began with the May 16 Notice, although it was the article "Bombard the Headquarters" that inflamed sentiments. Another important event in the lead-up to this was the denunciation of the play "Hai Rui Dismissed from Office." This period also saw the 1968 "Down to the Countryside Movement," and notable features of this period include big-character posters and Red Guards. For 10 points, name this chaotic time in China's history which ended with Mao's death in 1976.;;Cultural Revolution
;;This author included events like the Four Days Battle and the Great Fire of London in his long poem about the year 1666. This author used Sicily as the setting for a comedy in which Rhodophil and Palamede fall in love with each other's fiances while Leonidas overthrows the usurper Polydamas. This author of Marriage a la Mode and Annus Mirabilis depicted Antony and Cleopatra in his All for Love. This writer used the story of a rebellion against King David as an allegory on current events like the Popish plot in one work. For 10 points, name this Restoration author who mocked Thomas Shadwell in MacFlecknoe and wrote The Hind and the Panther and Absalom and Achitophel.;;(John) Dryden
;;One of this man's early works was a Clarinet Sonata that no clarinet players were willing to play. Like this man's String Quartet in Four Parts, Indian themes were prevalent in one of his ballets which used the gamut technique and was choreographed for Merce Cunningham. Besides Sonatas and Interludes and The Seasons, this man wrote the 64 by 64, I Ching-inspired, four part Music of Changes for solo piano, to which he added cymbals and two phonographs for the first of his five Imaginary Landscapes. This composer also wrote a three-movement piece whose only sounds come from the environment. For 10 points, name this composer of 4'33'' (four, thirty-three).;;(John) (Milton) Cage (Jr(.))
;;This economist argued that countries should avoid deflation even if it causes their currency to depreciate in A Tract on Monetary Reform. He dismantled classical theory in favor of logical-relationist theory in A Treatise on Probability. He argued against the gold standard in The Economic Consequences of Mr. Churchill, and referred to the Treaty of Versailles as a Carthaginian peace in another work, entitled The Economic Consequences of the Peace. For 10 points, name this British economist who wrote General Theory of Employment, Interest, and Money and advocated governmental intervention in the economy.;;(John) (Maynard) Keynes
;;In 1946, this politician defeated Representative Howard Johnstone McMurray in a Senatorial election and, in 1957, this politician's vacated Senate seat was won by William Proxmire. The right to criticize, the right to protest, the right of independent thought, and the right to hold unpopular opinions were stated in the Declaration of Conscience speech delivered by Margaret Chase Smith against this politician. This politician targeted Mongolian historian Owen Lattimore during the deliberations of the Tydings Committee. In 1954, Army attorney Joseph Welch asked him, "Have you left no sense of decency?" For 10 points, name this Wisconsin Republican Senator who made wild allegations that certain individuals of the State Department were Communists.;;(Joseph) (Raymond) McCarthy
;;The territories of this empire are referred to as the Twelve Doors, and its provincial governors were known as farins and farbas. A forty-four edict constitution, the Kouroukan Fouga, established this empire's legislature, the Gbara, and it grew out of the Kangaba state. This empire was established after a victory over the Sosso king Sumanguru at the Battle of Kirina, and one of its leaders devalued gold in Cairo on his way to Mecca. With capital at Niani, for 10 points, name this medieval empire of Western Africa whose rulers included Sundiata Keita and Mansa Musa.;;Mali (Empire)|Manding (Empire(;))|Manden (Kurufa)
;;In one game in this franchise, beings from the alien Planet FM can allow humans to operate in the Electromagnetic Wave World set up by the satellites Pegasus, Leo, and Dragon. In another game in this franchise, a player receives the Homing Torpedo by defeating a boss named Launch Octopus after being discovered by Dr. Cain. The message "CONGARTULATIONS" is displayed after beating a 1994 soccer game that uses characters from this franchise. In the original game, Dr. Thomas Light creates the title character to defeat the robot armies of Dr. Wily. For 10 points, name this Capcom series that has had incarnations named Star Force, Legend, and X.;;Mega Man
;;In one novel by this author, the foundling daughter of a dress shop owner discovers her identical twin, confusing the weaver Hideo. This author also wrote a novel in which Uragami reports on a six month long match between the materialistic Otake and the spiritual Shusai. This author of The Old Capital wrote a novel in which the protagonist has a fling with his father's mistress Mrs. Ota. In addition to writing The Master of Go, this author wrote a novel in which the self appointed western ballet expert Shimamura has an affair with the geisha Komako. For 10 points, name this Japanese author of Thousand Cranes and Snow Country.;;Kawabata (Yasunari)
;;In one work, this thinker notes that a "veritable discursive explosion" took off in the seventeenth century, leading him to question the idea that Victorians were "imperial prudes." In another work, this thinker considered the treatment of Robert-Francois Damiens in discussing an "economy of power."  He claimed that a "great confinement" marked a shift in the treatment of the insane, and he also theorized that doctors divorce patients' bodies from their humanity using the "medical gaze." This author of The Birth of the Clinic and Madness and Civilization also piggybacked on Jeremy Bentham's design for a prison in which all inmates can be seen by a single guard. For 10 points, name this philosopher who discussed the panopticon in his Disciple and Punish.;;(Michel) Foucault
;;The League of Prizren was formed by leaders who sought the independence of this country by unifying territories such as Shkodra and Janina. This country's national hero was a man who successfully led the seige of Berat and defended the castle of Kruja several times. Italy invaded this country during World War II when it was ruled by a man who claimed descent from Skanderbeg. A communist ruler of this country published recounted his meetings with Stalin in the book With Stalin and  created a secret police called the Sigurimi. For 10 points, identify this Balkan nation which was ruled by Enver Hoxha from its capital at Tirana.;;Albania
;;This country's rock fortress of Sigiriya was built by Kassapa I and five caves are contained within its Golden Temple of Dambulla. Vijayabahu first declared his capital as this country's city of Polonnaruwa, and the Ruwanweli Saya Stupa is contained in this country's city of Anuradhapura. A chain of shoals known as Adam's Bridge lies to the northwest of this country and separates the Gulf of Mannar from the Palk Strait. This country's city of Trincomalee was home to its largest Dutch fort, and the Temple of the Tooth lies in its city of Kandy. For 10 points, name this Asian island country off the coast of India, whose capital is Kotte and largest city is Colombo.;;(Democratic) (Socialist) (Republic) (of) Sri Lanka|Sri Lanka (Prajathanthrika) (Samajavadi) (Janarajaya(;))|Ceylon
;;This poet wondered if the title concept could "govern in a thing so small" in a poem about a white spider on a white flower holding a white moth. This poet admitted "I have passed by the watchman on his beat and dropped my eyes, unwilling to explain" in his tirza rima poem "Acquainted With the Night." This author of "Design" wrote that "He is all pine and I am apple orchard" in one work, and concluded another of his poems with the concession "I have promises to keep, and miles to go before I sleep." For 10 points, name American poet who wrote "Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening" and quoted the adage "'Good fences make good neighbors" in his poem "Mending Wall.".;;(Robert) Frost
;;The Atharvashirsha is recited either 108 or 1000 times in the honor of this figure on Sankashti Chaturthis. The "visarjan" or the immersion of his idols in water occurs on the 14th day of the month of Bhadrapada. Idols of this deity often include his vehicle, a mouse, at his feet. Vyasa dictated the Mahabharata to this figure, who is frequently worshiped before undertaking important tasks. He once received a mango of wisdom and the status of "elder" by defeating his brother Kartikeya in a race. This figure received his most famous aspect after interceding between his parents, Parvati and Shiva, the latter of whom decapitated him. For 10 points, identify this remover of obstacles, an elephant-headed Hindu deity.;;Ganesh|Ganapati(;)|Vinayaka(;)|Lambodara(;)|Ekadanta
;;After previously hearing of an opposing plan proposed at the Hanover Meeting, this leader proposed a twenty-five point plan at the Bamberg Conference. This leader decided to abandon both the Madagascar Plan and Nisko Plan in favor of a plan which would better achieve the ideals of not feeding the hungry, not hydrating the thirsty, and not clothing the naked. Hans Ritter von Seisser and Otto von Lossow put down a rebellion led by this leader, and he consolidated power by executing Operation Hummingbird. The Beer Hall Putsch and Night of the Long Knives both occurred during this leader's reign. For 10 points, name this demonic German leader who published Mein Kampf before executing six million Jews during the Holocaust by the end of World War II.;;(Adolf) Hitler
;;In one work by this composer, title character consumes poison after singing "Senza Mamma" to lament her son's death. This composer wrote an aria in which Rinuccio's lover Lauretta pleads with her father. In addition to composing "O mio babbino caro" in Gianni Schicchi, he created a work whose title character sings "I have lived for love" in "Vissi d'arte," but commits suicide after murdering Baron Scarpia. Another of his operas features Mimi and Rodolpho, who live in the Latin Quarter. For 10 points, identify this composer of Tosca and La Boheme.;;(Giacomo) (Antonio) (Domenico) (Michele) (Secondo) (Maria) Puccini
;;He included the Syrian governor Vitellius and the executioner Mannaeus in his retelling of the John the Baptist story titled after Herod's wife. He considered his masterpiece to be a work about a saint who is confronted by Frailty, Science, the Queen of Sheba, and a version of the devil called Hilarion during a night in the desert. In addition to "Herodias" and The Temptation of Saint Anthony, he wrote about a daughter of Hamilcar who is pursued by the mercenary leader Matho in Salammbo. In another of his novels, Charles botches a foot surgery and the title character runs up huge debts after having affairs with Leon and Rodolphe. For 10 points, name this French author of Madame Bovary.;;(Gustave) Flaubert
;;One graphical representation of this equation exhibits spurious loops which imply that certain substances have negative compressibility. That region is modified by a horizontal line determined by the Maxwell equal area rule. A later modification of this equation introduced a T to the one half term in the denominator of the A parameter; that equation was introduced by Redlich and Kwong. This equation contains factors which account for the volume of individual molecules as well as the attractive forces between molecules, its b and a terms. For 10 points, identify this equation of state, the first modification of the ideal gas law to describe real gases, which was developed by a Dutch scientist.;;van der Waals (Equation) (of) (State)
;;One version of this work was published as "Clawed Back into a Civilized Language Once More by Patient, Unremunerated Toil," after its author translated a French version back to English word for word. One character in this story tells of a mare with asthma and a dog named Andrew Jackson. The narrator goes to Angel's Camp looking for information for an article about a Reverend Leonidas, but instead, Simon Wheeler tells him about how a stranger used quail shot to win forty dollars off of Jim Smiley. For 10 points, name this short story in which the title creature named Daniel Webster loses a bet for its owner because it can't leap, a work by Mark Twain.;;(The) Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County|(The) Notorious Jumping Frog of Calaveras County|Jim Smiley and His Jumping Frog
;;Sutter Green is named after one member of this society, and one of its leaders, John Kelly, was a trustee of the savings bank located across from this society's headquarters. William Leggett led the Locofocos who opposed this organization, and its leaders included Charles Francis Murray and its founder, William Mooney. In political cartoons, this group was often represented as a tiger, and one of its leaders was represented as a man with a moneybag in place of his head by cartoonist Thomas Nast. For 10 points, name this Democratic Party political machine which heavily influenced New York politics under the leadership of bosses like William Tweed.;;Tammany (Hall)|(the) Columbian (Order(;))|(the) (Society) (of) (St(.)) Tammany(;)|(the) (Sons) (of) (St(.)) Tammany
;;David Kelley is one of the most prominent adherents of this school of philosophy. A work whose title indicates that it is an introduction to the epistemology of this philosophical school includes an essay by Leonard Peikoff on the analytic-synthetic dichotomy. With Nathaniel Branden, this school's founder wrote an essay collection entitled The Virtue of Selfishness. The tenets of this philosophical system, which include the ethical ideal of rational self-interest, are set out in novels such as The Fountainhead and Atlas Shrugged. For 10 points, name this school of philosophy founded by Ayn Rand.;;Objectivism
;;The Rabaul Caldera is located in New Britain in this country, which also contains Manus and the Admiralty Islands. Part of this country's western border is made up of the Fly River, which connects via the Strickland River to this nation's largest lake, Lake Murray. Its official languages include Tok Pisin and Hiri Motu. This country is separated from its former owner by the Torres Strait, and during the 1990s a civil war occurred that made it grant autonomy to Bougainville. Formerly ruled by Australia, for 10 points, name this Pacific nation with capital at Port Moresby which shares the second largest island in the world with Indonesia.;;(Independent) (State) (of) Papua New Guinea
;;This man lost to Alex Corretja in the 1998 Masters Cup despite being up three match points. This man was first discovered by pediatrician Peter Fischer, who was also his first pro coach. In a 2007 match in Macao, he subbed out for a ball boy after being aced three times in a row by Roger Federer, though this man went on to beat Federer in that third match of an Asian exhibition series. This player won the last ATP match of his career at the 2002 US Open, defeating Agassi in four sets to win the title, giving him his 14th Grand Slam, a singles record he would hold until Federer's 2009 win at Wimbledon. For 10 points, name this now-retired tennis player nicknamed "Pistol Pete".;;(Pete) Sampras
;;This painter depicted himself as a character from a Walter Scott novel in his Self-Portrait at Ravenswood. A woman holds out her arms imploringly in his Greece Expiring on the Ruins ofMissolonghi, and he depicted a scene from the Inferno in The Barque of Dante. He portrayed an Assyrian king's demise is The Death of Sardanapalus and the slaughter of Greeks by Ottoman troops in The Massacre at Chios. He is best known for a work in which the titular woman holds a musket in one hand and the French flag in the other. For 10 points, name this French Romanticist creator of Liberty Leading the People.;;(Ferdinand) (Victor) (Eugene) Delacroix
;;Gamelan music from Java was the inspiration for this composer's only String Quartet in G minor. "Footsteps in the Snow," "The Sunken Cathedral," and "The Girl with the Flaxen Hair" all appear in his first set of Preludes. A parody of Wagner's Tristan und Isolde appears in this composer's "Golliwogg's Cakewalk," part of his Children's Corner suite. This composer composed a work in which a harp plays a dreamy theme after a descending chromatic scale in a flute introduction, which was inspired by a Mallarme poem. For 10 points, name this French composer of "Prelude to the Afternoon of a Faun" and "Claire de Lune.".;;(Achille(-)Claude) Debussy
;;The legendary founder of this empire's precursor state killed a river demon with a spear, set up shop on Kukiya Island and was known as al-Yaman Za. A later ruler of this empire was allegedly taught magic by Madogo and attempted to build a canal from Lake Faguibine to Walata to defeat Akil. That ruler successfully besieged a city that had withstood 99 previous assaults, Djenne. Another ruler of this polity allied with the Tuaregs to take Air and Agadez, and, like Mali's Mansa Musa, went on an extravagant pilgrimage to Mecca in 1497, but a hundred years later this empire disintegrated after losing to a Moroccan army at the Battle of Tondibi. 10 points, name this empire centered at Gao, whose leaders included Ishaq II, Askia Muhammad and Sunni Ali.;;Songhai (Empire)
;;This poet noted that "the gift of a kid goat" will "stain your ice-cold waters with crimson blood" in a poem about the Bandusian fountain. One work of this author compares the title discipline to painting, and expresses annoyance at continuity errors in stating that even "Homer nods." This author claimed that "brave men lived before Agamemnon" in one work. This writer also noted that Homer didn't begin his story with "the double egg" in a treatise which coined the phrase "In Medias Res." This author also inspired a rebuttal from Wilfred Owen with his patriotic claim "Dulce et decorum est pro patria mori." For 10 points, name this Roman author of Ars Poetica and a series of Odes.;;Horace|(Quintus) Horatius (Flaccus)
;;It's not by Karl Marx, but this work contrasts "value in use" with "value in exchange" in the section "Of the Origin and Use of Money." It mentions that "Brutus lent money in Cyprus at eight-and-forty per cent" in a section discussing stock. Its first chapter popularized the phrase "the division of labor" and relied on the example of a pin factory, while a metaphor commonly associated with this work was reused from the author's earlier The Theory of Moral Sentiments. For 10 points, name this 1776 work that used the concept of the "invisible hand" to advocate a laissez-faire economic approach, a book by Adam Smith.;;(An) (Inquiry) (into) (the) (Nature) (and) (Causes) (of) (the) Wealth of Nations
;;This man served as a naval captain for the Rio Grande de Sul, and earned fame for his performance at the battle of Sant'Antonio in a war against Juan Manuel de Rosas. He would later come to defend the Papal States from an attack by the French, which included a failed charge on Janiculum Hill. On a notable journey, his forces took Milazzo and Calabria before emerging victorious at Volturno River; during that journey, this man subdued Naples and conquered the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies with his "Army of Thousand." For 10 points, identify this military leader during the Risorgimento who led the Redshirts.;;(Giuseppe) Garibaldi
;;This sculptor depicted Nancy Cunard in a work often titled Sophisticated Young Lady. This sculptor of the jagged and triangular Le Coq and the oval-eyed Miss Pogany created an ensemble including Table of Silence in Targu Jiu, which also contains his 29 meter Endless Column. This sculptor of the phallic Princess X created a geometrically-simple relief version of The Kiss, but is best known for a marble and bronze series of figures whose heads and beaks are reduced to ovals. For 10 points, name this Romanian sculptor of the sleek Bird in Space.;;(Constantin) Brancusi
;;The narrator of this novel fails to complete his thesis on Cass Mastern when he experiences a lack of focus he terms his "Great Sleep." Miss Littlepaugh's brother commits suicide in this novel when he loses his job at the power company due to the bribery Judge Irwin. Sugar-Boy O'Sheean is the hotheaded chauffeur of one character in this work. In this novel, one character's affair with Anne Staunton is revealed by Tiny Duffey, causing the surgeon Adam to shoot a character known as "The Boss." For 10 points, name this novel narrated by Jack Burden, a chronicle of the rise of the southern politician Willy Stark written by Robert Penn Warren.;;All the King's Men
;;According to religious literature, the official service during this holiday was prefaced by a seven-day sequestering in the Parhedrin Chamber. In orthodox circles, this holiday still includes the removal of the incense from the Holy of Holies and the pronunciation of the Tetragrammaton. The Al Cheit, Ashamnu, and closing Ne'ilah prayers are unique to this holiday, which sees the recitation of the Kol Nidre prayer on its eve, the reading of the Book of Jonah, and Vidui, or the public confession of sins. Occurring eight days after Rosh Hashanah, for 10 points, name this Jewish Day of Atonement.;;Yom Kippur
;;This man showed that Lie groups could be approximated by finite groups and independently proved the central limit theorem using the Gaussian error function. His namesake "degree" is the level of unsolvability of a set of natural numbers, and this man posited that there is no way to determine whether a given program-input combination will terminate, thus showing the halting problem is undecidable. Computable functions can be computed by constructs like the "busy beaver" in a certain thesis named for Church and this man. For 10 points, name this British computer scientist, the namesake of a test of computer intelligence and a set of machines on which that test can be applied.;;(Alan) Turing
;;His series of five plays spanning 4,000 BC to 32,000 AD includes characters who will themselves to great ages to avoid creative evolution. In another of his works, Reverend James Morell realizes his dependence on his wife after she rejects Eugene Marchbanks. This author of Back to Methusalah and Candida wrote a play in which Raina discovers that the Swiss soldier Bluntschi carries chocolate instead of pistols. Another of his characters rejects the arms manufacturer Andrew Undershaft's donation to the Salvation Army. For 10 points, name this playwright of Arms and the Man and Major Barbara who wrote about Henry Higgins instructing the cockney flower seller Eliza Doolittle in Pygmallion.;;(George) (Bernard) Shaw
;;During this engagement, the vanguard of the defending army was commanded by Thomas Randolph, who stopped a flanking maneuver near the church of Saint Ninians. One side's victory here allowed them to make the Declaration of Arbroath six years later, which was sent to Pope John XXII. At the beginning of this battle, Henry de Bohun charged the enemy king with his lance, only to be beheaded with an axe, and the pretext for this battle involved the relief of Philip Mowbray's beleaguered forces in Stirling Castle. For 10 points, name this 1314 battle in which Robert the Bruce defeated Edward II and established Scottish independence.;;(Battle) (of) Bannockburn
;;The protagonist of this work cuts out an advertisement for Kruschen Salts from a newspaper to place in a photo album before noticing the robot like actions of a woman in a restaurant. The fact that the narrator had taken his girlfriend to a comedy with Fernandel in it, the testimony of the warden of the Home for Aged People in Marengo, and the use of four superfluous bullets, all outweigh the efforts of Marie Cardona and the pimp Raymond Sintes to defend the narrator. Above all, the fact that the narrator failed to cry at his mother's funeral results in his death sentence. For 10 points, name this novel in which Mersault shoots an Arab, a work of Albert Camus.;;(The) Stranger|L'Etranger
;;In one of this author's novels, Father Paez convinces Catalina that she has corrupted her soul by marrying the title character. King Philip II appears in this author's novel in which the eve of the new millennium sees an act of love between Celstina and Pollo Phoibe. This author of Terra Nostra included a frame story about a group of diggers discussing an exhumed corpse in a novel that ends with the revelation that the narrator is Ambrose Bierce. His most famous novel follows the titular corrupt politician on his deathbed as he reflects upon his life. For 10 points, name this Mexican author of The Old Gringo and The Death of Artemio Cruz.;;(Carlos) Fuentes
;;Rett syndrome has been associated with hypermodification of certain classes of these proteins. During spermatogenesis, they are replaced by the arginine-rich protamines, which are necessary for sperm head condensation. The largest of these, class 1, links octameric units of the other four classes. These proteins are rich in positively charged amino acids such as lysine, which is often modified in them by acetyl groups. Four types of these form part of a unit spanning 146 base pairs called a nucleosome, which is key for the supercoiling of DNA. For 10 points, name these proteins around which DNA wraps to form chromatin.;;histones
;;The hexagon-impressed tiles on the arches in this painting are modeled on the ceiling of the Vatican Palace. A putto over the top of this painting bears the injunction "causarum cognitio," or "become knowledgeable of the causes." The upper left and upper right of this painting include statues of Apollo and Athena, holding a lyre and a shield, respectively. Hypatia is depicted in a white robe in the lower left, while in the lower right a group of students gathers around Archimedes. The Timaeus and the Nicomachean Ethics are held by the two central figures, Plato and Aristotle. For 10 points, name this fresco by Raphael.;;(The) School of Athens|(La) Scuola di Atene
;;This man's support for William H. Crawford's candidacy drew him his first electoral vote, from Georgia for the vice presidency. Charles Ogle accused this man of an overly-opulent lifestyle in the "Gold Spoon Oration," and he refused to override Lilburn Boggs' "Extermination Order" against the Mormons in Missouri. This man's vice president caused a scandal in Washington by entering into a common law marriage with a mulatto slave, and this man twice sent Winfield Scott to New England to resolve border disputes in the Caroline Affair and the Aroostook War. Nominated as a presidential candidate later in life by the Free Soilers, for 10 points, name this president who got saddled with the Panic of 1837 shortly after arriving in office.;;(Martin) van Buren
;;Niklas, Sune, and Allan are moves in the Petrus System used for doing this, and that system was designed to be a replacement for the more layer based Fridrich Method employed by the likes of Tyson Mao. In Hellboy, Abe Sapien laments only accomplishing one third of this action, and a blind man in UHF repeatedly fails to do this. In the Pursuit of Happyness, Will Smith does this in a taxi to impress his future employer. Erik Akkersdijk holds the world record for doing this in the 2x2x2, 3x3x3, and 4x4x4 categories. For 10 points, name this action that involves isolating blue, green, yellow, red, orange, and white tiles on separate sides of a six sided solid.;;(Solving) (a) Rubik's Cube
;;One of these figures is a diviner of bird flights, and another one gets impaled on top of an ash-tree. In addition to Amycus and Asbolus, one of these figures named Eurytion coerces Dexamenus into setting him up with Dexamenus's daughter, and several of them cause a ruckus at the wedding of Pirithous. One member of this group that fought the Lapiths offers a jug of wine to a visiting hero, and another gives Deianira a shirt with which to poison her husband. The most famous one is allowed to die after being struck by a poison arrow during a ruckus caused by Pholus's opening of a jug of wine. Nessus and Chiron are, for 10 points, what half-horse and half-man creatures in Greek myth?.;;centaurs|kentauroi
;;Hydrodynamic interactions due to this phenomenon create Parker spirals, which are a consequence of rotations of the source of this phenomenon. A strong "radiation driven" phenomenon analogous to this is observed in Wolf-Rayet stars and more generally beyond the Eddington limit in other systems. In conjuction with Earth's magnetic field, this is responsible for 'fueling' the Van Allen Belts. The termination shock is the point where this reaches subsonic speeds, and the heliopause is where it merges with interstellar medium. This plasma flow is what causes comet tails to face away from the Sun. For 10 points, identify this stream of charged particles released from the outer atmosphere of the Sun.;;solar wind|stellar wind
;;According to the Heckscher-Ohlin model, this concept derives from differences in relative factor endowments. Paul Samuelson argued that this concept might not apply today because capital and labor can easily cross national borders. First illustrated by Robert Torrens in an essay on the Corn Laws, this concept was more famously illustrated by David Ricardo with the example of Portuguese wine and English cloth. For 10 points, name this concept that states that even absolutely advantaged countries can benefit from specialization and trade.;;comparative advantage
;;A group of drunken farmers sings "There came two ladies out of the woods" during an incidental ballet in this play. One character in this play claims that he attempted to commit suicide by sleeping in a bed of oats and elderberry blossoms, and that he learned French while serving at the largest hotel in Lucerne. That man appalls the title character by beheading Serena, the title character's pet canary, and in the end that man, the butler Jean, hands the title character a razor. For 10 points, name this play in which the titular countess seduces and then is persuaded to commit suicide by Jean, a work of August Strindberg.;;Miss Julie
;;This story mentions an object that spent a year in the post office, some time on the shelf of Mr. Martin's grocery, and a year in Mr. Graves's barn. One character in this story is criticized for his decision to modernize by ending the use of wooden chips in favor of paper. The owner of a local coal company, Mr. Summers, organizes this story's title event. Eva is spared the consequences of her father Bill's misfortune by virtue of her marriage to Don. Instead, Bill, Nancy, Bill Jr., Dave and Tessie Hutchinson are picked at random, causing Mr. Delacroix to lift a giant stone to hurl at Tessie. For 10 points, name this short story that caused cancellations of New Yorker subscriptions, a work of Shirley Jackson.;;(The) Lottery
;;This ruler's paternal grandfather married Melisende and become King of Jerusalem upon the death of Baldwin II, while his mother had previously been married to Holy Roman Emperor Henry V. Upon the death of his father, this man obtained the title Count of Maine, and he secured his right to the throne by the Treaty of Wallingford, which was agreed upon by his predecessor, Stephen of Blois. During his reign, his Assizes of Clarendon and Northampton reformed English law, making trial by jury more common, and his Constitutions of Clarendon set out to reduce the pope's power in England, which angered Archbishop of Canterbury Thomas Becket. For 10 points, identify this last husband of Eleanor of Aquitaine, the first Plantagenet king of England.;;Henry II (of) (England)
;;The MSW effect accounts for this particle's oscillations in matter as opposed to a vacuum, and its "sterile" variety is a strong candidate for dark matter composition. The Homestake experiment attempted to count these particles emitted due to fusion in the Sun, while Cowan and Reines reacted its antiparticles with protons to yield neutrons and beta plus particles to verify this particle's existence. Studied at the Super-Kamiokande facility, this particle was postulated to allow conservation of energy and momentum in beta decay, which involves its electron type. Also coming in muon and tauon varieties, for 10 points name this chargeless lepton whose name means "small neutral one.".;;neutrino
;;This man received his first official post in government as Superintendent of Buildings some time after he incited a rivalry with Nicolas Fouquet over unpaid taxes. This man placed increased emphasis on the equality of tariffs laid on goods traded internally in his country, and he attempted to increase transportation options, commissioning Pierre Riquet to build the Canal du Midi. However, he ascended to his most well-known role due to the patronage of Cardinal Mazarin, and he successfully curried favor with Louis XIV after Mazarin's death. Known for pushing mercantilist policies and for placing a heavier tax burden on the nobility, for 10 points, name this French Controller-General of Finances for whom an economic commerce system is named.;;(Jean(-)Baptiste) Colbert
;;This thinker is the namesake of a paradox that is a logical formation of the problem of evil. His few extant works include a letter explaining his physical theory and addressed to Herodotus. Like Democritus, he was an atomist, though his version included the possibility of swerves in atomic motion to allow for free will. His major ethical teachings included that the soul is not immortal and that the person should strive to attain ataraxia. For 10 points, name this Greek philosopher who taught that the only goal in life should be to maximize one's pleasure.;;Epicurus
;;In Melville's Billy Budd, Captain Vere takes his nickname "Starry" from this author's poem "Upon Appleton House." He wrote that "the Irish are ashamed / to see themselves in one year tamed" in a "Horatian Ode." This poet also wrote a series of poems about a figure "against Gardens" and "to the Glowworms." This author of "The Mower" is most famous for a narrator who discusses his "vegetable love" growing until "the conversion of the Jews," but regrets "Time's winged chariot hurrying near." For 10 points, name this British poet who penned the lines "Had we but world enough and time, this coyness, lady, were no crime" in "To His Coy Mistress.".;;(Andrew) Marvell
;;This nation's May Revolution of 1810 came about after the 1806 and 1807 invasions of its capital, and its independence was declared at the Congress of Tucuman. Bartolome Mitre led this nation during the War of the Triple Alliance, although it was ruled for four decades by the caudillo Juan Manuel de Rosas. Jorge Videla's government began the Dirty War in this nation, which served as the heart of the Viceroyalty of the Rio de la Plata before being liberated from Spain by Jose de San Martin. For 10 points, name this South American country which has been ruled by Eva and Juan Peron.;;Argentina
;;A character named Hamlet in this work hallucinates that Tennyson comes to him wearing the face of Euripides to explain the meaning of the phrase "divine despair." Mrs. Merrett spends thirty years in jail after her nineteen year old lover shoots her husband. While most of the characters in this work are miserable, the story teller and fiddler Blind Jack now spends his afterlife listening to Homer recount the fall of Troy. This collection includes a recitation by Anne Rutledge, the "Beloved in life of Abraham Lincoln." For 10 points, identify this poetry collection in which the dead of the title town make one final statement, the masterpiece of Edgar Lee Masters.;;Spoon River Anthology
;;The Master of the Perfect World teaches the lute and zither to Han Fook in this man's short story "The Poet." One of this author's characters is sentenced to eternal life after stabbing Hermine in a house of mirrors known as the Magic Theater. One of his protagonists studies at Escholz and Waldzel before becoming a master in the Order of Castalia and earning the title Magister Ludi. Another of this author's creations leaves home with Govinda, learns the ways of love from Kamala, and meets the ferryman Vasudeva in a quest for enlightenment. For 10 points, name this German-Swiss creator of Harry Haller, Joseph Knecht and a title Buddha figure, the author of Steppenwolf, The Glass Bead Game, and Siddhartha.;;(Herman) Hesse
;;One ballet by this composer includes the songs "I ride an old paint," "McLeod's Reel," and William H.  Stepp's version of "Bonaparte's Retreat." Another ballet by this composer uses a C# bass line in its "Celebration Dance," which follows a "Card Game at Night" and a "Gun Battle."  This composer wrote a ballet whose suite does not include the "Ranch House Party," but does include the "Saturday Night Waltz" and "Hoe-Down" movements. This composer used five variations on a Shaker theme for the melody "Simple Gifts" in a ballet set in Pennsylvania. For 10 points, name this composer of Rodeo, Billy the Kid, and Appalachian Spring.;;(Aaron) Copland
;;This person summoned Johann von Felbiger in an effort to improve primary education, and also founded an academy for oriental languages. The breaking up of freemason lodges shows this ruler's intolerance, as did the forced emigration of Protestants to Transylvania, and many of this ruler's reforms were instituted by Count Haugwitz. Wenzel Kaunitz failed to persuade this monarch to not reclaim Silesia from Frederick II. Earlier, Charles VI had ensured this ruler's succession by allowing female inheritance through the Pragmatic Sanction of 1713. For 10 points, identify this archduchess whose 1740 ascension led to the War of Austrian Succession.;;Maria Theresa (of) (Austria)
;;In one song, this band notes that "life has its problems, and I get my share" before claiming "I'm just a soul whose intentions are good." Another of their songs is set "in this dirty old part of the city, when the sun refuse to shine" and advocates the title action "if it's the last thing we ever do." In addition to "Don't Let Me Be Misunderstood" and "We Gotta Get Out of this Place," this group advised mothers to "tell your children not to do what I have done" in a song about an institution that's "been the ruin of many a poor boy." For 10 points, name this Eric Burdon fronted British invasion group that sang "there is a house in New Orleans" in "The House of the Rising Sun.".;;(The) Animals
;;This philosopher discussed the philosophy of Henri Bergson in The Winds of Doctrine, and held that to judge something as beautiful was to differentiate between fundamental ideals and transitory ones in The Sense of Beauty.  His discussed essence, matter, truth and spirit in The Realms of Being, and he wrote a five-volume work on the "phases of human progress" which notes that "those who cannot remember the past are condemned to repeat it." For 10 points, name this Spanish-American naturalist philosopher who wrote The Life of Reason and Skepticism and Animal Faith.;;(George) Santayana|(Jorge) (Agustin) (Nicolas) (Ruiz) (de) Santayana (y) (Borras)
;;He wrote a political romance about a barmaid who refuses to kill the czar, but it only lasted a week on the stage. Before the failure of Vera, he wrote about Mrs. Cheveley's attempt to blackmail Sir Robert Chiltern in his play An Ideal Husband. He wrote that "each man kills the thing he loves" in a poem about of a prisoner who "did not wear his scarlet coat," "The Ballad of Reading Gaol." He is better known for a novel centering on a painting by Basil Hallward and a play which includes the young Cecily Cardew and the friends Jack and Algernon. For 10 points, name the author of The Picture of Dorian Gray and The Importance of Being Earnest.;;(Oscar) (Fingal) (O'Flahertie) (Wills) Wilde
;;Species responsible for mild forms of this ailment include vivax and knowlesi, the latter of which primarily affects macacas, while most serious forms of it are caused by the species falciparum. Extracts from Artemisia annua are used to combat this disease, whose pathogenesis involves merozoite spores infecting red blood cells. Its key vector is a member of genus Anopheles, and heterozygous alleles for sickle cell anemia confer a degree of resistance to this disease. Traditionally, the strongest treatment for it is a medicine derived from cinchona bark, quinine. For 10 points, identify this disease carried by mosquitoes and caused by Plasmodia that comes from Italian for "bad air".;;malaria
;;One incident related in this book is the death of Nadav and Avihu for filling their censures with "strange fire." This book specifically prohibits sacrificing children to Moloch and distinguishes between "trespass-offerings," "sin-offerings," and "burnt-offerings." Chapters 13 and 14 of this book discuss the affliction of tzaraath, and chapter 23 of this book specifies the allowed days for work on feasts and other holidays. Sections of this book discuss Yom Kippur and sexual misconduct, which includes a prohibition of bestiality and homosexual relations. Divided into a Priestly Code and Holiness Code, for 10 points, name this third book of the Torah.;;(Book) (of) Leviticus|Vayikra
;;This politician rose to prominence by leading a group known as the Insurgents against the corruption of Senator Philetus Sawyer. This politician sponsored the Seamen's Act of 1915, which increased the safety of passengers, and he vehemently opposed the Aldrich-Vreeland Act, passed after the Panic of 1907. This man was one of the leaders of the opposition to the Espionage Act, as well as to American involvement in World War One. Burton Wheeler served as the running mate of this man, who placed third in an election behind John Davis and Calvin Coolidge. For 10 points, name this Wisconsin politician and nominee of the Progressive Party in the 1924 presidential election.;;(Robert) (Marion) La Follette
;;He compared Alexander Pope's Illiad to George Chapman's Odyssey in his lecture series On Translating Homer. This author wrote that one of the title concepts was the "best that has been thought and said in the world" in his nonfiction Culture and Anarchy, and he exclaimed "Go, for they call you, Shepherd!" in "The Scholar Gypsy." After the death of his friend Arthur Clough, this man penned a monody titled Thyrsis. Another of his works opens "The sea is calm to-night" and notes that "Sophocles long ago, Heard it on the Agaean." For 10 points, name this critic and poet who wrote about a "darkling plain" where "ignorant armies clash by night" in "Dover Beach.".;;(Mathew) Arnold
;;This composer's only oratorio includes grieving Bethulian women and depicts Judith beheading Holofernes. This composer used solo violins in his collection La stravaganza and 1, 2, and 4 violins for various movements in his 12 concerto collection L'estro Armonico. This composer wrote "Pleasure" and "The Hunt" for another collection, The Contest Between Harmony and Invention, whose first four movements are accompanied by sonnets describing a barking dog, an icy wind, and a sleeping goatherd in a meadow. For 10 points, name this composer who wrote The Four Seasons.;;(Antonio) (Lucio) Vivaldi
;;N-acetylglutamate regulates this compound's production by activating carbamoyl phosphate synthase, which  initializes its synthesis. Along with its analog, guanidinium, it is a strong protein denaturant, and other key steps in its synthesis include the conversion of ornithine to citrulline, which is then converted into arginine and this compound in its namesake cycle. Consisting of two amine groups linked by a carbonyl, this non-toxic compound derives from toxic ammonia in the liver and makes up most of the dry weight of urine. For 10 points, name this compound which clears most nitrogenous waste from the body and was first synthesized by Friedrich Wohler.;;urea
;;This author created the furniture dealer Gregory Solomon who brokers a deal between cop Victor Franz and and his brother in one work. Another of his plays takes place in the protagonist's head represented as a concentration camp as he relives memories of ex-wives Louise and Maggie. In addition to The Price and After the Fall, this playwright wrote about the discovery that Joe Keller sold defective airplane parts during WWII in All My Sons. In one of this author's plays, Abigail Williams tries to seduce John Proctor, and in another, the husband of Linda kills himself to give insurance money to Happy and Biff. For 10 points, name this playwright of Death of a Salesman and The Crucible.;;(Arthur) Miller
;;He worked on the restoration of Titian's Emperor Vitellius and Emperor Galba, while several of his own works were adapted into sculptures by Bernini. His Iconography series consists of portraits of several of his contemporaries.  His self-portraits include one with a broken column and one with a sunflower, and he also painted several portraits of Queen Henrietta Maria. Another work depicts his patron's upper body in three positions, while his most famous work depicts the same figure in hunting dress. For 10 points, name this student of Peter Paul Rubens, a Flemish portraitist who was court painter to Charles I of England.;;(Sir) (Anthony) Van Dyck|(Antoon) Van Dijck
;;A delegation led by the Heavenly Twins and Billy Hughes claimed that a specific clause introduced by Japan into this treaty which prohibited discrimination on the basis of race or ethnicity would destroy White Australia, so it was removed. In this treaty, the Chinese had their own ambitions shot down when Shandong was given to Japan, starting protests in Tiananmen Square on May fourth. Part 13 of this treaty founded the International Labor Organization, which is today an agency of the United Nations. France did not succeed in separating the Rhineland from Germany in this treaty, but did regain one province. For 10 points, name this treaty signed in 1919 in a city famous for its Hall of Mirrors, ending World War I.;;(Treaty) (of) Versailles
;;This author wrote a poem about a dog's collar inscribed with the phrase "Pray tell me, sir, whose dog are you?" Another brief work by this author concludes "God said, "Let Newton be!" and all was light." This poet concluded in one work that "One truth is clear, whatever is, is right." This author wrote "To err is human, to forgive divine" in his poem "An Essay on Criticism." This author of "An Essay on Man" also wrote a poem in which the spirits Umbriel and Ariel unsuccessfully prevent Lord Petre from cutting off a piece of Belinda's hair. For 10 points, name this British poet who used heroic couplets in mock epics like The Dunciad and The Rape of the Lock.;;(Alexander) Pope
;;This character retires to the town of Redriff with his wife Mary Burton after meeting the Portuguese captain Don Pedro. He is told of rebels from the land of Lindalino who built four massive towers topped with magnets. This character finds out that Alexander the Great died of alcoholism after summoning Alexander, Caesar, Brutus and other luminaries in Glubbdubdrib. This surgeon on the Antelope  describes the Academy of the floating island of Laputa after single handedly capturing the entire navy of Blefuscu. For 10 points, name this character who describes journeys through Brobdinag and Lilliput in his namesake travels, a creation of Jonathan Swift.;;(Lemuel) Gulliver
;;While the eventual winner of this battle offered his traitorous brother his old position back in exchange for laying down his arms, the brother's ally was only offered "seven feet of earth." This battle followed one at Fulford, in which the brothers Morcar and Edwin were defeated. According to legend, a single soldier held up one side's advance across a bridge over the Derwent River until an English soldier speared him from under the bridge. The defeat of Tostig and Harald Hardrada here cleared the way for the victor to proceed south, where he was killed less than three weeks later. For 10 points, name this battle that marked the end of the Viking Era whose victor Harold Godwinson would be killed on October 14, 1066, at Hastings.;;(Battle) (of) Stamford Bridge
;;One series created by this artist depicts a woman with a gambling addiction, a woman with obsessive envy, and a man suffering from delusions of military rank. That series of ten paintings of the insane includes a self-portrait called Portrait of a Kleptomaniac. This painter also created a work in which a Napoleonic soldier brandishes a sword atop a rearing horse, The Charging Chasseur. Another of his works includes a figure waving a flag in the top right, and depicts the suffering of the survivors of a shipwreck off the coast of Mauritania. For 10 points, name this French Romantic who painted The Raft of the Medusa.;;(Theodore) Gericault
;;In the book named for this figure, Gabriel announces that four sovereigns of a certain empire would appear prior to Alexander the Great. This figure makes a dragon explode by feeding it barley cakes after scattering ashes to prove that 70 priests and their families ate the offerings allotted for Bel. This figure compares the destruction of a clay and iron statue by a rock to the inevitable fall of empires. This figure also explains the writing of the wall at Belshazzar's feast and survives a stay in the den of lions. For 10 points, name this Old Testament figure who divined some dreams.;;Daniel
;;This game contains the cheat code "Enablellamas," which simply returns the phrase "Llamas Enabled." Ambrosia can only be made by combining a Life Fruit with a Death Fish, which can only be caught at the Pleasant Rest Graveyard in Sunset Valley. An early ad for this game featured Sarah Palin fighting with Joe Biden. Fishing, collecting and gardening are new skills in this game, and its leak two weeks before its sale caused its developers to create the free downloadable town of Riverdale. It allows the diagonal placement of furniture, and was the first game in its series not developed by Will Wright and Maxis. For 10 points, name this 2009 people simulation.;;(The) Sims 3
;;One movement of this work depicts a scene from the ballet Trilby and is followed by a depiction of a conversation between "Two Jews: Rich and Poor." In one movement in this work, the alto saxophone is played above a continuous bass, evoking a troubadour's song in front of "The Old Castle." 16th note tremolos are found in its ninth movement, inspired by a drawing of a large clock in the shape of Baba Yaga's "Hut on Fowl's Legs." Orchestrated by Ravel, this piece ends with a two-part rondo depicting "The Great Gate of Kiev." For 10 points, name this piano work originally composed by Modest Mussorgsky, a setting of various Viktor Hartmann artworks.;;Pictures at an Exhibition|Kartinki s vystavki
;;One character in this work drops his towel to reveal boxer shorts covered in whales after brushing his teeth with soap. The protagonist of this novel plays a three day game of monopoly with Cheswick and Martini, before raising a vote to allow watching the World Series, and organizing a fishing trip with the prostitutes Sandy and Candy.  The narrator of this work is a Columbia Indian who smothers the protagonist with a pillow before escaping. For 10 points, name this Chief Bromden narrated work in which Randle McMurphy is lobotomized after challenging the tyrannical Nurse Ratched at an Oregon psychiatric hospital, a novel by Ken Kesey.;;One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest
;;The first king of this nation was not recognized by the pope until fifty years after his victory in the Battle of Ourique and his subsequent coronation, and the death of another of its monarchs in the Battle of Three Kings led to foreign occupation. In the eighteenth century, the Tavora Affair occurred in this nation, and was an attempt to lessen the power of the aristocracy by the Marquis de Pombal. This country loosened control on its colonies after the Carnation Revolution, which brought the end of Antonio Salazar's Estado Novo. For 10 points, name this nation which had to rebuild after the 1755 earthquake which destroyed its capital, Lisbon.;;Portugal
;;Napoleon's theorem concerns the use of four of these figures to construct a fifth with special properties, and a similar method is used to locate the Fermat point for this shape. Nine significant locations on it are traversed by the nine-point circle, the center of which lies on an Euler line in this shape. Ceva's theorem concerning this shape states that lines drawn from a vertex to a side meet under certain conditions, and another statement about it allows its area to be determined from side length and semiperimeter alone. For 10 points, name this simple shape, whose area is calculable by Heron's formula and whose angles add up to 180 degrees.;;triangle
;;This man espoused his socialist ideas in Wealth in the Hands of the Few, and like William McKinley, this president served in the Army of West Virginia during the Civil War. A city and department in Paraguay are named for this man because he arbitrated the end of the War of the Triple Alliance. Although he was overridden, this president vetoed the Bland-Allison Act, and the Great Railroad Strike occurred during his administration. For 10 points, name this one term president from Ohio whose victory over Samuel Tilden in the Election of 1876 resulted in the end of Reconstruction.;;(Rutherford) (Birchard) Hayes
;;One character created by this author has a heart attack while playing in a cimbalom band after organizing the poorly attended Ride of the Kings. A character in another of this author's novels abides by the "rule of threes" for committing infidelity and is given the epitaph "He wanted the Kingdom of God on Earth" after dying in a car accident while working at a dairy collective. Ludvik Jahn writes "Optimism is the opium of the people!" on a postcard, resulting in his expulsion from the Communist Party in this author's The Joke. For 10 points, name this Czech author who wrote about the photographer Tereza's relationship with the Tomas in The Unbearable Lightness of Being.;;(Milan) Kundera
;;In one work with this adjective in its title, Tom Moody's mistress Lorna Moon falls in love with the violinist turned prize fighter Joe Bonaparte. In addition to describing the title figure of a Clifford Odets play, this adjective appears in the title of a work in which the Jewish actress Molly Jacobs befriends the novelist Anna Wulf. Charlotte Stant continues her affair with Prince Amerigo after he marries Maggie Verver in a novel that features this adjective in its title. Pamphile's ointment turns Lucius into a ass of this type in an Appulius work. For 10 points, name this adjective which is used to describe a "notebook" in a Doris Lessing novel and a "bowl" in a Henry James novel.;;golden
;;He took issue with word-for-word translations in Contra Errores Graecorum and distinguished between the titular people's knowledge of God and what can be known by taking Christian beliefs into account in Summa Contra Gentiles. This man's most famous work asserts that all knowledge is abstract and that perfect happiness can only come from contemplating God. That work also includes a section in which he uses Aristotle's four causes to advance five arguments for the existence of God, who is called the "first mover" and "first efficient cause." For 10 points, name this philosopher who wrote the Summa Theologica.;;(Saint) (Thomas) Aquinas
;;This ruler created the Chambre Ardente to persecute heretics, a cause which was furthered by his Edict of Chateaubriant. After his defeat in the Battle of St. Quentin, this ruler married his sister Margaret to Emmanuel Philibert of Savoy and his daughter Elisabeth to the King of Spain in the Peace of Chateau-Cambresis, and he had earlier married his son to Mary Queen of Scots. This man's mistress, Diane de Poitiers, controlled court life during his reign, although he was married to Catherine de' Medici. For 10 points, name this Valois King of France who died from a wound suffered while jousting, the father of Francis II, Charles IX and Henry III.;;Henry II (of) (France)
;;The torsin protein, a member of the AAA protein family, is crucial for carrying out the role of this molecule, which tightly binds to the N-terminal domains of DnaK and Hsp70. In order for tRNA to be aminoacylated, this molecule must first react with free amino acid, and seven of these molecules can bind to the GroEL/GroES chaperone complex. It is the product of an enzyme containing F0 and F1 subunits that harness a proton gradient produced by the electron transport chain. Produced by a namesake synthase, about 36 of these molecules are generated per glucose entering cellular respiration. For 10 points, identify this energy-storing molecule, which consists of three phosphates bonded to an adenosine sugar.;;ATP|adenosine triphosphate
;;The image of this figure on his mount is associated with three interlocking triangles, the Valknut. This god worked for Baugi and seduced Gunnlod to obtain a substance made from Kvasir's blood. Along with Vili and Ve, this god was the son of Borr and Bestla. This god's possessions include the throne Hlidskjalf and the ring Draupnir. This god receives half of the Einherjar in Valhalla, where they are served by his Valkyrie messengers. After making a trip to Mimir's Well, this god lost one eye. Huginn and Muninn are ravens loyal to, for 10 points, what chief Norse deity?.;;Odin|Woden(;)|Wotan(;)|(anything) (like) (that)
;;This philosopher insisted that enjoyment is subjective in Observations on the Feeling of the Beautiful and Sublime. He proposed an early version of democratic peace theory in his essay, "Perpetual Peace." He described the title concept as "man's emergence from his self-imposed immaturity" in "What Is Enlightenment?" He was the first philosopher to delineate the difference between analytic and synthetic propositions, and in his Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals, he introduced the concept of the categorical imperative. For 10 points, name this author of the Critique of Pure Reason.;;(Immanuel) Kant
;;During this conflict, one country established a puppet regime known as the Terijoki Government, and it began with one side shelling their own border village of Mainila. The eventual losers of this conflict showed the prowess of their motti tactic in a remarkable incident at Raate Road in which 3,600 soldiers ambushed, broke up, and defeated a force of 25,000, and that battle prevented the other side from marching to Oulu and splitting the country in half. Fears over the nationalist and anti-communist Lapua Movement contributed to one side's participation in this conflict, and that side eventually broke through the Mannerheim Line and captured Karelia. For 10 points, name this World War Two-era invasion of Finland which showed the weakness of the Soviet military.;;Winter War|talvisota
;;One character in this film introduces himself as a teacher on sabbatical who just won the lottery after refusing to stay at a shoddy hotel. Yusef Kabira is killed after trying to seduce a Canadian with an identical necklace to one carried by the protagonist. Earlier in this film, one character steals an earpiece from a gift bag and uses it to disrupt a clandestine meeting at a performance of Tosca. The ecological organization called Greene Planet is run by Dominic Greene, who is left in the desert with a bottle of motor oil after assisting in a scheme to limit the water supply of Bolivia. For 10 points, name this 2008 sequel to Casino Royale, the twenty second Bond film.;;Quantum of Solace
;;In the bottom right of this work, a partridge is perched on a branch. In the background, several ships can be seen sailing near a port which is surrounded by cliffs and lies across from what appears to be a volcano. Near the center of this painting, a man leaning on a stick looks skyward rather than monitoring the sheep surrounding him. Other figures include a fisherman and a plowman, both of whom ignore the titular event, as does the ship passing the title character. For 10 points, identify this painting depicting the drowning of the son of Daedalus, by Bruegel the elder.;;(Landscape) (with) (the) Fall of Icarus
;;The Privilegium Minus placated this group's member Henry the Lion with the creation of the Duchy of Austria. Their titular rebellion occurred while Conrad III was fighting the Second Crusade, and they supported Otto IV during the succession dispute with Frederick of Sicily for the Imperial crown. Charles of Anjou helped this group in establishing themselves in their most important city where the Donati and Cerchi families created "black" and "white" factions, Florence. Also controlling Milan, Genoa and Bologna, their main opponents controlled Siena, Arezzo, and Pisa. For 10 points, name this political faction from the 12th to 14th centuries in Germany and Italy who supported mercantile interests and the papacy against the Holy Roman Emperor, and were pitted against the Ghibellines.;;Guelphs|Guelfs(;)|Welfs
;;This psychologist used the case of Mrs. L and her son Jim to illustrate his most famous theory in his book Counseling and Psychotherapy. His A Way of Being was a follow-up to a work in which he asserted that "the good life is a process, not a state of being" and discussed the development of "trust in one's organism," On Becoming a Person. This psychologist developed a system of therapy involving a non-directive approach based on unconditional positive regard for the patient. For 10 points, name this psychologist who developed client-centered therapy.;;(Carl) (Ransom) Rogers
;;The protagonist of this novel forgets to turn off his scent tap before flying by helicopter to Malpais. Other characters in this work include a Polish boy named Reuben Rabinovitch, who learns English in his sleep. Technologies introduced in this work include Malthusian drills, Podsnap's technique, and Bokanovsky's human egg fertilization process, which is used to distinguish between Alphas and Epsilons. When Lenina brings John the Savage back to London, he gains instant celebrity. This novel is set in 632 Year of our Ford, and ends when Mustafa Mond exiles Helmholtz  and Bernard  Marx. For ten points name this dystopian novel by Aldous Huxley.;;Brave New World
;;The first of this composer's four piano trios notably opens in B major and ends in B minor. The A-E-F motif dominates the Double Concerto in A minor of this composer, who created a work whose movements begin "for all flesh is grass" and "blessed are they that mourn," a seven-movement piece with text from the Luther Bible. This man sought to balance his Tragic Overture with a joking work with the "Fuschlied" and "Gaudeamus igitur" songs, which celebrate student life at the University of Breslau. For 10 points, name this German composer of the German Requiem and Academic Festival Overture.;;(Johannes) Brahms
;;Parks in this city include one called Riverside Promenade which offers a view of a section of the city called the Bund that contains numerous buildings built by the British and French. This city's Century Park is its largest, located in Pudong, and other attractions include the Jade Buddha Temple which contains the Hall of the Kings of Heaven. A tea house is located in the center of a lake in this city located near the Yu Garden. This city is located just south of Hengsha Island and east of Lake Tai, the source of the Huangpu River which bisects this city, but more notable is this city's location on the delta of the Yangtze. For 10 points, name this Chinese port city located east of Nanjing on the East China Sea.;;Shanghai
;;One character in this novel tells a story in which the tortoise loses the smoothness of his shell after being invited to a feast by the birds. Reverend Smith replaces the tolerant Mr. Brown in this novel. The protagonist of this work wrestles with Amalinze the Cat, and is given custody of Ikemefuna. An exploding gun causes the protagonist of this work to accidentally kill a boy. Enoch unmasks the egwugwu causing the rampage and eventual suicide of the protagonist of this work. This novel takes place in Umuofia and takes its title from the Yeats poem "The Second Coming." For 10 points name this novel about the Igbo Okonkwo, a work of Chinua Achebe.;;Things Fall Apart
;;Participants at this meeting decided to attack Generals Alfredo and Guzzoni next, and it occurred after the Battle of Bizerte. This event's namesake communique stated that naval operations in the Atlantic were given top priority in order to secure shipping routes, and the Trident Conference would occur after this meeting. The non-stop air bombing of Germany was planned here, and Sicily was named as the next target for Allied invasion at this conference that followed Operation Torch. In order to placate one of the absent leaders, one participant also issued the doctrine of unconditional surrender of Germany, Italy, and Japan in, for 10 points, which 1943 meeting between Winston Churchill and Franklin D. Roosevelt without Joseph Stalin located in a seaside city on the North African coast?.;;Casablanca (Conference)
;;Various phenomena associated with this force can be described by the creation and annihilation of modes called shearons. Defects along a surface can lead to energetic corrugations resulting in this force according to the Tomlinson model, which describes it on the atomic level. The triboelectric effect is charging as a consequence of this force, whose "skin" variety occurs at a body-fluid interface. It is independent of surface area according to one of Amontons' Laws, and superlubricity is the total absence of this force. For 10 points, identify this force which is perpendicular to the normal force and provides resistance when two surfaces slide over each other.;;friction
;;The Voluspa states that this figure and his wife lie "under a grove of hot springs," and later refers to him as the brother of Byleist. This figure killed a man in the form of an otter, paying the weregild for that death with gold stolen from Andvari.  This killer of Fimafeng was punished with the death of his son Narfi, whose entrails were used to bind him to a tree.  This god writhes in agony as a snake drips venom on his face, which occurs whenever Sigyn has to empty the poison bowl. This god arms Hoder with a sharpened sprig of mistletoe, which is used to kill Balder. The father of Hel, for 10 points, name this trickster god of Norse mythology.;;Loki
;;In mammals, these entities may be influenced by light-sensitive melanopsin ganglion cells. They are entrained by a periodic environmental signal called the zeitgeber and are called "free running" in the absence of such a signal. Their occurrence is coordinated by an area within the anterior hypothalamus, the suprachiasmatic nucleus, and disorders related to these in humans include advanced sleep phase syndrome.  In diurnal animals these are controlled by levels of melatonin. For 10 points, identify these cycles providing the body with an internal clock lasting approximately 24.3 hours in humans.;;circadian rhythms
;;Types of this phenomenon include acculturative, which is associated with the conflicts of maintaining a minority identity, and transitional, which is associated with conflict across important developmental periods. Hans Selye described a universal response to this, which he termed the General Adaptation Syndrome. It can mediate illness by increasing high-risk behaviors and depressing the immune system, and Type A personalities experience higher levels of it than Type B personalities. For 10 points, name this phenomenon which is characterized by mental or emotional strain.;;stress
;;After this man met Benjamin Lundy he joined the immediatism movement, and he burned a copy of the Constitution on the Fourth of July because he believed it was an agreement with the devil. In Thoughts on African Colonization, this man condemned recolonization efforts and the Liberty Party split from this man after he lost support while campaigning against capital punishment, tobacco, and imprisonment for debt. Inspired by The Book and Slavery Irreconcilable to found a certain organization, for 10 points, name this abolitionist leader who called for "no union with slave holders" in The Liberator and also founded the American Anti-Slavery Society.;;(William) (Lloyd) Garrison
;;The protagonist of this novel learns that one character is a printer named Gerard Duval after finding his wallet. In one scene in this novel, three characters swim naked across a canal carrying only boots full of food. Earlier, the main character is attacked by a bull mastiff when he and Kat steal a goose. This novel's brief final section features an abrupt shift to the third person, and earlier in this novel, Mueller takes a pair of boots from the dying Himmerich. The protagonist of this novel helps beat up Himmelstoss, the drill sergeant who trained Paul Baumer's squad before it was sent to the trenches. For 10 points, name this World War I novel by Erich Maria Remarque.;;All Quiet on the Western Front|Im Westen nichts Neues
;;One opera by this composer begins with a prelude repeating "Open are the double doors of the horizon/Unlocked are its bolts." That opera by this composer contains a second-act recitation of Psalm 104, following a duet in which the title character reads love poems to his wife, who is in a lower register. Another opera by this composer contains an electric organ accompanying repeating countdowns as well as "All Men are Equal" and "Mr. Bojangles" in its first "Trial," which precedes the second of the five "knee plays." For 10 points, name this minimalist composer of Satyagraha, Akhenaten, and Einstein on the Beach.;;(Philip) (Morris) Glass
;;Richard Wright was inspired by the work of this author to spend the final months of his life writing poetry. This author's first book written without collaborators was Seashell Game, and he created a new subgenre with his collection Winter Days. He was inspired by Butcho to publish A Visit to the Kashima Shrine. He wrote a famous poem about a frog leaping into a pond, and took his name from the banana plant hut he once lived in. Many of his works were based on the idea of sabi, the perfect spiritual serenity obtained by immersing oneself in nature. For ten points, name this poet of Narrow Road to the Deep North, an Edo period Japanese author and master of the Haiku.;;(Matsuo) Basho
;;One man with this surname proposed giving Zionists Uganda as their homeland and attempted to form an alliance with Germany several times in the Salisbury administration. Another man with this last name served as Chancellor of the Exchequer under Arthur Balfour and Foreign Secretary under Stanley Baldwin, during which he negotiated the Locarno Treaties with Gustav Stresemann. The best known man of this surname is remembered for preceding Winston Churchill as Prime Minister and appeasing Hitler. For 10 points, give this surname shared by British politicians Joseph and his sons Austen and Neville.;;Chamberlain
;;Chloramphenicol stalls the activity of this structure, while reversal of its primary function is enabled by LepA. That function is carried out using the GTPase activity of EF-G. One of its main substrates is assembled using the enzyme aaRS, and in prokaryotes, its 16S portion attaches to the Shine-Dalgarno sequence. Designated 70S or 80S, this organelle transfers a nascent peptide from its P-site to its A-site where aminoacyl-tRNA accepts the polymerizing protein chain. The tRNAs then exit from its E-site. Coming in free and bound varieties, for 10 points, name this organelle sometimes found on rough ER that contains two subunits and is the site of protein synthesis.;;ribosome
;;In one scene in this play, two characters tie their belts together to trap another character. Earlier, the protagonists employ tennis scoring in their Game of Questions. Two characters in this play hear music emanating from some barrels before the arrival of pirates prompts them to hide. The protagonists encounter the Player, who leads a troupe of actors called the Tragedians in a performance of the Murder of Gonzago. This play opens as one character continuously wins a coin flipping game, and ends with the English ambassador announcing the deaths of the title characters at Elsinore Castle. For 10 points, name this Tom Stoppard play centered on two minor characters from Hamlet.;;Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead
;;This man's on-air admission of surgery led Michael Savage to label him "the hemorrhoid with eyes." This man ordered Keith Ellison to "prove to me that you are not working with our enemies," and he was accused by the hosts of The View of lying about a chance meeting on an Amtrak train. This commentator highlighted Nine Principles and Twelve Values as part of his 9/12 project, and lost over forty advertisers after accusing President Obama of having "a deep-seated hatred for white people." For 10 points, name this author of An Inconvenient Book and The Real America, a right wing commentator who joins Bill O'Reilly and Sean Hannity on Fox News.;;(Glenn) Beck
;;Due chiefly to the provocation of this man, problems stemming from the Convention of Gastein led to the Seven Weeks War and Austria's exclusion from a newly established empire. This person arranged the Reinsurance Treaty with Russia, a secret agreement compelled by the collapse of the Three Emperors League. The May Laws promulgated by this leader's minister of culture, Adalbert Falk, contributed to a political struggle called the Kulturkampf. This prime minister edited an exchange between the French Count Benedetti and King William in such a way so as to provoke armed conflict; that message, the Ems telegram, precipitated the Franco-Prussian War. For 10 points, name this German chancellor from 1871 to 1890, a Prussian who was the chief architect of the late-nineteenth century German Empire.;;(Otto) (Eduard) (Leopold) (von) Bismarck
;;One of this author's protagonists helps William T. Knife market the caffeinated beverage Okey-Dokey. That satire of the fundraising culture, Gideon Plainish, features a character who manages the career of the evangelist Sharon Falconer in another of this author's novels. This author set his novel about the Jolly Seventeen's conflict with Carol Kennicott in the town of Gopher Prairie. Another town created by this author is in the fictional state of Winnemac, and is home to the car salesman Samuel Dodsworth, the preacher Elmer Gantry, and the real estate agent George Babbit. For 10 points, name this author of Main Street.;;(Sinclair) Lewis
;;This relation was discovered by Irving Fisher in the 1920s, thirty-two years before its namesake published his work on it. The New Classical version of it was developed by Robert Lucas. Robert Solow and Paul Samuelson showed that this it applied to the United States. It was criticized by Edmund Phelps and Milton Friedman, who argued that it could not hold in the long run. This relation, which is similar to Okun's law, came under increasing attack in the 1970s due to stagflation. For 10 points, identify this curve in economics that gives an inverse relationship between inflation and unemployment.;;Phillips (curve)
;;Alexander Calder's Ordinary is located outside of this structure, which lies across from the Skidmore, Owings, and Merrill-designed Lever House. The shear trusses and shear walls of this building extend to the 29th and 17th floors of it respectively. This building has three specified positions for window blinds, which its architect included to maintain uniformity. Mark Rothko was going to create displeasing art for the Four Seasons Restaurant in this International Style building. For 10 points, name this structure designed by Johnson and Mies van der Rohe.;;Seagram (Building)
;;A higher thoroughput modification of this technique starts at a high temperature but lowers it in small increments until it reaches a specified point. In addition to that touchdown variant, another variant of this technique simultaneously quantifies its product in real-time. It employs cations like magnesium 2+ to stabilize its products and uses dNTPs as building blocks for those products. This process uses different temperatures for its denaturing, annealing, and elongation stages, and it was greatly improved with the thermostable Taq polymerase enzyme that carries it out. For 10 points, name this common laboratory technique used to amplify a sample of DNA.;;PCR|Polymerase Chain Reaction
;;This country's south-central lowland is home to such rivers as the Inhul and the Southern Bug, and that lowland is flanked by the Volhynian-Podolian uplands on the west and the Donets range on the east. With its northern neighbor, this country shares the Pripet marshes, thought by some to be the original homeland of the Slavs. The Kerch Strait, which connects the Sea of Azov to a larger sea, separates this country's large southern peninsula from Russia. That peninsula, the Crimea, contains Yalta, the site of a prominent meeting during World War Two, and Sevastopol, a Black Sea resort. For 10 points, name this large former Soviet republic in Eastern Europe, a country whose notable cities include Kharkov, Odessa, and its capital, Kiev.;;Ukraine|Ukrayina
;;One work by this author centers on a play about the pilot Rico Verri directed by Dr. Hinkfuss's. The protagonist of one of this author's novels abandons his wife Romilda and wins big at Monte Carlo before trading identities with a dead man. This author of Tonight We Improvise and The Late Mattia Pascal wrote about a man who falls off of his horse and believes he is the title Holy Emperor. One of his plays is partially set in Madame Pace's shop and sees the Father, the Mother, the Stepdaughter, the Son, The Boy, and the Little Girl ask the Stage Manager to put them in a play. For 10 points, identify this Italian author of Henry IV and Six Characters in Search of an Author.;;(Luigi) Pirandello
;;Honey-colored saffron clothes were worn by girls dressed as arktoi in the Brauronia, which was a celebration of this deity. This deity ran between Otus and Ephialtes, causing them to kill each other, and in another story, she substituted a deer for Iphigenia in the altar of sacrifice. King Oeneus forgot to worship this goddess, who angrily sent the Calydonian boar to ravage the land. After one of her attendants fathered Arcas, she transformed Callisto into a bear, but her most vengeful act was slaughtering the children of Niobe, who insulted her mother Leto. For 10 points, name this sister of Apollo and goddess of the hunt.;;Artemis
;;The Williams-Landel-Ferry model provides more accurate predictions for viscosity at higher temperatures than this related equation. This equation is similar in form to an equation based on transition state theory named after Polanyi and Eyring. Derived largely from collision theory, it includes one term based partially on the number of collisions in the system, as well as a term equal to e to the negative capital E-sub-a over RT. Preceded by a pre-exponential or steric factor typically symbolized A and used to compute the rate constant in terms of activation energy, for 10 points, name this equation of chemical kinetics, named after a Swedish chemist.;;Arrhenius (Equation)
;;This philosopher wrote a work addressed to Philipp van Limborch which argued that neither atheists nor the Catholic Church should be tolerated, A Letter Concerning Toleration. His other works include The Reasonableness of Christianity and the anonymously published Two Treatises on Government. In Some Thoughts Concerning Education, he claimed that man is made what he is through education, extending the idea that the mind is a tabula rasa which he introduced in his most famous work. For 10 points, name this Enlightenment philosopher who wrote An Essay Concerning Human Understanding.;;(John) Locke
;;One episode in this book is a mass circumcision at Gibeath-Haaraloth, which becomes known as the "hill of foreskins." One army in this book suffers a defeat at the city of Ai, which leads to the stoning of Achan for his covetousness. In this book, a coalition led by Adoni-Zedek later attacks Gibeon, and in one of the first conquests in this book, the harlot Rahab assists the Israelite army by harboring spies sent to her city. That act allowed the title character's army to march around Jericho and bring down its walls on the seventh day. For 10 points, identify this book of the Old Testament that details the Israelite conquest of Canaan following the death of Moses.;;(The) (Book) (of) Joshua|(Sefer) Y'hoshua
;;This author wrote of a student whose betrayal of Victor Haldin allows him to infiltrate a group of revolutionaries. Mr. Verloc tries to make Stevie bomb Greenwich observatory in another of his works. In one novel by this man, Montero's army invades the town of Sulaco after the title character takes over Gould's silver mining operation in the fictional country Costaguana. One of this author's protagonists becomes a leader on the island of Patusan in a novel narrated by this author's recurring character Charlie Marlow. For 10 points, name this author of The Secret Agent and Nostromo who wrote about the sinking of the Patna in Lord Jim and the search for Kurtz in the Congo in The Heart of Darkness.;;(Joseph) Conrad
;;This man wrote a cantata about a creature from Persian myth that tries to regain entrance into heaven. This composer wrote a set of variations on his imaginary friend Meta Abegg. This composer wrote his only cello concerto in A minor and dedicated to Frederic Chopin his Kriesleriana. One composition by this man contains quotations of "Grandfather's Dance" and he quoted from that work in his later piece Carnaval. Of this man's four symphonies, the third opens powerfully like a fanfare in E-flat major and his first was written the year after he married Clara. For 10 points, name this German composer of the Spring and Rhenish symphonies.;;(Robert) (Alexander) Schumann
;;This man was adopted by Glaukias, a king of the Taulantians, after his father Aeacides was deposed. This man's capital was Ambrakia, and he captured Eryx, the last stronghold of the Carthaginians in Sicily, for the Greeks. Lysimachus ended this man's short first reign as King of Macedon, but this man later regained that title shortly before he died in Argos. Although he was quite successful at the Battle of Heraclea, this man narrowly defeated the Romans under Publius Decius Mus at the Battle of Asculum during his invasion of Southern Italy. For 10 points, name this Greek ruler, a third century BC King of Epirus who is the namesake of a type of costly victory.;;Pyrrhus (of) (Epirus)
;;This philosopher advocated the adoption of a federal system in Considerations on the Government of Poland. He contrasted the natural and physical types of the title concept in his Discourse on Inequality. He also wrote an epistolary novel subtitled The New Heloise, and a treatise dealing with the education of the titular boy, Emile. His most famous work discusses a society controlled by the "general will" of its people and asserts that "man is born free, but is everywhere in chains." For 10 points, name this French philosopher who wrote The Social Contract.;;(Jean(-)Jacques) Rousseau
;;This poem's author expressed a desire to restrict it to "the limit of one sitting" in "The Philosophy of Composition." The narrator wheels a cushioned seat in front of his visitor, who "beguiles all" his "sad soul to smiling." Shortly after, the air grows "denser, perfumed from an unseen censer / swung by seraphim whose footfalls tinkled on the tufted floor." The narrator calls the title character a "thing of evil," and demands to know whether he will be reunited with "the rare and radiant maiden whom the angels named Lenore." For 10 points, name this poem set "once upon a midnight dreary," an Edgar Allen Poe poem about an "ebony bird," who only says "nevermore.".;;(The) Raven
;;This composer alternated E-flat major and minor chords to simulate questions and answers in the last of his three piano preludes. Walter Damrosch commissioned a piano concerto in F of this composer., who used bongos and maracas in his Cuban Overture and included four taxi horns in his tone poem An American in Paris. He composed the aria "Summertime" for a work set in Catfish Row with his brother Ira, and began another work with a clarinet glissando. For 10 points, name this American jazz-influenced composer of Porgy and Bess and Rhapsody in Blue.;;(George) Gershwin
;;One variety of this condition was often mistaken for Friedreich's Ataxia until the 1980s, and its more common variety is closely related to Sandhoff disease. A common test for it involves the body's breakdown of 4-methyl-lumbelli-ferone. This disease is caused by a failure to metabolize GM2 gangliosides in the lysosomes of the brain. That is because a mutation in the HEXA gene causes aberrant activity of hexosaminidase A, leading to this disorder. It is characterized by a "cherry-red" spot on the retina of affected individuals and usually leads to death in its sufferers by age two. For 10 points, name this recessive genetic disorder prevalent in Ashkenazi Jews.;;Tay(-)Sachs (disease/disorder)
;;This band sang about "Shiny, shiny, shiny boots of leather" in the Sacher-Masoch inspired "Venus in Furs." This group claimed that "women never really faint, and the villains always blink their eyes" in a song recorded after guitarist John Cale left this band. In addition to writing "Sweet Jane," this group claimed that "it makes me feel like I'm a man, When I put a spike into my vein" in "Heroin." This group was a part of the Exploding Plastic Inevitable, and their first album featured several songs by Nico and a cover with a peel-away banana designed by Andy Warhol. For 10 points, name this seminal punk band led by Lou Reed.;;(The) Velvet Undergound
;;Although completely surrounded, this ruler's use of wagons and firearms at the Battle of Khanwa resulted in his victory over Rana Sanga, a leader of Mewar, and he initially rose to prominence as the ruler of Fergana. Muhammad Shaybani took Samarkand from this man, only for him to regain it shortly after, and in the meantime this ruler captured Kabul. This ruler defeated Ibrahim Lodhi at the First Battle of Panipat, which marked the beginning of an empire that would last three centuries until its replacement by the British Raj in India. For 10 points, name this father of Humayun and grandfather of Akbar, the founder of the Mughal Dynasty.;;Babur|(Zahir) (ud(-)Din) (Muhammad) (bin) (Omar) (Sheikh)
;;This artist's Christ Taken Captive and Christ in Limbo are part a series of his that had a "Little" counterpart, his "Great Passion." Joachim and Anna Meeting at the Golden Gate and The Annunciation are part of his "Life of the Virgin" series, and the first title character of another of his works carries a furry lance and is flanked by the two other horned characters. This creator of Knight, Death, and the Devil included a skull on a window ledge and lion sleeping on a rug for one work, and another contains polyhedrons, magic squares, and a depressed angel. For 10 points, name this German woodcut master, creator of St. Jerome in his Study, and Melencolia I.;;(Albrecht) Durer
;;In this work, the protagonist's uncle introduces him to Huld, whose nurse becomes the protagonist's lover. After the protagonist encounters a tradesman named Block, he is unable to sway the Whipper from beating two agents. Despite the nosy Assistant Manager, the protagonist manages to obtain the address of Titorelli, a painter of the Magistrates who sells the protagonist a set of identical landscapes. The protagonist of this novel describes his own death as "Like a Dog!" when he is stabbed by two men. For 10 points, name this work about the bank clerk Joseph K., an unfinished novel by Franz Kafka about the title mysterious legal proceeding.;;(The) Trial|(Der) Prozess
;;One nation received the majority of the cities of the Decapole through this agreement, and Fabio Chigi, the future Pope Alexander VII, was the Papal legate to it. This agreement also ended a conflict which saw the Act of Abjuration, although it took the Treaty of the Pyrenees eleven years later to end a conflict between two of its participants. Consisting of separate treaties signed in Munster and Osnabruck between the Catholic and Protestant sides, this peace agreement recognized the Peace of Augsburg. For 10 points, name this peace agreement, largely the work of Cardinal Mazarin, which ended the Thirty Years War in 1648.;;(Peace) (of) Westphalia
;;The curtate variety of this figure contains a fixed point on its inside, which contrasts with its prolate variety. Huygens used its isochronous properties to design the first pendulum clock guaranteeing regular swing independent of pendulum height. This figure is represented parametrically by the equations x equals r times the quantity one minus sine of t, and y equals r times the quantity one minus cosine of t. It provides the solution to the problem of finding the curve of fastest descent, also known as the brachistochrone problem. For 10 points, name this figure traced out by a point on a rolling circle.;;cycloid
;;While staying at the Villa Esmeralda, the title character of this work meets the gondoliers Daniele and Giovanni and is urged to marry the abstract painter Duncan Forbes by her older sister Hilda. Bertha Coutts spreads rumors about her husband's infidelity, and one character in this novel has an affair with the playwright Michaelis, one of the intellectuals who gather at the estate of Wragby. The owner of that estate drives a motorized wheelchair after being paralyzed in World War I, an injury that leads the title character to seek companionship from the gamekeeper Oliver Mellors. For 10 points, name this novel in which Clifford is cheated on by Constance Reid, a work of DH Lawrence.;;Lady Chatterley's Lover
;;In electrodynamics, this effect leads to the formation of an instantaneous voltage called the Christoffel voltage, and cyclostrophic flow sees zero contributions from friction and this effect. The ratio of net acceleration of a fluid to acceleration due to this effect is the Rossby number. Its acceleration is given by negative two times the cross product between the angular velocity of the system and the velocity of the particle. It is the cause of the rotation of sunspots and creates geostrophic winds. This effect generally manifests in the deflection of an object because of the Earth's rotation. For 10 points, name this effect that does not actually change the direction of water swirling in toilet bowls.;;Coriolis (effect)
;;Minor candidates in this race included John St. John, the nominee of the Prohibition Party, and Belva Lockwood, on the ticket of the Equal Rights Party. The losing candidate was tainted by his past association with the so-called "Mulligan letters," which suggested he sold his influence to businesses while serving in Congress. The winning candidate was forced to deal with allegations that he had fathered an illegitimate child, but his opponent lost votes after the speech made in his support by Rev. Samuel Burchard, who described the Democrats as the party of "rum, Romanism, and rebellion." For 10 points, name this American presidential election in which Republican James Blaine narrowly lost to Democrat Grover Cleveland.;;(Election) (of) 1884
;;In this present-day country, the Funj people formed the Sennar Sultanate, and this nation is associated with legendary headless creatures known as Blemmyes. The ancient cities of Meroe and Napata lie in this present-day country and both served as capitals of the Kingdom of Kush, when this region was known as Nubia. Along this country's northern border the construction of the Aswan High Dam resulted in the creation of Lake Nasser, and its capital is located at the confluence of the Blue and White branches of the Nile. For 10 points, name this African country south of Egypt which contains Darfur, and has its capital at Khartoum.;;(Republic) (of) (the) Sudan
;;This formulator of the epigenetic principle studied the Yurok Indians with the anthropologist Alfred Kroeber. He analyzed a religious reformer in Young Man Luther and analyzed another historical figure in a work subtitled "On the Origins of Militant Nonviolence." This author of Gandhi's Truth advanced his most important theory in Childhood and Society; that theory states that each part of a person's life is marked by a conflict, such as industry versus inferiority or trust versus mistrust. For 10 points, name this psychologist who postulated eight stages of psychosocial development and coined the term "identity crisis.".;;(Erik) (Homburger) Erikson|(Erik) Homburger(;)|(Erik) Salomonsen
;;This document was reissued four times in the half-century after it was originally issued, and on its third reissuance, it was shortened to thirty-seven clauses. This document has traditionally been divided into a preamble and sixty-three clauses, the seventh of which dealt with royal forests, and its thirty-ninth clause lays out the right today known as habeas corpus. This document's causes included defeat at the Battle of Bouvines, the prodding of the Archbishop of Canterbury Stephen Langton, and heavy taxation needed to pay for the Third Crusade. For 10 points name this document, induced by baronial unrest which was reluctantly agreed to at Runnymede by King John of England in 1215.;;Magna Carta
;;The Karl Fischer test is an example of this procedure used to determine water content in a sample. The amount of surfactant needed to achieve stabilization of a colloid can be determined by the zeta potential type of this process, and EDTA is commonly used to perform its namesake action on metal ions in solution in the compleximetric type of this process. Methyl orange can be used in the chemical or acid-base type of this technique, which employs that and other indicators to observe the equivalence point of a sample. For 10 points, name this laboratory technique  employed to determine the concentration of an unknown solution by slowly dripping in some solution of known concentration.;;titration
;;In homage to Watson and Crick, this man painted Galacidalacidesoxiribonucleicacid, part of his "nuclear mysticism" period that also included such works as Crucifixion (Corpus Hypercubus). He depicted several Venus de Milos wearing different colored skirts in The Hallucinogenic Toreador. He created a work titled after "the disintegration of" his most famous work, in addition to an optical illusion involving the title pachyderms, Swans Reflecting Elephants. For 10 points, name this Catalan surrealist who painted some melting watches in The Persistence of Memory.;;(Salvador) (Domingo) (Felipe) (Jacinto) Dali (i) (Domenech)
;;This poet wrote about "the one landscape that we, the inconstant ones, Are consistently homesick for" in one work. In another of this poet's works, "the thin-lipped armorer, Hephaestos" carves a martial scene instead of a bucolic one into the title object. This author of "In Praise of Limestone" and "The Shield of Achilles" began one poem in "one of the dives, On Fifty-second Street." This poet opened his "Funeral Blues" with "Stop all the clocks, cut off the telephone," and wrote about a "delicate ship" ignoring "a boy falling out of the sky" in a poem based on a Breughel painting. For 10 points, name this author of "September 1, 1939" and "Musee des Beaux Arts.".;;(Wystan) (Hugh) Auden
;;One of this woman's sons married Callirhoe and fathered the shepherd Geryon. Droplets of this figure's blood created the poisonous Saharan vipers and the corals of the Red Sea. This "fair-cheeked" sister of Stheno and Euryale was raped by Poseidon in the temple of a certain goddess. After this figure's death, Pegasus came into being and her head was mounted onto the aegis by Athena. This mortal figure was beheaded by a hero who was given a helmet of invisibility and winged sandals. For 10 points, name this Gorgon slaughtered by Perseus, whose gaze turned people to stone.;;Medusa
;;Its author responded to criticism of this play in a "Letter on the Comedy of the Imposter." Near the end of this play, the Norman-born Bailiff Loyal orders the protagonist to vacate his house. Before the action of this play, Argas entrusts the villain with incriminating documents. The title character of this play convinces the protagonist to let him spend more time with Elmire. This play includes the servant Dorine, and ends with the planned marriage of Valere and Mariane. The final act of this play sees an officer of King Louis XIV ordering the title character arrested, saving the house of Orgon and his family.  For 10 points, name this Moliere comedy about a religious hypocrite.;;Tartuffe
;;This god's wife is the mother of the snowshoe god Ullr. In one story, this god prevents the marriage of his daughter Thrudd by posing a series of riddles to the dwarf Alvis. This god's servant Thialfi loses a footrace to Thought in the land of Utgard Loki. This god dresses up as Freya to retrieve an object stolen from him by Thrym. The sons of Ivaldi make golden hair to replace the lock stolen from this god's wife Sif. This god's chariot is pulled by a pair of goats, and he will take nine steps after killing but being poisoned by the Midgard Serpent at Ragnarok. For 10 points, name this Norse wielder of the hammer Mjollnir, the god of thunder.;;Thor
;;The flat roofs prevalent in this town owe mainly to the influence of architect Louis-Michel Thibault. One of the traditional boundary markers of this city was formerly called Lion's Rump, and it is bounded to the south by Devil's Peak.. Sailors who confused this city's chief bay with another led to that smaller bay being named False Bay, and one of its main thoroughfares is Adderley Street, renamed from Heerengracht in 1850. Sections of this city that houses the City Bowl include those along Table Mountain, and Guguletu and Nyanga West were its two main black ghettos. Containing the Castle of Good Hope, for 10 points, name this legislative capital of South Africa.;;Cape Town
;;This architect collaborated with Nadir Afonso on a plan which he implemented in The House of the Mad or Radiant City. This architect designed the College of Architecture in the same city in which he designed a rotating metal open hand and the Palace of Justice. This architect included the sections "The Lesson of Rome" and "Eyes That Do Not See" in his magnum opus, Towards a New Architecture, written decades before he served as lead designer of Chandigarh, India. This architect is best known for a church in Ronchamp and a house in Poissy executed in the International Style. For 10 points, name this French architect of the Villa Savoye.;;(Charles(-)douard) Jeanneret(-)Gris|(Le) Corbusier
;;A failed naval expedition led by this country's Blanco Encalada resulted in the 1837 Treaty of Paucarpata, while its 1925 Constitution began its Presidential Republic period. This modern day country was captured in a campaign led by Pedro de Valdivia; that campaign saw fighting against its native Araucanian or Mapuche Indians. This country's Patria Vieja period of independence was ended at the Disaster of Rancagua. Its independence campaign was led by men like the Carrera Brothers and Bernardo O'Higgins, and the 19th century saw the flourishing of its free port Valparaiso. For 10 points, name this South American country led in the 20th century by Salvador Allende and Augusto Pinochet.;;Chile
;;One song by this artist claims that "in a box beneath my bed is a letter that you never read." This singer threatens to "strike a match on all my wasted time" before telling the subject he's "just another picture to burn." This artist notes that "I'm not a princess, this ain't a fairy tale" in the chorus of "White Horse." In one of her music videos, she communicates with a high school football star by holding up notes to her bedroom window. That video won a 2009 MTV VMA award, despite Kanye West's stage stealing announcement that "Beyonce had one of the best videos of all time." For 10 points, name this pop-country singer of "You Belong with Me," and "Teardrops On My Guitar.".;;(Taylor) Swift
;;One major pathway involving this compound is the tuberoinfundibular one that transfers it from the hypothalamus to the pituitary gland. This compound is involved in voluntary motor control via its nigriostriatal pathway, and it binds with lactotrophs in order to inhibit the secretion of prolactin, which is a major antagonist of it. It is the immediate precursor of norepinephrine in the epinephrine synthesis pathway. Antagonists of this neurotransmitter are used to treat schizophrenia, and deficiency of this neurotransmitter can lead to Parkinson's disease. For 10 points, name this neurotransmitter associated with the brain's pleasure center whose precursor is L-dopa.;;dopamine
;;Daniel Dombrowski's book entitled "Rethinking this" includes a defence of Charles Hartshorne's formulation of it. Another formulation of it by Norman Malcolm was criticized by a man who later presented his own version of it, Alvin Plantinga. The fact that the sum of the angles in a triangle is always one hundred eighty degrees was used in Descartes' version of this argument, and its original formulation was criticized by Kant, who argued that existence is not a predicate. Gaunilo's In Defense of the Fool attacks, for 10 points, what a priori argument for God's existence originally proposed by St. Anselm?.;;ontological (argument)|(proof)
;;This man was criticized by subordinate William Rosecrans for his caution at skirmishes at Rich Mountain and Philippi Races. One of this man's campaigns was stalled by the trickery of John Magruder, who made him believe that his enemy had substantially more troops. This man led one side at the battles of Williamsburg and the Seven Days Battles, part of the aforementioned Peninsular Campaign, and later his extreme caution also cost him a decisive victory when he left troops in reserve numbering more than the entire opposing army at an 1862 battle which ended the Confederate's Maryland Campaign. For 10 points, name this general, the first commander of the Army of the Potomac who led Union troops at the Battle of Antietam.;;(George) (Brinton) McClellan
;;The narrator of this poem mentions the "tale of the murder in cold blood of four hundred and twelve young men" after noting that "not one escaped to tell the fall of the Alamo." In another section, a woman watches "Twenty-eight young men bathe by the shore." In the sixth of this poem's fifty two sections, the narrator suggests answers like the "handkerchief of the lord" to a child's query of "What is the grass?" The narrator justifies the line "very well then I contradict myself" by declaring "I am large, I contain multitudes." For 10 points, name this poem which opens with the line "I celebrate myself," the longest poem Walt Whitman included in his Leaves of Grass.;;Song of Myself
;;Bentonite acts as an extreme barrier for this class of substances, limiting their mobility due to ultrafiltration. The zeta potential describes electric potential at the double layer interfaces seen in this class of substances. Their stable formation, termed peptization, is opposed by the formation of large clusters of particles in these systems, a process known as flocculation. The Tyndall effect describes light scattering through this type of substance, which is characterized by separate continuous and dispersed phases. For 10 points, name this type of chemical mixture where particles of one substance are dispersed throughout another, examples of which include foams, gels, and emulsions.;;colloids
;;This author mentions "Callimachus, Who handled marble as if it were bronze," in a poem that includes "a long legged bird" and "Two Chinamen, behind them a third" inscribed into the title gem. The narrator of another of his poems wishes for "such a form as Grecian goldsmiths make," and asks "sages standing in God's holy fire" to "be the singing-masters" of his soul after leaving a place that is "no country for old men." This author of "Lapis Lazuli" also asked "what rough beast" "Slouches towards Bethlehem to be born" in a poem in which "Things fall apart; the centre cannot hold." For 10 points, name this Irish poet of "Sailing to Byzantium," and "The Second Coming.".;;(William) (Butler) Yeats
;;This architect used gold leaf and arcade window walls for his Golden Door, part of the Transportation Building in Chicago. This architect's National Farmer's Bank, which uses terra cotta in its window outlines, is similar to one work that was commissioned by Hascal Taylor. This designer of the Buffalo Guaranty Building used floating ties for one work for which he collaborated with Dankmar Adler, the Auditorium Building, and drew on the exterior ornaments of Reims Catheral for another work largely constructed of red brick. The Wainwright Building was designed by, for 10 points, what architect, whose mantra was "form follows function?".;;(Louis) (Henri) Sullivan
;;This man collaborated with Hans Gerth on Character and Social Structure, and asserted that American labor leaders have subordinated themselves to capitalism in The New Men of Power. Another work by this man denounces the "Grand Theory" of Talcott Parsons and advocates a more human version of sociology. This author of The Sociological Imagination wrote about the Cuban revolution in Listen, Yankee. He described how workers are alienated by a "salesmanship mentality" in one work and argued that the United States is controlled by the "higher circles" of the military, politics, and business in his most famous work. For 10 points, name this sociologist who wrote White Collar and The Power Elite.;;(Charles) (Wright) Mills
;;In one of this author's novels, the narrator admires the gambler Hat, and tells of the carpenter Popo who never builds anything useful and the poet B. Wordsworth who is still working on the first line of his epic poem. In addition to Miguel Street, this author wrote about Salim, who opens a shop across from a Big Burger franchise in a country ruled by the Big Man. In another novel, this author wrote about a six fingered journalist who is tricked into marrying into the Tulsi family while working as a sign painter. For 10 points, name this Trinidadian author of A House for Mr. Biswas and A Bend in the River.;;(Vidiadhar) (Surajprasad) Naipaul
;;One character in this novel annoys the protagonist with a story about how he used to walk around with crab apples in his mouth. One character creates panic by saying only "T.S. Elliot" into the phone after calling another character, and Corporal Popinjay is imprisoned for being overly specific at Clevinger's trial before the Action Board.  Only those with temperatures higher than 102 degrees are treated by Doc Daneeka in Pianosa, and "M&M Enterprises" buys all the Egyptian cotton in the world under the treasonous war profiteer Milo Minderbinder. For 10 points name this novel in which Yossarian is in the 256th airborne as a bombardier under Major Major Major Major, a work of Joseph Heller.;;Catch(-)22
;;The MacMillan catalyst serves to accelerate an asymmetric version of this reaction, and Seelig showed that this reaction could be catalyzed in vitro by certain ribozymes. The Woodward-Hoffmann rules were first applied to this reaction, and in order for it to occur, one of its reactants must be in s-cis form. Driven by the conversion of pi bonds into more stable sigma bonds, this reaction almost always favors the endo product, and its simplest form is the reaction of ethene with butadiene to yield cyclohexene.  For 10 points, name this doubly-eponymous reaction, a 4+2 cycloaddition between a diene and dienophile.;;Diels(-)Alder (reaction)
;;This poet wrote that to "get with child a mandrake root" is more likely than to find a "woman true, and fair" in one poem. This author delivered a deathbed sermon about "Death's Duel" and wrote that "virtuous men pass mildly away" in a poem that uses a compass metaphor to connect him to his love. This author of the lines "Go and Catch a Falling Star" tells the listener to "mark this" titular creature that "suck'd me first, and now sucks thee" in his poem "The Flea." This poet coined the phrase "For whom the bell tolls" in his Meditation XVII and wrote the sonnet "Death Be Not Proud." For 10 points name this English poet of "A Valediction Forbidding Mourning.".;;(John) Donne
;;This man orchestrated the fall of the Duke de La Vieuville after he was himself dismissed from office when Charles de Luynes' conspiracy resulted in the death of his patron, Concino Concini. After personally overseeing the siege of Rochelle, this man negotiated the Peace of Alais with the Huguenots, and in the Day of the Dupes, he was almost dismissed at the behest of his king's mother, Marie de Medici. A supporter of French involvement in the Thirty Years War, this man was succeeded by Cardinal Mazarin in his highest post in 1642. For 10 points, name this Chief Minister of Louis XIII.;;(Cardinal) Richelieu|(Armand) (Jean) du Plessis
;;One character on this show has a dream in which he is slapped by a Buddhist monk who accuses him of poorly installing air conditioning in a monastery. One character on this show changes the name of the Lollipop Club to The Crazy Horse. Other institutions on this show include the restaurant Nuovo Vesuvio, which is rebuilt by Artie Buco when his first restaurant burns down. The protagonist's sister changes her name back from Parvatti to Janice, and his daughter Meadow goes to Columbia in this show, which is largely set in the office of the psychiatrist Jennifer Melfi and the Bada Bing strip club. For 10 points, name this HBO show about a New Jersey mob family.;;(The) Sopranos
;;In a two product economy, the output of product of one product affects the production function of a second product in a condition of this type which is named for JE Meade. According to the Coase theorem, market failure is due to transaction costs, not to these, which Coase describes as a joint product of a victim and a polluter. Pigovian taxes can be used to counterbalance these phenomena. The tragedy of the commons is caused by the negative type of these. Examples of the negative type include a company's air pollution harming animals. For 10 points, name these phenomena which occur when an economic transaction has an effect on a third party.;;externalities|spillover
;;Retrospection and Introspection, No and Yes, and Unity of Good are three of the Prose Works authored by the founder of this religion. This religion fosters a discussion of 26 set topics twice each on every Sunday during the Lesson-Sermon, and its services are conducted by Readers. The literature of this religion is distributed in its namesake "Reading Rooms," which publisher Virginia Harris helped popularize. Augusta Stetson was excommunicated by its Mother Church, which is in Boston. For 10 points, name this Christian denomination whose namesake discipline is laid out along with "Health with Key to the Scriptures," founded by Mary Baker Eddy.;;Christian Science|Church of Christ(,) Scientist
;;One of this artist's works was commissioned by Edward Coates, who later replaced it with a work entitled The Pathetic Song to avoid the controversy caused by the original work's portrayal of six nude men. That work, The Swimming Hole, was created fourteen years after this artist's Max Schmitt in a Single Scull. In his most famous painting, a woman recoils in disgust as the titular figure demonstrates a surgery at the Jefferson Medical College. That painting is often paired with this artist's The Agnew Clinic. For 10 points, name this American painter of The Gross Clinic.;;(Thomas) (Cowperthwait) Eakins
;;Gaston of Orleans was the final commander of the prevailing side in this conflict, which set up Cirilo Antonio Rivarola as interim president of the defeated nation. This conflict arose out of an election in which the Colorado Party candidate defeated the Blanco Party candidate with outside help, although it was actually set off when one leader demanded to place troops in the province Corrientes. This conflict saw Mato Grosso captured by Francisco Lopez, whose troops went on to a disastrous loss at the Battle of Tuyuti, and eventually lost Asuncion. For 10 points, name this bloodiest South American war, in which Paraguay was defeated by Argentina, Brazil and Uruguay.;;(War) (of) (the) Triple Alliance
;;One animal of this type was slaughtered in the same town as Cteatus and Eurytus, a pair of Siamese twins who attacked the slayer of that animal near Cleonae. The slayer of that creature of this type was received by Molorchus and had 30 days to kill it. That creature of this kind was thought to have fallen from the moon after being born from Selene or alternately the offspring of Typhon and Echidna. Impervious to arrows, one of these animals was stunned by a club and had his pelt worn by its slayer after Eurystheus acknowledged the deed. For 10 points, name this kind of animal, whose Nemean variety was killed by Hercules on his first labor.;;lion
;;This man ordered the beheading of 4,500 Saxons in the Massacre of Verden, and he signed the Treaty of Heiligen with Danish King Hemming. This ruler deposed Tassilo III of Bavaria, and this man helped Leo III regain his position as Pope after conquering the Lombards. Einhard served as the principle biographer of this ruler, and men such as Alcuin of York brought about his namesake renaissance. The ambush of this ruler's rearguard by Basques at the Battle of Ronceveaux has been immortalized in the Song of Roland. For 10 points, name this son of Pepin the Short who was crowned on Christmas day 800 as Roman Emperor.;;Charlemagne|(Charles) (the) (Great(;))|(Carolus) (Magnus)
;;The two most famous films starring Sylva Koscina were produced in this country and kicked off its "Sword and Sandal" film craze. Bruno and his father Antonio clasp hands and cry at the end of one movie from this country in which Antonio's family faces the prospect of starvation when a thief runs off with Antonio's bicycle. One director from this country adapted Cortazar's The Droolings of the Devil into Blow Up. A Fistful of Dollars and The Good, The Bad, and the Ugly were directed by a director from this country. For 10 points, name this country whose directors established the "spaghetti western," and included Michelangelo Antonioni and Federico Fellini.;;Italy|Italian (Republic(;))|(Repubblica) Italiana
;;This play opens when Marius announces the arrival of one character while another is dictating letters to his secretary Sulla. Dr. Hallemeier and Mr. Busman are managers of a facility run by Harry Domin, who gives a tour to the daughter of the president of his company. That daughter spends much of this play investigating living conditions for the League of Humanity, and persuades Dr. Gall to give the title creatures souls.  Dr. Alquist is unable to recreate the formula burned by Helena Glory but sees hope with the love between Primus and Helena.  For 10 points name this play which helped bring the term "robot" into everyday use, a work by Karel Capek.;;Rossum's Universal Robots|RUR(;)|Rosumovi Umeli Roboti
;;Mylar and Kapton are films used in these objects at low frequencies. Their failure in motherboards is called their namesake "plague", and the mica types of these objects have the advantage of being highly stable over time and at varying temperatures. For a spherical one of these, its associated quantity is defined as four-pi times the permittivity of free space divided by the difference in the inverses of the sphere's inner and outer radii. That quantity is simply defined as charge over voltage for the parallel plate type of this device. It is often symbolized by two parallel lines in circuits. For 10 points, name these devices with the ability to store charge.;;capacitor
;;One of this man's speeches asks "What rule must we observe in forgiving?", to which he replies "you must forgive" unless there is a lawful pledge. He concludes that speech by declaring that if the community turns their hearts away from God, then they will "surely perish out of the good land." Along with "A Model of Christian Charity", he discusses A Smallpox Epidemic, the plans of one man to create a plantation around Narragansett Bay, and the bold spirited woman Anne Hutchinson in his Journal. For 10 points, name this seventeenth century preacher and governor in the Massachusetts Bay Colony who used the term "city upon a hill" to help compel his city to follow Christianity.;;(John) Winthrop
;;The switchboard operator Madelaine argues with her husband about how to get rid of a constantly growing corpse in the next room in this author's play Amedee. The title character lures people to their death by offering to show them "a picture of the colonel" in his The Killer. The Orator is a deaf mute who is left alone after the Old Man and Old Woman jump out windows in this author's play The Chairs. This author used the recurring character of Berenger in Exit the King and a play in which Berenger's girlfriend Daisy and the rest of the world transform into the title horned animals. For 10 points, name this Romanian-French playwright whose absurdist works include The Bald Soprano and Rhinoceros.;;(Eugene) Ionesco
;;In one work, this philosopher discusses the meaning of the word "slab" as told by a builder to his assistant.  G.E. Moore provided the material for the "two hands" argument used in this philosopher's On Certainty. He argued that the inability to feel someone else's pain has to do with grammar, not metaphysics, in The Blue and Brown Books. He dismissed the possibility of a private language using his beetle-in-a-box thought experiment in Philosophical Investigations, and wrote a work which concludes that "what we cannot speak of we must pass over in silence." For 10 points, name this author of Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus.;;(Ludwig) Wittgenstein
;;One composer from this country composed the Peacock Variations and Dances of Galanta, and another composer from this nation composed Atmospheres and Lux Aeterna, two pieces included in 2001: A Space Odyssey. The former of those composers based an orchestral suite on his opera about a hussar who defeats Napoleon, Hary Janos. One composer from this country wrote a Concerto for Orchestra and Mikrokosmos, and Brahms composed a set of tunes based on dances from this nation. The primary Romantic composer from this country wrote the Transcendental Etudes and Rhapsodies from here. For 10 points, name this country, home of Bela Bartok and Franz Liszt.;;(Republic) (of) Hungary
;;One character in this novel adorns a cave with marble after burying the protagonist's severed head in it. The protagonist of this novel steals Voltaire books from a library, and his friend Foque offers him a position in his lumber business. The corrupt poorhouse official Valenod writes an anonymous letter that results in the protagonist losing his tutoring job. After he leaves the seminary at Besancon, the protagonist of this work has his marriage to the wealthy Mathilde de la Mole ended when he shoots at Madame de Renal after she reveals his affair with her. For 10 points, name this novel in which the Napoleonic ambition of Julien Sorel results in his downfall, a novel by Stendhal.;;(The) Red and the Black|(Le) Rouge et le noir
;;This band's song "Step Out" was relegated to a b-side when Stevie Wonder demanded 10% royalties due to its resemblance to "Uptight." This group sang that "Sally can wait, she knows it's too late" in a John Osborne inspired song. This group repeatedly asked "Where were you when we were getting high" in a song which inspired the name of a structure that seems to violate the Chandrasekhar limit. This band sang "Don't Look Back in Anger" and "Champagne Supernova" as part of the "Battle of Britpop" against rival group Blur.  For 10 points, name this recently-defunct band fronted by Liam and Noel Gallagher, whose songs include "Supersonic" and "Wonderwall.".;;Oasis
;;Leo Strauss wrote a book on this thinker's "critique of religion," while Lewis Feuer wrote on this man "and the rise of liberalism." He wrote a Treatise on the Emendation of the Intellect and he argued that Ezra, not Moses, was the primary author of the Pentateuch in his Theological-Political Treatise. Another work contains a section entitled "Of Human Bondage," and decries the anthropomorphizing of God after proving through a series of propositions that God is the only substance in the universe. For 10 points, name this pantheist philosopher who wrote Ethics.;;(Baruch) Spinoza|(Benedictus) (de) (Spinoza)
;;This man stated in Time magazine that "Every good Christian ought to kick Falwell right in the ass," in support of Sandra Day O'Conner's confirmation to the Supreme Court. With Bill Nichols, this man names a piece of 1986 legislation which reformed the command structure of the military. His vote against the Civil Rights Act and support of states' rights allowed him to gain electoral votes in a region of the country that his party had previously done poorly in, despite being the target of the "Daisy Girl" ad. This Senator gained prominence with the publication of his book The Conscience of a Conservative in 1960. For 10 points, name this Arizona Republican politician whose participation in the presidential election of 1964 resulted in a landslide defeat by Lyndon B. Johnson.;;(Barry) Goldwater
;;This nation's western coast is home to the Arakan Mountains, which extend northward into its state of Chin. This nation's southernmost reaches are the site of the Mergui archipelago, and its eastern region is dominated by the Shan Plateau. This nation is the home to most of the Mon people, whose historical capital of Thaton lies near the mouth of the Salween River. This nation's other major river joins the Chindwin near the city of Mandalay and eventually forms a massive delta at the Andaman Sea. The Irrawaddy River is found in, for 10 points, what Southeast Asian nation, whose capital was officially moved to Naypyidaw from Yangon in 2005.;;Burma|Myanmar
;;Humphrey Arundell led a rebellion in Cornwall against this ruler. The Treaty of Greenwich arranged a marriage between this figure and someone who later became consort to Francis II, but that betrothal broke down and resulted in the War of the Rough Wooing. The real power during this man's reign was held by the first Duke of Somerset and John Dudley, the first Duke of Northumberland, and his reign saw the publishing of the Book of Common Prayer by Thomas Cranmer. This ruler was succeeded by his cousin Jane Grey, although she reigned for only nine days before her execution by Mary I. For 10 points, name this son of Jane Seymour and Henry VIII who reigned for six years as King of England before his death at age sixteen.;;Edward VI
;;This author wrote an eleven part series about the wealthy son of an arms manufacturer who becomes a secret agent for Franklin Roosevelt. In addition to writing a series about the anti-fascist hero Lanny Budd , this author developed the "End Poverty in California" program as part of his unsuccessful campaign for governor. In one novel by this author, the baby Antanas drowns when left unattended, and the protagonist meets the safecracker Jack Duane in jail. This author wrote about Ona's death during childbirth in his novel in which Jurgis Rudkus is rescued from the meatpacking industry by the promise of the socialist party. For 10 points, name this author of The Jungle.;;(Upton) (Beall) Sinclair(,) (Jr(.))
;;In one of this author's novels, Sir Hargrave Pollexfen kidnaps Harriet Byron, until she is rescued by the title character. In addition to that novel which was a favorite of Jane Austen, this author wrote a work in which Mr. Williams is jailed after smuggling the title character's letters. This author of Sir Charles Grandison wrote a novel in which Robert Lovelace elopes with the title character after her father Mr. Harlowe locks her in her room. In addition to that "History of a Young Lady," this author wrote about the domineering "Mr. B" in his novel about "Virtue Rewarded." For 10 points, name this rival of Henry Fielding and author of the long epistolary novels Clarissa and Pamela.;;(Samuel) Richardson
;;One live album by this artist is titled for the Rodgers & Hart showtune My Funny Valentine. One group led by  this man performed the first two renditions of Monk's "Straight, No Chaser," and that sextet went on to release Porgy and Bess as part of this artist's collaboration with Gil Evans. One of this man's albums contains "The Pan Piper" and "Concierto de Aranjuez," and "Cannonball" Adderley and Herbie Hancock played in his quintets. This artist released Bitches Brew and Sketches of Spain, and included "Flamenco Sketches," "Freddie Freeloader," and "So What" on his best known album. For 10 points, name this jazz trumpeter who released Kind of Blue.;;(Miles) (Dewey) Davis (III)
;;This school's principles were applied to social behavior by Kurt Lewin, who emphasized the importance of one's entire "life space." This school's primary principle encompasses laws of similarity, continuity, and closure and is known as pragnanz. It is typically dated back to 1912's Experimental Studies of the Perception of Movement, a discussion of effects such as the phi phenomenon that was written by Kurt Koffka, Wolfgang Kohler, and Max Wertheimer. For 10 points, name this psychological school which emphasizes that the whole is greater than the sum of its parts.;;Gestalt
;;This nation was ruled from 1894 to 1909 by the dictator Jose Santos Zelaya, and its president Adolfo Diaz signed a 1914 treaty with the United States. More recent leaders of this nation have included Enrique Bolanos and Arnoldo Aleman, the latter of whom defeated the National Opposition Union of Violeta Chamorro in 1996. This country was a Cold War ally of the US during the dictatorship of Anastasio Somoza, who had overseen the assassination of populist leader Augusto Cesar Sandino, but became a bastion of socialism after its rightist Contras were defeated by the Sandinistas of Daniel Ortega. For 10 points, name this Central American nation with capital at Managua.;;Nicaragua
;;Libriform fibers are long pit-containing cells found throughout this tissue, and perforation plates found at the ends of this tissue can be described as simple, foraminate, or scalariform. The primary type of this tissue is located closest to the pith, and it is made up of tracheid vessels in most conifers with trachea elements performing most of its function. This tissue must use the evaporation of water at mesophyll cells in leaves and negative back-pressure at the roots to carry out its function in a process called transpirational pull, which allows water and minerals to travel up through plants.  For 10 points, identify this dead vascular tissue in plants that functions differently from phloem.;;xylem
;;This artist's final paintings included garishly-colored works like Model by the Wicker Chair, while his many self-portraits include The Night Wanderer and a woodcut with a skeleton arm running along the bottom. The majority of his paintings, which include numerous depictions of "vampiric" women, were intended for inclusion in a series entitled The Frieze of Life. His more famous works include a green-walled depiction of his sister's death from tuberculosis, entitled Death in the Sickroom, as well as a work set along a dock at Ljabrochaussen with a swirling, blood-red sky. For 10 points, name this Norwegian Expressionist painter of The Scream.;;(Edvard) Munch
;;Among the infighting that beset this dynasty was a bitter feud between Queens Brunhilda and Fredegunde, while its lesser-known kings included Guntram and Sigebert I. Its later rulers where known as "idle kings", as all of its rulers after Dagobert I relinquished political control to Mayors of the Palace. This dynasty is typically dated back to the Battle of Soissons in 486, when Clovis defeated the last Roman ruler of Gaul, and it officially ended around 750 upon the ascension of Pepin the Short, the father of Charlemagne. For 10 points, name this medieval Frankish dynasty that preceded the Carolingians.;;Merovingian (dynasty)
;;One character in this novel is disturbed by an insulting figurine inscribed with the words "At Yo' Service" while working at the house of a family that wants to send her to Oberlin. Another character in this work describes his heart as a tin tobacco box and escapes from a chain gang in Alfred, Georgia. The protagonist of this novel marries Baby Suggs' son Halle, before giving birth to Denver while escaping from the Gardner owned Sweet Home Plantation. For 10 points, name this novel in which the title character returns to haunt Paul D and Sethe, her mother who mercy killed her to free her from slavery, a novel by Toni Morrison.;;Beloved
;;This poet used the "road to the contagious hospital under the surge" as the setting of the title poem in his collection Spring and All.  This author of Asphodel, that Greeny Flower included "Hunters in the Snow" and "Peasant Wedding" in his collection Pictures from Brueghel and Other Poems. He also wrote In the American Grain as a lead up to his five-book epic about a New Jersey city.  This poet justified having "eaten the plums that were in the icebox" because they were "delicious, so sweet, and so cold" in his "This is Just to Say." For 10 points, name this author of Patterson, a pediatrician and poet who wrote about an object "glazed with rain" upon which so much depends in "The Red Wheelbarrow.".;;(William) (Carlos) Williams
;;One character on this series forces another to play Yahtzee with her before sharing advice. This show's title sequence includes scenes of two women praying, an adult baptism, and the disintegration of a fox into flies. This show is based on a series of books by Charlaine Harris. In this show's second season, one character infiltrates the Order of the Sun after the disappearance of Godric, the sheriff of Area Nine. Characters in this show include the maenad Maryann who is finally killed by the shape shifter Sam Merlotte after she takes control of the town of Bon Temps, Louisiana. For 10 points, name this HBO series about the telepathic barmaid Sookie Stackhouse and the vampire Bill Compton.;;True Blood
;;He studied philosophy under William of Champeaux and theology under Anselm of Laon, though he later came into conflict with both of his teachers. He described his ethical beliefs in Know Yourself, and was condemned for his nominalist doctrines at the Council of Soissons. He wrote an autobiographical work entitled Historia calamitatum. Though his book of biblical contradictions entitled Sic et Non was widely used to teach logic and dialectic, he is most famous for his love affair and ensuing castration. For 10 points, name this early scholastic and lover of Heloise.;;(Peter) Abelard|(Pierre) Abelard
;;This act was stated to have been created for the protection of the public in the case Spectrum Sports Inc v. McQuillan, while the case Rice v. Norman Williams co-created a two-step process by which courts would see if this act was pre-empting state laws. George Hoar helped draft this legislation, and it was based on an act named for Valentine passed in its namesake's home state of Ohio. A follow-up to this legislation was amended by the Robinson-Patman Act and included provisions about tying arrangements and price discrimination; that act was named for Clayton. For 10 points, name this piece of legislation that forbade the formation of monopolies, an early antitrust law.;;Sherman (Antitrust) (Act)
;;A 24 bar Overtura opens a work split from this man's thirteenth string quartet, his Grosse Fugue. Variations by this composer include a set of twelve for cello and piano on Handel's "See the Conquering Hero Comes" and a set of thirty-three on a waltz by the Austrian music publisher Diabelli. One work by this composer contains a subject in E-flat minor in its Grave introduction, and an oft-played piano work by this composer opens with E-D sharp-E-D-sharp-E-B-D natural-C. For 10 points, name this composer of the Moonlight Sonata, Fur Elise, and the Choral Symphony.;;(Ludwig) (van) Beethoven
;;One character created by this author falls in love with the Italian Gemma Roselli after resuscitating her brother in Frankfurt.  His only play is a comedy about Natalya Petrovna's attempts to wed her ward off so she can claim her son's tutor for herself. This author of The Torrents of Spring and A Month in the Country popularized a character type showcased by Goncharov's Oblomov in his Diary of a Superfluous Man. This author included such stories as "Khor and Kalinych" and "Hamlet of the Shchigrovsky District" in the collection A Sportsman's Sketches. He also wrote a novel in which Kirsanov worships the young Nihilist Bazarov. For 10 points, name this Russian author of Fathers and Sons.;;(Ivan) (Sergeyevich) Turgenev
;;This ruler sought a military alliance with Mongol commander Eljigidei against the Khwarizmians, and later sent emissaries to Guyuk Khan and Mongke Khan, including the famous William of Rubruck. He was almost offered leadership of the Mamluk sultanate after the murder of the last Ayyubid sultan Turanshah, but was rejected in favor of his earlier enemy Baibars. Despite victories over Baibars at Damietta and Mansurah, he was finally defeated and captured after the Battle of Fariskur, thus ending that crusade. This ruler established the Parliament of Paris, and his faith led him to purchase the Crown of Thorns and construct Saint Chapelle. For 10 points, name this leader of the Seventh and Eighth Crusades, a thirteenth century king of France who was canonized as a saint for his piety.;;Louis IX (of) (France)|Saint Louis
;;The first act of this opera contains the arias "Quale insolita gioia nel tuo sguardo," and "Vieni, o diletta, appressati!" both of which are sung to the male lead, who goes to the temple of Vulcan to take up sacred arms. In one scene of this opera, a character sings "Ahime! Morir me sento!" as one character is sent to be buried alive, and two more famous arias from this opera sung by its leads are "Ritorna Vincitor" and one praising the title character as heavenly. This opera features Amonasro and the jealous Amneris, who pines for the love interest of the title Ethiopian princess. Radames loves, for 10 points, the protagonist of what Verdi opera?.;;Aida
;;In prehistoric times, this river's delta was located in the Katawa Basin, and its namesake blind dolphin species is also known as the Bhulan. The capital of Baltistan, Skardu, lies at the confluence of the Shigar River with this body of water, which along with the Jhelum and Sarasvati formed part of the Seven Rivers of the Sindh Province. After flowing from Tibet, this river empties into the sea near Karachi after passing the ancient sites of Harappa and Mohenjo-daro. For 10 points, name this chief river of Pakistan which was the site of one of the earliest civilizations.;;Indus (River)|(Sindhu(;))|(Harahauvati(;))|(Abasin(;))|(Nilou(;))|(Sengge) (Zanbo)
;;The jurist Bernardo di Quintavalle was the first to accompany this man, who impressed Melek el-Kamel by triumphing over the sultan's Muslim scholars in a trial by fire. This man was able to pacify the Wolf of Gubbio, and suffered a major illness in between campaigns set at Puglia and Perugia. Tommaso de Celano wrote the biography of this figure, who was gifted the mountain La Verna and was the subject of several Fioretti. This saint created an order containing the Poor Clares after he received the stigmata during a vision about the Feast of the Cross. For 10 points, name this patron saint of animals, an Italian saint from Assisi.;;(Saint) Francis (of) (Assisi)
;;Although sympathetic to the ultimate goals of this action, the British Colonial Secretary James Chamberlain did not agree with the planning and timing of this event which would "ruin him" if it succeeded. The British force lost 34 men before declaring the situation hopeless and surrendering to Commander Piet Cronje at Doornkop. After the failure of the raid, Kaiser Wilhelm II commended Paul Kruger on his victory, thereby worsening Anglo-Boer relations by recognizing the Transvaal Republic. For 10 points, name this ineffective raid which was intended to lead to an uprising of the Uitlanders, becoming one of the causes of the Second Boer War.;;Jameson (Raid)
;;This artist's works include portraits of the writer Joachim Gasquet and the journalist Gustave Geffroy. He painted a takeoff on Manet in which a white female is disrobed by a black male while a seated man watches,  A Modern Olympia. Picasso's Les Demoiselles d'Avignon inspired his The Large Bathers. Another of his paintings depicts two men in hats seated on opposite sides of a table, one of whom is smoking a pipe. For 10 points, who is this Post-Impressionist famous for The Card Players and several paintings of Mont Saint-Victoire?.;;(Paul) Cezanne
;;This author included a short story about a husband and wife team that harvests babies for producing oil in his collection The Parenticide Club. This man wrote about a murderous chess playing robot in "Moxon's Master. This author wrote of a six year old deaf-mute playfully interacting with retreating soldiers before returning to find his parents and home burned in "Chickamagua." This man also wrote a short story in which a confederate sympathizer imagines an escape from certain death after being hanged from the title structure. For 10 points, name this author who introduced Peyton Farquhar in "An Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge" and wrote The Devil's Dictionary.;;(Ambrose) Bierce
;;The Western and Eastern branches of this are separated by the San and Oslawa rivers while the Eastern and Southern branches meet at the Predeal Pass. Part of its western and northeastern Outer range is also known locally as the Beskids. Its Tatra range includes Gerlach Peak, the highest point in Slovakia. Separated from the Silesian and Moravian ranges by the March and Oder rivers respectively, this group only meets the Alps across the Danube at Bratislava. For 10 points, name this group of mountain chains whose namesake environmental convention was signed by Slovakia, Serbia, Hungary, Ukraine, Poland, the Czech Republic, and Romania.;;Carpathian (Mountains)|Carpathians(;)|Karpaty(;)|Carpati
;;This entity made a military pact known as the Tohopesate, and it was harassed by forces of Klaus Stortebeker, the leader of the Likedeelers, which were successors of pirates known as the Victual Brothers. After the humiliating Peace of Vordingborg, this entity defeated Valdemar IV of Denmark and forced him to sign the Treaty of Stralsund. The Peterhof in Novgorod and Steelyard in London are notable examples of Kontores established by this polity, although its power faded as the Swedish Empire lessened the importance of cities such as Visby and Lubeck. For 10 points, name this Northern European trading league which controlled the Baltic Sea.;;Hanseatic (League)|Hansa
;;Names of relations and names of the dead are among the "tabooed words" discussed in Chapter 22 of this work, and its discussions of the fire-festivals of Europe are inspired by the myth of the Norse god Balder. It begins by discussing the ritual murder of a priest of Nemi, and argues that the worship and sacrifice of the Sacred King of the Wood is central to most mythologies. It heavily influenced Joseph Campbell's The Hero With a Thousand Faces. For 10 points, identify this work that takes its name from an object used by Aeneas, a "study in magic and religion" by James Frazer.;;(The) Golden Bough
;;The narrator of this work leaves a letter on a table for the servant Luke to deliver, but one character later admits to stealing and burning it, leading to speculation that stealing letters got him expelled from school. This work is presented as a manuscript written by an employee of Douglas' sister, and much of the criticism of this work debates the narrator's sanity in her revelation to Mrs. Grose that she saw her predecessor Mrs. Jessel hanging around the country estate of Bly. For 10 points, name this work in which an unnamed governess suspects Peter Quint of conspiring with the children Miles and Flora, a ghost story by Henry James.;;(The) Turn of the Screw